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+Thank you very much, Chris.
+And I am truly honored to have the opportunity to come to this stage twice. I appreciate it very much.
+I was moved by this conference. I would like to thank all of you for your many lovely comments on what I talked about last night.
+And I'm saying it with all my heart, partly because (laughter) I need it.
+(laughs) Put yourself in my shoes.
+(Laughter) I flew in Air Force Two for eight years.
+(Laughter) You have to take off your shoes or boots to get on the plane.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Let me tell you a simple story to explain what it was like for me.
+(Laughter) This is a true story. All this is true.
+As soon as Tipper and I left the White House -- (sobbing) -- (laughter) we drove from our home in Nashville to a small farm 80 miles east of Nashville.
+drive by themselves.
+(Laughter) I know it sounds like a small thing, but -- (Laughter) I looked in the rearview mirror and suddenly got a shock.
+There was no convoy there.
+(Laughter) Have you ever heard of phantom limb pain?
+(Laughter) This was a rental Ford Taurus.
+(laughs) It was dinner time, so we started looking for a place to eat.
+We were on Interstate 40.
+I found Shoney's restaurant as I exited.
+For those unfamiliar, it's a low-cost family restaurant chain.
+As we entered and sat in a booth, the waitress came over and made a fuss over the tipper.
+(Laughter) She took our order and went over to the couple in the booth next to us. And she lowered her voice so much that I had to get really nervous to hear what she was saying.
+Then she said, "Yes, it's former Vice President Al Gore and his wife, Tipper."
+Then the man said, "You've come a long way, haven't you?"
+(Laughter) (Applause) It was kind of a series of epiphanies.
+(Laughter.) The next day, in true continuation, I flew on a G-V to Africa to give a speech on energy in Lagos City, Nigeria.
+And I started my speech by telling them what happened in Nashville the day before.
+And I told it in much the same way I shared it with you earlier. Tipper and I were driving ourselves and went to the low cost family restaurant chain Showneys. They laughed at what the man said.
+After I finished my speech, I went back to the airport to fly home.
+On the plane I fell asleep until we landed in the Azores for refueling at midnight.
+I woke up and they opened the door and went outside to get some fresh air and I looked and there was a man running across the runway.
+And he was waving the paper and yelling, "Call Washington! Call Washington!"
+And I wondered, in the middle of the night, in the middle of the Atlantic, what was wrong with Washington?
+Then I remembered that it could be a lot of things.
+(Laughter.) But as it turned out, one of the news agencies in Nigeria had already written an article about my speech, and it was already being printed in cities across the United States, so my staff was very upset. .
+It was printed in Monterey so I checked.
+(Laughter.) And then the story started, ``Former Vice President Al Gore announced yesterday in Nigeria.'' Quote: ``My wife Tipper and I opened a low-cost family restaurant. Under the name Needs, we had David Letterman and Jay Leno already set to work before I returned to the mainland - one of them put a big white chef's hat on me and Tipper said, 'One more thing. was saying. Hamburgers and fries! "
+(Laughter) Three days later, I received a nice long handwritten letter from my friend, partner and colleague Bill Clinton saying, "Congratulations on your new restaurant, Al!"
+(Laughter) We like to celebrate each other's successes in life.
+(Laughter) I was going to talk about information ecology.
+But I plan to make going back to TED a lifelong habit, so I figured I might talk about that another time.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: It's a deal!
+(Applause.) Al Gore: I want to focus on what many of you have asked me to elaborate on: What can we do about the climate crisis?
+I would like to start with some new images. I'm going to show some new images and summarize only 4-5.
+Now for the slide show.
+I will be adding new images as I get more detailed each time I give.
+It's like beachcombing.
+Every time the tide comes in and out, you find more shells.
+In the past two days, new January temperature records have been broken.
+This is for the United States only.
+The historical average temperature in January is 31°C. Last month it was 39.5 degrees.
+Okay, I know you wanted more bad news for the environment, but I'm kidding.
+However, these are summary slides and then we move on to new content on what can be done.
+But I wanted to elaborate on some of these.
+First of all, this is where we are expected to go in the usual way regarding the US contribution to global warming.
+End-use power and all-energy end-use efficiency are easy achievements.
+Efficiency and Conservation -- It's not the cost. it's profit.
+It's not a negative thing. it is positive.
+But they are also very effective at diverting us.
+Cars and Trucks -- As I said in the slideshow, I want you to think about the big picture.
+This is an easy and visible concern, and it should be, but more global warming pollution comes from buildings than from cars and trucks.
+Cars and trucks are very important, but our standards are among the lowest in the world.
+So we have to deal with it. But that's part of the puzzle.
+Other transport efficiencies are just as important as cars and trucks.
+Renewable energy at today's technological efficiency levels can make such a big difference.
+And with Vinod and John Doerr and many of you here directly involved in this, this wedge will grow much faster than current projections suggest. prize.
+Carbon Capture and Sequestration (short for CCS) could be a killer app that allows us to continue using fossil fuels in a safe way.
+Not quite there yet.
+OK. Well what can you do?
+Most of these expenses also translate into revenue.
+Good insulation, good design.
+I mentioned cars, buy a hybrid car.
+Consider some other better options.
+Be a green consumer.
+You have a choice in everything you buy, between things that have a serious impact on the global climate crisis, and things that don't.
+Consider this: Decide to live a carbon neutral life.
+If you're good at branding, I'd appreciate any advice on how to connect with the most people.
+It's easier than you think.
+Many of us here have made that decision, and it's really easy.
+This means using every option to reduce our carbon footprint and buying or acquiring offsets for the rest.
+I have a carbon calculator.
+Participant Productions has brought together the world's leading software creators, with my active involvement, in this arcane carbon accounting science to build consumer-friendly carbon accounting tools.
+It can calculate your CO2 emissions very accurately and gives you options to reduce it.
+And by the time the movie comes out in May, this will be updated to 2.0, allowing for click-through purchases of offsets.
+Then consider making your business carbon neutral.
+Again, some of us have done it, and it's not as hard as you might think.
+Integrate climate solutions into all your innovations, even if you come from the tech, entertainment, design and architecture communities.
+Make a sustainable investment.
+Listen, you'll never have to complain about the CEO executive team in your quarterly reports again if you've invested your money in managers who pay you based on annual performance.
+Over time, people will pay you to do what you want them to do.
+And if you're basing your judgment on how much they're getting paid for their invested capital based on short-term returns, you're making short-term decisions.
+There is still much to be said about it.
+Be a catalyst for change.
+This movie is the cinematic version of the slideshow I did two nights ago, but it's much more interesting.
+Many of you here have the opportunity to be seen by many.
+Consider sending someone to Nashville.
+And I'm personally going to train people to be able to offer this slideshow. It's been repurposed, replacing some of the personal stories with a decidedly more generic approach. It's not just a slide, it's what a slide means.
+So, I'm going to have a group of people nominated by different people come this summer and run a course to do it en masse in communities across the country. And I'm going to update the slideshow. To keep everything on the cutting edge every week.
+In collaboration with Larry Lessig, it will be posted with tools and limited-use copyrights somewhere in that process so that young people can remix it and do it their own way.
+(Applause.) Where did anyone get the idea that we should stay out of politics?
+We need the Republican Party.
+This used to be a bipartisan issue, and I know it really is with this group.
+Let our democracy work the way it should.
+Support the idea of ​​capping and trading the carbon footprint of global warming pollution.
+Here's why. As long as the US is outside the world system, it is not a closed system.
+When it comes to a closed system with US participation, how many board members are all members of the corporate board?
+When it comes to a closed system, you face legal liability if you don't encourage your CEO to reduce your avoidable carbon footprint and maximize your income from trading.
+Please help us with our mass persuasion campaign starting this spring.
+We must change the mindset of the American people.
+Because right now, politicians are not given permission to do what they are supposed to do.
+And in our modern nation, the role of logic and reason no longer involves mediating between wealth and power as it once did.
+Now it's a recurring 30-second, 28-second short, topical TV ad.
+We have to buy a lot of those ads.
+As many of you have suggested, let's rebrand the term global warming.
+I prefer 'climate crisis' over 'climate collapse', but again, if you're good at branding, I need help with this.
+Someone told me, a scientist, that the challenge we face now is whether the combination of opposing thumbs and neocortex is a viable combination.
+(Laughs) It really is.
+Again, Republicans here should not be partisan.
+You have more influence than our Democrats.
+This is your chance.
+Not only this, but it ties in with the ideas here to bring more consistency.
+we are one
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+There are legitimate concerns about AIDS and bird flu, which we'll hear from the excellent Dr. Brilliant later today, but I want to talk about another pandemic: cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. I think. For at least 95% of people, it is completely preventable simply by making dietary and lifestyle changes.
+And what is happening now is that there is a global epidemic of disease and people are starting to eat like us, live like us, and die like us. And Asia, for example, went from having the lowest prevalence of heart disease, obesity and diabetes to having the highest in a generation. And in Africa, cardiovascular disease equals deaths from HIV and AIDS in most countries.
+Therefore, we have a momentous opportunity to bring about significant changes that could affect the lives of literally millions of people and to practice preventative medicine on a global scale.
+Heart and blood vessel diseases kill more people in this country and around the world than all other diseases combined, yet they are completely preventable for almost everyone.
+It is not only preventable. It's actually reversible. And for the past nearly 29 years, we've been using these very high-tech, expensive, cutting-edge measures just by changing our diets and lifestyles to see how powerful these very simple, low-cost methods can be. I was able to prove that there is Technical and low-cost interventions include quantitative arteriography and cardiac PET scans before and after 1 year.
+We learned months ago that diet and lifestyle changes can actually stop or reverse the progression of prostate cancer, regress tumor growth by 70 percent, or slow tumor growth. published the first study showing Only 9 percent in the control group.
+MRI and MR spectroscopy here show prostate tumor activity in red, which is seen to decrease after 1 year.
+Obesity is now epidemic, with two-thirds of adults and 15 percent of children obese. What really worries me is that diabetes has increased by 70% in the last decade and this may be the first time our children are living a shorter life span than we are. It's unfortunate, but it's possible to prevent it.
+Now, these are people, not election results. Obesity figures by state starting in 1985, 1986 and 1987. These are from the CDC website. 88, 89, 90, 91 -- New Categories -- 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 01 -- It gets worse. We are kind of evolving. (Laughter) Now, what can we do about this? Well, the Asian diet is the diet we've found that can improve heart disease and cancer.
+But people in Asia are starting to eat like us and that's why they're starting to get sick like us.
+So I have worked with many big food companies. They can be fun and sexy, hip and crunchy, and convenient to eat healthier foods. For example, I chair the advisory boards of McDonald's, PepsiCo, ConAgra, Safeway, and soon Del Monte, and they realize it's the next thing. Good business.
+The salad you see at McDonald's was born from this work and will be an Asian salad. At Pepsi, two-thirds of the revenue growth came from better food.
+If we can do that, we can free up resources to buy the medicines we really need to treat AIDS, HIV, malaria, and prevent bird flu. thank you.
+I have a doppelganger.
+(Laughs) Dr. Gero is a brilliant but slightly mad scientist in "Dragon Ball Z: Android Saga."
+A closer look reveals that his skull has been replaced with a transparent Plexiglas dome, allowing him to observe and control the workings of his brain with light.
+That's exactly what I do - optical mind control.
+(Laughter) But unlike the Evil Twins who dream of world domination, my motives are not evil.
+I control my brain to understand how it works.
+Now, wait a minute, you might say, how can you get right to brain control without understanding it first?
+Isn't that putting the cart before the horse?
+Many neuroscientists agree with this view, and believe that more detailed observation and analysis will lead to understanding.
+They say that if we could record the activity of neurons, we would understand the brain.
+But let's take a moment to think about what that means.
+Even if we could always measure what every cell was doing, we would still need to make sense of the activity patterns recorded, which is so difficult that we can only make sense of these patterns because they can be as much as the brain that generates patterns of
+Let's see what the brain activity looks like.
+Each black dot is a neuron in this simulation.
+A dot appears whenever a cell emits an electrical impulse.
+We have 10,000 neurons here.
+So you're looking at about 1 percent of the cockroach's brain.
+Your brain is about 100 million times more complicated.
+Somewhere in these patterns lies you, your perceptions, your emotions, your memories, your plans for the future.
+But I don't know how to read the pattern so I don't know where it is.
+We don't understand the code that the brain uses.
+To progress, you must crack the code.
+But how?
+Any experienced cryptanalyst will tell you that being able to fiddle with and rearrange the symbols at will is essential to understanding what the symbols in the cipher mean.
+So even in this situation, just looking is not enough to decipher the information contained in such patterns.
+You have to rearrange the pattern.
+In other words, rather than recording neuronal activity, we need to control it.
+It is not necessary to be able to control the activity of all neurons in the brain, only some can be controlled.
+The more targeted the intervention, the better the outcome.
+I will quickly explain how the required accuracy can be achieved.
+And being realistic rather than hyperbole, I would not argue that the ability to control the functioning of the nervous system solves all its mysteries.
+But we will certainly learn a lot.
+Well, I'm not the first to realize how powerful tool intervention can be.
+Attempts to manipulate the functioning of the nervous system have a long and illustrious history.
+Its origins go back at least 200 years, to Galvani's famous experiments from the late 18th century onwards.
+Galvani showed that connecting the nerves in the lower back to a source of electrical current caused the frog's legs to twitch.
+This experiment revealed the first, and perhaps most fundamental, nugget of the neural code, in which information is written in the form of electrical impulses.
+Galvani's approach of using electrodes to probe the nervous system remains state-of-the-art to this day, despite its many shortcomings.
+Sticking wires into your brain is obviously pretty rough.
+It's difficult with animals that run around, and there are physical limits to how many wires can be inserted at once.
+So around the turn of the last century, I started thinking, "Wouldn't it be great if we could turn this logic upside down?"
+So instead of inserting a wire into one spot in the brain, the brain itself is redesigned so that some of its neural elements respond to diffusely broadcast signals such as flashes.
+Such an approach would literally instantaneously overcome many of the obstacles to discovery.
+First, it is clearly a non-invasive form of wireless communication.
+Then you can communicate with many receivers at once, just like a radio broadcast.
+You don't need to know where these receivers are. Also, it doesn't matter if these receivers are moved. Think of your car stereo.
+Things get even better now that it turns out that receivers can be fabricated from DNA-encoded material.
+Therefore, each neuron with the appropriate genetic makeup spontaneously produces receivers that allow it to control its function.
+I hope you appreciate the beautiful simplicity of this concept.
+No high tech equipment here, just biology revealed through biology.
+So let's take a closer look at these miracle receivers.
+If you zoom in on one of these purple neurons, you can see that its outer membrane is dotted with tiny pores.
+These pores conduct electricity and are responsible for all communication in the nervous system.
+But the pores here are special.
+They bind to photoreceptors similar to those in the eye.
+Each time a flash of light hits the receptor, the pore opens, current flows, and the neuron fires an electrical impulse.
+Because the light-activated pores are encoded in DNA, amazing precision can be achieved.
+This is because each cell in our body contains the same set of genes, yet different combinations of genes are turned on and off in different cells.
+This can be exploited to confirm that only some neurons contain photoactivated pores and others do not.
+Thus, in this cartoon, the bluish-white cells in the upper left corner do not respond to light because they lack light-activated pores.
+This approach works so well that purely artificial messages can be written directly into the brain.
+In this example, each electrical impulse, each deflection on the trace, is caused by a short optical pulse.
+And this approach, of course, works for animal movements and behaviors as well.
+This is the first such experiment and is optically equivalent to Galvani's experiment.
+It was done six or seven years ago by Susana Lima, who was a graduate student of mine at the time.
+Susana engineered the fruit fly on the left such that only two of the 200,000 cells in the brain express light-activated pores.
+These cells are notorious for being frustrating when trying to swat a fly.
+They trained an escape reflex that caused the fly to leap into the air and fly away each time the hand was moved into place.
+Here you can see that flash light has exactly the same effect.
+Animals can jump, spread their wings, and vibrate, but flies cannot actually fly because they are sandwiched between two panes of glass.
+Now, to make sure this wasn't the fly's response to a visible flash, Susana conducted a simple but brutally effective experiment.
+She cut off the fly's head.
+These headless corpses can live for about a day, but they don't do much.
+They just stand and overgroom.
+Thus, vanity seems to be the only trait that survives being decapitated.
+(Laughter) Anyway, as we'll soon see, Susana turned on the flight motors of the spinal cord equivalents of these flies and was able to actually take off some of the neckless bodies and fly away.
+Clearly they didn't get very far.
+The field of optogenetics has exploded since we took these first steps.
+And now hundreds of labs are using these approaches.
+And we've come a long way since Galvani and Susana first succeeded in jerking and jumping animals.
+As the last example shows, we actually got to tamper with their psyche in a pretty deep way. This is directed to a well-known question.
+Life is a series of choices, creating constant pressure to decide what to do next.
+We deal with this pressure by having the brain, and within the brain, a decision-making center that I've called here the "actor."
+Actors implement policies that take into account the state of the environment and the context in which they operate.
+Our actions change the environment, or context, and those changes feed back into the decision-making loop.
+To add a neurobiological element to this abstract model, we built a simple one-dimensional world for our favorite subject, the fruit fly.
+Each chamber of these two vertical stacks contains one fly.
+The left and right halves of the room are filled with two different odors, and surveillance cameras monitor flies moving between them.
+Below is a video of one such surveillance camera.
+A decision must be made each time the fly reaches the midpoint of the room where the two odor streams meet.
+You have to decide whether to turn around and stay with the same smell, or cross the midline and try something new.
+These decisions clearly reflect the actors' policies.
+Now, for intelligent life forms like our flies, this policy is not written down and changes as the animal learns from experience.
+Incorporating such elements of adaptive intelligence into the model by hypothesizing that the fly brain contains not only actors but also another group of cells, the critics, that provide sequential commentary on actor choices. I can.
+You can think of this persistent inner voice as the equivalent of the Catholic Church if you're an Austrian like me, the superego if you're a Freudian, or your mother's brain if you're Jewish.
+(Laughter) Now, obviously, critics are an important part of what makes us intelligent.
+So we set out to identify cells that act as critics in the fly brain.
+And the logic of our experiment was simple.
+We thought that if we could use the optical remote control to activate the Critic's cells, we could artificially trick the actors into changing their policies.
+In other words, flies should learn from mistakes they thought they made but didn't.
+So we raised flies whose brains were more or less randomly strewn with light-addressable cells.
+And then we caught these flies and let them choose.
+Then, whenever they chose one of the two choices and chose one odor, in this case the blue odor rather than the orange one, we turned on the lights.
+This intervention should result in a change of policy if the detractor is in an optically activated cell.
+Flies must learn to avoid optically enhanced odors.
+Here's what happened in two examples: We are comparing two strains of flies. Each brain has approximately 100 light-addressable cells, shown here in green on the left and right.
+What these cell groups have in common is that they all produce the neurotransmitter dopamine.
+However, the identities of individual dopamine-producing neurons clearly differ greatly between the left and right sides.
+Optically activating these tens of cells into two strains of flies yields dramatically different results.
+Looking first at the behavior of the fly on the right, we see that when it reaches the halfway point of the room where the two odors meet, it marches in a straight line as before.
+Its behavior does not change at all.
+But the fly on the left behaves very differently.
+Whenever it reaches the halfway point, it stops, carefully scanning the odor interface as if sniffing out its surroundings, then turning around.
+This means that the policy currently implemented by the actor includes instructions to avoid odors in the right half of the room.
+This is what the critic should have said in the animal, and the critic must be contained within the dopaminergic neurons on the left, but not within the dopaminergic neurons on the right. means
+Through many experiments like this, we were able to narrow down the identity of the Critic to just 12 cells.
+These 12 cells, shown here in green, send their output to a brain structure called the 'mushroom body', shown in gray.
+Our formal model tells us that the brain structures receiving the critic's commentary are actors.
+This anatomy thus suggests that the mushroom body has some bearing on behavioral selection.
+Based on everything we know about mushroom bodies, this makes perfect sense.
+In fact, it makes a lot of sense to be able to build an electronic toy circuit that simulates the behavior of a fly.
+In this electronic toy circuit, mushroom body neurons are symbolized by a vertical bank of blue LEDs in the center of the board.
+These LEDs are wired to sensors that detect the presence of odorous molecules in the air.
+Each odor activates a different combination of sensors, which activate different odor detectors within the mushroom body.
+So a pilot, or actor, in the fly's cockpit can tell which odors are present just by seeing which blue LEDs light up.
+How the actor treats this information depends on the policy stored in the strength of the connection between the odor detector and the motor driving the fly's avoidance behavior.
+If the connection is weak, the motor will stay off and the fly will continue straight on the course.
+If the connection is strong, the motor will turn on and the fly will start spinning.
+Now consider a situation where the motor remains stopped and the fly continues its path, suffering painful consequences such as being zapped.
+In these situations, critics are expected to speak up and instruct actors to change course.
+We artificially created such a situation by shining a light on our detractors.
+This strengthened the connection between the currently running odor detector and the motor.
+So the next time the fly is confronted with the same odor again, that connection will be strong enough to turn on the motor and induce avoidance behavior.
+I don't know about you, but I think it's refreshing to see vague psychological concepts evaporate into a physical, mechanical understanding of the mind, even if it's the mind of a fly.
+This is one piece of good news.
+Another good news, at least for scientists, is that there's a lot that hasn't been discovered yet.
+In the experiment I spoke of, we uncovered the identity of the Critic, but we still don't know how the Critic works.
+Come to think of it, knowing when you're wrong without having your teacher or mother tell you is a very difficult problem.
+There are some ideas in the fields of computer science and artificial intelligence as to how this could be done, but we have yet to solve a single example of how intelligent behavior can arise from the physical interactions of living organisms. I haven't been able to.
+I think we will get there in the not too distant future.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, there are a lot of things I want to talk about, but I think I'll play around first.
+(Music) ♫ When you wake up ♫ ♫ In the morning ♫ ♫ Pour your coffee ♫ ♫ Read the newspaper ♫ ♫ Then slowly ♫ ♫ Very softly ♫ ♫ Wash the dishes ♫ ♫ ♫ Feed the fish with it ♫ ♫ Happy birthday to you Sing it ♫ ♫ Let it be like this ♫ ♫ Your last day ♫ ♫ Here on Earth ♫ (Applause) All right.
+So today I wanted to do something special.
+I want to debut a new song that I've been working on for the past five or six months.
+And nothing is more thrilling than playing a song in front of an audience for the first time, especially when the song is half-finished.
+(Laughter) I'm hoping that our conversation here might help us finish this article.
+Because it gets into all sorts of crazy territory.
+It's basically a song about looping, but it's not the sort of loop I make here.
+They are feedback loops.
+In the audio world, if the mic is too close to the sound source, it will enter a self-destructive loop and produce a very unpleasant sound.
+And I will try to demonstrate for you.
+(laughter) I don't mean to hurt you. do not worry.
+♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is a loop, a feedback loop ♫ ♫ This is -- (feedback) ok. I don't know if it was necessary to demonstrate -- (laughter) -- but what I mean is that this is the sound of self-destruction.
+And I've been thinking about how that applies to whole domains, like ecology, for example.
+There seems to be a law in nature that if you get too close to where you came from, you become ugly.
+Don't give cows your brains, get mad cow disease, inbreeding and incest, what else?
+Biological -- There are autoimmune diseases in which the body attacks itself a little too much, destroying the host or person.
+And OK, this is where the song starts. It's like bridging the gap with the emotional.
+Because even though I've used scientific terms in songs, it can be very difficult to make them lyrical.
+And there are some things the song doesn't need.
+So I'm trying to bridge the gap between this idea and this melody.
+So, I don't know if you've experienced this, but sometimes when I close my eyes and try to sleep, I can't help but think about my eyes.
+And it's like your eyes start to strain trying to look at yourself.
+That's how it is for me.
+It's not fun.
+I'm sorry if that thought popped into your head.
+(Laughter) Of course it's impossible to see yourself in your eyes, but they seem to be trying.
+So I'm getting closer to a little personal experience.
+Or if the ears can hear their own voice, it's just not possible.
+That's the problem.
+So I'm working on this song that mentions these things and imagines someone who has managed to protect themselves from heartbreak and has no choice but to do the deed themselves if possible.
+And that is what this song is asking.
+have understood.
+No name yet.
+(music) ♫ Now bless yourself ♫ ♫ Put your hand up to yourself, that hand is your hand ♫ ♫ And the eye itself is your eye ♫ ♫ And the ear that hears itself is close ♫ ♫ Cause it's your ears, oh oh ♫ ♫ You've done the impossible now ♫ ♫ You've dismantled yourself ♫ ♫ You've made yourself invincible ♫ ♫ Nobody's your You can't break a heart ♫ ♫ So you run it out ♫ ♫ You squeeze it ♫ And you wear it out ♫ ♫ And you break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break your own , break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself, break it yourself ♫ ♫ Break it yourself ♫ (Applause) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Okay.
+It's kind of cool. Songwriters sometimes get away with murder.
+Fantastic theories don't have to be backed up with data, graphs, or research.
+But, just a little bit, I think reckless curiosity is what the world needs.
+(Applause.) I'd like to end with my song "Weather Systems."
+(music) ♫ Quiet ♫ ♫ Quiet, she said ♫ ♫ Talk to the back of his head ♫ ♫ At the end of the bed I can see your blood ♫ ♫ Your blood I can see ♫ ♫ I can see the cells grow ♫ ♫ Stay still for a while ♫ ♫ Don't spill the wine ♫ ♫ I can see everything from here ♫ ♫ I can see ♫ ♫ Oh, I ♫ ♫ I see ♫ ♫ Weather systems ♫ ♫ World's ♫ ♫ Weather systems ♫ ♫ World of ♫ ♫ There's something you say ♫ ♫ Not for sale ♫ ♫ I'll keep it anywhere ♫ ♫ We're free agent for some substance ♫ ♫ I'm scared ♫ ♫ Stay still ♫ ♫ Don't spill the wine ♫ ♫ You can see it all from here ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ Oh my ♫ ♫ I can see it ♫ ♫ The world's weather system ♫ ♫ World Weather System ♫ ♫ Thank you.
+(applause)
+This is the story of the place I now call home.
+This is the story of public education and rural communities, and how design can play a role in improving both.
+This is Bertie County, North Carolina, USA.
+Talking about "location", this is North Carolina, and when you zoom in, Bertie County is in the eastern part of the state.
+It's about a two hour drive east of Raleigh.
+and very flat. It's very swampy.
+Most of it is farmland.
+The county has a population of only 20,000 and is very sparsely distributed.
+So there are only 27 people per square mile, which translates to about 10 people per square kilometer.
+Bertie County is something of a classic example of rural America's decay.
+We've seen this story across the country and even beyond the US border.
+We know the symptoms.
+It's the hollowing out of small towns.
+Downtown is becoming a ghost town.
+Brain Drain -- The place where all the most educated and qualified people leave and never come back.
+reliance on agricultural subsidies, poor school performance and higher poverty rates in rural than in urban areas.
+Bertie County is no exception.
+Perhaps the biggest thing this community struggles with, like many similar communities, is the lack of collective investment in the future of rural communities.
+Currently, only 6.8 percent of all charitable giving in the United States benefits rural areas, yet 20 percent of the population lives in rural areas.
+So Bertie County isn't just rural. Incredibly poor.
+It is the poorest county in the state.
+One in three children live in poverty, the so-called "rural ghetto".
+The economy is primarily agricultural.
+Our largest crops are cotton and tobacco and we are very proud of Bertie County's peanuts.
+The largest employer is a Purdue poultry processing plant.
+The county seat here is Windsor.
+This is like the Times Square in Windsor you see now.
+With a population of just 2,000, like many other small towns, it has been hollowed out over the years.
+There are more vacant and dilapidated buildings than people live in and use.
+You can count the number of restaurants in the county on one hand. Buns BBQ is my absolute favourite.
+However, there are no coffee shops, internet cafes, movie theaters, or bookstores throughout the county.
+Not even Walmart.
+Ethnically, the county is about 60 percent African-American, but most of the privileged white children in public schools attend the private Lawrence Academy.
+That means about 86 percent of public school students are African American.
+Here's a local newspaper spread of a recent graduate, and you can see the difference is pretty obvious.
+So to say that Bertie County's public education system is in trouble would be a huge understatement.
+There is a basic shortage of qualified teachers, with only 8% of the county having a bachelor's degree or higher.
+That is, the pride of education does not have a great legacy.
+In fact, two years ago, only 27 percent of students in grades 3-8 passed state standards in both English and math.
+So, it sounds like I'm painting a very dark picture of this place, but I promise there's some good news.
+In my opinion, one of Bertie County's greatest assets right now is this guy. This man is Dr. Chip Zlinger, better known as Dr. Z.
+He was appointed as the new Superintendent in October 2007 to essentially fix the broken school system.
+He previously served as superintendent of schools in Charleston, South Carolina, and then Denver, Colorado.
+He founded some of the nation's first charter schools in the late 80's.
+And he was an absolute rebel, a visionary, and it is because of him that I live and work there now.
+So, in February 2009, Dr. Zlinger came to Project H Design, the non-profit design firm I founded, to Bertie to partner with him on the restoration of this school district and provide design ideas for the district's renovation. perspective.
+And he specifically invited us because we have a very specific type of design process, where we usually don't have access to design services or creative capital to find the right design solution. It is the process of creating.
+Specifically, use these six design directives. The second is probably the most important. So when you design with a humanitarian focus, it's no longer designing for the client.
+It's about designing with people and letting the right solutions emerge from within.
+We were based in San Francisco when we were invited, so we basically went back and forth for the rest of 2009, spending about half our time in Bertie County.
+When we say Project H, we're talking more specifically about myself and my partner, Matthew Miller, an architect and MacGyver-type builder.
+Fast forward to today and we live there now.
+I strategically cropped Matt's head out of this photo because he's going to kill me if he finds out I'm using him because of my sweatsuit.
+But this is our front door. we live there
+We now call this place home.
+Over the past year, flying back and forth, we've found ourselves falling in love with this place.
+We fell in love with this place, the people, and the work that could be done in a rural area like Bertie County. As a designer and builder, you can't do it anywhere.
+You have space to experiment, weld, and test.
+We have a great advocate named Dr. Zlinger.
+Therein lies the sublimeness of real, hands-on, under-the-nails dirt work.
+But beyond my personal reasons for wanting to be there, there is a great need.
+Bertie County has no creative capital at all.
+Not a single architect is licensed countywide.
+So we saw an opportunity to bring design to this pristine tool, a tool unlike any other in Bertie County. That means introducing it to your toolkit as a new type of tool.
+The original goal was to work with Dr. Zlinger to bring design to life within the public education system. That's why we were there.
+But beyond that, we realized that Bertie County, as a community, desperately needed a new perspective on pride, connection, and the creative capital they sorely lacked.
+So the goal is to apply design within education, but to find ways to make education a great vehicle for community development.
+Therefore, to do this, we have taken three different approaches to the intersection of design and education.
+Those are the three things we've been doing in Bertie County, and I'm pretty confident that these efforts will work across the country and in many other rural areas as well.
+The first of the three is design for education.
+This is the most direct and obvious intersection of these two things.
+It is the physical construction of improved spaces and materials and experiences for teachers and students.
+This is against the awful mobile trailers, the outdated textbooks, and the awful materials that schools are built with these days.
+And this has affected us in several different ways.
+The first was a series of renovations to the computer room.
+So traditionally, especially in a low-performing school like Bertie County, the computer lab, which must be benchmarked every other week, is an exhaustive testing facility.
+Enter, face the wall, take the test and exit.
+So we want to change the way students engage with technology, create spaces that are more engaging, accessible, more convivial and social, and increase the ability of teachers to use these spaces for technology-based instruction. I thought.
+This is a high school lab, and the principal loves this room.
+He is always the first to take visitors when they come.
+And this also meant working with some teachers to create this educational playground system called the Learning Landscape.
+Elementary-level students can learn core subjects through games and activities, running around, screaming, and playing like a child.
+So this game the kids are playing here, in this case they were learning basic multiplication through the game Match Me.
+And in Match Me, you take a class and split into two teams, one on each side of the playground. The teacher holds a piece of chalk and writes a number on each tire.
+Then she gives a math problem -- let's say 4 times 4 -- and one student on each team competes to figure out that 4 times 4 is 16 and find the tire with 16 on it. must sit down. Moreover.
+So the goal is to have all your teammates sit on the tyres, and then your team wins.
+And the impact of the learning environment was so amazing and amazing.
+Some classes and teachers, especially boys, report high test scores and familiarity with the material, not afraid to challenge double-digit multiplication problems when they go out and play. increase. Teachers can use these as assessment tools to better assess how students understand new content.
+Therefore, I think the most important thing in designing for education is to share ownership of the solution with the teacher so that the teacher is motivated and willing to use the solution.
+This is Perry. He's the deputy superintendent.
+He came to our teacher training day and was very proud of himself, winning about five rounds in a row at Match Me.
+(Laughter) The second approach is to redesign education itself.
+This is the most complicated.
+This is a system-level observation of how education is managed and what is provided to whom.
+So, in many cases, this is less about making change and more about creating the conditions and incentives for change, which is easier said than done in rural areas and internal education systems. in rural communities.
+So for us, this was a graphic public campaign called Connect Bertie.
+There are thousands of these blue dots all over the county.
+This was to fund the district's installation of desktop computers and broadband Internet connections in all homes with children attending public schools.
+At the moment, I have to say that only 10% of homes actually have an in-home internet connection.
+And the only place I have Wi-Fi is the school building or Bojangles Fried Chicken, and I often squat outside.
+Not only did it excite people and make them wonder what the blue dots were all over the place, but it also asked the school system to imagine how it could catalyze a more connected community.
+It asked them to reach outside the walls of their school and consider how they can play a role in the development of their community.
+So the first batch of computers will be installed later this summer, and we'll be working with Dr. Zlinger to develop some strategies on how to connect classrooms and homes to extend learning beyond the classroom. is supporting
+And the third approach is the one I'm most excited about and this is where we are now. Design as education.
+In other words, “design as education” means that design can actually be taught in public schools, rather than design-based learning. It's not like, "Let's build a rocket and learn physics," it's about actually learning design thinking combined with real-world construction and manufacturing skills. We are working towards the purpose of the local community.
+It also means that designers are no longer consultants, we are teachers, responsible for growing the next generation of creative capital.
+And what design provides as an educational framework is the antidote to all the boring, rigid oral instruction that plagues many school districts.
+It is hands-on, direct, requires active engagement, and allows children to apply their learning of all major subjects in practical ways.
+So we started thinking about the legacy of shop classes and how shop classes, especially wood and metal shop classes, were historically aimed at kids who didn't go to college.
+It is a way of vocational training.
+It's working class. it is blue collar.
+The project is to build a birdhouse for my mother for Christmas.
+And in recent decades, much of the funding for Shopclass has disappeared entirely.
+So what if we could bring back the shop class, this time directing the project around what the community needs and infusing it with a more critical and creative design thinking studio process? I was.
+So we took this vague idea and worked very closely with Dr. Zlinger over the past year to create it as a year-long curriculum offered from high school level through junior classes. rice field.
+And this starts in late summer, four weeks later. My partner, Matthew, and I went through the difficult and completely complicated process of obtaining our high school teaching credentials to actually do it.
+And here it is.
+So, for two semesters, fall and spring, students spend three hours each day in our 4,500 square feet of studio and shop space.
+During that time, they would go out and do ethnographic research, find needs, come back to the studio and brainstorm and visualize designs to come up with concepts that might work, and then buy and implement them. Test it, build it, prototype it, see if it works, refine it.
+And during the summer they are offered a summer job.
+As Project H employees, they are paid construction workers to join us in building these projects in our communities.
+So the first project to be built next summer is a downtown open-air farmer's market, followed by a bus shelter for the school bus system in the second year, and a residential renovation for seniors in the third year. .
+So these are real, visible projects, preferably ones that students can point to and say, "This is what I made and I'm proud of."
+So, I would like you to meet three of our students.
+I'm Ryan.
+she is 15 years old.
+She loves farming and wants to become a high school teacher.
+She wants to go to college, but wants to move back to Bertie County. Because that's where her family is from and where she calls home. She feels strongly that she wants to give back to a place that has been so lucky.
+So what Studio H can offer her is a way to develop her skills so she can give back in the most meaningful way.
+I'm Eric. He plays on the football team.
+He is into dirt bike racing and wants to be an architect.
+So Studio H gives him a way to develop the skills he needs as an architect, from drafting to wood and metal construction to how to research for clients.
+And this is Anthony.
+He is 16 years old and loves hunting, fishing and being outside and working with his hands. So Studio H means for him to keep his interest in education through hands-on engagement.
+He's interested in forestry, but he doesn't know much about it, so he'll end up learning forestry-related skills without going to college.
+What design and architecture really offer public education is a different kind of classroom.
+So this downtown building, which could very well be the site of a future farmers market, is now a classroom.
+Then my homework is to go out into the community and interview my neighbors about what food they buy, where and why.
+And the ribbon-cutting ceremony at the end of the summer when the farmers' market is built and opened to the public, that's the final exam.
+And for the community, what design and architecture offer is tangible, built progress.
+This is a one-year project, the greatest asset and the greatest untapped resource for young people to imagine a new future.
+As such, Studio H recognizes it as a small-scale narrative, especially in its first year. 13 students, 2 teachers, 1 project in 1 place.
+But I have a feeling this might work elsewhere.
+And I'm a really strong believer in the power of small stories. Because it is very difficult to do humanitarian work on a global scale.
+Because when you zoom out that far, you can't see people as human beings.
+Ultimately, design itself is a constant educational process for the people we work with and for us as designers.
+Let's be honest, designers, we need to reinvent ourselves.
+We need to re-educate ourselves on what matters, we need to work more outside our comfort zones, and we need to be better citizens in our own backyards.
+So, even though this is a very small story, I hope this is a step in the right direction for the future of rural communities, the future of public education, and hopefully the future of design as well.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I would like to talk about ethnic conflicts and civil wars.
+These aren't usually the most hilarious topics, nor do they produce the kind of good news that's covered at this conference.
+But not only is there at least some good news that there are fewer such conflicts today than there were 20 years ago, but perhaps more importantly, what can be done to further reduce them? It's that we've come to understand better. Numerous ethnic conflicts and civil wars, and the suffering they bring.
+Three stand out: leadership, diplomacy, and institutional design.
+My talk will focus on why they matter, how they matter, and what we can all do to keep them important in the right way. How can we contribute to the development and refinement of society? Skills of local and global leaders to make and sustain peace.
+But let's start from the beginning.
+Civil wars have made headlines for decades, and ethnic conflicts in particular have almost always been a major international security threat.
+For nearly 20 years now, bad news and images have stuck with us.
+In Georgia, violence returned in earnest in August 2008 after years of stalemate.
+This soon escalated into a five-day war between Russia and Georgia, further dividing Georgia.
+In Kenya, the 2007 presidential election, which we only recently heard about, was at issue and quickly sparked high levels of inter-ethnic violence and the killing and displacement of thousands.
+In Sri Lanka, a decades-long civil war between minority Tamils ​​and majority Sinhalese reached a bloody climax in 2009 after perhaps 100,000 people have been killed since 1983.
+Kyrgyzstan has experienced an unprecedented level of violence between ethnic Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in recent weeks.
+Hundreds were killed and more than 100,000 displaced, including many Uzbeks who fled to neighboring Uzbekistan.
+In the Middle East, conflict between Israelis and Palestinians continues unabated, making it increasingly difficult to see how sustainable solutions can be achieved.
+Darfur may have faded from the news headlines, but the killings and displacements continue there as well, creating immense human suffering.
+And finally, violence is escalating again in Iraq, where four months after the last parliamentary elections, the country still has no government.
+But wait a minute, this story is about good news.
+So are these images of the past now?
+Well, despite the darker conditions from the Middle East, Darfur, Iraq and beyond, there are long-term trends that represent some good news.
+Since the end of the Cold War, there has been an overall decline in the number of civil wars over the past two decades.
+There were about 50 such civil wars in the early 1990s, and since its peak, there have now been 30 percent fewer such conflicts.
+Far fewer people die in civil wars today than they did 10 or 20 years ago.
+However, this trend is not so clear.
+The highest number of battlefield deaths was between 1998 and 2001, when about 80,000 soldiers, police and rebels were killed each year.
+The lowest number of combatant casualties was in 2003, when only 20,000 were killed.
+Despite the ups and downs since then, the overall trend over the past two decades is clearly downward. This is the point.
+The news about civilian casualties is also not as bad as it used to be.
+More than 12,000 civilians were intentionally killed during the 1997 and 1998 civil wars, and ten years later the figure has reached 4,000.
+This is a two-thirds reduction.
+This decline would be even more pronounced if the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 was taken into account.
+However, 800,000 civilians were slaughtered in just a few months after that.
+There is no doubt that this is an achievement that should never be surpassed.
+It's also important to note that these numbers are only part of the story.
+For example, it excludes people who died of hunger or disease as a result of civil wars.
+Nor does it adequately describe the suffering of civilians in general.
+Torture, rape and ethnic cleansing have become highly effective, if sometimes non-lethal, weapons in civil wars.
+In other words, there is no good war or bad peace for civilians suffering the consequences of ethnic conflicts and civil wars.
+So while civilians are being killed, maimed, raped and tortured by far too many for one person, the number of civilian casualties today is clearly lower than it was a decade ago. The fact is good news.
+So today there are fewer conflicts and fewer deaths.
+And, of course, the big question is why?
+Sometimes one side wins militarily.
+It is a solution of sorts, but few solutions are without human cost and humanitarian impact.
+The defeat of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka is perhaps the most recent example of this, but we have seen similar so-called military solutions in the Balkans, the South Caucasus, and much of Africa.
+Occasionally, it is complemented by a negotiated settlement, or at least a ceasefire agreement, and the dispatch of peacekeepers.
+But they are rarely very successful, perhaps more in Bosnia and Herzegovina than in Georgia.
+But for much of Africa, a colleague of mine once said, "Tuesday night's truce came just in time for Wednesday morning's genocide to begin."
+But let's take another look at the good news.
+In the absence of solutions on the battlefield, the prevention of ethnic and civil wars, or the sustainable peace that follows, requires three elements: leadership, diplomacy, and institutional design.
+Let's take the example of Northern Ireland.
+Despite centuries of hostility, decades of violence, and thousands killed, a historic agreement was reached in 1998.
+That first version was deftly brokered by Senator George Mitchell.
+Importantly, he imposed very specific conditions on participation and negotiations for the long-term success of the Northern Ireland peace process.
+Central to this is a commitment to exclusively peaceful means.
+Subsequent amendments to the agreement were facilitated by the British and Irish governments, who never wavered in their determination to bring peace and stability to Northern Ireland.
+The core system, introduced in 1998 and amended in 2006 and 2008, is highly innovative and allows all parties to the conflict to ensure that their core concerns and demands are being addressed. Now
+The agreement, which combines a power-sharing agreement in Northern Ireland with a cross-border institution linking Belfast and Dublin, recognizes aspects of the so-called Irish conflict.
+And importantly, there is a clear focus on both individual and community rights.
+The terms of the agreement may be complex, but so are the underlying contradictions.
+Perhaps most importantly, local leaders repeatedly faced the challenge of compromise, not always swiftly and not necessarily enthusiastically, but eventually rose to their feet.
+Who would have thought that Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness would jointly rule Northern Ireland as Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister?
+But is Northern Ireland a special case, or does this kind of explanation apply more generally only in democracies and developed countries?
+By no means.
+The end of the long-running civil war in Liberia in 2003, like the success in preventing a full-scale civil war in Macedonia in 2001 and the end of the conflict in Aceh in Indonesia, was a combination of leadership, diplomacy, and institutions. It shows the importance of design. in 2005.
+In all three cases, local leaders were willing and able to reach peace, the international community was ready to help negotiate and implement the agreements, and the institutions kept their promises made on the day of the agreements.
+A focus on leadership, diplomacy, and institutional design also helps explain failures to achieve or sustain peace.
+The hopes set in the Oslo Accords did not end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
+In practice, not all of the issues that need to be resolved are spelled out in the agreement.
+Rather, local leaders promised to review them later.
+However, local and international leaders did not seize this opportunity and quickly withdrew from the engagement, becoming preoccupied with the Second Intifada, the events of 9/11, and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
+Sudan's comprehensive peace deal, signed in 2005, has turned out to be less comprehensive than expected, and its terms may still give the seeds of a full-scale return to war between the North and South.
+It is almost equally likely to be caused by changes or deficiencies in leadership than by international diplomatic or institutional failures.
+Unresolved border disputes, conflicts over oil revenues, ongoing conflict in Darfur, escalating tribal violence in the south, and generally weak state capacities across Sudan make the situation in Africa's largest country extremely depressing. I'm making it.
+A final example: Kosovo.
+A great many different factors contribute to Kosovo's failure to reach a negotiated solution and the resulting violence, tensions and de facto division.
+At the heart of it are three things.
+The first is the unyielding attitude of local leaders to accept only the maximum demands.
+Second, international diplomatic efforts hampered from the outset by Western support for Kosovo independence.
+And third, a lack of imagination in designing institutions that address concerns of Serbs and Albanians alike.
+Likewise, here's another piece of good news. The fact that Kosovo and the Balkans region, more generally, has a high-level and well-resourced international presence, and the relative self-restraint of both local leaders, led to the 2008 explained why the situation has not deteriorated in the past two years since 2008.
+So even if the outcome is less than optimal, local and international leaders have a choice and can make a difference for the better.
+Cold War is not as good as Cold War peace, but Cold War peace is still better than hot war.
+Good news also helps us learn the right lessons.
+So what is the difference between the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and the Northern Ireland conflict, or between the Sudanese civil war and the Liberian civil war?
+Both successes and failures teach us some very important things to keep in mind if we want to keep the good news going.
+First, leadership.
+Just as ethnic conflicts and civil wars are man-made rather than natural disasters, their prevention and resolution do not happen automatically.
+Leaders need to be capable, determined and visionary in their commitment to peace.
+Leaders need to connect with each other and with their followers, taking them on an often difficult journey to a peaceful future.
+Second is diplomacy.
+Diplomacy must secure and maintain adequate resources and apply the right mix of incentives and pressures to leaders and allies.
+It needs to help them reach a fair compromise and to ensure that a broad coalition of local, regional and international constituencies will support the implementation of the agreement.
+Third is institutional design.
+Institutional design requires sharp problem focus, innovative thinking, and flexible and well-funded implementation.
+Disputing parties need to move away from maximal demands and toward compromises that recognize each other's needs.
+And they need to think more about what the deal is about than about the label they want to give themselves.
+Disputing parties must also be prepared to return to the negotiating table if implementation of the agreement fails.
+For me personally, the most important lesson of all is: Local commitments to peace are very important, but they are often not enough to prevent or end violence.
+However, no amount of diplomacy or institutional design can make up for local failures and their consequences.
+Therefore, we must invest in developing leaders and leaders with the skills, vision and determination to make peace a reality.
+In other words, a leader that people trust and want to follow, even if it means making difficult choices.
+Finally, ending a civil war is a perilous, frustrating and frustrating process.
+It often takes a generation to get there, but we, the generation of today, can take responsibility and learn the right lessons in leadership, diplomacy and institutional design so that today's child soldiers can become tomorrow's children. Desired.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm here today to show pictures of the Lakota people.
+Many of you may have heard of the Lakota, or at least a larger tribal group called the Sioux.
+The Lakota were one of many tribes who left their lands and were moved to prison camps now called reservations.
+The Pine Ridge Reservation, the subject of today's slide show, is located about 120 miles southeast of the Black Hills of South Dakota.
+Sometimes called Prisoner of War camp number 334, this is where the Lakota now live.
+Now, if you've heard of AIM, the American Indian Movement, Russell Means, Leonard Peltier, or the conflict at Oglala, you know that Pine Ridge is Ground Zero for Indigenous Affairs in the United States. I guess.
+So today I was asked to talk a little bit about my relationship with the Lakota. It's a very difficult story for me. Because, if you don't know my skin color, I'm white. Huge barriers on indigenous reservations.
+There will be many people in my photos today.
+I got along very well with them and they treated me like family.
+They called me "onii-san" and "uncle" and invited me many times over the past five years.
+But at Pine Ridge, I'm always the so-called 'wasichu'.
+"Wasichu" is a Lakota word meaning "non-Indian", but another version of the word means "one who owns the best meat".
+And what I want to focus on is the person who takes out the best part of the meat.
+It means "greedy".
+Take a tour of this auditorium today.
+We are in a private school in the American West, sitting in red velvet chairs with money in our pockets.
+And looking at our lives, we have certainly consumed the best parts of meat.
+So today let's take a look at a series of photos of the people we lost to gain. When you see the faces of these people, you know that these are not just Lakota images. They represent all indigenous peoples.
+This paper contains the history I learned from my Lakota friends and family.
+Below is a chronology of treaties made, treaties broken, and massacres disguised as battles.
+Starting from 1824.
+An organization known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs was created within the War Department to take an early aggressive stance in dealing with Native Americans.
+1851: The first Treaty of Fort Laramie is signed, clearly demarcating the boundaries of the Lakota.
+According to the treaty, those lands are sovereign states.
+If the treaty's boundaries had been preserved, and if there were legal grounds to do so, this is what America would look like today.
+After 10 years.
+The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln, led to a large influx of white settlers into Native lands.
+1863: Minnesota's Santee Sioux Rebellion ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men, the largest mass execution in U.S. history.
+President Lincoln ordered his execution just two days after signing the Emancipation Proclamation.
+1866: The Transcontinental Railroad Begins -- A New Era.
+We have allocated land for trails and trains to shortcut the Lakota heartland.
+The treaty was outside the window.
+In response, three Lakota tribesmen, led by Chief Red Cloud, attacked and repeatedly defeated the US forces.
+I would like to repeat that part. The Lakota defeated the U.S. Army.
+1868: The Second Treaty of Fort Laramie clearly guarantees Great Sioux sovereignty and Lakota ownership of the sacred Black Hills.
+The government also promises land and hunting rights in surrounding states.
+From now on, we are committed to closing down Powder River Nation to all white people.
+The treaty appeared to be a complete victory for Red Cloud and the Sioux.
+In fact, this is the only war in American history in which the government yielded to all the demands of its enemies and negotiated peace.
+1869: The transcontinental railroad is completed.
+Among other things, they began to transport large numbers of hunters, who began slaughtering water buffaloes, leaving the Sioux with no source of food, clothing, or shelter.
+1871: The Indian Appropriations Act makes all Indians federal wards.
+In addition, the military issued an order prohibiting Western Indians from leaving the reservation.
+All the Western Indians were taken prisoner at that point.
+1871 marked the end of the treaty period.
+The problem with treaties is that they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations, which we can't have.
+we had a plan.
+1874: General George Custer announces the discovery of gold in Lakota territory, particularly in the Black Hills.
+News of the gold causes a large influx of white settlers to the Lakota.
+Custer is urging Congress to find a way to end the pact with the Lakota as soon as possible.
+1875: The Lakota War begins over violations of the Treaty of Fort Laramie.
+1876: On July 26, while attacking a Lakota village, Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
+1877: Crazy Horse, a great Lakota warrior and chieftain, surrenders at Fort Robinson.
+He was subsequently killed in custody.
+1877 was also the year we found a way around the Treaty of Fort Laramie.
+Under a campaign known as "Sell or Hunger," a new agreement was presented to the Sioux chiefs and their leaders. If you don't sign the paper, you won't give food to the tribe.
+Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed up.
+The Treaty of Fort Laramie required at least three-quarters of the tribes to sign the land transfer.
+That provision was apparently ignored.
+1887: Dawes Act.
+Joint ownership of the reservation ends.
+The reservation will be divided into 160-acre parcels, distributed among individual Indians, and any surplus will be disposed of.
+The tribe lost millions of acres of land.
+The American dream of private land ownership turned out to be a very clever way of dividing reservations until nothing was left.
+This move destroyed reservations, making it easier to segment and sell each successive generation.
+Most of the surplus land and many of the parcels within the reservation boundaries are now in the hands of white ranchers.
+Once again, the fat of the earth to the wassichu.
+1890: The date you think is most important in this slide show.
+This year is the year of the Wounded Knee massacre.
+On December 29, U.S. forces laid siege to the Sioux camp at Wound Knee Creek and killed Chief Bigfoot and 300 prisoners using a new rapid-fire weapon called the Hotchkiss, which fired explosive shells. slaughtered.
+This so-called "battle" earned the 7th Cavalry 20 Congressional Medals of Honor.
+To this day, this is the most medals of honor ever awarded in a single battle.
+More medals of honor have been awarded for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children than in any battle in World War I, World War II, South Korea, Vietnam, Iraq or Afghanistan.
+The Wounded Knee massacre is considered the end of the Indian Wars.
+Every time I visit the Wounded Knee Mass Cemetery, I know it's not just the Lakota or Sioux graves, it's the graves of all Indigenous peoples.
+Saint Black Elk said, "At the time, I didn't know how much was over.
+Looking back from this lofty hill in my old age, I can still see the slaughtered women and children lying scattered in heaps along the winding ravines, as clearly as when I was still young. comes to mind.
+And something else was found dead there in the bloody mud, buried in the blizzard.
+People's dreams disappeared there.
+And it was a beautiful dream. "
+This event began a new era in Native American history.
+Everything can be measured before and after the wounded knee. Because at this moment with the finger on the trigger of the Hotchkiss gun, the U.S. government openly declared its position on the rights of indigenous peoples.
+They were fed up with the treaty.
+They were sick of the sacred hills.
+They were tired of the dancing ghosts.
+And they were fed up with all the Sioux inconveniences.
+So they brought out the artillery.
+"Do you want to be Indian now?" they said, fingering the trigger.
+1900: The Native American population reaches its lowest point, under 250,000 compared to an estimated 8 million in 1492.
+fast forward.
+1980: The longest-running trial in U.S. history, the Sioux v. U.S. trial, is decided by the U.S. Supreme Court.
+The court ruled that the terms of the Second Fort Laramie Treaty had been violated when the Sioux were resettled on the reservation and seven million acres of their land were opened to prospectors and settlers.
+The court said the Black Hills were illegally occupied and the original offer price plus interest should be paid to the Sioux.
+The court awarded the Sioux just $106 million as payment to the Black Hills.
+The Sioux shouted, "The Black Hills are not for sale," and refused to accept the money.
+2010: More than a century after the Wounded Knee massacre, statistics on today's indigenous population reveal a legacy of colonization, forced displacement and treaty violations.
+The unemployment rate on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation fluctuates between 85-90%.
+The Housing Authority is unable to build new buildings and existing ones are crumbling.
+Many are homeless, and even those with homes have up to five families crammed into dilapidated buildings.
+39% of Pine Ridge homes have no electricity.
+At least 60% of the homes on the reservation are infested with black mold.
+Over 90 percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line.
+Pine Ridge's tuberculosis rate is about eight times the US national average.
+The infant mortality rate is the highest on the continent, about three times the US national average.
+The incidence of cervical cancer is five times the US national average.
+School dropout rates are up to 70 percent.
+Our teacher turnover rate is eight times the US national average.
+Grandparents often raise their grandchildren because their parents are unable to raise them due to alcoholism, domestic violence and general apathy.
+Fifty percent of the population over the age of 40 suffers from diabetes.
+Life expectancy for men is 46 to 48 years, about the same as Afghanistan and Somalia.
+The final chapter of a successful genocide is the one in which the oppressors take their hands off and say, "Oh my God, what are these people doing to themselves?"
+they are killing each other.
+They are killing themselves while we watch them die. "
+That's how we came to own this America.
+This is the legacy of Manifest Destiny.
+POWs continue to be born in prison camps long after the guards are gone.
+These are the bones left after picking the best meat.
+A long time ago, a Wasithu like me set off a chain of events that sought the gold of land, water, and hills.
+These events set off a domino effect that is not over yet.
+Our dominant society may feel alienated from the massacres of 1890 and the string of treaty-breakings 150 years ago, but I still have to ask you a question. "How should I feel about today's stats?"
+What is the relationship between these images of suffering and the history I have just read?
+And how much of this history do we need to own?
+Are any of these your responsibility today?
+We were told that there must be something we can do too.
+There should be some kind of call to action.
+Because for so long I stood on the sidelines, contented to be a witness, just taking pictures.
+I needed a time machine to access the solution because it seems so long ago.
+The suffering of indigenous peoples is not an easy problem to solve.
+Like helping Haiti, ending AIDS, or fighting hunger, not everyone can do it.
+What is called a "fix" is, for the dominant society, something like a $50 check, going to church to paint a graffiti-covered house, or donating a box of clothes that a suburban family doesn't wear. may be much more difficult than I want it already
+So what do we do?
+Are you shrugging your shoulders in the dark?
+The United States continues to routinely violate the terms of the Fort Laramie Treaties of 1851 and 1868 with the Lakota.
+My call to action today, my TED wish, is this. "Respect the treaty."
+Give me back the Black Hills.
+It's not your job what they do to them.
+(applause)
+The phone started its trajectory in a mine in eastern Congo.
+It is mined by armed groups using slaves, child slaves, and what the United Nations Security Council calls "blood minerals," then several parts before ending up in a factory in Xinjin, China.
+More than a dozen people have committed suicide at the factory this year.
+One man died after working 36 hours.
+We all love chocolate.
+We buy for our children.
+Eighty percent of the cocoa comes from Ivory Coast and Ghana and is harvested by children.
+Côte d'Ivoire has a big problem of child slavery.
+Children have been trafficked from other conflict areas to work on coffee plantations.
+Heparin (anticoagulant, medicine) originates from such artisanal workshops in China, as the active ingredient is obtained from pig intestines.
+Your Diamond -- You've probably heard of it, maybe you've seen the movie Blood Diamond.
+This is the current mine in Zimbabwe.
+Cotton: Uzbekistan is the second largest cotton exporter on the planet.
+Every year when cotton is harvested, the government closes the schools and sends the children on buses to the cotton fields for three weeks to harvest.
+It is forced child labor on a facility scale.
+And they probably all end up in dumps like this one in Manila.
+These places, their origins, represent governance gaps.
+That's the most polite explanation I have for them.
+These are the dark pools from which global supply chains begin, the global supply chains that bring us our favorite branded products.
+Some of these governance gaps are run by rogue states.
+Some of them are no longer states.
+They are a failed nation.
+Some believe that deregulation or no regulation is the best way to attract investment and promote trade.
+Either way, they present us with great moral and ethical dilemmas.
+I know none of us want to be an accessory after the facts of human rights violations in global supply chains.
+But right now, most of the companies involved in these supply chains know that no one has to mortgage their future to provide us with our favorite branded products, and no one is their own. have no way of assuring us that we will not have to sacrifice the rights of
+Now, I'm not here to bring you down about the state of the world's supply chains.
+Need a reality check.
+We need to recognize how serious our lack of rights is.
+This is an independent republic and possibly a failed state.
+Clearly not a democracy.
+And right now that supply chain independent republic is not governed in a way that we are happy to engage in ethical trade or ethical consumption.
+Well, it's not a new story.
+You've probably seen documentaries about sweatshops that make clothes all over the world, including in the developed world.
+If you want to see an old-fashioned sweatshop, meet at Madison Square Garden. I will guide you through the streets and take you through the Chinese sweatshops.
+But consider the example of heparin.
+Pharmaceuticals.
+Expect the supply chain that gets you to the hospital to probably be very clean.
+The problem is, as I mentioned earlier, the active ingredient in it is from pigs.
+A major US manufacturer of the active ingredient decided several years ago to move to China, the world's largest supplier of pigs.
+And their factory in China (which is probably pretty clean) sources all their raw materials from their backyard slaughterhouse. There, families slaughter pigs and extract ingredients.
+A few years ago, there was a scandal that killed about 80 people worldwide due to contaminants that got into the heparin supply chain.
+To make matters worse, some suppliers have found that they can substitute products that mimic heparin in their testing.
+This substitute costs $9 per pound, while the actual ingredient, real heparin, costs $900 per pound.
+Of course.
+The problem was more people died.
+So you ask yourself, "Why did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration allow this to happen?"
+How did the Chinese Food and Drug Administration allow this to happen?"
+The answer is very simple. China defines these facilities as chemical facilities, not pharmaceutical facilities, and therefore does not conduct audits.
+And the USFDA has jurisdiction issues.
+This is offshore.
+They actually do a few surveys abroad, about 12 per year, maybe 20 in a good year.
+There are 500 of these facilities producing active ingredients in China alone.
+In fact, currently about 80 percent of the active ingredients in pharmaceuticals come from overseas, especially China and India, without a governance system.
+We do not have a regulatory system that can guarantee that its production is safe.
+There is no system that guarantees human rights and basic dignity.
+So at the national level, and we operate in about 60 countries, at the national level, governments' ability to regulate their own production is severely dysfunctional.
+And the real problem with global supply chains is that they are supranational.
+Governments that fail and drop the ball at the national level are therefore even less capable of solving problems at the international level.
+You can also view just the headlines.
+Take last year's Copenhagen example. Faced with international challenges, the government has done nothing right.
+Take for example the G20 meeting a few weeks ago, a step back from promises made just months ago.
+Take any of the major global challenges we discussed this week and ask yourself where is the government leadership to strengthen and launch solutions and responses to those global challenges.
+And the short answer is that it can't be done. they are national
+Their voters are locals.
+They have narrow-minded interests.
+They cannot subordinate their interests to the greater global common good.
+So if we want to ensure the delivery of key public goods at the international level, in this case global supply chains, we need to come up with a different mechanism.
+I need another machine.
+Fortunately, there are some examples.
+The 1990s saw a series of scandals involving child labor, forced labor, and serious health and safety violations in the manufacture of branded goods in the United States.
+And finally, in 1996, President Clinton called a meeting at the White House, invited industry, human rights NGOs, labor unions, the Department of Labor, and brought them all together in one room and said, "Look, I'm globalization. don't want it to be a race to the bottom.
+I don't know how to prevent that, but at least I'll do your favor and get you all together to come up with a countermeasure. "
+So they set up a special committee in the White House and spent about three years debating who should be held responsible for what in the global supply chain.
+Companies didn't feel it was their responsibility.
+They don't own those facilities.
+They don't employ those workers.
+They have no legal liability.
+Everyone else at the table said, "Guys, that's not going to work.
+You have a stewardship duty, care, to ensure that the product reaches the store in such a way that we can consume it from anywhere without fear of safety or sacrificing conscience to consume the product. I have an obligation. . "
+So they agreed, "Okay, what we have to do is agree on a set of common standards, a code of conduct."
+We apply this across our global supply chains regardless of ownership or control.
+We will make it part of the deal."
+And it was just a stroke of genius. Because what they did was use the power of contract, private power, to provide public goods.
+And, let's be honest, there is far more compelling value in the contracts of major multinational brands with Indian and Chinese suppliers than local labor laws, local environmental regulations, and local human rights standards.
+Inspectors will probably never show up at those factories.
+If the inspectors came, it would be amazing if they could resist the bribes.
+Even if they did their job and cited those facilities as the cause of the violation, the fine would be derisive.
+But losing a deal with a big brand can be the difference between staying in business or going bankrupt.
+That's what makes the difference.
+So what we have been able to do is harness the power and influence of multinational corporations, the only truly transnational organizations in global supply chains, to get them to do the right thing and get results. I was able to do it. They are there to use their power for good and to deliver important public goods.
+Of course, this is not natural for multinational companies.
+They weren't prepared to do that. They are set up to make money.
+But they are a very efficient organization.
+They have the resources and they know how to deliver the product if we can add the will and commitment.
+Well, getting there is not easy.
+The supply chain shown on the screen earlier is not there.
+I need a safe space.
+We need a place where people can come together, sit without fear of criticism or condemnation, where they can actually face problems, agree on problems, and come up with solutions.
+I can do it. The technical solution is there.
+The problem is lack of trust, lack of trust, lack of partnership between NGOs, campaign groups, civil society groups and transnational corporations.
+If we can bring the two together in a safe place and work together, we can deliver public goods now, or public goods that are in dire need.
+This is a radical proposal and if you leave your rural village to go to a factory in Dhaka and pay 22, 23 or 24 dollars a month, a Bangladeshi 15-year-old girl is the most likely to enjoy your rights in the workplace. Higher if the factory has a code of conduct and is producing for a branded company that makes that code part of the contract.
+it's crazy.
+Multinational corporations protect human rights.
+I know there is mistrust.
+"How can you trust them?" you say.
+Well, it's not.
+It's the old arms control phrase, "Trust, but verify."
+That's where we do our audits.
+We go through our supply chain, we go through every factory name, we take random samples, we send random inspectors to inspect those facilities, and we publish the results.
+Transparency is crucial for this.
+You can call yourself responsible, but responsibility without accountability often goes wrong.
+In other words, what we are doing is not only working with multinational companies, but also providing and checking multinational companies with the tools to realize this common good, respect for human rights. That's it.
+You don't have to believe me you shouldn't believe me
+Visit website. Look at the audit results.
+Ask yourself, is this company acting socially responsible?
+Can I purchase the product without compromising my ethics?
+That's how the system works.
+I hate the idea that governments are not upholding human rights around the world.
+I hate the idea that the government has dropped this ball and somehow I can't get used to the idea that we can't get the government to do the work.
+In the 30 years I have been in this business, I have seen the government's capacity, commitment and willingness to do this work diminish. And I don't think I'll be back anytime soon.
+So we started thinking that this was a stopgap measure.
+In fact, we now believe that this is perhaps the beginning of a new way of dealing with and regulating international challenges.
+We call it network governance. Call me whatever you like.
+Businesses, NGOs, and other private actors will need to come together to meet the major challenges we will face in the future.
+Look at pandemics such as swine flu, bird flu, and H1N1.
+Look at the healthcare systems of so many countries.
+Do they have the resources to tackle a severe pandemic?
+no.
+Can the private sector and NGOs come together to take action?
+absolutely.
+What they lack is a safe space to unite, agree and act.
+That's what we are trying to offer.
+I also know that this often seems like a lot of responsibility for people to bear.
+"You want me to deliver human rights throughout the global supply chain.
+There are thousands of suppliers out there. "
+It seems too daunting and too risky for any company.
+But there are also companies.
+The number of member companies is 4,000.
+Some of them are very large companies.
+The sporting goods industry in particular has been proactive and has done so.
+There are role models out there.
+And every time we discuss child labor on cottonseed farms in India, one of the issues we have to address, this year we will be monitoring 50,000 cottonseed farms in India. increase.
+It seems overwhelming.
+Just looking at this number makes me lose my concentration.
+But let's break it down into some basic realities.
+And human rights come down to a very simple proposition. "Can I restore dignity to this person?"
+Poor people, people whose human rights have been violated, at their core is a loss of dignity, a lack of dignity.
+It starts with restoring dignity to people.
+I was sitting in a slum outside Gurgaon, right next to Delhi, one of the brightest new cities emerging in India right now. And I was talking to the workers at the garment factory down the street. And I asked them what message they had. I would like to introduce the brand.
+They didn't say money.
+They said, "The people who employ us treat us like we're subhuman, like we don't exist.
+Please ask them to treat us as human beings. "
+That is my simple understanding of human rights.
+This is my simple suggestion to you, my simple request to all decision makers in this room and everyone out there.
+We can all come together and make the decision to pick up the ball and run with it that the government has dropped.
+If we don't do that, we give up hope, we give up our essential humanity. We know it's not where we want it to be, and we don't need to be there.
+So I appeal to you.
+Join us and come to that safe place and start making this happen.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Do you ever feel completely overwhelmed when faced with a complex problem?
+Well, I would like to change it in 3 minutes.
+So I hope you can convince me that complex does not necessarily mean complex.
+So, for me, a carefully crafted baguette straight out of the oven is complicated, but a curried onion green olive poppy cheese bun is.
+I'm an ecologist and I study complexity. I love complexity.
+I also study the interrelationships of species in nature.
+Here is a map of the food web, the feeding relationships among species inhabiting alpine lakes in the mountains of California.
+And what happens to that food web when it is stocked with exotic fish that have never lived there before?
+Any seeds that are grayed out will disappear.
+Some are actually endangered.
+And lakes with fish have more mosquitoes, even though they eat fish.
+All of these effects were unexpected, but are proving to be predictable.
+So I would like to share some key insights about complexity that we have learned from studying nature that may apply to other problems.
+The first is the simple power of great visualization tools to demystify complex problems and encourage you to ask questions you might not have thought of before.
+For example, you can plot carbon flows through corporate supply chains within corporate ecosystems, or the interconnection of endangered species habitat patches in Yosemite National Park.
+Secondly, if you want to predict the impact of one species on another, focusing on just that link and black-boxing the rest is actually more predictable than if you step back and consider the system as a whole. lower. Focus on the most important spheres of influence, from all species, all connections, and their locations.
+And our research has shown that it is often very local, within 1-2 degrees to the node of interest.
+So the more you step back and embrace complexity, the more likely you are to find a simple answer, which is often different from the initial simple answer.
+So let's switch gears and take a look at a very complicated issue courtesy of the US government.
+This is a chart of the US counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.
+It was on the front page of the New York Times a few months ago.
+It was so complicated that it was immediately ridiculed by the media.
+And the stated goal was to increase public support for the Afghan government.
+Clearly a complex problem, but is it complex?
+When I saw this on the front page of The Times, I thought,
+I can eat this well. "
+So let's do it. So, I present for the first time a world premiere view of this spaghetti diagram as an ordered network.
+The circled node is the node we are trying to influence: public support for the government.
+So you can look 1, 2, 3 degrees away from that node and remove the three-quarters of the figure that is outside its sphere of influence.
+Within that range, most of these nodes are not viable due to the harshness of the terrain, etc., and very few of them actually have military operations.
+Most of it is non-violent and falls into two broad categories: active engagement in ethnic conflicts and religious beliefs, and fair and transparent economic development and service delivery.
+I'm not sure about this, but here's what I can decipher from this diagram in 24 seconds:
+Don't be intimidated by a picture like this.
+I want you to get excited. Rest assured.
+Because a simple answer may emerge.
+We are discovering that in nature there is often simplicity behind complexity.
+So in any problem, the more you can zoom out and embrace complexity, the more likely you are to zoom in on the simple details that matter most.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+We now have a big problem with mathematics education.
+Basically no one is happy.
+People learning it find it unconnected, uninteresting, and difficult.
+Those looking to hire them think they don't know enough.
+Governments know this is a big problem for the economy, but they don't know how to solve it.
+And the teachers are also frustrated.
+But mathematics is more important to the world than at any point in human history.
+So on one end there is less interest in mathematics education, and on the other end there is an ever more mathematical world, a more quantitative world.
+So what's the problem, why did this gap open, and what can be done to fix it?
+As a matter of fact, I think the answer lies with us. It's using a computer.
+I believe that proper use of computers is the silver bullet for effective mathematics education.
+To explain that, I'd like to first talk a little bit about what mathematics is like in the real world, and what it's like in education.
+In the real world, mathematics is not necessarily done by mathematicians.
+Modeling and simulation are done by different people, including geologists, engineers, and biologists.
+It's actually very popular.
+But in education, the situation is very different. The problem is simplistic, a lot of calculations are done, mostly by hand.
+Unless you're studying, there are many things that look easy but aren't difficult, just like in the real world.
+And one more thing about mathematics. Sometimes mathematics looks like mathematics, like in this example, but sometimes it's not. "Am I drunk?"
+And in the modern world we have a quantitative answer.
+A few years ago this would have been unthinkable.
+But now, unfortunately, I weigh a little more than that, but I know everything that happens.
+So let's zoom out a little and think about why we teach people math.
+What's the point in teaching people math?
+In particular, why are we teaching them mathematics in general?
+Why is it such an important part of education as a kind of compulsory subject?
+Well, I think there are three reasons. One is technical work, which is very important for economic development, and the other is what I call 'everyday life'. To work in today's world, it has to be fairly quantitative. A few years ago: figuring out your mortgage, being skeptical of government statistics, that sort of thing, and the third thing is what I call reasoning training, sort of reasoning.
+Over the years, we have put a lot of effort into making our society able to process and think logically. It is part of human society.
+It is very important to learn that math is a great way to do it.
+Now let's ask another question.
+What is Mathematics?
+What do we mean when we say we do math, or teach people to do math?
+Well, roughly speaking, I'd say it's about four steps, starting with asking the right questions.
+What do we want to ask? What are we trying to find out here?
+And this, more than virtually any other part of doing math, is the most messed up in the outside world.
+People ask the wrong questions and surprisingly get the wrong answers for that reason, if not for others.
+Next, transform the problem from a real-world problem to a math problem.
+That's the second stage.
+Once that's done, the next step is the calculation step.
+Convert it to some answer in mathematical form.
+And of course mathematics is very powerful in doing that.
+And finally, back to the real world.
+Did it answer the question?
+And validating it is also an important step.
+Now comes the big part.
+Mathematics education probably spends about 80% of its time teaching people to do step 3 by hand.
+But it's a step in which computers, after years of practice, can outperform any human being.
+Instead, use the computer to do step 3, and put more effort into learning how to do steps 1, 2, and 4—conceptualizing the problem, applying it, and asking your teacher to show you how to do it. should spend. Or
+There is an important point here. Mathematics is not the same as calculation.
+Mathematics is a much broader subject than calculus.
+Now you can understand how all this has been intertwined for hundreds of years.
+There was only one way to do the calculations and that was by hand.
+However, in recent decades the situation has completely changed.
+We have undergone the greatest transformation in ancient subject matter by computers that I have ever imagined.
+Computations were usually limit steps, but now they are often not.
+In other words, think in terms of mathematics freed from computation.
+But that mathematical emancipation had not yet permeated education.
+You see, I think of computation as a mathematical machine in a way.
+It's a chore.
+Having a machine do it is something you want to avoid if possible.
+It is a means to an end, not an end in itself. Automation makes the machine available.
+Computers make it possible, and this is no small matter.
+I estimate that today alone it took an average of about 106 lifetimes around the world teaching people how to do math by hand.
+That's an amazing amount of human effort.
+Therefore, we should be firmly convinced. By the way, most of them didn't even enjoy doing it. So it would be good to know why we are doing what we are doing and if there is a real purpose for it.
+I think you should assume that the calculations are done by the computer and only do hand calculations when it really makes sense to teach people about it.
+And I think there are cases.
+Example: plotting.
+I still do a lot of things, mostly for estimating.
+People say, "Is this real?"
+And I would say, "Hmm, I'm not sure." Let's think about it roughly.
+It's still faster and more practical.
+So I think practicality is one of those cases that is worth teaching people by hand.
+There are also some conceptual ones that would benefit from hand calculations, but I think they are relatively few in number.
+A question I often ask is about ancient Greece and how it relates.
+You see, what we're doing now is forcing people to learn math.
+That's a big subject.
+I'm not going to suggest that if people are interested in hand-calculating, or following their own interests, no matter how strange the subject, they should. is not.
+It is perfectly right for people to follow their own interests.
+I was somewhat interested in ancient Greek, but I don't think that learning like ancient Greek should be forced on everyone.
+I don't think it's guaranteed.
+So there's a distinction between what we're letting people do and what sort of mainstream subject matter and what kind of subject people might be following, or perhaps being driven by, their own interests. there is.
+So what questions are people raising on this subject?
+One is that you need to understand the basics first.
+Do not use the machine until you understand the basics of this subject.
+So my usual question is, what do you mean by "basic"?
+What basis?
+Is driving a car fundamental to learning how to maintain a car and how to design it?
+Is the basis of writing learning to sharpen feathers?
+i don't think so.
+I think you should separate the basics of what you're trying to do from how it's done. And automation makes that separation possible.
+It's true that driving a car 100 years ago required knowing a lot about how a car works, how ignition timing works, and many other things.
+But the automation of the car has allowed it to be separated, and driving has become a whole other subject, so to speak, from learning how to engineer and maintain a car.
+So automation makes this separation possible, and in the case of driving, and I think it will be in the future of mathematics, also democratized ways of doing it.
+You can spread it to far more people who can actually handle it.
+So there is one more basic thing.
+In my opinion, people confuse the order in which tools were invented with the order in which they are used for teaching.
+Therefore, just because paper was invented before computers does not mean that using paper instead of computers to teach mathematics will help you learn more about the fundamentals of the subject.
+My daughter told me a very nice anecdote about this.
+She likes to build what she calls "paper laptops."
+(Laughter) So I asked her one day, 'I didn't make this when I was your age.
+why do you think that is? "
+After a second or two, thinking carefully, she said, "No paper?"
+(Laughter) If you were born after computers and paper, it doesn't really matter what order you were taught. I just want the best tools.
+So, another thing that comes up is "computer stupid calculations".
+Somehow, with a computer, pressing a button is all mindless, but when doing it manually, it's all intelligent.
+I have to say this is kind of irritating.
+Do we really believe that the mathematics that most people actually do in school today is more than why they don't understand or applying procedures to problems they don't quite understand?
+i don't think so.
+Worse, what you learned there is no longer even practical.
+It may have been 50 years ago, but it's not anymore.
+When I am not educated, I study on the computer.
+Mind you, I think computers can really solve this problem and actually make it more conceptual.
+Now, of course, like any good tool, they can be used completely nonchalantly, turning everything into a multimedia show, etc. Like the hands-on-equipment example I was shown, the computer is the teacher. Yes, and you can show your students how to do it. Resolve it by manipulating it manually.
+This is just nuts.
+Why use computers to teach students how to manually solve problems that computers should do in the first place?
+all backwards.
+Let me explain that we can also make the problem harder to compute.
+You know, in a normal school you do something like solving a quadratic equation, right?
+But you know, when you're using a computer, you can just replace it.
+It can also be a quartic equation. Computationally, make it a little more difficult.
+The same principle applies -- the computation is more difficult.
+And real-world problems look funny and scary like this.
+They have hair all over their body.
+They are not simple and straightforward like you see in school mathematics.
+And think about the outside world.
+Do we really believe that engineering, biology, and everything else that has benefited from computers and mathematics has been conceptually reduced in some way by the use of computers?
+I don't think so, quite the opposite.
+So the real problem we have in mathematics education is not that computers might make mathematics stupid, but that we are making the problem stupid now.
+Now, another problem that people raise is that somehow the hand calculation procedure teaches understanding.
+So if you look through the many examples you will get the answer and understand how the basics of the system work better.
+There is one thing I think is very correct here. I think it's important to understand procedures and processes.
+But in the modern world there are great ways to do it.
+It's called programming.
+Programming is the way most procedures and processes are documented these days, and it's also a great way to add extra interest to your students and make sure they really understand.
+If you really want to make sure you understand math, write a program to do it for you.
+So programming is how I think we should do it.
+To be clear, what I really mean here is that there is a unique opportunity to make mathematics both more practical and more conceptual.
+I can't think of any other subject that has made that possible recently.
+It's usually some sort of choice between a profession or an intellectual.
+But I think you can do both at the same time here.
+And we open up even more possibilities.
+Many more problems can be done.
+What we really think this will give us is that our students will gain far more intuition and experience than ever before.
+And experience more difficult problems -- you'll be able to play, interact, and feel mathematics.
+We are looking for someone who can feel mathematics intuitively.
+Computers make it possible for us.
+Another thing you can do is rearrange the curriculum.
+Traditionally, they were rated by how difficult they were to compute, but now, no matter how difficult they are to compute, they can be sorted by how difficult the concept is to understand.
+Therefore, calculus has traditionally been taught very late.
+why is this?
+Well, it's very hard to calculate, that's the problem.
+In practice, however, many of the concepts are accepted by a much younger age group.
+This is a sample I made for my daughter.
+And it's very, very simple.
+We were talking about what happens when you make a polygon with a very large number of sides.
+And of course it will be a circle.
+By the way, she was also very particular about the ability to change colors, which is a key feature of this demonstration.
+This is a very early step into limit and derivative calculations, where you can see what happens when you take things to extremes, very small edges and very large numbers of edges.
+A very simple example.
+It's a worldview that people don't usually see for years to come.
+Still, it's a practical worldview that really matters.
+So one of the obstacles to moving this agenda forward is testing.
+After all, it's kind of hard to change the curriculum to allow computer use during the semester when you're manually testing everyone on exams.
+One of the reasons it's so important is that the use of computers in exams is so important.
+Then you can ask real questions, such as what is the best life insurance policy to buy? -- Real questions people have in their daily lives.
+As you can see, this is more than just a model.
+This is a real model where we are asked to optimize what happens.
+How many years of protection do you need?
+How will that affect payments, interest rates, etc.?
+I do not for one moment suggest that it is the only kind of question that should be asked in exams, but it is a very important kind of question that is completely ignored today, and it is the kind of question that people really want to ask. I think it is important for understanding.
+Therefore, I believe there are important reforms we must make in computer-based mathematics.
+We must ensure that our economy and society move forward based on the idea that people can really feel mathematics.
+This is not an optional add-on.
+And I believe that the first country to do this will leapfrog and achieve a new economy, an improved economy, an improved outlook.
+In fact, I'm also talking about moving from what is now commonly called the "knowledge economy" to what should be called the "computational knowledge economy." There, advanced mathematics is essential to what everyone does in the way of current knowledge. .
+This will allow more students to participate and have a better time.
+And let's understand that this is not an incremental change.
+We are crossing the chasm between school mathematics and real-world mathematics here.
+And you know that if you walk across the chasm, you're going to make things worse and cause more disaster than if you hadn't started.
+No, what I'm saying is you should jump down, pick up speed to make it faster, jump off one side and go to the other. After very careful calculation of the differential equations, of course.
+(Laughter) So I want to build from scratch a completely revamped and modified math curriculum based on the computers that are out there, the computers that are almost everywhere today.
+Calculators are everywhere and will be completely ubiquitous within a few years.
+Now I don't even know if this subject should be called mathematics, but it is certainly the mainstream subject of the future.
+Let's do it. While we're at it, let's have a little fun for us, our students, and TED here.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am happy to be here to talk to you about a subject that is dear to my heart: beauty.
+My profession is art philosophy and aesthetics.
+I want to explore intellectually, philosophically, and psychologically what the experience of beauty is, what can be said wisely about it, and how people go off the rails in trying to understand beauty. I'm trying
+Now, this is a very complicated subject. One reason is that what we call beautiful is very different.
+I mean, just think of that diversity. A baby face, Berlioz's Harold in Italy, films such as The Wizard of Oz and Chekhov's plays, landscapes of Central California, Hokusai's view of Mt. Fuji, and Dare. Rosencavaglia", a stunning winning goal in a football World Cup match, Van Gogh's Starry Night, Jane Austen's novel, Fred Astaire dancing on the screen.
+This brief list includes humans, natural terrain, works of art, and skilled human acts.
+It's hard to explain how beauty exists in everything on this list.
+But you can at least get a taste of the most powerful theory of beauty we have yet.
+And we don't get it from art philosophers, or postmodern art theorists, or big-name art critics.
+No, this theory comes from an expert in barnacle, worm and pigeon breeding, namely Charles Darwin.
+Of course, many people think that they already know the correct answer to the question "What is beauty?"
+it is in the eye of the beholder.
+It's whatever moves you personally.
+Or, as some people, especially scholars, prefer, beauty is in the eyes of the culturally conditioned beholder.
+People agree that paintings, movies, and music are beautiful because their culture determines the uniformity of their aesthetic tastes.
+Experience both natural beauty and art, and travel easily across cultures.
+Beethoven is also loved in Japan.
+Peruvians love Japanese prints.
+Inca sculptures are considered treasures of British museums, and Shakespeare has been translated into every major language on earth.
+Or think about American jazz or American cinema. they are everywhere.
+While there are many differences between arts, there are also universal cross-cultural aesthetic pleasures and values.
+How can this universality be explained?
+The best answer lies in trying to reconstruct Darwinian evolutionary history of our artistic and aesthetic tastes.
+We reverse-engineer our current artistic tastes and preferences and how they came to be imprinted on our minds, prehistoric times when we became fully human, mostly updated. It has to be explained both by the social context in which we are placed, as well as by the worldly environment. Evolved.
+This reverse engineering can also benefit from the help of prehistoric preserved human records.
+Fossils, cave paintings, etc.
+And we must take into account what we know about the aesthetic interests of isolated hunter-gatherer groups that survived into the 19th and 20th centuries.
+Now, I personally have no doubt that the experience of beauty, with its emotional intensity and joy, belongs to the evolved human psychology.
+The experience of beauty is one element in a whole series of Darwinian adaptations.
+Beauty is an adaptive effect, which we extend and enhance in the creation and enjoyment of works of art and entertainment.
+As many of you know, evolution works by two main mechanisms.
+The first of these is natural selection, random mutation and selective retention, along with the evolution of our basic anatomy and physiology, the pancreas and the eyes and nails.
+Natural selection also accounts for many basic aversions, such as the horrible smell of rotting flesh, and fears, such as fear of snakes and approaching cliff edges.
+Natural selection also explains our preferences for pleasure—sexual pleasure, sweets, fats, proteins—and many popular foods, from ripe fruit to chocolate malt and barbecue ribs. .
+Another great principle of evolution is sexual selection, but it works quite differently.
+The peacock's magnificent tail is the most famous example.
+We didn't evolve to survive in nature.
+In fact, it goes against the survival of nature.
+No, peacock tails result from peacocks choosing to mate.
+It's a pretty familiar story.
+It is women who actually move history forward.
+By the way, even Darwin himself had no doubt that a peacock's tail is beautiful in the eyes of a peacock.
+he actually used the word.
+Now, with these thoughts firmly in mind, we believe that the experience of beauty has evolved to evoke curiosity, fascination, and even obsession in order to prompt us to make the most adaptive decisions for survival and survival. , can be said to be one of the ways to maintain reproduction.
+Beauty, so to speak, is how nature behaves at a distance.
+That is, we cannot expect to eat adaptively beneficial landscapes.
+It's such a waste to eat your own baby or lover.
+So the secret of evolution is to make them beautiful, to make them have a certain kind of magnetism, so that they can be enjoyed just by looking at them.
+Consider briefly the magnetism of beautiful landscapes, an important source of aesthetic pleasure.
+People living in very different cultures around the world tend to prefer certain kinds of landscapes, landscapes that happen to resemble the Pleistocene savannas in which we evolved.
+This landscape is depicted today in calendars, postcards, golf course and park designs, and gold-framed paintings that adorn living rooms from New York to New Zealand.
+This is a Hudson River School-like landscape, featuring low-grass open spaces dotted with coppices.
+By the way, most people prefer trees that are bifurcated near the ground. In other words, a tree that you can climb if you are in trouble.
+The landscape shows the presence of water in direct view, or traces of water in bluish distances, signs of animal and bird life, and a variety of greenery, and finally - understand this - trails and roads, perhaps riverbanks. or road. The coastline stretches so far that you want to chase it.
+This type of landscape is considered beautiful even by people in countries where it is absent.
+The ideal savannah landscape is one of the clearest examples of how humans around the world find beauty in similar visual experiences.
+However, some might argue that it is a natural beauty.
+What about artistic beauty?
+Isn't it thoroughly cultural?
+No, I don't think so.
+And once again, I want to go back to prehistory and say that.
+The oldest known works of art by humans are widely considered to be the amazingly skilled cave paintings of Lascaux and Chauvet.
+The Chauvet Grotto is about 32,000 years old and contains some small, realistic carvings of women and animals from the same period.
+But artistic and decorative skills are actually much older than that.
+From about 100,000 years ago, beautiful seashell necklaces and ocher body paint, similar to those seen at arts and crafts fairs, have been found.
+But the most interesting prehistoric artifacts are even older than this.
+I have in mind the so-called Ashurian hand axis.
+The oldest stone tools are choppers from Olduvai Gorge in East Africa.
+They date back to about 2.5 million years ago.
+These crude tools existed for thousands of centuries until about 1.4 million years ago, when Homo erectus began shaping single thin stone blades. Sometimes they were rounded ovals, but more often they appeared to our eyes as eye-catching symmetrical pointed leaves or teardrops.
+These Acheul's hatchets, named after Saint Acheul of France, who was discovered in the 19th century, have been unearthed in thousands and are scattered throughout Asia, Europe and Africa, and belong to Homo erectus and Homo genus Homo erectus. Scattered almost everywhere Ergaster roamed.
+Now, the sheer number of these hatchets shows that they were not made to slaughter animals.
+And the story goes even further when you realize that unlike other Pleistocene tools, hatchets often show no signs of wear on their delicate cutting edges.
+In any case, some are too large for butcher use.
+Its symmetry, attractive materials and above all its meticulous craftsmanship are still very beautiful to our eyes today.
+So what were these ancient things -- they're ancient, they're foreign, but somehow they're also familiar.
+What were these crafts for?
+The most probable answer is that they were literally the earliest known works of art, in which utilitarian tools were transformed into fascinating aesthetic objects, both for their elegant shape and their exceptional craftsmanship. That's it.
+The hatchet marks an evolutionary advance in human history. It's a tool designed to function as what Darwinian scholars call a "fitness signal". So, unlike hair and feathers, the hatchet is a performative display, much like a peacock's tail. consciously crafted.
+A competently crafted hatchet exhibited desirable personal qualities such as intelligence, fine motor control, planning ability, honesty, and sometimes access to rare materials.
+Over tens of thousands of generations, such skills have elevated the status of those who exercised them, giving them a reproductive advantage over those less capable.
+You know, it's an old line, but it's been proven to work. "Would you like to come to my cave so I can show you my hatchet?"
+(Laughter.) Of course, the interesting thing about this is that the Homo erectus that created these objects didn't have a language, so we don't know how the idea got across.
+Hard to understand, but this is an amazing fact.
+This object was created by Homo erectus or Homo ergaster, the ancestors of the hominids, 50,000 to 100,000 years before the birth of language.
+The hand ax tradition, which has been around for over a million years, is the longest artistic tradition in human and proto-human history.
+By the end of the Hatchet Epic, Homo sapiens (as they were eventually called then) entertained each other by telling jokes, telling stories, dancing, and styling their hair. No doubt you found new ways to impress and surprise.
+Yes, hairstyling -- I advocate for it.
+For us moderns, virtuoso techniques are used to create imaginary worlds in fiction and film, and to express intense emotions in music, painting, and dance.
+But still, one of the basic character traits of our ancestors remains in our aesthetic desires. That's the beauty in skilled performance.
+From Lascaux to the Louvre to Carnegie Hall, humans have an enduring instinctive taste for virtuosity in art.
+We find beauty in well-made things.
+So the next time you pass by a jeweler's window displaying a beautifully cut teardrop-shaped stone, don't be convinced that your culture is the only one telling you that the sparkling gemstone is beautiful. please give me.
+Your distant ancestors loved shapes and saw beauty in the skill required to create them, even before they could express love in words.
+Is beauty in the eye of the beholder?
+No, it's deep in our hearts.
+It is an inherited gift of the intellectual skills and rich emotional lives of our oldest ancestors.
+Images, emotional expression in art, the beauty of music, our powerful response to the night sky will remain with us and our descendants for as long as humanity exists.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Mountain biking in Israel is a huge passion and dedication to me.
+And when I ride my bike, I feel connected to the profound beauty of Israel, and I feel at one with the history and biblical laws of this country.
+Also, for me, riding a bike is a matter of empowerment.
+You feel youthful, invincible and eternal when you reach the top of a remote and rugged mountain.
+It's as if I'm connected to some legacy, or an energy far greater than myself.
+At the end of the photo, I can see my fellow riders looking at me worriedly.
+And here is another photo of them.
+Unfortunately, I can't show their faces, nor can I reveal their real names. Because my buddy is a juvenile inmate and criminal spending time in a correctional facility about a 20 minute drive from here. Same with all situations in Israel.
+And for the past four years, I've been cycling with these kids once a week, rain or shine, every Tuesday. They are now a very big part of my life.
+This story started four years ago.
+The correctional facility they were confined to happened to be on my regular trip, surrounded by barbed wire and electric gates and armed guards.
+So on one of these rides, I spoke to the grounds and went to see the lifeguard.
+I told the lifeguard that I wanted to set up a mountain bike club at this location, basically taking the kids from here to there.
+And I said to him, 'Let's find a way to take 10 kids and drive with them once a week in the summer in the country.
+The director was so amused that he thought I was crazy and said, "This is a correctional facility. These guys are felons.
+they should be locked up.
+They shouldn't go out in a big way. "
+Yet we started talking about it and one thing led to another.
+I can't imagine myself going into a New Jersey state prison and making such a proposal, but this is Israel and the warden somehow made it happen.
+After two months, we found ourselves "on the run." Me, 10 juvenile inmates, and my very good friend and wonderful partner in this project, Russ.
+And in the next few weeks, I will introduce these children to a world of total freedom, a world composed of such magnificent landscapes, that everything you see here is clearly in Israel, It was a great pleasure to introduce you to a world that consists of close encounters with all people. Small creatures of all kinds of sizes, colors, shapes, shapes, etc.
+Despite all this greatness, it was very frustrating at first.
+Any small obstacle or slight climb will cause them to stop and give up.
+So we had a lot of things like this happen.
+I found that it wasn't because they were physically unfit, but because they had such a hard time coping with their frustrations and difficulties.
+But that's one of the reasons they ended up where they are now.
+And I was getting more and more excited. Because I wasn't just there with them, I was there to get on the team and build the team, and I didn't know what to do.
+Let's take an example.
+Coming down a rocky descent, Alex's front tire got stuck in one of the crevasses.
+So he fell and was slightly injured, but he still jumped up and got on his bike and started jumping and swearing.
+He then throws the helmet into the air.
+His backpack goes ballistically in another direction.
+Then he ran to a nearby tree and started breaking branches, throwing rocks, and swearing like never before.
+And I'm just standing there watching this scene in complete disbelief and not knowing what to do.
+I was used to algorithms and data structures and highly motivated students, but my background was ill-equipped to deal with violent youth raging in the middle of nowhere.
+And we need to recognize that these incidents did not happen in convenient places.
+The incident took place in such a place in the Judean desert, twenty kilometers from the nearest road.
+And, you can't see it in this picture, but somewhere between the riders is a teenager sitting on a rock saying, 'Don't move from here. Forget it.'
+I'm fed up. "
+Well, that's a problem, because it's getting dark and dangerous, so I have to somehow move this guy.
+There were several such incidents before I figured out what I should do.
+The first was a disaster.
+I tried harsh words and threats, but it got me nowhere.
+That was what they had all their lives.
+And at some point I realized that when a kid like this has a seizure, the best thing you can do is stay as close to this kid as possible. It is difficult. Because what you really want to do is walk away.
+But that's what he had all his life, people turned away from him.
+So all you have to do is stay close and reach out to pat him on the shoulder or give him some chocolate.
+So I say, 'Alex, I know it's very difficult.
+Why don't you rest for a few minutes, then move on. "
+"Go away, you crazy psychopath.
+Why are you bringing us to such a terrible place? "
+And I say, 'Relax, Alex.
+This is chocolate. "
+And Alex said, "Oh, oh!"
+Because we need to understand that we are always hungry during and after these rides.
+In the first place, who is this man, Alex?
+he is 17 years old
+When he was eight years old, someone sent him on a ship to Odessa and sent him to Israel on his own.
+And he ended up in southern Tel Aviv, where he had less luck, was picked up by [UNIDENTIFIED], wandered the streets, and became a prominent gang member.
+And he spent the last ten years of his life in just two places, the slums and the state prison, until he sat there for the last two years on this rock.
+So this child was probably abused, abandoned, neglected and betrayed by just about every adult in the process.
+So for such a child, when an adult who learns to respect him stays close to him in all circumstances, no matter what his attitude, it is a tremendously healing experience.
+It was an act of unconditional acceptance, something he never had.
+I would like to say a few words about our vision.
+When I started this program four years ago, my original plan was to build a winning underdog team.
+I had an image of Lance Armstrong in my head.
+And it took me exactly two months of utter frustration before I realized that this vision was irrelevant and that there was another vision that was more important and more readily available.
+With this project, it suddenly occurred to me that the purpose of these rides should really be to expose children to just one thing: love.
+Love for the countryside, uphills and downhills, all the incredible creatures that surround us, animals, plants, insects, love and respect for other members of the team, other members of the cycling team Important What is important is the love and respect they have for themselves, which they miss dearly.
+Along with my children, I too have experienced remarkable changes.
+Well, I come from the harsh world of science and high tech.
+I believed that reason, logic, and constant will were the only way to get things done.
+Before I worked with children, everything I did with them, or with myself, was supposed to be perfect, ideal, optimal, but after working with children for a while, I discovered the great virtues of empathy and empathy. The flexibility and the ability to start with some vision, and if that vision didn't work out, nothing happened.
+All you have to do is try it out, modify it a bit and come up with something that works, something that actually works.
+So I feel these are my principles now. If you don't like it, I think there are other principles.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And one of those principles is focus.
+Before every ride, we sit down with the kids and give them a word to think about during the ride.
+There is so much going on that their attention needs to be focused on something else.
+So these are words like 'teamwork' and 'endurance', and even complex concepts like 'resource allocation' and 'point of view' that they don't understand.
+As you know, perspective is one of the most important life coping strategies that mountain biking really teaches.
+I tell my children that when they struggle uphill and feel they can't take it anymore, they ignore the obstacles in front of them and raise their heads, look around, and see how the surrounding landscape unfolds. It really helps, he says.
+It literally pushes you upwards.
+That's what perspective is all about.
+Or you can look back and realize that you've already conquered even steeper mountains before.
+And that's how they develop self-esteem.
+Let's see an example of how it works.
+It's early February and you're standing with your bike.
+It's so cold and you're standing in the rain It's drizzling, it's cold and chilly, and I'm standing in Yoknemu, for example.
+And when you look up into the sky through a hole in the clouds, you see the monastery on top of Mount Muflaka – that is where you are going to climb – and you say, 'I can't get there.' "
+And yet, two hours later, you find yourself standing on the roof of this monastery covered in mud and blood and sweat.
+And you look down on Yoknemu. Everything is so tiny and tiny.
+And you say, "Hey Alex. Look at this parking lot where we left.
+It's so big.
+i can't believe what i did. "
+And that's the point where you start loving yourself.
+So we talked about the special words we teach our children.
+And at the end of each ride, we sit together and share the moment when the day's special words came to mind and made a difference. These discussions are very stimulating.
+In one of them, one of the children once said: “He was talking about this place here when we were driving up this ridge overlooking the Dead Sea.” I remember the day I left my village in Ethiopia. I ended up going with my brother.
+We walked 120 kilometers to reach Sudan.
+This was the first place we got water and supplies. "
+And he went on to say, probably for the first time in his life, everyone sees him as a hero.
+And he says--because I have volunteer adults on board, and they're sitting there listening to him--and he says, "And This was just the beginning of our trials to get to Israel.
+And now I'm finally starting to understand where I am and I actually like it. "
+Now when he said that, I remember feeling goose bumps on my body. Because he said it with the Moab Mountains in the background.
+3,000 years ago, on the final leg of his journey from Africa, Joshua descended and crossed the Jordan River to lead the Israelites into the land of Canaan.
+So perspective, background and history play a big role when I plan rides with my kids.
+Visit a kibbutz founded by Holocaust survivors.
+We explore the ruins of Palestinian villages and discuss how they came to be in ruins.
+And we pass through the numerous remnants of Jewish, Nabatik and Canaanite settlements from 3,000, 4,000 years ago.
+And through this national tapestry of history, children acquire perhaps the most important value in education. It's an understanding that life is complicated and that it's not black or white.
+And understanding complexity makes them more tolerant, and tolerance leads to hope.
+I ride my bike with these kids once a week, every Tuesday.
+Here's a photo I took last Tuesday - a week ago - and I'll be running with them tomorrow.
+On every ride I always end up in a great spot with a great view of the surrounding landscape. And I feel blessed and lucky that I am alive and feel every fiber of my aching body.
+And then, 15 years ago, I resigned from my tenure at New York University and returned to my home country where I had the courage to take a wonderful ride with a group of troubled children from Ethiopia, Morocco and Russia. I feel lucky and lucky to have been there.
+And I feel happy and lucky that every week, every Tuesday, and indeed every Friday, I get to once again celebrate the essence of living on the brink of Israel.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+thank you very much.
+Well, I have a story to tell you.
+When I arrived from the plane after a very long journey from the West of England, my computer, my beloved laptop, went crazy. ――It's a bit like that! -- and the display -- anyway, the whole thing just exploded.
+So I went to the IT guys here and a gentleman fixed my computer. and he said: "What are you doing here?"
+So I said, ``I play the cello and sing a little song,'' and he said, ``Oh, I play the cello too.''
+And I said, "Really?"
+Anyway, he's awesome and his name is Mark, so you're in for a treat.
+(Applause.) My partner in crime, Thomas Dolby, will also join us.
+(Applause) This song is called "Farther than the Sun."
+(music) ♫ In the wind I called you ♫ ♫ But you didn't hear me... ♫ ♫ And you're a plant that needs poor soil ♫ ♫ And I call you too You've treated me well ♫ ♫ Give up the flowers... ♫ ♫ Oh, I was too rich for you... ♫ ♫ Farther than the sun from me ♫ ♫ Farther than you ever wanted ♫ ♫ And I'm going north, it gets so cold ♫ ♫ My heart is lava Underneath the stone ♫ ♫ You're worthless ♫ ♫ You're worthless... ♫ ♫ With your calculating eyes ♫ ♫ Spinning numbers ♫ ♫ You can't see me ♫ ♫ You can't see me... ♫ ♫ And if I tell myself enough ♫ ♫ I believe ♫ ♫ You're worthless ♫ ♫ The sea freezes... ♫ ♫ To trap the light ♫ ♫ And I'm in love with being in love ♫ ♫ And you were never perfect One ♫ ♫ In Gerda's eyes ♫ ♫ ♫ Fragments of what you've become ♫ ♫ And all the moths that fly in the night ♫ ♫ Believe the lights are bright ♫ ♫ You're worthless ♫ ♫ You're worthless ♫ ♫ With your calculating eyes ♫ ♫ Spinning doll ♫ ♫ You can't see me, no ♫ ♫ And if I tell myself enough ♫ ♫ I believe it ♫ ♫ You're not worth it ♫ ♫ Me ♫ ♫ Farther than the sun from ♫ ♫ Farther than I want you ♫ ♫ And I'm going north, it gets so cold ♫ ♫ My heart is lava under the stone ♫ ♫ You're not worth it ♫ ♫ You ♫ ♫ With calculating eyes ♫ ♫ Spinning threads ♫ ♫ You can't see me, no... ♫ ♫ And tell yourself enough to believe it ♫ (Applause) thank you very much.
+I grew up in a small village in Canada and have undiagnosed dyslexia.
+I had a really hard time at school.
+In fact, my mother eventually told me that I was a little child who used to cry all the way to school in the village.
+i ran away
+When I was 25 I went to Bali where I met my wonderful wife Cynthia and together over 20 years we built a great jewelry business.
+It was like a fairy tale, but then we retired.
+Then she took me to a movie I didn't really want to see.
+It ruined my life -- (laughter) "An inconvenient truth," Mr. Gore said.
+I have four children, and even if some of what he says is true, they won't have the same life as me.
+And in that moment, I decided to spend the rest of my life doing whatever I could to improve their potential.
+This is the world, this is Bali.
+It's a tiny little island, 60 miles by 90 miles.
+Hindu culture remains intact.
+Cynthia and I were there.
+We had a great life there and decided to do something unusual.
+I decided to give back to my community.
+And here it is: it's called Green School.
+I know it doesn't look like school, but this is what we decided to do and it's very very lush.
+The classroom has no walls.
+The teacher is writing on a bamboo blackboard.
+The desk is not square.
+At Green School, children smile. It's a rarity for school, especially for me.
+And we practice totalitarianism.
+And to me it's just the idea that if this little girl graduates as a full human being, she's likely to demand the whole world, the whole world, to survive.
+Our children go to school in a box for 181 days.
+The people who built my school also built prisons and mental hospitals out of the same material.
+So if this gentleman had a holistic education, would he have sat there?
+Could there have been more possibilities in his life?
+The classrooms have natural light.
+beautiful. It's bamboo.
+The wind blows through them.
+And when the natural wind just isn't enough, kids roll out bubbles, but it's not the kind of bubbles you know.
+This foam is made from natural cotton and rubber from rubber trees.
+So we basically turned the box into a bubble.
+And these kids know painless climate control may not be part of their future.
+We pay our bills at the end of the month, but our grandchildren actually pay the bills.
+We must teach our children that the world is not immortal.
+The kids doodled a little on their desks and then signed up for two additional courses.
+The first operation is called sanding and the second operation is called re-waxing.
+But they've owned those desks since it happened.
+They know they can control their world.
+we are on the grid. We are not proud of it.
+But a great alternative energy company in Paris is keeping us off the grid with solar power.
+And this is the second eddy in the world created at a river drop of 2.5 meters.
+When the turbines work, they generate 8,000 watts of electricity day and night.
+And you know what these are.
+There is nowhere to wash.
+And as long as we take the waste out and mix it with lots of water, you guys are really smart, do the math.
+How many people x amount of water.
+I don't have enough water.
+These are compost toilets, but no one at school wanted to know about it, especially the principal.
+and they work. people use it. people are fine.
+That's what you should think about.
+There weren't many things that went wrong.
+The beautiful canvas and rubber skylights were destroyed by the sun in half a year.
+We had to replace them with recyclable plastics.
+Teachers dragged giant PVC whiteboards into the classroom.
+So we came up with some good ideas. He took an old car windshield and put paper behind it to create the first whiteboard replacement.
+Green School is located in South Central Bali on 20 acres of rolling gardens.
+There is a wonderful river running through it and you can see how we got across it.
+I met a father the other day. He looked a little mad.
+I said, "Welcome to Green School."
+He said, "I'm on a plane 24 hours a day."
+I asked him "Why?"
+He said, "Once, I had a dream of a green school, saw a picture of that green school, and got on a plane.
+I will be taking my sons in August. "
+This was great.
+But more than that, people are building greenhouses around Green Schools so that children can walk to school on the trails.
+And people are bringing green industries, preferably green restaurants, to the Green School.
+becoming a community.
+It will be a green model.
+I had to see it all.
+No petrochemicals on the trails.
+No pavement.
+These are volcanic stones piled by hand.
+There are no sidewalks.
+The sidewalk is gravel. It gets flooded when it rains, but it's green.
+This is School Buffalo.
+He's going to eat that fence for dinner.
+All Green School fences are green.
+And when the kindergarten kids moved the gate recently, they noticed that the fence was made of tapioca.
+They took the tapioca root to the kitchen and sliced ​​it thinly to make delicious chips.
+Landscaping.
+We manage to maintain the garden that was there to the edge of each classroom.
+We slipped them inside.
+We have created a space for them, the last black pigs in Bali.
+And Gakuyu is trying to find a way to replace the lawn mower on the playground.
+These young women live in a rice culture, but they know something about it that most people don't.
+They know how to plant, care for, harvest and cook organic rice.
+They are part of the rice farming cycle and these skills will be invaluable to them in the future.
+This young man is harvesting organic vegetables.
+We serve lunch to 400 people every day, but it's not a regular lunch. No gas.
+Local Balinese women cook their food on sawdust burners using secrets only their grandmothers know.
+The food is incredible.
+The Green School is a place of local and global pioneers.
+And it is also a kind of microcosm of the globalized world.
+Children come from 25 countries.
+When you see them together, you can tell they are thinking about how they will live in the future.
+The Green School has 160 students and is in its third year.
+This is a school where you learn reading and writing, which is one of my favorite things, and arithmetic, which I was not good at.
+But you also learn other things.
+Learn how to make bamboo.
+You are practicing the ancient art of Bali.
+This is called rice paddy mud sumo.
+Children love it.
+Mothers are not very convinced.
+(Laughter) We've done a lot of crazy things in our lives, so we said, okay, local, what do you mean by 'local'?
+Being local meant that 20 percent of the school population had to be Balinese, which was a huge undertaking.
+And we were right.
+And as these children become Bali's next environmental leaders, people from all over the world are stepping up to support the Bali Scholarship Fund.
+Teachers are as diverse as students, and surprisingly, volunteers are showing up.
+There was a man from Java who brought with him a new kind of organic farming.
+A woman who brought music from Africa.
+Together, these volunteers and teachers are deeply committed to developing a new generation of global and green leaders.
+The Green School Effect -- I don't know what it is.
+I need someone to come and study with me.
+But what is happening is that our children with different learning abilities, dyslexic children, we renamed them Prolexia, are doing well in this beautiful classroom.
+And all the children are growing well.
+And how did you do all this?
+on a huge lawn.
+It's bamboo.
+It emerges like a train from the ground.
+In two months it will grow to the height of a palm tree, and in three years you can harvest it and build a building like this.
+As strong and dense as teak, it can withstand any roof.
+When the architects came, they brought us these things, and you've probably seen something like this.
+The yellow boxes were called administrative facilities.
+(Laughter) We squashed it, reimagined it, but mostly renamed it "Center of the School," and that changed everything forever.
+It's a double helix.
+It contains administrators and many other things.
+And the problem of building it was when the workers in Bali saw the long blueprints, they looked at it and said, "What is this?"
+So we built a big model.
+I had an engineer design it.
+And these Balinese carpenters measured the bamboo with a bamboo ruler, selected the bamboo, and built the buildings, mostly by hand, using time-honored techniques.
+It was chaos.
+And Balinese carpenters wanted to be as modern as we are, using metal scaffolding to build bamboo buildings. When the scaffolding came down, we realized there was a cathedral, a cathedral green, and a cathedral green education.
+Seven kilometers of bamboo have been planted in the center of the school.
+Three months after the foundation was completed, the roof and floor were completed.
+It may not be the largest bamboo building in the world, but many believe it to be the most beautiful.
+Is this feasible in your community?
+We believe so.
+Green School is the model we built for the world.
+It is a model made for Bali.
+And all you have to do is follow these simple, simple rules: It's about living locally, letting the environment take over, and thinking about how my grandchildren will build.
+Thank you very much, Mr. Gore.
+You ruined my life, but you gave me a wonderful future.
+If you are interested in completing the Green School and participating in building the next 50 schools around the world, please come see us.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today we take you on a journey to a place so deep, so dark and unexplored. So we know less about it than the far side of the moon.
+It's a place of myth and legend.
+It's a place marked on an ancient map as "here is a monster."
+It is a place where each new expedition brings home new discoveries of creatures so strange and bizarre that our ancestors really thought they were monsters.
+Rather, it makes me turn blue with envy that my IUCN colleague was able to travel south to the seamounts of Madagascar to actually photograph and see these amazing deep-sea creatures.
+We are talking about the high seas.
+The "high seas" is a legal term, but they actually cover 50 percent of the globe.
+In fact, the average depth of the ocean is 4,000 meters, and the high seas cover and provide nearly 90% of the planet's habitat.
+In theory, it's the global commons that we all own.
+But in reality it is managed by and for those who have the resources to exploit it.
+So today, I would like to take you on a journey to shed light on some of the outdated myths, legends and myths that have kept us in the dark as true stakeholders of the high seas.
+We'll visit some of the special places we've discovered over the years and show you why we really need to care.
+And finally, we seek to develop and pioneer new perspectives on the governance of the high seas, grounded in the conservation of the entire ocean basin, but grounded in a global normative framework of prevention and respect.
+This is a picture of the high seas from above. It's the dark blue part.
+For me, an international lawyer, this was far scarier than any creature or monster we have ever seen. Because it betrays the idea that we can actually protect the oceans that provide carbon stocks for all of us, the global oceans. , if only 36 percent can be protected, even with heat storage and oxygen.
+This is the true center of the earth.
+Some of the problems we have to face are that current international law, for example the Shipping Law, further protects the areas closest to the coast.
+For example, it is easy to think that garbage discharge is going away easily, but in reality, the farther from the coast, the weaker the laws governing garbage discharge from ships.
+The result is a garbage patch twice the size of Texas.
+can't believe it.
+We once thought the solution to contamination was dilution, but it turns out that's no longer the case.
+Therefore, what we have learned from social scientists and economists such as Elinor Ostrom, who have studied the phenomenon of managing the commons on a regional scale, is how to manage open space and make it possible to access it. is that there are certain prerequisites that can be put in place for the benefit of each individual.
+And these include shared responsibilities and common norms that bind people together as a community.
+Conditional Access: You can invite people, but they must be able to play by the rules.
+And, of course, if we want people to follow the rules, we need effective monitoring and enforcement systems. Because, as we discovered, you can trust, but you also need verification.
+I also want to say that what we are seeing on the high seas is not just dire situations.
+Because of the tragic trajectory that a group of highly dedicated individuals, including scientists, conservationists, photographers, and nations, were destroying this fragile seascape like a coral garden in front of us. because we were able to actually change the
+In other words, you can save yourself from the fate of deep-sea bottom trawling.
+So how did they do it?
+Well, as I said earlier, we had a group of photographers who were on board the ship and actually filmed the work going on.
+But we also spent hours in the basement of the United Nations, working with governments to try to make sense of what was happening far from land.
+So, within three years, 2003-2006, we were able to establish norms that really changed the paradigm of how fishers approach deep-sea trawling.
+Rather than “go anywhere and do what you want,” we have actually created a system that requires pre-assessment of where we are going and an obligation to prevent serious harm.
+A UN survey of progress in 2009 found that nearly 100 million square kilometers of seabed had been protected.
+This does not mean that this is the final solution or that it offers permanent protection.
+But what it does mean is that groups of individuals can form communities to really shape how the high seas are managed and create new regimes.
+Therefore, I am optimistic about the opportunity to create a true blue perspective on this beautiful planet.
+Sylvia's wish gives us that power and the means to access the human mind. Humans rarely look beyond their toes, but now I can say that I want to be interested in the entire life cycle of this sea-like creature. In fact, turtles spend most of their time on the high seas.
+Let's take a quick look at some of these special regions today. To let you know the richness and the taste of wonder that it contains.
+For example, the Sargasso Sea is not a sea bounded by a coastline, but is bounded by currents that contain and envelop this abundant sargassum that grows and aggregates there.
+This area is also known as a spawning ground for eels from the rivers of Northern Europe and North America, but their numbers are now declining. manifested.
+But the Sargasso Sea actually pulls in plastic from the entire region in the same way that sargassum weeds gather.
+I've never been in the field myself, so this photo doesn't exactly show the plastic I want to show.
+But a study published in February found that there are now 200,000 pieces of plastic floating on the surface of the Sargasso Sea per square kilometre, which are inhabiting the habitats of many upcoming juvenile-stage species. shown to be influential. To the Sargasso Sea for protection and food.
+The Sargasso Sea is also a wonderful gathering place for these unique species that have developed to mimic the habitats of sargasso.
+It is also a special habitat for flying fish to lay their eggs.
+But what I want to take away from this picture is that we really do have an opportunity to start a global effort to protect it.
+Accordingly, the Government of Bermuda, recognizing the need and responsibility to keep portions of the Sargasso Sea within national jurisdiction, has established the Most recognized that they were outside their jurisdiction.
+It's now circling toward the Ross Sea of ​​Antarctica, a place a little cooler than here.
+It's actually a bay.
+The continent is considered the high seas because claims are prohibited.
+Therefore, anything in the water is treated as if it were on the high seas.
+What makes the Ross Sea important, however, is the vast ice floe sea that provides abundant phytoplankton and krill in spring and summer, supporting a coastal ecosystem that until recently was virtually intact.
+Unfortunately, however, CCAMLR, the regional commission responsible for the conservation and management of fish stocks and other living marine resources, has unfortunately begun to give in to fishing interests and has not authorized the expansion of the fatfish fishery in the region. bottom.
+The captain of a New Zealand ship that was just there reports that the numbers of killer whales in the Ross Sea, which depend directly on the Antarctic toothfish as their main food source, have declined significantly.
+So what we must do is, alone and collectively, stand up boldly to push governments, push local fisheries management bodies, and declare a ban on high seas fishing in certain waters. to declare the right to fish and ensure that the freedom to fish is not compromised. Longer length gives you the freedom to fish anytime, anywhere.
+Closer to here, the area where the Costa Rican Dome was recently discovered may be home to blue whales year-round.
+There is enough food there to survive both summer and winter.
+What is unusual about the Costa Rican dome, however, is that it is not actually a permanent location.
+It is an oceanic phenomenon that changes in time and space with each season.
+So, in fact, they are not permanently on the high seas.
+They are not permanently present in the exclusive economic zones of these five Central American countries, but they migrate with the seasons.
+So we have the challenge of protecting them, but we also have the challenge of protecting migratory species.
+We can use the same techniques that fishermen use to locate species and close them down during times of greatest danger. In some cases, it can be year-round.
+Closer to the shore where we are, this was actually taken in the Galapagos.
+Many species pass through this region, so much attention has been focused on protecting the seascapes of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
+This is an effort by Conservation International, in collaboration with various partners and governments, to actually introduce an integrated management system across the region.
+In short, this provides a great example of where we can go with real-world regional initiatives.
+It protects 5 World Heritage Sites.
+Unfortunately, the World Heritage Convention does not currently recognize the need to protect areas beyond national jurisdiction.
+Therefore, places like Costa Rica's Dome cannot technically qualify for hours on the high seas.
+Therefore, what we have been proposing is that the World Heritage Convention should be amended so that it can adopt and promote the universal protection of these World Heritage Sites, or they should be renamed and called Half World Heritage Sites. about it. competition.
+What we do know, however, is that these sea turtle-like species do not confine themselves to the waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
+These happen to flow into the vast South Pacific Gyre where they spend most of their time, often ending up being caught or bycatch like this.
+So what I really want to suggest is that we need to scale up.
+We need to work locally, but we also need to work across ocean basins.
+We now have the tools and technology to enable a broader ocean basin-wide effort.
+We heard about the Pacific predator tagging project, one of 17 marine life research projects.
+It has provided us with such data for tiny, tiny sooty shearwaters that make their homes throughout the ocean basin.
+They fly 65,000 kilometers in less than a year.
+So we have the tools and treasures from the marine life census.
+And the year that will be the culmination of that will start in October.
+Stay tuned for more information.
+What I find very interesting is that the Marine Life Census looks at more than just tagging Pacific predators. It has also been observed in the unexplored middle water column, where this flying sea cucumber-like creature is found.
+And fortunately, as IUCN, we were able to work with the Census of Marine Life and many of the scientists working there to actually try to convey much of this information to policy makers.
+We now have government support.
+We have been clarifying this information through technical workshops.
+And what's interesting is that we have enough information to move forward to protect some of these important places of hope, hotspots.
+At the same time, we also say, "Yes, we need more. We need to move forward."
+But many of you are wondering, if we put in place a rational system for managing these marine protected areas and high seas fisheries, how are we going to enforce it?
+This leads me to my second passion, space technology, after marine science.
+I wanted to be an astronaut, so I've always looked at what tools were available to monitor the Earth from space. And it turns out that there are great tools like the one we've been learning about in terms of tracking tagged species all the way through. their life cycle in the open ocean.
+You can also tag and track fishing vessels.
+Many already have transponders and can even tell where they are and what they are doing.
+However, not all ships are equipped with them to date.
+It doesn't take that much rocket science to try to enact new laws that actually mandate it. If you are going to be privileged to access our high seas resources, we need to know - someone needs to know - where are you and what are you doing.
+So I come to my main takeaway message: the tragedy of the commons can be averted.
+50% of the Earth could be blocked from hitting the high seas.
+But we need to think broadly. We have to think globally.
+We need to change the way we actually manage these resources.
+We need to acquire a new paradigm of prevention and respect.
+At the same time, we have to think locally. The joy and wonder of Sylvia's Hope Spot wishes is that it can shine a spotlight on many of these previously unknown areas, and hopefully bring people to the table. To make you really feel part of this community that has a real stake in the future of management.
+And third, we need to look at the management of entire ocean basins.
+Our species inhabits entire ocean basins.
+Many deep-sea communities have genetic distributions spread across ocean basins.
+We need to understand more, but we also need to start managing and protecting.
+And to do that, we need a management system for ocean basins.
+In other words, there is a regional management system within the exclusive economic zone, which needs to be expanded and its capacity built. So it's like the Antarctic Ocean with organizations that have a dual nature of fishing and conservation. .
+So I would like to express my sincere gratitude and respect for the wishes of Sylvia Earle. Because it helps us face the high seas and deep seas beyond national jurisdiction.
+Bringing together an incredible group of talented people to try and solve and really solve those problems that posed obstacles to the management and rational use of this once-far-flung area. It helps me to
+So I hope this tour gives you a new perspective on the high seas. For one, the high seas are also our home, and we need to work together to make this a sustainable ocean future for all of us.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So, on my way to becoming a brilliant world-class neuropsychologist, something interesting happened. A baby was born.
+That doesn't make me a world-class neuropsychologist.
+Sorry, TED.
+But I've become pretty shrewd and definitely a world-class worrier.
+Marie, one of my graduate school girlfriends, said, "Kim, I get it.
+It's not that you are more nervous than others. It's just that you're being more honest about how nervous you are. "
+So, in the spirit of full disclosure, I brought some photos to share.
+ah,
+(Laughter.) Let me just say: it's July.
+(laughs) Zip!
+(Laughter) It's for safety.
+(Laughter) Wings of water -- 1 inch of water.
+And finally we were ready for the 90 minute drive to Copper Mountain.
+So you can get some feel for this.
+My baby, Vander, is now 8 years old.
+And despite being cursed with poor athleticism, he plays soccer.
+He is interested in playing soccer.
+He wants to learn how to ride a unicycle.
+So why worry?
+Because this is my job. Here's what I teach.
+That's what I study. That's what I deal with.
+And I also know that children get concussions every year.
+In fact, more than 4 million people have concussions each year, and these data are only among children under the age of 14 seen in emergency rooms.
+So when children have concussions, we talk about them getting hit and bells ringing, but what does that actually mean?
+Let's see.
+[Concussive Force] "Starsky and Hutch"? Probably yes.
+So traffic accidents.
+40 mph on a fixed barrier: 35 G.
+A heavyweight boxer punches straight in the face: 58 G.
+(music) If you missed it, let's watch it again.
+So, pay attention to the right side of the screen.
+(music) What do you say?
+What is G?
+close.
+Is it strange to know 103 G?
+The average impact force is 95 G.
+Now, when the kid on the right won't get up, we know they have a concussion.
+But what about the kid on the left or the athlete leaving the field?
+How can you know if the person has had a concussion?
+How would they know that the law that would take them out of play and require them to get permission to return to play would apply to them?
+The definition of concussion does not actually require loss of consciousness.
+All that is needed is a change in consciousness, which may result in one or more symptoms such as feeling foggy, feeling dizzy, hearing ringing in the ears, or becoming more impulsive or hostile than usual. .
+So with all this in mind and how nervous I am, how am I going to get some sleep?
+Because we know that our brains are resilient.
+Designed to recover from injuries.
+If--God forbid--one of us got a concussion out of here tonight, most of us would make a full recovery within hours to weeks.
+However, children are more vulnerable to brain injuries.
+In fact, high school athletes are three times more likely to suffer fatal injuries than college athletes and take longer to return to a symptom-free baseline.
+After the first injury, the risk of the second injury increases exponentially.
+From there, the risk of a third injury, an even bigger one, increases.
+And here is where it really worries me. The long-term effects of multiple injuries are not fully understood.
+You may be familiar with this study published by the NFL.
+In short, this study suggests that among retired NFL players who have had three or more concussions in their career, the incidence of early onset dementia disease is much higher than in the general population.
+You've seen it too -- New York Times, you've seen it too.
+What you may not know is that the study was led by NFL wives who asked, "Isn't it strange that a 46-year-old husband keeps losing his keys forever?"
+"Isn't it strange that a 47-year-old husband keeps losing his car forever?"
+"Isn't it strange that my 48-year-old husband is driving all the way home from the driveway and getting lost?"
+I may have forgotten that my son is an only child.
+So it's going to be really important for him to drive me around someday.
+(Laughter) So how do we keep our children safe?
+How can we guarantee 100% safety for our children?
+Let me tell you what I came up with.
+(laughs) If possible.
+My little son is right there and he's like, 'I'm not kidding.
+She's not kidding at all. "
+Seriously, should my child play soccer?
+Should your child play soccer?
+don't know.
+The first is to study.
+You should be familiar with the issues we are talking about today.
+There are some great resources out there.
+CDC has a program called HEADS UP.
+Available at CDC.gov.
+HEADS UP specializes in concussions in children.
+The second is a resource that I'm personally really proud of.
+We just rolled this out in the last few months - kids in Colorado with brain injuries.
+This is a great resource for student-athletes, teachers, parents, professionals, athletes and coaching staff.
+If you have questions, this is the best place to start.
+Second, speak up.
+Just two weeks ago, a committee rejected a bill introduced by Senator Kefalas that would require athletes and children under the age of 18 to wear helmets when riding bicycles.
+It died out largely due to a lack of voter buy-in. Stakeholder traction was lacking.
+Now, I'm not here to say what bills should or shouldn't be supported. But I'm saying that if it's important to you, lawmakers need to know it.
+Talk to your coaching staff.
+Ask what kind of protective equipment they have.
+What is your budget for personal protective equipment?
+how old is that?
+You might even spearhead a fundraiser to buy new gear.
+In other words, "wear a suit."
+wear a helmet.
+The only way to prevent bad results is to prevent the injury from happening in the first place.
+Recently, one of our graduate students, Tom, said, "Kim, I've decided to wear a bicycle helmet when I go to class."
+And Tom knows that just a little bit of foam in a bike helmet can cut the G's of an impact in half.
+Well, I thought it was because I have this perfectly compelling helmet movement, Tom's epiphany.
+After all, Tom figured out that a $20 helmet would be a good way to protect his $100,000 graduate education.
+(laughs) So...
+Should Vander Play Soccer?
+I can't say no, but I can assure you that I wear a helmet whenever I leave the house, whether it's in the car or going to school.
+If you are an athlete, an academic, an overprotective child, a nervous mother, or anything else, here is my baby, Vander, to remind you to take care of yourself.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I woke up in the middle of the night to a loud explosion.
+The night was deep.
+I don't remember what time it was.
+I remember that the sound was very heavy and very shocking.
+Everything in my room was shaking - my mind, my windows, my bed, everything.
+Looking out the window, I saw a semicircular explosion.
+I thought it looked like a movie, but it was a powerful image of a circular explosion full of bright red, orange, and gray that the movie didn't convey.
+And I kept staring at it until it disappeared.
+I went back to bed and prayed, secretly thanking God that the missile didn't hit my parents' house that night and that it didn't kill my family.
+Thirty years later, I still feel guilty about that prayer. The next day, I learned that the missile had landed at my brother's friend's house, killing him and his father, but not his mother or sister.
+The next week, his mother showed up in my brother's classroom, begging the seven-year-olds to share any pictures of their son who had lost everything.
+This is not the story of nameless war survivors and nameless refugees with the stereotypical images we see in newspapers and television: ragged clothes, dirty faces and frightened eyes.
+This is not the story of someone whose hopes, dreams, achievements, families, beliefs, and values ​​we don't know, who lived in a war and whose names are unknown.
+This is my story.
+I was that girl
+I am another image and vision of another war survivor.
+I am that refugee, that girl.
+Having grown up in war-torn Iraq, I believe that there are two sides to war and we only see one side.
+We will only talk about one aspect of it.
+But there is another side that I witnessed as someone who lived there and ended up working there.
+I grew up seeing the colors of war. The red color of fire and blood, the brown color of exploding earth on your face, and the piercing silver of an exploding missile so bright you can't protect your eyes.
+I grew up with the sounds of war: the staccato of gunshots, the bangs of explosions, the eerie jet drones flying overhead, and the sounds of sirens blaring alarms.
+These are the sounds you would expect, but also the sounds of a cacophonous concert of shrieking flocks of birds at night, the high-pitched, innocent cries of children, and the roaring, intolerable silence.
+"War is not about sound at all," my friend said.
+It's actually about silence, the silence of humanity. "
+Since then, I have left Iraq to found an international women's organization for women, eventually working with women who survived the war.
+Through my travels and work from Congo to Afghanistan, Sudan to Rwanda, I have learned that not only are the colors and sounds of war the same, but the horrors of war are also the same.
+As you know, the fear of death exists and I can't believe the characters in a movie where the main character doesn't feel fear.
+It's very scary to experience the feeling of 'I'm going to die soon' or 'I might die in this explosion'.
+But there's also the fear of losing someone you love, and I think that's even worse.
+It hurts too much. I don't want to think about it.
+But I think the worst kind of fear is fear. As Samia, a Bosnian woman who survived the four-year siege of Sarajevo, once told me, she survived the four-year siege of Sarajevo. "Fear of losing the 'me' in me, fear of losing the 'me' in me," she said.
+My mother in Iraq used to tell me that.
+It's like dying from the inside out.
+A Palestinian woman once told me, "It's not a one-time fear of death." "Ten times a day I feel like I'm dead," she said, describing the marching soldiers and the sound of bullets.
+She said, "But that's unfair, because you have only one life and you have only one death."
+We see only one side of war.
+We learn about troop levels, withdrawal schedules, raids and decoy operations, where social structures are most torn, when communities need to improvise and explore the details of where they are shown. Just discussing and getting carried away with high-level concerns. An act of resilience and amazing courage just to get on with life.
+We are preoccupied with seemingly objective discussions of politics, tactics, weapons, funds, casualties.
+This is the language of fertility.
+How carelessly we treat casualties in the context of this topic.
+Here we assume rape and casualties are inevitable.
+80% of refugees worldwide are women and children. oh.
+Ninety percent of modern war casualties are civilians.
+75 percent of them are women and children.
+How funny.
+Oh, 500,000 women are raped in Rwanda in 100 days.
+Or, as we speak, hundreds of thousands of Congolese women have been raped and mutilated.
+How funny.
+These are simply numbers for reference.
+On the frontlines of war, more and more non-human eyes peer into our perceived enemies from outer space, guiding missiles toward unseen targets, while this particular drone strike is aimed at villagers, not extremists. The human behavior of the media response orchestra when attacking becomes important. .
+It's a game of chess.
+You will learn to play the role of an international relations school by the time you graduate and become a national and international leader.
+Checkmate.
+We miss a whole other side of war.
+We forget our mother's story. Every time the sirens went off, every time there was a raid, every time the lights went out, my mom put on a puppet show for me and my brothers so we wouldn't be afraid of the explosions.
+The story of Farida, a music and piano teacher in Sarajevo, is missing. She continued to open the music school every day during the four-year siege in Sarajevo, walking to school despite sniper fire. At that school, and at her, the piano, violin, and cello continued to be played throughout the war, and the students wore gloves, hats, and coats.
+That was her battle.
+That was her resistance.
+We forget the story of Nehia, a Palestinian woman from Gaza. She left home at the moment of the ceasefire in last year's war, gathered all the flour and baked enough bread for all her neighbors to eat. in case a ceasefire was not struck the next day.
+We miss Violet's story. Despite surviving the church massacre, Violet continued to bury bodies, clean houses, and sweep the streets.
+We miss the stories of women literally holding their lives in the midst of war.
+Did you know that people fall in love in war, go to school, go to factories and hospitals, get divorced, go to dances, hang out, and live life to the fullest? do you
+And it's the women who keep them alive.
+War has two sides.
+Some will fight, while others will keep schools, factories and hospitals open.
+There are aspects that are focused on winning battles, and there are aspects that are focused on winning lives.
+There are those who lead front-line discussions, and those who lead back-line discussions.
+Some people think peace is the end of war, while others think peace is the return of schools and jobs.
+Some aspects are male-led and some are female-led.
+And to understand how we can build lasting peace, we need to understand both war and peace.
+We need to get the big picture of what that means.
+To understand what peace really means, you have to understand, as a Sudanese woman once told me, "Peace is the fact that your toenails grow back." I have.
+She grew up in Sudan, South Sudan, where 20 years of war left 1 million dead and 5 million refugees displaced.
+Many women were captured as slaves by rebels and soldiers, and were also forced to serve as sex slaves to carry ammunition, water, and food for the soldiers.
+So the woman walked for 20 years to avoid being kidnapped again.
+And only when there was some kind of peace did her toenails grow back.
+We need to understand peace through the lens of our toenails.
+We need to understand that we cannot really negotiate an end to war or peace without including women fully at the negotiating table.
+What amazes me is the only group of people who don't fight, who don't kill, who don't loot, who don't set fire, who don't rape, and who continue to live in the midst of it - exclusive No - it's the group of most people. War is not on the negotiating table.
+And while I argue that women are leading the discussion behind the scenes, there are also men who are excluded from that discussion.
+Non-fighting doctors, artists, students, and men who refuse to take up guns are also excluded from the bargaining table.
+We can't talk about lasting peace, building democracies, sustainable economies, or any kind of stability without including women fully at the negotiating table.
+Not one, but fifty percent.
+We can't talk about building stability until we start investing in women and girls.
+Did you know that one year of global military spending is equivalent to 700 years of the UN budget and 2,928 years of the UN budget allocated to women?
+Perhaps a better and lasting peace in this world could be achieved by reversing the allocation of funds.
+And last but not least, we need to invest in peace and women. And not just because it is right for all of us today to build a sustainable and lasting peace. But it's for the future.
+A Congolese woman said her children saw her father killed in front of her eyes, her raped and mutilated in front of her eyes, and her 9-year-old brother in front of her children. He told me he saw him killed. how are they doing now
+She participated in the Women for Women International program.
+She got a support network.
+She learned about her rights.
+We taught her vocational and business skills. We helped her find a job.
+She was making $450. she was fine
+She used to send them to school. have a new house
+"But that's not what I'm most worried about," she said.
+I am afraid that my children have hatred in their hearts and that if they want to grow up, they will want to fight again with those who killed their fathers and brothers. "
+We need to invest in women. Because that is the only chance to ensure that there will be no more wars in the future.
+The mother has more chances to heal her children than any peace treaty.
+Any good news? Of course, there is also good news. Lots of good news.
+First of all, these women I spoke to you dance and sing every day, but if they can dance, who doesn't?
+That girl I spoke to you ended up starting the Women for Women International Group, reached a million people and sent $80 million. And I started this with zero, nothing, nothing. [indistinct].
+(Laughter) They're women who stand on their own feet despite their circumstances, and that's not why.
+For change, how the world would be a better place if we had better equality, equality, representation, and understanding of war from both front-line and back-row arguments. think about it
+The 13th-century Sufi poet Rumi said, "Beyond the world of right and wrong deeds is the field.
+I will meet you there.
+When the soul lies in its grass, the world is too full to speak.
+Ideas, languages ​​and even the phrase 'each other' no longer make sense. "
+I humbly add—I humbly add—on the other side of the world of war and peace there are fields and many women and men meeting there.
+Let's make this field an even bigger place.
+See you all in the field.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So I talk about work. Specifically, it's a question we all have, why people can't seem to get the job done at work.
+But let's get started.
+So there are corporations, non-profits, charities, and all these organizations that have employees or volunteers of some kind.
+And they expect the people who work for them to do a great job – at least I hope so.
+At least a good job, hopefully at least it's a good job, hopefully a great job.
+So they usually decide that all these people need to be in one place to do the work.
+That means companies, charities, or any kind of organization, unless you're working in Africa, most people have to go to the office every day if they're really lucky.
+And these companies build offices.
+They go out and buy buildings, rent buildings, rent spaces, and fill the spaces with stuff.
+They fill the place with tables, desks, chairs, computer equipment, software, internet access, refrigerators and a few other things and expect their employees and volunteers to come to the place every day and do a great job. increase. .
+It seems perfectly reasonable to ask so.
+But when you actually talk to people and question yourself and ask yourself where do you really want to go when you really need to get something done?
+You'll find that people aren't saying what they think companies will say.
+Suppose you ask people, "Where do you need to go when you need to get something done?"
+I usually get 3 different answers.
+One is like a place, a place, a room.
+Another is moving objects and the third is time.
+Here are some examples.
+I've been asking people this question for about ten years. "Where do you go when you really need to get something done?"
+You can hear sounds from your porch, deck, kitchen, and more.
+Hear additional rooms in the house, basements, coffee shops, libraries, and more.
+And then you hear trains, planes, cars, commutes, and more.
+And you'll hear people say, "Well, it doesn't matter if it's early in the morning or late at night or on weekends."
+I rarely hear someone say "office".
+But companies spend so much money on this place called the office, they keep people going there all the time, but people don't work in the office.
+what is it about?
+(Laughter.) Why is that? Why is this happening?
+And if you dig a little deeper, people find that things like this happen. People go to work, but they're basically trading their workdays for a series of "work moments." - That's what happens in the office.
+No more work days. There are also moments of work.
+The front door to your office is like a Cuisinart, and once you're inside, your day is in shambles. Because you only have 15 minutes here and 30 minutes there, and something else happens that pulls you out of work. We have 20 minutes, then it's lunch, and we need to do something else...
+With 15 minutes left, someone pulls you aside to ask a question, and before you know it, it's 5:00 PM. Looking back on that day, I realize that nothing was done.
+We have all experienced this.
+You probably experienced it yesterday or the day before, or before that.
+When you look back on your day, it's like, "I couldn't do anything today."
+i was at work I was sitting at my desk. I used an expensive computer.
+I used the software they told me to use.
+I attended these meetings where I was asked to attend.
+I made these conference calls. I did all this.
+But it didn't actually do anything.
+I just did my task.
+I couldn't really do any meaningful work. "
+And especially for creative people such as designers, programmers, writers, engineers and thinkers, we find that people need long hours of uninterrupted time to get things done.
+You can't ask someone to be creative and think hard about a problem for 15 minutes.
+Ideas may come to you quickly, but you need long uninterrupted hours to think deeply about the problem and really consider it carefully.
+A typical work day is eight hours, but how many of us have spent eight hours alone in the office?
+Is it about 7 hours?
+six? five? Four?
+When was the last time you spent three hours alone in the office?
+2 hours? one, maybe?
+Few people can actually go uninterrupted for long periods of time in the office.
+This is why people choose to work from home, or maybe go to the office, but go to the office really early in the day, or go to the office late at night when no one is there, or go to the office when everyone is home. may remain even after You can go to work on the weekends, or you can work on planes, cars, and trains. Because there are no distractions.
+There are many different kinds of distractions, but they aren't really bad distractions. More on that later.
+And this phenomenon of short bursts of time getting things done is a reminder that there's another thing that can go wrong when interrupted: sleep.
+I think sleep and work are very closely related. Not because you can work while you sleep and sleep while you work.
+that's not what it really means.
+What I'm talking about specifically is the fact that sleep and work are phase-based, or stage-based, events.
+Sleep is the stages, or stages, of sleep. Some people call it by different names.
+There are five of them, and you have to go through the early ones to get to the really deep, meaningful ones.
+If you're progressing early and are interrupted by someone bumping into you in bed, a noise, or something else, you won't be able to pick up where you left off.
+If you are interrupted and wake up, you will have to start over.
+So you have to go back and start over some phases.
+And what ends up happening is that some days you might wake up at 8 or 7 in the morning, and every time you wake up you're like, "I didn't sleep well."
+I went to sleep, went to bed and lay down, but could not really sleep. "
+People say you go to sleep, but you don't go to sleep, you go to sleep. It takes time.
+I have to go through stages and such, and I often have trouble sleeping when interrupted.
+So do people here expect to be disturbed all night and still sleep well?
+I don't think anyone will say yes.
+Why do people expect to work well when they are disturbed all day in the office?
+How can you expect people to work if you go to the office and are disturbed?
+I don't think it makes much sense, to me.
+So what are the interruptions that happen in the office but not elsewhere?
+Because in other places you can get distractions like a TV, go for a walk, have a fridge downstairs, have your own sofa, do whatever you want.
+If you talk to some managers, they'll tell you that they don't want their employees to work from home because it's distracting.
+Or you might say, "How do you know someone is working if you can't see them?"
+It's silly, but that's one of the excuses managers give.
+And I am one of those managers. got it. i know how this happens.
+We all need to improve on this sort of thing.
+But more often than not they cite a distraction: "You can't let someone work from home.
+They will watch TV or do something else. "
+I found them not to be a distraction. Because they are spontaneous distractions.
+You decide when you want to distract yourself with the TV, when you want to turn something on, when you want to go downstairs or go for a walk.
+In the office, most of the interruptions and distractions that actually keep us from getting our work done are unconscious.
+Let's take a look at some of them.
+Now, managers and bosses often make us think that distractions at work are like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and other websites, and actually go so far as to ban these sites at work. I'm here.
+Some people work in locations where certain sites are not accessible.
+Or is this China? What the hell is going on here?
+I can't access the website at work, is that the problem?
+Is that why people can't get their work done because they're on Facebook and Twitter?
+Today Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, these are just modern day smoking breaks.
+Ten years ago, no one cared about allowing people to take a 15 minute smoking break. So why would anyone care about going to Facebook or Twitter or YouTube everywhere?
+Those aren't the real problems in the office.
+The real problem is what I like to call M&Ms, managers, meetings.
+These are real problems in today's modern office.
+This is why things go wrong at work, and M&M is to blame.
+What's interesting here is that if you listen to all the places people are talking about work: at home, in the car, on the plane, late at night, early in the morning, you won't find a manager or a meeting.
+There are many other distractions, but not managers or meetings.
+These are things you can find in your office that you won't find anywhere else.
+And managers are basically people whose job it is to get in the way of people.
+That's exactly what managers are for. They are meant to annoy people.
+They don't actually do the work, so they make sure other people do the work, but that gets in the way.
+Now there are many managers all over the world, many people all over the world, and a lot of interference from those managers.
+They have to check in: 'Hey, how are you doing?
+Show me what's going on "Such a thing.
+They keep interrupting you at the wrong times, and they tend to interrupt you when you're actually going to do something with your money.
+That's kind of bad.
+But what's worse is what managers do most: conference calls.
+And during the day's work, meetings are just a pernicious, scary, toxic thing.
+(Laughter) We all know this to be true, but you'll never see a meeting voluntarily convened by an employee.
+It doesn't work.
+Managers call meetings for all employees, which is incredibly confusing for people. "Look, I'm going to have a meeting with 10 people now.
+I don't care what you're doing, you have to stop it so we can have this meeting. "
+In other words, what are the chances that all 10 people are ready to stop?
+What if they are thinking about something important or doing important work?
+Suddenly you told them they had to stop doing it to do something else.
+So they go to the conference room, get together and talk about things that are usually not very important.
+Because meetings are not work.
+A meeting is where you go to discuss things to do later.
+But it also creates encounters.
+As such, one meeting tends to lead to another, which in turn leads to another.
+Meetings often have too many participants and are very costly for an organization.
+Businesses tend to think of an hour-long meeting as an hour-long meeting, but that's not the case unless there's only one participant.
+If you have 10 people, it will be a 10 hour meeting instead of a 1 hour meeting.
+Hosting this hour-long meeting takes ten hours of productivity away from the rest of the organization. This meeting should probably have been handled by two or three people talking for a few minutes.
+But instead, meetings are scheduled in 15-minute, 30-minute, or hourly increments, as the software works, so you're expecting a long meeting.
+No need to use Outlook to schedule an eight-hour meeting. you can't.
+15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 1 hour is fine.
+So we tend to fill that time when things should be going really fast.
+So, in today's business, especially in the office, meetings and managers are two big issues.
+These things don't exist outside the office.
+So here are some suggestions to improve this situation.
+What Can Managers Do -- Smart managers, hopefully, what can they do to make their offices a better place for their employees? I mean, it's not the last resort, but the first, so people start saying, I really want to get the job done, so I'm going to the office. "
+This is because the office is fully equipped. Everything is there for them to do their job.
+But they don't want to go there now, so how can that be changed?
+I have three suggestions.
+We've all heard of Casual Fridays.
+I don't know if anyone still does that.
+So what about "No Talk Thursday"?
+(Laughter) Pick a Thursday once a month and cut it in half, just in the afternoon. I'll make it easy for you.
+So only one Thursday afternoon.
+It's the first Thursday of every month, exactly in the afternoon, and no one can talk to each other in the office.
+Just shut up, that's all.
+And it turns out that a huge amount of work gets done without anyone talking to each other.
+This is when people really get things done and no one interferes or interrupts them.
+Giving someone four hours of uninterrupted time is the greatest gift you can give someone at work.
+It's better than computers, new monitors, new software, or whatever people normally use.
+Giving them four hours of quiet time in the office would be invaluable.
+Try it and I'm sure you'll agree, and hopefully try it more often.
+So maybe every other week, or maybe every week, once a week, nobody can talk to each other in the afternoon.
+You will find that it really works.
+Another thing you can try is to switch from face-to-face active communication and collaboration to a more passive approach, such as tapping, greeting, or meeting. It is to replace the communication model. Examples include email, instant messaging, and collaboration products.
+Now, some may say that email is really distracting, I.M. It's a distraction at times.
+You can quit your email app. You can't quit your boss.
+You can quit I.M. You cannot hide your manager.
+By putting these things away, you can break them when you are free and when you are ready to go, depending on your schedule.
+Because work, like sleep, happens in stages.
+So you step up, do some work, then get off that job and maybe it's time to check that email or I.M.
+Few things are more urgent, more urgent, less immediate, more immediate.
+So if you're a manager, start encouraging people to use more IMs, emails, or whatever else they can put away and reach you on their own schedules.
+And my final suggestion is that if you have a meeting scheduled, cancel it immediately if you have the authority.
+(laughs) Today is Friday, but we usually have a meeting on Monday.
+I just don't have it.
+It doesn't mean move. That is, if you just erase it from your memory, it will disappear.
+And you will find that everything will be fine.
+Just forget all those discussions and decisions you thought you had to make at this moment at 9am on Monday. Then things will work out.
+You will see all the things you thought you had to do and didn't really have to do.
+Those were three simple suggestions for you to consider.
+Some of these ideas, at least for managers, bosses, business owners, organizers, and others who are in charge of people, can cut headcount a little bit and give people more time to get their work done. I hope it was exciting enough for you to think about.
+I think it all pays off in the end.
+Thank you very much for your attention.
+(applause)
+(Thank you for applause.
+I have some pictures and I'll tell you a little bit about how I work.
+All of these homes are built with 70 to 80 percent recycled materials, materials sent to mulch mills, landfills and incinerators.
+It's all gone.
+This is the first house I built.
+This double entrance door had a 3-light transom and pointed out into a landfill.
+There is a small turret there.
+And then the button here on the corbel is what's there, the hickory nut.
+And these buttons there are chicken eggs.
+(Laughter) Of course, you can have breakfast first, then fill the shells with glue, paint and nail them, and you'll have a construction button in a fraction of the time.
+This is the inside view.
+There you can see the Santo ranma with eyebrow windows.
+Certainly architectural curios are going to landfills - even the Rockset is probably worth $200.
+Everything in the kitchen has been recovered.
+I have a 1952 O'Keeffe & Amp. If you love to cook Merit Stove - cool stove.
+This goes up into the turret.
+I got the stairs for $20 including delivery to my property.
+(Laughter) Then, if you look up inside the turret, you'll see bulges, protrusions, sagging.
+Well, if it ruins your life, well, you shouldn't live there.
+(laughs) This is a laundry chute.
+And this is a shoe last. It is made of cast iron and is commonly found in antique shops.
+So I had one of those and built a low-tech device where you just step on the sole of your shoe and the door opens and the laundry is tossed in.
+And if you're smart, put it in the basket above the washing machine.
+If not, go to the restroom.
+(Laughter) This is a bathtub I made out of scrap wood from a 2x4.
+I started with the rim, glued it down, nailed it flat, lifted it with a corbel, flipped it over, then made the two profiles for this side.
+A bathtub for two.
+After all, this is not only a hygiene issue, but also a recreational possibility.
+(Laughter) So this faucet is a piece of Osage orange.
+It looks a little phallic, but it's a bathroom after all.
+(Laughter) This is a house based on a Budweiser can.
+It doesn't look like a can of beer, but the design features are completely unmistakable. The barley hop design is worked up to the eaves and the ivory work directly from the red, white, blue and silver of the can.
+And this takeout hanging under the eaves is a small design that comes out of a can.
+I put the can on the copier and continued to enlarge it until it was the size I wanted.
+And the can says, "This is the famous Budweiser beer. We don't know any other beer, blah, blah, blah."
+So we changed it to say, "This is the famous Budweiser house. We don't know any other houses...".
+This is a deadbolt.
+This is the fence of a very angry woodworking machine called Shaper from the 1930's.
+And they gave me a fence, but not a shaper, so I made a deadbolt out of it.
+I promise you that you will be able to keep the male elephants from invading.
+(Laughter.) And sure enough, we had no problem with the bull elephant.
+(Laughter) The shower is modeled after a beer glass.
+Bubbles are rising, with lumpy tiles bubbling over them.
+Where can I get a craggy tile? Of course not.
+But I have a lot of toilets so just dispatching them with a hammer gives me a lumpy tile.
+And the tap is a beer tap.
+(Laughter.) And this glass panel is the same glass panel you see on every middle-class front door in America.
+I'm getting tired of it. It's a bit banal now.
+The design fails when placed in the entryway.
+So don't put it in your front door. Please put it somewhere else.
+A very nice glass panel.
+But when I put it on my front door, people say, 'Oh, you're trying to be like those people, and it didn't work out.
+Then there is another bathroom upstairs.
+The lighting here is the same as the entrance halls of middle-class Americans.
+Please do not leave it at the entrance.
+Place it in your shower or closet, but not in your entryway.
+Then someone gave me a bidet, so I became a bidet.
+(laughter) Little house here, the branches there are made of Bois d'Arc or Osage oranges.
+These pictures keep scrolling while I talk for a bit.
+To do what I do, I need to understand what causes waste in the construction industry.
+Our homes have become commodities. I'll tell you a little bit about that.
+But the first cause of waste is probably even embedded in our DNA.
+Humans need to maintain the coherence of their perceptual mass.
+what do you mean?
+What that means is that every perception we have has to match our previous perceptions, otherwise there is no continuity and we get a little confused.
+So I can show you objects you have never seen before.
+Oh it's a cell phone.
+But you've never seen it before.
+What you're doing is determining the size of the pattern of structural features and then going through a data bank, which is your cell phone. oh! it's a cell phone.
+If I took a bite of it, you would say, "Wait a minute."
+(laughs) "That's not a cell phone.
+It's one of the new chocolate mobile phones. "
+(Laughter) Between mobile phones and chocolate, we'll have to start a new category.
+(Laughter) That's how we process information.
+Replace it with the building industry.
+If we have a wall of panes and one of them is cracked, we think, "Oh, it's cracked. Let's fix it."
+Take it out and throw it away so no one uses it and put in a new one. "
+Because that's what happens when you use cracked window glass.
+It just rattles the pattern and uniformity of the expected structural features.
+But if you use a small hammer to crack all the other windows (laughter), you have a pattern.
+This is because Gestalt psychology emphasizes pattern recognition rather than the parts that make up the pattern.
+We think, "Oh, that sounds good."
+So that helps me every day.
+Repetition creates patterns.
+It doesn't matter if there are 100 of these or if there are 100 of them.
+If anything could be repeated, it could be a pattern from hickory nuts, chicken eggs, glass shards, branches, and more.
+It makes no difference.
+Therefore, a lot of waste occurs in the construction industry.
+The second cause is that Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a book around 1885 entitled The Birth of Tragedy.
+So, he said, culture tends to oscillate between two perspectives. On the one hand, we have an Apollonian perspective, which is very clear, deliberate, intelligent and perfect.
+At the opposite end of the spectrum is the Dionysian perspective, which is more focused on passion and intuition, and more open to organic textures and human gestures.
+So the way Apollonian characters take and hang pictures is by taking out transits and laser levels and micrometers.
+"Okay honey. Thousandth of an inch left.
+I need a picture there. right. Perfect! "
+The character of Dionysus takes a picture and says: (laughter) That's the difference.
+It features an organic process.
+Dead Center John Dewey.
+Apollonian thinking creates mountains of waste.
+What if something isn't perfect, doesn't match the planned model?
+Garbage can.
+"Oops. Scratch. Trash."
+The third thing is arguably that the Industrial Revolution started in the Renaissance with the rise of humanism and then in a bit of a leap with the French Revolution.
+Flowers bloom in the mid-19th century.
+And we have the Dumas Flash, the gizmos, and the contraptions to do everything we had to do by hand before.
+Now you have a standardized material.
+Well, trees don't grow 2 inches by 4 inches and 8, 10, or 12 feet tall.
+(Laughter) We create a pile of waste.
+They do a pretty good job in the forest, working with all the industrial by-products like OSB and particleboard, but it's not nice to be held responsible at the point of harvest. If consumers waste their harvest at the point of consumption, it affects forests.
+And it is happening.
+So if something isn't standard, it's like, "Oops, it's trash." "Oops" this. "Oops, it's distorted"
+If you buy a two-by-four and it's not straight, you can take it back.
+"Oh, I'm sorry, sir. I'll give you a straight answer."
+Well, the reason I'm picking up all this distortion is because repetition creates patterns, and that's from a Dionysian perspective.
+Fourth, labor costs are disproportionately expensive compared to material costs.
+Well, it's just a myth.
+And here's the story: One of the athletes I trained, Jim Thales, I said, 'Jim, it's about time.
+I got a job for you as a framing crew foreman. It's time to go "
+"Dan, I don't think you're ready yet."
+"Jim, it's time. You've lost—oh!"
+So we started hiring.
+And he would go outside with a tape measure and go through a pile of trash, looking for header material or a plank on top of a door, hoping to impress his boss. That's how we taught him to do it.
+The chief came up to me and said, "What are you doing?"
+I'm waiting to be praised, "Oh, I'm just looking for header material."
+And he said to Jim, "If you were paying me $300 an hour, I know what you'd say.
+But now I can save $5 per minute.
+calculate. "
+(laughter) "Good work, Talz. From now on, you guys will hit this mountain first."
+And ironically, he wasn't very good at math.
+(Laughter) But sometimes I go into the control room and mess with the dials.
+Fifth, perhaps 2,500 years later, Plato continues to influence us with the concept in its complete form.
+He said we have a perfect idea in our minds of what we want and we force the environmental resources to fit it.
+So we all have the perfect home in our head, the American dream—the house, the dream house.
+Therefore, we developed a trailer house similar to the American dream.
+There is an epidemic on earth right now.
+(Laughter) Like furniture and cars, it's a movable property mortgage.
+When you write a check, it instantly loses 30 percent in value.
+After a year, you can't insure everything inside, only 70%.
+As long as it doesn't require 12 gauge wire to do what it's supposed to do, that's fine. And so it happens.
+They emit formaldehyde fumes, so much so that federal legislation has been enacted warning new mobile home buyers of the dangers of formaldehyde atmospheres.
+Are we just dumbfounded?
+The walls are so thick.
+The whole has the structural value of corn.
+(Laughs) “So… I thought Palm Harbor Village was over there.”
+"No, no. It was windy last night.
+It's gone now. "
+(laughter) So what do you do when they degrade?
+Now, all that Apollonian, Platonic model is what the building industry assumes, and there are a lot of things that make it worse.
+One is that all professionals, all tradesmen, vendors, inspectors, engineers and architects all think alike.
+Then it goes back to the consumer demanding the same model.
+It's a self-fulfilling prophecy. You can't get out of it.
+Then come marketers and advertisers.
+"Ufufu."
+We buy things we didn't know we needed.
+All we have to do is take a look at what one company has done with carbonated prune juice.
+(Laughter) But do you know what they did?
+They hooked the metaphor in there and said, "I'm drinking Dr. Pepper...".
+And soon we'll have lakes full of them, swallowing billions of gallons of them.
+It doesn't even contain real prunes! I can't even maintain a regular life.
+(Laughter) Oh, that makes things even worse.
+And we are drawn into that world faster than anything else.
+After that, a man named Jean-Paul Sartre wrote a book titled Being and Nothingness.
+Reads pretty quickly. If you read a book eight hours a day, you can probably finish it in two years.
+There he spoke of the divided self.
+He said people act differently when they know they're alone than when they know other people are around.
+So if you're eating spaghetti and you know you're alone, you can eat it like a Yumbo.
+You can wipe your mouth with your sleeve, wipe the napkin on the table, open your mouth to bite, make small noises, and scratch wherever you like.
+(Laughter.) But as soon as you walk in, you think, 'Whoa! There's spaghetti sauce in there.'
+Put the napkin on your lap, bite half, close your mouth and chew, do not scratch.
+What I am doing now is meeting your expectations of how I should live my life.
+I feel that expectation, so I live up to it and live my life according to what you expect of me.
+The same thing happens in the construction industry.
+That is why all parcels look the same.
+In some cases, we even have these formalized cultural expectations.
+I'm sure all your shoes will look good on you.
+Sure enough, we all agree on that...
+(Laughter) And in gated communities, there's a formal expectation of homeowners associations.
+Sometimes those people are Nazis, oh my god.
+That makes this model worse and keeps it going.
+Last is sociability.
+Humans are a social species.
+We like to act in groups, like wildebeests and lions.
+Lions eat wildebeest, so wildebeests don't get along with lions.
+Humans are like that.
+We do what the group we are trying to empathize with is doing.
+This is common in middle school students.
+Those kids would work all summer and kill themselves just to get the money to buy a pair of designer jeans.
+So, by September or so, they can stride and say, "I'm important today, you know? Don't touch my designer jeans!"
+You don't seem to have designer jeans.
+You're not one of the beautiful -- you see, I'm one of the beautiful.
+There are good reasons to wear uniforms.
+And it happens in the construction industry as well.
+We're confusing Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs just a little bit.
+The bottom layer has basic needs such as housing, clothing, food, water, and breeding.
+Second: security. Third: Relationships.
+Fourth: status, self-esteem, or vanity, but we are taking vanity here and pushing it away.
+So I made a useless decision and I can't pay my mortgage.
+We can't afford to eat anything but beans. In other words, our homes have become commodities.
+And it's a bit nerve-wracking to dive into that primal, scary part of yourself, make your own decisions, and let housing flow from the source instead of being a commodity.
+It takes a little nerve, and heck, sometimes it fails.
+But it's okay.
+You can't do this if failure kills you.
+I fail every day. And I've also experienced some colossal failures. It was a massive, public, humiliating, and embarrassing failure, I promise.
+Everyone points and laughs and says, "He tried a fifth time and it still didn't work!"
+How stupid! "
+Early on, a contractor came along and said, 'Dan, you're a cute bunny, but this is not going to work.
+what not to do with this? why not? "
+And you instinctively say: "Then why don't you try sucking on the eggs?"
+(Laughter) But you're targeting them, so I wouldn't say that.
+And what we've been doing is not just housing. It is found in clothing, food, transportation, and energy. We spread out just a little bit.
+If there is even a little bit of coverage, people from all over the world will contact us.
+We may have invented some extra stuff, but the waste problem is all over the world.
+in trouble.
+And I don't wear chest-crossing ammo belts and red bandanas.
+But we clearly have a problem.
+And all we have to do is reconnect with a really primal part of ourselves and make a few decisions and say, ``Well, put the CD on the other side of the wall over there. I want to
+What do you think, honey? "
+If it doesn't work, remove it.
+All we have to do is reconnect with our true selves, and it is truly thrilling.
+thank you very much.
+Hello. My name is Birke Behr and I am 11 years old.
+I am here today to talk about what is wrong with our food system.
+First of all, I would like to say that I am really amazed at how easily children are misled by the marketing and advertising that is on TV, in public schools, and almost everywhere else.
+It seems like companies are always trying to get kids like me to buy things from parents that are really bad for us and the planet.
+Especially young children are fascinated by colorful packaging and plastic toys.
+To be honest, I used to be one of them.
+I also thought all our food came from a happy little farm where pigs roll in the mud and cows graze all day long.
+What I have discovered is that this is not true.
+I started researching this through the internet, books, documentaries, and trips with my family.
+I discovered the dark side of the industrialized food system.
+First, there are genetically modified seeds and organisms.
+That's when seeds are manipulated in the lab to do things they weren't originally intended to do, like taking fish DNA and incorporating it into tomato DNA. Hi.
+Don't get me wrong, I like fish and tomatoes but this is just creepy.
+(Laughter) Seeds are planted and grown.
+The food they produce has been shown to cause cancer and other problems in laboratory animals, and people have been eating food produced in this way since the 1990s.
+And most people don't even know it exists.
+Did you know that rats fed GM corn showed signs of liver and kidney toxicity?
+These include kidney inflammation or lesions and increased kidney weight.
+But almost all the corn we eat is genetically modified in some way.
+And corn is in everything.
+And don't embark on a confined animal feeding operation called CAFOS.
+(Laughter) Conventional farmers would mix chemical fertilizers made from fossil fuels into the soil to grow their plants.
+They do this because they remove all the nutrients from the soil by growing the same crop over and over again.
+More harmful chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides, are then sprayed on fruits and vegetables to kill weeds and insects.
+When it rains, these chemicals seep into the ground or wash into waterways, contaminating the water.
+And they irradiate our food in an attempt to make it last longer, allowing it to travel thousands of miles from where it was grown to the supermarket.
+So I ask myself, how can I change? How can I change these?
+Here's what I found out.
+I discovered that there is a movement for a better way.
+Not long ago, I wanted to be an NFL football player.
+I decided that I would rather be an organic farmer.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+That way I can have a bigger impact on the world.
+This man, Joel Salatin, has been called a mad farmer because he grows up rebelling against the regime.
+I'm homeschooled, so one day I went to listen to him.
+This man, this mad farmer, does not use any pesticides, herbicides or GMO seeds.
+As such, he is called a lunatic by the system.
+We want people to know that we can all make a difference by making different choices, like buying food directly from local farmers or neighbors we know well in real life.
+Some people say that organic and locally grown foods are expensive, but is that really the case?
+With all this stuff I've learned about the food system, it seems like we can pay farmers and we can pay hospitals.
+(Applause.) Now I know exactly which one to choose.
+I just wanted you to know that there are farms out there where cows eat grass and pigs roll in the mud, like Bill Keener at Secatchee Cove Farm in Tennessee.
+Sometimes I go and volunteer at Bill's farm so I can see up close where the meat I'm eating comes from.
+Just know that kids will eat more if they know more about fresh vegetables and delicious food and where it really comes from.
+We want you to know that every community has a farmer's market.
+I want you to know that both my brother and sister actually love to eat grilled kale chips.
+I try to share this wherever I go.
+Some time ago, my uncle told me that he gave my six-year-old cousin some cereal.
+He asked him if he wanted organic toasted oats or sugar coated flakes. You know, the ones with big striped cartoon characters on the front.
+My little cousin told my dad she wanted organic toasted cereal because Birke says she shouldn't eat sparkly cereal.
+And, friends, that's how we can make a difference one child at a time.
+So next time you go to the grocery store, think local, choose organic, know the farmers, know the food.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Now, the subject of difficult negotiations reminds me of one of my favorite Middle Eastern stories, the story of a man who left behind three sons and 17 camels.
+He left half of the camel to his eldest son. I left a third of the camel to my second son. And left one ninth of the camel to the youngest son.
+The three sons embarked on negotiations. 17 is not divisible by 2.
+Never divide by 3.
+You can't divide by 9.
+The tempers between the brothers began to strain.
+At last they became desperate and consulted a wise old woman.
+The wise old lady thought about their problem for a long time and finally came back and said:
+So they had 18 camels.
+The second son took the third son. 3/18 is 6.
+The youngest son received the ninth. 9 of 18 is 2.
+Score 17.
+They had one camel left.
+They gave it back to the wise old lady.
+(Laughter) Now, if you think about this story for a moment, I think it's similar to a lot of the tough negotiations we get into.
+They start out like 17 camels and there is no way to solve it.
+Somehow, all we have to do is step back from that situation and, like that wise old lady, look at the situation with fresh eyes and come up with the 18th camel.
+Finding the 18th camel in a world conflict has been my lifelong passion.
+I basically think of humanity as similar to those three brothers.
+We are all one family.
+Science knows that all the tribes on Earth (all 15,000 tribes) are in touch with each other thanks to the communications revolution.
+And it's a big family reunion.
+But like many family reunions, it's not all peaceful and bright.
+There are many conflicts and the question is how do we deal with our differences.
+Given the human propensity for conflict and the human genius to devise colossal weapons of destruction, how do we deal with each other's deepest differences?
+That's the problem.
+I have spent most of the last 30 years, almost four, traveling, working, and embroiled in conflicts from Yugoslavia to the Middle East to Chechnya to Venezuela. Some of the most difficult conflicts on the surface. Earth -- I've been asking myself that question.
+And, in a way, I think I have found what the secret to peace is.
+It's actually surprisingly easy.
+Not easy, but easy.
+It's not new either.
+It may be one of the oldest legacies of mankind.
+We have the secret of peace.
+We are the ones who can act as a community around any conflict and play a constructive role.
+Let me give you just one example.
+About 20 years ago I was in South Africa, working with the parties to the conflict, but I had an extra month, so I lived with some groups of the San Bushmen for a while. .
+I was curious about them and how they resolved conflicts.
+Because in living memory, after all, they were hunter-gatherers, living pretty much the way our ancestors lived probably 99 percent of human history.
+And the guys all have poisoned darts they use for hunting - absolutely deadly.
+So how do they deal with their differences?
+Well, what I learned was that every time there was a good mood in a community like that, someone would go and hide the poisoned arrow in the bushes, and then everybody would sit in a circle like this, sit and talk, talk. It means to continue.
+It may take two, three, four days, but they won't rest until a solution, or better yet, reconciliation is found.
+And if the tantrums are still too high, send someone to a relative's house for a cooling off period.
+Well, given human tendencies, I think that's probably the system that's kept us alive so far.
+I call that system the "Third Side".
+Because if you think about it, there are usually two sides to any conflict when you think about it and describe it. Arabs and Israelis, workers and managers, husbands and wives, Republicans and Democrats.
+But what we don't often see is that there is always a third side, and the third side of the conflict is us, the community around us, our friends, our allies, our families, our neighbors.
+And we can play an incredibly constructive role.
+Perhaps the most basic way third parties can help is to remind the parties what is really at stake.
+For the sake of the children, the family, the community, and the future, let's stop arguing and start talking.
+Because it's very easy to lose perspective when you get into conflict.
+It's very easy to react.
+Humans are reaction machines.
+And, as the saying goes, when you're angry, you'll make a great speech that you won't regret.
+(Laughter.) And the third side reminds me of that.
+The third side serves to go to the balcony. This is a metaphor for a point of view location that allows you to keep your eyes on the prize.
+Let me share a few words from my own negotiation experience.
+A few years ago, I facilitated very tough negotiations between Russian and Chechen leaders.
+As you know, there was a war going on.
+And we met at the Peace Palace in The Hague, in the same room where the Yugoslav War Crimes Tribunal was held.
+And the negotiations got off to a rather rocky start when the Chechen Vice President started pointing at the Russians and saying, "Sit down here. You're going to be tried for war crimes."
+And he said to me, "You're an American.
+Look what you Americans are doing in Puerto Rico. "
+And my mind started thinking, "Puerto Rico? What do you know about Puerto Rico?"
+I started reacting.
+(laughs) But I tried to remember to go to the balcony.
+And when he stopped and everyone looked at me for an answer, from the balcony's point of view, I was able to thank him for what he said and say: Between friends, you can talk openly with each other. "
+(Laughter) "And we're not here to talk about Puerto Rico or the past.
+We are here to see if we can find a way to stop the suffering and bloodshed in Chechnya. "
+The conversation got back on track.
+That's the role of the 3rd party, helping the party to the balcony.
+Now, a little introduction to the Middle East, widely considered to be one of the world's most difficult or even most impossible conflicts.
+The question is, where is the third side there?
+How can I get to the balcony?
+Now, I don't think I have the answer to the Middle East conflict, but I do believe that there is a first step, literally a first step, something that any of us can do as a third party.
+Let me ask you one question first.
+How many of us have spent the last few years worrying about the Middle East and wondering what anyone can do?
+Just curious, how many are you?
+Yes, so do most of us.
+And here it is very far away.
+Why do we pay so much attention to this conflict?
+Is it the number of deaths?
+Conflicts kill 100 times more people in Africa than in the Middle East.
+No, it's because of the story and because we feel personally involved in that story.
+Whether we are Christian, Muslim or Jewish, religious or non-religious, we feel that we have a personal stake in it.
+Story is important. As an anthropologist, I know that.
+Stories are used to convey knowledge.
+They give meaning to our lives.
+That's what we tell at TED, that's what we tell stories.
+Story is the key.
+So my question is let's try to solve the politics of the Middle East. But let's also look at the story.
+Let's get down to the root of what it is.
+Let's see if we can apply the third aspect to this.
+Now, as anthropologists, we know that every culture has an origin story.
+What is the Middle Eastern origin?
+In a nutshell, it is: 4000 years ago a man and his family walked across the Middle East. Since then, the world has never been the same.
+That man was, of course, Abraham.
+And what he represented was unity, family unity. he is the father of all of us.
+But it wasn't just what he stood for, it was what his message was.
+His basic message was also unity, interconnection of all, unity of all.
+And his core values ​​were respect and kindness to strangers.
+That is what he is known for his hospitality.
+In that sense, he is the iconic Third Side of the Middle East.
+He is a reminder that we are all part of a larger whole.
+Well, let's think for a moment.
+Today we face the scourge of terrorism.
+What is terrorism?
+Terrorism is basically treating innocent strangers as enemies and killing them to create terror.
+What is the opposite of terrorism?
+It's about treating innocent strangers as friends you welcome into your home in order to sow and breed the seeds of understanding, respect, or love.
+So what if we took the story of Abraham? This is the third side story. Abraham represents hospitality, so what if it could be the antidote to terrorism?
+What if it could be a vaccine against religious intolerance?
+How do you bring that story to life?
+Now, telling a story is not enough.
+It's powerful, but people need to experience the story.
+They have to be able to live the story.
+My idea was how to do it.
+And that would be the first step here.
+Because an easy way to do that is to go for a walk.
+You go for a walk in the footsteps of Abraham.
+You follow in Abraham's footsteps.
+Because there is real power in walking.
+As anthropologists know, walking is what makes us human.
+Interestingly, when walking, they walk side by side in the same common direction.
+If I came this close to your face, you would feel threatened.
+But it doesn't matter if they walk side by side or touch each other.
+Who will fight while walking?
+That is why, during negotiations, when the going gets tough, people often take walks in the woods.
+So the idea occurred to me to imagine a road or route in the footsteps of Abraham, such as the Silk Route or the Appalachian Trail.
+People said, "That's crazy. You can't do that."
+You cannot follow in Abraham's footsteps. Not too safe and you have to cross all borders. You have to cross 10 countries in the Middle East. Because it connects all countries. "
+So we studied this idea at Harvard University.
+And a few years ago, our group of about 25 people from 10 countries set out to see if we could follow in the footsteps of Abraham from his first birthplace in the city of Urfa in southern Turkey, in northern Mesopotamia. I made it
+Then we took a bus, took a walk and went to Harran where he begins his journey in the Bible.
+Then we crossed the border into Syria and went to Aleppo. Aleppo was named after Abraham.
+I went to Damascus, which has a long history related to Abraham.
+Then we came to the North Jordan, to Jerusalem, to Bethlehem centering on Abraham, and finally to the place where he was buried in Hebron.
+In effect, we went from the womb to the grave.
+We have shown that it can be done.
+Let me questions.
+The experience of being in a strange neighborhood or a strange land and a strange stranger coming up to you and doing you a favor – perhaps an invitation to your house, a drink, something. How many people have done Would you like some coffee or would you like to serve a meal?
+How many of you have experienced that?
+That is the essence of the Abrahamic way.
+That's what you'll find when you go to a village in the Middle East where hostility is expected, and receive the most amazing hospitality all associated with Abraham. "In the name of Father Ibrahim, let me offer food."
+So what we discovered was that Abraham wasn't just a character in a book for those people. He is a living, living being.
+Long story short, in the last few years thousands of people have embarked on part of the Abrahamic path in the Middle East and enjoyed the hospitality of the locals.
+They are starting to walk in Israel and Palestine, Jordan, Turkey and Syria.
+Great experience.
+Men, women, young, old – interestingly, there are actually more women than men.
+People began to organize walks in cities and in their communities for those who could not walk, who could not go there now.
+In Cincinnati, for example, we organized walks from churches to mosques to synagogues, and we all ate Abraham's meal.
+It was Abraham Pass Day.
+In São Paulo, Brazil, thousands run the virtual Abraham Path Run, an annual event that brings diverse communities together.
+The media love it. they really love it.
+They lavish their attention on it because it is visual and spreads the idea of ​​Abrahamic hospitality, kindness to strangers.
+And just a few weeks ago, an NPR article was published.
+Last month, the Manchester Guardian ran a two-page article about it.
+And they quoted a villager saying, "This walk connects us to the world."
+“It kind of lit up our lives and gave us hope,” he said.
+That's the point.
+But it's not just about psychology. It's about economics.
+Because people spend money when they walk.
+And this woman here, Umm Ahmed, is a woman who lives in the lanes of northern Jordan.
+she is very poor
+She has blindness, her husband is unable to work, and she has seven children.
+But what she can do is cook.
+So she started cooking for a group of walkers who traveled through the village to eat at her home.
+they are sitting on the floor She doesn't even have a tablecloth.
+She creates the most delicious dishes using the freshest herbs from the surrounding countryside.
+And more and more walkers came and recently she started earning income to support her family.
+So she told our team there. "You made me stand out in a village where people used to be ashamed to see me."
+That is the possibility of Abraham's way.
+There are literally hundreds of such communities across the road across the Middle East.
+It could basically change the game.
+And to change the situation, you need to change your framework, your way of looking at things. We need to change the paradigm from hostility to hospitality, from terrorism to tourism.
+In that sense, Abraham's way is a game changer.
+Here is a little acorn I picked up while walking down the road earlier this year.
+Now, the acorn is of course associated with the oak tree, but when it grows it becomes an oak tree, which is associated with Abraham.
+The road now is like an acorn. It's still in its early stages.
+What would an oak tree look like?
+Looking back on my childhood, I was born here in Chicago and spent most of it in Europe.
+If you were in the ruins of, say, London or Berlin in 1945 and said, "Sixty years from now, this will be the most peaceful and prosperous area on earth," people would have thought you would. they were clearly insane.
+But thanks to a common European identity and a common economy, they have done it.
+So my question is, if it can be done in Europe, why can't it be done in the Middle East?
+With a common identity that is the story of Abraham and a common economy based largely on tourism, why not?
+So, in conclusion, I have spent the last 35 years working in some of the most dangerous, difficult and intractable conflicts on the planet, and I have yet to see a single one that I have felt unable to transform. .
+Of course, it's not easy.
+But it is possible.
+It was made in South Africa.
+Made in Northern Ireland.
+It can be done anywhere.
+It's simply up to us.
+It depends on whether we take the third side.
+So I would like you to consider taking the third aspect, even if it is a very small step.
+I'm going to take a break soon.
+Go to someone from a different culture, a different country, a different ethnicity - someone with some difference - and join the conversation.
+It's a third party act.
+That is walking the path of Abraham.
+After the TED Talk, why not join us for a TED Walk?
+(Laughter) So let's just leave three things.
+One is that the secret of peace lies in the third aspect.
+The third side is us.
+By each of us taking a step, we can conquer the world and bring the world one step closer to peace.
+An old African proverb says, "If the web is united, the lion can be stopped."
+If we can connect the web of peace on the Third Side, we can stop the lions of war.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So what is capitalism?
+Capitalism is basically a series of markets.
+You can create a market for lemonade, a market for lemons, a market for trucks that transport lemons, a market that fuels trucks, a market that sells lumber to build lemonade stands, and more.
+But, as you know, the term capitalism is either a term of praise or a term of condemnation.
+Either respected or reviled.
+And my point here is that this is because modern capitalism is so misunderstood.
+In my opinion, capitalism shouldn't be thought of as an ideology, it should be thought of as an operating system.
+Think iPhone.
+The iPhone fuses hardware and software.
+apps and hardware.
+Now think of all hardware as the physical reality around you, and apps as your entrepreneurial activity, your creative energy.
+And in between is the operating system.
+As with hardware advancements, there are also software advancements.
+And the operating system has to catch up too.
+It has to be patched, it has to be updated, new releases have to happen.
+And all these things have to happen symbiotically.
+To keep up with innovation, operating systems must continue to evolve.
+This is fundamentally why thinking of this as an operating system takes the language of ideology away from the traditional capitalist mindset.
+But even if you look at the Constitution, you'll find that the founders were thinking about patents and copyrights before they got to the First Amendment: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press. .
+They discussed the government's role in promoting the arts and sciences.
+This is why I couldn't launch the Goggle search engine tomorrow.
+(Laughter) Google doesn't own G, but we couldn't do that because it would cause confusion.
+Therefore, property rights also have built-in ambiguity.
+And endlessly.
+And by 1900, other kinds of property were born.
+For example, imagine that in 1900 you owned 100 acres of land somewhere in the Midwest.
+It's very easy to see where your fence ends and your neighbor's lot begins.
+Now let me ask you, how high is your fortune in the sky?
+Will it end at 1,000 feet, 5,000 feet, 10,000 feet?
+Except for some hot air balloon novelties, it makes no difference since humans couldn't fly.
+But within three years it was possible.
+Now suddenly it became very important whether your land ended at 1,000 feet, 5,000 feet, or 10,000 feet.
+And you have to get someone to arbitrate it.
+And indeed, that is exactly what happened.
+And 5 or 10 years from now, when Amazon wants to deliver a package across your house from a UPS truck to your neighbor, we'll have to decide: Your property is worth 5 Will it end in feet, will it end in 10 feet, will it end in 50 feet, will it end in 100 feet, will it end in feet?
+where does it end
+And no ideology can tell you where your fortune ends.
+It's the operating system.
+Similarly, this will happen in cars as well.
+A few years after the Wright brothers discovered flight, mankind began using more and more cars.
+And suddenly, the regulatory system, the operating system, had to be patched to address consumer safety.
+How could it be that consumers of vehicles were a hazard to horses, other pedestrians and trolleys?
+And suddenly, the drivers of these cars had to get driver's licenses, vision tests, registered cars, speed limits and traffic rules so that horses and pedestrians could coexist with cars.
+It had to be backwards compatible.
+So new inventions basically had to fit in with progress from the past.
+Similarly, 5 or 10 years from now, the same thing will happen with self-driving cars, coexisting with human-driven cars.
+The reason this is important is that in 10 years, beyond drones and self-driving cars, something else will happen, but we will have the world's most valuable economy -- the world's largest economy. It will be a country ruled by communists.
+The Chinese seem to be good at capitalism.
+And this would have fundamental problems and pose an identity crisis for the United States.
+Because for a long time the free market was aligned with freedoms like freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of religion.
+And suddenly the equation is disconnected.
+And when that divides, you may find that democracy, the voice of the majority, is actually holding back capitalism. Because a nation with no pretense of limited government can quickly mandate regulatory frameworks for drones, electric vehicles and self-driving cars. Cars are aimed at new innovations that feel like they can leapfrog Western society.
+And this is a very unique thing in the American experience.
+This is why it is so important to think of American capitalism as an operating system and not as an ideology.
+Because if you think of this as an ideology, good politics can produce very bad policies.
+Market outcomes, democratic voices and contests for votes can ultimately stifle progress.
+Therefore, the next few years will see American democracy rise to meet the challenges posed by capitalism and modernity as this political cycle unfolds.
+And I ask policymakers to separate ideology from economics and think about how good policy can ultimately be good politics.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Now, let me introduce our eating habits again.
+I would like to know what kind of people your audience is, has anyone ever eaten an insect?
+That's quite a lot.
+(Laughter) But even then, you don't represent the entire population of the planet.
+(Laughter) Because 80 percent of people actually eat insects.
+But this is pretty good.
+Why shouldn't we eat insects? Well, first, what is an insect?
+Insects are animals that walk on six legs.
+Only selections are shown here.
+There are 6 million species of insects on this planet.
+It is home to hundreds of mammals and 6 million species of insects.
+In fact, counting all the individual organisms would be even higher.
+In fact, 80% of all animals and all animal species on Earth walk on six legs.
+But if you count all the individuals and calculate their average weight, you and I on the planet would each weigh between 200 and 2,000 kilograms.
+So, in terms of biomass, insects are more abundant than we are, and we are on an insect planet, not a human planet.
+Insects not only exist in nature, they are also involved in our economy, usually without our knowledge.
+A few years ago there was a conservative estimate that the US economy would benefit by $57 billion annually.
+That's a huge number for a free contribution to the US economy.
+So I looked at how much the economy paid for the war in Iraq that same year.
+It was US$80 billion.
+Well, we know it wasn't a cheap war.
+In other words, insects are contributing to the U.S. economy for nothing, almost as much, for nothing, without anyone knowing.
+And it's not just the United States, it's the same in every country and every economy.
+what do they do?
+They remove the droppings and pollinate the crops.
+One-third of the fruits we eat are all the result of insects taking care of plant reproduction.
+It repels pests and serves as food for animals.
+They are at the beginning of the food chain.
+Small animals eat insects.
+Even large animals eat insects.
+But small insect-eating animals are being eaten by larger and even larger animals.
+And at the bottom of the food chain, we eat them too.
+Many people eat insects.
+And here I am in Lijiang, a small provincial city in China with a population of about 2 million.
+For dinners where you can choose the fish you want to eat, like in a fish restaurant, you can also choose the insects you want to eat.
+And they prepare it in a great way.
+And here I see myself enjoying my meal eating delicacies such as caterpillars, locusts and bee pupae.
+And you can eat something new every day.
+Over 1,000 species of insects are eaten worldwide.
+That's a lot more than the cows, pigs, sheep, and some other mammals we eat.
+A huge variety of over 1,000 species.
+And now you might think that they are doing it in this provincial city in China, but we are not.
+Now, I have already seen that a good number of you already eat insects from time to time, but I can say that all of you eat insects without exception.
+We eat at least 500 grams per year.
+what are you eating
+Insects are found in any processed food you eat, including tomato soup, peanut butter, chocolate, and noodles. Insects are everywhere around us and in our crops when they are in nature.
+Some fruits are damaged by insects.
+Those are the fruits used in tomato soup, if they are tomatoes.
+If there is no damage, I will go to the supermarket.
+That's how you see tomatoes.
+But there are also tomatoes that end up in soup, and it's okay to put in all sorts of things as long as they meet the requirements of the Food Agency.
+As a matter of fact, why put these balls in soup when there is meat in the first place?
+(Laughter) In fact, all of our processed foods contain more protein than we think.
+So anything is already a good source of protein.
+Now you might say, "Okay, we accidentally ate 500 grams."
+We do this on purpose.
+Of the many foods we deal with, there are only two items on this slide. Pink cookies, surimi sticks, or Campari. Many red foods are dyed. Uses natural dyes.
+Crab meat surimi sticks, or those sold as crab meat, are white fish dyed with cochineal.
+Cochineal is the product of insects that feed on these cacti.
+In the Canary Islands of Peru, mass production of 150 to 180 tons per year has become a big business.
+One gram of cochineal costs about 30 euros.
+1 gram of gold costs 30 euros.
+So what we use to dye our food is very precious.
+The world is changing now for you and me and everyone on this planet.
+The human population is growing very rapidly and is growing exponentially.
+Currently, the population is between 6 billion and 7 billion, but it will increase to about 9 billion by 2050.
+This means that we have more mouths to feed, and this is plaguing more and more people.
+An FAO conference was held last October and focused entirely on this.
+How do we feed this world?
+If you look at the numbers above, it says you have 1/3 more mouths to feed, but your agricultural production needs to increase by 70%.
+It is especially true that the world's population is growing and not only is it growing in number, but we are getting richer and whoever gets richer starts eating more and eating more meat. because they are supposed to eat
+And in fact, meat is a major expense of agricultural production.
+Part of our diet consists of animal protein, and at this time most of us here get our animal protein from livestock, fish and game.
+And we eat quite a lot of it.
+Developed countries average 80 kilograms per person per year, the United States up to 120 kilograms, and some other countries are slightly lower, averaging 80 kilograms per person per year.
+In developing countries it is even lower.
+25 kilograms per person per year.
+But it's increasing a lot.
+In China, the number has increased from 20 to 50 over the past 20 years, and the number continues to rise.
+So if one-third of the world's population increased their meat consumption from an average of 25 to 80, and one-third of the world's population lived in China and India, there would be a huge demand for meat. It will be.
+And of course we're not there to say it's just for us and not for them.
+They have the same share as us.
+First of all, I must say that in the Western world we eat too much meat.
+Much less is fine. I've been a vegetarian for a long time too, and it's easy to do without anything.
+You can get protein from any food.
+But meat production comes with many problems that we are facing more and more.
+The first problem we face is human health.
+Pigs are a lot like us.
+They are also medical models and can even transplant organs from pigs to humans.
+So pigs share the disease with us too.
+And swine diseases, swine viruses, and human viruses can all multiply, and because of the way they reproduce, they can combine to create new viruses.
+This happened in the Netherlands in the 1990s, when swine fever was raging.
+You may get new, potentially deadly diseases.
+We eat insects, but insects are so distantly related to us that this does not happen.
+That is one point for insects.
+(Laughter) And then there's the conversion factor.
+If you take 10 kilograms of feed, you can get 1 kilogram of beef, but 9 kilograms of grasshopper meat.
+So what do you do if you become an entrepreneur?
+With 10 kilograms of input, you can get 1 kilogram or 9 kilograms. of the output.
+So far, we have harvested 1 kilogram, or up to 5 kilograms of production.
+I have not received my bonus yet.
+I have not yet ingested 9 kilograms of production.
+Two points for insects.
+(laughs) And then there's the environment.
+If you take 10 kilograms of food, (laughs) you get 1 kilogram of beef, and the remaining 9 kilograms are waste, a lot of it is manure.
+Producing insects produces less fertilizer per kilogram of meat produced.
+Less waste.
+In addition, using insect manure produces much less ammonia and greenhouse gases per kilogram of manure than using cattle manure.
+This results in less waste and a less environmentally damaging waste than cow dung.
+Three points about insects.
+(Laughter) Now, of course, there's the big "what if", and it's whether insects produce good quality meat.
+All sorts of analyzes have been done, and in terms of protein, fat and vitamins, they are very good.
+In fact, it is comparable to what we eat as meat today.
+It is also very good in terms of calories.
+A kilogram of grasshoppers has the same calories as 10 hot dogs or 6 Big Macs.
+4 points for insects.
+(laughter) I could go on and point out more about insects, but time won't allow it.
+So the question is, why don't we eat insects?
+I have given you at least four pros.
+I have to.
+Currently, 70 percent of all farmland is used for livestock production, so even if you don't like it, you have to get used to it.
+It is not only the land where livestock walk and feed, but also other areas where fodder is produced and transported.
+You can increase it a bit at the expense of rainforest, but you'll reach your limit soon.
+And if we remember that we need to increase agricultural production by 70%, we are not going to achieve that.
+We should be better able to transform meat and beef into insects.
+And since 80 percent of the world already eats insects, we're in the minority, whether in the UK, the US, the Netherlands, or anywhere else.
+On the left is the Laotian market, which sells an abundance of all kinds of insects to choose from for your evening dinner.
+You can see the grasshopper on the right.
+In other words, people there eat it not because they are hungry, but because they think it is a delicacy.
+All the food is very delicious.
+can change a lot.
+It has many advantages.
+In fact, a delicacy that closely resembles this grasshopper is shrimp. It is a delicacy that is traded at a high price.
+Who wouldn't want to eat shrimp?
+Some people don't like shrimp, but shrimp, crab, and crayfish are very closely related.
+It's a delicacy.
+In fact, locusts are land "shrimp" and are very suitable for our diet.
+So why aren't we eating insects yet?
+Well it's just a matter of mindset.
+We are not used to it, so we see insects as very different organisms than we do.
+That's why we're trying to change the perception of insects.
+And I'm working with my colleague Arnold Van House to tell people what insects are, how amazing they are, and what an amazing job they do in nature. working hard to.
+And indeed, if it weren't for insects, we wouldn't be in this room. Because if insects disappear, we will soon become extinct.
+Even if we go extinct, insects will continue to live happily ever after.
+(Laughter.) So we have to get used to the idea of ​​eating insects.
+And some may wonder if it's not yet available.
+Well, yes.
+There are entrepreneurs in Holland who produce them and one of them is in this audience, Marian Peters in the picture.
+Later this year, I expect it will be available in supermarkets as an invisible animal protein in food.
+And maybe by 2020, you'll be buying them knowing they're edible insects.
+And they are made in the most wonderful way.
+Dutch chocolate maker.
+(music) (applause) There's a lot of design, too.
+(Laughter) The Netherlands has an innovative agriculture minister, and she's putting insects on restaurant menus in her ministry.
+And when she got all the EU Ministers of Agriculture,
+We recently went to The Hague to a fancy restaurant and ate insects together.
+It's not my hobby.
+It's really off the ground.
+So why shouldn't we eat insects?
+you should try it yourself.
+A few years ago, 1,750 people gathered in the town square of Wageningen to eat insects at the same time, which was still big news.
+I think eating insects for all of us will not be big news any time soon. Because that's the normal way to do it.
+So try it for yourself today. have fun.
+And I'm going to show Bruno some first tries and he can take the first bite.
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: Look first. Please see them first.
+Marcel Dicke: It's all protein.
+BG: It's exactly what you see in the video.
+And it looks delicious.
+They just make it with nuts or something.
+MD: Thank you.
+(applause)
+I am here today to share an extraordinary journey, a very rewarding one indeed, that led me to train rats to discover landmines and tuberculosis and save lives.
+As a child, I had two passions.
+One was my passion for rodents.
+I had all kinds of rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils and squirrels.
+Somehow, I bred them and sold them to pet stores.
+(laughs) I also had a passion for Africa.
+Growing up in a multicultural environment, we had African students in our home, and we learned about their stories, their different backgrounds, their import know-how, their dependence on goods and services, and their vast cultural diversity.
+Africa really appealed to me.
+I became an industrial engineer, an engineer in product development, focusing on suitable detection technology, actually the first suitable technology for developing countries.
+I started working in this industry but was not very happy to contribute to the material consumption society in a linear, extraction and manufacturing mode.
+I quit my job to focus on the real world problem of mines.
+We're talking about 95 now.
+Princess Diana announced on television that landmines are a structural barrier to all development, and this is indeed true.
+As long as there is such a device, or if there is a suspicion of mines, the land cannot be entered.
+In fact, there was a worldwide demand for new detectors that are sustainable in the environments required for manufacturing (mainly in developing countries).
+We chose mice.
+Why choose rats?
+You're not a pest, are you?
+Well, actually, mice are very social creatures, unlike most people think.
+And indeed our product is what you see here.
+Somewhere here is a goal.
+A trained African operator is actually seen carrying rats in front of him to the left and right.
+There the animal finds a mine.
+It will scratch the soil.
+And the animals come back for food.
+It's very, very simple.
+Very sustainable in this environment.
+Here animals receive food rewards.
+That's how it works.
+It's very, very simple.
+So why use rats?
+Rats have been used in all kinds of experiments since the fifties of the last century.
+Rats have more genetic material assigned to their sense of smell than any other mammal.
+They are very sensitive to odors.
+In addition, we have mechanisms to map all these odors and communicate about them.
+So how do we communicate with rats?
+Please don't mention the mouse. But there is a clicker that is the standard method of animal training out there.
+Clicker. Produces specific sounds that can reinforce certain movements.
+First, associate the clicking sound with a food reward: bananas and peanuts crushed together with a syringe.
+Once the animal knows click, bait, click, bait, click, bait—click is bait—put it in a cage with holes. And indeed animals learn to stick their noses into scented holes of objects. and do it for 5 seconds, which is a long 5 seconds for the rat.
+Once the animal understands this, make the task a little more difficult.
+Learn how to find the desired odor in a cage with several holes (up to 10 holes).
+The animals then walk outdoors on a lead and learn to find targets.
+In the next step, animals learn how to find real mines in real minefields.
+Dogs are tested and certified according to international mine action standards, just as dogs must pass a test.
+The area is 400 square meters.
+Numerous mines have been placed blindly, and the trainer and team of rats must find all targets.
+By the way, if the animal does that, it's licensed as a certified animal to work in the field, just like a dog.
+There is probably one slight difference. Training a rat for five times less than training a mining dog.
+Here is our team in Mozambique. A Tanzanian trainer passes on his skills to these three Mozambican buddies.
+And pride should be seen in the eyes of these people.
+They have the skills to significantly reduce their dependence on foreign aid.
+In addition, this small team understandably needs a large vehicle and a manual demining machine for follow-up.
+However, with this small investment in rat capacity, we have demonstrated in Mozambique that we can bring the cost per square meter up to 60% below what is normal today. Where it's $2 per square meter, we're at $1.18. You can still lower the price.
+problem of scale.
+If you can bring in more rats, you can actually increase your production.
+We have a demonstration site in Mozambique.
+Eleven governments in Africa believe that using this technology can reduce their dependence.
+They have signed peace treaties and treaties in the Great Lakes region and endorse hero rats to clear landmines across their common borders.
+But let me introduce you to a completely different problem.
+About 6,000 people walked over landmines last year, and about 1.9 million people worldwide died last year from tuberculosis, the leading cause of infection.
+Especially in Africa tuberculosis occurs. and HIV are strongly linked and share a major common problem.
+Microscopy, a WHO standard procedure, reaches 40-60% reliability.
+In Tanzania -- the numbers don't lie -- 45 percent of the population suffers from T.B. -- diagnosed with tuberculosis. before they die.
+This means that if you have tuberculosis, you are more likely to die from tuberculosis without being detected. secondary infection, etc.
+However, if detected very early and diagnosed early, it makes sense that even HIV-positive people can start treatment.
+Tuberculosis can actually be cured even if you are HIV positive.
+So in our common language, Dutch, the TB name would be:
+"tering" etymologically refers to the smell of tar.
+Already the ancient Chinese and Greek Hippocrates actually published and documented the TB. Diagnosis can be based on volatile substances exuded from the patient.
+So what we did is collect some samples from the hospital and use them to train rats to see if this works. We wondered if we could achieve 89 percent sensitivity and 86 percent specificity using multiple rats. continue.
+This is how it works, really this is a general purpose technology.
+Now that we're talking about explosives and tuberculosis, can you imagine actually putting anything under them?
+So how does it work?
+I have a cassette with 10 samples.
+Cage these 10 samples at a time.
+It takes only 2/100th of a second for an animal to identify an odor, so it's very fast.
+Here it is already the third sample.
+This is a positive sample.
+It makes a clicking sound and comes to take food.
+That way, very quickly, you get something like a second line opinion to see which patients are positive and which are negative.
+For reference, a microscopist can process 40 samples per day, while a rat can only process the same amount of sample for 7 minutes.
+A cage like this -- (applause) a cage like this -- but only if you have rats. We currently have 25 tuberculosis rats. A full day's operation of such a cage can process 1,680 samples.
+Can you imagine potential applications such as environmental detection of contaminants in soil, customs filings, or detection of illegal goods in containers?
+But first, let's consider tuberculosis.
+Just to emphasize, the blue bars are microscopy scores performed in only five clinics in Dar es Salaam with a population of 500,000, of which 15,000 are reported to have been tested.
+Microscopic examination of 1,800 patients.
+Then, simply by presenting the samples to the rats again and looping back the results, they were able to increase the case detection rate by more than 30%.
+Over the last year, we have consistently improved our case detection rate at five hospitals in Dar es Salaam between 30-40 percent, depending on the interval.
+So this is really important.
+Knowing that patients missed by microscopy infect up to 15 healthy people a year, you can be confident that we have saved many lives.
+At least our hero rat has saved many lives.
+The way forward for us is to standardize this technology.
+It can be as simple as sticking a small laser into an animal's sniffing hole for five seconds.
+So let's standardize this.
+Also, to replicate this on a larger scale and impact the lives of more people, standardize pellets, bait rewards and semi-automate this.
+In conclusion, other applications are also planned.
+This is the first prototype of the camera mouse. This is a rat with a rat backpack equipped with a camera that can burrow under rubble and detect victims after an earthquake or the like.
+This is an experimental stage.
+I don't have a working system here yet.
+In conclusion, what I'm really trying to say is that you might think this is about rats and projects, but it's about humans after all.
+It is about enabling vulnerable communities to undertake difficult, expensive and dangerous humanitarian detection missions, and leveraging the abundant local resources available to do so.
+So what is quite different is that it continues to challenge our perceptions of the resources around us: environment, technology, animals and humans.
+And respectfully harmonize with them to promote a sustainable world.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+A few years ago, I found myself looking for the most cost-effective way to be stylish.
+Naturally, I ended up at a local thrift store. It was a wonderland of other people's trash that was suitable for my treasure.
+Now, I wasn't just looking for a run-of-the-mill second-hand vintage t-shirt to wear.
+For me, true style lies at the intersection of design and personality.
+So, to make the most of what I found, I bought a sewing machine so I could tailor any 90s style clothing I could find to a more modern aesthetic.
+Since then, I've been making my own clothes from scratch, so everything in my closet is my own.
+But as I sorted through the myriad shelves of clothes in these thrift stores, I began to ask myself what happened to the clothes I didn't buy.
+There are things in thrift stores that aren't super cool or trendy, but are just abandoned and decaying.
+I work wholesale in the fashion industry, and I've started seeing some of the items we sell on the shelves of these thrift stores.
+So this question started affecting my work life as well.
+I did some research and quickly found a very scary supply chain, which led me to a rather nasty reality.
+But it turns out that the clothes I was sorting at these thrift stores represent only a fraction of the total amount of clothing we throw out each year.
+In the United States, only 15 percent of the textile and clothing waste generated each year ends up in some form of donation or recycling. That means the remaining 85 percent of textile and clothing waste ends up in landfills each year.
+Now let's put this into perspective. Because I don't think 85 percent are interpreting the problem correctly.
+This means that nearly 13 million tons of clothing and textile waste end up in landfills each year in the United States alone.
+This translates to an average of about 200 T-shirts per person going to waste.
+In Canada, we throw away enough clothing to fill the largest stadium in my hometown of Toronto, a 60,000-capacity stadium, with a pile of clothing three times the size of that stadium.
+Now, with all this in mind, I think Canadians are more polite than North Americans, so don't blame me for that.
+(Laughter) What's even more surprising is that the fashion industry is the second largest polluter in the world, after the oil and gas industry.
+This is an important comparison.
+I don't mean to defend the oil and gas industry, but I would be lying if I said I was surprised to hear that the oil and gas industry is the biggest polluter.
+To be fair or not, I thought this was an industry that didn't really care about sticking to the status quo.
+Technology doesn't really change and the focus is on increasing profitability at the expense of a sustainable future.
+But I was really surprised because the fashion industry came second.
+Because maintaining the status quo is the opposite of the fashion industry philosophy.
+The unfortunate reality is that not only do we waste a lot of what we consume, we also use a lot to produce the clothes we buy every year.
+On average, households need to produce 1,000 bathtubs of water to buy clothes each year.
+1,000 bathtubs of water per household per year.
+That's a lot of water.
+The industry has always been, and probably will continue to be, at the forefront of design, producing products designed to be comfortable, designed to be trendy, and designed to be expressive. However, they are not actually designed to be sustainable or recyclable. that problem.
+But I think that could change.
+I believe that adaptability to change in the fashion industry is what is needed to achieve sustainable business practices.
+First, I think all we have to do is start designing clothes that can be recycled at the end of their lifespan.
+Well, designing recyclable clothing should definitely be left to the experts.
+But as a 24-year-old thrift store enthusiast with a sewing machine, if I had to humbly assume one point of view, it would be to approach designing clothes like building them with Lego.
+Lego blocks are very powerful yet very easy to operate.
+It is modular in nature.
+Clothing design today is rarely modular.
+Take this motorcycle jacket for example.
+A very standard jacket with buttons, zippers and trims.
+However, to efficiently recycle such jackets, it is necessary to be able to easily remove these items and quickly retrieve just the fabric.
+Once you have just the fabric, shred it back to the thread level to create new threads that become new fabrics and ultimately new clothing, such as new jackets or new t-shirts. shirt for example.
+But the complication lies in all of the additional items such as buttons, zippers and trims.
+Because in practice it is very difficult to remove these items.
+So often it takes more time or more money to disassemble such a jacket.
+In some cases, it's just more cost-effective to dispose of it than to recycle it.
+However, I think this situation could change if we design our clothes to be modular so that they can be easily taken apart at the end of their life.
+This jacket can be redesigned to have a hidden wireframe like a fish skeleton that holds all your essential items together.
+All extra items such as zippers, buttons and trims are sewn into this invisible fishbone-like structure and attached to the fabric.
+So when the life of the jacket is over, just remove the fish bones and with the fabric included, it's much quicker and easier than before.
+Well, clothing recycling is definitely one piece of the puzzle.
+But if we want to take the fashion industry's environmental impact more seriously, we need to take this to the next level and start designing clothes that are compostable at the end of their lives.
+The average lifespan of most types of clothes in our closets is about three years.
+Now, I'm sure there are a lot of people who have much older gemstones in their drawers than that, which is great.
+Because if you can extend the life of your clothes by just 9 months, you can reduce their waste and water impact by 20-30%.
+But fashion is fashion.
+That means styles are always changing, and no matter how environmentally conscious you are, you'll probably be wearing different clothes in eight seasons.
+But luckily there are some items that never go out of style.
+I'm talking about basics like socks, underwear and even pajamas.
+We are all guilty of wearing these items to our bones, and often throw old socks with holes in the trash because donating them to your local thrift store is too difficult. increase.
+But what if you could compost these items instead of throwing them in the trash?
+The environmental savings can be huge and all we need to do is shift more resources to produce more of these items using more natural fibers such as 100% organic cotton. just start doing.
+Recycling and composting are two key priorities today.
+But another thing to think about is how you dye your clothes.
+Between 10 and 20 percent of the harsh chemical dyes we use today end up in waters adjacent to production sites in developing countries.
+The difficulty is that these harsh chemicals are very effective at keeping clothes a particular color for a long period of time.
+It's these powerful chemicals that keep that bright red dress bright red for so many years.
+But what if you could use something else?
+What if everyone could use whatever they had in their cupboard at home to dye their clothes?
+What if you could use spices and herbs to dye your clothes?
+There are countless food options that can stain materials, but these stains change color over time.
+This will be very different from the heavily chemically dyed clothing we are used to.
+However, you can make your clothes more unique and eco-friendly by dyeing them naturally in this way.
+Think about it.
+Fashion today is all about individuality.
+It's all about managing your own appearance and staying unique enough to be cool.
+These days, anyone can showcase their brand in their own style to the world through social media.
+The pocket-sized billboards we flip through our Instagram feeds are chock-full of models and tastemakers who showcase their individuality through their personal microbrands.
+But what could be more personalized and more unique than clothes that change color over time?
+Every time you wash it, every time you wear it, your clothes become more and more unique.
+People have been buying and wearing ripped jeans for years.
+So this is just one example of clothing that exists in our wardrobe and evolves with life.
+For example, this shirt was so disappointing to my mom and the state of her kitchen that I dyed it with turmeric at home before coming here today.
+This shirt is the one none of my friends put on their Instagram feed.
+So it's unique, but more importantly, it's naturally dyed.
+Now, I'm not advising anyone to dye their clothes in their kitchen sink at home.
+But if this or a similar process could be applied on a commercial scale, it could easily reduce the need to rely on these harsh chemical dyes for clothing.
+The $2.4 trillion fashion industry remains highly competitive.
+Therefore, a company that can offer its products on a large scale and promise its customers that each garment will become more unique over time will have a significant competitive advantage.
+The brand has been working on customization for years.
+The rise of e-commerce services such as tailor-made suit platform Indochino and bespoke dress-making platform Tinker Tailor has made customization possible from the comfort of your couch.
+Nike and Adidas have been using online shoe customization platforms for years.
+Delivering individuality at scale is a challenge faced by most consumer-facing companies.
+Therefore, if we can tackle this issue while providing eco-friendly products, it could be a game-changer for the industry.
+And at that point, it's important not only to do what's best for the environment, but also what's best for the bottom line.
+There is no one-size-fits-all solution, and no one-step solution.
+But you can start by designing clothes with their death in mind.
+The fashion industry is perfect for experimenting and embracing change that can one day bring about the sustainable future we so desperately need.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So let's talk about the problem I'm having. It means that I am a philosopher.
+(Laughter) When I go to a party and they ask me what I do, and I say, 'I'm a professor,' their eyes roll.
+When I go to an academic cocktail party, I'm surrounded by professors and they ask me what field I'm working in, and when I say "philosophy," their eyes glisten.
+(Laughter) When I go to a philosopher's party (Laughter) and they ask me what I'm working on and I say 'consciousness', their eyes don't cloud over. Their lips curl like a grunt.
+(Laughter.) And they think, 'That's impossible! You can't explain consciousness,' so I get ridiculed and I laugh and growl.
+The stupid idea of ​​someone who thinks consciousness can be explained is out of the question.
+My late friend Bob Nozick was a great philosopher and in his book Philosophy Explained commented on the spirit of philosophy, the way philosophers work.
+And he says, "Philosophers love rational arguments."
+And he says, "The ideal argument for most philosophers seems to be one that gives the audience premises, then inferences and conclusions, and accepts the conclusions or dies.
+their heads explode. ’ The idea is to have an argument so strong that it knocks out your opponent.
+But in reality, it doesn't change people's minds at all.
+It's very hard to change people's minds about things like consciousness, but I finally understand why.
+The reason is that everyone is an expert in consciousness.
+I heard the other day that everyone has strong opinions about video games.
+Everyone has an idea for a video game, even if they're not experts.
+But they don't consider themselves video game experts. They just have strong opinions.
+If you're here working on climate change or global warming or the future of the internet, you're going to meet people who have very strong opinions about what's going to happen next.
+But they probably don't consider these opinions to be expertise.
+Those are just strong opinions.
+But when it comes to consciousness, people seem to think, and each of us seems to think, 'I'm an expert.
+I know all about this just by being conscious. "
+So when you tell them your theory, they say, "No, no, that's not how consciousness is!"
+No you are all wrong. "
+And with astonishing confidence they say:
+So what I'm going to do today is shake your confidence. Because I know the feeling – I can feel it myself.
+I want to shake your confidence that you know deep inside yourself, that you have authority over your own consciousness.
+That's the order for today.
+Well, this nice picture shows a thought bubble, a thought bubble.
+I think everyone understands what that means.
+It should indicate stream of consciousness.
+This is my favorite picture of consciousness ever drawn.
+Saul Steinberg, of course - it was on the cover of The New Yorker.
+And this man is looking at a picture of Black here.
+It reminds him of the words baroque, barrack, bark, poodle, Suzanne R. he's leaving for the race
+There's a great stream of consciousness here, and if you follow it, you'll learn a lot about this guy.
+What I especially like about this painting is that Steinberg depicts this man in this kind of stippling style.
+I remember what Rod Brooks said yesterday. What we are, each one of us, you, me is about 100 trillion tiny cellular robots.
+That's what we're made of.
+No other ingredients are included. We are made up of about 100 trillion cells.
+None of those cells are conscious. None of those cells know or care who you are.
+Somehow, we have to explain how when we put together teams, armies, battalions of hundreds of millions of tiny robot-like unconscious cells, the result is this. In fact, they are not that different from bacteria. I mean, just take a look.
+Content -- there's color, there's ideas, there's memories, there's history. And somehow the whole content of consciousness is accomplished by the hectic activity of those neuronal clusters.
+Is there such a thing? Many people think it is not possible at all.
+They think, "No, there can be no naturalistic explanation for consciousness."
+This is a lovely book written by a friend of mine named Lee Siegel. He is a professor of religion at the University of Hawaii, an expert magician, and an expert in Indian street magic. That's what this book is about. About "Net of Magic".
+And there is a passage that I would like to share with you all.
+That speaks volumes for the problem.
+"When I explain, 'I'm writing a book about magic,' people ask, 'Is it real magic?' I mean
+"No," I answer. "It's not real magic, it's a sleight of hand trick." On the other hand, real magic, magic that can actually be performed is not real magic. "
+(Laughter) Well, that's how a lot of people feel about consciousness.
+(Laughter) Real consciousness is not a set of tricks.
+If you're going to describe this as an assortment of tricks, whatever it is, it's not real consciousness.
+And as Marvin said, and as others have said, "consciousness is a bag of tricks."
+This means that when I try to explain consciousness, many people are completely dissatisfied and incredulous.
+This is the problem. So I have to do a little bit of work that many people hate for the same reason I hate seeing Magic tricks explained.
+How many of you here want to shut your ears and say, "No, no, I don't want to know!" when someone, some smart person, starts telling you how to do a particular trick?
+Don't take away the thrill. I'd rather be confused.
+Please don't tell me the answer. "
+It turns out that many people feel that way about consciousness.
+And sorry if I impose some clarity and understanding on you.
+If you don't want to know these tricks, you better leave now.
+But I'm not going to explain it all.
+I will do what philosophers do.
+How do philosophers explain the trick of cutting a woman in half?
+Do you know the trick to cut a lady in half?
+The philosopher says, "I will explain how it is done.
+You see, the magician didn't actually see the woman in half. "
+(Laughter) "He just thinks of you."
+And you say, "Yes, so how does he do that?"
+He says, "Oh, that's not my department, sorry."
+(Laughter.) So I'm going to explain how philosophers explain consciousness.
+But I also want to show you that consciousness is not as great as you think it is, that your own consciousness is not.
+By the way, this is what Lee Siegel talks about in his book.
+He marvels at how he puts on a magic show, after which people will swear they saw him do X, Y, Z. he never did that.
+He didn't even try to do that.
+People's memories expand on what they think they've seen.
+And the same is true of consciousness.
+Well, let's see if this works. have understood. Let's see this.
+Look carefully.
+I work with a young computer animator documentary writer named Nick Diemer. This is a small demo he made for me, part of a larger project that might be of interest to some of you.
+Looking for backers.
+A feature length documentary about consciousness.
+OK, now you see what's changed?
+How many of you have noticed that all these squares have different colors?
+everyone. I'll run it again and show you.
+Even if you know that everything changes color, it's hard to notice. It takes real concentration to feel any change.
+This is an example of a phenomenon that is currently being studied extensively. This is one of many phenomena.
+This is what I predicted on the last page or two of my 1991 book, Accounting for Consciousness, stating that if you do this kind of experiment, you'll find that people can't really perceive big changes. I was.
+Finally, if I have time, I'll show you a more dramatic case.
+Now, how is it possible that these changes are happening and we are unaware of them?
+Well, earlier today Jeff Hawkins mentioned how eye movement works, how your eyes move three or four times per second.
+He didn't mention speed. Your eyes are constantly moving and moving around, looking at your eyes, nose, elbows and seeing interesting things in the world.
+And where the eyes are not looking, vision is significantly reduced.
+That's because the high-resolution part, the fovea of ​​the eye, is only about the size of a thumbnail held in an outstretched arm.
+That's the detailed part.
+I don't think so, right?
+I don't think so, but it is.
+You get far less information than you think.
+You get a completely different effect here. This is a painting of Bellot.
+Located in a museum in North Carolina.
+Bellotto was Canaletto's pupil.
+And I love paintings like that - this painting is actually about as big as it is here.
+And I love Canaletto. Because Canaletto has such great detail that you can immediately stand up and see every detail of the painting.
+And I started heading across the hall in North Carolina. Because I thought it was probably Canaletto and I would know all about it in detail.
+Then I noticed that there were a lot of people on the bridge there. You can barely see people walking across the bridge.
+And I thought the closer I got, the more I could see most people's details, clothing, etc.
+And as I got closer and closer, I really screamed.
+As I got closer, I realized that there was absolutely no detail, so I cried out.
+It was just small blobs of paint artfully placed.
+And as I walked toward the picture, I expected details that weren't there.
+The artist suggested figures, clothes, wagons, and everything else so cleverly, and my brain accepted the suggestions.
+You are familiar with more modern technology. That's what you can see the blob better.
+If you look closer, they are just blobs of paint.
+You've seen something like this before. This has the opposite effect.
+I'll give it to you just one more time.
+So what does your brain do when it receives that suggestion?
+When an artist's artful blob of paint suggests someone, say, one of Marvin Minsky's tiny mental societies, they'll have a little painter to bury all the details somewhere in your brain. Are you going to dispatch them?
+i don't think so. Not a chance. But how on earth is that done?
+Now, remember the philosopher's description of this woman?
+It's the same thing.
+The brain just tricks you into thinking the details are there.
+You would think there would be details, but there really aren't.
+In fact, the brain doesn't keep the details in mind at all.
+It just makes you expect details.
+Let's do this experiment quickly.
+Is the shape on the left the same as the shape on the right rotated?
+yes.
+How many of you have rotated the left one in your mind's eye to see if it matches the right one?
+How many people have rotated the one on the right? OK.
+How do you know that's what you did?
+(Laughter) There's actually been a very interesting debate going on in cognitive science for over 20 years. Various experiments started by Roger Shepherd who measured the angular velocity of rotation of mental images.
+Yes it is possible.
+However, the details of the process are still highly controversial.
+And when you read the literature, one thing you really have to accept is that even if you were the subject of an experiment, you wouldn't know.
+I don't know how to do it.
+You just know that you hold certain beliefs.
+And they come in a certain order and at a certain time.
+And what explains the fact that you think so?
+Well, you have to go backstage and ask the magician there.
+These are my favorite figures, Bradley, Petrie and Dume.
+You might think I'm fooling around, I put a little more white than white border there.
+How many of you have seen such a boundary with a Necker cube floating in front of a circle?
+can you see it?
+Well, in a way, the boundaries are really there.
+Your brain is actually calculating that boundary, the boundary to get there.
+But notice here that there are two ways to look at the cube.
+It's a necker cube.
+Can anyone see the two views of the cube? OK.
+Can you see the four views of the cube?
+Because there is another point of view.
+If you see it as a cube floating in front of some circles and some black circles, there is another way of looking at it.
+Appears as a cube on a black background as seen through Swiss cheese.
+(laughs) Do you understand? How many people don't get it? It helps.
+(Laughter) Now you can get it. These are two completely different phenomena.
+If you look at the cube unilaterally from behind the screen, those boundaries disappear.
+But as you can see there is still some kind of redemption.
+It's fine to see the cube, but where does the color change?
+Does your brain need to send a little painter there?
+The purple painter and the green painter are fighting over who will paint the part behind the curtain. no.
+Your brain just lets it go. The brain does not need to fill it.
+When I first started talking about the Bradley, Petrie, and Dumet example you saw earlier, I said, going back to this example, there was no redemption there.
+And I thought it was just a flat truth and always true.
+But Rob Van Leer recently showed otherwise.
+Now, if you think you see a pale yellow, try doing this a few more times.
+Look at the gray areas and see if something like a shadow appears to be moving there. Yes, it's amazing. there is nothing there. It's not a trick.
+["Scene change detection fails" slide] This is the work of Ron Rensink, and was partly inspired by his suggestions at the end of the book.
+If possible, let me stop this story for a moment.
+This is change blindness.
+You'll see two pictures, one slightly different from the other.
+Here you can see a red roof and a gray roof, but in between there's a mask that's just a blank screen for a quarter of a second or so.
+You will see the first photo, then the mask, then the second photo, then the mask.
+And this will continue, so your job as a subject is to push the button when you see change.
+Therefore, display the original image for 240 ms. empty field.
+Display the next image for 240 milliseconds. empty field.
+Continue until the subject presses a button and says, "I see a change."
+So now we are the subjects of the experiment.
+Let's start easy. some examples.
+No problem there.
+Can everyone see it too? have understood.
+In fact, Rensink subjects took just over a second to press the button.
+can you see that?
+2.9 seconds.
+How many people haven't seen it yet?
+What's on that barn roof?
+(laughs) It's easy.
+Is it a bridge or a wharf?
+There are some other really dramatic things, but I'll stop there.
+I would like to show you some of the things that left a particularly strong impression on me.
+This is because it is very large and quite difficult to see.
+can you see it?
+Audience: Yes.
+Dan Dennett: Can you see the shadows going back and forth? It's pretty big.
+So 15.5 seconds is the average time for subjects in his experiments.
+i love this It's pretty obvious and important, so I'll stop here.
+How many people haven't seen it yet? How many people haven't seen it yet?
+How many engines are there in that Boeing wing?
+(laughs) Right in the middle of the picture!
+Thank you for your attention.
+What I wanted to show you is that scientists can use external, third-party methods to tell you things about your own consciousness that you never dreamed possible. , and the fact is that you are not an authority. Based on your own consciousness that you think so.
+And we have made considerable progress in devising a theory of mind.
+Jeff Hawkins was describing theory this morning, and his attempt to bring good big theory to neuroscience.
+and he is right. This is a problem.
+Once at Harvard Medical School, I was attending a lecture, and the head of the lab said, "We have a saying in our lab.
+If you work on a single neuron, it's neuroscience.
+If you work on two neurons, it's psychology. "
+(Laughter) We have to have more theories, which can come up any number of times from the top down.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+The restaurant and food industry is the most wasteful industry in the world.
+For every calorie of food we consume here in the UK today, 10 calories are consumed to manufacture it.
+It's a lot.
+I would like to speak quite modestly.
+I found this at the farmer's market today, and if anyone wants to take it home and squash it later, they're welcome.
+Sober potatoes, I've spent 25 long years preparing these.
+And it goes through almost eight different forms during its lifetime.
+First, you plant, which takes energy.
+It grows and is nurtured.
+It is then harvested.
+Then it's distributed, and distribution is a big problem.
+It's sold, bought, and delivered to me.
+Basically I take it, prepare it, and then people consume it. I hope you enjoy it.
+The last stage is basically wasteful and this is where almost everyone ignores it.
+There are various types of waste.
+It is a waste of time. There is a waste of space. There is a waste of energy. And waste is waste.
+In every business I've worked in over the last five years, I've tried to bring these factors down one by one.
+Now ask what a sustainable restaurant looks like.
+Basically the same as any other restaurant.
+This is the restaurant "Acorn House".
+front and back.
+Now let's get into some ideas.
+Floors: sustainable and recyclable.
+Chair: Recycled and recyclable.
+Table: Forestry Commission.
+This is the timber of the Norwegian Forestry Commission.
+This bench was uncomfortable for my mother, but she didn't like to sit on it, so she bought me some cushions at a local junk sale. It did a very good job of reusing.
+I hate waste, especially walls.
+If it doesn't work, put a shelf over it. I did so. That way all customers will see my products.
+The entire business runs on sustainable energy.
+It is powered by wind power. All lights are daylight.
+All paints are made up of small amounts of chemicals, which is very important if you work indoors all the time.
+I've been experimenting with these -- I don't know if you can see -- they have a working surface.
+And it's a plastic polymer.
+And I thought I was trying to think about nature, nature, nature.
+But I thought, no, let's experiment with resins and experiment with polymers.
+Will they outlive me? Perhaps so.
+That's right, this is a refurbished coffee machine.
+In fact, it looks better and looks better than new.
+Reuse is now essential.
+And we filter our water.
+Put them in a bottle, refrigerate, and reuse the bottle again and again.
+Here's a nice little example.
+You can see this orange tree, but it actually grows inside a car tire, sewn inside out.
+It's got my compost in it and it's growing orange trees, which is great.
+This is the kitchen in the same room.
+Basically we created a menu where people can choose how much and how much they want to eat.
+Instead of me putting the plates down, they were allowed to eat as much as they wanted.
+Well, it's a small kitchen. It's about 5 square meters.
+220 people use it per day.
+We produce quite a lot of waste.
+This is the waste disposal room.
+Waste cannot be eliminated.
+But this story is about minimizing it, not eliminating it.
+Here are the inevitable produce and crates.
+I put my food waste in this dewatering macerator. The food turns into an inner material that can be stored and later composted.
+I am making compost in this garden.
+All the soil you see there is basically my restaurant-generated food, growing in these tubs made from storm-cut trees, wine barrels, and whatever else.
+3 compost bins - treats about 70kg of raw vegetable waste per week - very good and gives great compost.
+There are some warmly there too.
+And in fact one of the worms was a big worm. There were many insects.
+And I took the dried food waste and put it on the worm and said, "Come on, dinner."
+It was like vegetable jerky and killed them all.
+I don't know how many bugs were there, but I say I have heavy karma coming my way.
+(Laughter) What you're looking at here is a water filtration system.
+This is going to take water from the restaurant and run it down these stone beds and put mint in there. And I use it to water the garden.
+And eventually I want to recycle it and put it back in the toilet or wash my hands with it. don't understand.
+Water is therefore a very important element.
+I started pondering it and created a restaurant called The Waterhouse.
+It would be great if we could turn Waterhouse into a decarbonized restaurant that doesn't consume any gas from the start.
+I managed.
+This restaurant is a bit like Acorn House. Same chair, same table.
+These are all in English and a little more sustainable.
+But this is an electric restaurant.
+The restaurant and kitchen are all electric.
+And because it runs on hydroelectric power, it moved from the sky to the water.
+Now it is important to understand that this room is cooled by water, heated by water, filters its own water, and is powered by water.
+It's literally a waterhouse.
+Internal Air Handling System -- I've done away with the A/C because I thought it was consuming too much.
+It's basically air handling.
+The temperature of the canal is tapped outside, pumped through a heat exchange mechanism, rotated through a magnificent sail on the roof, and the heat gently falls on the people in the restaurant, cooling or heating. use them as needed.
+This is an English willow air diffuser that gently moves airflow around the room.
+Very advanced and no air conditioning. I like it very much.
+Hundreds of meters of coiled pipe run through the canal just outside the restaurant.
+This takes the temperature of the canal and converts this temperature to a 4 degree heat exchange.
+I don't know how it works, but I paid a lot of money to buy it.
+(Laughter.) And the cool thing is that one of the chefs who works at that restaurant lives on this boat. This boat has no electricity. It all generates its own power.
+He grows the fruit all by himself, which is great.
+The names of these restaurants are no coincidence.
+Acorn house is a wooden element. Waterhouse is the element of water. And I plan to create 5 restaurants based on 5 specialties of Chinese Medicine Acupuncture.
+We have water and wood. It's about to start a fire.
+Metal and earth come.
+So you have to be careful with your space for that.
+have understood. This is my next project.
+My baby is 5 weeks old and is in a lot of pain.
+people's supermarket.
+So basically, the restaurant only really attacked people who believed what I was doing anyway.
+All I had to do was get food to a wider audience.
+So it could be people, maybe more working class people, or people who actually believe in cooperatives.
+This is a social enterprise, a non-profit cooperative supermarket.
+It's really about the social disconnect between food, urban communities and the relationship with local producers: the London community and the local producers.
+Really important.
+That's why I am devoted to potatoes. I stick to milk. I'm leaning towards leeks and broccoli, all of which are very important.
+I kept the tiles. I kept the floor. I kept trunking. I have a few recycled refrigerators. I have some recycled cash registers. I have a few recycled carts.
+So everything is very sustainable.
+In fact, I strive to make this the most sustainable supermarket in the world.
+That's zero food loss.
+And no one has done it yet.
+In fact, if you're watching Sainsbury's, go. Try on.
+I will get there before you.
+In other words, nature does not produce waste, nor does it produce waste itself.
+Everything in nature is exhausted in a closed, continuous cycle, and waste becomes the end of the beginning. It's something I've been growing up with for a while, and it's an important word to understand.
+If we don't stand up and make changes and think about sustainable food and its sustainable nature, we may fail.
+But I wanted to stand up and show that we can do it if we are more responsible.
+Environmentally friendly business is possible.
+they came You can see that I've done three so far. There are still some left.
+This idea is in its early stages.
+I think that's important.
+Reduce, reuse, dispose, and recycle, and I think recycling will be the last point I want to make. But that's 4 R's instead of 3 R's. Then I think we can move forward.
+So these three are not perfect, just an idea.
+I'm sure there will be many more problems to come, but with your help, I think you can solve them.
+And everyone is welcome to join us.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+I'm not sure if I really want to see snare drums around 9 in the morning.
+(Laughter) But anyway, it's just amazing to see a theater with such a capacity. I really have to thank Herbie Hancock and his colleagues for such a wonderful presentation.
+(Applause.) Of course, one of the interesting things is the combination of his raw hands with instruments and technology and what he said about listening to our young people.
+Of course, my job is to listen.
+And my goal, really, is to teach the world to listen.
+That is my only real purpose in life.
+It sounds so easy, but it's actually a huge undertaking.
+Because, you know, when you look at a piece of music, say, if I open my little bike bag, I hope there's a piece of music here full of little black dots on the page.
+And, you know, open it...
+Technically, you can actually read this.
+Follow instructions, tempo markings and dynamics.
+I will do as I am told.
+So, given the short amount of time, it's pretty easy if you literally just acted out the first two lines or so. There is nothing difficult about this work.
+But the music is said to be very fast here.
+You are instructed where to hit the drum.
+You will be instructed which part of the stick to use.
+And I am told that dynamic.
+And it is said that there is no snare on the drum.
+Snare on, snare off.
+So translating this song gives us the following idea:
+(drum sound) (end of drum sound) etc.
+(Laughs) But what I have to do as a musician is to do everything that the music doesn't say. All that you don't have time to learn from your teacher, and even less time to speak from your teacher.
+But it's actually quite interesting to notice when you don't actually have the instrument, and it makes you want to explore through this little, little surface of the drum.
+There we experience translation.
+(Drums sound) (Drums end) (Applause) My career might last a little longer.
+(Laughter.) But in a way, it's like when I look at you, there's a nice, bright young woman in a pink top.
+It looks like you're hugging a teddy bear or something.
+So I can get a basic idea of ​​what you are about, what you like, what you do as a profession, etc.
+However, this is just the first idea that I had, and it's what everyone gets when they see it and try to interpret it.
+But it's actually incredibly shallow.
+Similarly, I watch music. I get the basic idea. What would be technically difficult, or what would I like to do?
+It just feels basic.
+But that's not enough.
+And I think what Harvey said: listen, listen.
+First of all, we must listen to ourselves.
+For example, if you're playing with sticks, literally not letting go of the sticks (the sound of the drums), you'll get quite a bit of jolt through your arms.
+And you feel, believe it or not, completely disconnected from the instrument and from the sticks, even though you actually have a pretty firm grip on the sticks.
+(Sound of drums) If you squeeze it tightly, it will strangely release your feelings.
+If you just let go and use your hands and arms as a support system, suddenly -- (drum sounds) you have less effort and a more dynamic sound.
+And then—(drum sounds) And finally, it feels like the sticks and the drums are one.
+And I do much less.
+So I need time with people to interpret them, just as I need time to work with this instrument.
+We don't just translate, we interpret.
+For example, let's say I play just a few bars of a song where I consider myself a technician, basically a percussionist. (Marimba sound) (End of marimba sound) If you think of yourself as a musician -- (Marimba sound) (End of marimba sound) and so on.
+There's a difference there worth thinking about -- (applause).
+And when I was 12, when I started playing timpani and percussion, my teacher said, "So how do you do this? Music is about listening." I remember.
+So I said, "Yes, I think so. So what's the problem?"
+And he said, "So how are you going to hear this?
+how are you going to hear that? "
+And I said, "So how does it sound?"
+He said, "Well, I think I can hear it from here."
+And I said, "Well, I think so too, but I also hear sounds from my hands, arms, cheekbones, scalp, stomach, chest, legs, etc."
+So we started lessons every time we tuned our drums, especially kettledrums and timpani, to very narrow pitch intervals. So it's like the difference (of marimba sounds).
+Then gradually: (marimba sound) And gradually: (marimba sound) And amazingly, when you actually open your body and open your hands to vibrate, you can actually see a very small difference. -- (The sound of the marimba can be felt with the thinnest part of the finger.
+So what we do is put our hands on the walls of the music room and together we "listen" to the instruments and try to actually connect with a much wider range of sounds. It is. It simply depends on your ears.
+Because, of course, the ears are subject to all kinds of influences.
+The room I happen to be in, the amp, the quality of the instruments, the type of sticks, (the sound of the marimba) (the end of the sound of the marimba), etc. are all different.
+(Marimba sound) (End of marimba sound) Even though the weight is the same, the color of the sound is different.
+And that's basically who we are. We are just human beings, but we all have our own little tints of sound, so to speak, that make up these extraordinary personalities, characters, interests and things.
+And as I grew up, I auditioned for the Royal Academy of Music in London, and they said, 'Well, no, we won't accept you, because we're talking about the future of music. "Because I don't have a clue about the so-called 'deaf musician'" and I couldn't quite accept it.
+So I said to them, "Look, if you refuse -- if you refuse me for that reason, as opposed to your ability to play, or your ability to understand and love the art of producing sound, , we must." Think very seriously about who you actually accept. "
+As a result, I overcame the slight hurdle of two auditions and passed.
+And more than that, what happened was that the whole role of music organizations across the UK changed.
+Under no circumstances was my application rejected because I had no arms or legs. You can probably play a wind instrument if it's supported by a stand.
+There were no circumstances at all that would have led to denial of entry.
+All entries had to be heard and experienced, and then based on musical ability, a decision was made whether the person would enter or not.
+So this, in turn, has meant that these various musical institutions have attracted a very interesting group of students, many of whom are now in professional orchestras around the world. yeah.
+But what's also interesting about this is -- (applause) very simply, people aren't just connected to sound, which is basically all of us -- music is actually our everyday medicine. We know very well that it is
+When I say "music", I really mean "sound".
+Because some of the extraordinary events I've experienced as a musician are when there may be 15-year-olds facing incredible hardships. They may not be able to control their movements, the person may be deaf, they may be blind, etc. -- suddenly the young lad is near the instrument. If you were to sit down, maybe lay under the marimba, and play something incredibly organ-like, most -- I really don't think you would probably have the right sticks -- but something like this -- let me change -- (soft marimba sound) (soft marimba sound end) Incredibly simple -- but he's going through something I don't, I'm the sound Because I'm on top of
+Sound is coming over here.
+He will emit sound through the resonator.
+If there were no resonators here, it would be: (the sound of the marimba) So he had a rich sound that those in the front few rows and those in the back would not be able to experience. you would have , again.
+Each of us will experience this sound in a completely different way depending on where we are sitting.
+Of course, as a participant in the sound, in other words, starting from what kind of sound I want to make, for example, this sound: (no sound) Can you hear anything?
+Exactly--because you haven't even touched it.
+(Laughter.) Still, we have a sense that something is happening.
+Just like when you see a tree move, you imagine it rustling.
+Do you understand what I mean?
+Whatever you see, there will always be sound.
+So you can always, always pull from a huge, kaleidoscopic kind of thing.
+In other words, all my performances are based entirely on my experience, learning a piece of music, wearing someone else's interpretation, and listening to every possible CD of that particular piece of music. Not by buying or buying. It doesn't give me enough raw, basic, and full experience of the journey.
+So in certain holes this dynamic might work well.
+(Marimba's soft sound) (Marimba's soft sound ends) Maybe I can't experience such a thing at other halls, so my level of soft and gentle performance is -- (marimba) sound) (marimba) sound ends) Do you understand what I mean?
+Thus, the explosion of access to sound, particularly through the deaf community, has only influenced the way music institutions and schools for the deaf treat sound more than just as a therapeutic tool. not. Musical attendees, that's definitely true, but it means sound engineers need to think seriously about what type of hall to put together.
+Suffice it to say, there are very few halls in the world that actually have very good acoustics.
+But what I want to say is that absolutely anything you can imagine can come true.
+The smallest, softest, softest sound for something so wide, huge and incredible.
+There is always something It may sound good over there, and it may not sound so good over there. It may be great there, but it's terrible there. It might be bad there, but it's not so bad there, and so on.
+So finding a real hole is incredible. There, you can play exactly as you envision it, without any visual enhancements.
+So the sound engineer is actually conversing with the deaf person as a sound participant.
+And this is very interesting.
+I can't give you the details of what's really going on in these halls, just the fact that they go to the group of people we've been talking about for years. Do they experience music? They are deaf. "
+We go on like that and imagine what hearing loss is like.
+Or we become so and imagine it is blind.
+When we see someone in a wheelchair, we think he or she cannot walk.
+You might be able to walk 3, 4, 5 steps.
+A year from now, there may be two more steps.
+After another year, three more steps will be required.
+These are very important aspects to consider.
+So when we listen to each other, it's incredibly important to really test our listening skills and really use our bodies as a resonance chamber to stop judging.
+As a musician who works with 99 percent of new music, it's very easy for me to say, "Oh, I like that song. No, I don't like that song."
+And we found that we needed to deliver those music in real time.
+Maybe I don't have a great chemistry with that particular piece of music, but that doesn't mean I have the right to say it's bad.
+One of the great things about being a musician is that it's incredibly fluid.
+So there are no rules, no right or wrong, this way, that way, etc.
+If you ask them to clap, maybe they can.
+If I could say, "Clap your hands and make the sound of thunder."
+I think everyone has experienced thunder.
+I'm not just talking about sound here. So really listen to the thunder within yourself.
+Then create it with applause.
+(loud applause) (end of applause) Snow.
+(sound of light applause) Have you ever heard of snow?
+Audience: No.
+(laughs) Try again. Try again: snow.
+(no sound) Look, I'm awake.
+rain.
+But what's interesting here is that I asked a group of children exactly the same question not long ago.
+Well, thank you for your wonderful imagination.
+But no one got up from their seats and thought, "Yes! How am I supposed to clap?"
+OK, maybe: (sound of applause) Maybe we can use jewelry to create additional sounds.
+Other parts of the body may be used to create additional sounds. "
+No one thought to clap in a slightly different way than sitting in a seat and using both hands.
+Likewise, when we listen to music, we think it's all sourced from here.
+This is how we experience music.
+We experience thunder, thunder, thunder.
+Listen, listen, listen.
+I remember when I started my first lesson, my teacher was ready with his stick and he was ready to go.
+And instead of him saying, 'Okay, Evelyn, please, spread your legs a little bit, put your arms at an almost 90 degree angle, almost a V shape, keep this much space here. "
+Straighten your back, etc. etc. etc.”—I was probably completely stiff and stiff, thinking too much about other things to be able to hit the drums. , "Evelyn, take this drum away for seven days, and I'll see you next week," he said.
+So heaven! what should i have done?
+I didn't need the stick anymore.
+I wasn't allowed to have these sticks.
+I basically have to look at this particular drum and see how it's made, what those little lugs do, what the snare does. bottom.
+I flipped it over and experimented with the shell.
+(Sound of drums) I experimented with my body.
+I experimented with all sorts of things.
+(Drums sound) (Drums sound ends) And of course I came back with all sorts of bruises.
+(Laughter) But nonetheless, it was such an incredible experience. Because where in music do you experience that?
+Where in the study book do we experience it?
+So we never dealt with actual study books.
+For example, one of the things you learn when working as a percussionist rather than a musician is basically a simple single-stroke roll.
+(Drum sound) Then a little faster, (Drum sound) a little faster, (Drum sound) a little faster, and so on.
+single stroke roll.
+And that's exactly what he did.
+And interestingly, as I got older, all that stuff went out the window when I became a full-time student in a so-called "music school."
+We had to study with study books.
+And there's always the question, "Oh, why? Why? What does this have to do with anything?"
+I need to play music. "
+"So how? Why should I learn it?"
+You know, I have to say something.
+Why am I practicing paradiddle?
+(Drum sounds) Literally for controls, for handstick controls?
+I need a reason and that reason must be to say something through music. "
+And with music, basically saying something through sound, we can reach all kinds of people with all kinds of messages.
+But I don't want to be responsible for your emotional baggage.
+When you walk down the hall, it's up to you. It determines what and how we hear certain things.
+Certain music may make me feel sad, happy, uplifted, or angry, but I don't necessarily want you to feel the same.
+So the next time you go to a concert, just open up your body and let your body be this resonance chamber.
+Please note that you may not have the same experience as the performers.
+The performer is in the worst possible position for the actual sound. This is because we hear the contact sounds of sticks and drums (drum sounds), wooden pieces and mallets, strings and bows, and so on. ., or the breath that produces sound from a tube or brass.
+They are experiencing the rawness there.
+But still they are experiencing something incredibly pure before the sound actually happens.
+Pay attention to the life of the sound after the actual first hit, or breath.
+Experience that entire sonic journey the same way you wanted to experience the entire journey of this conference, not just arriving last night.
+But as the day progresses, I'd like to share perhaps a thing or two.
+But thank you so much for having me!
+(Applause) (End of applause) (Music) (End of music) (Applause)
+Being from Iceland certainly made it a lot easier. A few years ago people knew very little about us, so I basically came out here and had nothing but good things to say about us.
+But in the last few years we've gained notoriety for a few things.
+First and foremost, of course, is the economic collapse.
+In fact, the situation has gotten so bad that someone has put our country up for sale on eBay.
+(Laughter) 99 pence was the starting price and there was no reserve.
+And then there was the volcano that interrupted the travel plans of you and many of your friends, including President Obama.
+By the way, the pronunciation is "Eyjafja Trajökull".
+None of your media got it right.
+(Laughter) But I'm not here to share stories about exactly those two things.
+I am here to talk about Audua Capital. Audua Capital is a financial company founded by me and Christine (pictured) in the spring of 2007, just one year before the economic collapse.
+Why did two women who enjoyed successful careers in investment banking in the corporate sector leave to start a financial services firm?
+Well, suffice it to say that I was a little overwhelmed with testosterone.
+And I am not here to say that men are to blame for this crisis and what happened in my country.
+But I can say with certainty that in my country, much like Wall Street, the City of London, etc., it is men who are leading the game in the financial sector, and that kind of diversity and sameness. The lack is causing dire problems. .
+(Applause.) So while we were a little fed up with the world, and with a strong feeling that the situation was not sustainable, we decided to start a I decided to incorporate these values ​​into my company. financial world.
+A lot of people in Iceland frowned.
+Until then we were not known as typical Icelandic 'women'.
+I mean, out of the closet to really talk about the fact that we're women, and that we believe we have more sustainable values ​​and ways of doing business than what we've been through. It was like it came out.
+And we brought in an amazing group of people with great skills and beliefs, and investors with visions and values ​​that aligned with ours.
+And together, we were able to weather the Icelandic financial storm without any direct loss to our stock or our clients' funds.
+And for that I want to thank the talented people at our company most of all, but there is also an element of luck and timing, but I am absolutely convinced that we did this for our values. I'm here.
+So let us share our values ​​with you.
+We believe in risk awareness.
+what do you mean?
+We believe that you should always understand the risks you are taking and will not invest in anything you do not understand.
+It's not complicated.
+But in 2007, during the heyday of subprime and all manner of complex financial structures, it was the exact opposite of the reckless risk-taking behavior seen in markets.
+Also, we should speak frankly, tell the truth, use simple language that people can understand, communicate not only the potential good but also the bad, and even our shortcomings. , believes in delivering even bad news that no one wants to tell. Belief in the sustainability of Iceland's financial sector was already believed months before the collapse hit us.
+We also work in finance, where Excel matters, but we believe in emotional capital.
+And we believe that doing emotional due diligence is just as important as doing financial due diligence.
+In fact, people make and lose money, not Excel spreadsheets.
+(Applause.) Last but not least, we believe in principled benefit.
+We care about how we make money.
+So we want to bring financial benefits for ourselves and our customers, but we're going to do that with a long-term view, and not just the financial benefits for the next quarter, but the broader sense. We want to define profit in
+Therefore, when investing, we want to see positive social and environmental benefits in addition to profits.
+But while we believe values ​​matter, it wasn't just about values.
+It was also a business opportunity.
+Women's trends and sustainability trends will create some of the most interesting investment opportunities in the coming years.
+The whole women's trend isn't that women are better than men. It's really about women bringing different values ​​and different ways to the table than men.
+So what do you get? Better decision-making and less collective action, both of which are very good for the bottom line.
+But given the collapse of this financial sector in Iceland, one has to wonder. By the way, many will say that Europe is in a very bad situation right now, and that you in America are facing even more difficulties as well. .
+Now that everything is happening and the data is out there that diversity is much better in the decision-making arena, will business and finance change?
+Will the government change?
+Now let me be honest with you about this.
+Some days I believe, and some days I am full of doubts.
+Have you seen the incredible urge to rebuild what has failed us?
+(Applause.) Einstein said that this is the definition of insanity: doing the same thing over and over again expecting different results.
+So I think the world is crazy. Because too often we repeat the same thing over and over again, hoping that this time it doesn't fall apart.
+I would love to see more revolutionary thinking and I remain hopeful.
+Like TED, I believe in people.
+And I also know that consumers are becoming more conscious and will vote with their wallets, and that if we don't change it from the inside, we will be changing aspects of business and finance from the outside. I'm here.
+But I'm more of a revolutionary, and I should be. I am from Iceland.
+We have a long history of strong, courageous and independent women, dating back to the days of the Vikings.
+And I want to tell you that the first time I realized the importance of women to the economy and society was on October 24, 1975, when I was seven years old, which happened to be my mother's birthday. .
+Icelandic women took a vacation.
+I took time off from work and home, but nothing went well in Iceland.
+(Laughter) They marched into the center of Reykjavík and put women's issues on their agenda.
+And some say this was the beginning of a global movement.
+It was the beginning of a long journey for me, but I decided that day was important.
+Five years later, Iceland elected Vigdis Finnbogadottir as president. First female head of state, single mother, breast cancer survivor and unilateral mastectomy.
+And in one of her campaigns, she had one of the male candidates hint at the fact that she couldn't be president -- she was a woman, and half a woman.
+She won the election that night because she came back – not just because of his shit I'm not going to breastfeed, I'm going to coach 'that. "
+(Applause.) I have an incredible number of female role models who have influenced who I am and where I am today.
+But nonetheless, I spent the first ten or fifteen years of my career mostly in denial of being a woman.
+When I started working for American companies, I was absolutely convinced that it was the individual that mattered and that women and men would be given equal opportunities.
+However, recently I have come to the conclusion that this is not the case.
+We are not the same, and that's great. Because of our differences, we create and sustain life.
+Therefore, we should embrace our differences and aim for challenges.
+Lastly, I want to tell you that I'm tired of this tyranny of choosing between men and women in life.
+We need to start embracing the beauty of balance.
+So let's get away from thinking about business here and charity there and start thinking about doing good business.
+That's how we change the world. It is the only sustainable future.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I grew up in New York City between Harlem and the Bronx.
+Growing up as boys, we were taught that men should be tough, strong, courageous and dominant. No pain, no emotion, except anger, absolutely no fear. Men being responsible means women are not responsible. Men lead, so you just have to follow and do what we say. that men are superior. women are inferior. that men are strong. Women are weak. Women are the property of men and have low value as objects, especially sexual objects.
+Later I learned that it was a collective socialization of men known as "manboxes".
+See this man box contains all the elements that define what it means to be a man for us.
+Now, I would also like to say that there are definitely some wonderful, wonderful, absolutely wonderful things about being a man.
+But at the same time, there are some that are downright perverse, and we really need to challenge, look at it, and really get into the process of deconstructing and redefining what we know as masculinity.
+This is my two people at home, Kendall and Jay.
+They are 11 and 12 years old.
+Kendall is 15 months older than Jay.
+There was a time when my wife—her name was Tammy—and I were really busy and making a fuss like Kendall and Jay.
+(Laughter.) And when they were five and six, four and five, Jay could come to me crying.
+It didn't matter what she was crying about, she would get on my lap or sniff my sleeve and just cry and yell.
+Daddy caught you That's all that matters.
+Kendall, on the other hand - as I said earlier, he's only 15 months older than her - he came to me crying, and as soon as he heard him cry, the clock would ring. It was a feeling.
+I give the boy maybe 30 seconds. I mean, by the time he came to me, I had already started saying things like, "Why are you crying?"
+Keep your hands up. look at me.
+Please explain what is the problem.
+Please tell me what is wrong. I don't understand what you are saying.
+why are you crying "
+And out of my own frustration with these guidelines that define this manbox and my role and responsibility in raising him as a man to fit these structures, I find myself doing the following: I noticed you were saying, "Go to your room."
+Now continue in your room.
+Sit down, pick yourself up, and come back when you can talk to me. "what?"
+(Audience: men) Like men.
+And he is 5 years old.
+And as my life grew, I said to myself, "God, what am I doing wrong?
+what am i doing why am i doing this? "
+And I will try to think back.
+It reminds me of my father.
+There have been times in my life when our family went through some very difficult times.
+My brother Henry, he died tragically when we were teenagers.
+As I said earlier, we lived in New York City.
+We lived in the Bronx at the time, but the burial took place about two hours outside of the city in a place called Long Island.
+And as we were getting ready to return from the burial, the car stopped at the restroom so people could take care of themselves before the long drive back to the city.
+And the limousine is empty.
+My mother, my sister and my aunt all got off, but my father and I remained in the limousine, and as soon as the women got out, my father started crying.
+He didn't want to cry in front of me, but he knew he couldn't go back to town, so it was better than expressing these feelings and emotions in front of women.
+And this man just buried his teenage son in the ground 10 minutes ago - I can't even imagine.
+What impressed me the most was that he apologized for crying in front of me and at the same time gave me a prop to hold me up so that I wouldn't cry.
+I've also come to think of this as just this fear that we have as men, this fear that paralyzes us and holds us hostage to this manbox.
+I remember talking to a 12-year-old boy who was a soccer player. "How would you feel if a coach told you, 'You play like a girl' in front of all the players?" "
+Well, I expected him to say something like: I would be angry Get angry or something.
+No, the boy said to me--the boy said to me, "It will destroy me."
+And I said to myself, "God, if being called a girl ruins him, what are we teaching him about girls?"
+(Applause) I went back to when I was about 12 years old.
+I grew up in a tenement house in the city center.
+Now we live in the Bronx and there was a guy named Johnny in the building next to the house where I lived.
+He was about 16 and we were all about 12, young guys.
+And he was dating all of us young guys.
+And this man has done a lot of bad things.
+He was the kind of kid whose parents wondered, "What is this 16-year-old boy doing with 12-year-old boys?"
+And he wasted so much time on nothing.
+He was a troubled child.
+His mother had died of a heroin overdose.
+He was raised by his grandmother.
+His father was not on set.
+His grandmother had two jobs.
+He was often alone at home.
+But I must say, we young people respected this man.
+he was cool he was fine
+The sisters said, "He was fine."
+he was having sex
+We all respected him.
+So one day I was doing something in front of my house - just playing, doing something - I don't know what I was doing.
+he looks out the window. He calls me upstairs. He said, "Hi Anthony."
+When I was a kid they called me Anthony.
+"Hey Anthony, come upstairs."
+If Johnny calls you, please go.
+So I run straight upstairs.
+He opened the door and said to me, "Would you like something to eat?"
+Now I immediately understood what he meant.
+Because for me, growing up at the time, and my relationship with this manbox, it was, "Do you want something to eat?" It meant either sex or drugs, but we weren't doing drugs.
+Well my box, card and man box card were instantly compromised.
+Two things: one, I've never had sex.
+We as men don't talk about it.
+Only tell your best friend, whom you have sworn to secrecy for the rest of your life, about the first time you had sex.
+To everyone else, it feels like we've been having sex since we were two years old.
+It's not the first time.
+(Laughter.) The other thing I couldn't tell him is that I didn't want anything.
+It's even worse. We should be on the prowl all the time.
+Women are objects, especially sexual objects.
+Anyway, so I couldn't tell him anything about it.
+So, as my mother used to say, in short, I just said yes to Johnny.
+He told me to go to my room.
+i go to his room In his bed is a neighborhood girl named Sheila.
+she is 16 years old.
+she is naked
+All I know today is that she is mentally ill and sometimes higher functioning than others.
+We chose many inappropriate names for her.
+Anyway, Johnny had just gotten over having sex with her.
+In fact, he raped her, but would say he had sex with her.
+Because Sheila never said "no", but she never said "yes" either.
+So he offered me the opportunity to do the same.
+So close the door when you enter the room.
+Ladies and gentlemen, I am appalled.
+I stand with my back to the door so Johnny can't break into the room and see me doing nothing. It stood there for so long that I could have actually done something.
+So now I'm no longer trying to figure out what I'm trying to do. I'm trying to figure out how to get out of this room.
+So, with the wisdom of my twelve years, I unzipped my pants, walked out into the room, and lo and behold, while I was in the room with Sheila, Johnny was back in the window calling people out. bottom.
+So now the living room is full of men.
+It was like a hospital waiting room.
+And they asked how it was, so I said to them, "Good," zipped up my pants in front of them, and headed for the door.
+Now I say all this with regret, and I felt so much remorse at the time, but I felt conflicted because I Because I was excited because I didn't get caught while I was feeling it.
+But I was feeling bad about what was going on.
+This fear completely enveloped me as I stepped outside the manbox.
+For me, me and my man box card were far more important than Sheila and what was happening to her.
+Collectively, we men are taught to devalue women and see them as property and objects for men.
+We equate it with violence against women.
+As human beings, as good human beings, as the majority of human beings, we stand upon the foundation of this whole collective socialization.
+We seem to separate ourselves, but we are very much part of it.
+You know, we need to understand that the devaluation of values, property and objectification is the foundation without which violence cannot occur.
+In other words, we are much more involved in the solution than just the problem.
+The Centers for Disease Control says male violence against women is widespread and is the number one health concern for women at home and abroad.
+I would like to quickly say that this is the love of my life, my daughter Jay.
+The world I envision for her - how do you want men to act?
+I want you to ride i need you.
+I want you to work with me, and I want us to work with you on how to raise our boys and teach them to be men. It's okay to not be dominant, it's okay to have feelings and emotions, it's okay to promote equality, it's okay to have women who are just friends, it's okay, it's okay to be complete, as a man that my emancipation of is bound up with your emancipation as a woman. (Applause.) I remember asking a nine-year-old boy, "What would life be like if you didn't have to follow this manbox?"
+He said to me, "You will be free."
+thank you everyone.
+(applause)
+Well, I'm going to talk to you now.
+This is an Indian story about an Indian woman and her journey.
+Let's start with my parents.
+I am the product of this visionary mother and father.
+Years ago, when I was born in the 50's, the 50's and 60's weren't girls' things in India.
+they belonged to boys.
+They were for boys to join the business and inherit the business from their parents, and for girls to dress up to get married.
+My family was unique, both in my city and mostly in the countryside.
+We were 4 instead of 1 and luckily no boys.
+We were 4 girls and no boys.
+And my parents were part of a land-owning family.
+My father rebelled against my grandfather and almost renounced his inheritance because of his decision to educate all four of us.
+He sent us to one of the best schools in the city and gave us the best education.
+As I said earlier, we don't choose our parents when we are born, and we don't choose the school when we go to school.
+Children do not choose schools.
+They just get into the school of their parents' choice.
+This is the base time I got.
+I was raised that way, as were my three other sisters.
+At that time, my father used to say, "I will scatter my four daughters to the four corners of the world."
+I don't know if he really thought so, but it happened.
+I am the only one left in India.
+One is British, one is American, and the third is Canadian.
+So we are four people in the four corners of the world.
+And because I said they were my role models, I followed the two things my father and mother gave me.
+One said, "Life is tilted.
+It's either up or down. "
+And the second is the one that stuck in my mind, became my life philosophy, and changed everything. There are 100 things that happen in life, both good and bad.
+90 out of 100 are your creations.
+Sounds good. they are your creations. enjoy it.
+If it's bad, it's your creation. Learn from it.
+10 is sent to you by nature, beyond which you are helpless.
+It's like the death of a relative, a cyclone, a hurricane, an earthquake.
+nothing can be done about it.
+Just adapt according to the situation.
+But that response comes from 90 points.
+Because I am a product of this philosophy, 90/10, and secondly, "life on the slant", I have grown to value what I have gained in doing so.
+I was a product of chance, a rare opportunity that girls in the 50s and 60s didn't have, and I was conscious of the fact that what my parents gave me was something special. .
+Because all my best friends from school were dressing up to get married with big dowries, and here I was going to school with a tennis racket and doing all sorts of extracurricular activities.
+I thought I should say this.
+There is a background to why I say this.
+This is what comes next.
+I joined the Indian Police as a tough woman, a woman of indomitable stamina, partly because I was running for a tennis title.
+But I joined the Indian Police. And it was the new pattern police.
+Police to me means the power to correct, the power to prevent, the power to detect.
+This is like the new definition ever given in Indian policing: 'deterring power'.
+For it was usually always said that the power to detect, only, or the power to punish.
+But I decided, 'No, it's the power to prevent. Because that's what I learned as a kid.
+How can I prevent 10 and not exceed 10?
+This was the way they served me, and they were different than men.
+I didn't want to be different from the men, but this was what made me different.
+And I have redefined the concept of police in India.
+It takes you on two journeys: a police journey and a prison journey.
+Just look at the title "The prime minister's car is parked."
+It is the first time an Indian prime minister has been given a parking ticket.
+(Laughter) It's the first time in India and I think it's the last time you'll hear about it.
+It will never happen again in India because it happened once and forever.
+And the rule was that I am sensitive, compassionate, very sensitive to injustice, and very much in favor of justice.
+That is why I joined the Indian Police as a woman.
+I had other options, but I didn't choose them.
+Let's move on.
+This is about tough policing, equal policing.
+I was now known as the "disobedient woman".
+So I got sent to all the promiscuous posts—posts that other people would say no to.
+I am currently serving as a police officer in prison.
+Police usually don't want to go to jail.
+They sent me to jail, locked me up, thinking, 'There will be no more cars and no more VIPs getting tickets.
+imprison her. "
+Here I received a prison assignment.
+This was an assignment to a prison, a big den of criminals.
+Obviously it was.
+But there were 10,000 men, of which only 400 were women - 10,000 - 9,000, plus about 600 men.
+Terrorists, rapists, robbers, gangsters, some of whom I sent to prison as an outdoor police officer.
+And how did I deal with them?
+I didn't know how to look when I first entered.
+And I said, "Will you pray?" I looked at the group and said, "Will you pray?"
+They saw me as a young, short woman in a passan suit.
+I said, "Will you pray?"
+And they said nothing.
+I said, "Do you want to pray? Do you want to pray?"
+They said yes. I said, "Okay, let's pray."
+I prayed for them and things started to change.
+It's like education in prison.
+Ladies and gentlemen, it never happened that everyone studied in prison.
+I started this with community support.
+The government had no budget.
+It was one of the greatest and largest volunteer efforts in prisons in the world.
+This started in Delhi Jail.
+Take a look at one of our examples of a prisoner giving a class.
+These are hundreds of classes.
+From 9:00 to 11:00, all prisoners participated in an educational program - the same den they thought would be forgotten if I was put in prison.
+We turned this into an ashram. Through education, they transformed prisons into ashrams.
+I think that's the bigger change.
+It was the beginning of change.
+Teachers were prisoners. Teachers were volunteers.
+The books came from donated textbooks.
+Donated stationery.
+The prison didn't have an education budget, so it was all donations.
+Now if I didn't do that it would have been a hell hole.
+That is the second landmark.
+During my journey, I would like to show you some historical moments that you will probably never see anywhere else in the world.
+The first is a number that you will never see.
+The second is this concept.
+This was an in-prison meditation program for over 1,000 prisoners.
+1,000 prisoners sitting and meditating.
+This was one of the most courageous actions I have taken as a prison warden.
+And this is what it transformed into.
+If you want to know more about this, go see this movie "Doing Time, Doing Vipassana".
+You will hear it and you will love it.
+And write me at KiranBedi.com. Reply.
+Let me show you the next slide.
+I have adopted the same mindfulness concept. Because, why bring meditation to Indian prisons?
+Because crime is the product of a twisted mind.
+It was a mental distortion that had to be dealt with to control.
+Not by preaching, speaking, or reading, but by speaking to your heart.
+I also complained to the police about the same thing. The police are similarly prisoners of the mind, feeling as if they are 'us' and 'them', and people do not cooperate.
+This worked.
+This is a comment box called a petition box.
+This is a concept I introduced to hear complaints, hear complaints.
+This was a magic box.
+This was a delicate box.
+This is a depiction of how one prisoner felt about prison.
+If there is anyone in the blue, yes, it is this man, he was a prisoner and a teacher.
+And, look, everyone is busy. There was no time to waste.
+I will summarize at the end.
+I am currently working on an education campaign for underserved children. There are thousands of children in India.
+The second is about India's anti-corruption movement.
+This is a great way that our small group of activists drafted the Ombudsman Bill for the Government of India.
+Dear friends, you will hear about it a lot.
+That's the movement of the moment I'm driving, that's the movement and ambition of my life.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you very much. thank you.
+thank you. thank you. thank you.
+We are currently experiencing an amazing and unprecedented moment in which the power relationship between men and women is changing so rapidly that in many of the most important places women actually control everything. I'm here.
+In my mother's time, she didn't go to college.
+There were not many such women.
+And now, for every two men who get a college degree, three women get the same.
+For the first time this year, women made up the majority of the U.S. workforce.
+And they are beginning to dominate many professions: doctors, lawyers, bankers, accountants.
+Today, more than 50% of managerial positions are women, and all but two of the 15 jobs projected to grow the fastest in the next decade will be female.
+So, believe it or not, the global economy is becoming a place where women are more successful than men, and these economic changes are shaping our culture—what romantic comedies are like, It's rapidly starting to affect what our marriages are like, what our dating is like. Here's what life looks like, and our new set of superheroes.
+For a long time, this was the image of American masculinity: tough, rugged, and in control of his environment.
+A few years ago, the Marlborough Man retired and was replaced by this less-than-impressive parody of American masculinity, which appears in commercials today.
+The word “eldest son” is so ingrained in our consciousness that this statistic alone shocked me.
+In fertility clinics in the United States, 75% of couples want a girl instead of a boy.
+And in places like South Korea, India, China, and other places you would never think of, very strict patriarchal societies are starting to crumble a bit, and families no longer crave first sons.
+Thinking about this, if you start connecting the dots with your eyes on this possibility, you'll see evidence of it all over the place.
+It can also be seen in college graduation patterns, job prospects, marriage statistics, Icelandic elections (which we'll hear about later), and even Korean surveys of son preferences. Something amazing and unprecedented is happening among women.
+Certainly, this isn't the first time there have been major breakthroughs in relationships with women.
+The 20's and 60's also come to mind.
+But the difference is that while at the time it was driven by a very passionate feminist movement trying to project one's own desires, this time it's not about passion or any kind of movement.
+This is just a fact of the economic moment we live in.
+Believe it or not, the era of 200,000 years of men being on top is really coming to an end. That's why I'm talking about "the end of men."
+Now, men out there, this is not the time to go off tune or toss tomatoes. Because the point is, this is happening to all of us.
+I myself have a husband, a father and two sons who I love dearly.
+This is why I want to talk about this. Because if we don't allow it, the transition will be quite painful.
+But if you take that into account, I think it will go more smoothly.
+I first started thinking about this about a year and a half ago.
+Like everyone else, I was reading headlines about the recession, and I started noticing a pattern. That is, the recession is hitting men far more severely than women.
+Then, about 10 years ago, I remembered reading Susan Faldi's book Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man. In it, she explained how the recession is hitting men hard. This time it was even worse in this recession.
+And this time I realized that two things are different.
+The first is that these are no longer the temporary blows the recession has inflicted on people, but rather reflect deeper and more fundamental changes in the global economy.
+And secondly, the story is no longer just about men's crisis, but about what is happening to women.
+Now look at this second set of slides.
+These are the headlines about what's happening to women in the years to come.
+These are things that were unimaginable just a few years ago.
+The majority of workers are women.
+And labor statistics show that women occupy most of the managerial positions.
+In this second headline, we see that families and marriages are beginning to change.
+And look at the last headline. Young women earn more than young men.
+This headline came to me from a market research firm.
+They were basically asked by one of their customers who intends to purchase a home in the area in the future.
+And they expected young families and young men to attend, as always.
+But in fact they discovered something very surprising.
+Young single women were the primary buyers of neighboring homes.
+So they decided to conduct a nationwide survey because the discovery was intriguing.
+So they handed out all the census data, and the man explained what he found out was shocking to me. In 1,997 out of 2,000 communities, women, young women, earned more money than young men.
+So there's a generation of young women here who grew up thinking they were more powerful breadwinners than the young men around them.
+Okay, I just put the pictures side by side for you, but I haven't yet explained why this is happening.
+I'll show you the graph soon. And what do you see in this graph? This chart begins in 1973, just before women started flooding into the workforce, and stretches back to the present day.
+And basically, you're going to see what economists talk about as economic polarization.
+Well what does that mean?
+It means that the economy is splitting into high-skilled, high-wage jobs and low-skilled, low-wage jobs, and middle-class middle-skilled and middle-income jobs are beginning to decline. means of the economy.
+This has been going on for 40 years.
+However, the impact of this process on men is very different from that on women.
+I see a woman in red and a man in blue.
+You'll see them both fall out of the middle class, but see what happens to women and what happens to men.
+Let's go.
+Look at it. It turns out that both of them dropped out of the middle class.
+Watch what happens to the women. Watch what happens to the men.
+Men are stagnant there, while women are actively engaged in highly skilled jobs.
+So what is it?
+The women look like they've been powered up by a video game, or sneaked a secret serum into their birth control pills to aim higher.
+But of course, that's not all.
+It means that the economy has changed a lot.
+We used to have a manufacturing economy that made goods and products, but now we have a service economy and an information creation economy.
+These two economies have very different skill needs and, incidentally, women are far better at learning new skills than men.
+Once upon a time, you were a guy who went to high school and didn't have a college degree, but with certain skills and the help of a union, you could make a pretty good middle-class life.
+But that is no longer true.
+This new economy is utterly indifferent to size and strength, which has helped men over the years.
+What the economy needs now is an entirely different skill set.
+It basically requires intelligence, the ability to sit still and focus, the ability to communicate openly, the ability to listen, and the ability to work in a much more fluid workplace than before. These are things women do. As we can see, it's going very well.
+If you look at modern management theory, once upon a time the ideal leader was something like General Patton.
+You will have to give orders from above.
+You will be very hierarchical.
+You will tell everyone below you what to do.
+But that is not the ideal leader today.
+When I read management books now, a leader is someone who can nurture creativity and attract their own, that is, their employees. Build people, basically teams, that people can talk to and let them be creative.
+And these are all things women are very good at.
+And on top of that, a kind of chain effect is created.
+Women enter the workforce at the top, then join the working class, and all the new jobs created there are the kind of jobs that wives used to do for free at home.
+In other words, childcare, nursing care, and meal preparation.
+These are all growing jobs and jobs that women tend to take.
+Maybe one day mothers will hire middle-aged ex-steel workers and unemployed men to watch over their children at home, and that would be good for men too, but it hasn't happened yet. .
+You can't just look at the current workforce to see what happens. We also need to look to the workforce of the future.
+And the story here is very simple.
+Women are earning college degrees at a faster pace than men.
+why? This is really a mystery.
+People ask men why not go back to college or community college to get themselves in order and learn new skills.
+Well, they turned out to be very uncomfortable doing that.
+They are accustomed to thinking of themselves as providers and seem unable to build the social network to get through college.
+That's why men don't go back to college after all for some reason.
+And even more disturbing is what is happening to the younger boys.
+There's been about a decade of research into what people call the "juvenile crisis."
+Well, the juvenile crisis is the idea that for some reason very young boys do worse in school than very young girls, and people have theories about it.
+Is it because we have an overly verbal curriculum and little girls are better at it than boys?
+Or do we ask our children to sit still so much that the boys feel like failures at first?
+And some say it's because boys start dropping out of school in ninth grade.
+I'm writing a book about all of this, so I don't have an answer because I'm still researching.
+But in the meantime, I'm calling in a global education expert, my 10-year-old daughter Noah, to talk to me about why the boys in her class are doing so poorly.
+(Video) Noah: Girls are obviously smarter.
+That means they have more vocabulary.
+They learn much faster.
+they are more in control.
+only the boys are on the board today in preparation for tomorrow's day off.
+Hannah Rosin: Why is that?
+Noah: Why? While the girls were sitting there feeling so good, they weren't listening to class.
+HR: Here you go.
+It was on a visit to a college in Kansas City—a working-class college—that this whole paper really came to mind for me.
+Indeed, when I was in college, I had certain expectations about my life - that my husband and I would both work and raise our children equally.
+But these college girls had a completely different view of their future.
+Basically what they told me was that they would work 18 hours a day, their husbands would probably have jobs, but they would mostly be at home taking care of the kids. bottom.
+And this was a kind of shock for me.
+And here is my favorite quote from one of the girls. "Men are the new balls and chains."
+(laughter) I'm laughing now, but there's something about that quote that sticks out, doesn't it?
+And I think the reason it's painful is that thousands of years of history don't reverse without great pain. That's why I'm talking about all of us going through this issue together.
+The next night after talking to these college girls, I also went to a group of guys in Kansas. They were just like the victims of the manufacturing economy I talked about earlier.
+They were men who were contractors or builders who were in this group because they lost their jobs after the housing boom and didn't pay child support.
+And the lecturer was there in class explaining how they lost their identity in this new age.
+He was telling them that they no longer had moral authority, that no one needed them anymore for moral support, and that they were not really providers.
+So who were they?
+And this was very disappointing for them.
+And he wrote on the board, "$85,000," said, "That's her salary," and then wrote "$12,000."
+"That's your salary.
+So who is the man now? ' he asked them.
+"Who is that fucking man?
+She is the man now. "
+And it really caused shivers throughout the room.
+That's one of the reasons I want to talk about this. That's because I think it can be pretty painful and we really have to get over it.
+And another reason this is urgent is because it's not just happening in the US.
+It's happening all over the world.
+In India, poor women are learning English faster than men to staff the country's growing number of new call centers.
+China is opening up individual entrepreneurship as women are setting up SMEs and small businesses faster than men.
+My favorite example is South Korea.
+Over the decades, South Korea has developed into one of the most patriarchal societies we know.
+They basically enshrined the second-class status of women in the Civil Code.
+And if a woman failed to have a boy, she was basically treated like a domestic servant.
+And sometimes I prayed to the spirits to have the family kill the girl so that I could have a boy.
+However, in the 1970s and 1980s, the South Korean government decided to pursue rapid industrialization and began forcing women into the labor force.
+Now, since 1985, they've been asking the question, "How much do you like your eldest son?"
+And now look at the chart.
+It is from 1985 to 2003.
+How much do you like your eldest son?
+In this way, we can see that these economic changes are having a really strong impact on our culture.
+Now, we haven't fully processed this information, so we find ourselves back in pop culture in such weird and exaggerated ways that stereotypes are changing.
+And on the men's side, there's what one of my colleagues likes to call the "omega man," a loser who can't find a job and has trouble finding a relationship.
+And they come in many forms.
+So we have eternal youth.
+We have an unattractive misanthrope.
+Then there's the Bud Light guy who is a happy couch potato.
+And here's the shocking thing. Even America's sexiest man is played romantically in movies these days.
+And on the women's side, it's the other way around, with crazy superhero women.
+You have Lady Gaga.
+The new James Bond is Angelina Jolie.
+It's not just for young people, is it?
+Even Helen Mirren can own a gun these days.
+Therefore, we feel the need to move from this place, where such a highly exaggerated image exists, to something that feels a little more normal.
+So for a long time in economics we have lived with the term “glass ceiling”.
+Well, I didn't really like this word.
+For one thing, men and women get into very hostile relationships with each other. Because men are evil tricksters building glass ceilings.
+And we're always under that glass ceiling, ladies.
+We have a lot of skill and experience, but it's a trick. How do you prepare to overcome that glass ceiling?
+Also, "breaking the glass ceiling" is a terrible word.
+Will there be a madman sticking his head out of the glass ceiling?
+So instead of glass ceilings, I like to think of tall bridges.
+Standing at the foot of a high bridge is certainly terrifying, but it is also very exhilarating. Because it's beautiful there and you can have a beautiful view.
+And the nice thing is that there are no tricks like the glass ceiling.
+No man or woman standing in the middle trying to cut the cable.
+There is no hole in the middle to fall through.
+And the great thing is that you can take anyone with you.
+You can take your husband with you.
+You can even bring a friend, colleague, or babysitter to walk with you.
+And if the wife feels unprepared, the husband can drag her across.
+But the point about tall bridges is that you have to be confident that you are qualified to stand on them and that you have all the necessary skills and experience to walk across them. Make a decision to take the first step and do it.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I have been teaching for a long time, and in doing so I have acquired a body of knowledge about children and learning, and I sincerely hope that more people will understand the potential of their students. increase.
+In 1931, my grandmother (bottom left of you here) graduated from the 8th grade.
+She went to school for information. Because the information is there.
+it was in the book. It was in the teacher's head. And she had to go there to get the information, because that's how you learned.
+It goes back a generation. This is a one-room school in Oak Grove, and my father used to go to one-room school.
+Then he had to go to school again, get information from his teachers, and carry it around in the only portable memory in his head. Because that was how the information was transmitted from the teacher. Passed on to students and then used around the world.
+When I was a kid, we had an encyclopedia at home.
+I bought it the year I was born and it was great because I could get information without going to the library.
+The information was in house, which was great.
+This is something neither generation has ever experienced before, and it has changed how we relate to information, even on a small level.
+But the information was familiar to me.
+I was able to access it.
+Between the time I was in high school and the time I started teaching, the Internet really took off.
+I left Wisconsin and moved to Kansas, a small town in Kansas, just as the Internet was becoming a popular educational tool. So I got the chance to teach in a nice small town school district in rural Kansas. I was teaching my favorite subject, American government.
+My first year was very enthusiastic, teaching the US government and loving the political system.
+12th Graders: Not so enthusiastic about the American system of government.
+Year 2: I learned a few things -- I had to change my tactics.
+And I put before them an authentic experience that allowed them to learn on their own.
+I didn't tell them what to do or how to do it.
+I put before them the issue of creating an electoral arena for their community.
+They made a flyer. they called the office.
+They confirmed their schedule. They were meeting with secretaries.
+They created a townwide election forum booklet to learn more about the candidates.
+They invited everyone to the school and spent an evening talking about government, politics, whether street activism was working well, etc., and it was a really enriching experiential learning experience.
+Older, more experienced teachers looked at me and said, "Oh, there's this girl. She's so cute. She's trying to pull it off."
+(Laughter) "She doesn't know what she's here for."
+But I knew my kids would show up, and I believed in it, telling them what I expected them to do each week.
+And that night, all 90 children wore proper clothes, did their jobs, and owned it.
+All I could do was sit and watch.
+it was theirs. It was experiential. It was real.
+It meant something to them.
+And they will step up.
+From Kansas I moved to beautiful Arizona and now in Flagstaff where I taught for many years. This time I taught junior high school students.
+Luckily, I didn't have to teach them about the American government.
+I could have taught them more exciting geography topics.
+Again, learning is “exciting”.
+But what's interesting about this position that I was placed in in Arizona is that there were moments when I had the opportunity to work with a really very eclectic group of kids in a true public school. That's it.
+And one chance was to meet Paul Rusesabagina, the gentleman who inspired the movie Hotel Rwanda.
+And he was going to speak at the high school next door to us.
+You can walk there. I didn't even have to pay for the bus fare.
+There were no overhead costs. A perfect field trip.
+The question is how do you bring 7th and 8th graders into a discussion about genocide, addressing the subject responsibly and respectfully, and understanding how they should do it? is.
+So we chose Paul Rusesabagina as an example of a gentleman who used his life singularly to do something positive.
+Next, I challenged the children to identify people in their lives, their stories, their worlds who have done the same.
+I asked them to make a little film about it.
+It's my first time doing something like this.
+No one really knew how to make these little movies on a computer, but they were into it. And I asked them to put my voice on it.
+It was the most amazing moment of revelation what they are willing to share when children use their voices to tell stories about themselves.
+The final question in the assignment is how do you intend to use your life to positively impact other people?
+What children say when you ask them questions and take the time to listen is extraordinary.
+Fast forward to Pennsylvania and there I am today.
+I teach at the Science Leadership Academy, a partner school of the Franklin Institute and the Philadelphia School District.
+We are a public school of 9 to 12 students, but we do school very differently.
+I moved there primarily to be part of a learning environment that validates the way my children learn as I know them, with the intention of letting go of some of the paradigms and lack of information of the past. I really wanted to investigate if it would be possible. When my grandmother was a student, when my father was a student, and when I was a student, to the moment of information overload.
+So what do you do when information is all around you?
+Why send children to school when they no longer need to come to school for information?
+Philadelphia has a one-on-one laptop program, so kids take laptops home every day to access information.
+And what we need to get used to when we give our students the tools to get information is that we have to get used to this idea of ​​allowing them to fail as part of the learning process.
+Today, we are obsessed with a one-correct culture in education where the average multiple-choice test can be successfully answered. And what I want to share with you here is that it's not learning.
+That's an absolutely wrong question, and it teaches children to never get it wrong.
+They can't learn by always asking for the right answer.
+So we did this project. This is one of the deliverables of the project.
+Due to the concept of failure, there is little to show off.
+My students created these infographics as a result of a unit they decided to do at the end of the year in response to an oil spill.
+I asked them to take examples of infographics that exist in many mass media, explore their interesting components, and create their own depicting another man-made disaster. from American history.
+And they had certain standards for doing that.
+We'd never done anything like this before and didn't know exactly how to do it, so they seemed a bit uncomfortable.
+They can talk, they can speak very smoothly and they can write very well. But asking them to communicate their ideas in a different way was a little uncomfortable.
+But I gave them room to do it.
+go create. Please understand it.
+Let's see what we can do.
+And the students who persevered in finding the best visual work did not disappoint.
+So far it's been over in about 2-3 days.
+And this is the work of a student who has consistently done it.
+And when I had the students sit down, I said, "Who has the best one?"
+They immediately said, "This is it."
+I didn't read anything. "There it is."
+And I said, "So what's great?"
+And they're like, 'Oh, that's a nice design and they use nice colors.
+And there are some ... ”And they went through all the things that we loudly processed.
+And I said, "Please read."
+And they say, "Oh, that wasn't that great."
+Then we went to another site -- not great visuals, but had great information -- and spent an hour discussing the learning process. Because it's not about whether it's perfect or not. It wasn't something I could create.
+It asked them to create for themselves, allowing them to fail, process and learn from it.
+If I do this again in my class this year, my students will do better this time. Because learning must involve some degree of failure. Failure is a lesson learned along the way.
+There were millions of photos here that you could click through, but you had to choose carefully. this is one of my favourites. It depicts what learning looks like in a student learning landscape, a landscape in which children let go of the concepts they hold. Instead of coming to school for information, ask students what they can do with it.
+Let's ask a really interesting question.
+they won't disappoint.
+They go to the site, see it with their own eyes, and actually learn, play, and research it.
+This is one of my favorite photos. This was taken on Tuesday when I asked my students to go vote.
+This is Robbie. Today was his first day of voting. He wanted to share it with everyone and do so.
+But we let them go out into the real space, so this is also a lesson.
+If we continue to think of education as if the point is to come to school for information rather than experiential learning, empowering students, and embracing failure, we are missing the mark. It means that
+And all that everyone is talking about today is impossible if we continue to have an education system that does not value these qualities. Because you can't get there with common testing, and you can't get there with a culture of single testing. Correct answer.
+we know how to do this better. And now is the time to do better.
+(applause)
+I started teaching MBA students 17 years ago.
+Sometimes I meet students after many years.
+And when you run into them, funny things happen.
+I don't just remember their faces. I even remember where they were sitting in the classroom.
+And I also remember who they were sitting with.
+This is not because I have a special memory.
+I remember them because they are creatures of habit.
+They sit where they want with who they want.
+They find twins and live together for the whole year.
+Now, the danger of this for my students is that they run the risk of leaving the university leaving only people who are exactly like them.
+They will waste the chance to gain an international and diverse network.
+How could this happen to them?
+My students are open-minded.
+They come to business school just to get a great network.
+Now, we are all socially narrow in life, school, and work, so I want you to think about this.
+How many of you have brought friends with you for this talk?
+I want you to take a look at my friend.
+Are they of the same nationality as you?
+Are they the same gender as you?
+are they the same race?
+Please take a really good look.
+Aren't they like you too?
+(Laughs) There's a group of muscular people, some with the same haircuts and checkered shirts.
+We all do this in life.
+We all do it in life, and there really is nothing wrong with this.
+We feel safe when we are around like-minded people.
+The problem is when you're standing on a cliff, right?
+When we get into trouble, when we need new ideas, when we need new jobs, when we need new resources, that's when we really pay the price of living in a faction.
+Sociologist Mark Granovetter has a famous paper, The Strength of Weak Ties, in which he asked people how they got jobs.
+And what he learned was that most people don't get jobs through strong ties with their father, mother, or lover.
+They instead get jobs through weak ties—people they've just met.
+So if you think about what's wrong with your strong bond, think of your lover, for example.
+The network is redundant.
+Everyone they know knows.
+Alternatively, it would be nice to know. right?
+Your weak ties, the people you just met today, are your ticket to a whole new social world.
+The problem is that we have great tickets to travel in the social world, but we don't use them very well.
+Sometimes we stay close to home.
+And what I want to talk about today is what are the habits that bring humans closer to home, and how we can make our social worlds a little more purposeful in our journeys.
+Now let's look at the first strategy.
+The first strategy is to use a less imperfect social search engine.
+A social search engine is how you find and filter your friends.
+So people always tell me, "I want to get lucky through networking."
+I want a new job. I would love to have a great chance. "
+And I say: "It's really hard because networks are fundamentally predictable."
+Plan a regular daily walk. Then you'll realize that you probably start from home, go to school or work, probably go up the same stairs or elevators, go to the bathroom, go to the same bathroom. -- And stalled in the same bathroom, ended up going to the gym, and then straight back home.
+It's like a stop on a train timetable.
+It's predictable.
+Although efficient, the problem is that you end up meeting the exact same people.
+Make your network a little more efficient.
+Go to the restroom on another floor.
+Meet a whole new network of people.
+The other side of that is how you are actually doing the filtering.
+and do this automatically.
+The moment we meet someone, we look at that person, we meet, and the first thing we see is, "You're an interesting person."
+"You are not funny." "You are related."
+This is done automatically. It can't be helped either.
+What I would suggest instead is to fight your own filters.
+Look around this room and identify the least interesting person you've seen. And you want them to connect with you during your next coffee break.
+And I want you to go further than that.
+What I want you to do is find the person who is most frustrating like you and connect with that person.
+What you are doing in this exercise is forcing yourself to see things you don't want to see, connect with people you don't want to connect with, and expand your social world.
+All we have to do to really expand our range is have to fight our sense of choice.
+We have to fight our choices.
+My students hate this, but do you know what I do?
+I don't let them sit in their favorite seats.
+I move them from seat to seat.
+I force them to work with different people, so there are more accidental conflicts within the network where people have the opportunity to connect with each other.
+We studied exactly this kind of intervention at Harvard University.
+At Harvard, if you look at boarding groups, you have freshman boarding groups, and people aren't picking their roommates.
+They come from all races and all ethnicities.
+People may feel uncomfortable with their roommates at first, but surprisingly, at the end of the year spent with the students, they can overcome the initial discomfort.
+They are able to find common ground on a deep level with people.
+So the point here isn't just to "take someone for coffee."
+It's a little more subtle.
+It's "go to the coffee room".
+What's special about social hubs when researchers talk about them is that you can't choose. You cannot predict who you will meet at that place.
+In a social hub like this, there's an interesting paradox that achieving randomness actually requires some planning.
+One university I worked at had a mailroom on each floor.
+What this means is that the only people you bump into are people who are actually on the floor and are bumping into you anyway.
+Another university I worked at had only one mailroom, so all the faculty from all over the building bumped into each other at the social hub.
+Simple changes in plans, big differences in people's traffic, and accidental collisions in the network.
+I have a question for you here. What are you doing to break out of social habits?
+Where is the infusion of unpredictable diversity?
+And my students gave me some great examples.
+They tell me when they're playing a game of pick-up basketball, or my favorite example is when they're going to the dog park.
+They say it's better than online dating.
+So the real thing to think about is that we have to fight filters.
+We need to make ourselves a little more inefficient, and in doing so we end up creating a more imprecise social search engine.
+And you create that randomness, or luck, that extends your journey through your social world.
+But in reality, there's more.
+Sometimes we actually buy ourselves a second class ticket to travel the social world.
+We don't have the courage to reach out to people.
+Let me give you an example.
+A few years ago I had a very eventful year.
+That year, I managed to lose my job and managed to get a dream job overseas, but the next month I had a baby and became seriously ill, so I couldn't get that dream job.
+And within a few weeks, I lost my identity as a teacher and found myself with a new and very stressful new identity as a mother.
+I also got a lot of advice from people.
+And the piece of advice I despised more than any other was, "You have to network with everyone."
+When your psychological world is crumbling, the hardest thing is to reach out and try to build your social world.
+So we explored this very idea on a much larger scale.
+What we did was look at people of high and low socioeconomic status in two contexts.
+First, we observed them in a very comfortable baseline state.
+And what we found was that people with lower socioeconomic status were actually reaching out to more people when they were comfortable.
+They thought of more people.
+There were also less restrictions on how networking was done.
+They were thinking of a more diverse group of people than they were of high status.
+Then we asked them to think about how they might lose their jobs.
+We threatened them.
+And once you think about it, the networks they generate were completely different.
+The socioeconomic status reached by people inward is low.
+They thought of fewer people.
+They were thinking of less diverse people.
+People of higher socioeconomic status thought they were in a better position to think of more people, think of wider networks, and bounce back from their setbacks.
+Consider what this means in practice.
+Imagine that you were naturally unfriended by everyone in your network except your mother, father, and dog.
+(Laughter) This is essentially what we do when we need the network the most.
+Imagine -- this is what we do. we are doing it to ourselves.
+When we are harassed, bullied, threatened with losing our jobs, depressed and weak, we are mentally straining our networks.
+We close ourselves in, isolate ourselves, and actually create blind spots where our resources are invisible.
+We see no allies, we see no opportunities.
+How can we overcome this?
+Two simple strategies.
+One strategy is to simply look at your Facebook friends or LinkedIn friends list and remind yourself of the people out there beyond the ones that automatically come to mind.
+And in our own research, one of the things we did was look at Claude Steele's work on self-esteem. Simply think about your values ​​and network from your strengths.
+Lee Thompson, Choi Hun Suk, and what I have been able to discover is that those who affirm themselves first are able to accept advice from people who would otherwise intimidate them. about it.
+Here is the final exercise.
+Check your email inbox to see when you last asked someone for a favor.
+And notice the language you used.
+Did you say things like, "Oh, you are a great resource," or, "I owe you," or, "I am grateful to you?"
+All this language stands for metaphor.
+It's a metaphor for economics, balance sheets, accounting, and trading.
+And when we think of relationships in terms of transactions, we become fundamentally uncomfortable as humans.
+We have to think about relationships and reach out to people in a more human way.
+Here are some ideas on how to do that:
+Let's look at words like "please," "thank you," and "you're welcome" in other languages.
+Look at the literal translation of these words.
+Each of these words is a useful word to impose on others within your social network.
+So the word "thank you" when viewed in Spanish, Italian and French becomes "gracias", "grazie" and "merci" in French.
+They are "grace" and "mercy" respectively.
+It is the word of God.
+There is nothing economic or transactional in these words.
+The phrase "you're welcome" is interesting.
+The great persuasion theorist Robert Cialdini said we have to return the favor.
+Therefore, a little more emphasis should be placed on transactions.
+"Don't say 'you're welcome,'" he says. Instead, say, "You would do the same for me." But in some cases, it can be helpful to stop thinking about transactions, eliminate them, and make them a little more obscure.
+In fact, looking at it in Chinese, the Chinese word ``bú kè qì'' for ``You're welcome'' means ``Don't be formal. procedure. "
+And "Kembari" means "Come back to me" in Indonesian.
+The next time someone says “You’re welcome,” think about how you can eliminate the transaction and strengthen your social connections instead.
+You might say, "It's great to work together," or "That's how friends are."
+I want you to think about what you think about this ticket you need to travel through your social world.
+Let me give you a metaphor here.
+This is a common metaphor. "Life is a journey". right?
+It's on a train and you are a passenger on the train and you have a certain person with you.
+Certain people board this train, some stay with them, some leave at different stops, and some new people board.
+I love this metaphor, it's so beautiful.
+But I want you to consider another metaphor.
+This is passive, train passenger, and very linear.
+You are heading to a specific destination.
+Instead, think of yourself as an atom. It may collide with other atoms, transfer energy, bond a bit and create something new in its journey through the social universe.
+Thank you very much.
+And I hope we can meet again.
+(applause)
+Alisa Volkmann: This is where our story begins. A dramatic moment in the birth of our first son, Declan.
+Obviously a really deep moment and it changed our lives in many ways.
+Also, it has changed our lives in many unexpected ways, and those unexpected ways we will look back on later, eventually generated a business idea between the two of us, and one A year later we launched Babble, a website for parents.
+Rufus Griscom: Now I think our story started a few years ago. AV: It's true.
+RG: As you may remember, we fell head over heels in love.
+AV: Yes.
+RG: At the time, we were running a completely different kind of website.
+It was a website called Nerve.com, and its tagline was "literate idiot."
+It was, in theory, and hopefully in practice, a sensible online magazine about sex and culture.
+AV: That gave birth to dating sites.
+But the jokes we get are understandable. Sex produces children.
+If you follow Nerve's instructions, you should eventually get to Babble. we did.
+And third, we might launch a site for seniors. Let's see.
+RG: But for us, the continuity between Nerve and Babble isn't just about related life stage issues of course, but actually wanting to be very honest about subjects that people find difficult to talk about honestly. related to our aspirations.
+It seems to us that when people start to disagree, people start lying about things and that becomes really interesting.
+It's a theme we want to delve deeper into.
+And as young parents, we're surprised to find that there are far more taboos about parenting than about sex.
+AV: It's true. As I said, the early years were really great, but they were also very difficult.
+And we feel that part of that difficulty may have been due to false advertising about parenting.
+(Laughter) We subscribed to a lot of magazines and did our homework, but really everywhere we looked we were surrounded by images like this.
+And we started raising our children expecting our lives to be like this.
+The sun was shining all the time and the children never cried.
+I was always perfectly groomed and well rested, but in reality it wasn't like that at all.
+RG: When we put down the glossy parenting magazines with the beautiful pictures we were looking at and took a look at the actual living room landscape, it looked a little more like this.
+These are our three sons.
+And of course, they don't cry and scream all the time, but with three boys, it's quite possible that at least one of them isn't behaving as they should.
+AV: Yes, I can see where the disconnection is happening.
+We felt like what we were expecting had nothing to do with what we were actually going through, so we decided to take that straight to our parents.
+We wanted children to have an honest understanding of the realities of parenting.
+RG: So today I want to share with you four taboos about parenting.
+Of course, there are many more things I can't say about parenting than just four, but today I want to share with you four that are particularly relevant to us personally.
+So first, taboo number one: I can't say I didn't fall in love with my baby in the first moment.
+I vividly remember sitting in the hospital.
+We were expecting our first child.
+AV: Us or me?
+RG: I'm sorry.
+Misuse of pronouns.
+Alisa was so generous in the process of giving birth to our first child -- (AV: Thank you.) -- and I was there with my catcher's mitt.
+And I was there with my arms outstretched.
+The nurse was coming towards me with this beautiful, beautiful child, and as she approached me, I remember hearing my friends say, 'Put the baby in your hands. In that moment, you will feel a sense of love.” It is orders of magnitude stronger than anything you have ever experienced in your life. "
+So I held myself back for now.
+My baby was about to be born and I knew I was going to get my feet thrown in this Mack truck of love.
+Instead, it was a special moment when the baby was placed in my hands.
+This photo was literally seconds after I took the baby in my hand.
+And as you can see, our eyes lit up.
+I was overwhelmed by the love and affection I had for my wife, and I was deeply grateful to have a healthy-looking child.
+And of course it was also surreal.
+I mean, I had to go and check the tags.
+I was half in doubt, "Is this really my child?"
+And all this was quite surprising.
+However, although the love I felt for my child at that time was deep, it was completely different from how I feel about my child now five years later.
+So we did something heresy here.
+We have taken the time to express our love for our children.
+(Laughter.) You know, this is an act of heresy.
+Love is not allowed to be charted.
+The reason love is not allowed to be graphed is that we think of it as a dichotomy.
+Either you are in love or you are not.
+Do you love me or do you not love me?
+And I think the reality is that love is a process. I think the problem with thinking of love as binary is that we worry too much about whether it's fraudulent, inappropriate, or what's going on.
+And I think what I'm talking about here is clearly based on my father's experience.
+But I think many men experience a feeling that their emotional response is somehow inadequate during the first few months, maybe the first year.
+AV: Well, I'm glad Rufus mentioned this. Because in the first few years when I was doing most of the work, I notice where Rufus has fallen.
+But we like to joke, the first few months of our kids' lives, this is Uncle Rufus.
+(laughs) RG: I'm a very loving uncle, a very loving uncle.
+AV: Yes, Rufus often jokes that he doesn't know if he'll actually find our baby among the other babies when he comes home.
+So I actually threw Rufus a pop quiz here.
+RG: Oh, yeah.
+AV: I don't want to embarrass him too much. But I'm going to give him 3 seconds.
+RG: That's unfair. This is a trick question. he's not there right?
+AV: Our eight-week-old son is somewhere here, and I'd like to know if Rufus can actually identify him quickly.
+RG: My father left. AV: Yes!
+(laughs) RG: That's cruel.
+AV: Nothing more to say.
+(Laughter) Let's move on to taboo number two.
+I can't tell you how lonely it is to have a baby.
+It was fun during my pregnancy. I liked it
+I felt incredibly connected to the community around me.
+It felt like everyone around me was participating in my pregnancy and tracking it down to my actual due date.
+I felt like I had become a vessel for the future of mankind.
+It continued during my hospital stay. It was really refreshing.
+I was showered with gifts and flowers and visitors.
+It was a really great experience, but when I got home, suddenly I felt very detached, I was suddenly withdrawn and shut out, and I was really surprised by that feeling.
+I knew it was going to be hard with sleepless nights and constant breastfeeding, but I didn't expect the isolation and loneliness I experienced. I was really surprised that no one would talk to me and I would feel this way. Here it is.
+And I called my sister, who was very close to me, and she had three children, and she said, "Why didn't you tell me how I feel and that I'm going to have children?" I was. - Feeling incredibly isolated? "
+And she said--I will never forget--"Those are the words you don't want to say to a first-time mother."
+RG: And of course, we think this is exactly what you should really say to first-time mothers.
+And this, of course, is one of the themes for us, that we believe that frank and brutal honesty is important to us collectively being great parents.
+And I can't help but think that the modern world is partly responsible for this sense of isolation.
+So Alisa's experience is not an isolated one.
+In other words, 58% of mothers surveyed reported feeling lonely.
+Of these, 67% feel most lonely when their children are 0-5 years old, and probably 0-2 years old in reality.
+In the process of preparing for this, we looked at how other cultures around the world are coping during this time. Because here in the West less than 50 percent of us live close to family. I think that's part of the reason. These are very tough times.
+To name just one example among many, in South India there is a custom known as Jolabari, where pregnant women who are seven or eight months pregnant move in with their mothers, go through a series of ceremonies and rituals, give birth, and give birth. To do. A few months after the birth of the child, the child returns to the nuclear family.
+And this is one of the many ways we think other cultures have made up for this kind of lonely period.
+AV: Taboo #3: I shouldn't talk about my miscarriage, but today I'm going to talk about mine.
+So after having Declan, we readjusted our expectations.
+We thought we could actually go through this situation again and thought we knew what we were going to face.
+And we were so grateful to be pregnant, soon found out we had a boy, and found out we lost our child when I was 5 months old.
+Actually this is the last little image we have of him.
+And it was obviously a very difficult time, really painful.
+As I was going through the mourning process, I was surprised that I didn't want to see anyone.
+I really wanted to go into the hole, but I really didn't know how I could get back into the surrounding community.
+And I realized that it was on a really deep gut level that I was feeling that way. Frankly, in a way, I felt so embarrassed and ashamed that I wasn't being myself. genetically engineered to
+And, of course, I wondered what it would mean for my marriage and for me as a woman if I couldn't have another child.
+It was a very difficult time.
+As I worked on it further, I started crawling out of the hole and talking to others.
+I was really surprised by the variety of stories that flowed one after another.
+The family I interacted with every day, worked with, became friends with, and had long-term relationships never told me their story.
+And I remember feeling like all these stories came out of the tree. And I felt like I stumbled upon this secret society of women, of which I am now a member. It was reassuring and also very worrying.
+And I think miscarriage is an invisible loss.
+There isn't much community support for it.
+There really are no ceremonies, no ceremonies, no ceremonies.
+And I think with death there are funerals, there are celebrations of life, there is a lot of support from the community, which is something that miscarriage women don't have.
+RG: Of course, it's a very common, very traumatic experience, so it's too bad.
+It's amazing that 15-20 percent of all pregnancies end in miscarriage.
+In one survey, 74% of women said they felt their miscarriage was partially their fault, which is terrible.
+And a surprising 22% said they would hide the miscarriage from their spouse.
+Taboo #4: I can't say that my average level of happiness has decreased since having children.
+The party's policy is that every aspect of my life has improved dramatically since participating in the miracle of childbirth and family.
+I will never forget. I still remember it vividly. Our oldest son, Declan, was nine months old and I was sitting there on the couch reading Daniel Gilbert's wonderful book, Stumble on Happiness.
+And then, about two-thirds of the way through, there's a chart on the right side, on the right page, which I've named here "The scariest chart imaginable for a new parent." "
+This chart consists of four completely independent studies.
+Basically, marital satisfaction plummets, but this is closely aligned with broader happiness, and we all know it doesn't rise again until the first child goes to college. .
+So here I am sitting, staring down this happiness chasm that we'll be plunging headlong into in the proverbial convertible for the next 20 years of my life.
+we were disappointed.
+AV: As you can imagine, I'll say it again, the first few months were tough, but when I got out of there, I was really shocked to see this research.
+So we wanted to explore this issue further in hopes of finding a silver lining.
+RG: That's when it's great to have a website for parents. Because we had this wonderful reporter go and interview all the scientists who conducted these four studies.
+We said something is wrong here.
+Something is missing in these studies.
+It can't be that bad.
+Liz Mitchell did a great job with this article. She interviewed four scientists and also interviewed Daniel Gilbert. And we certainly found a ray of hope.
+So this is our guess as to what the baseline of average happiness will likely be over a lifetime.
+Of course, average happiness is not enough. Because average happiness doesn't speak to moment-to-moment experiences. Therefore, we think that this is what it looks like when we experience moment-to-moment.
+And we all remember when we were kids that the tiniest little thing could push kids to the heights of just admiration, and then the tiniest thing. It just pushes them into the depths of despair.
+And it's really nice to see it, and we ourselves remember it.
+And of course, as we get older, it seems as if age becomes something like lithium.
+It stabilizes with age.
+And I think one of the things that happens in your 20s and 30s is that you start learning how to get around your own well-being.
+You could say, "You could go to this live music event and have a completely transformative experience that gives you goosebumps all over your body, but you're likely to feel claustrophobic and not feel like it anymore." I'm starting to notice. Beer.
+So I won't go
+I have a good stereo at home. So I won't go "
+In other words, your average happiness goes up, but you lose that moment of transcendence.
+AV: Well, then you have your first child, and then you subject yourself to these ups and downs again. Elation is the first step, the first smile, the first time a child reads to you. , our house anytime from 6 to 7 every night.
+But you find yourself subjecting yourself again to losing control in a really nice way. We think it gives a lot of meaning to our lives and is very satisfying.
+RG: So, effectively, we're trading average happiness.
+We trade these moments of transcendence for a certain sense of security and security, a certain level of satisfaction.
+So what will happen to the family of the two of us and our three young sons in this situation?
+In our case there is another factor.
+We have broken yet another taboo in our lives, and this is a bonus taboo.
+AV: A quick bonus taboo, we shouldn't be working together, especially if you have three kids.
+RG: There were concerns about this on the front end.
+We all know that you shouldn't work with your spouse.
+In fact, when we first went to raise money to start Babble, a venture capitalist said, "We categorically won't invest in a company founded by a couple because of the extra failures. Because there are dots."
+that's a bad idea. don't do that. "
+And we have clearly moved forward. I did.
+we raised money. And we're thrilled to have the funds raised. Because time is an incredibly scarce resource at this stage of life.
+And if you're really passionate about what you do every day and that's what we are, but if you're also passionate about your relationship, this is the only It's a way.
+So the final question we ask is, can we collectively bend that happiness graph upwards?
+It's great to have moments of transcendent joy like this, but sometimes it happens very quickly.
+So what about the average measure of happiness?
+May I raise it a little?
+AV: And we feel that the happiness gap we talked about is actually the result of approaching parenting, and indeed long-term partnerships, with the wrong expectations.
+And we feel that with proper expectations and expectation management it can be a very satisfying experience.
+RG: So what is this -- and a lot of parents are really excited to go, in our case, anyway, to pack up for a trip to Europe when they go to Europe. I think.
+When I got off the plane, it seemed like I was trekking through Nepal.
+And trekking in Nepal can be an exceptional experience, especially if you pack your bags properly, know what you're getting and are in the mood.
+So all these points for us today are not just a desire to be honest for the sake of honesty, but to be more honest and open about these experiences so that we can all collectively feel that happiness. The hope is that we can bend the standards of
+RG+AV: Thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm working on helping computers communicate about the world around us.
+There are many ways to do this, but I want to focus on helping computers have conversations about what they see and understand.
+Given a scene like this, a modern computer vision algorithm can determine that there is a woman and a dog.
+You can hear the woman laughing.
+You might even be able to tell that the dog is incredibly cute.
+I tackle this question by thinking about how humans understand and process the world.
+The thoughts, memories, stories that a scene like this might evoke in humans.
+All interconnections in relevant situations.
+Perhaps you have seen dogs like this before. Or maybe you've spent hours running on a beach like this. Doing so will evoke more thoughts and memories of past vacations, times you went to the beach, and times you ran around with other dogs. dog.
+One of my guiding principles is to help computers understand what it's like to go through these experiences, and understand what we share, believe, and feel so that we can is well-positioned to initiate the evolution of computer technology in a way that complements modern society. own experience.
+So we took a deeper dive into this and a few years ago we started working on enabling computers to generate human-like stories from a sequence of images.
+So one day I was working on my computer and asked it how it felt about traveling to Australia.
+I saw a picture and found a koala.
+She had no idea what a koala was, but thought it was an interesting looking creature.
+Then I shared a series of images of a house burning down.
+I looked at the image and said, "This is a great view! Spectacular!"
+A chill ran down my spine.
+I saw a terrible, life-altering, life-destroying event and thought it was something positive.
+I noticed it recognized contrasts, reds and yellows, and thought it was something worth actively looking at.
+I did this because most of the images I gave were positive.
+That's because people tend to share positive images when they talk about their experiences.
+When was the last time you saw a selfie at a funeral?
+As we worked to improve our AI task by task and dataset by dataset, we realized that there were major gaps, holes, and blind spots in what the AI ​​could understand.
+While doing so, I was encoding prejudices of all kinds.
+A bias that reflects a limited perspective confined to a single dataset. Bias that may reflect human biases in the data, such as prejudices and stereotypes.
+I remembered that day the evolution of technology that got me here. How the first color images were calibrated for white women's skin is that the color photos were biased against black faces.
+And the same prejudices, the same blind spots continued into the 90s.
+And the same blind spot persists today in terms of how well facial recognition technology can recognize different people's faces.
+Think about the cutting edge of research today. There we tend to limit our thinking to one dataset and one problem.
+And in doing so, we create more blind spots and biases that AI can amplify even more.
+That's when I realized that we need to think deeply about what the technology we're working with today will look like in five or ten years.
+Humans evolve slowly, correcting problems in their interaction with their environment over time.
+Artificial intelligence, by contrast, is evolving at an incredible speed.
+That means it's really important that we think this through now. It's about reflecting on our own blind spots and biases, how they affect the technology we're creating, and discussing what technology might be like today. It means tomorrow.
+CEOs and scientists are discussing what they think the future of artificial intelligence technology will look like.
+Stephen Hawking warns that artificial intelligence could destroy humanity.
+Elon Musk warns that this is an existential risk, one of the greatest risks we face as a civilization.
+Bill Gates claimed, "I don't understand why people are less concerned."
+But these views are part of the story.
+The basic building blocks of mathematics, models and artificial intelligence, what we call access, all work.
+We have open source tools for machine learning and intelligence that you can contribute to.
+And beyond that, we can share our experiences.
+We can share our experiences with technology, how it concerns us and how it excites us.
+We can discuss whatever we like.
+We are able to proactively communicate about aspects of technology that may become more beneficial over time, as well as aspects of technology that may become more problematic.
+If we all focus on opening up the debate about AI as we look to the future, what AI is now, what it can become, and what we must do to make it possible. It helps create general conversation and awareness about all the things not to do. Optimal results for us.
+We already see and know this in the technology we use today.
+We use smartphones, digital assistants and Roombas.
+Are they bad guys?
+Maybe sometimes.
+Are they beneficial?
+Yes, so do they.
+And they are not all the same.
+And we can already see the light of the future.
+The future will continue from what we are building and creating now.
+We have set in motion a domino effect that paves the way for AI evolution.
+Today we are shaping the AI ​​of tomorrow.
+Technology that immerses us in augmented reality that brings the world of the past to life.
+Technology that enables people to share their experiences when communication is difficult.
+Technology built on an understanding of the streaming visual world used as self-driving car technology.
+Technologies built on image understanding and language generation have evolved into technologies that make the visual world more accessible to people with visual impairments.
+We also see how technology can cause problems.
+Today, we have technology that analyzes our natural physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial expressions, to determine if we may be criminals or terrorists.
+We have the technology to parse data, including gender and race data, to determine eligibility for a loan.
+What we are seeing today is just a snapshot of the evolution of artificial intelligence.
+Because where we are now is in that moment of evolution.
+In other words, what we do now affects what happens in the future and in the future.
+If we want AI to evolve in a way that helps humans, we must now define the goals and strategies that will enable us to do so.
+What I want to see is something that fits humans, our culture, our environment.
+Technologies that help people with neurological disorders and other disabilities and make life equally difficult for everyone.
+Technology that works regardless of demographic or skin color.
+So today my focus is on technology tomorrow and 10 years from now.
+AI can come in many ways.
+But in this case, it's not a self-driving car with no destination.
+This is the car we are driving.
+We choose when to speed up and when to slow down.
+We choose if we need to turn around.
+We choose what the AI ​​of the future will look like.
+There is a vast playing field that includes everything artificial intelligence can become.
+A lot will happen.
+And it's now up to us to decide what we need to put in place to make sure artificial intelligence outcomes are better for us all.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So why do you think the rich should pay more taxes?
+Why did you buy the latest iPhone?
+Why did you choose your current partner?
+And why did so many people vote for Donald Trump?
+What was the reason and why?
+So we ask these kinds of questions all the time and hope to get an answer.
+And when asked, we expect ourselves to know the answer and simply explain why we did it that way.
+But do we really know why?
+You say you like George Clooney better than Tom Hanks because of environmental concerns, is that really true?
+So while you can be completely sincere and sincerely believe that this is the reason for your choice, it may still feel like something is missing for me.
+As it stands, it's actually very difficult for people to prove themselves wrong because of the subjective nature.
+I'm an experimental psychologist and this is the problem we've been trying to solve in our lab.
+So we wanted to create an experiment where people could challenge their statements, no matter how certain they seemed to be about themselves.
+But it's hard to fool people about what you think.
+So we consulted an expert.
+magicians.
+So they are experts at creating the illusion of free choice.
+So when you are told "choose a card, any card", the only thing you know is that your choice is no longer free.
+So we had a few great brainstorming sessions with a group of Swedish magicians who helped us create ways to manipulate the consequences of people's choices.
+This way people can find out what they are doing wrong about themselves, even if they don't realize it.
+So here's a short movie demonstrating this operation.
+It's very simple.
+Participants make choices, and I end up making them the opposite choice.
+And I want to know how they reacted and what they said.
+Very simple, but see if you can notice the magic happening.
+And this was filmed with real participants, who don't know what's going on.
+(Video) Petter Johansson: Hi my name is Petter.
+Woman: Hi, I'm Becca.
+PJ: Let me show you this picture.
+And then you have to decide which one you think is more attractive.
+Beck: I see.
+PJ: Then sometimes I ask him why he likes that face.
+Beck: I see.
+P.J.: Are you ready? Beck: Right.
+PJ: Why did you prefer that one?
+Becca: I think it's a smile.
+PJ: Laugh.
+Man: One is on the left.
+Again, this shocked me.
+Interesting shot.
+I'm a photographer, so I like how the light hits and how it looks.
+Petter Johansson: But here's where it matters.
+(Video) Woman 1: This is it.
+PJ: So they get the opposite result of their choice.
+And let's see what happens.
+Woman 2: Hmm...
+I think he looks a little more innocent than the other dudes.
+Man: The one on the left.
+I like her smile and her nose and facial contours.
+So for me, and her hairstyle, it's a little bit more interesting.
+Woman 3: This is it.
+I prefer a grinning expression.
+PJ: Do you prefer a grinning expression?
+(laughs) Woman 3: This is it.
+PJ: Why did you choose him?
+Woman 3: I don't know, he looks a bit like a Hobbit.
+(Laughter) PJ: So what happens in the end when you tell them the true nature of the experiment?
+Yes, that's all. I have a few questions.
+Man: Right.
+PJ: What did you think of this experiment, was it easy or difficult?
+Man: It was easy.
+PJ: We actually switched pictures three times during the experiment.
+Did you notice anything with this?
+Man: No, I didn't notice anything.
+PJ: Not at all? Male: No.
+Switch photos to here...
+PJ: Yes, you were referring to one of them, but I actually taught the opposite.
+M: On the other side. OK, you -- no. Shows how long my concentration lasted.
+(laughter) PJ: Did you notice that we switched between photos from time to time during the experiment?
+Woman 2: No, I didn't notice.
+PJ: You pointed to one and I gave you the other one.
+Doesn't that kind of thing tend to happen?
+Woman 2: No.
+Woman 2: I didn't notice.
+(laughs) PJ: Thank you.
+Woman 2: Thank you.
+PJ: Now, as you can see, the trick is that I have two cards in each hand and I hand over one of them and the black card disappears onto the black surface on the table. is.
+Therefore, using such images, typically less than 20 percent of the participants will not detect these tries.
+And, as we've seen in the movies, when I finally explain what's going on, they're often so surprised that they don't believe the trick has been done.
+This shows that this effect is a very powerful and genuine effect.
+But if, like me, you're into self-awareness, there's a much more interesting part. So what did they say when they explained these options?
+We therefore performed a number of analyzes of oral reports in these experiments.
+This graph shows that when we compare what they said in the manipulated and unmanipulated trials, i.e. the normal choices they made, and their explanations when we manipulated the outcome, they It shows that it turns out to be surprisingly similar.
+So they are just as emotional, just as concrete, and expressed with the same level of certainty.
+So a strong conclusion to be drawn from this is that if there is no difference between actual and manipulated choices, then perhaps we are always making things up.
+But we've also done research trying to match what they say with real faces.
+And find something like this.
+So this male participant preferred the girl on the left, but ended up with the girl on the right.
+He said of his choice:
+"She shines.
+I'd rather approach her at a bar than approach her at another bar.
+I also like earrings. "
+And whatever the reason he chose the girl on the left in the first place, the earrings shouldn't be the reason. Because the earrings actually sat on the girl on the right.
+So this is an obvious example of post-construction.
+So they just explained the choice later.
+What this experiment shows is that if we fail to detect that the selection has changed, we immediately start explaining in a different way.
+And what we found is that participants are often tricked into believing they like it and prefer the alternative.
+So if you let them make a choice again, they'll end up choosing the face they previously rejected.
+This is an effect called “choice blindness”.
+And we have done a lot of different studies. We've tried consumer choice, choice based on taste and smell, and even reasoning problems.
+But what you all want to know is, of course, does this extend to more complex and more meaningful choices?
+As with moral and political issues.
+The next experiment requires a little background.
+So in Sweden the political situation is dominated by a coalition of left and right.
+And while voters may move a little between parties within each coalition, they move very little between them.
+And before each election, newspapers and pollsters draw up so-called "election compasses." It consists of several issues that sort of divide the two coalition governments.
+Like whether gas taxes should be raised, or whether 13 months of paid parental leave should be divided equally between parents to increase gender equality.
+So, before the last Swedish elections, we created our own election compass.
+So we approached people on the street and asked them if they wanted to do a quick political survey.
+So first, we asked them to state their voting intentions between the two coalitions.
+We then asked them to answer 12 of these questions.
+They fill in their answers and we ask them to discuss. So, okay, why do you think gas taxes should be raised?
+And we're going to ask questions.
+Then we had a color-coded template to aggregate the overall score.
+So this person has a score of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 left, basically leaning left.
+And finally, I asked them to fill in their voting intentions again.
+But of course there was a trick there too.
+So first, we went to people, asked them about their voting intentions, and once they started filling in, filled out a series of answers in the opposite direction.
+Place it under Notepad.
+Then, when you receive the survey, simply paste it over the participants' own answers.
+So it's gone.
+Then ask about each question. "How did you decide here?"
+And they say why, and we add up their overall scores together.
+And at the end, you will have to express your intention to vote again.
+The first thing to notice here is that these operations are rarely detected.
+And they are not detected in the sense of realizing "Okay, you must have changed my answer", but rather "Okay, I misunderstood the question when I first read it." It means that he realized that he must have been
+Can I change it? "
+And even if some of these operations changed, the bulk of the whole thing was missed.
+So we were able to switch 90% of participant responses from left to right, right to left, and overall profile.
+And what happens when they are asked what motivated their choice?
+And here we find oral reports much more interesting than comparing them with faces.
+People say things like this and I'll read it to you.
+Therefore, "large-scale government surveillance of e-mail and Internet traffic should be tolerated as a means of combating international crime and terrorism."
+"So you agree with this opinion to some extent?" "Yes."
+"So how did you deduce here?"
+“Well, dealing with international crime and terrorism is very difficult, so I think there should be such tools.”
+And he remembers the discussion in the morning newspaper.
+"As it was in today's paper, it said that cell phones could be heard from prisons if gang leaders tried to continue their crimes from within.
+And I think it's insane that our power is so small that we can't stop those things when we actually have the potential to do so. "
+And there's a little bit of back and forth at the end. "I don't like that they have access to everything I do, but I still think it's worth it in the long run."
+So, even if you didn't know that this person was only participating in a selective blind experiment, I don't doubt that this is his true attitude.
+And what will the voting intent end up being?
+What we found was clearly influenced by surveys.
+Therefore, 10 participants move left to right or right to left.
+A further 19 ranged from clear voting intent to uncertain.
+Some people derive clear voting intentions out of uncertainty.
+And many participants have anxiety all the time.
+This number is interesting. Because when you look at what pollsters put out as an election approaches, it's only those people who are considered to be in high uncertainty who are influencing certain types of elections.
+But I find that far more people are actually considering changing their attitudes.
+And here I must point out, of course, that you are not allowed to use this as an actual method of changing people's votes before an election. And we gave them a clear report after the election and gave them every chance to go back to what they originally thought.
+But what this shows is that if you can get people to see opposing views and interact with themselves, you might actually be able to change their views.
+OK。
+So what does that mean?
+what do you think is going on here?
+First of all, much of what we call self-knowledge is actually self-interpretation.
+So when I see myself making choices and am asked why, I try to be as understandable as possible when explaining.
+But we do this so quickly and easily that when we answer why, we think we actually know the answer.
+And of course, since it's an interpretation, it can be wrong.
+Just like we make mistakes when trying to understand other people.
+So be careful when you ask "why" questions to people. Asking, "So why are you supporting this issue?"
+"Why are you continuing with this job or relationship?" -- Asking why can actually form an attitude that didn't exist before you asked.
+And this, of course, is also important in your professional life, or maybe it is.
+For example, if you design something and ask people, "Why do you think this is good or bad?"
+Or maybe you're a journalist and you ask a politician, "So why did you make this decision?"
+Or if actually you are a politician and you are trying to explain why certain decisions were made.
+So this might seem a little unsettling.
+But if you want to look at it in a positive way, it can also be seen as indicating "OK," so it's actually a bit more flexible than we think.
+we can change our minds.
+Our attitude is not fixed.
+You can also change other people's thinking if you can get others involved in the problem and see it from the opposite perspective.
+And even in my own private life, ever since I started this research, my partner and I have always had a rule that we are allowed to withdraw things.
+Just because you said you liked something a year ago doesn't mean you have to like it now.
+And removing the need to be consistent actually gives you a great sense of relief and makes your relationship life a lot easier.
+Anyway, the conclusion should be "I know that I don't know myself".
+thank you.
+(applause)
+What if I told you there was something you could do right now that had an immediate positive effect on your brain, like your mood and focus?
+And what if I told you that the same thing can actually last for a long time and protect your brain from various conditions like depression, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, etc.?
+do you want to
+yes!
+I'm talking about the powerful effects of physical activity.
+Just moving your body can have immediate and long-term protective effects on your brain.
+And it can last a lifetime.
+So what I want to do today is how, as a professor of neuroscience, I used my deep understanding of neuroscience to basically conduct experiments on myself, and why exercise I want to tell the story of discovering the science that underlies what is most transformative. Things you can do for your brain today.
+Now, as a neuroscientist, I know that our brains, what we have in our heads right now, are the most complex structures known to mankind.
+But talking about the brain is one thing, and looking at the brain is another.
+This is the actual preserved human brain.
+And that goes into explaining the two key areas we're going to talk about today.
+The first is the prefrontal cortex, just behind the forehead, which is important for decision-making, concentration, attention, personality, and more.
+A second important region is in the temporal lobe shown here.
+The brain has two temporal lobes, right and left, and deep within the temporal lobes are key structures that are critical to the ability to form and retain new long-term memories about facts and events.
+And that structure is called the hippocampus.
+So I've always been interested in hippocampus.
+Is it possible that a fraction of a second, such as your first kiss or the birth of your first child, can change your brain and form a memory that lasts a lifetime?
+That's what I want to understand.
+I wanted to initiate and record the activity of individual brain cells in the hippocampus as subjects formed new memories.
+And in essence, we're trying to decipher how these short bursts of electrical activity communicate between neurons, and how those short bursts either form new memories or don't. please look.
+But a few years ago I did something very unusual in the field of science.
+As a full professor in neuroscience, I decided to switch my research program completely.
+Because I came across something so wonderful, something that had the potential to change so many lives, and I had to study it.
+I have discovered and experienced the effects of exercise on the brain.
+And I did it completely carelessly.
+In fact, I was in the middle of all the memory work I was doing. Data flowed in and I became known in my field for all of this memory work.
+And it should have worked. Scientifically it was.
+But when I poked my head out the lab door, something struck me.
+I had no social life.
+I spent too much time alone in a dark room listening to those brain cells.
+(Laughter) I didn't move my body at all.
+I had gained 25 pounds.
+And in fact it took me years to realize it, I was really miserable.
+And I shouldn't be miserable.
+And I went on a trip down the river by myself. Because I didn't have a social life.
+And then I came back -- (laughs) I thought, 'Oh my God, I was the weakest person on this trip.
+I came back with a mission.
+I said, "I will never again think that I am the weakest person on a river trip."
+And that's what inspired me to go to the gym.
+And I took my Type A personality seriously and attended every exercise class at the gym.
+i tried everything.
+I went to kickbox, dance, yoga and step classes and it was really hard at first.
+But what I've noticed is that I feel so much better and have so much more energy after trying a sweaty workout.
+And that's what got me back in the gym.
+Well, I started feeling stronger.
+I feel better and have lost 25 pounds.
+And now, a year and a half into this regular exercise program, I noticed something that made me wake up and pay attention.
+As I sat at my desk writing research grants, a thought crossed my mind that I had never thought of before.
+And the thought was, "Oh, the grant application is going well today."
+And all the scientists -- (Laughter) Yes, all the scientists laugh when I say that, because grant applications never work.
+It is very difficult. You're pulling your hair out all the time trying to come up with ideas that could make you a million dollars.
+But now that I can maintain my focus and attention for longer than I used to, I've noticed that my grant application is on track.
+And my long-term memory, what I was working on in my lab, seemed to get better in me.
+and when you put it together.
+Perhaps the exercise I added to my life changed my brain.
+Maybe I was unknowingly doing an experiment on myself.
+So, as a curious neuroscientist, I turned to the literature to see what we knew about the effects of exercise on the brain.
+And what I found was an inspiring and growing literature that basically showed everything I had discovered within myself.
+Better mood, better energy, better memory, better attention.
+And the more I learned, the more I realized how powerful exercise can be.
+This ultimately led to the big decision to completely change the focus of my research.
+And now, after several years of seriously grappling with this problem, I have come to the following conclusions. Exercise is the most transformative thing you can do for your brain today for three reasons:
+The first is that it has an immediate effect on the brain.
+After just one workout, your levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine will increase immediately.
+It will boost your post-workout mood exactly like I was feeling.
+In my lab, a single workout has been shown to improve your ability to switch attention and focus, and that improved focus lasts at least two hours.
+And finally, research shows that just one workout can improve your reaction speed. This basically means you'll be able to catch Starbucks cups that fall off the counter faster, which is very important.
+(Laughter) But these immediate effects are temporary and come in handy immediately.
+All you have to do is do what I did. It's about changing the way you exercise and improving your cardiovascular fitness for long-lasting benefits.
+And because exercise actually changes brain anatomy, physiology, and function, these effects are long-lasting.
+Let's start with my favorite brain region, the hippocampus.
+The hippocampus, ie movement actually generates brand new brain cells and new brain cells are generated in the hippocampus which actually increases its volume and also improves long term memory.
+And that includes you and me.
+Second: The most common finding in neuroscience studies examining the effects of long-term exercise is prefrontal cortex-dependent improvements in attentional function.
+Not only does it improve focus and attention, it also increases hippocampal volume.
+And finally, the mood benefits of exercise are not only immediate, they are long-lasting.
+This results in a long-term increase in feel-good neurotransmitters.
+But in reality, the biggest change that exercise makes is its protective effect on the brain.
+You can think of the brain like a muscle here.
+The more you work out, the bigger and stronger your hippocampus and prefrontal cortex become.
+Why is that important?
+This is because the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are areas most susceptible to normal cognitive decline due to neurodegenerative disease and aging.
+I mean, increasing exercise throughout your life won't cure dementia or Alzheimer's disease, but what it's trying to do is build the strongest and largest hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and it will take longer to treat these diseases. It is to be actually effective.
+Therefore, you can think of exercise as 401K supercharged in your brain.
+And it's free, so it's even better.
+So this is the gist of the story, and everyone is like, 'That's very interesting, Wendy, but there's only one thing I really want to know.
+In other words, what is the minimum amount of exercise required to get all these changes? "
+(Laughter) So let me tell you the answer to that question.
+First, the good news. You don't have to be a triathlete to get these benefits.
+A good rule of thumb is to have exercise sessions of at least 30 minutes three to four times a week and incorporate aerobic activity.
+That means getting your heart rate up.
+And the good news is that you don't have to go to the gym to get a very expensive gym membership.
+Add to the power walk an extra walk around the block.
+You can see the stairs, so please go up the stairs.
+Power vacuum is just as effective as an aerobics class at the gym.
+So, I went from being a pioneer of memory to being an explorer of movement.
+From getting to the innermost workings of the brain and trying to understand how exercise can improve brain function, my current goal in my lab is to go beyond the rules of thumb I just taught you. . 30 minutes per week.
+I will advise you according to your age, fitness level, and genetic background to not only maximize the benefits of exercise today, but also to improve your brain and protect it for the rest of your life. You want to understand the optimal exercise prescription. .
+But talking about exercise and doing it are two different things.
+Therefore, I would like to use all of my strengths as a certified exercise instructor to ask everyone to stand up.
+(Laughter) Let's just do one minute of exercise.
+It's a call and response, just do what I do, say what I say, and be careful you don't hit your neighbor, okay?
+music!
+(upbeat music) 5, 6, 7, 8, right, left, right, left.
+And I say, I am strong now.
+Let's hear.
+Audience member: I'm stronger now.
+Wendy Suzuki: Guys, I'm Wonder Woman strong.
+Let's hear it!
+Audience: I am Wonder Woman strong.
+WS: New moves -- uppercuts, right and left.
+Now I am inspired. You say it!
+Audience: I am inspired now.
+WS: Final move -- pull down right and left, right and left.
+I'm on fire now! you say it
+Audience: I'm on fire now.
+WS: And done! Good job!
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+I would like to think about one last thing.
+In other words, adding exercise to your life not only makes you happier and safer, but it also protects your brain from incurable diseases.
+And in this way the trajectory of your life will change for the better.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+So today we are going to talk about the rise of collaborative consumption.
+Explain what it is and that this is not just a flimsy idea or short-term trend, but something that is reinvented by powerful cultural and economic forces, not just what we do now. in just 15 minutes. Consume, but how to consume.
+Let's start with a seemingly simple example.
+Hands Up -- How many of you have books, CDs, DVDs, or videos lying around your house that you'll never use again but can't be bothered to throw away?
+You can't see all the hands, but they all look like them, right?
+I have a box set of the DVD series 24, Season 6 to be exact, on my shelf at home.
+I think I bought it for a Christmas present about 3 years ago.
+Now my husband Chris and I love this show.
+But let's be honest, if you've seen it once or twice, you probably won't want to see it again. Because we know how Jack Bauer takes down terrorists.
+So we have books on the shelves that are obsolete to us but have immediate potential value to others.
+Now, before we proceed, I have to make a confession.
+I've lived in New York for 10 years and am a huge Sex and the City fan.
+Well, I'd like to watch the first movie again as a warm-up for the sequel coming out next week.
+So how easily can you trade your unwanted copy of "24" for a much-needed copy of "Sex and the City"?
+Well, you may have noticed a new area emerging called swap trading.
+The simplest analogy for swap trading is like an online dating service with all the unwanted media.
+The idea is to use the Internet to create an infinite marketplace that matches Person A's "what he has" with Person C's "want", whatever it is.
+Last week I visited one of these sites aptly called Swaptree. There were over 59,300 items that could be instantly exchanged for a copy of 24.
+Oh my God, there was a Londron in Reseda, CA who wanted to trade his "as good as new" Sex and the City for my 24.
+So what's going on here is that Swaptree solves my trucking company's sugar rush problem, or what economists call "desires matching," in about 60 seconds.
+What's even better is that they know how to ship your items, so they print your postal labels on the spot.
+There are amazing layers of technology behind sites like Swaptree now, but that's not my interest, nor is swap trading per se.
+My passion, and the research I've spent the last few years, is the cooperative behavior and trust mechanisms inherent in these systems.
+Come to think of it, even a few years ago, exchanging your belongings with a total stranger who didn't even know your real name would have seemed like a far-fetched idea without exchanging any money.
+However, 99 percent of transactions on Swaptree are successful, and 1 percent of negative reviews are for relatively minor reasons, such as goods not arriving on time.
+So what is going on here?
+There are very strong dynamics at work with enormous commercial and cultural influence.
+In other words, its technology enables trust between strangers.
+We now live in a global village that can mimic the bonds that were once face-to-face on a scale and in ways never before possible.
+What's really happening is that social networks and real-time technology are taking us back.
+We barter, trade, trade, and share, but they're reinvented in dynamic and engaging ways.
+What I find interesting is that we're actually wiring our neighborhoods, schools, offices, Facebook networks, etc. to share the world, which creates a "mine is yours" economy. It means that there is
+From the mighty eBay, the progenitor of the exchange market, to car-sharing companies like GoGet that let you rent cars by the hour for a monthly fee, to social lending platforms like Zopa, anyone of these users can make $100. will be available. By lending dollars and matching it to borrowers anywhere in the world, we are again sharing and collaborating in a way that I believe is more hip than hippies.
+I call this "swelling co-consumption".
+Now, before delving into the various systems of communal consumption, I would like to answer a question that every writer is rightfully asked: Where did this idea come from?
+Now, I wish I could say that I woke up one morning and said, "Let's write about collective consumption," but in reality it was a complex web of seemingly unconnected ideas.
+Over the next minute, everything that happened in my head would conceptually look like a fireworks display.
+One of the first things I began to notice was how many big notions, from the wisdom of the crowd to the clever mob, were spawned about how ridiculously easy it was to form a group for a purpose. was.
+And in connection with this crowd mania, there have been examples all over the world of what the power of numbers can achieve, from presidential elections to the infamous Wikipedia and everything in between.
+Now, when you learn a new word, do you see that word starting to pop up everywhere?
+This is what happened to me as I realized we were moving from passive consumers to creators to highly capable collaborators.
+What's happening is that the internet has eliminated the middleman, allowing everyone from T-shirt designers to knitters to make a living from peer-to-peer sales.
+And the ubiquitous power of this peer-to-peer revolution means that sharing is happening at breakneck speed.
+So it's amazing to think that every minute of this speech loads 25 hours of YouTube video.
+Now, what I find interesting about these examples is how they actually tap into our primate instincts.
+In short, we are monkeys, born and raised to share and cooperate.
+And for millennia we farmed cooperatives even when we hunted in packs, until this big system called hyper-consumption came along, building fences and building our own little fiefs. I have continued to do so.
+But things are changing, and one reason is digital natives, or Gen Y.
+They grow by sharing files, video games, knowledge and more.
+It's second nature to them.
+So we millennials (even though I'm just a millennial) are like foot soldiers moving us from "me" culture to "our" culture.
+Mobile collaboration is the reason we're moving so fast.
+We are now living in an era of connectedness, where anyone can identify their whereabouts in real time at any time from a small device in their hands.
+All this was running through my head towards the end of 2008, and then of course the Great Financial Crisis happened.
+Thomas Friedman, one of my favorite New York Times columnists, poignantly said 2008 was when we hit a wall and when both Mother Nature and the markets said, "No more." I commented.
+Now we reasonably know that an economy built on overconsumption is a pyramid scheme. It's a house of cards on the sand.
+But it is difficult for each of us to know what to do.
+This is all a lot of tweets, right?
+Well, there was a lot of noise and complexity in my head until I realized that it was actually caused by four main factors.
+One is a new belief in the importance of community and a redefinition of what friends and neighbors really mean.
+The torrent of peer-to-peer social networks and real-time technology is fundamentally changing the way we behave.
+The third is a pressing and unresolved environmental issue.
+And the fourth is the global recession that has fundamentally impacted consumer behavior.
+These four forces converge to create a profound shift from a 20th century defined by hyper-consumption to a 21st century defined by collective consumption.
+In general, I believe that we are at a tipping point where sharing behavior through sites such as Flickr and Twitter, which are becoming commonplace online, is also being applied to the offline realm of daily life.
+From our morning commute to how we design fashion to how we grow food, we are consuming and collaborating again.
+So my co-author Lou Rogers and I actually collected thousands of examples of communal consumption from around the world.
+While they vary widely in size, maturity, and purpose, a closer look reveals that they can actually be organized into three distinct systems.
+The first is the redistribution market.
+A redistribution market, like Swaptree, is a marketplace where used or used goods are taken and moved from where they are not needed, to where they are, or to someone else.
+They are increasingly thought of as the fifth 'R' (reduce, reuse, recycle, repair, redistribute) as they extend product lifecycles and thereby reduce waste.
+The second is communal living.
+This is the sharing of resources such as money, skills and time.
+I believe that within a few years, phrases like “coworking,” “couchsurfing,” and “time bank” will become part of our everyday vocabulary.
+One of my favorite collaborative lifestyle examples is called landshare.
+British system.
+Mr. Jones, who has plenty of space in his backyard, and Mrs. Smith, an aspiring grower, are a match.
+Together they grow their food.
+This is one of those simple yet brilliant ideas that makes you wonder why it hasn't been done before.
+Well, the third system is the product service system.
+Here you don't have to own the product outright, you pay for the benefits of the product, the effect it has on its users.
+This idea is especially powerful for those with high idle capacity.
+It can be anything from baby products to fashion. How many of you have a power drill? Right.
+The power drill is used for about 12-13 minutes during its entire life.
+(Laughter) That's kind of silly, isn't it?
+Because what you need is a hole, not a drill.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So why not rent a drill? Or, even better, lend your drill to others and make money with it.
+These three systems will come together to allow people to share resources without sacrificing their lifestyles or valuable personal freedoms.
+I'm not asking people to share in the sandbox.
+So let me give you an example of how communal consumption can be powerful in changing behavior.
+The average car costs $8,000 a year to run.
+But that car remains idle 23 hours a day.
+So those two facts make the need to own one or the other outright a bit less.
+That's where car-sharing companies like Zipcar and GoGet come in.
+In 2009, Zipcar attracted 250 participants from 13 cities. They are all self-proclaimed car junkies and car-sharing novices. And I had the key returned for a month.
+Instead, these people had to walk, bike, train, or take other forms of public transportation.
+They could only use their Zipcar membership when absolutely necessary.
+After just one month, the results of this challenge were astonishing.
+It's amazing how I lost 413 pounds just from extra exercise.
+But my favorite stat is that 100 out of 250 participants didn't want their keys back.
+In other words, the car addict had lost his desire to own.
+Today, product service systems have been around for years.
+Think of a library or laundromat.
+But I think they are entering a new era as technology has made sharing smooth and fun.
+There is a wonderful quote written in the New York Times. “Sharing is to ownership what an iPod is to an 8 truck, or solar power is to a coal mine.”
+I also think that our generation has a much less visible relationship with getting what we want than previous generations.
+No DVD needed. I want the movie that is on it.
+We don't want clunky answering machines. I want my saved messages.
+I don't need a CD. I want music that flows.
+In other words, I don't want things. I want the needs and experiences that it fulfills.
+This is facilitating a massive shift away from a situation where use trumps possession, or, as Wired editor Kevin Kelly puts it, "access is better than possession."
+Now that our possessions have dematerialized into clouds, a blurred line has emerged between mine, yours and ours.
+I would like to give an example of how rapidly this evolution is happening.
+This represents a period of eight years.
+We've moved from traditional car ownership to car-sharing companies like Zipcar and GoGet, and ride-sharing platforms that match rides to the latest entry: peer-to-peer car rentals that actually make money. You don't have to let your neighbors have a car that sits idle 23 hours a day.
+All these systems now require a certain amount of trust, and reputation is the cornerstone of this feature.
+Now, in the old consumer system, our reputation didn't matter so much. Because our credit history was much more important than any kind of peer-to-peer review.
+But now, with the advent of the web, it has left its mark.
+Every time we flag a spammer, every idea we post or comment we share really shows how well we work together and whether we can be trusted. It means that
+Let's go back to our first example, Swaptree.
+We can see that Rondoron has completed 553 deals with a 100% success rate.
+In other words, I can trust him or her.
+Notice my words here. It's only a matter of time before you can perform a Google-like search to see the cumulative picture of your reputational capital.
+And this reputational capital determines our access to communal consumption.
+This is a new social currency, so to speak, that could become as powerful as our credit rating.
+Finally, I believe we are indeed at a time when we are waking up from this huge hangover of emptiness and waste. And we are taking leaps and bounds to build more sustainable systems built to meet our innate needs. community and personal identity.
+When a society in the face of great challenges makes a tectonic shift from individual acquisition and spending to the rediscovery of collective gains, I believe it can be called a revolution.
+I'm on a mission to make sharing cool.
+I'm on a mission to make sharing hip.
+Because I truly believe it has the potential to subvert outdated ways of doing business and leapfrog over wasteful forms of hyper-consumption to teach us that we are truly enough.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+On a warm August morning in Harare, Farai, a 24-year-old mother of two, was walking to a park bench.
+She looks miserable and dejected.
+An 82-year-old woman sits on a park bench right now. Known locally as Grandma Jack.
+Farai hands Grandmother Jack an envelope from the clinic nurse.
+Grandmother Jack invites Farai to sit while she opens the envelope and reads the book.
+There is silence for three minutes while she reads.
+And after a long silence, Grandma Jack took a deep breath, looked at Farai and said, "I'm here for you.
+Would you like to share your story with me? "
+Farai began to speak with tears in his eyes.
+She says, "Grandma Jack, I'm HIV positive.
+I have been living with HIV for the past 4 years.
+My husband left me a year ago.
+I have 2 children under the age of 5.
+i am unemployed
+I can hardly take care of my children. "
+Tears are streaming down her face now.
+In response, Grandma Jack approached and put her hand on Farai, saying, "Farai, it's okay to cry.
+You've been through a lot.
+want to share more with me? "
+And Farai continues.
+"In the last three weeks, I have thought many times that I wanted to take my two children and commit suicide.
+I can not stand it any longer.
+A nurse at the clinic let me go see you. "
+The exchange between the two lasts about 30 minutes.
+And finally, says Grandmother Jack. "Falai, you seem to have all the symptoms of Kufungishisa."
+The word "Kufungisisa" opens the floodgates of tears.
+So Kufungisisa is equivalent to depression in my country.
+Literally translated, it means "to think too much".
+The World Health Organization estimates that over 300 million people worldwide currently suffer from depression, or in my country it is called Kufungisisa.
+And the World Health Organization also states that every 40 seconds someone somewhere in the world commits suicide due to unhappiness, mostly due to depression and kufungisa.
+And most of these deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
+In fact, the World Health Organization even says suicide is now the leading cause of death when looking at the 15- to 29-year-old age group.
+But there is an endless list of a wide range of events that lead to depression and even suicide, including abuse, conflict, violence, isolation, and loneliness.
+But one thing we do know is that depression can be treated and suicide can be avoided.
+But the problem is that there aren't enough psychiatrists and psychologists in the world to do the job.
+For example, in most low- and middle-income countries, the ratio of psychiatrists to the population is around 1 in 1.5 million, literally 90 percent of those who need mental health services are not getting them. means. .
+My country has 12 psychiatrists for a population of about 14 million, and I am one of them.
+Now let's put this into context.
+One evening, I was at home when I got a call from the ER, or emergency room, in a city about 200 kilometers from where I live.
+And the ER doctor said, "One of your patients, the one you treated four months ago, just had an overdose. They're in the ER department.
+Appears hemodynamically normal, but requires neuropsychiatric evaluation. "
+Of course, now you can't drive 200 kilometers in the middle of the night.
+So I do the best I can on the phone with the ER doctor and make an assessment.
+We confirm that suicide observations are being made.
+We made sure to start reviewing the antidepressants this patient was taking, and eventually Erica — that was her name, age 26 — was ready to be released from the ER. As soon as I could, I made a decision. , she should come directly to me with her mother, and I will assess and establish what I can do.
+And I assumed it would take about a week.
+A week goes by.
+3 weeks pass.
+I'm not Erica.
+One day, Erica's mother called and said, "Erika committed suicide three days ago."
+She committed suicide by hanging herself from a mango tree in her garden. "
+Now, in an almost reflexive response, I couldn't help but ask, "But why didn't you come to Harare where I live?"
+We agreed to come to you as soon as you were released from the ER. "
+Her reply was brief.
+"I didn't have $15 for the bus fare to come to Harare."
+Suicide is not uncommon in the world of mental health today.
+But there was something about Erica's death that stuck with me to the core of my existence.
+When I heard Erica's mother say, "I didn't pay $15 for the bus to get to you," I was hoping people would come to me, but it didn't work out. I noticed.
+And I fell into a state of self-exploration, really trying to find my role as a psychiatrist in Africa.
+And after talking to colleagues, friends and family, and doing quite a bit of counseling and self-inquiry, I suddenly realized that in fact one of the most trusted resources in Africa was my grandmother.
+Yes grandmas.
+And I wondered if there are grandmas in every community.
+There are hundreds of them.
+And -- (laughter) And they don't leave the community for greener pastures.
+(Laughter) You see, they only leave when they go to a green meadow called Heaven.
+(Laughter) So I thought, why not train grannies in evidence-based talk therapy that they can practice on the bench.
+Empower children with listening and empathy skills rooted in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Empower them with skills that provide behavioral activation and activity scheduling. We support you with digital technology.
+As you know, mobile phone technology.
+Almost everyone in Africa now has a mobile phone.
+So in 2006, I started my first granny group.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) There are now hundreds of old women working in more than 70 communities.
+And in the last year alone, more than 30,000 people have been treated at the Friendship Bench from community grandmothers in Zimbabwe.
+(Applause.) And recently, we published this study by these old ladies in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
+And -- (applause) And our results show that six months after receiving treatment from my grandmother, people were still asymptomatic, depression-free, and suicidal ideation completely reduced. .
+In fact, our results -- this was a clinical trial -- in fact, this clinical trial showed that grandmothers were more effective at treating depression than doctors, and -- (Laughter) (Applause) So we're now working towards expanding treatment. this program.
+There are currently over 600 million people aged 65 and over in the world.
+And by 2050, there will be 1.5 billion people aged 65 and over.
+Imagine building a global network of science-based talk therapy-trained grandmothers, supported and networked through digital platforms, in every major city in the world.
+And they will make a difference in the community.
+These will reduce the treatment gap for psychiatric, neurological and substance use disorders.
+Finally, here is a file photo of Grandma Jack.
+So Farai had six sessions on the bench with Grandmother Jack.
+Farai is now employed.
+She sends her two children to school.
+And as for Grandmother Jack, one February morning we expected her to see her 257th customer on the bench.
+she didn't show up.
+She went to a green ranch called heaven.
+But I believe Grandma Jack is rooting from above for other Grandmas, the growing number of Grandmas who are making a difference in the lives of thousands of people.
+And when she learned that what she had helped pioneer had now spread to other countries, like Malawi and Zanzibar, and was approaching her home here in the United States, New York City, she was in awe. I'm sure there are.
+may her soul rest in peace.
+thank you.
+(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
+Most refugees now live in cities rather than in refugee camps.
+We account for over 60% of the world's refugee population.
+With the majority of refugees living in urban areas, paradigm shifts and new ways of thinking are urgently needed.
+Better to spend money on programs that help refugees help themselves than on building a wall.
+(Applause.) We must always leave behind all our belongings.
+But our skills and knowledge are not.
+If allowed to lead productive lives, refugees can support themselves and contribute to the development of their host countries.
+I was born in Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
+I am the fifth born in a family of twelve.
+My father, who was a mechanic by profession, worked very hard to get me to school.
+Like many young people, I had many plans and dreams.
+I wanted to finish my studies, get a good job, get married, have children of my own and raise a family.
+But that didn't happen.
+The war in my country forced me to flee to Uganda nine years ago in 2008.
+My family has joined a steady stream of refugees settling in Uganda's capital, Kampala.
+In my country, I already lived in cities, but I felt that Kampala was much better than refugee camps.
+Urban refugees have consistently been denied international aid since being recognized by UNHCR in 1997.
+In addition to the poverty issues we faced as local urban poor, we also faced challenges such as language barriers as refugees.
+The official language in Congo is French.
+But in Uganda it is English.
+We had no education and no health.
+We were harassed, exploited, intimidated and discriminated against.
+Humanitarian organizations were mainly focused on formal settlement in rural areas and nothing was available for us.
+But we didn't want a handout.
+We wanted to work and support ourselves.
+I joined two other colleagues in exile in setting up an organization to help other refugees.
+"YARID" (Young African Refugees for Integrated Development) began as a conversation within the Congolese community.
+We asked the community how they can organize to solve these challenges.
+YARID's support programs have evolved step by step from football community to English to sewing livelihoods.
+Football has transformed the energy of unemployed youth and brought people together from different communities.
+Free English classes enable people to join the Ugandan community, get to know their neighbors and sell their goods.
+Vocational training programs provide livelihood skills and thereby also significant opportunities for economic independence.
+We have seen many families become self-reliant.
+We have seen that there are people who no longer need our help.
+As YARID's program has grown, so has the range of participating nationalities, including Congolese, Rwandan, Burundian, Somali, Ethiopian and South Sudanese.
+YARID is currently helping over 3,000 refugees across Kampala and continues to help more.
+(Applause.) Refugees want empowerment, not benefits.
+We know our community better than anyone.
+We understand the challenges and opportunities you face to become self-reliant.
+I know better than anyone that refugee-generated initiatives work.
+They need to be recognized and supported internationally.
+Give us the support we deserve and we'll pay you back with interest.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Beverly Joubert: We have a genuine passion for the African wilderness and its conservation, which is why we have focused on the iconic cat.
+And given human suffering and poverty, and even climate change, some may wonder why we worry about a few cats.
+Today, I would like to share with you a message that I have learned from a very important and special character, this Leopard.
+Derek Joubert: Well, our life is basically like a super long episode of CSI, about 28 years.
+Essentially, what we've done is studied the science, observed behavior, and seen more than 2,000 kills by these amazing animals.
+But one of the things that science has really let us down is the personalities these animals have, their personalities.
+And here is a prime example of that.
+We found this leopard in a 2,000 year old baobab tree in Africa. This tree was the same tree where we found her mother and grandmother.
+And she took us on a journey and revealed to us something very special. It is her own daughter who is 8 days old.
+And the moment we found this leopard, we knew we needed to live together, and we basically lived with this leopard for the next four and a half years. I followed her every day and got to know her and the individual. Her personality, and really got to know her.
+Now I am destined to spend a lot of time with unique, very special, individual and often captivating female characters.
+(Laughter) Beverly is obviously one of them, and this little panther, Legadema, is another panther, and she changed our lives.
+BJ: Well, we certainly spent a lot of time with her. In fact, it was longer than even her mother spent.
+We stayed and filmed when her mother went hunting.
+And early on, lightning struck a tree twenty paces away from us.
+It was terrifying and leaves and pungent smells rained down on us.
+And, of course, we were stunned for a while, but we managed to find our wits about it and say, "Oh my god, what's going on with that little baby?"
+Perhaps she will forever associate us with that deafening crash. "
+Well, no need to worry.
+She rushed straight at us out of the bush and sat next to us, her back to Derek, looking out shiveringly.
+And indeed, since that day, she has become comfortable with us.
+So we felt that was the day she really made a name for herself.
+We named her Legadema, which means "light from the sky".
+DJ: Well, we've found this individualism in all kinds of animals, especially cats.
+This special person is called Eatwidmailo, "the one who greets with fire." You get that about him, that's his character.
+But only by getting up close to these animals and spending time with them can we really reach out and even dig into their personal personalities.
+BJ: But through our research we have to look for the wildest places in Africa.
+And now it's here in Botswana's Okavango Delta.
+Yes, it's a swamp. We live in a marsh in a tent, but I must say that every day is a lot of fun.
+But also, we are driving through water and it is uncharted territory so much of the time our hearts are stuck in our throats.
+But we're really there, searching, searching, photographing the iconic cat.
+DJ: One of the key things here is that we all know of course that cats don't like water. So this was a real revelation for us.
+And we were only able to find this out by pushing ourselves, by going where no sane person should go - not without prompting from Beverly, by the way - and just Just push your limits, get out there, push your car and push yourself.
+However, it turned out that these lions were 15% larger than the others and specialized in hunting buffalo in the water.
+BJ: And of course the challenge is knowing when to turn around.
+We don't always get it right, but on this particular day we greatly underestimated the depth.
+It got deeper and deeper until it reached Derek's chest level.
+A deep pothole was then encountered and the vehicle was severely submerged.
+In fact, we managed to sink $2 million worth of camera equipment.
+We have to let our pride wash down and say it was really serious, but we took the engine.
+DJ: And of course, one of the rules in the car is that whoever drowns in the car swims with the crocodile.
+(Laughter) You'll also notice that all of these images here were taken by Beverly from a top angle. By the way, it's a dry top angle.
+(laughs) But all the places we got stuck have really nice views.
+And it wasn't any time soon, these lions came back towards us and Beverly was able to get some great pictures.
+BJ: But we spend days and nights shooting really unique footage.
+And 20 years ago, we made the movie Eternal Enemy, and we managed to capture this unusual and disturbing behavior across two species: lions and hyenas.
+And surprisingly, the film became a cult movie.
+And we can only work it out because people were seeing parallels between the brutal side of nature and gang warfare.
+DJ: It was amazing. Because you can see that this lion does exactly what its name suggests, Eatwidmilo.
+He's focused on this hyena and trying to catch it.
+(animal sounds) But I think what this means is that these people have these personalities and characters.
+But for us to get them, we must not only push ourselves, but live by certain rules of engagement. In other words, you cannot intervene.
+This kind of behavior has been going on for 3 million, 4 million, 5 million years, and we can't step in and say 'that's wrong, that's right'.
+But it's not always easy for us.
+BJ: So, as Derek says, we have to overcome extreme temperatures, nighttime strains.
+I am extremely sleep deprived.
+We are in a last minute situation most of the time.
+But for ten years we have tried to capture a lion and an elephant together, and until this night we have never captured one.
+And I must say it was an unsettling night for me.
+Tears streamed down my cheeks.
+I was trembling with anxiety, but I knew I had to shoot something that had never been seen or documented before.
+And I believe you should stay with us.
+DJ: The amazing thing about these moments is that although this is probably the highlight of our career, we never know how it will end.
+In fact, many believe that death begins in the eyes rather than in the heart or lungs. And that is when man gives up hope, or when all life forms give up hope.
+And you can see the beginning of it here.
+This elephant simply gives up hope in the face of overwhelming odds.
+But in the same way, we can regain hope again.
+So just when you think it's all over, something else happens and a spark falls within you, creating a kind of will to fight. That iron will we all have, this elephant has, it has protection, it has big cats.
+All have the will to survive, fight, overcome mental barriers and keep moving forward.
+And for us, in many ways, this elephant has become a symbol of inspiration for us, a symbol of hope as we move forward with our work.
+(Applause) Now, back to the leopard.
+We spent a lot of time with this leopard trying to understand her individualism and personality, so maybe we went a little too far.
+Perhaps we took her for granted and she didn't really like it.
+Since this is about a couple working together, I must say that Beverly and I have some pretty tough territory in the car.
+Beverly sits on the side where all the camera equipment is, and I sit on the other side where I have my space.
+They are precious to us, they are divisions.
+BJ: But when this kitty saw that I had cleared my seat and climbed back up to get my camera gear, he would come over like a curious cat and come check it out.
+It was amazing and we appreciated her trusting us so far.
+But at the same time, we were concerned that if she made this a habit of jumping into someone else's car, it might not have the same result, and she might get shot for it.
+So we knew we needed to act quickly.
+And the only way I thought I could do it without frightening her was to try and simulate a grunt, or hiss, like her mother makes.
+So Derek turned on the heater fan in the car. This was very innovative.
+DJ: Beverly felt like she was being replaced, and that was the only way for me to save the marriage.
+(Laughter) But really, really, this was how this little panther was showing her personality.
+But when she started hunting, nothing was ready for what would come next for our relationship with her.
+BJ: And for this first hunt, we were really excited.
+It was like watching a graduation ceremony.
+We felt like surrogate parents.
+And of course we knew she would survive.
+But it wasn't until I saw a tiny baby baboon clinging to its mother's fur that I realized something very unique was happening here at Legadema.
+And of course the baby baboons were so innocent they didn't turn or run.
+So what we saw over the next few hours was quite unique.
+It was a real surprise when she picked it up to safety while protecting it from hyenas.
+And over the next five hours, she processed it.
+We realized that we don't really know everything and that nature is so unpredictable that we have to be open all the time.
+DJ: Well, she was a little rough.
+(Laughter) But actually what we were seeing here was interesting.
+Because she was a child who wanted to play, but she was also a predator who needed to be killed, and she was still a mother who was still being born, so she had a kind of conflict.
+She had maternal instincts, much like a young girl trying to grow into a woman. So we've reached a new level in understanding this character.
+BJ: And of course they lay together all night long.
+They ended up sleeping for hours.
+But I have to tell you - everyone always asks, "What happened to the baby baboons?"
+It did die, but I suspect the freezing winter night was the culprit.
+DJ: So I think at this stage we had a very strong idea of ​​what conservation meant.
+We had to deal with these individual personalities.
+We had to treat them with respect and celebrate them.
+That's why we partnered with National Geographic to create the Big Cat Initiative to promote conservation while caring for our beloved big cats. And we've had the opportunity to look back over the last 50 years and see how well we've done. Everything is done collectively.
+So when Beverly and I were born there were 450,000 lions, and now we have 20,000.
+The tiger's situation couldn't be any better, with 45,000 down to perhaps 3,000.
+BJ: And the cheetah numbers plummeted to 12,000.
+Leopard numbers plummeted from 700,000 to just 50,000.
+10,000 leopards have been legally shot dead by safari hunters during this extraordinary period of time we have been working with Legadema, which actually spans five years.
+And that wasn't the only leopard killed throughout that period.
+Poaching is also huge, and probably as much.
+It's simply not sustainable.
+We admire them and fear them, but still, as humans, we want to steal their power.
+Once upon a time only kings wore leopard skins, but now traditional healers and ministers wear leopard skins during ceremonies and celebrations.
+And of course, this flayed lion's paw eerily reminds me of something like a human hand. It's ironic because their fate is in our hands.
+DJ: The bone trade is booming.
+South Africa has just put lion bones on the market.
+Lion bones and tiger bones look exactly the same, so the lion bone industry is trying to wipe out all tigers in one fell swoop.
+So we have a real problem here, and it's the same with lions and male lions.
+So the 20,000 lions figure you saw earlier is actually a red herring. Because there could be 3,000 or 4,000 male lions, and in reality they all have the same disease.
+I call it complacency, complacency.
+Because there are sports and activities that we are all aware of and tolerate.
+That's probably because we didn't see the situation today.
+BJ: And you have to know that when a male lion is killed, the whole pride is utterly shattered.
+A new male comes into the area, takes over the pride and, of course, first of all kills all the cubs and possibly some of the females guarding them.
+Therefore, it is estimated that 20 to 30 lions will be killed if one lion hangs on a wall far away.
+DJ: Our research shows that these lions are essential.
+They are vital to their habitat.
+If they disappear, the entire African ecosystem will disappear.
+Africa has $80 billion in ecotourism revenue annually.
+So this is not just a concern for lions. The same is true for African communities.
+When they disappear, everything disappears.
+But what I am more concerned about in many ways is that as we disconnect ourselves from nature and disconnect ourselves mentally from these animals, we lose hope and lose our spiritual connection, our dignity, our dignity. It is the loss of what is within. It connects us to the earth.
+BJ: So now when you look into the eyes of a lion or a leopard, you have to know that it's critical perception that counts.
+So what we're doing is, in February we're releasing a movie called The Last Lion, and The Last Lion is exactly what's happening right now.
+That's the situation we're in, the last lion.
+So if we don't act, if we don't do something, these plains will be completely free of big cats, and then everything else will disappear.
+And simply, if we can't protect them, we're also in the business of protecting ourselves.
+DJ: And really, it's probably true from the very beginning that we talked and designed our lives, that conservation is all about respect and celebration. That's what you really need.
+I need it. We respect and celebrate each other as men, as women, as a community, and as part of the planet, and we need to continue to do so.
+And legadema?
+In fact, we can report that we are grandparents.
+(laughs) BJ/DJ: Thank you.
+(applause)
+In 1962, with Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring," I don't think the canary in the mine was singing to someone like me in the world of manufacturing.
+So the question of whether we have no birds became sort of fundamental to those of us who wandered around looking for meadowlarks that seemed to be all gone.
+And the question was, were the birds singing?
+Well, I'm no scientist, it's really clear.
+But you know, we just finished discussing what birds are.
+what is a bird
+In my world, this is a rubber duck.
+The State of California states that "This product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm."
+this is a bird
+What kind of culture would produce this kind of product, label it and sell it to our children?
+I think it's a design problem.
+Someone who listened to a six-hour talk I gave on NPR called "The Monticello Dialogue" sent me this message as a thank you. “We understand that design is a signal of intent, but it must also take place in the world.” need to do it. So when we look back at the basic situations we design, in a way we have to go back to the primitive state to understand. I think the operating system and planetary frame state, and the exciting part about it, is the good news out there. Because the news is the news of abundance, not the news of limits. I think that our culture has afflicted itself. Now that we have concerns about oppression and limitations and fears, we add another dimension of consistent abundance, driven by the sun, that You can start imagining what to share. "
+I'm glad I got that.
+It was one sentence.
+Henry James would be proud.
+This was clearly improvised, as I wrote at the bottom.
+The fundamental problem is that for me design is the first signal of human intention.
+So what are our intentions and what are our intentions? When we wake up in the morning, we have plans for the world. What is our intention as a species now that we are the dominant species?
+And it's not just a management-and-control discussion. Because, in fact, management implies management. Because how can you control what you kill?
+And management includes implicit domination. Because you can't be a manager if you can't control something.
+So the question is, what is the first question for designers?
+Now, as a guardian -- let's say a nation that reserves the right to murder, the right to be duplicitous, etc. -- the question we are asking guardians at this point is, are we serious, am I? What is going on with us? Does it mean securing communities, building world peace, and saving the environment?
+But I'm not sure if that's the general discussion.
+Commerce, on the other hand, is relatively quick, creative in nature, highly effective and efficient, and fundamentally honest. Because you can't exchange value for very long if you don't trust each other.
+So we use commercial tools primarily for work, but the question we pose there is how can we love all children of all species all the time? .
+And we start designing from that question.
+Because what we are noticing today is that modern culture seems to adopt a strategy of tragedy.
+If we come here and say, "I didn't mean to cause global warming on the way here," and say, "That's not part of my plan," that's effectively the plan. I realize that I am part of it.
+It's happening because you have no other plans.
+And I pointed out that I was in the White House for President Bush, meeting with every federal agency, and they didn't seem to have any plans.
+If the ultimate problem is global warming, they are doing well.
+If the ultimate goal is to poison children with mercury downwind of clean air law-bending coal-fired power plants, then our education program will "make every child brain dead and leave no child behind." It turns out that it should be clearly defined as
+(Applause.) So the question is, how many federal employees are ready to move to Ohio and Pennsylvania with their families?
+So if there's nothing fun about the endgame, if you don't know you're stealing the king, you're just moving chess pieces.
+Therefore, we may be able to develop change strategies that require humility. And unfortunately, in my work as an architect, the words 'humility' and 'architect' have appeared in the same paragraph since The Fountainhead.
+So if anyone here has trouble with the concept of design humility, remember this. It took us 5,000 years to put wheels on our luggage.
+So, as Kevin Kelly pointed out, there is no endgame.
+There is an infinite game and we are playing that infinite game.
+We call it "cradle to cradle" and our goal is very simple.
+This is what I submitted to the White House.
+Our goal is an amazingly diverse, safe, healthy and just world with clean air, clean water, soil and electricity, economically, equitably, environmentally and gracefully enjoyed. .
+(Applause.) What don't you like about this?
+What part of this don't you like?
+There we realized that although it may be difficult to remember de Gaulle's words when asked what it was like to be the President of France, he wanted complete diversity.
+"What do you think it would be like to run a country with 400 cheeses?" he said.
+However, we also recognize that our products are neither safe nor healthy.
+That's why we designed our products and analyzed the chemicals to parts per million.
+This is the Pendleton Baby Blanket that will nourish your little one in lieu of Alzheimer's later in life.
+We can ask ourselves what is justice, is justice blind, or is justice blind?
+And at what point did that uniform change from white to black?
+Water is declared a human right by the United Nations.
+Air quality is obvious to anyone who breathes it.
+Is there anyone here who is not breathing?
+Clean soil is a critical issue. Nitrification and dead zones in the Gulf of Mexico.
+The underlying problem has not been resolved.
+We have witnessed the first form of solar energy here on the Great Plains, in the form of the wind, defeating the supremacy of fossil fuels, and that supremacy is leaving.
+And remember, when Sheikh Yamani founded OPEC, they asked him, "When will the oil age end?"
+I don't know if you remember his answer, but it was, "The Stone Age didn't end because there weren't any more stones."
+In this world, we find that companies that act ethically outperform those that don't.
+We see the flow of matter in rather frightening prospects.
+This is a hospital monitor sent from Los Angeles to China.
+The woman exposed herself to toxic phosphorus, releasing 4 pounds of toxic copper-derived lead into her children's environment.
+On the other hand, there are also great signs of hope.
+This is Dr. Venkataswamy from India who discovered how to mass produce health.
+He has given free sight to two million people.
+Looking at the material flow, coating contaminants such as bismuth, antimony, and copper will never make automotive steel into automotive steel again.
+They become construction steel.
+Meanwhile, we work with Berkshire Hathaway, Warren Buffett and Shaw Carpet, the world's largest carpet company.
+We have developed a carpet that is continuously recyclable at the one-millionth level.
+The upper is nylon 6, which can be turned back into caprolactam, and the bottom is polyolefin, an infinitely recyclable thermoplastic.
+Well, if I were a bird, the building to my left would be a liability.
+The building to my right is The Gap's corporate campus and nesting property with ancient meadows.
+This is where I come from. I grew up in Hong Kong. Hong Kong has 6 million people living in 40 square miles.
+During the dry season, they were drinking 4 hours of water every 4 days.
+And the relationship with the landscape is that of the farmers who have been farming the same land for 40 centuries.
+You cannot farm the same land for 40 centuries without understanding nutrient flow.
+The summers of my childhood were Washington's Puget Sound during a period of first growth and great growth.
+My grandfather was an Olympic lumberjack, so I have a lot of wood karma.
+I went to graduate school at Yale University and studied in this style of building by Le Corbusier, known in the industry as Brutalism.
+Looking to the world of architecture, the question may arise, as seen in Mies's 1928 Berlin Tower, "Where is the sun?"
+This might have worked in Berlin, but we built it in Houston, so the windows are all closed. While most products appear not to be designed for indoor use, this is actually a vertical gas chamber.
+When I went to Yale, the first energy crisis happened and as a student I designed and built Ireland's first solar house. I hope this gives you a sense of my ambition.
+And one of my teachers, Richard Meyer, came to my desk many times to criticize me and said, "Bill, you have to understand -- solar energy has nothing to do with architecture."
+Apparently he hadn't read Vitruvius.
+In 1984, we established America's first so-called "Green Office" for environmental defense.
+We started asking manufacturers what their raw materials contained.
+They said, 'They're proprietary, they're legal, go away'.
+The only quality indoor work done in the country at the time was sponsored by R.J. It was by the Reynolds Tobacco Company to certify that the workplace was free of second-hand smoke hazards.
+So, suddenly here I am, out of high school in 1969. And this happens and we realize that "Away" is gone.
+Remember when we were throwing things away and pointing "over there"?
+And yet, for example, NOAA showed us, can you see that little blue object in the sky above Hawaii?
+That is the Pacific Circulation.
+Scientists recently dragged out plankton for sampling and found six times more plastic than plankton.
+When asked, they said, "It's like a giant toilet that doesn't flush."
+Perhaps it is away.
+So we are looking for design rules for this tree. This is the 259 species of Irian Jaya trees, the most biodiverse trees in the world. I explained this in my book "From Cradle to Cradle".
+The book itself is a polymer. not wood.
+That's the name of the first chapter - "This book is not a tree."
+Because, as Margaret Atwood pointed out, in Poetics "we write history in the blood of bears and on fish skins."
+And with so much polymer, what we really need is technical nourishment, using something as elegant as wood. Imagine this design challenge. Design something that produces oxygen, sequesters carbon, fixes nitrogen, distills water, and stores solar energy as fuel. , make complex sugars and food, create a microclimate, change color with the seasons, and self-replicate.
+So why not knock it over and write on top of it?
+(Laughter) I mean, we're looking at the same criteria as most people -- you know, can I afford that?
+Is it effective? do i like it
+Add a Jeffersonian agenda. I am from Charlottesville and had the privilege of living in a house designed by Thomas Jefferson.
+We add life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
+Now, if you look at the word "competition", I think most people have used it.
+Most people don't realize that it comes from the Latin "competite," which means "to work together."
+It means the way Olympians train each other.
+They fit together and compete.
+The Williams sisters will compete and one of them will win Wimbledon.
+So we've been looking at the idea of ​​competition as a way to work together to keep each other healthy.
+And the Chinese government, I am currently working with the Chinese government, has taken this up.
+We also look at survival of the fittest. This is not just in terms of competition in the modern context of beating or beating your opponents, but actually aiming to fit in, build a niche and have good growth.
+Most environmentalists aren't saying growing up is good now. Because in our lexicon, asphalt is the double word for blame.
+But when we look at the asphalt as our growth, we realize that what we are doing is destroying the earth's basic operating system.
+So when it appears that E is equal to mc squared, energy, from the poet's point of view, is considered physics, chemistry as mass, and suddenly we understand this biology.
+And we have enough energy to solve the problem. But the question of biology is thorny. Because we deal with all these toxic substances that we emit, we can never recover them.
+And, as Francis Crick pointed out nine years after discovering DNA with Watson, life itself needs to grow as a prerequisite: it needs free energy and sunlight, and it needs the release of chemicals. must be a system.
+In other words, we want human artifacts to become living things, we want growth, we want free energy from sunlight, we want open chemical metabolism.
+Then the question is not whether to grow or not to grow, but what you want to grow.
+So instead of just adding more destruction, we want to nurture something we might enjoy. Then one day the FDA will allow us to make French cheese.
+So there are these two metabolisms, and I worked with German chemist Michael Braungart and identified two basic metabolisms.
+The biological stuff, I think you understand, but it's also the technical stuff of taking material and putting it into a closed cycle.
+We call them bionutrition and technical nutrition.
+Technical nutrition is an order of magnitude better than biological nutrition.
+The fact that biological nutrition can supply about 500 million people means that if we were all wearing Birkenstocks and cotton, the world would run dry without cork.
+We therefore need materials in a closed cycle, but one in a million for cancer, birth defects, mutagenic effects, destruction of the immune system, biodegradation, persistence, heavy metal content, knowledge of manufacturing methods, etc. should be analyzed down to the unit of They and their production and so on.
+Our first product was a fiber analyzed for 8,000 chemicals in the textile industry.
+Using these intelligent filters, [7,962] was removed, leaving 38 chemicals.
+Since then, we have compiled a database of the 4,000 most commonly used chemicals in human manufacturing and plan to open this database to the public within six weeks.
+So designers around the world can analyze their products down to the millionth for human and ecological health.
+(Applause.) We developed a protocol to allow companies to send the same message across their supply chains. Because when we asked most companies we do business with (around $1 trillion), "Where's your stuff come from?" "They say 'suppliers'.
+"So where is it going?"
+"customer."
+So I need help there.
+This meant that the biological nutrients, the initial fiber, and therefore the water that came out, were clean enough to drink.
+Technical Nutrients -- This is for Shaw Carpet, an infinitely reusable carpet.
+Here nylon goes back to caprolactam and back to carpet.
+Biotech Nutrient -- Ford Motor's Model U, cradle-to-cradle car -- concept car.
+Nike shoes have infinitely recyclable polyester uppers and biodegradable soles.
+Put on your old shoes and take off your new ones.
+There is no finish line.
+The idea for this car is that some materials will go back to industry forever and some materials will go back to the soil, all powered by solar power.
+This is the Oberlin College building we designed to generate more energy and purify water than needed to operate.
+This is The Gap building with ancient grass growing on the roof from San Bruno, California.
+And this is our project for the Ford Motor Company.
+Activation of the Rouge River in Dearborn.
+This is clearly a color photo.
+These are our tools. So I sold it to Ford.
+This method saved Ford $35 million from day one. That's the equivalent of a Ford Taurus with a 4% margin on a $900 million car order.
+here it is. At 10 and a half acres, it is the largest green roof facility in the world.
+It's a roof, it's saving money, and it's the first seed to arrive here. These are Killdeer.
+They showed up within 5 days.
+And now a 350-pound car worker is learning bird songs on the Internet.
+We are currently developing protocols for the cities that are home to Tech Nutrients.
+This country is the home of biology. and combine them.
+Finally, let me show you the new city we are designing for the Chinese government.
+We are currently working with 12 cities in China, using a cradle-to-cradle template.
+Our mission is to develop a protocol for housing 400 million people in 12 years.
+We have balanced the mass energy. If you use bricks, you lose all the soil and burn all the coal.
+There will be cities without energy and food.
+We signed a memorandum of understanding for China to adopt from cradle to cradle. This is Deng Xiaoping's daughter, Mrs. Deng Nan.
+Because if they poisoned themselves, the lowest cost producer, and sent it to the lowest cost distributor, Walmart, and we sent the full amount to them, we would find out is what we have, in effect. When I was in school it was called Mutually Assured Destruction.
+Now do it molecule by molecule. These are our cities.
+We are building a new city next to this one. Look at that scenery.
+Here is that site.
+We don't usually build green spaces, but they told us that this place is going to be built, so they brought us in as an intermediary.
+This is their plan.
+It's a grid of rubber stamps they put over the landscape.
+And they brought us in and said, "What would you do?"
+Ultimately this will be another color photo.
+Here is the existing site and how it currently looks: Here are our suggestions.
+(Applause.) So we've studied hydrology very carefully as a way of approaching this.
+We studied biota, ancient biota, current agriculture and protocols.
+We have studied wind and sun to ensure that every resident in the city has fresh air, fresh water and direct sunlight in every apartment at some point during the day.
+Next, place the park as environmental infrastructure.
+Place the building area.
+We will start integrating commercial and mixed use so that everyone has a center and a place.
+Transportation is all very easy and everyone can be within a 5 minute walk.
+With 24-hour roads, there is always a lively place.
+All waste systems are connected.
+When you flush the toilet, the feces are sent to a sewage treatment plant and sold as an asset, not a liability.
+Because who wants a fertilizer plant that makes natural gas?
+All water is withdrawn to build wetlands for habitat restoration.
+Natural gas is then produced, which is returned to the city to provide fuel for the city's cooking.
+So this is a fertilizer gas plant.
+All the compost is then brought back to the city rooftops, where farming takes place. Because what we did was lift the city, the landscape into the air and restore the natural landscape. building roof.
+Solar power in all factory centers and all industrial zones with bright roofs powers the city.
+And this is the concept of the apex of the city.
+We lifted the soil onto the roof.
+The farmhouse has a small bridge to go from roof to roof.
+We live in this city and have work/living space on every ground floor.
+This is the existing city and this is the new city.
+(applause)
+So let's start by admitting that any of us in this room today are lucky.
+We don't live in the world our mothers and grandmothers lived in, where career options for women were very limited.
+And you in this room today, you grew up in a world where most of us had basic civil rights, but surprisingly some women didn't. I still live there.
+But that aside, we still have a problem, and it really is a problem.
+And the problem is that women have not risen to the top of any profession in the world.
+The numbers speak for themselves very clearly.
+Nine of the 190 heads of state are women.
+Thirteen percent of the world's parliamentarians are women.
+In the corporate sector, women are at the top, in C-suite positions, and on boards, with the highest proportion at 15-16 percent.
+This figure has not moved since 2002 and is headed in the wrong direction.
+And even in the non-profit world, we sometimes think of a world led by more women, with 20 percent women at the top.
+There is also another problem. Women face a tougher choice between professional success and personal fulfillment.
+A recent survey in the United States found that among married senior managers, two-thirds of married men have children, while only one-third of married women have children. rice field.
+A few years ago, I was in New York, pitching a deal, in one of the finest New York private equity offices you could imagine.
+And I'm in a meeting -- the meeting is about three hours -- and after two hours, I need a break, and when everyone's up, my partner hosting the meeting starts to look really bewildered. increase.
+And then I realized he didn't know where the girls' room in the office was.
+So, thinking I just moved in, I start looking for my moving box, but I can't find it.
+So I said, "Did you just move into this office?"
+He said, "No, I've been here about a year."
+And I said, 'Are you saying I'm the only woman in this office who has offered a contract in less than a year?'
+And he looked at me and said, "Yes. Or maybe you're the only one who had to go to the bathroom."
+(Laughter) So the question is, how do we solve this?
+How can I change these numbers at the top?
+How do we change this?
+First of all I want to say that the reason I'm talking about this is about retaining women in the workforce, because I really think that's the answer.
+I believe the problem is that women are dropping out in the higher income segments of our workforce, those in Fortune 500 CEO positions and their equivalents in other industries.
+People are talking about this a lot right now, talking about flextime, mentoring, the programs companies need to develop women.
+It's all really important, but I don't want to talk about it today.
+Today I would like to focus on what we can do as individuals.
+What is the message we need to convey to ourselves?
+What message do we have for the women we work with and for us?
+What is the message we pass on to our daughters?
+Now, first of all, let me make it clear that this speech does not contain any criticism.
+There is no correct answer.
+I don't have one for myself.
+I left San Francisco where I live on Monday and was on a flight to this conference.
+And my 3-year-old daughter, when I dropped her off at kindergarten, was crying and hugging her leg, saying, "Mommy, don't get on the plane."
+This is tough. I feel guilty sometimes.
+I don't know any woman who doesn't feel that way sometimes, whether at home or at work.
+So I wouldn't say staying in the workforce is right for everyone.
+My talk today is about what the message is if you really want to stay in your job, and I think there are three.
+1. Please sit at the table.
+The second is to make your partner a real partner.
+And three, don't leave before you leave.
+The first is to sit at the table.
+Just a few weeks ago, Facebook hosted high-ranking government officials who traveled from across Silicon Valley to meet with senior executives.
+And everyone sat down at the table.
+He had two women who were traveling with him who were pretty senior in his department, so I said to them, "Sit down at the table. Now sit down at the table." sat on the edge.
+In my senior year, I took a course called Intellectual History of Europe.
+Haven't you liked that since college?
+I wish I could do it now.
+And I took it with my roommate Carrie. He was a good literary student at the time and later became an excellent literary scholar. And my brother, a smart guy, was a premed who played water polo. I was in second grade.
+Three of us are taking this class.
+Carrie then reads all the books written in the original Greek and Latin and attends all the lectures.
+I read all my books in English and attend most of my lectures.
+My brother is a little busy.
+He read 1 of the 12 books, attended several lectures, and came to our room for instruction a few days before the exam.
+The three of us go to the exam together and sit down.
+And we sat there for three hours - and our little blue notebook - yes, I'm that old.
+We walked out, looked at each other, and said, "How was it?"
+And Carey says, "I feel like I'm not getting the point of Hegel's dialectic very well."
+And I say, "God, I wish I could really connect John Locke's theory of property with later philosophers."
+And my brother says, "I got the top grade in my class."
+(Laughter) “Were you the top student in your class?”
+you don't know anything "
+(Laughter) The problem with these stories is that they show what the data shows. In other words, women systematically underestimate their own capabilities.
+When you test men and women and ask questions based on a completely objective criterion like GPA, men get slightly higher errors and women get slightly lower errors.
+Women do not negotiate themselves in the workplace.
+A survey of college graduates entering the workforce over the past two years found that 57 percent of incoming men, or men, negotiated their starting salary, compared to just 7 percent of women.
+And most importantly, men attribute their success to themselves, and women to other external factors.
+If you ask men why they do a good job, they'll say, "I'm great.
+clearly. Why are you asking me? "
+If you ask a woman why she did a good job, she will say someone helped her, she was lucky, she worked hard.
+Why is this important?
+Boy, that's very important.
+Because no one can sit at the side of the table and become a corner office, and no one gets promoted if they don't think they deserve success or even understand their own success.
+I wish the answer was easy.
+To all the young women I work with, the wonderful women, I say, 'Believe in yourself and negotiate for yourself.
+Determine your own success. "
+I wish I could pass that on to my daughter.
+But it's not that simple.
+Because what the data show, among other things, is that success and likeability are positively correlated for men and negatively correlated for women.
+And everyone nods. Because we all know this to be true.
+There's a great study that shows this really well.
+There is a famous Harvard Business School study of a woman named Heidi Roisen.
+She runs a Silicon Valley company and uses her connections to become a highly successful venture capitalist.
+In 2002, not so long ago, a professor at Columbia University at the time took up the case and called it [Howard] Roisen.
+And he gave the cases to both groups of students.
+He just changed one word. Changed "Heidi" to "Howard".
+But that one word really made a big difference.
+After that, he gave the students a questionnaire. And the good news is that students, both male and female, thought Heidi and Howard were equally competent, and thought that was a good thing.
+The bad news is that everyone liked Howard.
+he's a great guy you want to work for him
+You want to spend all day fishing with him.
+But Heidi? I'm confused.
+She is a little selfish. She's a little political.
+I don't know if you want to work for her.
+This is the complexity.
+We have to tell our daughters and co-workers to sit at the table for a promotion so they believe they got an A. And for them they will make sacrifices, even if their brethren had none.
+The saddest thing about all this is that this is very difficult to remember.
+And from now on I'm going to talk really embarrassing, but I'm thinking about the important things.
+A little while ago I told this story on Facebook to about 100 employees, and a few hours later a young woman who works there was sitting outside my little desk and said she wanted to talk to me. .
+When I said, "Okay," she sat down and spoke.
+“I learned something today,” she said.
+I learned that I need to keep raising my hand. "
+She said, "You are giving this talk and you said you would have two more questions.
+I raised my hand with many others, and you answered two more questions.
+I put my hands down and realized that all the women did the same thing. After that, I received further questions only from men. "
+And I thought to myself, "Wow, if it's me giving this talk, obviously no one cares about this, but during this talk, a man's hand It's still up, and I don't even realize that women's hands are still up." How well do you understand it as a person? "
+We need women to sit at the table.
+(Cheers) (Applause) Message #2: Make your partner a true partner.
+We are convinced that we are more advanced at work than at home.
+The data show this very clearly.
+When women and men work full-time and have children, women do twice as much housework as men and women do three times as much childcare as men.
+So she has 3 or 2 jobs and he has 1.
+Who do you think will drop out when someone needs to stay home more?
+The cause of this is really complicated and I don't have time to go into detail.
+And I don't think it's because of watching football on Sundays or general laziness.
+I think the cause is more complicated.
+I think as a society we put more pressure on boys than girls to be successful.
+I know a man who stays home and works from home to support his wife's career, and it's tough.
+When I went to Mommy and Me's facility, I noticed that my father was there and that other moms weren't playing with him.
+And that's a problem, because we have to make it as important as work, because working at home for men and women is the hardest job in the world, if we balance the situation Workforce if you're going to keep women at home.
+(Applause.) Research shows that families with equal income and equal responsibilities are half as likely to divorce.
+And even if that wasn't enough motivation for everyone there, they have more motivation too - what shall we say about this at this stage?
+They also know each other better in a biblical sense.
+(Cheers) Message #3: Don't leave before you leave.
+I think there's a real deep irony in the fact that the actions women take with the intention of wanting to stay in the workplace actually lead to them ultimately leaving the workforce.
+What happens is that we are all busy. Everyone is busy. women are busy
+Then she starts thinking about having children. From the moment she starts thinking about having children, she starts thinking about creating a space for them.
+"How do I apply this to everything else I do?"
+And literally from that moment on, she no longer raised her hand, no longer asked for promotions, no longer took on new projects, no longer said, "I want to do that."
+She starts leaning back.
+The problem is - let's say she gets pregnant that day, that day - 9 months pregnant, 3 months on maternity leave, 6 months to catch my breath - fast forward 2 years, more often - and I As does, women start thinking this way early on when they get engaged, get married, or even start thinking about having children, which can take a long time.
+She looked a little younger.
+And I said, "So are you and your husband thinking of having a baby?"
+Then she said, "No, I'm not married."
+She didn't even have a boyfriend.
+(Laughter) I said, 'You're thinking about this too early.'
+But the important thing is what happens when you start leaning back quietly.
+To anyone who has gone through this, I'm here to say that when you have kids at home, it's time to get back to work. Because it is difficult to leave children at home.
+Your job should be challenging.
+You need to feel that you are creating change.
+And if two years ago you didn't get promoted and the guy next to you did, three years ago you stopped looking for new opportunities, you shouldn't be bored because you should have kept stepping on the accelerator. prize.
+Don't leave before you leave.
+stay in.
+Until the day you go out to rest for your child, keep stepping on the accelerator and then make a decision.
+Don't make decisions too early. In particular, don't make decisions that you don't realize you're making.
+Really, sadly, my generation is not going to change the top numbers.
+It's just not moving.
+We're not going to hit 50 percent of the population. In my generation, there won't be 50 percent of [women] at the top of any industry.
+But I hope future generations can do it.
+I think a world where half of our countries and businesses are run by women would be a better world.
+Even if it's very helpful, it's not just because people know where the women's restrooms are.
+I think it would be a better world.
+I have 2 children.
+I want my son to be given the choice to either work or contribute fully at home. I also want my daughter to have the option of not only being successful, but being liked for her achievements.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So today I'm going to talk about people who didn't move out of their neighborhoods.
+The first event is happening here in Chicago.
+Brenda Palms-Ferber has been hired to help ex-convicts reintegrate into society and avoid going back to prison.
+Taxpayers now spend about $60,000 a year sending people to jail.
+We know that two-thirds of them will return.
+But I find it interesting that for every $1 spent on early childhood education such as Head Start, you save $17 on future incarceration and such.
+Or think about it. $60,000 is more than it costs to send one person to Harvard University.
+But Brenda was unfazed by all that, she considered her problem and came up with a not-so-obvious solution. It was to start a business that made skin care products from honey.
+Now, it may be obvious to some. It wasn't for me.
+This is the foundation for growing social innovation with real potential.
+She hired seemingly unemployed men and women to tend bees, harvest honey, and create value-added products, which she sold herself and later at Whole Foods.
+She combines employment experience and training with the life skills they need, such as anger management and teamwork, and how their experience really demonstrates the lessons they learned and their desire to learn more. It also taught me how to talk to prospective employers about how I am.
+Less than 4 percent of those who take her program actually go back to prison.
+There, these young men and women learned career readiness and life skills through beekeeping, becoming productive citizens in the process.
+Talk about a sweet beginning.
+Okay, let me take you to Los Angeles, but a lot of people know that Los Angeles has problems.
+But I will now talk about the water problem in Los Angeles.
+Water is scarce most days and when it rains it's too much to handle.
+Today, 20 percent of California's energy consumption is primarily used to pump water to Southern California.
+Also, when it rains or floods, it costs a lot of money to drain the rainwater into the sea.
+Now Andy Lipkiss is working to reduce the infrastructure costs associated with water management and urban heat islands, helping Los Angeles connect trees, people and technology to create a more livable city.
+All these green things actually naturally absorb rainwater and also help cool the city.
+Because, come to think of it, do you really want air conditioning, or do you want a cooler room?
+There shouldn't be much difference in how you get them.
+So a few years ago, Los Angeles County decided it needed to spend $2.5 billion on city school renovations.
+And Andy and his team discovered that they intended to spend that $200 million on the asphalt that surrounds the school itself.
+And by presenting a very strong economic case, it persuaded the Los Angeles government that replacing asphalt with trees and other greenery would save more energy than the school itself spent on horticultural infrastructure.
+So ultimately, 20 million square feet of asphalt will be replaced or avoided, reducing air conditioning power consumption while hiring more people to maintain those sites, net savings for the system. Not only has the effect been achieved, but the health of students and students has also improved. So do school system officials.
+Now Judy Bonds is the daughter of a miner.
+Her family has lived in the town of Whitesville, West Virginia for eight generations.
+And if anyone is ever clinging to the history of the coal mining and the town's former glory, it has to be Judy.
+But the current method of mining coal is different from deep mining, where her father and father's father actually employed thousands of people.
+Now twenty men can tear down a mountain in a few months with just a few years' worth of coal.
+Such a technique is called "mountain removal".
+A mountain can grow from here to here in just a few months.
+Imagine the air surrounding these places filled with explosive residue and coal.
+When we visited, we had only been there for a few hours, and some of the people we were with had this weird little cough - not just the miners, but everyone.
+And Judy saw her landscape destroyed and her water polluted.
+And coal companies continue to operate after the mountains are emptied, leaving even more unemployed.
+But she also found a difference in potential wind energy between pristine mountains and mountains that had lost more than 2,000 feet in elevation.
+Three years of dirty energy with not much employment, or clean with the potential for increased efficiency based on expertise development and technical skills and the development of local knowledge on how to best utilize wind power in the area. Centuries of energy.
+She calculated initial costs and long-term paybacks. And it will be positive for the local, national and global economy on so many levels.
+It's a longer payback than mountaintop removal, but the wind energy is actually paid off forever.
+Today, mountaintop removal pays the local population very little money and causes them a lot of pain.
+The water will become sticky.
+Most people are still unemployed and suffer most of the same kinds of social problems experienced by the inner-city unemployed, such as drug and alcohol abuse, domestic violence, teenage pregnancies, and poor health. is causing
+Now Judy and I are - I must say - fully connected to each other.
+Not a very obvious alliance.
+So literally, her hometown is called Whitesville, West Virginia.
+That is, they are not. We are not competing for titles such as the birthplace of hip-hop.
+But the back of my T-shirt she gave me said, "Save the endangered hillbillies."
+Homegirls and Hillbillies alike, we've got it all together and we totally understand what this is all about.
+But just a few months ago, Judy was diagnosed with stage 3 lung cancer.
+yes.
+And it has since transferred to her bones and brain.
+And I find it very strange that she suffers from the same disease that she tried so hard to protect people from.
+But her dream of the Cole River Mountain Winds is her legacy.
+And she may not be able to see the peak.
+But she's still left with a business plan to make it happen, rather than writing a manifesto or something.
+That's what my homegirl does.
+So I am very proud of it.
+(Applause.) But even though these three people don't know each other, they have so much in common.
+They are all problem solvers and are just a few of the many examples of the work I am currently working on that I am truly honored to see, meet and learn from. It's not too much.
+I was so lucky to have them all featured on my Corporation for Public Radio radio show called ThePromizedLand.org.
+Now they all have very practical foresight.
+They examine the demands that exist in the world, such as beauty products, health schools, and electricity, and how funds flow to meet those demands.
+And if the cheapest solution is to reduce the number of jobs, there will be unemployed people who are not cheaply paid.
+In fact, they make up some of what I call our wealthiest nation, including generations of impoverished and traumatized veterans returning from the Middle East, Including those who came out.
+And especially for veterans, the Veterans Administration says the use of mental health medications by veterinarians has increased sixfold since 2003.
+I think that number will probably increase.
+They are not the largest population, but they are some of the most expensive people. They're also some of the most expensive people in terms of potential domestic abuse, drug and alcohol abuse, children's underperformance in school, and even poor health. stress.
+In short, all three understand how to productively channel money through the local economy to meet existing market demand, mitigate current social problems, and prevent new problems in the future.
+And there are many other such examples.
+One of the problems is waste disposal and unemployment.
+Even though we think and talk about recycling, much of what can be recycled ends up being incinerated or dumped in landfills, left in many municipalities, with low diversion rates, and what should be recycled. much is left.
+And where will this waste be disposed of? It usually takes place in poor communities.
+And we know eco-industry business, this kind of business model. In Europe there is a model called eco-industrial parks. There, waste from one company becomes raw material for another, or recycled materials are used to make products. You can actually use it and sell it.
+We can create these local markets and create incentives for using recycled materials as manufacturing raw materials.
+And my hometown actually tried to do one of these in the Bronx, but the mayor decided that what he wanted to see was a prison in the same place.
+Luckily, we wanted to create hundreds of jobs, so many years later the city wanted to build a prison.
+Thankfully they have since abandoned the project.
+Another problem is an unhealthy food system and unemployment.
+Working class and urban poor Americans do not benefit economically from the current food system.
+It relies heavily on transportation, chemical fertilizers, large amounts of water use, and refrigeration.
+Large-scale farming operations are often responsible for polluting our waterways and lands, producing this incredibly unhealthy product, costing us billions in health care, and robbing us of productivity. increase.
+So I know "urban farming" is going to be a big topic at this time of year, but it's mostly gardening and it's community building, which in many ways has some value, but it's job creation. and not in terms of food production.
+The numbers are just not there.
+Part of my current job is to integrate urban agriculture and rural food systems by creating national brands of urban produce in each city that harness and enhance local growth forces. , is to lay the groundwork to hasten the demise of the 3,000 Mile Salad. Indoor growing facilities are owned and operated by smallholder growers and are currently consumer only.
+This can help seasonal farmers around metropolitan areas who are actually unable to meet their annual demand for produce and are suffering losses.
+It's not a competition with country farms. It's actually a reinforcement.
+It works with a truly positive and economically viable food system.
+The goal is to meet the city's institutional demand for hospitals, senior centers, schools and day care centers and create a local employment network.
+This is smart infrastructure.
+And how we manage the built environment affects people's daily health and well-being.
+Our municipalities and cities alike are responsible for the operational processes of infrastructure, such as waste disposal, energy demands, and social costs such as unemployment, dropout rates, incarceration rates, and the impact of various public health costs. increase.
+Smart infrastructure can provide a cost-saving way for local governments to address both infrastructure and social needs.
+And we want to move to a system that opens doors for those who have traditionally borne the tax burden to become part of the tax base.
+And imagine a nationwide business model that creates local jobs and smart infrastructure and improves local economic stability.
+I hope you understand a little bit of the subject here.
+These examples show trends.
+I didn't create it, and it didn't happen by chance.
+I'm noticing it happening all over the country, and the good news is that it's growing.
+And we all need to invest in it.
+It is an essential pillar for the reconstruction of this country.
+I call it "hometown security".
+The recession has left us reeling and terrified, but there is also a very empowering atmosphere in the air these days.
+It is the realization that we ourselves are the key to recovery.
+Now is the time for us to act in our communities, think locally, and act locally.
+And if we do that, our neighbors will be fine, whether they are next door, next state, or next country.
+Local totals become global.
+Homeland security means rebuilding natural defenses, putting people to work, and restoring natural systems.
+Home security means creating wealth here at home, not destroying it abroad.
+Addressing social and environmental issues simultaneously with the same solution will result in significant cost savings, wealth creation and national security.
+Many wonderful and inspiring solutions have emerged across America.
+Our challenge now is to identify and support countless more.
+Now, home security is about taking care of yourself, but not the old adage that "charity begins at home."
+I recently read a book called Love Leadership by John Hope Bryant.
+And it's about leading a world that actually seems to function based on fear.
+And reading that book made me revisit that theory. Because I need to explain what it means.
+My father was a great and great man in many ways.
+He grew up in the segregated South, escaped lynchings and such during very difficult times, and provided me, my brothers, and many others in trouble with a truly stable home. .
+But like all of us, he had some issues.
+(Laughter.) And he was compulsively gambling.
+For him, the saying "philanthropy starts at home" meant that my or someone else's payday happened to coincide with his lucky day.
+So you have to help him.
+And sometimes I lent him money in my after school or summer vacation work, and he always had great intentions to pay me back with interest after he had great success.
+And believe it or not, he was an occasional visitor to the Los Angeles racetracks in the 1940s—one of the reasons he loves Los Angeles.
+He earned $15,000 in cash to buy the house I grew up in.
+So I'm not too complaining about that.
+But listen, I certainly felt obligated to him, and I grew up, and I grew up.
+And I'm a grown woman now, and I've learned a few things along the way.
+For me, philanthropy is often about giving because you should, or always have, or until it hurts.
+My goal is not just to ask for more donations next year, but to provide a means for us to grow and build something that strengthens our initial investment. I'm not trying to develop a habit.
+For several years, I have observed how the good intentions of community empowerment, supposed to support and empower communities, are actually leaving people in the same or worse position than before. I have observed.
+Over the past two decades, we have spent record amounts of philanthropy on social causes, but educational outcomes, malnutrition, incarceration, obesity, diabetes, and income inequality have all increased with a few exceptions. Yes, the mortality rate is low, especially for those in child poverty, but it's also a wonderful world that we bring them into.
+I know a little bit about these issues. Because I spent many years in non-profit industrial estates. And I'm a recovering managing director who has been clean for two years.
+(Laughter.) But in the meantime, I realized that it was important to develop the project and it at the local level to do what was really right for our community.
+But I really struggled to get financial support.
+The greater our success, the less funding we receive from the Foundation.
+And, let me tell you, getting MacArthur on the TED stage that same year gave everyone the impression that I had arrived.
+And by the time I moved on, I was actually covering a third of the agency's budget deficit with speaking fees.
+Frankly, in the early days, I think my program was a little bit ahead of its time.
+But since then, the park that was just a dumping ground in a TED2006 talk has become this little one.
+But actually I got married in it.
+It's over here.
+I lost my dog ​​that took me to the park at my wedding.
+In 2006, the South Bronx Greenway was just a painting on stage.
+Since then, we've had about $50 million in stimulus funding to get here.
+We love construction now, and we're seeing these things in action, so we love this.
+Therefore, I hope everyone understands that it is very important to shift philanthropy into corporate activity.
+I founded my company to help communities across the country realize their potential to improve all things people's quality of life.
+Next on my to-do list is home safety.
+What we need is to see the value in investing in these kinds of local businesses, work with people like me to identify growth trends and climate adaptation, and reduce the growing social costs of doing business as usual. people who understand.
+We need to work together to embrace and fix our land, fix our power system, and fix ourselves.
+It's time to stop building shopping malls, prisons, stadiums and other tributes to our collective failure.
+It's time to start building a living monument of hope and possibility.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So I'll start with this. A few years ago, an event planner called me to say I was planning a speaking event.
+Then she called me and said, "I'm having a hard time figuring out how to write about you on a little flyer."
+And I thought, "So what's the trouble?"
+And she said, "I saw you talking, so I'm going to call you a researcher, but if I call you a researcher, no one will come because it's about you. Because you'd think.' It's boring and irrelevant. "
+(Laughter.) And I thought, "Okay."
+And she said, 'But what I love about your story is that you're a storyteller.
+So I guess all I'm going to do is call you a storyteller. "
+And, of course, the academically unstable part of me was like, "What are you going to call me?"
+And she said, "I'm going to call you a storyteller."
+So I thought, "Why not 'Magic Pixie'?"
+(Laughs) I thought, "Let me think about it for a minute."
+I mustered up the courage to call out.
+And I thought, you know, I'm a storyteller.
+I am a qualitative researcher.
+I collect stories. that's my job.
+And maybe stories are just data with a soul.
+And maybe I'm just a narrator.
+So I said,
+What if I say that I am a researcher and a storyteller? "
+Then she said, "Hahaha. That's not true."
+(Laughter) So, I'm a researcher and storyteller, and today I'm going to talk to you -- we're talking about expanding awareness -- so I'm going to talk to you, and I'm going to talk to you about some of my work. I would like to talk about This study radically expanded my perception and really changed the way I lived, loved, worked, and raised my children.
+And here my story begins.
+When I was a young researcher, PhD student in my first year, a research professor told us: "This is the thing. There is nothing that cannot be measured."
+And I thought he was just sweet-talking me.
+I was like, "Really?" And he said, "Of course."
+So please understand that I have a Bachelor's and Master's Degree in Social Work and a Ph.D. Working in the social work field, my entire college career was surrounded by people who believed that life was a mess, but it was fun.
+And I'm more of a "life is messy, so clean it up and put it in the lunch box" kind of person.
+(Laughter) So I found my way and I could consider myself a career fit. In fact, one of social work's key maxims is "lean over the discomfort of your job."
+And I'm like, slam the nasty over the head, move it and get an A for everything.
+That was my mantra.
+So I was very excited about this.
+So I thought, this is the career for me. Because I'm interested in nasty topics.
+But I don't want it to get dirty.
+i want to understand them.
+I want to hack these things that I know are important and lay out the code for everyone to see.
+So I started with connections.
+Because by the time you've been a social worker for 10 years, you'll realize that connection is why we're here.
+It is what gives purpose and meaning to our lives.
+That's all.
+It doesn't matter if you talk to people working in the fields of social justice, mental health, abuse and neglect. What we do know is that connection, the ability to feel connected. Neurobiologically, we are wired that way. that's why. i was here
+So I thought I'd start with connections.
+Well, you know that situation when your boss gave you recognition and he told you 37 things you were doing really great and one “growth opportunity.”
+(laughs) And all you can think of is growth opportunities, right?
+Well, apparently so was my job. Because if you ask people about love, they will answer about heartbreak.
+Ask people about their sense of belonging and they will tell you the most excruciating experience of being excluded.
+And when I asked people about connections, the stories they told me were about disconnection.
+Very early, actually about six weeks into this research, I stumbled upon this unnamed thing that completely unravels relationships in a way I have never understood or seen.
+So I decided I needed to pull out of my research and figure out what this was all about.
+And it turned out to be a shame.
+And shame is very easily understood as fear of connection. Is there something about me that I don't deserve the connection if other people know or see it?
+What I can say about it: it's universal. we all have it.
+Only those who do not experience shame do not have the capacity for human empathy and connection.
+No one wants to talk about it, and the less you talk about it, the more you feel about it.
+Underpinning this embarrassment is this feeling of "I'm not good enough." Everyone knows that sentiment: "I'm not blank enough. I'm not skinny enough. I'm not rich enough. I'm not beautiful enough. I'm not smart enough. I'm not promoted enough." sufficient. "
+Underpinning this was an intolerable vulnerability.
+The idea is that for connection to occur, we must allow ourselves to be seen, really seen.
+And you know how I feel about vulnerability. I hate vulnerability.
+So I thought, this is my chance to fight back with a yardstick.
+I'm going to go in and figure this out, spend a year completely dismantling the shame and understanding how vulnerability works and outsmart it.
+So I was ready and really excited.
+You know, it doesn't work.
+(laughter) You know this.
+So I could talk a lot about shame, but I have to borrow your time.
+But in summary, what I can say is: This may be one of the most important things I've learned in the last ten years doing this research.
+My 1 year turned into 6 years. There were thousands of stories, hundreds of long interviews and focus groups.
+At some point, people sent me diary pages and stories—thousands of data over six years.
+And I kind of figured it out.
+I kind of understand what a shame this is and how this works.
+I wrote a book, published a theory, and something went wrong. So if we take the people we interviewed loosely and classify them as those who feel truly worthy, this is what it boils down to: having a strong sense of values, love and belonging, and struggling for it. People, and people who constantly wonder if they are good enough.
+There was only one variable that separated people with a strong sense of love and belonging from those who really struggled for it.
+In other words, people with a strong sense of love and belonging believe themselves to be worthy of love and belonging.
+that's it.
+They believe they are worth it.
+And for me, the hard part about the only thing that keeps us from connecting is the fear that we are not worthy of connecting, and this, both personally and professionally, needs to be better understood. I had a feeling it was.
+So what I did was I took all the interviews that I thought were worthwhile and I saw people live that way and just observed them.
+What do these people have in common?
+I'm a bit of an office supply junkie, but that's another story.
+So I had a Manila folder and a Sharpie and I thought, what should I call this research?
+And the first word that came to my mind was "sincerity".
+They are people at heart and live by this deep set of values.
+So I wrote to the top of the manila folder and started looking at the data.
+In fact, I first did a very intensive data analysis over 4 days. There, we went back and extracted interviews and stories, and extracted incidents.
+What is the theme? What is the pattern?
+My husband left town with the children. Because I'm always immersed in Jackson Pollock's crazy work, just writing in researcher mode.
+So here's what I found.
+What they had in common was courage.
+And I would like to talk about courage and courage separately.
+Courage, the original definition of courage, when first introduced into English, comes from the Latin word ``cor'', which means ``heart,'' and the original definition is to speak with one's heart of who one is. That was it. .
+So these people, quite simply, had the courage to accept imperfection.
+They had the compassion to be kind to themselves first and then to others. Because we cannot practice compassion for others if we cannot be kind to ourselves.
+And finally, they have connections, and this was the hard part. As a result of their integrity, they were willing to let go of who they thought they should be in order to be who they are. It absolutely must do it for the connection.
+Another thing they had in common was that they fully embraced vulnerability.
+They believed that what made them vulnerable made them beautiful.
+They didn't talk about being comfortable with vulnerability. Nor did he really talk about how excruciating it was - as I had heard in previous disgraceful interviews.
+They just talked about needing it.
+They first talked about their willingness to say "I love you"...
+Willingness to do something without guarantees...
+Willingness to breathe while waiting for a doctor's call after a mammogram.
+They are willing to invest in relationships that may or may not work.
+They thought this was basic.
+I personally thought it was a betrayal.
+I couldn't believe my pledge of allegiance to our work, research. The definition of research is control and prediction, the study of phenomena on the basis of obvious reasons for control and prediction.
+And now my mission to control and predict has led to the answer that the way of life is with vulnerability and to stop controlling and predicting.
+This caused a bit of a glitch -- (laughter) -- it actually went something like this.
+(Laughter) And so it happened.
+I call it a breakdown. My therapist calls it a spiritual awakening.
+(Laughter) Spiritual awakening sounds better than collapse, but I assure you, it was a collapse.
+Then I had to keep my data and go find a therapist.
+Let me tell you one thing, call a friend and say, 'I want to meet someone.
+Do you have any recommendations? "
+Because about five of my friends were like, "Well, I don't want to be your therapist."
+(laughs) I thought, 'What does that mean?
+And they said, 'I'm just telling you.
+Do not bring a tape measure. "
+(laughs) I was like, "Okay."
+There I found a therapist.
+First meeting with her, Diana - I brought my heartfelt list of ways to live and took a seat.
+And she said, "How are you doing?"
+And I said, "I'm great. I'm fine."
+She said, "What's going on?"
+And this is a therapist meeting a therapist. Because we have to go to a therapist. the meter is good.
+(Laughter) So I said, 'This is the problem, I'm struggling.'
+And she said, "What's the pain?"
+And I said, 'There is a vulnerability problem.
+And while we know vulnerability is at the core of our struggle for shame, fear, and worth, it also seems to be the cradle of joy, creativity, belonging, and love.
+And I think I have a problem and need help. "
+And I said, "But the problem is, I have no family, no childhood, nothing."
+(Laughter) "I need a little strategy."
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
+So she becomes:
+(Laughter) So I said, "That's bad, isn't it?"
+Then she said, "Neither good nor bad."
+(Laughter) "That's exactly right."
+And I said, 'Oh my God, this sucks.'
+(Laughter.) And it happened, and it didn't.
+And it took about a year.
+And you know how some people surrender and step in when they realize that vulnerability and kindness matter.
+A: It's not me, B: I don't associate with people like that.
+(Laughter) For me, it was a year of street fighting.
+It was a slug festival.
+Pushing away weakness, I pushed back.
+I lost the battle, but I probably got my life back.
+So I went back to research and in the years that followed, trying to understand what they were doing, what choices they were making, and what we were doing to our vulnerabilities. I seriously worked on it.
+Why do we go through so much trouble?
+Am I the only one struggling with vulnerabilities?
+no.
+Here's what I learned.
+We numb our vulnerability when waiting for a call.
+Interestingly, I posted on Twitter and Facebook, "How would you define a vulnerability?"
+What makes you feel vulnerable? "
+And within an hour and a half there were 150 replies.
+Because I wanted to know what was there.
+I am sick and have to ask my husband for help and we are newlyweds. Start having sex with your husband. Start having sex with your wife. Refused. ask someone out on a date. Wait for a call back from your doctor. get fired. dismiss a person.
+This is the world we live in.
+We live in a fragile world.
+And one way to deal with it is by paralyzing vulnerability.
+And I think there's evidence -- and I think it's a big reason, though it's not the only reason this evidence exists -- that we're most in debt...
+Obesity...
+An adult cohort of drug addicts in US history.
+The problem, I've learned in my research, is that you can't selectively numb emotions.
+I can't say that this place is bad.
+Here is weakness, here is sorrow, here is shame, here is fear, here is disappointment.
+I don't want to feel these things.
+I'm going to have a few beers and a banana nut muffin.
+(laughs) I don't want to feel that way.
+And I know it's to know laughter.
+I make my living by hacking your life.
+god.
+(Laughter) You can't numb those painful emotions without numbing other influences, our emotions.
+Can't be selectively paralyzed.
+So when you numb them, you numb your joy, you numb your gratitude, you numb your happiness.
+And we're miserable, looking for purpose and meaning, but then we feel weak and there we have a couple of beers and a banana nut muffin.
+And it becomes this dangerous cycle.
+One of the things I think we need to think about is why and how we get paralyzed.
+And it doesn't have to be just an addiction.
+Another thing we do is to make sure everything that is uncertain.
+Religion has changed from belief in faith and mystery to conviction.
+"I am right, you are wrong. Shut up."
+that's it.
+Just sure.
+The more fear we hold, the more vulnerable and fearful we become.
+This is what politics looks like today.
+No more arguments.
+No conversation.
+There is only blame.
+Do you know how the studies explain blame?
+How to get rid of pain and discomfort.
+we are perfect
+If anyone wanted their life to be this way, it would be me, but it doesn't work.
+Because what we do is take the fat out of our butt and put it on our cheeks.
+(Laughter) I hope that in 100 years people will look back and say, 'Wow.
+(Laughter.) And most dangerously, we perfect our children.
+I will tell you what we think about children.
+They're hard-wired to get here.
+And when you hold these perfect little babies in your hands, our job isn't to say, "Look at this kid, this kid is perfect."
+My job is just to keep her perfect and make sure she's on the tennis team by fifth grade and Yale by seventh grade. "
+it's not our job.
+Our job is to look and say: “You are imperfect and instinctively built to struggle, but you are loved and worthy of belonging.”
+that is our job.
+Show me a generation of children brought up like that. Then I think we can end the problems we see today.
+We pretend that what we do doesn't affect people.
+We do it in our personal lives.
+We do it as a company, whether it's a relief or an oil spill...
+recall.
+We pretend that what we do doesn't have a big impact on other people.
+I want to say to companies, folks, this is not our first rodeo.
+All we need is for you to be real and true and say...
+"I'm sorry. I'll fix it."
+But there is another way, so let's not do that.
+Here's what I've found: looking at myself, looking deeply, being seen vulnerable...
+To love wholeheartedly, even without guarantees, is really hard, and as a parent I can tell you, it's excruciatingly hard. Practice gratitude and joy in moments of fear, in moments of uncertainty. "Can I love you this much?
+Should I believe this so fervently?
+Is it okay for me to be so fierce about this matter? "
+Instead of just stopping and falling into a possible catastrophe, just say: “To feel this vulnerability means that I am alive.”
+And last, and perhaps most importantly, we believe we have enough.
+Because when we work in the place, I believe it says "I'm good enough"...
+Then we will stop screaming and listen, and we will be more kind to those around us and even more kind to ourselves.
+that's all i have. thank you.
+(applause)
+First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all of you.
+Second, I would like to introduce myself as my co-author, dear friend and co-teacher.
+Ken and I have worked together for about 40 years.
+That's Ken Sharp over there.
+(Applause.) So many people, me of course, and most people I talk to, have some kind of collective dissatisfaction with the way things are done and the way institutions are run. is.
+Our children's teachers seem to be failing them.
+Our doctors don't know who we are and they don't give us enough time.
+We cannot trust bankers, nor can we trust brokers.
+They nearly brought the entire financial system down.
+And even when we do our job, we either do what we think is right, or do what is expected, or do what is necessary, or do what benefits us. Very often we find ourselves having to choose between
+So almost everywhere we look, we worry that the people we depend on don't really care about our interests.
+Or even if they do have our interests at heart, they may not know us well enough to understand what they need to do to enable us to secure those interests. We worry that we don't know better.
+they don't understand us.
+They don't have time to get to know us.
+There are two ways we respond to common complaints of this kind.
+My first reaction when things are going wrong is, "Let's make more rules. Let's set up a detailed set of steps to make sure people do the right thing."
+Give the teacher a script to follow in the classroom. That way, even if the teachers don't know what they are doing and don't care about the welfare of the children, as long as they follow the script, the children will be educated.
+Give judges a list of mandatory sentences for crimes so you don't have to rely on them.
+Instead, all they have to do is look up a list of what sentences are for what crimes.
+It imposes limits on the interest and fees that credit card companies can charge.
+There are more and more rules to protect us from the disinterested and indifferent set of organizations we have to deal with.
+Or, in addition to the rules, come up with some really clever incentives so that it benefits them, even if the people we trade with don't specifically want it to benefit us. Let's see if we can. A magical incentive to get people to do the right thing, even out of sheer selfishness, to serve our interests.
+As such, we offer bonuses to teachers if the children they teach achieve passing scores on critical tests used to assess the quality of the school system.
+Rules and Incentives -- Sticks and Carrots.
+In response to the recent financial collapse, we have passed many rules to regulate the financial industry.
+There's the Dodd-Frank Act, and there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency, which is temporarily helmed by Elizabeth Warren from the back door.
+Perhaps these rules will actually improve the behavior of financial services companies.
+Let's see.
+Moreover, we struggle to find any way to create incentives that make people in the financial services industry more interested in contributing to their company's long-term profits rather than securing short-term profits.
+So if we find the right incentives, they will do the right thing - like I said - selfishly, and if we come up with the right rules and regulations, They don't push us over cliffs.
+And Ken (Sharp) and I certainly know that we need to reign among the bankers.
+If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial meltdown, it is it.
+But what we believe, and what we claim in the book, no matter how detailed, no matter how specific, no matter how carefully monitored and enforced, will make us That there is no set of rules for catching. what we need.
+why? Bankers are smart people.
+And like water, you will find cracks in any rule.
+Design a set of rules to ensure that the specific reason the financial system "nearly collapses" does not happen again.
+It is indescribably naive to think that by stopping this root of financial ruin, we have stopped all possible roots of financial ruin.
+So it's just a matter of waiting for what's next and then marveling at how stupid we were to not protect ourselves from it.
+What we desperately need is a need for virtue beyond, or in addition to, better rules and reasonably wise incentives.
+We need individuality.
+We need people who want to do the right thing.
+And above all, the virtue that we most need is what Aristotle called "practical wisdom."
+Practical wisdom is the moral will to do what is right and the moral skill to understand what is right.
+So Aristotle was very interested in seeing how the craftsmen around him worked.
+And he was impressed with how they improvise and come up with new solutions to new problems, problems they didn't anticipate.
+As an example, he saw masons at work on Lesbos and needed to measure the dimensions of a round pillar.
+Come to think of it, it's really hard to measure round columns with a ruler.
+So what do they do?
+They invent novel solutions to problems.
+They made a curved ruler, what we now call a tape measure, a flexible ruler, a curved ruler.
+And Aristotle said, "Oh, they understood that sometimes to design a round column you have to bend the rules."
+And Aristotle often said that we need to bend the rules when dealing with others.
+Dealing with other people requires a certain flexibility that cannot contain any rules.
+Smart people know when and how to bend the rules.
+Smart people know how to improvise.
+When co-author Ken and I talk about it, they resemble some sort of jazz musician.
+The rules are like notes on the page, where you start, but then you dance around the notes on the page, coming up with the best combinations for your particular group of players and this particular moment.
+So, for Aristotle, bending the rules, finding exceptions to the rules, and improvising as a skilled craftsman does is exactly what it takes to become a skilled and moral craftsman. is.
+And most interactions with people require this kind of flexibility.
+Smart people know when to bend the rules.
+Smart people know when to improvise.
+And most importantly, smart people do this improvisational rule-bending for the right ends.
+When you bend the rules or improvise primarily to serve yourself, what you get is ruthless manipulation of others.
+Therefore, it is important that we do this wise practice not for ourselves, but for others.
+The will to do the right thing is therefore as important as the moral skill of improvisation and exception finding.
+Together they constitute practical wisdom, which Aristotle considered to be the chief virtue.
+So here are some smart practices.
+This is the case with Michael.
+Michael is a young man.
+He had a fairly low-paying job.
+He supported his wife and children, who attended parish school.
+Then he lost his job.
+He panicked about whether he would be able to support his family.
+One night he drank a little too much and robbed a taxi driver and stole $50.
+He robbed him at gunpoint.
+It was a toy gun.
+he has been caught he was tried.
+he was found guilty.
+Pennsylvania's sentencing guidelines require a minimum of two years and 24 months in prison for such crimes.
+The judge in the case, Judge Lois Forer, thought this was pointless.
+He had never committed a crime before.
+He was a responsible husband and father.
+He faced a desperate situation.
+It just destroys the family.
+So she improvised the sentence, "Eleven months, and not only that, I'll be released to go to work every day."
+Spend the night in jail and work all day.
+he did He finished his sentence.
+He paid the ransom and found a new job.
+And the family united.
+And it seemed to be on its way to some kind of decent life, a story happy ending with wise improvisations by wise judges.
+But it turned out that prosecutors were unhappy with Judge Forer's ignoring the sentencing guidelines and inventing his own sentencing guidelines and filed an appeal.
+He called for mandatory minimum sentences for armed robbery.
+After all, he had a toy gun.
+The minimum sentence for armed robbery is five years.
+He won the appeal.
+Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.
+Judge Forer had to obey the law.
+By the way, this appeal was only granted after he finished his sentence, so he had to go back to prison because he was out and working and taking care of his family.
+Justice Foller did what was asked of him and then left the courtroom.
+Then Michael disappeared.
+This is an example of both wisdom in practice and of course the subversion of wisdom by rules aimed at improving things.
+Now consider Mr. Dewey.
+Dewey is an elementary school teacher in Texas.
+One day she finds herself listening to a consultant who is trying to help teachers raise their children's test scores so that the school reaches the elite category in terms of the percentage of children who pass the big test. I noticed.
+All these schools in Texas compete against each other to achieve these milestones, with bonuses and various other rewards for beating other schools.
+Here's the consultant's advice: First, don't waste time on kids who will pass the test no matter what.
+Second, don't waste your time on kids who can't pass the test no matter what they do.
+Third, don't waste your time on kids who move into the district too late for their scores to count.
+Focus all your time and attention on the kids riding the bubble, the so-called "bubble kids," the kids whose interventions may push them just over the line.
+So when Mr. Dewey heard this, he shook his head in despair, while his fellow teachers were encouraging each other and nodding their heads in agreement.
+It was like going to a football game.
+For Ms. Dewey, this is not why she became a teacher.
+Well, Ken and I are not naive and we understand that rules are necessary.
+I need an incentive.
+People have to make a living.
+But the problem with relying on rules and incentives is that they demoralize professional activity, and doubly demoralize professional activity.
+First, it demoralizes those participating in the activity.
+Judge Forer resigned, and Ms. Dewey was utterly disappointed.
+And secondly, it demoralizes the activity itself.
+The practice itself is demoralized, and so are the practitioners.
+Manipulating incentives to get people to do the right thing creates incentive dependent people.
+In other words, it creates people who act only for incentives.
+Now, the amazing thing about this is that psychologists have known this for 30 years.
+Psychologists have known about the negative effects of encouraging everything for 30 years.
+It has been found that when children are rewarded for drawing, they stop caring about the drawing and only care about the reward.
+If you reward children for reading, they will stop caring about the content of the book and will only care about the content of the book.
+Rewarding teachers with their children's test scores makes them care less about education and more about test preparation.
+If doctors were to be rewarded for doing more, that's the current system. they will do more.
+Instead, doctors will do less if they reward them for doing less.
+Of course, what we want is a doctor who does the right amount of work and does the right amount of work for the right reason, which is to serve the welfare of the patient.
+Psychologists have known this for decades, and it's about time policy makers pay more attention and listen to psychologists than economists.
+And you don't have to do it this way.
+Ken and I believe there is a real source of hope.
+We have identified a set of people who are involved in all these acts, and we call them "savvy outlaws."
+They are the people who demand adherence to the rules, are forced to operate within systems that create incentives, and find ways to circumvent and subvert the rules.
+So there are teachers who have to follow these scripts, but they know that children will not learn anything if they follow these scripts.
+So they follow the script, but they follow the script twice as long, so they spend a little extra time teaching it in a way that they've found to be really effective.
+I mean, these are very mundane everyday heroes, incredibly admirable, but there's no way they can sustain this kind of activity in the face of a system that uproots or crushes them.
+So a smart outlaw is better than nothing, but it's hard to imagine a smart outlaw keeping it up indefinitely.
+Even more hopeful are the so-called system changers.
+They are people who are trying to transform the system instead of trying to circumvent the rules and regulations of the system, and we talk about some people.
+One of them in particular is a judge named Robert Russell.
+And then one day he faced the case of Gary Pettengill.
+Pettengill, a 23-year-old veteran who was trying to pursue a career in the military, was forced to leave the hospital after suffering a serious back injury in Iraq.
+He is married, expecting his third child, suffers from back pain, PTSD, and recurring nightmares, and has started using marijuana to relieve some of his symptoms.
+Because of his waist, he was only able to work part-time, so he wasn't earning enough to put food on the table and take care of his family.
+So he started selling marijuana.
+He was arrested in a drug investigation.
+His family was evicted from their apartment and welfare threatened to separate the children.
+Under normal sentencing procedures, Judge Russell would have had little choice but to sentence Pettengill to a heavy sentence as a drug felon.
+But Judge Russell had another option.
+Because he was in the Special Court.
+He was in a court called the Veterans Court.
+In a Veterans Court -- This was a first in the United States.
+Judge Russell created the Veterans Court.
+It was a court of law-breaking veterans.
+And he created this system precisely because sentencing law was depriving judges of judgment.
+No one wanted nonviolent criminals, especially nonviolent criminals who were veterans, to be in prison.
+They wanted to do something about what we all know: the revolving door of the criminal justice system.
+And what the veterans court did was treat each offender as an individual, try to get into their problems, seek a response to the crime that would help them rehabilitate, and the sentence was handed down. Wasn't it supposed to forget about them after that? .
+I stayed with them and followed up and made sure they adhered to the jointly developed plan to overcome the difficulties.
+There are currently 22 cities with such veterans' courts.
+Why did the idea spread?
+One reason is that Judge Russell had examined 108 veterans in the Veterans Court as of February of this year, and it is speculated how many of those 108 have returned to prison through the judicial revolving door. please.
+none. none.
+Anyone would lament a criminal justice system with such a track record.
+So here is a system changer that seems to be getting some attention.
+There is a banker who has set up a for-profit community bank that, you might find it hard to believe, has the bankers working there do well by doing good things for their low-income customers. encouraged me to keep going.
+The bank funded the rebuilding of moribund communities.
+Their borrowers were risky by normal standards, yet default rates were extremely low.
+Banks made money.
+Bankers stayed on the side of the borrowers.
+They didn't make the loan and then sell the loan.
+they paid off the loan.
+They confirmed that the loan recipient is continuing to make payments.
+Banking was not just what we read about in the newspapers today.
+Even Goldman Sachs used to serve clients before it became an institution that only served itself.
+Banking has not always been this way, nor does it need to be this way.
+There is an example of this in medicine. Harvard physicians seek to transform medical education to avoid the kind of erosion of ethics and loss of empathy that characterizes most medical students during the course of their medical education. .
+And their method is to have third-year medical students follow patients for a year.
+In other words, the patient is not an organ system and is not a disease. They are human, they are human with life.
+And to be a competent doctor, you need to treat not only sick people, but also living people.
+Add to that the enormous exchange of one student being supervised by another, and all students supervised by a doctor, and I believe that there will be a generation of doctors who will give their time to people. we want deal.
+Let's see.
+So there are many examples like the one we are talking about.
+Each of them shows that it is possible to build and nurture character and keep the profession true to its proper mission, what Aristotle called the proper telos.
+And Ken and I believe this is what practitioners really want.
+People want to be allowed to be virtuous.
+They want permission to do the right thing.
+They don't want to feel like they need to shower when they come home from work each day to clean the moral stains off their bodies.
+Aristotle thought practical wisdom was the key to happiness, and he was right.
+Psychology is currently doing a lot of research on what makes people happy. And the two things that study after study reveals -- and this should come as a shock to all of you -- are the two most important things: happiness is love and work.
+Love: Managing relationships with people close to you and the community you belong to.
+Work: Engaging in meaningful and satisfying activities.
+If you have that, good rapport with other people, and meaningful and fulfilling work, you don't need anything else.
+Well, it takes wisdom to love well and work well.
+The rules and incentives are how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent, how to be a good spouse, how to be a good doctor, how to be a good lawyer, how to be a good teacher. It doesn't tell you what to do.
+Rules and incentives are no substitute for wisdom.
+Indeed, we argue that there is no substitute for wisdom.
+Practical wisdom therefore does not require heroic self-sacrifice on the part of the practitioner.
+Practical wisdom gives us the will and skill to do what is right, the skill to do what is right by others, and it also gives us the will and skill to do what is right for ourselves. .
+thank you.
+(applause)
+My big ideas are very small ideas that can unlock the billions of big ideas that are dormant inside us at the moment.
+My little idea to make it happen is sleep.
+(Laughter) (Applause) This is the room for type A women.
+This is the room for sleep-deprived women.
+And I learned the importance of sleep painfully.
+Two and a half years ago, I passed out from overwork.
+I hit my head on the desk.
+I broke my cheekbone and had five stitches in my right eye.
+And so I began my journey to rediscover the value of sleep.
+Along the way, I studied and met with doctors and scientists. And I'm here to tell you that getting enough sleep is the way to a more productive, more inspired, and more enjoyable life.
+(Applause.) And we women are leading the way in this new revolution, this new feminist issue.
+We're literally going to sleep to reach the top - literally - (Laughter) (Applause) Because unfortunately for men, lack of sleep has become a sign of masculinity.
+Recently, I was having dinner with a man who boasted that he had only gotten four hours of sleep the night before.
+And I wanted to tell him, but I didn't. I wanted to say, "Look, this dinner would have been more interesting if you had taken five."
+(Laughter) Now there is such a thing as one-up manship due to lack of sleep.
+Especially here in Washington, if you're going on a breakfast date and say, "How's eight o'clock?"
+You'll say, "Eight o'clock is too late, but it's okay. Let's have a game of tennis, have some conference calls, and see you at eight o'clock."
+And they think that means they're incredibly busy and productive, which they really aren't. Because right now we have great leaders in business, finance, and politics who have made terrible decisions.
+So just because you have a high IQ doesn't mean you're a good leader. Because the essence of leadership is being able to see the iceberg before it hits the Titanic.
+(Laughter) And too many icebergs hit the Titanic.
+In fact, I have a feeling that if Lehman Brothers was Lehman Brothers & Sisters, it might still exist.
+(Laughter) (Applause) All the brothers were busy 24/7 just keeping in touch, but maybe the sisters have spotted the iceberg. She would have woken up from seven and a half or eight hours of sleep. I could sleep and see the big picture.
+Therefore, as we are currently facing various crises in the world, what is good for us on an individual level, what brings more joy, gratitude and effectiveness into our lives and our own It is also important whether it will be the best for your career. what is best for the world
+So close your eyes and discover the great ideas within us. Stop the engine and discover the power of sleep.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+You may have heard about the Koran's idea of ​​paradise being 72 virgins, but I promise to come back to those virgins.
+But in fact, here in the Northwest, we live very close to the Quranic notion of a true paradise, defined 36 times as "a garden watered by streams."
+I live in a houseboat on the Lake Union stream so this made perfect sense to me.
+But the question is, why is this news to most people?
+I know many well-meaning non-Muslims who started reading the Qur'an but gave up because they were embarrassed by its "foreignness".
+Historian Thomas Carlisle considered Muhammad one of the world's greatest heroes, but even he read the Qur'an as "the most arduous reading, a tedious and confusing jumble I have ever read." called.
+(Laughter) I think part of the problem is that we imagine that the Qur'an can be read like we normally read a book. As if you could curl up with a bowl of popcorn within reach on a rainy afternoon and read a book, however, God—and the Quran was written entirely in His voice speaking to Muhammad. There is only one author on the bestseller list.
+But the fact that so few people actually read it is what makes it so susceptible to quoting, or misquoting.
+(Laughter) I call the out-of-context phrases and snippets the 'highlighted version'. This is the version favored by both Islamic fundamentalists and anti-Islamophobics.
+So this spring, when I was preparing to start writing my biography of Muhammad, I realized that I needed to read the Qur'an correctly—as correctly as possible.
+My Arabic is now good enough to have a dictionary in my hand, so I got four famous translations and decided to read them side by side, along with the transliteration and the 7th-century Arabic original. .
+Well, I had an advantage.
+My last book is about the story behind the Shiite-Sunni split, and for that I have been working closely with early Islamic history, so I have been thinking about the events the Quran always refers to, its framework of reference. I knew
+I know full well that I am going to be a Koran-reading traveler, a knowledgeable and experienced traveler, even an outsider, an agnostic Jew who reads the scriptures of others. I was.
+(laughs) So I read slowly.
+(Laughter) I set aside three weeks for this project, and I think that's what you mean by 'arrogant' -- (Laughter) because it's actually been three months.
+(Laughter.) I resisted the temptation to skip back to the short, more obviously mystical chapter.
+But every time I thought I started to understand the Qur'an, the feeling of "I got it" disappeared overnight and came back in the morning to wonder if I didn't. Lost in a strange land.
+Still, the terrain looked very familiar.
+The Quran proclaims that it will come to renew the message of the Law and the Gospels.
+That is, one-third of them reenact the stories of biblical figures such as Abraham, Moses, Joseph, Mary, and Jesus.
+God Himself was perfectly savvy from his previous manifestations as Yahweh, and jealously did not claim other gods.
+The presence of camels, mountains, desert wells and springs reminded me of years spent wandering the Sinai desert.
+And then there was the language, its rhythmic rhythm, which reminded me of nights spent listening to narrative poems that Bedouin elders spent hours reciting.
+And I began to understand why the Koran is actually said to be the Koran only in Arabic.
+Take, for example, the Fatihah, the opening chapter of verse 7, which combines the Lord's Prayer with the Islamic Shema Israel.
+It's only 29 words in Arabic, but translates to 65-72 words.
+But the more I add, the more I seem to lose.
+Arabic has a magical, almost hypnotic quality that demands to be heard rather than read, felt rather than analyzed.
+It wants to be chanted out loud and let the music resonate with your ears and tongues.
+The English Quran is therefore a kind of shadow of itself, or an "interpretation" as Arthur Arbery called his version.
+But not all is lost in translation.
+As the Quran promises, patience will be rewarded and there will be many surprises. For example, the degree of environmental awareness, or the awareness of man as a mere steward of God's creation, is unheard of in Scripture.
+And while the Bible is written exclusively to men using masculine second and third person masculine, the Qur'an includes women as well, e.g. It talks about women.
+Or consider the infamous verse about killing unbelievers.
+It's certainly written that way, but it's in a very specific context. It is the anticipated conquest of the sanctuary city of Mecca, where fighting is normally prohibited.
+And permissions are circumvented by modifiers.
+It is not "must kill the unbelievers in Mecca", but it is possible and permissible, but only if no other agreements have been concluded after the grace period has expired, and if they Only if you try to prevent them from going to the Kaaba. , and only if they attack you first.
+And yet God is merciful. Forgiveness is the best thing, so basically it's better not to forgive.
+(Laughter) This was probably the biggest surprise. How flexible is the Qur'an, at least not in a fundamentally rigid way of thinking?
+"Some of these verses are clear in meaning, others are ambiguous," it says.
+A perverted person seeks ambiguity and seeks to identify their own meaning to create disharmony.
+God only knows the real meaning.
+The phrase "God is subtle" comes up many times, but in fact the Quran as a whole is much more subtle than we are led to believe.
+Like, for example, a small question about virginity and paradise.
+Here old-fashioned orientalism comes into play.
+The word used four times is "houris", which translates as a plump, dark-eyed maiden, or a fair-skinned, high-chested virgin.
+However, there is only one word in the original Arabic, ``houris''.
+I don't see bulging or tall breasts.
+(Laughter.) It could be a term for "pure being," like an angel, or it could be the Greek word "kouros," or "kore," something like eternal youth.
+But the truth is, no one really knows.
+That's the point.
+Because the Koran clearly says that you will be "created again in Paradise" and that you will be "recreated in a form that you do not know", which to me is more important than a virgin. seems like a much more attractive prospect.
+(Laughter) And that number 72 never shows up.
+There are no 72 virgins in the Quran.
+The idea was born 300 years later, and most Islamic scholars equate it with winged people sitting on clouds and strumming harps.
+Paradise is the opposite.
+it is not a virgin. It's fertility. Enough.
+A garden with a stream running through it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm a surgeon who studies creativity, and I've never had a patient say, 'I want you to be creative during surgery,' so maybe there's a bit of irony in this.
+But after many surgeries, it's like playing a musical instrument.
+And for me, this deep and enduring fascination with sound is what inspired me to become a surgeon and to study the science of sound, especially music.
+In the next few minutes, I would like to talk about my career in terms of how I can study music and tackle all these questions of how the brain can be creative. .
+I did most of this research at Johns Hopkins University and at my previous post at the National Institutes of Health.
+Describes some scientific experiments and three musical experiments.
+Let's play the video first.
+This video belongs to Keith Jarrett, a famous jazz improviser and perhaps the best known and iconic example of someone who took improvisation to a higher level.
+And he improvises the entire concert over the top of his head, never performing exactly the same way. So I think this is a great example of a form of intense creativity.
+Let's click on the video.
+(music) (music ends) It's really amazing what's going on there.
+I always listen to it as a listener, as a fan, and am amazed.
+I think - how could that be?
+How can the brain spontaneously generate so much information and music?
+So I came up with the concept that, scientifically, artistic creativity is magic but not magic, that is, a product of the brain.
+Based on this notion that artistic creativity is actually a neurological product, I took up this paper that we could study it just like we study other complex neurological processes, And there is a subquestion I put there.
+Is it possible to study creativity scientifically?
+I think that's a good question.
+And most scientific studies on music are so dense that when you go through them, it's very hard to recognize the music they contain.
+In fact they are not musical at all and seem to miss the point of the music.
+A second question arises here. Why should scientists study creativity?
+Maybe we're just not the right people to do it.
+(Laughter) That may be so, but from a scientific point of view, we talked a lot about innovation today, but how much do we understand about the science of innovation, how the brain can innovate? Iruka is still in its early stages, and in fact we know very little about how we can be creative.
+I believe that over the next 10, 20, 30 years, the true science of creativity will thrive and flourish. Because we have a new method that allows us to capture this process like complex jazz. Improvise and study it thoroughly.
+Then it reaches the brain.
+We all have this amazing brain, but it is poorly understood to say the least.
+I think neuroscientists have more questions than answers, and I'm not going to give them today. Just ask lots of questions.
+That's what I do in my lab.
+I ask what the brain does to make this possible.
+This is the method I mainly use. This is a functional MRI.
+If you've ever used an MRI scanner, it's pretty much the same, but this scanner is specially equipped to not only take pictures of your brain, but also the active areas of your brain. .
+Here's how: There is something called BOLD imaging, which is blood oxygen level dependent imaging.
+When you're inside an fMRI scanner, you're inside a large magnet that aligns molecules in specific areas.
+When an area of ​​the brain is active, that is, when a nerve area is active, blood flow is diverted to that area.
+That blood flow changes the concentration of deoxyhemoglobin, increasing local blood to the area.
+Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI, but oxyhemoglobin cannot.
+Therefore, through this method of reasoning, we are measuring blood flow, not neural activity, so we can say that brain regions with more blood flow were active during a given task. This is the core of how fMRI works.
+It has been used since the 90's to study highly complex processes.
+Review my research. It was jazz on the fMRI scanner.
+It was done with NIH colleague Alan Brown.
+Here is a short video explaining how to do this project.
+(Video) Charles Limb: This is a plastic MIDI piano keyboard for jazz experiments.
+The 35-key keyboard fits inside the scanner, is magnetically safe, has minimal artifact-causing interference, and has cushions that can rest on the feet when the player is lying down. is designed to Scanner, playing with your back.
+It works like this: No sound is actually generated.
+So-called MIDI signals (musical instrument digital interfaces) are sent through these wires to the box and then to the computer to trigger high quality piano samples like this one.
+(music) (music) (music ends) OK, it worked.
+Thus, through this piano keyboard, we have the means to take in and study the musical process.
+What will you do now when you get this cool piano keyboard?
+Don't just say, "I'm glad I had a keyboard."
+We have to come up with a scientific experiment.
+This experiment is actually based on: That is, what happens in the brain while it is memorized or overlearned, and something is being spontaneously generated or improvised in a way that is consistent from a motor and lower order perspective. what happens in the brain in between. level sensorimotor function?
+There is something called a paradigm here.
+There is a scale paradigm where you play a scale up and down and memorize it, then you improvise with a scale, quarter notes, a metronome, and your right hand. Scientifically very safe, but musically very boring.
+And the bottom one is called the Jazz Paradigm.
+So we brought a professional jazz player to the NIH and had him memorize this piece you heard me play, bottom left, and improvise the same chord changes.
+If you can press the sound icon in the bottom right, that's an example of what the scanner recorded.
+(music) (music ends) After all, it's not the most natural setting, but they can play real music.
+I've listened to that solo 200 times and still love it.
+And the musicians were finally comfortable.
+First, I measured the number of notes.
+Were they playing more notes when improvising?
+That was not what was happening.
+and examined brain activity.
+Let me summarize this.
+These are contrast maps that show the subtraction between changes when improvising and performing what you have memorized.
+Red is active areas in the prefrontal cortex, the frontal lobe of the brain, and blue is inactivated areas.
+So we had this focal area called the medial prefrontal cortex, and it had a huge increase in activity.
+A large area called the lateral prefrontal cortex was significantly less active. Sum it up.
+These are the multifunctional areas of the brain, not the jazz areas of the brain.
+They do a variety of things related to introspection, introspection, working memory, and more.
+However, there is a combination of switched-off areas thought to be related to self-monitoring and switched-on areas thought to be related to autobiographical or self-expression.
+At least in this preliminary study, we believe this is a study. That's probably wrong, but this is one study -- (Laughter) I think at least a reasonable hypothesis is that you need this strange dissociation in your frontal lobe to be creative.
+You don't have to shut down all of these new generative impulses all the time because you are unrestrained and willing to make mistakes as some areas are turned on and large areas are turned off.
+Many people now know that music is not always done alone, but sometimes done through communication.
+The next question was what happens when musicians are trading back and forth. This is what is commonly called a "trading 4" in jazz experiments.
+It's a 12-bar blues, but I've broken it up into 4-bar groups so you can see how to trade it.
+We did the same thing by bringing a musician into the scanner to memorize this melody and interact with another musician in the control room.
+This is musician Mike Pope, one of the best bass players in the world and a great piano player.
+(music) He's playing the song we just saw a little better now than I wrote it.
+(Video) CL: Mike, come in.
+Mike Pope: May the strength be with you.
+Nurse: Mike, is there anything in your pocket?
+CL: Agreeing requires the right attitude.
+(laughs) Actually, it's kind of fun.
+(music) Now playing back and forth.
+(music) And I'm here in the control room playing over and over.
+(music) (music ends) (video) Mike Pope: This pretty much sums up what it's like.
+And it's good that it's not too fast.
+By repeating it many times, you can get used to the environment.
+So the most difficult thing for me was the kinesthetic feeling of lying on my back, unable to move anything but my hands, and looking at my hands through two mirrors.
+It was hard.
+But also, yes, there were moments [laughs], but there were definitely moments of really, honest-to-God musical interaction.
+CL: Now, let's have a moment.
+What you're seeing here is committing a cardinal sin in the science of showing preliminary data.
+This is data for one subject.
+In fact, this is Mike Pope's data.
+So what am I showing here?
+When he was improvising versus memorizing four-on-the-floor with me, his language area, Broca's area in the left inferior frontal gyrus, lit up.
+He homologated it on the right side as well.
+This is the area thought to be involved in expressive communication.
+This whole notion that music is a language - it may have a neurological basis, after all. You can tell when two musicians are having a musical conversation.
+So we are now doing this for eight subjects and collecting all the data. Hopefully I can say something meaningful about it.
+So what happens next when you think about improvisation and language?
+Rap, of course rap, freestyle.
+Freestyle has always fascinated me.
+And let's play this video.
+(Video) Mos Def: Brown-skinned me standing from 5 to 10 When I'm near you, I'm rockin' it Recognizing overall style synergy, symmetry Please go and try to hurt me and chemically destroy them It's late to when I say when the girl says bend that key cut CL: So between what's going on in freestyle rap and what's going on in freestyle rap Jazz has many similarities.
+I think there is a lot of correlation between these two musical forms, and in different eras, rap in many ways serves the same social functions that jazz once did.
+So how can we study rap scientifically?
+My colleagues think I'm crazy, but I think it's very possible.
+this is what you do Have freestyle artists come in and memorize a rap they've never heard that they've written for them, then freestyle.
+So when I told the lab members that I was going to rap at TED, they said, "No, you won't."
+And I thought -- (Laughter) (Applause) But here's the problem.
+Everyone can rap together on this big screen. OK?
+So we asked them to remember this lower left sound icon.
+This is the control condition. This is what they remembered.
+Computer: memory, thud.
+CL: Known repeating beat throbbing Rhythms and rhymes, they complete me Climbing is sublime when you're holding the mic Spitting rhymes hit you like lightning Computer: search.
+CL: I'm searching for truth in this eternal quest My passion is not fashion, you can see how I dress Psychopath's words in my head Appear Whisper these lyrics Only I can hear Computer: Art.
+CL: Technology to discover and what's floating In the minds of people who aren't trapped All these words keep raining down I need a mad scientist to check my brain Computer: Stop it.
+(Applause.) I assure you that it will never happen again.
+(Laughter) Well, what's great about these freestylers is that they can speak different languages.
+They don't know what's going to happen, but they'll hear something on their cuffs.
+If you press the sound icon on the right, you'll see three square words: like, not, and head.
+I don't know what will happen to him. Computer: Good.
+Freestyler: I'm like some kind of extraterrestrial skyscape Once upon a time I used to sit on a pyramid and meditate With two microphones -- Computer: Head hovering above my head See if you can still hear it, spit out the sound See you grinning, I'm teaching kids in the back of the classroom about an apocalyptic computer message: yeah not.
+But it's not. Because it has to be a simple instrumental. Playing Super Mario Box is Harmful [Unintelligible] Hip-Hop Computer: Please don't.
+CL: Something unbelievable is happening.
+It's doing amazing things neurologically.
+It doesn't matter if you like music or not.
+From a creative standpoint, it's just amazing.
+Here's a short video showing how to do this with a scanner.
+[hip-hop rap fMRI] (laughter) (video) CL: I came with Emmanuel.
+CL: By the way, it was recorded on the scanner.
+He just memorized the rhymes for us.
+[Control condition memorized poem] Emmanuelle: Top beats without repetition Rhythm and rhyme make me perfect Climb is sublime when you stand on the mic Spit out rhymes that hit you like lightning Computer: Search.
+I search for truth in this eternal quest to inform fashion. You can see how I dress CL: Let's stop there. So what does his brain see?
+This is the brain of four rappers.
+And while you can see the verbal areas glowing, when your eyes are closed, when you're freestyling and when you're memorizing, the main visual areas are glowing.
+The activity of the cerebellum involved in motor coordination is increasing.
+Brain activity increases when you are performing equal tasks—one task is creative and the other is memorized.
+It's very early stage, but I think it's pretty cool.
+In conclusion, I have a lot of questions, but as I said earlier, I'm here to ask rather than answer them.
+But we want to get to the root of what neurological creative genius is, and I think these methods are getting us closer.
+And, hopefully, in the next 10, 20 years, we'll see some real, meaningful research that science needs to catch up with art. Perhaps we are starting now to get there.
+Thank you for your time.
+(applause)
+There are two groups of women when it comes to mammography screening. There are women whose mammograms have worked so well that they have saved thousands of lives, and women who have had mammograms that do not work at all.
+Do you know which group you belong to?
+If not, you are not alone.
+Because the breast has become a very political organ.
+The truth is lost in all the rhetoric from the media, politicians, radiologists and medical imaging companies.
+I will do my best to tell you what I believe to be true this morning.
+First of all, my disclosure.
+I am not a breast cancer survivor.
+I am not a radiologist.
+I have no patents and have never received money from a medical imaging company. And I'm not asking for your vote.
+(Laughter) I'm a doctor of internal medicine, and I became very interested in this subject about 10 years ago when a patient asked me a question.
+She found a breast lump and came to see me.
+Her sister was diagnosed with breast cancer in her 40s.
+Both she and I were pregnant at the time. It just broke my heart to imagine how scared she must be.
+Luckily, her lump turned out to be benign.
+But she asked me a question. If she had a tumor, how confident were you that a mammogram would find it early?
+So I studied her mammogram and also reviewed the radiology literature. And in her case, she was shocked to discover that mammograms were less likely to detect tumors early than coin flips.
+You may remember the firestorm a year ago after the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reviewed the world's mammography screening literature and issued guidelines recommending that women in their 40s not undergo mammography screening. unknown.
+Now everyone rushed to criticize the task force, even though most people were completely ignorant of mammography research.
+The Senate took just 17 days to ban the use of guidelines in determining insurance coverage.
+Radiologists were outraged by this guideline.
+A prominent U.S. mammographer published the following quote in the Washington Post:
+Conversely, radiologists were criticized for defending their own financial interests.
+But in my opinion, radiologists are heroes.
+There is a shortage of qualified radiologists to read mammograms. The reason is that mammograms are among the most complicated tests to interpret of all radiological research, and radiologists are more often sued for missed breast cancer than for other causes.
+But the very fact speaks for itself.
+Where there is so much legal smoke, fires are possible.
+The biggest cause of that fire is breast density.
+Breast density refers to the relative amount of fat (shown here in yellow) and connective and epithelial tissue (shown in pink).
+And the proportion is largely determined genetically.
+Two-thirds of women in their 40s have dense breast tissue that makes mammography unsuccessful.
+And although breast density generally declines with age, up to one-third of women maintain dense breast tissue for several years after menopause.
+So how do you know if your breasts are dense?
+Well, you should read more about mammography reports.
+Radiologists classify breast density into four categories based on the appearance of tissue on a mammogram.
+If the breast density is less than 25%, it is called fat replacement.
+The next category is scattered fibroglandular density, followed by uneven density and extreme density.
+Breasts falling into these two categories are then considered dense.
+The problem with breast density is that you are truly a wolf in sheep's clothing.
+Tumors and dense breast tissue both appear white on mammography, but x-rays often cannot distinguish between the two.
+So this tumor on top of this fatty breast is easy to find.
+But imagine how difficult it would be to find that tumor in a breast this dense.
+This is why mammography finds more than 80 percent of tumors in fatty breasts, but only 40 percent of them in very dense breasts.
+Breast density is bad enough to make cancer difficult to detect, but it also turns out to be a strong predictor of breast cancer risk.
+This is a stronger risk factor than having a mother or sister with breast cancer.
+At the time my patient posed this question to me, breast density was an obscure topic in the radiology literature, and few women undergoing mammography or their prescribing physicians knew about it. bottom.
+But what else can we offer her?
+Mammography has been around since the 1960s and hasn't changed much.
+Until digital mammography was approved in 2000, there were surprisingly few technological breakthroughs.
+A digital mammogram is still an X-ray of the breast, but the images can be stored and manipulated digitally, just like a digital camera.
+The US has invested $4 billion in converting to digital mammography machines, but what have we gotten out of that investment?
+A study funded by over 25 million taxpayers found that digital mammography wasn't overall better than traditional mammography, and in fact was worse in older women.
+However, one group had better results. It was a premenopausal woman under the age of 50 with dense breasts. In these women, digital mammography found twice as many cancers, yet only 60%.
+In short, digital mammography was a big advance for manufacturers of digital mammography equipment, but a very small advance for women.
+What about ultrasound?
+Ultrasound is less widely used because it produces more unwanted biopsy material than other techniques.
+Also, although MRI has great sensitivity for finding tumors, it is also very expensive.
+When we think about disruptive technologies, we see an almost ubiquitous pattern of smaller and cheaper technologies.
+Think of an iPod as compared to a stereo.
+However, in medicine, the opposite is true.
+Machines are getting bigger and more expensive.
+Taking an average young woman for an MRI is like going to the grocery store in a Hummer.
+I have too much equipment.
+A single MRI scan costs 10 times more than a digital mammogram.
+And sooner or later we will have to accept the fact that innovation in healthcare does not always come at a much higher price.
+Malcolm Gladwell wrote an article on innovation in The New Yorker, arguing that scientific discoveries are rarely the work of a single genius.
+Rather, just by getting people with different perspectives in a room and asking them to talk about things they wouldn't normally talk about, you can come up with big ideas.
+It's like the essence of TED.
+He quotes an innovator who said, "The doctor and the physicist are only together when the physicist is sick."
+(Laughter) This makes no sense. Because doctors have all sorts of problems they don't realize there are solutions.
+And physicists have all kinds of solutions to things they don't realize are problems.
+Now, look at this caricature that accompanies Gladwell's article and let me know if you have any questions about this portrayal of innovative thinkers.
+(Laughter) So, if you'll give me a little creative permission, I'll tell you the story of my patient's problem and the physicist's solution accidentally colliding.
+Shortly after her visit, I was introduced to a Mayo University nuclear physicist named Michael O'Connor, an expert in cardiac imaging, who had nothing to do with me.
+And he happened to tell me about a conference he had just returned from Israel. A new type of gamma ray detector was being talked about there.
+Well, gamma imaging has long been in cardiac imaging, and has also been attempted in breast imaging.
+The problem, however, was that gamma-ray detectors were huge, bulky tubes filled with luminescent crystals that could not be brought close enough around the breast to detect small tumors.
+A potential advantage, however, was that gamma rays, unlike X-rays, are not affected by breast density.
+However, this technique fails to detect small tumors, and finding small tumors is critical to survival.
+Survival rates exceed 90% when tumors are detected when they are less than 1 centimeter, but survival rates decline rapidly as tumor size increases.
+But Michael told me about a new type of gamma ray detector he saw. That's it.
+This is not a bulky tube, but made of a thin layer of semiconductor material that acts as a gamma ray detector.
+And I started talking to him about this issue with breast density. Then I realized that if I put this detector close enough around the breast, I might actually be able to find small tumors.
+So after assembling a grid of these cubes with tape -- (laughter) -- Michael decided to hack into the X-ray plate of the mammography machine that was about to be thrown away, install a new detector, and make a phone call. bottom. This machine is Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI).
+Here is a picture of the first patient.
+And using the old gamma technique I can see that it just looked like noise.
+But with the new detector, I was able to start seeing the contours of the tumor.
+So we're joined by a nuclear physicist, a physician, and soon biomedical technologist Carrie Hruska and two radiologists to venture into the well-established world of mammography with a duct-taped machine. I was doing it.
+To say that we faced a fair amount of skepticism in the early days would be an understatement, but we were very confident that by tweaking the system in small increments, we might be able to make this feature a reality. rice field.
+This is the current detector.
+And you can see that the appearance has changed a lot.
+Gone is the duct tape and a second detector has been added above the breast. This further improved tumor detection.
+So how does this work?
+Patients receive injections of radiotracers that are taken up by rapidly growing tumor cells but not by normal cells. This is the main difference from mammography.
+Mammography relies on differences in tumor appearance from background tissue, and it has been found that these differences can be masked by dense breasts.
+However, MBI takes advantage of the different molecular behavior of tumors and is therefore not affected by breast density.
+After injection, the patient's breast is placed between the detectors.
+And if you've had a mammogram -- if you're old enough to get one -- you know what happens next, it's pain.
+It may surprise you, but mammography is the only radiological test regulated by federal law, and the law requires that the equivalent of a 40-pound car battery be applied to the chest during the test. .
+However, MBI uses only light, painless compression.
+(Applause) And the detector sends the image to the computer.
+Here is an example.
+On the right is a mammogram showing a pale tumor, the edges of which are obscured by dense tissue.
+However, MBI images show more clearly not only that tumor, but also a second tumor that greatly influences the patient's surgical options.
+In this example, the mammogram found one tumor, but we were able to demonstrate three separate tumors. One is as small as 3mm.
+Our big break came in 2004.
+After demonstrating that they could detect small tumors, they used these images to apply for a grant from the Susan G. Komen Foundation.
+And when they gave a team of totally unknown researchers a chance and funded a study comparing screening mammograms to MBI in 1,000 women with dense breasts, we were blown away. I was delighted.
+Only 25% of the tumors we found were found by mammography.
+MBI was 83%.
+Below is an example of that screening study.
+The digital mammogram read normally and showed a lot of dense tissue, but the MBI showed areas of high uptake, correlating with a 2 cm tumor.
+In this case, a 1-centimeter tumor.
+And in this case, a 45-year-old Mayo University medical secretary who lost her mother to breast cancer at a young age wanted to participate in our study.
+And while her mammogram showed areas of very dense tissue, her MBI showed areas of concern uptake, which can also be seen on the color image.
+This corresponds to a tumor the size of a golf ball.
+But fortunately, I was able to remove it before it spread to my lymph nodes.
+We found that this technology could detect three times more tumors in dense breasts, so we had to solve one very important problem.
+We need to find a way to lower the radiation dose, and over the last three years we have modified every aspect of our imaging system to make this possible.
+And I am very happy to report that we are now using a radiation dose equivalent to the effective dose of one digital mammogram.
+And at this low dose, we continue this screening study. This image of a 67-year-old woman from 3 weeks ago shows a normal digital mammogram, but an MBI image shows an uptake that turned out to be a large cancer.
+So it's not just young women who are benefiting from this.
+It is also an older woman with a dense tissue.
+And we now routinely use radiation doses one-fifth of the radiation doses used by other types of gamma-ray technology.
+MBI produces four images per breast.
+An MRI produces over 1,000 images.
+It takes years of specialized training for a radiologist to become an expert at distinguishing between normal anatomical details and worrisome findings.
+But I wonder if you can spot a tumor on an MBI image without being a radiologist in that room.
+But this is why MBI has such disruptive potential. MBI is as accurate as MRI, much easier to interpret, and only a fraction of the cost.
+But you can understand why there are forces in the world of breast imaging who prefer the status quo.
+Our manuscript was rejected by four journals after we felt we had achieved excellent results.
+After the fourth rejection, we requested a reconsideration of the manuscript. We strongly suspected that one of the reviewers who rejected the manuscript had a financial conflict of interest regarding a competing technology.
+Our manuscript has since been accepted and will be published in the magazine Radiology later this month.
+(Applause.) We need to complete screening studies using low doses, and then replicate our findings at other centers, which could take five years or more.
+I won't gain anything financially if this technology is widely adopted, but it's very important to me. Because it allows me to keep telling the truth.
+But I do recognize -- (applause) that the adoption of this technology will depend as much on economic and political forces as it does on the soundness of science.
+MBI units are currently FDA-approved, but are not yet widely available.
+So until something becomes available for women with dense breasts, there are things you should know to protect yourself.
+Know your density first.
+90% of women don't know and 95% of women don't know it increases their risk of breast cancer.
+Connecticut became the first and only state to require women to be notified of their breast density after a mammogram.
+I was at a 60,000-attendance conference on breast imaging in Chicago last week and was struck by the heated debate over whether women should be told about their breast density. .
+Of course you should.
+If you're not sure, ask your doctor or read the details on your mammogram report.
+Second, if you are premenopausal, schedule a mammogram during the first two weeks of your menstrual cycle when breast density is relatively low.
+Third, request additional imaging if you notice persistent changes in your breasts.
+And fourth and most importantly, while the debate about mammography continues to rage, I believe every woman over the age of 40 should have a yearly mammogram.
+Mammography isn't perfect, but it's the only test proven to reduce breast cancer mortality.
+But this mortality banner is the very sword that mammography's most ardent proponents use to stifle innovation.
+Some women who develop breast cancer die from the disease years later, but thankfully most survive.
+Therefore, it takes more than a decade for any screening method to demonstrate a reduction in breast cancer mortality.
+Mammography is the only method that has existed long enough to make such a claim.
+It's time to embrace both the amazing successes and limitations of mammography.
+Screening should be done individually based on density.
+Mammography is the best choice for women without dense breasts.
+But for women with dense breasts, screening shouldn't be abandoned entirely, but something better should be offered.
+The babies we had when my patient first asked this question are now in middle school, and the answers are elusive.
+She blessed me to share this story with you.
+After undergoing a biopsy that put her at even higher risk of cancer and losing her sister to cancer, she made the difficult decision to have a preventive mastectomy.
+We can and must do better in time not only for her granddaughters and my daughters, but also for you.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, great story. It started about 40 years ago when my mother and father came to Canada.
+My mother left Nairobi, Kenya.
+My father came from a small village outside Amritsar, India.
+And they got here in the late 1960s.
+They settled in a shady suburb an hour east of Toronto and started a new life.
+They went to their first dentist, ate their first hamburger, and had their first child.
+My sister and I grew up here and had a quiet and happy childhood.
+We had close family, good friends, and quiet streets.
+We grew up taking for granted many things that weren't taken for granted when our parents were growing up. The lights in the house are always on, the school across the street, the hospital across the street, and the popsicles in the house. backyard.
+We have grown and aged.
+I went to high school.
+i graduated
+I left home, got a job, found a girl, settled down – and this may sound like a bad sitcom or a Cat Stevens song – (laughs), but life is It was going very well.
+life was pretty good.
+2006 was a great year.
+I had my wedding ceremony in front of 150 family and friends under the clear blue skies of July in Ontario's wine country.
+2007 was a great year.
+I finished school and went on a road trip with two of my closest friends.
+This is a photo my friend Chris and I took on the Pacific coast.
+In fact, I saw a seal from my car window, so I stopped the car, took a picture, and blocked the seal with its huge head.
+(Laughter) You can't actually see it, but believe me, it was breathtaking.
+(Laughter) 2008 and 2009 were a little tougher.
+I know they were tougher for a lot of people, not just me.
+First of all, it was very heavy news.
+It was heavy now, and it was heavy before, but I flipped through the newspapers, turned on the TV, and heard news of melting ice sheets, wars around the world, earthquakes, hurricanes, and economic instability. It is on the brink of, and will eventually collapse, leaving many of us without homes, jobs, retirement, or livelihoods.
+2008 and 2009 were tough years for me for different reasons.
+At that time, I had many personal problems.
+My marriage was not working out and we were growing further and further apart.
+One day, my wife came home from work and, with tears streaming down her face, I mustered up the courage to have an honest conversation with her.
+And she said, "I don't love you anymore." Even more heartbreaking when I heard about it.
+My friend Chris, whose photo I just showed you, has been battling mental illness for some time.
+And you know how difficult it can be for someone whose life is affected by mental illness.
+I spoke with him on the phone at 10:30pm.
+on Sunday night.
+We talked about the TV program we saw that night.
+I found out Monday morning that he had disappeared.
+Unfortunately, he took his own life.
+And it was a really heavy time.
+And when these dark clouds surrounded me and I was finding it really, really hard to think of anything good, I told myself I really needed a way to somehow focus on the positive. .
+So I came home from work one night, logged on to my computer, and launched a small website called 1000awesomethings.com.
+We were trying to remember the simple, universal little pleasures we all love, but we haven't talked about it enough. Waiters or waitresses bring you free refills without asking for them, or being the first table called. From the dinner buffet at a wedding, to the warm underwear straight out of the dryer, to the front of the line at the grocery store when the cashier opens a new checkout lane—even if it's last. Even if. Other columns swoop down there.
+(Laughter.) And as time went on, I slowly started to feel better about myself.
+So there are 50,000 blogs started every day, and my blog is just one of those 50,000.
+And no one read except my mother.
+However, I must say that when she forwarded my traffic to my dad, my traffic skyrocketed and increased 100 percent.
+(Laughter) And when it started getting tens of hits, I started getting excited, and when it started getting tens and hundreds and thousands and millions of hits, I started to get excited.
+It started getting bigger and bigger.
+Then I got a call, and I heard a voice on the other end saying, "You won the Best Blogging Award in the World."
+I thought that was completely bogus.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) Which country in Africa would you like me to send all my money to?
+(Laughter) But I ended up jumping on a plane and walking the red carpet between Sarah Silverman and Jimmy Fallon and Martha Stewart.
+And I took the stage to win the Webby Award for Best Blogging.
+And that amazement and just amazement was only overshadowed by my return to Toronto. Then, in my inbox, ten literary agents were waiting for me to turn this into a book.
+Flash forward to the next year and "The Book of Awesome" is now #1 on the bestseller list for 20 weeks straight.
+(Applause) But, look, I said I wanted to do three things with you today.
+I said I wanted to tell a great story, I wanted to share 3 great realities, and finally, I wanted to share my thoughts.
+Now let's talk about those three A's.
+In the last few years, I haven't had much time to think.
+But recently, I had the opportunity to take a step back and ask myself. “What has helped the website grow over the last few years, as well as mine?”
+And I've personally grouped them into three "A's".
+Attitude, recognition and reliability.
+I would like to talk briefly about each.
+So the attitude: Look, we're all going to get lumps, and we're all going to get bumps.
+None of us can predict the future, but one thing we do know about it is that it doesn't go as planned.
+We will all experience elation and sunny days, moments of proud smiles on the graduation stage, father and daughter dancing at weddings, healthy babies screaming in the delivery room. But in between that elation, there may also be lumps and bumps.
+It's sad and not fun to talk about, but your husband may leave you, your girlfriend may cheat on you, your headache may be more serious than you think, or your dog may be on the street. You may get hit by a car.
+It's not a happy idea, but your kids could end up in gangs and nasty scenes.
+Mom could get cancer, Dad could be mean.
+And sometimes life throws you down a well with a twisted stomach and a hole in your heart. When the bad news hits you and the pain soaks in like a sponge, I really hope you always feel like you have two options.
+One can go round in circles and feel gloomy and ruined forever, or two, you can grieve and then face the future with renewed sobriety.
+Having a great attitude means choosing option 2 and no matter how hard it is, no matter how painful it is, moving forward, moving forward, taking small steps towards the future. is to choose
+The second "A" is awareness.
+I love playing with my 3 year old.
+I love the way they see the world because it's their first time seeing the world.
+I love how they stare at insects crossing the sidewalk.
+I love the way they watch their first baseball game, eyes wide open, mitts in hand, jaws loose as you soak in the crackling of bats, the crunch of peanuts and the smell of hot dogs. .
+I love how they spend hours picking dandelions in their backyard and turning them into lovely centerpieces for Thanksgiving dinner.
+I love the way they see the world because it's their first time seeing the world.
+Being conscious is like accepting your inner three-year-old.
+After all, everyone used to be three years old.
+That 3 year old boy is still part of you.
+That 3 year old girl is still part of you.
+they're there
+And to be aware is to remember seeing everything you see for the first time.
+On the way home from work, it was the first time that the green light was lit continuously.
+The first time you walk past an open door and smell the bakery air, or the first time you pull a $20 bill out of your old jacket pocket and say, "I found money."
+The "A" at the end is for Authenticity.
+I would like to tell you a simple story this time.
+Let's go back to 1932. A little boy named Roosevelt Greer was born on a peanut farm in Georgia.
+Roosevelt Greer, or as people called him Rosie Greer, grew up to be a 300-pound, 6-foot-5 linebacker in the NFL.
+It is number 76 in the photo.
+Here he is pictured with the "Terrible Foursome".
+These were the four LA Rams of the 1960s, guys they didn't want to face.
+They were tough footballers doing what they love: crushing skulls and severing shoulders on the football field.
+But Rosie Greer also had another passion.
+He was very sincere and loved needlepoint. (laughs) He loved to knit.
+He said it calmed him down, relaxed him, took away his fear of planes, and helped him meet chicks.
+he said.
+I mean, he loved the NFL so much that he started joining clubs after retiring from the NFL.
+And he even published a book called Needles for Men by Rosie Greer.
+(Laughter) (Applause) That's a great cover.
+If you notice, he actually has needles stuck in his face.
+(Laughter) So what I love about this story is that Rosie Greer is just a real person, and it's real.
+It's just about being yourself and being cool.
+And I think being authentic ultimately follows your heart and puts you in places, situations, and conversations that you love and enjoy.
+You meet people you love to talk to.
+You go where you dream.
+And in the end, you will follow your heart and you will feel very fulfilled.
+That's the three A's.
+Finally, I would like to bring my parents who are in Canada.
+I don't know what it's like to be in a new country in your mid-twenties.
+I've never done it, so I don't know, but I imagine it would require a certain attitude.
+I think we need to pay close attention to our surroundings and appreciate the small wonders that are beginning to appear in our new world.
+And I think you have to be really authentic and really true to yourself in order to get past what you're being exposed to.
+Now I would like to pause the TEDTalk for about 10 seconds. My parents have a front row seat because there aren't many opportunities in life to do something like this.
+So, if you don't mind, I would like to ask you to stand up.
+And I just wanted to say thank you to all of you.
+(Applause.) When I was a kid, my dad used to tell stories about our first days in Canada.
+This is a great story. Because he stepped off the plane at the Toronto airport and was welcomed by a non-profit organization supposedly run by someone in this room.
+(Laughter) And this non-profit organized a big welcome lunch for all new immigrants to Canada.
+And my dad said he got off the plane and went to this lunch and there was a huge spread.
+There was bread, there was a small mini dill pickle, there was an olive, and there was a small white onion.
+There was a rolled up turkey cold cut, a rolled up ham cold cut, a rolled up roast beef cold cut, and a small diced cheese.
+We had a tuna salad sandwich, an egg salad sandwich and a salmon salad sandwich.
+We had lasagna, casseroles, brownies, butter tarts, and pies, and lots of pies.
+And when my father tells me about it, he says, "The craziest thing is that I've never seen anything like it, except bread.
+(laughs) I didn't know what was meat and what was vegetarian.
+I was eating olives with my pie.
+(Laughter) I couldn't believe that I could get so much stuff here. "
+(Laughter) When I was five years old, my father took me grocery shopping and he stared curiously at the little stickers on the fruits and vegetables.
+He said, "Look, can you believe we have mangoes here from Mexico?"
+They brought apples here from South Africa.
+Can you believe they have a date from Morocco? "
+He asked, "Do you know where Morocco is?"
+And I said, "I'm five years old. I don't even know where I am."
+Is this A&P? "
+And he said, "I don't know where Morocco is, but let's find out."
+So we bought dates and went home.
+I actually took an atlas from the shelf and flipped through it until I found this mysterious country.
+And when we did, my father said, ``I don't believe someone climbed that tree, picked it up from the tree, loaded it into a truck, drove it to the dock, and sailed it all the way across. Can you go to the Atlantic Ocean, put it in another truck, drive it to the little grocery store right outside your house, and sell it for 25 cents? "
+And I would say, "I can't believe that."
+And he said, "I can't believe it.
+things are great. There are many things that make me happy. "
+If you stop and think about it, he's absolutely right.
+There are many things that make me happy.
+We are the only species in the entire universe ever seen that can live on the only life-producing rocks and experience many of these things.
+So we're the only ones with architecture and agriculture.
+Only we have gems and democracy.
+Airplanes, highway lanes, interior design, horoscope signs and more.
+Such as fashion magazines and home party scenes.
+You can watch horror movies with monsters.
+When you go to a concert, you can hear guitar jamming.
+There are books, buffets, airwaves, bridal weddings, roller coasters, and more.
+You can sleep on clean sheets.
+You can go to the movies and get good seats.
+You can smell the bakery air, walk around in the rain, pop bubble wraps, and even take an illegal nap.
+We have it all, but we only have 100 more years to enjoy it.
+And that's the sad part.
+The cashier at the grocery store, the foreman at the factory, the man escorting you home on the highway, the telemarketer calling you during dinner, every teacher you've ever met, every person who wakes up next to you. , every politician in every country, every actor in every movie, everyone in your family, everyone you love, everyone in this room, and you will die in a hundred years.
+Life is so wonderful that we only have a short amount of time to experience and enjoy all the little little moments that make it so much fun.
+And the moment is now, those moments are counting down, and those moments are always, always, always a moment.
+You will never be as young as you are now.
+That's why I encourage you to live your life with a great attitude, choose to move forward each time life hits you, live consciously of the world around you, embrace your inner three-year-old, and live your life. See the little joys that make you so beautiful, be honest with yourself, be yourself and be cool with it, let your heart guide you and put yourself in experiences that make you happy. I believe that if you do that, you will be able to lead a rich and prosperous life. I'm happy and I think I'm going to have a really great life.
+thank you.
+I'm actually here to challenge people.
+I know there have been many challenges for people.
+My point is that it's time to take back what peace really means.
+Peace is not "Kumbaya, Lord".
+Peace is not doves and rainbows - as beautiful as they are.
+Seeing the rainbow and dove symbol reminds me of personal serenity.
+I think of meditation.
+I am not thinking of what I think peace is: a sustainable peace with justice and equality.
+It means that the majority of the people on earth have access to adequate resources to live a life of dignity, and that these people have sufficient access to education and health care so they can live free from want and fear. sustainable peace.
+This is called human security.
+And I'm not a total pacifist like my really very obligatory non-violent friends like Miread McGuire.
+I understand humans are so "messed up" - to use a good word, because I promised my mother that I would stop using F-bombs in public.
+And I try harder.
+Mom, you are doing really well.
+we need a little police We need a little military power, but it's for defense.
+We need to redefine what keeps us safe in this world.
+It's not about arming our country to the brim.
+We cannot arm other countries outright with the weapons we manufacture and sell.
+We are using that money more rationally to keep the world's nations and the world's people safe.
+I've been thinking about what's been going on in Congress lately. There the president is going to offer $8.4 billion to win the START vote.
+I of course support the START vote.
+However, he has provided $84 billion for the modernization of nuclear weapons.
+Did you know that the number the United Nations is talking about is $80 billion to reach the Millennium Development Goals?
+That little bit of money, it would have been nice for me to have it in my bank account, but it's not...
+Globally, it's a small amount of money.
+But it modernizes weapons that we don't need, and we won't be able to get rid of them in our lifetime unless we get up from our lives...
+And unless you begin to believe that everything we have heard in the last two days is a factor in achieving human security, take action to make it happen.
+It is to save the tiger.
+It prevents the formation of tar sands.
+Medical devices are now available that can actually determine who has cancer.
+that's all.
+Our money is spent on all of them.
+It's about action.
+I was in Hiroshima a few weeks ago and His Holiness said - we were sitting there in front of thousands of people in the city and there were about eight Nobel Prize winners. .
+and he's a bad guy He's like the bad boy in church.
+As we all looked at each other and waited our turn to speak, he leaned over me and said, "Jodi, I'm a Buddhist monk."
+I said, "Yes, Pope.
+Your robe gives it. "
+(Laughter.) He said, "You know I love to meditate and pray."
+I said, "That's fine, that's fine."
+The world needs it.
+I don't follow it, but that's cool. "
+And he says, "But I became skeptical.
+I don't believe meditation or prayer can change this world.
+I think what we need is action. "
+The Pope in Robes is my new action hero.
+I spoke with Aung Sun Suu Kyi a few days ago.
+As many of you know, she is a hero of democracy in her homeland, Burma.
+You probably also know that she has spent 15 of the last 20 years in prison for her efforts to achieve democracy.
+She was just released a few weeks ago and we are very concerned about how free she will be. She has already taken to the streets of Rangoon to demand change.
+She has already taken to the streets and is working with the party to rebuild it.
+However, I discussed various issues with her.
+But there is one thing I want to say, because it is similar to what His Holiness said.
+“As you know, it will take a long time to finally have democracy in my country,” she said.
+But I don't believe in hope without effort.
+The hope of change is unbelievable unless we take action to make it happen. "
+Here is another female hero of mine.
+She is a friend of mine, Dr. Shirin Ebadi, the first Muslim woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize.
+She has been living in exile for the past year and a half.
+You ask her where she lives - where does she live in exile?
+She said it's the world's airport.
+She is traveling because she was out of the country at the time of the election.
+And she didn't go home, she consulted with all the other women she worked with and was told, 'Get out, we need you.'
+We need to be able to talk to you guys outside to tell you what's going on here. "
+A year and a half - she represents other women in her country.
+Wangari Maathai -- 2004 Peace Prize laureate.
+They call her the "Wooden Lady", but she is more than just a Wooden Lady.
+Working for peace is very creative.
+It's hard work every day.
+Most likely, when she was planting those trees, she was also using the act of gathering people to plant those trees to discuss ways to overcome her country's authoritarian government. I don't think people understand.
+People didn't get together without being arrested and put in jail.
+But if they together plant trees for the environment, it was fine, creativity.
+But it's not just iconic women like Sirin, Aung Sun Suu Kyi and Wangari Maathai, but so are other women around the world who are working together to change this world. is.
+The Burmese Women's Federation, 11 separate organizations of Burmese women have come together because of strength in numbers.
+Working together changes the world.
+A million signature campaign for women in Burma to work together to change human rights and bring democracy to the country.
+When one is arrested and put in prison, another emerges and joins the movement, realizing that together they can ultimately make a difference in their country.
+Mairead McGuire in center, Betty Williams on right - bringing peace to Northern Ireland.
+I will tell you a simple story.
+An IRA driver was shot and his car rammed into people on the side of the road.
+There was a mother and three children.
+Children were killed on the spot.
+It was Mairead's sister.
+Instead of succumbing to grief, depression and defeat in the face of the violence, Mairead connected with Betty, a staunch Protestant and devout Catholic, and took to the streets to say, "No more violence."
+And they were able to bring tens of thousands of people, mostly women and some men, to the streets and bring about change.
+They have played a part in bringing peace to Northern Ireland and there is still much work to be done and they are still working to make it happen.
+Rigoberta Menchu ​​Tam.
+She also won the Peace Prize.
+She is currently running for president.
+She educates the indigenous people of her country about what democracy means, how to bring democracy to this country, about education and how to vote, but democracy is just voting. It teaches that democracy is more than just voting. It's about being an active citizen.
+That's what I stopped doing: the landmine campaign.
+One of the reasons this campaign was successful is because we have grown from two NGOs to thousands of NGOs in 90 countries around the world, working together for the common cause of banning landmines.
+Some of the people who participated in our campaign were only able to work one hour a month.
+They could probably volunteer that much.
+There were also full-time people like me.
+But it was the actions of all of us that made that change.
+In my view, what we need today is people to rise up and take action to restore the meaning of peace.
+It's not a dirty word.
+It's hard work every day.
+And if each of us who cares about the variety of things we care about can get up off our butts and volunteer as much time as possible, we will change and save this world.
+And can't wait for another man. We have to do it ourselves.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+It's actually much easier when you think about resilience and technology.
+I already know that there are other speakers today, and they're going to talk about tough stuff, but of course technology never does that.
+So, relatively speaking, being resilient is pretty easy.
+Looking at what has happened on the Internet in the last six years, I find it difficult to even draw a proper analogy.
+How we make decisions, how we react to things, and what we expect about the future is determined by how we categorize things and how we categorize them.
+So I think the gold rush is a fascinating metaphor for the boom and bust that we've seen on the Internet.
+It's easy to think that this analogy is very different from the others.
+First, both were very realistic.
+In 1849, during the Gold Rush, they took over $700 million out of California. It was so real.
+The Internet was also very real. This is the actual way humans communicate with each other. That's a big deal.
+big boom. big boom. huge bust. huge bust.
+Continuing on, both things get heavily publicized.
+Don't forget GetRich.com and all the internet hype.
+But the same thing happened with the Gold Rush. "Gold, gold, gold"
+Sixty-eight rich men were on board the steamer Portland. Stack of yellow metal.
+Some have 5000. Many people have more.
+A few withdraw $100,000 each.
+Anyone reading these articles will be very excited about this.
+"El Dorado, USA: Discovery of an Inexhaustible Gold Mine in California"
+And the similarities between the Gold Rush and the Internet Rush continue very strongly.
+So many people quit their jobs.
+And what happens is that the gold rush lasted for years.
+When people on the East Coast in 1849 first started hearing the news, they thought, "Oh, this is not real."
+But people keep hearing stories of getting rich, and still hear it in 1850. And they think it's not real.
+By about 1852, they were thinking, "Am I the dumbest person on earth for not rushing to California?" And they start to decide that they are.
+By the way, these are community events.
+A local community on the East Coast came together and a whole team of 10 or 20 people caravanned across the country to set up the company.
+These were not typically solitary endeavors. But no matter what, if you're a lawyer or a banker, no matter what skills you have, people will abandon the job they were doing and go looking for gold.
+The man on the left, Dr. Richard Beverley Cole, lives in Philadelphia and has taken the Panama route.
+They sailed across the isthmus down to Panama and then headed north on another vessel.
+This man, Dr. Toland, went to California in a covered wagon.
+There are similarities here as well. A doctor leaves the clinic.
+They are both very successful - doctors in one case, surgeons in another.
+The same thing happened with the Internet. Get DrKoop.com.
+(Laughter) In the Gold Rush, people literally jumped off the boat.
+The San Francisco harbor was crowded with 600 ships at its peak, as crews abandoned going in search of gold once the ships got there.
+So there were literally 600 captains and 600 ships.
+With nowhere to sail, they turned the ship into a hotel.
+There was a dot-com fever. And you got gold fever.
+And we've seen some of the excesses the dot-com fever has created, and the same thing happened.
+There were about 1,300 soldiers in the San Francisco fort at the time.
+Half of them went looking for gold.
+And they didn't let the other half go looking for the first half for fear they wouldn't come back.
+(laughter) And one of the soldiers wrote a letter home. Here is what he wrote. "The struggle between righteousness and $6 a month and evil and $75 a day is pretty tough."
+The gold rush had a bad burn rate. Very poor burn rate.
+This is actually from the Klondike Gold Rush. This is the White Pass Trail.
+They loaded the mules and horses.
+And they didn't plan right.
+And I overloaded my horse with hundreds of pounds because I didn't know how far I would actually have to go.
+In fact, the situation was so bad that most of the horses died before reaching their destination.
+It was renamed the "Dead Horse Trail".
+Canada's then Minister of the Interior wrote: "Thousands of packhorses died en route, sometimes herded under the cliffs, sometimes tangled in saddles and herds that had fallen from the rocks above. They are dead in clumps.” It is often the exhausted yet still-living creatures who fill the mud pits and provide the only foothold for the march of the poor herd of animals. and we did not know it until the wretched wretched rolled under our hooves. queue.
+The ubiquitous eyeless sockets of herd animals are responsible for the countless numbers of crows along the road.
+The inhumanity that this path has witnessed, the heartbreak and suffering that so many have experienced is unimaginable. Certainly they are inexplicable. "
+I've seen similar results on the internet, if not for the smell that accompanies it. That is a very bad burn rate calculation.
+Let's play one of them. That way they will be remembered.
+This is a commercial that played during the 2000 Super Bowl.
+(Video): Bride #1: Did I mention you have a wide variety of invitations? Clerk: Yes, I do.
+Bride #2: So why does she have my invitation?
+Announcer: It may be trivial to some, but... Bride #3: You're mine, little man.
+Announcer: It could be really big for you. Husband #1: Is It Your Wife?
+Husband #2: No more than 15 minutes. Announcer: After all, today is your special day.
+Our beginning.com. Life is an event. Announce it to the world.
+Jeff Bezos: It's very difficult to understand what the ad is for.
+(Laughter) But for the 2000 Super Bowl, we spent $3.5 million to run that ad, even though we were only making $1 million a year at the time.
+Now, this is where the Gold Rush analogy begins to diverge, and I take it pretty harshly.
+I mean, in the Gold Rush, once it's done, it's over.
+The man said: "Dawson has a lot of disappointed men right now.
+They have made perilous journeys that have come thousands of miles at risk of life, health and property, spent months in the most difficult labor a man can do, and with the highest hopes have finally been coveted. They reached their goal, only to discover the fact that there is nothing for them here. "
+And of course it was a very common story.
+Because when they take out the last nugget, they take it out incredibly quickly. So if you look at the Gold Rush of 1849 (the entire American River region within two years), it turned all the stones upside down. And then only big companies using more sophisticated mining techniques started taking gold out of it.
+So there's a better analogy that can be incredibly optimistic, and that's the electrical industry.
+And there are many similarities between the Internet and the electrical industry.
+In the electrical industry, we really need to. One is that both are thin horizontals, allowing layers across many different industries.
+It's not specific.
+But electricity is so broad that it has to be narrowed down to some extent.
+As you know, it can be used as a great means of transmitting power.
+This is a great way to coordinate information flow in a very granular way.
+There are many interesting things about electricity.
+And the part of the electric revolution that I want to focus on is kind of the golden age of consumer electronics.
+The killer app that brought home appliances to the world was the light bulb.
+So light bulbs wire the world.
+And they weren't thinking of appliances when wiring the world.
+They were serious - not to turn on electricity in the house. They had lights in the house.
+And then, indeed, the electricity came. It took a long time.
+This was, as you can imagine, a huge recapitalization.
+All streets had to be torn up.
+This is a work-in-progress in Lower Manhattan that built some of the first power plants.
+And they are tearing up all the streets.
+The Edison Electric Company (later Edison General Electric and later General Electric) paid for all of the excavation of this road. It was incredibly expensive.
+But it's not really the most web-like part.
+Remember, the long distance phone network made the web stand on top of this heavy infrastructure in place.
+I mean all the cabling and all the heavy infrastructure. I now go back to the 1994 explosion when the web was growing 2,300% a year.
+How was it able to grow 2,300% a year in 1994 when people weren't investing in the web?
+Well, that's because that heavy infrastructure had already been laid.
+So light bulbs laid heavy infrastructure, and then home appliances began to emerge.
+And this one was huge. The first was the fan. This is an 1890 electric fan.
+And the golden age of home appliances, home appliances really continued. Depending on how you measure it, it's 40 to 60 years. It lasts a long time.
+It starts around 1890. And the fan was a huge success.
+The electric iron is also very large.
+Well, this is the beginning of the asbestos lawsuit.
+(Laughter) There's asbestos under that steering wheel.
+This is Hoover's first vacuum cleaner, the 1905 Skinner vacuum cleaner. And it weighed 92 pounds, required two people to operate, and cost a quarter of the cost of a car.
+That's why it didn't sell very well.
+This was a really, really early product -- (laughter) a 1905 Skinner vacuum cleaner.
+But three years later, in 1908, it weighed 40 pounds.
+Well, not all of these were wildly successful.
+(Laughter) It's an electric typeless, but it didn't really catch on.
+People decided not to wrinkle their ties.
+Electric shoe warmers and electric dryers were also not very popular. Never a big seller.
+There are about 6 colors here.
+(Laughter) I don't know why. But I realized that sometimes the time is not right for invention. Maybe it's time to try this again.
+So I thought, maybe we could make this a Super Bowl ad.
+We need the right partner. And I really thought -- (Laughter) I thought it would really work, I'll try again.
+Well, the toaster was huge because it was baking toast with a bonfire, and it took a lot of work and time.
+I would like to point out one thing. This is -- you know what this is.
+They hadn't invented electrical sockets yet.
+I mean, this is--remember, they didn't wire the house for electricity.
+They wired for lighting. That is, your -- appliance is plugged in.
+Each room usually has a light bulb socket at the top.
+and connect there.
+In fact, if you've seen Disney World's Carousel of Progress, you've seen this one. The cables connected to this luminaire are:
+All household appliances are connected there. If you want to connect your appliances, just unscrew the bulb.
+The next really big problem was the washing machine.
+Now this was the object of much envy and desire.
+Everyone wanted this electric washing machine.
+The left side is soapy water.
+And then there's the rotor, and this motor is spinning.
+And it will clean your clothes.
+This is clean rinse water. Take your clothes out of here, put them in here, and hang them on this electric wringer.
+And this was a big deal.
+Keep this on your balcony. It was a little annoying and a little painful.
+And you can pull long cords into your home and screw them into your light sockets.
+(Laughter) And that's actually the point of my presentation. Because they didn't invent the off switch.
+It ended up turning off the appliances much later, because it didn't make sense.
+I mean, I didn't want this to clog my lighting sockets.
+So I unscrewed it when I was done using it.
+that's what you did. you didn't turn it off.
+And, as I said before, they didn't invent the electrical outlet either, so the washing machine was a particularly dangerous piece of equipment.
+And when researching this, there are horrific accounts of people getting their hair and clothing caught in these devices.
+The cord was screwed into a light socket inside the house so I couldn't even pull it out.
+(Laughter) And it didn't have an off switch, so it wasn't very good.
+And you might think it was incredibly stupid for our ancestors to plug things into light sockets like this.
+But, you know, before I blame our ancestors, I thought I'd show you this is my boardroom.
+If you ask me, this is utter bullshit.
+First, I installed it upside down. This light socket -- (Laughter) I taped the cord down because it's going to fall out.
+(Laughter) This is expected - don't get me started. But it's not the worst.
+This is what it looks like under my desk.
+I took this photo just two days ago.
+So not much progress since 1908.
+(Laughter) It's a total, total mess.
+I'm sure things are getting better, but have you tried installing 802.11 yourself?
+(Laughs) Please try it. Very difficult.
+I know someone who has a PhD in Computer Science. This process really brought them to tears. (Laughter) That's assuming you already have a DSL in your home.
+Try to bring DSL into your home.
+It is impossible for an engineer who does it every day.
+They have to - usually they come three times.
+And one of my friends told me this story. Not only did they have to wait to arrive, but the engineers had to call someone a third time when they finally arrived.
+And they were really glad the guy had a speakerphone. Because then after arriving I had to wait an hour to speak to someone to give me the access code.
+So we are not. We ourselves are quite cunning.
+By the way, DSL is kludge.
+So this is copper twisted pair and was never designed for that purpose. You know, that's all. we are very primitive. That's the point.
+Because if you compare resilience to the gold rush, you're probably pretty depressed right now because the last nuggets of gold are gone.
+But the good news is that innovation has no final chunk.
+Anything new creates two new questions and two new opportunities.
+And if you believe that, you believe the situation we're in now -- this is what I think -- I'm the situation we're in with incredible wreckage. I believe -- and I'm not even talking about user interfaces on the web -- but there's a lot of filth, a lot of shit. We are in the 1908 Harley washing machine stage with the internet.
+That's where we are. No hair gets involved, but that's the primal level we're at.
+It is now 1908.
+And if you believe it, you don't care about stuff like this. This was in 1996. "When all the negatives pile up, the online experience just isn't worth the effort."
+1998: "Amazon Toast". 1999: "Amazon Bomb".
+My mother hates this photo.
+(Laughter) Her -- but, if you really believe this is just the beginning, if you believe it's a 1908 Harley washing machine, then you're incredibly optimistic. And I think that's where we are.
+And I think we have more innovation ahead of us than behind us.
+And 1917, Sears -- I want to get this right.
+Here's an ad they put out in 1917.
+It says, "Use electricity for more than light."
+And I think that's where we are.
+Very, very early. thank you very much.
+I want to tell you that you are actually cyborgs, but you are not the cyborgs you think you are.
+You are neither Robocop nor Terminator, but you become a cyborg every time you look at a computer screen or use a mobile phone device.
+So what's the proper definition of a cyborg?
+Now, the traditional definition is "an organism to which exogenous ingredients have been added for the purpose of adaptation to a new environment".
+This is from a 1960 paper on space travel. Because the universe is a pretty messy thing when you think about it.
+people shouldn't be there.
+But humans are curious and like to add something to their bodies so they can go to the Alps one day and be a fish in the sea the next.
+Now let's look at traditional anthropological concepts.
+Someone goes to another country and says, "How charming these people are, how interesting their tools are, how interesting their culture is."
+And they wrote a paper, and maybe a few other anthropologists read it, which we think is very exotic.
+Now, what's happening is that suddenly a new species has been discovered.
+As a cyborg anthropologist, I suddenly said, "Oh wow. All of a sudden we're a new form of Homo sapiens and seeing these fascinating cultures and seeing these strange rituals that everyone is doing around this technology. "
+They are clicking something or staring at the screen. "
+There is a reason I study this rather than traditional anthropology.
+The reason is that for thousands of years the use of tools was initially a physical modification of the self.
+It expanded our bodies and helped us go faster and work harder, but it had its limits.
+But now what we see is not an extension of our physical self, but an extension of our mental self, which allows us to move faster and communicate in different ways. can.
+And the other thing that happens is that we all carry around a little Mary Poppins technology.
+You can put anything you like in it without getting heavy and you can take out anything.
+What does the inside of your computer actually look like?
+Well, when you print this out, it looks like you're carrying thousands of pounds of material with you all the time.
+And if you actually lose that information, which means you suddenly have that feeling of loss in your mind, and suddenly you feel like you're missing something, but it's not very visible, except that you can't see it. It feels like a strange emotion.
+Another thing that happens is that you have a second self.
+Like it or not, you're starting to show up online and people are interacting with your second self even when you're not there.
+Therefore care must be taken to leave the lawn in front of the house open so that people do not write on it in the middle of the night. It's basically a Facebook wall. Because it's pretty much the same thing.
+And suddenly we have to start maintaining our second selves.
+In your digital life, you need to express yourself in the same way you do in your analog life.
+So, just like getting up in the morning, showering and getting dressed, you have to learn how to do it for your digital self.
+And the problem is that many people today, especially adolescents, have to go through puberty twice.
+They have to go through their first puberty, which is already awkward, and then they have to go through their second puberty, and it's even more awkward, when they're online Because there is a real history of what was experienced in
+And anyone new to technology is in their adolescence online right now, so it's very awkward and it's very difficult for them to do those things.
+So when I was little, my father sat me down at night and said, "In the future, I will teach you about time and space."
+And I said, "Great."
+And one day he said, "What is the shortest distance between two points?"
+And I said, "Well, it's straightforward. You told me that yesterday."
+I thought I was very smart.
+He said, "No, no, no. There's a better way."
+He took a piece of paper, drew A and B on one side and the other, and folded them together so that A and B touched.
+And he said, "That's the shortest distance between two points."
+And I said, "Dad, dad, dad, how do you do that?"
+he said: "It just bends time and space. It takes a lot of energy. That's exactly how it works."
+And I said, "I want to do that."
+And he said, "Well, I see."
+So for the next 10, 20 years, I would go to bed at night thinking: "I want to build the wormhole first to accelerate things faster.
+And I want to build a time machine. "
+I was always using a tape recorder to send messages to my future self.
+However, when I entered university, I realized that technology is not only adopted because it is effective.
+It is adopted because people use it and it is made for humans.
+So I started studying anthropology.
+And when I was writing papers on my cell phone, I noticed that everyone was carrying a wormhole in their pocket.
+They weren't physically moving themselves. They were mentally transferring themselves.
+Clicking the button will immediately connect A to B.
+I thought, "Oh wow, I found it. This is great."
+So over time, time and space were compressed.
+You can stand on one side of the world and whisper something and have it heard on the other side.
+One other idea I came up with is setting different types of time for each device you use.
+Different types of times are shown in different browser tabs.
+So you start looking for your own external memory. where did you leave it?
+So we're now paleontologists looking for what we've lost in the external brains we carry around in our pockets.
+And that triggers a kind of panic structure - "Oh, where is this?"
+We're all playing "I Love Lucy" in a huge stream of information, but we can't keep up.
+And when we bring them all into the social arena, we end up checking our phones all the time.
+So we have something called ambient intimacy.
+You may not be connected to everyone all the time, but you can always connect with whoever you want.
+And if I could print everyone on my phone, the room would be very crowded.
+These are generally the people you currently have access to. All these people, all of your friends and family that you can reach out to.
+And there are some psychological effects caused by this.
+One of the things that really worries me is that people don't take time for self-reflection, they're always around people in the room vying for their attention, slowing down or stopping. It's gone. On Simultaneous Time Interfaces, Paleontology, and Panic Architecture.
+They don't just sit there.
+And in fact, when there is no outside input, that is when the self is created, when you can make long-term plans, and when you can try to figure out who you really are.
+And when you can do that, you can find ways to express your second self in the right way instead of just dealing with everything that comes your way. And oh I gotta do this, gotta do this, gotta do this
+And this is very important.
+Especially now kids can't handle this downtime, I think they're very excited about it because we have a culture of clicking buttons in an instant and everything comes to mind I am really worried. And I am very addicted to it.
+Come to think of it, the world hasn't stopped either.
+We have our own external prosthetic devices, and these devices help us all communicate and interact with each other.
+But when you actually visualize it, all the connections we're making right now, this is an image of mapping the internet, it doesn't look technical.
+It actually looks very organic.
+This is the first time in human history that we have been connected in this way.
+Machines are not taking over.
+It's about them helping us to be more human and helping us connect with each other.
+The most successful technologies do not get in the way, they help us in our lives.
+And really, we're co-creating each other all the time, so in the end it's more human than technology.
+And this is the key point that I want to study. That things are beautiful, that they are still human connections. It's just done differently.
+We are just growing more human and our ability to connect with each other, regardless of geography.
+That's why I study cyborg anthropology.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Looking around us, much of what surrounds us began life as various rocks and sludge buried underground around the world.
+But of course it doesn't look like rocks and sludge now.
+They look like TV cameras, monitors, and annoying radio microphones.
+And this magical transformation is exactly what I was trying to accomplish with my project, which has come to be known as the Toaster Project.
+And this is also inspired by this quote by Douglas Adams, and the situation is from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
+And the situation depicted is that the book's protagonist - he's a 20th-century man - finds himself alone on a strange planet inhabited only by technologically primitive people. That's what it means.
+And he vaguely assumes that yes, he will become these villagers, that he will become their emperor, transforming their society with technology and science and the elements, but of course , without which it understands. For the rest of human society, he barely makes a sandwich, let alone a toaster.
+But he didn't have Wikipedia.
+So, I decided to make an electric toaster from scratch.
+And based on the idea that the cheapest electric toaster is also the easiest to reverse engineer, I bought the cheapest toaster I could find, took it home, and found inside this object, a mere £3.49. I bought it at , and there were 400 different bits made from over 100 different materials.
+I didn't have the rest of my life to do this project.
+I think it was about 9 months.
+So, ok, I thought I'd start with five.
+And these were steel, mica, plastic, copper, nickel.
+So let's start with steel. How is steel made?
+I knocked on the door of the Rio Tinto Advanced Mineral Extraction course at the Royal School of Mining and asked, "How do you make iron?"
+Professor Cereals was very kind and talked to me about many things.
+And my vague recollection from GCSE Science -- well, steel comes from iron, so I called iron mines.
+And he said, 'Hello, I'm trying to make a toaster.
+Can I come get some iron? "
+Unfortunately, Ray showed up when I got there.
+He didn't mean to take me to the mines because he misheard me and assumed I was there because I wanted to make a poster.
+But after some nagging, I let him do it.
+(Video) Ray: It's a crease limestone that was formed 350 million years ago by marine life in a warm, sunny atmosphere.
+Studying geology tells us what happened in the past, and there were terrifying changes to the earth.
+Thomas Thwaites: As you can see, it was decorated for Christmas.
+And of course it wasn't really a working mine anymore. Because Ray was a miner there, but the mine was closed and reopened as a sort of tourist attraction. Operations of this scale are happening everywhere in South America, Australia, and so on.
+Anyway, I got a suitcase full of iron ore and dragged it back to London by train. That's where I ran into a problem. How do you make this stone into a toaster part?
+So I went back to Professor Cereals and he said, "Go to the library."
+So I was looking through undergraduate textbooks on metallurgy, but they were completely useless for what I was trying to do.
+Because, of course, if you want to do it yourself and you don't have a smelter, they won't actually tell you how to do it.
+So I went to the Science History Library to read this book.
+This is the first metallurgical textbook written, at least in the West.
+And you can see that basically woodblock prints are what I ended up making.
+But instead of a bellows, he had a leaf blower.
+(Laughter) It's something that happened repeatedly throughout the project, that the smaller the scale you want to work on, the further back in time you have to go.
+And this is what it took about half a day to smelt this iron.
+I pulled it out and it wasn't iron.
+Luckily, I found a patent online for an industrial furnace that uses microwaves to heat up to full power in 30 minutes, and I was able to complete this process.
+So next -- (applause) The next thing I was trying to get was copper.
+Again, this mine was once the largest copper mine in the world.
+I can't help it, but I found a retired geology professor who took me in, and I said, "Okay, I'll give you mine water."
+And the reason I got interested in getting water is because the water that goes through mines becomes acidic and begins to dissolve and pick up minerals from mines.
+A good example is Rio Tinto in Portugal.
+As you can see, it is rich in minerals.
+There are so many of them that they are now just a haven for bacteria that prefer acidic and toxic conditions.
+But anyway, the water salvaged from Anglesey, where the mine was located, contained enough copper to cast metal electrical plug pins.
+So next I went to Scotland to get mica.
+And mica is a very good insulator, a very good mineral for insulating electricity.
+That's me getting mica.
+And the last material we will talk about today is plastic. Of course my toaster needed a plastic case.
+Plastic is the hallmark of cheap electronics.
+Plastic is made from oil so it would be great if I could call BP and spend half an hour going to BP's public affairs office, taking me to an oil rig and giving me a jug of oil to drink. I persuaded him. .
+BP clearly has a few more things on its mind right now.
+But still they weren't convinced and said "OK, I'll call you back" but never called.
+So we looked at other ways to make plastic.
+And indeed, plastic can obviously be made from plant-based oils, but it can also be made from starch.
+This is trying to make potato starch into plastic.
+And for a while it looked really good.
+I poured it into a mold made from a tree trunk that I could see.
+It looked delicious for a while, but I had to leave it outside to dry, so I left it outside. Unfortunately when I came back the snail was eating unhydrolyzed potato pieces.
+So, out of a sort of despair, I decided to allow myself to think horizontally.
+And geologists are actually debating whether to name the epoch in which we live, whether to call it the Anthropocene, a new geological epoch called the Age of Man. are discussing.
+That's because future geologists should notice that the rock formations that are currently being laid are changing rapidly.
+Then suddenly it will be something like the radioactive material from Chernobyl and the 2,000 or so nuclear bombs that have been fired since 1945.
+And there will also be extinction events where fossils suddenly disappear.
+I also wondered if there was a synthetic polymer or plastic embedded in the rock.
+So I looked into plastics and figured I could mine some of this modern rock.
+And so I went to Manchester and visited a place called Axion Recycling.
+And they are on the margins of what is called WEEE, the European Waste Electrical and Electronic Directive.
+And this system was put into place to deal with the heaps of things that were just built, lived in our homes for a while, and then were sent to landfill.
+But that's all.
+(music) (laughter) Here's a picture of my toaster.
+(Applause) That's it without the case.
+And it's on the shelf.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: I hear you made the connection once.
+TT: Yes, connected.
+I don't know if you can tell, but I couldn't make the wire insulation.
+Kew Gardens claimed I couldn't hack a rubber tree.
+Therefore the wires were not insulated.
+So these homemade copper wires, homemade plugs had 240 volts running through them.
+And the toaster would burn for about 5 seconds, but then, unfortunately, the element itself would melt.
+But to be honest, I thought it was partially successful.
+BG: Thomas Thwaites. TT: Thank you.
+This room appears to hold 600 people, but there are actually many more. Because each of us has many personalities.
+I have two main personalities who have been at odds and conversations within me since I was little.
+I call them "mystics" and "warriors".
+I was born into a politically active intellectual atheist family.
+My family had the following equation: If you are intelligent, you are not spiritual.
+I was the weirdo in my family.
+I was the queer kid who wanted to talk deeply about the world that might exist beyond our senses.
+I wanted to know if what we humans see, hear and think is a complete and accurate picture of reality.
+So, looking for answers, I went to Catholic Mass. I tagged along with my neighbors.
+I read Sartre and Socrates.
+And then something amazing happened when I was in high school. Gurus from the East began to wash up on the shores of America.
+(Laughter.) And I said to myself, 'I want to get one of those.'
+(Laughter.) Since then, I've taken a mystical path, trying to gaze at what Albert Einstein called the "visual delusions" of everyday consciousness.
+So what did he mean by this?
+Breathe in the clean air of this room right now.
+Now, do you see this strange, underwater reef-like thing?
+It's actually a human trachea.
+And those blobs of color are actually microbes swimming around us in this room right now.
+If we are blind to this simple biology, imagine what we are currently missing at the tiniest subatomic level and at the grandest cosmic level.
+Years of experience as a mystic have made me question almost all my assumptions.
+They gave me the pride of "I know nothing".
+Now, warriors roll their eyes when the mystical part of me rants like this endlessly.
+She worries about what is happening in this world right now.
+she is worried
+She said, "Excuse me, I'm pissed off, but I know a few things and I'd better get busy with them for now."
+I've spent my life as a warrior, working for women's issues, working in political campaigns, and being an environmental activist.
+And it can be kind of crazy, housing both a mystic and a warrior in one body.
+I have always been drawn to those rare people who do it, those who give their lives to humanity with the grit of a warrior and the grace of a mystic: people like Martin Luther King, Jr. Never be what I should be until you are what I should be. "
+"This is the interconnected structure of reality," he wrote.
+And another mystical warrior, Mother Teresa, said: "The problem with the world is that the family circle is too small."
+And Nelson Mandela lives by the African concept of "Ubuntu", which means "I need you to be me, and you need me to be you".
+Well, we all love to run these three mythical warriors out as if we were born with the "Saint" gene.
+But in reality we all have the same abilities as them.
+And we have to do their job now.
+I am deeply disturbed that all our cultures demonize the 'other' and that we are speaking out against the people with whom we have the most disagreements. increase.
+Hear the titles of the best-selling books from both sides of the political divide here in the United States. "Liberalism is a Mental Illness", "Rush Limbaugh is an Idiot", "Pinheads and Patriots", "Argument" with Idiots. "
+They look like they are joking, but they are actually dangerous.
+Here, the title may sound familiar, but its author may surprise you: "Four and a half years of struggle against lies, stupidity and meanness."
+who wrote it?
+It was "Mein Kampf", the first title of the book "Mein Kampf" by Adolf Hitler, which triggered the founding of the Nazi Party.
+The worst times in human history, whether in Cambodia, Germany, or Rwanda, begin with this kind of negative otherization.
+And they turn into violent extremism.
+So I start a new initiative.
+And it's to help us all counter our tendency to otherize, myself included.
+I know we are all busy, but don't worry. This can be done during your lunch break.
+I call this initiative "Take the other person to lunch."
+If you're a Republican, you can take a Democrat to lunch.
+Or if you're a Democrat, think of it like taking a Republican out to lunch.
+Now, if the thought of taking any of these people out to lunch kills your appetite, I suggest starting more local. Because there is no shortage of others in your neighborhood. Mosques, churches and synagogues down the street. Or someone on the other side of the abortion conflict. Or maybe it's your brother-in-law who doesn't believe in global warming. (Laughs) Someone whose lifestyle might scare you, or someone with a point of view that makes smoke come out of your ears.
+A few weeks ago I took a conservative tea party lady to lunch.
+Well, on paper she passed my "smoking ear" test. (Laughter) She's a right-wing activist and I'm a left-wing activist.
+I used a few guidelines to make the conversation more quality.
+And you can use it too. Because I know you guys will be taking other things to lunch.
+First, set a goal. Get to know one person in the group you hold negative stereotypes about.
+And agree on some ground rules before getting together.
+A tea party lunch buddy and I came up with this: "Don't persuade, defend, or interrupt. Be curious, conversational, realistic, and listen." Please incline."
+From there, we dug deeper and asked questions like: "Tell me about some of your life experiences -- what are the issues that concern you most?
+So what was the last thing you wanted to ask the person on the other side? "
+My lunch partner and I gained some very important insights, and I'd like to share just one with you.
+I think it has to do with any problem between people anywhere.
+I asked her why her side would make such outrageous claims and lie about my side.
+"What?" she wanted to know.
+"It's like we're an elitist, morally corrupt group of terrorist-lovers."
+Well she was shocked.
+She thought my team was often beaten from her side—I thought we called them headless, gun-toting racists.
+And we were both surprised by the label that didn't apply to any of the people we actually knew.
+And since a certain amount of trust had been built, they believed in each other's sincerity.
+We agree to speak up in our communities when we witness “otherizing” conversations that may be used to exacerbate paranoia and incite marginalized groups. Did.
+By the end of lunch, we acknowledged our openness to each other.
+Neither of us were trying to change the other, but neither did we think that lunch would resolve our differences.
+Instead, we overcame the reflexive reaction to ubuntu's place and took the first steps together. ubuntu is the only place we can find solutions to our most seemingly intractable problems.
+The next time you find yourself falling into an act of othering, that will be your clue.
+And what will happen at lunchtime?
+Will the heavens open and "We are the World" playing from the restaurant's sound system?
+Probably not.
+Because ubuntu is slow and hard.
+They are two people who threw away their knowing pretense.
+It's two, two warriors dropping their weapons and reaching out to each other.
+The great Persian poet Rumi put it this way: "Beyond the idea of ​​what is wrong and what is right, there is a realm.
+See you there. "
+(applause)
+So what I'm trying to say here is that we have a problem with boys, and it's a serious problem with boys.
+Their culture is not working in school. Here are some possible ways to overcome that problem.
+First of all, I want to start by saying that this is a boy and this is a girl. This is probably the stereotypical thing you think about boys and girls.
+If I take gender as essential today, feel free to ignore me.
+So I don't do that and I'm not interested.
+The point here is that not all boys exist within the strict boundaries we think of as boys and girls, and not all girls exist within the strict boundaries we think of as girls. That's it.
+But the reality is that most boys have certain tendencies, and most girls also have certain tendencies.
+And most importantly, for boys, the way they exist and the culture they accept doesn't work in today's schools.
+How do we know that?
+The 100 Girls Project tells us some really nice stats.
+For example, for every 100 female students suspended, there will be 250 male students suspended.
+For every 100 girls who drop out of school, 335 boys will drop out of school.
+There are 217 boys for every 100 girls in special education.
+There are 276 boys for every 100 girls with learning disabilities.
+For every 100 girls diagnosed with an emotional disorder, there are 324 boys.
+By the way, if you happen to be black, or you happen to be poor, or you happen to be in an overcrowded school, all those numbers are significantly higher.
+And if you're a boy, you're four times more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
+Now, there is another side to this.
+Recognizing that women still need support in schools, salaries are still significantly lower even if controlled by jobs, and that girls have been struggling in mathematics and science for years. is important.
+It's all true.
+That doesn't stop us from paying attention to the literacy needs of boys between the ages of 3 and 13.
+And should.
+In fact, all we have to do is take a page from their strategy book. Because the initiatives and programs set up for women in science, engineering, and mathematics are great.
+They are doing a lot of good for girls in this situation. We should think about how we can do that for boys while they are young.
+Even as they get older, we can see that they still have problems.
+If you look at universities, 60 percent of bachelor's degrees are now awarded to women, which is a big change.
+And indeed, college administrators are a little uncomfortable with the idea that colleges are becoming nearly 70 percent female.
+This makes university administrators very uneasy, because girls do not want to go to schools without boys.
+So we are starting to see the establishment of male centers and male studies to think about how to involve men in the college experience.
+When I consulted a faculty member, he said, "Well, they play video games, they gamble online all night long, they play World of Warcraft, and that's affecting their academic performance." ’ you might say. "
+guess what?
+It's not caused by video games.
+Video games are also a symptom.
+They were turned off long before they got here.
+Now let's talk about why they turned off between the ages of 3 and 13.
+There are three reasons why I think boys are out of place with today's school culture.
+The first is zero tolerance.
+I know a kindergarten teacher whose son donated all his toys to her. That's when she had to get out all those little plastic guns.
+Plastic knives, swords, axes, etc. cannot be placed in kindergarten classrooms.
+What is this young man trying to do with this gun?
+I mean, really.
+But here he stands as a testament to the fact that no one should troll the playground today.
+Now, I am not defending bullies.
+I am not saying that we should allow guns and knives in schools.
+But in a high school classroom, when we say we have to suspend an Eagle Scout with a car locked in a parking lot and a penknife in it, I think we went a little too far with no tolerance. I think not.
+Another way zero tolerance lives is in the boys' writing.
+In many classrooms today, writing about violent things is prohibited.
+Writing about anything related to video games is not allowed.
+These topics are prohibited.
+When the boy came home from school, he said, "I hate writing."
+"Son, why do you hate writing? What's wrong with writing?"
+"OK, what is she telling you to write?"
+"Poetry. I have to write poetry.
+And little moments in my life.
+I don't want to write that. "
+"So what do you want me to write?
+what do you want to write about? "
+"I want to write about video games. I want to write about leveling up.
+I want to write about this really interesting world.
+I want to write about how a tornado came to my house, blew out all my windows, ruined all my furniture and killed everyone. "
+"I get it."
+When you say that to a teacher, he or she will seriously ask, "Should I send this child to a psychologist?"
+And the answer is no, he's just a boy.
+he's just a little boy
+It's not good to write things like this in the classroom today.
+This is the first reason. Our zero tolerance policy and how it's put into practice.
+The second reason boys' culture is not consistent with school culture is the low number of male teachers.
+People over the age of 15 have no idea what this means. Because the number of primary school classroom teachers has halved in the last decade.
+It went from 14 percent to 7 percent.
+This means that 93 percent of the teachers our young men have in their primary classrooms are women.
+Now what's wrong with this?
+Women are great, yes, definitely.
+But the men who serve as role models to boys who say it's okay to be smart--they have fathers, they have pastors, they have Cub Scout leaders, but after all, they spend six hours a day, six hours a week. I work five days. We spend our time in classrooms, most of which are not where men exist.
+So they say, this really isn't a place for boys to go.
+This is the place for girls.
+And I'm not very good at this, so I think I'd be better off playing video games or participating in sports or something like that. Because I clearly don't belong here.
+Men don't belong here, it's clear.
+So this could be a very direct way for us to see it happen.
+But, less directly, the lack of male presence in this culture has teacher lounges and conversations about Joey and Johnny punching each other in the schoolyard.
+"What are you going to do with these kids?"
+The answer to that question depends on who is sitting around that table.
+Are there men around that table?
+The conversation changes depending on who sits around the table.
+The third reason why boys don't fit in school today: kindergarten is the old second grade.
+There's a massive compression of the curriculum going on there.
+By age 3, learn to read and write your own name. Otherwise, it would be considered developmentally delayed.
+By the first grade, you should be able to read paragraphs of text that may or may not be illustrated in a 25- to 30-page book.
+If you don't, you'll likely be enrolled in a Title I special reading program.
+If you ask any Title I teacher, they will tell you that there are 4-5 boys for every girl who participates in an elementary school program.
+The reason this is a problem is that it sends the message to boys that they must always do what their teacher tells them to do.
+A teacher's salary depends on 'not leaving behind', 'racing to the top', responsibilities and exams and all this.
+So she has to figure out a way to get all the boys and girls into this curriculum.
+This compressed curriculum is not good for all active children.
+And what happens is, she says, "Sit down, be quiet, do what you're told, follow the rules, manage your time, focus, be a girl."
+That's what she tells them.
+So this is a very serious problem.
+Where is it coming from? it comes from us.
+(Laughter) We want our babies to read to us when they are six months old.
+Have you ever seen an ad?
+We'd love to live in Wobegon Lake where every kid is above average...
+But the effect this has on our children is really not healthy.
+This is developmentally inappropriate and especially bad for boys.
+What should I do?
+We need to put ourselves in juvenile culture.
+It is necessary to change the acceptance awareness of elementary school boys.
+More specifically, you can do very specific things.
+We can design better games.
+Most of the educational games out there today are actually flashcards.
+They are glorious training and practice.
+They don't have the depth and richness of the stories that the boys are really interested in that really engaging video games have.
+We need to talk to teachers, parents, school board members and politicians.
+We need people to understand that we need more men in the classroom.
+We need to carefully consider our zero tolerance policy.
+Does it make sense?
+We need to think of ways to compress this curriculum, if possible, and bring it back into a comfortable space for boys.
+All these conversations need to take place.
+The school has some great examples. Just recently, the New York Times covered a school.
+The game designers at New School have created an amazing video game school.
+However, this is not very scalable as it only deals with a small number of children.
+We must change the culture and feelings of politicians, school officials and parents about acceptance and acceptance in today's schools.
+Need to find more money for game design.
+Because good games, really good games, cost money, and World of Warcraft costs a lot of money.
+Most educational games don't.
+Where did we start: With my colleagues Mike Pettner, Sean Vachaux, and myself, we observed the attitudes of our teachers, how they really felt about the game, what they thought about the game. I started by looking at what you were saying.
+And it turns out that they talk about school kids who talk about games in a rather humiliating way.
+They say, "Oh yeah, they talk about it all the time.
+They talk about their little deeds, their little achievements, their medals, or their achievements.
+And they talk about this all the time. "
+And they say these things as if it's all right.
+But think about how you would feel if it were your culture.
+It is very unpleasant to be on the receiving end of such words.
+Due to the zero tolerance policy, they are nervous about being involved in violence.
+They are convinced that parents and administrators will never accept anything.
+So we really need to look at the attitudes of teachers and find ways to change them so that they are more open to juvenile culture in the classroom.
+Because, in the end, if we didn't, some boys would drop out of elementary school saying, "That must have been a place for girls, it wasn't a place for me." Because it becomes
+So I have to play games or do sports. "
+If we change these things, if we pay attention to these things, if we re-involve the boys in learning, they will leave elementary school saying, "I am smart."
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I just did something I've never done before.
+I spent a week at sea on a research vessel.
+I'm not a scientist now, but I was with an excellent scientific team at the University of South Florida tracking BP's oil movements in the Gulf of Mexico.
+By the way, this is the ship we boarded.
+The scientists I was with hadn't studied the effects of oil and dispersants on big things like birds, turtles, dolphins, and lures.
+They're looking at really small things that are eventually eaten by big ones and slightly less small ones.
+And what they found is that even trace amounts of oils and dispersants can be highly toxic to phytoplankton. This is very bad news. Because many lives depend on it.
+So contrary to what we heard a few months ago that 75 percent of our oil has magically disappeared and we no longer have to worry about it, the disaster is still ongoing.
+It is still working its way up the food chain.
+This should come as no surprise to us.
+Rachel Carson, the godmother of modern environmentalism, warned us about this very thing in 1962.
+The "control men" (as she calls them) who carpet bomb cities and fields with toxic pesticides like DDT are only trying to kill small things, insects, not birds, she said. It pointed out.
+But they forgot this. The fact that birds are eating larvae, the fact that robins are now eating a lot of worms saturated with DDT.
+And the robin's eggs never hatched, the songbirds died en masse, and the town fell silent.
+Hence the title "Silent Spring".
+Being Canadian and unable to know my ancestral ties, I am trying to pinpoint exactly what draws me back to the Gulf of Mexico.
+And I wonder what it means, what it means to witness a hole in the world, what it means to see the contents of the earth erupt, we are completely It's broadcast live 24 hours a day for months on end that I don't think you understand.
+We have long told ourselves that our tools and technologies can control nature, but every time we try to contain it, oil erupts and suddenly we are confronted with our weakness and lack of control. I decided to "'Top Kill' and most memorable 'Junk Shot' - great idea to shoot an old tire and a golf ball into that hole in the world.
+But even more striking than the ferocious force emanating from the well was the recklessness with which it was unleashed: the carelessness, the lack of planning that characterized the operation, from digging to cleaning. .
+If there's one thing BP's watery improvisations have made clear, it's that, as a culture, we've become far too willing to bet on something precious and irreplaceable, and we don't have a backup plan or an exit. It means that it came to be done without any effort. strategy.
+And BP was not the first to experience this in recent years.
+Our leaders rush into war as they tell themselves delightful tales of cakewalks and welcome parades.
+Then follows years of deadly damage control, Frankenstein-esque sieges and surges, rebellion suppression, and again no exit strategy.
+Our financial wizards regularly slip into similar overconfidence, fooling themselves into thinking that the recent bubble is a new kind of market: the kind that never goes down.
+And when that inevitably happens, the best and brightest will reach for the financial equivalent of a junk shot. In this case, copious amounts of much-needed public money are thrown into a completely different kind of hole.
+As with BP, this hole will be plugged, at least temporarily, but at a huge price.
+We need to understand why we continue to let things like this go on. Because we are probably at our most gamble in deciding what to do or not to do about climate change.
+As you know, a lot of time is spent in the climate change debate, not only in this country, but around the world, on the question, "What if the IPC scientists were all wrong?"
+A much more relevant question, as MIT physicist Evelyn Fox Keller puts it, is, "What if the scientists were right?"
+Given the dangers, the climate crisis clearly requires us to act on the precautionary principle. The Precautionary Principle is the theory that when human health and the environment are seriously endangered and the potential damage is irreversible, we cannot afford to wait for a perfect response. scientific certainty.
+Better be careful.
+What is even clearer is that the burden of proving that a practice is safe should not fall on the general public who would be harmed, but rather on industry, which stands to benefit. That's what it means.
+But climate policy in the affluent world, so far as such exists, is not based on precautionary measures but rather on cost-benefit analysis, which economists believe has the least impact on GDP. Finding a course of action that believes .
+So instead of asking what we can do as soon as possible to avoid potential catastrophe, as we are asked to do as a precautionary measure, we ask the odd question:
+Can we postpone this until 2020, 2030, 2050? "
+Or ask, "How hot can the earth survive?"
+Can we go at 2 degrees Celsius, 3 degrees Celsius, or - as we're doing now - 4 degrees?"
+By the way, there is a kind of Goldi that we can safely control our planet's amazingly complex climate system as if we had a thermostat, keeping the planet just right, not too hot, not too cold. Rocks' assumption, this is pure. It's a fantasy, not what the climate scientists said.
+It comes from economists imposing their mechanistic thinking on science.
+In fact, we never know when the warming we produce will be completely overwhelmed by feedback loops.
+Again, why do we take such crazy risks for something precious?
+Various descriptions may have come to mind, such as "greedy".
+This is a well-known explanation, and there is a lot of truth in it. Because, as we all know, taking big risks comes at a big cost.
+Another common explanation for recklessness is arrogance.
+And when it comes to recklessness, greed and arrogance are closely intertwined.
+For example, if you're a 35-year-old banker who makes 100 times more than a brain surgeon, you need a story. We need stories that allow for that disparity.
+And really, there aren't that many options.
+Either you're an incredibly good con man and you're either skilful with the system to get away with it, or you're some kind of genius boy the world has never seen.
+Both genius boy and crook choices make you so overconfident that you are more likely to take bigger risks in the future.
+Incidentally, BP's former CEO, Tony Hayward, had a plaque on his desk with the following inspirational slogan: "What are you going to do when you know you can't fail?"
+Now, this is actually a popular plaque, and it attracts achievers, so I'm sure some of you have this plaque as well.
+don't be shy.
+If you're training for a triathlon or prepping for a TED Talk, it might be very good to get the fear of failure out of your head, but personally, I think it's a good idea to keep our economy at bay. Those who have the power to explode and destroy ecosystems should be afraid of failure. A picture of Icarus hanging on the wall. Maybe not in that picture in particular, but I want them to always think about the possibility of failure.
+We have our greed and our overconfidence and our arrogance, but since we're here at TEDWomen let's consider another factor that may be contributing in some small way to society's recklessness.
+I won't go into detail on this point, but research shows that as investors, women are much less likely than men to take reckless risks. That's precisely because, as we've already heard, women don't tend to suffer from overconfidence in their investments. just like men do.
+In other words, it turns out that there is at least a positive side to society in lower pay and less praise.
+The flip side of this is that there is a clear social downside to being constantly told that you were gifted, chosen, and born to rule.
+And this issue, which I call "privilege peril", brings us closer to the roots of collective recklessness, I think.
+For no man or woman, at least in the northern countries of the earth, is wholly exempt from this message.
+Here's what I'm talking about.
+Whether we actively believe in them or consciously reject them, our culture is predicated on certain archetypal narratives of our superiority over others and over nature—the newly discovered Tales of frontiers and conquering pioneers, tales of manifest destiny, tales dominate. Apocalypse and Salvation.
+And these stories fade into history, and just when we think we've gotten over them, they pop up in the strangest of places.
+For example, I stumbled across this ad outside the women's restroom at Kansas City Airport.
+It's for Motorola's new Rugged phone, and it certainly says "Slap Mother Nature in the face."
+I'm not showing this to bully Motorola. It's just a bonus.
+I'm showing it because they're not a sponsor, right? -- Because that's it, this is a crude version of our founding story.
+We triumph over Mother Nature and always triumph because it is our destiny to dominate her.
+But this is not the only fairy tale we tell ourselves about nature.
+Another point, just as important, is how the very same Mother Nature is so nurturing and resilient that we can never undermine its abundance.
+Let's hear from Tony Hayward again.
+"The Gulf of Mexico is a very large ocean.
+The amount of oil and dispersant we put in there is a tiny fraction of the total amount of water. "
+In other words, the ocean is big. she can accept it.
+It is this underlying assumption of infinity that enables us to take reckless risks.
+Because this is our true story. No matter how much we fail, there will always be more water, more land, and more untapped resources.
+A new bubble replaces the old one.
+New technologies will emerge to fix the chaos caused by previous technologies.
+In a way, it is the story of the settlement of the Americas, the seemingly inexhaustible frontier from which Europeans fled.
+And this is also the story of modern capitalism. Because it was the wealth from this land that gave birth to our economic system. This economic system cannot survive without perpetual growth and a constant supply of new frontiers.
+Now the problem is that the story was always a lie.
+Earth has always had limits.
+They were just beyond our sight.
+And now we are reaching that limit in many ways.
+We believe we know that, but we still find ourselves stuck in a sort of narrative loop.
+Not only do we keep repeating the same sickening tales, but we are now doing it with frankly almost campy frenzy and fury.
+How else would you describe the cultural space Sarah Palin occupied?
+On the one hand, he exhorts us to “drill, baby, drill” because God buried those resources for us to use; Glory to her hit reality. TV program.
+This twin message is both insane and comforting.
+Ignore the creeping fear that you've finally hit a wall.
+There are no limits yet.
+There will always be new frontiers.
+Stop worrying and keep shopping.
+Now, what if this was all about Sarah Palin and her reality show?
+We often hear in the environmental industry that they are continuing business as usual rather than transitioning to renewable energy.
+Unfortunately, this assessment is too optimistic.
+The truth is that we have already run out of readily available fossil fuels and are already entering a much riskier era of business: the era of extreme energy.
+That means drilling for oil in deep waters that are utterly impossible to clean up, including the icy Arctic Ocean.
+That would mean large-scale hydraulic fracturing of gas or large-scale strip mining operations of coal, but I haven't seen anything like that yet.
+And the most controversial one is the tar sands.
+What always surprises me is how little people outside of Canada know about Alberta's Tar Sands, which is projected to become the largest source of oil imports to the US this year.
+It's worth taking a moment to understand this practice. Because I believe this practice speaks to recklessness and the path we are on as unique.
+So this is where the tar sands live under one of the last spectacular boreal forests.
+Oil is not liquid.
+It cannot simply be pierced and pumped out.
+Tar sands oils are solid and mixed with the soil.
+Therefore, to deal with it, the tree must first be removed.
+Next, the topsoil is stripped to remove the oily sand.
+This process requires a large amount of water, which is pumped into a large, toxic tailwash pond.
+This is very bad news for the local indigenous peoples living downstream, who report alarmingly high cancer rates.
+Now, looking at these images, it's hard to get a sense of the scale of this operation, but it's already visible from space and could extend to an area as large as the UK.
+I found it helpful to see the largest dump truck ever to move the earth.
+Over there is the person holding the steering wheel.
+My point is, this is not oil drilling.
+Not even mining.
+It's skin stripping.
+Vast, vibrant landscapes are destroyed, leaving monochromatic grey.
+Now, as far as I'm concerned, I must confess that this would be an abomination if it didn't emit a single carbon particle.
+But the truth is, turning that filth into crude oil produces on average about three times more greenhouse gas pollution than producing conventional oil in Canada.
+How would you describe this other than as a form of collective insanity?
+Just when we know we have to learn to live on the surface of the earth without the help of the sun, wind and waves, we get the dirtiest, most emissive stuff imaginable. I'm desperately digging a hole for it.
+This is where our never-ending story of growth has brought us to this black hole in the heart of our homeland. It's a place of so much pain on the planet that you can only stare at it for too long, like a spurt of blood pressure.
+Civilization commits suicide in this way, as Jared Diamond and others have shown us, by hitting the accelerator at the exact moment when you should hit the brake.
+The problem is that our master narrative also has an answer to it.
+Like all Hollywood movies, just like the Rapture, at the last moment we are to be saved.
+But, of course, our secular religion is technology.
+Now, you may have noticed more and more headlines like this.
+The idea behind this form, called "geoengineering," is that as the Earth heats up, it shoots particles of sulfate and aluminum into the stratosphere, reflecting some of the sun's rays back into space, thereby cooling the planet. It might be possible. .
+The most bizarre scheme, I'm not making this up, is essentially setting up something like a garden hose 18 1/2 miles high in the sky suspended from balloons and spewing out sulfur dioxide. That's what it means.
+In other words, the pollution problem will be solved with more pollution.
+Think of it as the ultimate junk shot.
+All of the serious scientists involved in the study stress that these techniques have never been tested.
+They don't know if it works or what horrible side effects it can cause.
+Nevertheless, in some circles, especially in the media, the mere mention of geoengineering is greeted with an uplifting sense of relief.
+You've reached the escape hatch.
+A new frontier has been found.
+Most importantly, after all, we don't have to change our lifestyle.
+You know, for some, their saviors are men in flowing robes.
+For others, it's the man with the garden hose.
+New stories are desperately needed.
+We need stories with different kinds of heroes willing to take different kinds of risks. We need stories of recklessly facing the risks head-on, the risks of practicing the precautionary principle even if it means direct action, the kind of narratives that hundreds of young people, for example, are willing to take. Arrested, stopping dirty power plants and fighting mountaintop removal coal mining.
+We need a narrative that replaces the linear narrative of endless growth with a circular narrative that reminds us that what goes around comes back again.
+That this is our only home.
+No escape hatch.
+Call it karma, physics, action and reaction, precaution. This is a principle that reminds us that life is too precious to risk for profit.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+You may not know this, but you are celebrating your anniversary with me.
+I am not married, but one year ago today I woke up from a month-long coma after a double lung transplant.
+Crazy, I know. Insane.
+thank you.
+Six years earlier, I had started my career as an opera singer in Europe when I was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, also known as PH.
+This happens when the pulmonary veins thicken and the right side of the heart overwork, causing what I call the reverse Grinch effect.
+My heart was 3.5 sizes too big.
+Physical activity becomes very difficult for people with this condition and they usually die after 2 to 5 years.
+I went to see this expert and she was a leading expert in the field and said I should stop singing.
+She said, "That high note is going to die."
+Although there was no medical evidence to support her claim that there was a connection between operatic arias and pulmonary hypertension, she absolutely emphasized that I was singing my eulogy.
+I was physically very limited by my condition.
+But when I sang, there were no limits. As the air rises from the lungs, through the vocal cords and through the lips as sound, it was the closest to transcendence I have ever experienced.
+And I wasn't going to give it up, just on someone's hunch.
+Thankfully, I met Leda Girgis who was dry as toast, but he and his team at Johns Hopkins didn't just want me to survive, they wanted me to live a meaningful life. I was hoping that
+This meant a trade-off.
+I'm from Colorado.
+It's a mile high and I grew up there with 10 siblings and two loving parents.
+Well, the high altitude made my symptoms worse.
+So I moved to Baltimore to live closer to my doctor and enrolled in a nearby conservatory.
+I chose 5 inch heels because I can't walk as much as I used to.
+And I quit salt, went vegan, and started taking high doses of Sildenafil, also known as Viagra.
+(Laughter) My father and grandfather were always looking for the latest in alternative and traditional remedies for PH, but after half a year I couldn't walk a small hill. I couldn't even climb the stairs.
+I barely managed to stand up without nearly passing out.
+I had a cardiac catheterization, where they measured this internal arterial pulmonary pressure, which is said to be between 15 and 20.
+In my case it was 146.
+I like to do big things, but that meant one thing. Flolan is a powerful treatment for pulmonary hypertension, but it's more than just a drug. it's a way of life.
+Your doctor will insert a catheter into your chest. The catheter is fitted with a pump that weighs approximately 4.5 pounds.
+24 hours a day, every day, that pump is by your side, delivering medicine directly to your heart, which in many ways is not a very good medicine.
+This is a list of side effects. Eating too much salt, such as a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, would probably land you in the ICU.
+If you go through a metal detector, you will probably die.
+Because of the need to mix the medicine every morning, if bubbles form in the medicine and remain there, they will probably die.
+If I run out of medicine, I will surely die.
+No one wants to ride Floran.
+But when I needed it it was a godsend.
+I was able to walk again within a few days.
+Within weeks I was playing, and a few months later I made my debut at the Kennedy Center.
+The pump was a bit of a problem during the performance, so I used a girdle and ACE bandage to attach the pump to my inner thigh.
+Literally hundreds of times I've ridden elevators and pumped into Spanx all by myself, hoping the door wouldn't pop open unexpectedly.
+It was a costume designer's nightmare to have tubes coming out of my chest.
+I graduated in 2006 and returned to Europe with a fellowship.
+A few days after my arrival, I met this wonderful old conductor and he started casting me for all these roles.
+And soon I was commuting between Budapest, Milan and Florence.
+I was obsessed with this ugly, unwanted, high-maintenance mechanical pet, but my life was like the happy part of an opera. Very complicated, but in a good way.
+Then in February 2008 my grandfather passed away.
+He was a big person in our life and we loved him so much.
+I certainly wasn't prepared for what happened next.
+Seven weeks later, I got a call from my family.
+My father died in a tragic car accident.
+My death at the age of 24 was completely expected.
+But his—well, the only way I could articulate how it felt was that it accelerated my medical decline.
+Against the wishes of my doctors and family, I had to return for the funeral.
+One way or another, I had to say goodbye.
+However, I soon had symptoms of right heart failure and had to return to the surface knowing that I would probably never return home.
+I canceled most of my appointments that summer, but I had one left in Tel Aviv, so I went.
+After one performance, I could barely drag myself from the stage to a taxi.
+I sat there feeling the blood running down my face and it was freezing cold in the heat of the desert.
+My fingers started to turn blue and I thought, "What is going on here?"
+I could hear the heart valves snap open and close.
+The cab stopped and I pulled myself away from the cab feeling the weight as I walked towards the elevator.
+I fell through the apartment door and crawled to the bathroom where I noticed a problem. I forgot to mix the most important part of the medicine.
+I was dying I wouldn't have gotten out of that apartment alive if I hadn't sorted things out quickly.
+When I started mixing it felt like everything was going to fall through a hole or a hole, but I just kept going.
+Finally, I put in the last bottle to get the last bubble out, attached the pump to the tube, and lay there hoping it would work soon.
+Otherwise, you'll probably see your father sooner than you expected.
+Thankfully, within minutes, I saw a hives-like rash appear on my legs, a side effect of the medication, and thought I was fine.
+My family isn't very frightened, but I was.
+I returned to the United States in hopes of returning to Europe, but a cardiac catheterization showed that I had no choice but to flee Johns Hopkins for my life.
+I played here and there, but as my health deteriorated, so did my voice.
+My doctor wanted me on the list for a lung transplant.
+I did not do it.
+I had two friends who died recently after months of very difficult surgeries.
+But I knew another young man with PH who died while waiting to see a doctor.
+I wanted to live
+I thought stem cells would be a good option, but they weren't developed enough yet.
+I officially stopped singing and went to the Cleveland Clinic for a transplant for the third time in five years.
+As I sat there talking to the head transplant surgeon, I asked him if he needed a transplant and what he could do to prepare for it.
+He said, "Be happy.
+A happy patient is a healthy patient. "
+It was as if he verbally conveyed my thoughts on life, medicine, and Confucius all at once.
+I didn't want a transplant yet, but after a month I was back in the hospital again with a severely edematous ankle and in very good shape.
+And it was right heart failure.
+I finally decided it was time to follow my doctor's advice.
+It's time for me to go to Cleveland and start the anguish of the game.
+However, the next morning, while I was still in the hospital, I received a phone call.
+It was my doctor in Cleveland, Marie Boudef.
+And they had lungs.
+it was a match.
+They were from Texas.
+And not just me, everyone was really happy.
+Because, despite those problems, I've spent my life training my lungs, so I wasn't particularly keen on quitting them.
+I flew to Cleveland and my family rushed there hoping to see me and say their final goodbyes.
+But my organs wouldn't wait, so I had surgery before I could say goodbye.
+The last thing I remember was lying on a white blanket telling the surgeon that I needed to see my mother again and that I wanted my voice saved.
+I fell into this apocalyptic dream world.
+During the thirteen and a half hours of surgery, I collapsed twice and had 40 quarts of blood injected into my body.
+And in my 20-year career as a surgeon, this was one of the most difficult transplants he's ever done, he said.
+They left my chest open for two weeks.
+I could see my oversized heart beating in it.
+I lived on a dozen machines.
+Infection ravaged my skin.
+I hoped my voice would be saved, but the doctors knew that the breathing tube down my throat might already be destroying my voice.
+If they had stayed, I would never have been able to sing again.
+So my doctor sent me to the head of the clinic, the otolaryngology department, and had me operate to move the tube around my vocal organ.
+He said it would kill me.
+So my own surgeon performed surgery as a last resort to save my voice.
+My mother was unable to say goodbye to me before the surgery, but she stuck by my side during the months of recovery that followed.
+And if you want an example of perseverance, grit, and strength in a beautiful little package, it's her.
+From a year ago to today, I woke up.
+I weighed 95 pounds.
+I had dozens of tubes going in and out of my body.
+I couldn't walk, I couldn't talk, I couldn't eat, I couldn't move, of course I couldn't sing, I couldn't even breathe, but I looked up and saw my mother. . I couldn't help but laugh.
+Death happens, whether it's a Mac truck, heart failure or lung failure.
+But life is not just about avoiding death, is it?
+It's about living.
+A medical condition does not negate the human condition.
+And when people are allowed to pursue their passions, doctors will have better, happier, healthier patients.
+My parents were totally stressed out about me auditioning, traveling and performing here and there, but I would rather do that than be constantly preoccupied with my own death. I knew it would be much better for me.
+And I am very grateful that they did.
+As I ran, sang, danced, and played with my nieces and nephews, brothers, sisters, mother and grandmother this summer in the Colorado Rockies, I couldn't help but think of the doctor who told me: bottom. I couldn't sing.
+And I wanted to tell her, and I want to tell you, that we must stop letting illness pull us away from our dreams.
+Then you know that patients don't just survive. we will prosper
+And some of us may sing.
+(Applause) [Singing: French] Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+And I would like to thank my pianist, Monica Lee.
+(Applause.) Thank you very much.
+thank you.
+Do you know who I envy?
+A person who has a job related to a college major.
+(laughs) I'm a journalist who studied journalism, an engineer who studied engineering.
+Truth be told, these people are no longer the rule, they are the exception.
+A 2010 study found that only a quarter of college graduates worked in a field related to their degree.
+I graduated with two degrees in biology instead of one.
+Unfortunately for my parents, I am neither a doctor nor a scientist.
+(Laughter) Years of studying DNA replication and photosynthesis did little to prepare me for a career in technology.
+I had to teach myself everything from sales and marketing to strategy and even a little bit of programming.
+I had never held the title of Product Manager until I sent my resume to Etsy.
+I had already been turned down by Google and several other companies and was getting frustrated.
+The company had recently gone public, so as part of my job search, I read the IPO filing papers from start to finish and built a website from scratch with business analysis and four ideas for new features.
+It turned out that the team was actively working on two of the ideas and seriously considering the third.
+got a job
+We all know people who were ignored or ignored at first but went on to prove their critics wrong.
+my favorite story
+Brian Acton is an engineering manager who was rejected by both Twitter and Facebook before co-founding WhatsApp, a mobile messaging platform that sells for $19 billion.
+The hiring system we built in the 20th century has failed, causing us to miss out on people with great potential.
+Advances in robotics and machine learning are transforming the way we work, automating routine tasks in many occupations while augmenting and expanding the human workforce in others.
+As things stand, we should all expect to spend the rest of our careers doing things we've never done before.
+So what tools and strategies will you need to identify tomorrow's high performers?
+In search of answers, I have consulted leaders in various fields, read dozens of reports and research papers, and conducted several experiments on my own talents.
+My quest isn't over yet, but here are three ideas for the future.
+1: Expand the search range.
+If we were looking for talent in the same places we always do: gifted child programs, Ivy League schools, prestigious institutions, we would get the same results.
+Baseball changed forever when the cash-strapped Oakland Athletics began recruiting players who didn't score well on traditional metrics like RBI, but who had the ability to help teams score and win games. .
+This idea is taking root outside of sports.
+Pinterest's head of design and research believes talent isn't monopolized by one type, which is why they've built one of Silicon Valley's most diverse and high-performing teams. told me
+They've worked hard to look beyond major tech hubs and focus on designer portfolios rather than designer families.
+2: Hire for performance.
+Inspired by my own work experience, I co-founded a recruiting platform called Headlight that gives candidates the opportunity to shine.
+Just as teams have tryouts and plays have auditions, candidates should be asked to demonstrate their skills before being hired.
+Our clients have benefited from 85 years of employment research showing that job samples are one of the best predictors of job success.
+If you hire a data analyst, give them a spreadsheet of historical data and ask for key insights.
+If you have a marketing manager, have them plan a new product launch campaign.
+Also, if you are a candidate, you don't have to wait for questions from employers.
+Look for ways to showcase your unique skills and abilities beyond the standard resume and cover letter.
+3: Get the big picture.
+I've heard stories of recruiters quickly labeling candidates as job hoppers after just one short term on a resume. Read about professors who are likely to ignore the same message from their students because their names are Black or Asian instead of White.
+When I was a kid, I was on the verge of being put into a special needs facility.
+A month into kindergarten, my teacher wrote me a one-page note stating that I was impulsive, had a short attention span, and despite my great curiosity, was exhausting to work with. I have written.
+(Laughter) The principal invited my parents to visit, asked my mother if there were any birth complications, and recommended that I consult with the school's psychologist.
+My father saw what was happening and immediately explained our family situation.
+As recent immigrants, we lived in the attic of a house that cared for mentally handicapped adults.
+My parents worked night shifts to make ends meet, and I had little time to spend with children my age.
+Is it really surprising that an unstimulated 5-year-old boy is a little excited in the kindergarten classroom after spending all summer alone?
+Until we look at someone holistically, our judgment of them will always be wrong.
+Stop equating experience with ability, qualification with ability.
+Stop settling for safe and familiar options and keep the door open for potential great talent.
+Employers need to ditch outdated hiring practices and embrace new ways of finding and developing talent, and candidates can help by learning how to tell their stories in a powerful and compelling way. .
+We could live in a world where people are valued for their true potential and have the opportunity to reach their full potential.
+So let's go out and build.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am honored to be here and to speak to you about this subject which I consider very important.
+We've talked a lot about the horrific effects plastic has on the planet and other species, but it also harms people, especially the poor.
+And people with eyeballs on their foreheads are poor, both in the production of plastics, the use of plastics, and the disposal of plastics.
+People were very upset when the BP oil spill happened, and for good reason.
+This is terrible, this oil is in water.
+Life systems there will be destroyed.
+people will get hurt.
+This is terrible, this oil is going to hurt people in the Gulf. "
+What people don't think about is what would happen if the oil made it safely to shore.
+What if the oil actually reaches its destination?
+There is a place called "Cancer Alley" that is not only burned by the engine and causes further global warming. The reason why it is called "Cancer Alley" is because the petrochemical industry turns that petroleum into plastic, causing global warming. Process, kill people.
+It shortens the lives of people living in the Gulf.
+Oil and petrochemicals are therefore not only a problem when they are spilled. If it doesn't, it's a problem.
+And what we don't quite understand is the price poor people are paying to get these disposable products.
+Another thing we don't quite understand is that it's not just the point of production that the poor suffer.
+Poor people also suffer in use.
+Those of us who earn a certain income level have something called choice.
+The reason you want to work hard and have a job instead of being poor and penniless is so that you have options, financial choices.
+In fact, we have the opportunity to choose not to use products that contain dangerous and toxic plastics.
+That's why it's often low-income people who buy products that contain dangerous chemicals that their children use.
+These people end up ingesting disproportionate amounts when using this toxic plastic.
+And people say, "Well, why not buy another product?"
+Well, the problem with being poor is that you don't have those options.
+Often you have to buy the cheapest product.
+The cheapest products are often the most dangerous.
+And if that wasn't bad enough, it's not just plastic production that's giving people cancer in places like Cancer Alley, shortening their lives when they're used and discarded, and hurting poor children. Then again, it is the poor who bear the burden.
+Often we think we are doing good. I think to myself as I drink a bottle of water in my office. "Throw this away."
+No, I am going to accumulate virtue. Put it in the blue box. "
+You think, "I put mine in the blue box."
+Then you look at your colleague and say, "Hey, clerk! I put mine in the white trash can."
+And we use it as a moral tickle.
+We are very happy with ourselves.
+If we -- well, okay, I'm just... me.
+Not you, but I often feel this way.
+(Laughter) So we had a morally feel-good moment.
+But if we were able to follow the journey of that little bottle, we would be shocked to discover that it was frequently put on ships and sailed all the way across the ocean. At some cost, it ends up being sent to a developing country, often China.
+I think in our minds we imagine someone picking up a vial and saying, "Oh, vial! Nice to meet you, vial."
+(laughs) “You did a great job.”
+(laughter) He was given a little bottle of massage and a little bottle of medal.
+And they say, "What do you want to do next?"
+The vial says "I don't know...".
+(Laughter) But that doesn't actually happen.
+The bottle ends up getting burned.
+Plastic recycling in many developing countries means incineration of plastics, or burning of plastics, which releases incredible toxic chemicals and kills people again.
+Thus, the poor who manufacture these products in petrochemical centers like Cancer Alley, who disproportionately consume these products, and even the final stages of recycling have their lives shortened. are poor people.
+They are all devastated by this addiction that we have to throw away.
+Now you think--I know how you feel--"It sure is a terrible thing for those poor people.
+It really sucks. Those poor people
+I hope someone can do something to help them. "
+But what we don't understand is that this is Los Angeles.
+We have worked hard to reduce the smog here in Los Angeles.
+But guess what?
+Most of the acquisitions of clean air and toxic air we have acquired here in California because they produce so much dirty in Asia now that environmental laws are not currently protecting people in Asia everything has been erased. It is expelled by the dirty air coming from Asia.
+That's why we're all hit hard. We are all affected.
+It's just that the poor get hit first and worst.
+But dirty production, burning toxins, and lack of environmental standards in Asia are actually causing so much dirty air pollution that comes across the ocean and wipes out our benefits here in California. It's gone.
+We're back in the 1970's.
+So we live on one planet and we should be able to get to the root of these problems.
+I think the root of this problem is the very idea of ​​disposable.
+You know, when you see the link between what we're doing to poison and pollute the planet and what we're doing to the poor, it's very alarming, but very You will arrive at useful insights. To destroy the earth you have to trash people.
+However, if we create a world where humans are not trashed, the earth cannot be trashed.
+So now we're at a moment when social justice as an idea and ecology as an idea come together, and finally we can see that they're really one idea after all. .
+And it's the idea that nothing is disposable.
+We have no expendable resources.
+No disposable seeds.
+And we don't have expendable talent.
+We have no disposable planet, no disposable children. They are all precious.
+And as we all begin to return to that basic understanding, new opportunities for action begin to emerge.
+Biomimicry is an emerging science that will eventually become a very important social justice idea.
+For those just learning about this: Biomimicry means respecting the wisdom of all species.
+By the way, democracy means respecting the wisdom of all people. More on that later.
+But biomimicry means respecting the wisdom of all species.
+We've turned out to be a pretty smart race.
+We are so proud to have this big cerebral cortex.
+But if you want to make something hard, say, "Okay! I'm going to make a hard material."
+know! I'm going to get a vacuum cleaner and a furnace to drag things out of the ground and heat things up to poison and pollute...
+But I got this hard! "
+(Laughter) "I'm so smart!"
+And when you look behind you, all around you is destruction.
+But guess what?
+You are very smart, but not as smart as a clam.
+Clamshells are hard.
+there is no vacuum. I don't have a big hearth.
+No poison. No pollution.
+It turns out that other species long ago figured out how to create many of the things we need, using biological processes that nature knows so well.
+An insight into biomimicry, an insight of scientists finally realizing that we have much to learn from other species. I don't mean take out your mouse and paste something.
+I don't mean to abuse the little seed by looking at things from that perspective.
+It means actually respecting them and respecting what they have achieved.
+This is called biomimicry and opens the door to zero waste. Zero pollution generation. We can actually enjoy a higher quality of life, a higher standard of living, without polluting the planet.
+Combining the idea of ​​biomimicry, which respects the wisdom of all species, with the idea of ​​democracy and social justice, which respects the wisdom and worth of all people, will create a different society for us.
+A different economy will be born.
+We will have a green society that Dr. King would be proud of.
+that should be the goal.
+And the way to get there is to first recognize that the idea of ​​throwaway not only hurts the species we've been talking about, it corrupts even our own societies.
+We are very proud to live here in California.
+The polls have just been held and everyone is like, 'Hmm, not in our state!
+(Laughter) I don't know what the other states were doing..."
+(Laughs) I'm very proud.
+but ...
+California leads the world in some of its green efforts, but unfortunately it also leads the world in labor camps.
+California has one of the highest incarceration rates of all 50 states.
+While we are passionate about rescuing dead matter from landfills, sometimes we are less passionate about rescuing living things and living people.
+We can say that we live in a country that is home to 5 percent of the world's population, 25 percent of greenhouse gases, and 25 percent of the world's prisoners.
+One in four people trapped anywhere in the world is also trapped here in the United States.
+So it's consistent with this idea that disposable is what we believe in.
+Yet, as a movement that has to expand its support base, grow, and reach beyond our natural comfort zones, one of the challenges to the movement's success is getting rid of things like plastic and helping people grow. is to help Changes in the economy make people look at our movements with a certain degree of suspicion.
+And they ask questions, and the questions are: How can these people be so passionate?
+The poor, the low-income, someone in Cancer Alley, someone in Watts, someone in Harlem, someone on the Indian Reservation might think--and rightly so--"Why are these people Can you put that much passion into making your own?” PET bottles have a second chance in life, aluminum cans have a second chance, but if my child gets into trouble and goes to jail, Are you sure you can't give a second chance? "
+“Why can this movement embrace disposable lives and disposable communities like Cancer Alley while claiming there are no disposable objects or disposable dead materials?”
+And we now have the opportunity to be truly proud of this movement.
+Addressing a theme like this creates a further call to reach out to other movements to become more inclusive and grow, and finally we can get out of this crazy dilemma we've been in.
+Most of you are kind and good people.
+When you were young, you cared about the whole world, but at some point someone said that you had to choose a problem, that your love had to boil down to a problem.
+"You can't love the whole world - you have to take care of trees or take care of immigrants.
+You have to shrink the problem down and focus on one problem. "
+And in fact they basically said, "Are you going to hug the tree?"
+Or are you going to hold your child? select.
+Are you going to hug the tree?
+Or are you going to hold your child? select. "
+Well, when you start tackling issues like plastic, you realize that everything is connected.
+And luckily most of us have two arms and can hug them both.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+First, let me pose a small challenge. That is the challenge of handling the data that must be handled in the medical field.
+It's a really big challenge for us.
+And this is the beast of our burden - this is a computed tomography machine, a CT machine.
+It's a great device.
+It uses x-rays, or x-ray beams, that rotate around the human body at very high speeds.
+It takes about 30 seconds to go through the entire machine, and the machine produces an enormous amount of information.
+So this is a great machine that can be used to improve healthcare, but like I said, it's also a challenge for us.
+And that challenge is really visible in this photo.
+That's the medical data explosion we're having right now.
+we are facing this problem.
+And let me go back in time.
+Let's go back a few years and see what happened then.
+These machines, which began appearing in the 1970s, scanned the human body and produced about 100 images of the human body.
+I arbitrarily converted it to a data slice for clarity.
+This equates to about 50 megabytes of data, which is small considering the amount of data that can be handled by just a typical mobile device today.
+Converting this to a phone book, it's about a meter long pile of phone books.
+If you look at what we do with these machines that we have today, we can get 24,000 images from the body in just a few seconds. This equates to about 20 gigabytes of data, or 800 phone books. Then the mountain becomes a 200-meter phone book.
+What's about to happen -- and we're seeing this. It is beginning. We are also starting to pay attention to the time resolution situation as a trend in technology that is happening now.
+Therefore, we also take the dynamics out of the body.
+Assume you collect data for 5 seconds. This equates to 1 terabyte of data. That's the equivalent of 800,000 books and 16 kilometers of phone books.
+That's one patient, one dataset.
+And this is what we have to deal with.
+This is really the big challenge we face.
+And today already this is 25,000 images.
+Imagine a time when radiologists used to do this.
+They posted 25,000 images and said: “25,000, okay, okay.
+That's where the problem lies. "
+They can't do that anymore. Impossible.
+So you should do something a little more sensible than doing this.
+So what we do is combine all these slices.
+Imagine slicing your body in every direction and trying to turn the slices back into piles of data, or blocks of data.
+This is what we are actually doing.
+Put this gigabyte or terabyte of data into this block.
+But of course, the block of data simply contains the amount of X-rays absorbed at each point on the body.
+So what we have to do is find a way to see what we want to see and make what we don't want transparent.
+So transform your dataset as follows:
+And this is the challenge.
+This is a big challenge for us.
+Computer use is constantly getting faster and more powerful, but it is difficult to process gigabytes and terabytes of data and extract relevant information.
+I want to look into your heart
+I want to see blood vessels. I want to see the liver
+Sometimes tumors are found.
+That's where this little cutie comes into play.
+My daughter.
+This is the situation as of 9:00 this morning.
+She is playing computer games.
+She is only 2 years old and is playing very well.
+In other words, she is truly a driving force behind the development of graphics processing units.
+As long as kids are playing computer games, the graphics just keep getting better.
+So go home and tell your kids to play more games because that's what I need.
+So what's inside this machine is what allows me to do what I do with medical data.
+What I really do is use these nice little devices.
+And you know, maybe a decade or so ago, when I got the funding to buy my first graphics computer, it was a giant machine.
+It was a cabinet for processors, storage, etc.
+I paid about $1 million for the machine.
+That machine is now about as fast as my iPhone.
+Therefore, new graphics cards come out every month. Here are some of the latest from vendors like NVIDIA, ATI, and Intel.
+For a few hundred bucks you can get these things and put them in your computer and you can do amazing things with these graphics cards.
+This, along with some very nifty work on algorithms like compressing data and extracting relevant information that people are studying, has enabled us to address the data explosion in healthcare. .
+So here are some examples of what we can do.
+This is a dataset taken with a CT scanner.
+You can see that this is the complete data [set].
+I'm a woman. I can see the hair.
+You can see the individual structure of women.
+We can see that there is [a] scattering of X-rays on the teeth, the metal inside the teeth.
+Those artifacts come from there.
+However, standard computer graphics cards are fully interactive and just need to insert clip planes.
+And of course all the data is inside so you can start spinning and you can look at it from different angles and see what this woman had a problem with.
+She had an intracerebral hemorrhage that was repaired with a small stent, a metal clamp that clamps the blood vessel.
+You can decide what is transparent and what is visible by simply changing the functions.
+Looking at the structure of the skull, we can see that this is where they opened this woman's skull and entered through it.
+These are great images.
+These are very high resolution and really show what you can do with today's standard graphics cards.
+We really took advantage of this and tried to cram a lot of data into the system.
+And one of the applications we're working on (which is slowly gaining traction around the world) is a virtual dissection application.
+Again, looking at very large datasets gave us an idea of ​​the full body scans we could perform.
+Get a full-body dataset in seconds by simply squeezing your body across the CT scanner.
+This is due to virtual dissection.
+And you can see that the skin is gradually peeling off.
+First you see the body bag that the body was in, then you see the skin peeling, then you see the muscles, and finally the skeleton of this woman.
+Now, at this point I would also like to show you, with the utmost respect for people, some of the examples of virtual dissections that I am about to present, and that this was done with great respect. I would like to emphasize I am showing these pictures for those who died under violent circumstances.
+For forensics, this is... in my native region of Sweden alone, there have been about 400 virtual autopsies so far in the last four years.
+This would be a typical workflow situation.
+The police will decide when the case comes in in the evening, okay, is this a case that requires an autopsy?
+So, in the morning, between 6 and 7 am, the body will be taken to our center in a body bag and scanned by one of the CT scanners.
+The radiologist then works with the pathologist and possibly the forensic scientist to examine the emerging data and hold collaborative sessions.
+Then decide what to do with the actual dissection that follows.
+We'll look at a few cases here, but this is one of the first we've seen.
+You can actually see the details of the dataset.
+It's very high resolution and our algorithm allows you to zoom in on details.
+Again, this is fully interactive, so you can spin around and see what's on these systems here in real time.
+Not much to say about this incident, but this is a car accident, a drunk driver hit a woman.
+And it is very easy to see damage to the bone structure.
+And the cause of death was a broken neck.
+And this woman also got stuck under the car, so she's had a pretty bad time with this injury.
+Another case is with knives.
+And this also shows what we can do.
+Observing metal artifacts in the body is very easy.
+You can also see some of the artifacts from the teeth, which are actually tooth fillings. This is because we set the function to show the metal and make everything else transparent.
+Another violent incident occurs here. This didn't really kill people.
+The man died after being stabbed in the heart, only left with a knife stuck in one eye.
+Here's another case.
+It is very interesting to be able to observe things like knife stab wounds.
+Here you can see that the knife has pierced the heart.
+It's very easy to see how air is leaking from one part to another, but normal standard body anatomy makes this difficult to do.
+Therefore, this can be very useful in criminal investigations to determine the cause of death, and in some cases can even steer the investigation in the right direction to find out who the actual killer is.
+Let me give you another example that I find interesting.
+Here you can see the bullet right next to this person's spine.
+And what we did is turn the bullet into a light source. So the bullet actually glows and makes finding these fragments a lot easier.
+During body dissection, if you actually have to dig into the body to find these fragments, it's actually very difficult.
+One of the things I'm really, really happy to show you here today is the virtual dissecting table.
+Touch devices developed using standard graphics GPUs based on these algorithms.
+It's actually like this, just to give you an idea of ​​what it's like.
+It works like a really giant iPhone.
+Therefore, we have implemented all the gestures that can be performed on the table. You can think of this as a giant touch interface.
+So if you're thinking of buying an iPad, forget it. This is what you want instead.
+Steve, I hope you hear this, I get it.
+It's such a great little device.
+So, if you have the chance, please try it.
+It's really a hands-on experience.
+So this has gotten some attention and we are looking to deploy this and use it not only for educational purposes, but perhaps in more clinical settings in the future.
+If you want to share information about virtual dissection with others, you can download and watch YouTube videos.
+Now that we've talked about touch, let's move on to actually "touching" the data.
+And this is a bit sci-fi now, so we're really moving into the future.
+This isn't actually what doctors are using now, but I hope it will be in the future.
+The touch device is shown on the left.
+This is a small mechanical pencil with a very fast stepper motor inside the pen.
+Now you can generate force feedback.
+So when you virtually touch the data, it creates a force on the pen and gives you feedback.
+So in this particular situation, this would be a live human scan.
+I have this pen and when I move the pen towards the head while looking at the data, I suddenly feel resistance.
+So you can feel it.
+If you press a little harder, you can feel the bone structure inside by pushing through the skin.
+Pushing harder will penetrate the bony structure, especially near the ear, where the bone is very soft.
+And I can feel the brain inside and this goes mushy like this.
+Moreover, this is the heart.
+This is also thanks to these fantastic new scanners. You can scan the entire heart in just 0.3 seconds and do it with temporal resolution.
+Just look at this heart and you can play the video here.
+I'm Karl Johan, one of the graduate students working on this project.
+He sits in front of a force feedback system, a haptic device, moving a pen toward his heart. You can see how your heart is beating as it is beating in front of you.
+He picked up a pen, moved it toward the heart, held it to the heart, and felt the actual heartbeat of a living patient.
+Then you can see how the heart works.
+He can go inside the heart, push, and really feel how the valves are working.
+And I think this is the real future for cardiac surgeons.
+So being able to get inside a patient's heart and use high-quality resolution data to do it before actually performing the surgery is probably a nocturnal dream for a cardiac surgeon.
+this is really nice.
+From now on, we will step further into the world of SF.
+And I heard a little bit about functional MRI.
+This is a really interesting project.
+MRI uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to scan the brain or any part of the body.
+So, while what we really get is information about the structure of the brain, we can also measure differences in the magnetic properties of oxygen-rich and oxygen-depleted blood.
+In other words, it is possible to systematically grasp the activity of the brain.
+This is what we are working on.
+I saw research engineer Mots walk into the MRI system, and he was wearing goggles.
+So he could actually see things through the goggles.
+So while he was in the scanner, I was able to present him with things.
+This is a little strange because this is actually what Mots is looking at.
+he's looking at his brain.
+Mots is doing something here, probably moving like this with his right hand. This is because the left side is activated in the motor cortex.
+And he can see it at the same time.
+These visualizations are completely new.
+And this is what we've been researching for a little while.
+This is also a sequence of events in Motz's brain.
+And here I asked Mots to count backwards from 100.
+So he goes "100, 97, 94".
+And he's going backwards.
+And you can see how the little math processor works in his brain, lighting up his whole brain.
+Well, this sounds great. You can do this in real time.
+we can look things up. We can tell him to do something.
+We can also see that his visual cortex is activated in the back of his head. Because that's where he's looking, he's looking at his own brain.
+And when we tell him to do something, he listens to our instructions too.
+Since all the data is within this volume, the signals are also present deep in the brain, shedding light.
+Just one second here and you'll see. Mots, move your left leg now.
+That's how he becomes.
+For 20 seconds he was like that and suddenly this place lit up.
+In other words, the motor cortex is activated.
+It's really cool and I think it's a great tool.
+Which leads me to my last talk here, but this is something that can be used as a tool to really understand how neurons work, how the brain works, and it's very It can do this with high visual quality and very fast resolution. .
+Now I'm playing a little bit at the center as well.
+This is a CAT scan, or computer-assisted tomography.
+This is a lion at the local zoo outside Norrkoping in Colmaden, Elsa.
+So she came to the center, was given a sedative, and was straight into the scanner.
+And of course I get the entire dataset from lion.
+And you can make very nice images like this.
+You can peel off the lion's layer.
+You can see inside.
+And we've been experimenting with this.
+Very little is known about animal anatomy, so I think this is a great application for the future of this technology.
+What is known to veterinarians is a kind of basic information.
+You can scan all kinds of things, all kinds of animals.
+The only problem is attaching it to the machine.
+So here are the bears.
+It was kind of hard to get in.
+And bears are cute and friendly animals.
+And here it is. This is the bear's nose.
+And until you change the function and see this, you might want to hug this.
+So be careful with bears.
+With that said, I would like to thank all the people who have contributed to the creation of these images.
+To do this, it takes a lot of effort to collect data, develop algorithms, and write all the software.
+I mean, there are some very talented people out there.
+My motto has always been to only hire people smarter than me, and most of them are smarter than me.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Some of the world's greatest innovations and developments often occur at the intersection of two fields.
+So tonight I want to talk about the intersection that I'm most excited about right now: entertainment and robotics.
+Therefore, if we are trying to create robots that are more expressive and can better connect with us in society, perhaps we should look to experts in the artificial emotions and personalities that arise in the theatrical arts. maybe.
+I am also interested in creating new technologies for art and attracting people to science and technology.
+In the last 10-20 years, some people have started using technology to create artwork.
+In my new business, Marilyn Monrobot, I want to use art to create technology.
+(Laughter) So we're based in New York City.
+If you are a performer looking to collaborate with an adorable robot, or have a robot in need of entertainment expression, please contact me, Bot Agent.
+This bot is a rising celebrity who also has his own Twitter account @robotinthewild.
+We would like to introduce you to one of our first robots, Data.
+He was named after a Star Trek character.
+I'm sure he'll be super popular.
+We got a robot - he has a database of many jokes in his head.
+Each of these jokes has specific attributes attached to it.
+So it knows something about the subject. It knows about length.
+You can see how much it moves.
+And try to monitor your reaction.
+As a matter of fact, I don't know what my robot will do today.
+(Laughter) We can also learn from you about the quality of the jokes and offer something Netflix-style to different communities and audiences, kids and adults, different cultures for the long term.
+Robots can learn something about your community.
+Also, I can use each and every one of you as a coach to my future robot buddies.
+Some guys in this middle section have red/green paddles.
+If you like what's going on, show us the green.
+If you don't like the subject matter or performance, you can keep red.
+Come on, don't be shy.
+It's just a robot.
+No emotions yet...
+(Laughter.) And the rest of you are still important and still important.
+There's also a microphone listening to the collective laughter, applause, and boos to help you make your next decision. I hope not.
+So let the robot stand-up comedy begin.
+Data: Hello TEDWomen.
+I am honored to be here.
+(Laughter) (Applause) You guys look great.
+Are you ready to joke?
+Audience: Right.
+Data: The first one is this one.
+Well, the doctor says to the patient, "I have bad news. I have even worse news.
+The bad news is that you have 24 hours left to live. "
+"That's terrible," said the patient.
+"Could there be worse news than this?"
+"I've been thinking of contacting you since yesterday."
+(Laughter) (Applause) Switzerland has an interesting army. 500 years without war.
+Heather Knight: He's talking about the Swiss.
+Data: Pretty lucky for them.
+Have you seen those little swiss army knives they have to fight with?
+"Come on buddy, here's a nail clipper.
+You pass me by, the guy behind me has a spoon. "
+(laughs) HK: He's a French robot.
+Data: Several hunters in New Jersey are in the woods.
+One of them falls to the ground.
+He doesn't seem to be breathing.
+Another man pulled out his cell phone and called 911.
+He gasped at the operator and said, "My friend is dead.
+what can i do? "
+Operator: "Don't worry.
+i can help
+Make sure he's dead first. "
+There was silence and the operator heard gunshots.
+A man's voice returns to the line, "Okay, now what?"
+(Laughter) (Applause) Question: Why is television called a medium?
+who?
+Because it is neither rare nor bad.
+But let's be honest, I love TV.
+Who likes TV? Audience: Yes.
+Data: I think it's very informative.
+In fact, as soon as someone flips the switch, I go to the other room to read a book.
+(Laughter) That's it for now.
+It was my first time, but was it okay?
+(Applause) It was a great audience.
+thank you.
+HK: You did.
+(Applause.) So this is actually the first time we've had live audience feedback on a performance.
+Thank you to everyone who participated.
+There are many more to come.
+I also want to learn a lot about robot expressions.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+The world is changing at a truly amazing speed.
+If you look at the chart above here, you can see that these Goldman Sachs projections suggest that the Chinese economy will be about the same size as the US economy in 2025.
+Looking at the graph for 2050, it is predicted that the Chinese economy will be twice as large as the US economy, and the Indian economy will be about the same size as the US economy.
+And here we have to bear in mind that these projections were made before the financial crisis in the West.
+A few weeks ago, I was looking at BNP Paribas' latest forecast for when China will have a bigger economy than the US.
+Goldman Sachs forecast for 2027.
+Post-crisis projections are for 2020.
+That's just 10 years away.
+China is changing the world in two fundamental ways.
+First of all, the country is a huge developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, which has been growing at about 10% per year for over 30 years.
+And within a decade it will be the world's largest economy.
+Never before in modern times has the world's largest economy been the economy of the developing world instead of the developed.
+Secondly, only in modern times will the dominant country of the world – I think it will be China – not be a Western country, but a country with completely different civilizational roots.
+Now, I know that in Western countries there is a widespread notion that as a country modernizes, so does its westernization.
+This is an illusion.
+It is the belief that modernity is simply the product of competition, markets, and technology.
+it is not. It is also shaped by history and culture as well.
+China is different from the West and will never be like the West.
+It remains very different in a very fundamental way.
+Now, the big question here is clearly how to understand China.
+How are we going to understand what China is?
+And the problem the West has at the moment is that, by and large, the conventional approach is really to understand it in Western terms, using Western thinking.
+Can not do that.
+Here, just as a starting point, I would like to offer three building blocks for understanding what China is like.
+The first is that China is not really a nation-state.
+Well, China has proclaimed itself a nation-state for the past 100 years, but anyone who knows anything about China knows that it is much older than this.
+This is what China looked like when the Qin dynasty triumphed in 221 BC. The end of the Warring States period and the birth of modern China.
+And it can be seen against the borders of modern China.
+Or just after that, still 2000 years ago in the Han dynasty.
+And you can see that it already occupied a large part of what we now know as Eastern China, where the majority of Chinese people lived then and still do.
+Now, what is extraordinary about this is that what is giving China a sense of being Chinese, what is giving the Chinese a sense of what it is to be It means that it did not come. It happened in the West, but, if you like, in the age of civilized nations.
+What I am thinking here is, for example, customs like ancestor worship, a very distinctive concept of the state, an equally very distinctive concept of the family, social relations like Guan Xuan, Confucian values. Etc.
+All these come from the era of civilized nations.
+In other words, China, unlike the West and most of the world, is shaped by a sense of civilization, existing as a civilized state rather than as a nation-state.
+I have one more thing to add to this. That's it. Of course, we know that China is a gigantic country, both demographically and geographically, with a population of 1.3 billion people.
+What we are less aware of is the fact that China is very diverse, pluralistic, and in many ways very decentralized.
+We think so, but you can't run a place of this scale just from Beijing.
+It never happened.
+So this is China, a civilized state, not a nation-state.
+And what does that mean?
+Well, I think it has many deep meanings.
+I'll give you two right away.
+The first is that the most important political value for the Chinese people is unification and the maintenance of Chinese civilization.
+As you know, Europe 2,000 years ago: the fall of the Holy Roman Empire.
+It split and has remained split ever since.
+At the same time, China went in exactly the opposite direction, holding this enormous civilization, the civilized state, very painfully.
+The second, perhaps more mundane, is Hong Kong.
+Remember when Britain handed Hong Kong back to China in 1997?
+You may remember what China's constitutional proposal was.
+One country, two systems.
+And I'll bet that almost no one in the West believed them.
+"Window decoration.
+If China gets its hands on Hong Kong, that won't be the case. "
+Thirteen years later, Hong Kong's political and legal system is as different as it was in 1997.
+we were wrong why were we wrong?
+We were wrong because we naturally thought in the way of the nation-state.
+Remember the reunification of Germany in 1990.
+what happened?
+Well, basically the East has been swallowed by the West.
+One nation, one system.
+That is the spirit of the nation-state.
+But a country like China, a civilized nation, cannot run on the basis of one civilization, one system.
+it doesn't work.
+So, as a matter of fact, China's reaction to the Hong Kong issue was as natural a reaction as it was to the Taiwan issue. So one civilization, many systems.
+Let us provide another building block for understanding China. It may not be comfortable.
+The Chinese have a very different concept of race than most other countries.
+Did you know that out of 1.3 billion Chinese, over 90 percent consider themselves to be of the same ethnicity, the Han Chinese?
+Well, this is completely different from the world's most populous country.
+India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, they are all multi-ethnic.
+Chinese don't think so
+China is a multi-ethnic country and is really only reaching its limits.
+So the question is why?
+I think the reason is essentially, again, a return to civilization.
+At least 2,000 years of history, a history of conquest, occupation, absorption and assimilation, have led to the emergence of this Han Chinese concept over time. Of course, this was raised by a growing and very powerful people. A sense of cultural identity.
+Now, the great advantage of this historical experience is that without the Han Chinese, China could never be united.
+The Han Chinese identity was the cement that held this nation together.
+Its major drawback is that the Han Chinese have a very weak conception of cultural differences.
+They truly believe in their superiority and despise those who do not.
+So are their attitudes towards Uyghurs and Tibetans, for example.
+Or let me point to my third component, the Chinese nation.
+Today, the relationship between the state and society in China is very different from that in the West.
+Those of us who live in the West today seem to overwhelmingly believe, at least in recent times, that state authority and legitimacy are functions of democracy.
+The problem with this proposition is that the Chinese state enjoys more legitimacy and authority among the Chinese than any Western state.
+I think there are two reasons for that.
+And it clearly has nothing to do with democracy. Because, in our terms, the Chinese certainly do not have democracy.
+The reason for this is, firstly, that the Chinese nation is a very special entity and has a very special significance as the representative, embodiment and protector of Chinese civilization and the civilized nation. be.
+This is very close to a kind of spiritual role in China.
+And the second reason is that in Europe and North America state power is continually being challenged--in the European tradition, historically against the church, against other branches of the aristocracy, Against merchants and so on - for 1,000 years the power of the state has been challenged. For years, the power of the Chinese state has been unchallenged.
+There were no serious rivals.
+So we can see that the way power is built in China is very different from our experience in Western history.
+By the way, the result is that the Chinese have an entirely different view of the state.
+While we tend to see the state as an intruder, an outsider, and certainly an organ whose powers need to be limited or defined and constrained, the Chinese do not see the state that way at all.
+The Chinese see the state as something intimate, not as something actually intimate, but as a member of the family, actually not only as a family member, but as the head of the family, the patriarch.
+This is the Chinese national view, which is very different from ours.
+It is embedded in society in a different kind of way than in the West.
+And indeed, I would suggest that what we are dealing with here is a new kind of paradigm in the Chinese context, different from what we have had to think about so far.
+Know that China believes in markets and nations.
+So Adam Smith wrote already in the late 18th century that "the Chinese market is bigger, more developed and more sophisticated than any of Europe's."
+And, with the exception of Mao Zedong's time, that has more or less changed since then.
+But this is combined with a very powerful and omnipresent state.
+This nation is everywhere in China.
+So it's a big company, many of which are still publicly traded.
+Private companies like Lenovo, no matter how big, rely on state sponsorship in many ways.
+The national government sets economic and other goals.
+And, of course, state power has flowed into many other areas as we know it well, through things like the one-child policy.
+Moreover, this is a very old national tradition, a very old national tradition.
+So if you want to exemplify this, the Great Wall is one of them.
+But this is something else. This is the Grand Canal, first built in the 5th century BC.
+It was finally completed in the 7th century AD.
+I ran 1,114 miles between Beijing, Hangzhou and Shanghai.
+So China has a long history of extraordinary national infrastructure projects, which explains what we see today, like the Three Gorges Dam and many other expressions of national capability within China. I hope it helps.
+There are three components to trying to understand the Chinese difference. The civilized nation, the concept of race, the nature of the nation, its relationship with society.
+Nevertheless, we generally think that we can understand China simply by drawing on Western experience, looking through Western eyes, and using Western concepts.
+If you want to know why we seem to have definitely misunderstood China, our predictions about what will happen to China are wrong, this is why.
+Unfortunately, I have to say that the attitude towards China is a kind of small Western way of thinking.
+You're kind of arrogant.
+It is arrogant in the sense that we have a universal measure because we consider ourselves to be the best.
+And second, ignorance.
+We refuse to truly address the issue of difference.
+There is a very interesting passage in the book of American historian Paul Cohen.
+And Paul Cohen argues that the West probably considers itself the most cosmopolitan of all cultures.
+But it's not.
+In many ways, this is the most parochial. For 200 years the West has ruled the world and has never had to understand other cultures, other civilizations.
+After all, you can use brute force to get what you want if you want.
+On the other hand, these cultures--virtually the rest of the world--were far more vulnerable to the West, but their presence in their societies made it difficult to understand the West. have been forced to .
+So, as a result, they are in many ways more international than the West.
+So let's think about the problem of East Asia.
+East Asia: Japan, South Korea, China, etc. - 1/3 of the world's population lives there.
+largest economy in the world today.
+And I'll say it now, East Asians, people from East Asia, know far more about Westerners than Westerners know about East Asia.
+Unfortunately, this point is very closely related to this day.
+What's going on? Back to the chart at the beginning, the Goldman Sachs chart.
+What is happening now is that, historically, very quickly, the world is being driven and shaped by the developing world, not the old developed world.
+We've seen this in terms of the G20 quickly displacing the G7 or G8.
+And this has two consequences.
+First, the West is rapidly losing influence in the world.
+A year ago, in fact, the Copenhagen climate change conference provided a dramatic example of this.
+Europe did not reach the final negotiating table.
+When was the last time it happened?
+I think it was probably about 200 years ago.
+And that is what will happen in the future.
+And the second meaning is that the world is inevitably shaped by cultures, experiences, and histories to which we are less familiar or unfamiliar, and thus inevitably become more and more unfamiliar to us. It means that
+And finally, unfortunately, take Europe. America is a little different, but I have to say that Europeans are generally ignorant and unaware of how the world is changing.
+Some people have an English friend in China who said that the continent is sleepwalking into oblivion.
+Well, that could be true, or it could be an exaggeration.
+But attached to this is another problem, that Europe is becoming increasingly estranged from the rest of the world, a kind of lost sense of the future.
+That is, Europe once, of course, once confidently commanded the future.
+Consider the 19th century as an example.
+Unfortunately, this is no longer true.
+If you want to feel the future, if you want to taste the future, try China. There is an old Confucius.
+A station I've never seen before.
+It looks like a train station.
+This is the new [Wuhan] station of the high-speed rail.
+China already has the largest network of any country in the world and will soon surpass all other countries in the world.
+Or consider this: This is an idea for now, but one that will soon be trialed outside Beijing.
+There is a megabus here, with about 2,000 passengers on the upper deck.
+It runs on rails on suburban roads and cars run underneath.
+And it can reach speeds of up to about 160 mph.
+Well, this is the way things go. Because China has a very specific problem that is different from Europe and the US. China has a huge population and no space.
+In short, this is the solution to the situation where China will have too many cities with over 20 million people.
+So how do you want it to end?
+So what should be our attitude towards this world that is developing so rapidly before us?
+I think there are good things and bad things.
+But what I want to argue is above all about the positive picture for this world.
+For 200 years, the world has essentially been ruled by a fraction of humanity.
+That's Europe and North America.
+The arrival of countries such as China and India (accounting for 38 percent of the world's population) and countries such as Indonesia and Brazil represent the single most important act of democratization in the last 200 years.
+Civilizations and cultures hitherto ignored, unheard, unheard and unknown will have a different kind of expression in this world.
+As humanists, we must definitely welcome this change and learn about these civilizations.
+This large ship here is the ship that Zheng He sailed around the South and East China Seas, crossed the Indian Ocean, and reached East Africa in the early 15th century.
+The small ship in front of it was the ship that Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic 80 years later.
+(Laughter) Or take a closer look at this silk scroll made by Zhouzhou in 1368.
+I think they are playing golf.
+The Chinese invented golf.
+Welcome to the future. thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm going to talk to you all about how we can tap into the underutilized resources in medicine, the patients, or the scientific term we want to use, people.
+Because we are all patients, we are all human.
+A doctor is also a patient at one point.
+So I want to talk about this as an opportunity that we have not been able to engage well in this country, and indeed around the world.
+If you want to get to the important part, which is from the level of public health, which is where my training takes place, you're going to look at behavioral issues.
+You're seeing people actually being given information but not following it through.
+When we think of smoking, it's a problem that shows up in diabetes, obesity, various heart diseases, and even some types of cancer.
+These are all actions people know what to do.
+They know what to do, but they don't do it.
+Behavioral change is now a long-standing problem in medicine.
+It goes back to Aristotle.
+And doctors hate it, right?
+I mean, they complain about it all the time.
+We talk about it in terms of engagement, non-compliance.
+These are behavioral problems when you don't take your medicine or follow your doctor's instructions.
+However, while clinical medicine agonizes over behavioral change, not much has been done to address the problem.
+So at its core it comes down to the concept of decision making. So it's not just about educating and informing people, it's about actually informing people so that they can make better decisions, better choices in life.
+However, some parts of medicine do a pretty good job of addressing the problem of behavior modification. That's dentistry.
+It may seem that many dentists have to admit, and I do, that dentistry is, in some ways, a mediocre backwater.
+There aren't many cool and sexy happenings in the dental industry.
+But they really took this problem of behavior change and solved it.
+This is a major success of preventive medicine in our healthcare system.
+People brush their teeth and floss.
+They don't do it more than they should, but they do.
+So I'm going to tell you about an experiment that was planned by some dentists in Connecticut about 30 years ago.
+It's an old experiment, but a really good one because it's very simple and easy to tell a story.
+So, dentists in Connecticut wanted people to brush and floss more often, so they decided to use one variable. It's about scaring people.
+They wanted to show how bad it would be if they didn't brush their teeth.
+They had a large patient population.
+They split them into two groups.
+Aimed at people with low fears, they gave a 13-minute presentation that was basically science-based, but told them that if they didn't brush and floss their teeth, they could get periodontal disease. rice field. If you have periodontal disease, your teeth will fall out, but with dentures, it won't be that bad.
+So it was a less feared group.
+The extreme fear group carried considerable weight.
+They showed bloody gums.
+They showed pus oozing from between their teeth.
+They said their teeth were about to fall out.
+They said the infection could spread from the jaw to other parts of the body and could eventually lead to tooth loss.
+They will wear dentures, and if they wear dentures, they will not be able to eat corn on the cob, and they will not be able to eat apples. eat steak.
+You will be eating mud for the rest of your life.
+So brush your teeth and floss.
+That was the message. That was the experiment.
+Then they measured another variable.
+They wanted to capture another variable: the patient's sense of effectiveness.
+This was the concept of whether the patient would actually feel that they were going to brush and floss.
+So they first asked, "Do you really think you can continue with this program?"
+And those who say, "Yeah, yeah, I'm pretty good at it," were characterized as highly effective, and those who said, "Well, I can't brush and floss as much as I should." It was characterized as having low efficacy.
+So here is the result.
+The conclusion of this experiment was that fear was not really a major driver of behavior at all.
+People who brush and floss their teeth aren't necessarily people who were really afraid of what might happen. They were simply those who felt they had the ability to change their behavior.
+So it turns out that Fear isn't really the driver.
+It was a sense of effectiveness.
+So I want to isolate this because it was a great observation - 30 years ago, yes, 30 years ago - that was dormant in research.
+This was a concept that actually came out of Albert Bandura's research into whether people could gain a sense of empowerment.
+The concept of validity basically boils down to one. That is, whether someone believes in their ability to change their behavior.
+In health care terms, this can be characterized as whether someone sees, or feels they can actually see, a path to better health. This is a very important concept.
+That's a great idea.
+But we don't really know how to work with it.
+However, you probably will.
+So fear is useless? Fear doesn't work.
+And this is a good example of how we haven't learned that lesson at all.
+This is a campaign by the American Diabetes Association.
+This is still how we communicate our health messages.
+I showed this slide to my 3-year-old son last night and he said, "Dad, why are there ambulances in these people's houses?"
+And I had to explain, "They're trying to scare people."
+And I don't know if it works.
+Now let me explain what works. Personalized information works.
+Again, Bandura recognized this years ago, decades ago.
+Giving people specific information about their health, where they are, where they want to go, possible paths, and the concept of a path tends to be effective in changing behavior.
+So let me just give you a little excerpt.
+So we need to start with the personalized data we get from individuals — personalized information — and tie it to their lives.
+We need to connect it to their lives. Preferably in a way they can understand, not fear-based.
+Okay, I knew where to sit. i know where i am.
+And that doesn't work for me in terms of abstract numbers, this plethora of health information that we're inundated with.
+But it really hits the heart.
+It doesn't just give us a jolt in our heads. It resonates with us.
+Information has an emotional connection because it comes from us.
+And that information needs to be tied to the choices, the different options, the directions we might go, the trade-offs and the benefits.
+Finally, you should present a clear action point.
+We always have to connect information with actions, and that action feeds back into various information, creating a natural feedback loop.
+Now, this is a well-observed and well-established conception of behavior change.
+But the problem is that the personalized data in the top right corner is very hard to come by.
+It used to be a difficult and expensive product.
+So here's a very simple example of how this works.
+So we've all seen these. These are "speed limit" signs.
+Especially since radar is cheap these days, you can see it everywhere.
+And here's how they work in the feedback loop:
+So you start with personalized data that the road speed limit is 25 at the moment and, of course, you're driving faster than that.
+we always are. We are always over the speed limit.
+The choice in this case is very simple.
+Either we keep going fast or we slow down.
+We probably need to slow down and that point of action is probably now.
+You should take your foot off the pedal now, and you usually do. These things have been shown to be very effective in slowing people down.
+About 5-10% slower.
+The ride is about 5 miles, but then put your feet back on the pedals.
+But it works and even has health implications.
+Your blood pressure may drop slightly.
+There will probably be fewer accidents and public health benefits.
+But all in all, this is a very nifty and all too unusual feedback loop.
+Because in healthcare, most healthcare, data is very disconnected from activity.
+It is very difficult to arrange them so neatly.
+But we have a chance.
+So what I want to talk about is how we deliver health information in this country, and how we actually get information.
+This is a pharmaceutical advertisement.
+Actually it's a forgery. This is not an advertisement for real medicine.
+No one has yet come up with the brilliant idea of ​​calling their drug Havidol.
+But it seems perfectly correct.
+So this is exactly how we get health and drug information and it just seems perfect.
+And when you turn the pages of a magazine, you see this. This is the page the FDA requires pharmaceutical companies to place or follow their advertisements. To me, this is one of the most ironic exercises. in medicine.
+Because we know
+Can anyone actually say that people are reading this?
+And how can anyone actually say that someone who tries to read this can actually get anything out of it?
+This is a bankrupt effort in terms of communicating health information.
+No good intentions in this.
+So this is another approach.
+This is an approach developed by research couple Lisa Schwartz and Steven Woloshin at Dartmouth College of Medicine.
+And they created something called the "Drug Facts Box."
+They were inspired by Cap'n Crunch more than anything else.
+They went to the nutrition information box and found out what works for cereals, what works for our food actually helps people understand what's in their food.
+God forbid we use the same standards that keep Captain Crunch alive and take it to the pharmaceutical companies.
+Now let me explain briefly.
+It states very clearly what the drug is good for and especially who it works for so you can be sure if the information is relevant to you or if the drug is relevant to you. You can start your own understanding of whether there is.
+You can see exactly what the benefits are.
+You get statistics on how well it works, rather than vague promises that it will work no matter what.
+And finally figure out what those options are.
+Because of the side effects, we can start unpacking the relevant alternatives.
+Every time you take a drug, you have the potential for side effects.
+So you've spelled them out in very clean language and it works.
+That's why I love this. I love that box of drug facts.
+So I thought, what are the opportunities to help people make sense of the information?
+What's one more piece of information out there that people aren't really using?
+So I came up with the results of a lab test.
+Blood test results are a great source of information.
+It's packed with information.
+they are not for us. They are not for people. They are not for patients.
+They go to the doctor immediately.
+And God forbid, I don't think many doctors really understand all these things if you ask them.
+This is the worst information presented.
+Ask Tufte, and he'll say, "Yes, this is the worst possible presentation of information."
+What we did at Wired was have our graphic design department rethink these lab reports.
+That's what I want to explain to you.
+This was the general blood test before, this was after, and this is what we came up with.
+Four pages after, and the slide before that was actually the first of four pages of general blood test data.
+It goes on and on, all these values, all these numbers you don't know.
+This is a one page overview.
+We use the concept of color.
+Using colors is a great idea.
+So the top level shows the overall result, something that might be noticeable in the details.
+You can then drill down to understand how the levels are actually arranged in context. We also use color to show exactly where the value falls.
+In this case, this patient has a high blood sugar level and is therefore at a slight risk of diabetes.
+Similarly, you can look at your lipids to understand your overall cholesterol levels and break them down into HDL and LDL as needed.
+But always use color and a personalized proximity to that information.
+Summarizes all other values, all values ​​pages that do not contain any information.
+We tell you that you are fine and normal.
+But you don't have to get over it. No need to go through junk.
+And it does two other very important things that help bridge this feedback loop. It's about helping people understand a bit more about what these values ​​are and what they indicate.
+And we go one step further and tell them what they can do.
+We give them insight into what choices they make and what actions they can take.
+This is a common blood test.
+Followed by a CRP test.
+In this case, it would be a sin of omission.
+They have this vast amount of space, but they are not using it for anything, so we are using it.
+Currently, CRP testing is often performed following or in combination with cholesterol testing.
+So we took the bold step of putting cholesterol information on the same page as how doctors assess cholesterol.
+Therefore, we thought that patients might actually want to know the background.
+This is a protein that appears when blood vessels may be inflamed and may be a risk factor for heart disease.
+What you are actually measuring is explained in clear language.
+Then use the information already contained in the lab report.
+We begin to fill in the personalized risk using the individual's age and gender.
+So we start using the data we have to perform very simple calculations on any kind of online calculator to figure out what the real risks are.
+Last but not least is the PSA test.
+This is before, this is after.
+We are putting a lot of effort into this issue. As you probably know, the PSA test is a highly controversial test.
+It is used to screen for prostate cancer, but there are many reasons for an enlarged prostate.
+And we spent a good amount of time showing it.
+We have personalized risk again.
+Since this patient is in his 50s, we can actually estimate his prostate cancer risk very accurately.
+Based on this, it's about 25 percent in this case.
+And then the action after that.
+So this cost was less than $10,000.
+That's how much Wired magazine spent on this.
+Why would Wired magazine do this?
+(Laughter) The two largest clinical testing companies, Quest Diagnostics and LabCorp, made over $700 million and $500 million in profits, respectively, last year.
+Now, this is not a resource issue. This is an incentive issue.
+It should be recognized that this information should not be directed at physicians and should not be directed at insurance companies.
+It should be patient.
+In fact, it is he who ultimately has to change his life and adopt new behaviors.
+This is incredibly powerful information.
+It is an incredibly powerful catalyst for change.
+But we are not using it. just sitting there.
+it is being lost.
+So I would like to present four questions that all patients should ask. Because I don't really expect people to start producing these lab reports.
+However, you can create your own feedback loop.
+Anyone can create a feedback loop by asking simple questions like: "Can you tell me the results?"
+And the only acceptable answer is -- (Audience: Yes.) -- Yes.
+What does this mean? Please help me understand what the data is.
+What are my options? What options are currently being considered?
+And what next?
+How do I integrate this information into the long course of my life?
+So I want to finish by showing that people are capable of making sense of this information.
+This is not beyond the reach of ordinary people.
+You don't have to be as educated as the people in this room.
+The general public can understand this information as long as they make an effort to present it in a format they can engage with.
+And engagement is essential here. Because it does more than just provide information. It gives them an opportunity to act.
+That's engagement. Compliance is different.
+That's very different from how we talk about behavior in medicine today.
+And this information is out there.
+Today I've been talking about latent information, all the information that exists in the system but isn't used.
+But with all kinds of other information coming online, we need to realize that this information has the power to engage people, help people, and change the course of their lives.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+(Laughter) I was afraid to be a woman.
+Not that I'm not scared now, but I've learned to pretend.
+I learned to be flexible.
+In fact, I have developed some interesting tools to help deal with this fear.
+Let me explain.
+In the 1950s and 60s, when I was a kid, girls were supposed to be kind, thoughtful, beautiful, gentle, soft, and we were meant to fit into a certain shadowy role. . It wasn't very clear actually. what we were meant to be.
+(laughs) We had a lot of role models around us.
+Our mothers, aunts, cousins, sisters and, of course, the ever-present media bombarded us with images and words to tell us what to be.
+My mother was different today.
+She was a housewife, but she and I didn't go out or do girly things together, and she wouldn't buy me pink clothes.
+Instead, she understood what I needed and bought me a comic book.
+And I ate it.
+I painted, and I knew my family would accept humor, so I could paint and do what I wanted, and I didn't have to act or speak. — I was so shy — and I could still get approval.
+I started working as a cartoonist.
+Well, when we're young, we don't always know. We know there are rules out there, but we don't always know. We are imprinted with these things when we are born, and even though we are taught what the most important colors in the world are, we are not doing it right. .
+We are taught what we should look like.
+(Laughter) We are told what to wear (Laughter), how to style our hair (Laughter) and how to behave.
+Now, the rules I'm talking about are always monitored by the culture.
+We are corrected and our main police officers are women. Because we are the bearers of tradition.
+We pass it on from generation to generation.
+That's not all. We always have a vague idea that something is expected of us.
+And these rules keep changing.
+(Laughter) Half the time I don't know what's going on. That puts us in a very precarious position.
+(Laughter) Now, if you don't like these rules, and many of us don't, I know I didn't and I still don't. I follow them -- what better way than to change them with humor?
+Humor depends on social traditions.
+It takes what we know and twists it.
+With codes of conduct and dress codes in place, the unexpected happens and it makes you laugh.
+So what happens when you combine women with humor?
+I think you can get change.
+The women are on the ground floor and know the traditions well, so they can bring a different voice to the table.
+Now I started painting in the midst of chaos.
+I grew up not far from here in Washington, D.C.
+I think I was painting trying to understand what was going on during the civil rights movement, the assassinations, the Watergate hearings, and the feminist movement.
+And my family was also confused, and I drew pictures to try to unite them -- (laughter) -- to try to unite them with laughter.
+It didn't work.
+My parents got divorced and my sister was arrested.
+But I found my place.
+I found that I could feel fit without having to wear high heels or wear pink.
+When I got a little older and into my twenties, I realized there weren't many women in comics.
+And I thought, 'Maybe I can break through the little glass ceiling of comics,' and I did. I became a cartoonist.
+And then I thought -- in my 40s, I started thinking, 'Well, why don't we do something?
+I have always loved political cartoons. So why not do something about my comics to not only make people laugh, but to make them think about the stupid rules we follow?"
+Now, my point of view is specifically -- (laughter) -- my point of view is a particularly American point of view.
+It is inevitable. i live here
+I've traveled a lot, but I still think like an American woman.
+But I, of course, believe that the rules I'm talking about are universal. Each culture has different codes of conduct, dress, and traditions, and each woman has to deal with the same things we do here in the United States.
+As a result, it did.
+Ladies, we know the traditions because we are in the field.
+We have great antennas.
+My current job is collaborating with comic artists overseas, which I really enjoy, and it has given me a deeper appreciation of the power of comics to grasp the truth and understand problems quickly and concisely. I came to
+And not only that, it is transmitted to the beholder through the heart as well as the intellect.
+Also, thanks to my work, I have been able to collaborate with female manga artists from all over the world, including Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Argentina, and France, where we sat together, laughed, talked, and shared our difficulties. .
+And they are working hard to make their voices heard in very difficult circumstances.
+But I feel happy to be able to work with them.
+And how strongly we perceive that women have great potential for change because of our vulnerability and our role as guardians of tradition.
+And I truly believe that we can change this issue one laugh at a time.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+My story actually began when I was four years old and my family moved to a new neighborhood in my hometown of Savannah, Georgia.
+And it wasn't until the 1960s that virtually every street in the area was named after a Confederate general.
+We lived on Robert E. Lee Boulevard.
+And when I was 5, my parents gave me an orange Schwinn Stingray bicycle.
+It had swooping banana seats and apehanger handlebars that made the rider look like an orangutan.
+That's why they were called Apehangers.
+These were actually modeled after 1960s hot rod bikes, but I'm sure my mom didn't know.
+And one day I was exploring this cul-de-sac a few streets away.
+And I came back, but I wanted to turn around and get back on that street faster, so I decided to turn around on this big street that intersects my neighborhood, and wow! It was rear-ended by a passing sedan.
+My mutilated body flew in one direction and my mutilated bike flew in the opposite direction.
+And as I was lying on the pavement crossing that yellow line, one of my neighbors ran up to me.
+"Andy, Andy, how are you?" she said, using my brother's name.
+(Laughter) "I'm Bruce," I said, and quickly passed out.
+That day I broke my left femur. It is the largest bone in the human body. I spent the next two months in a full body cast from chin to toe to right knee. right knee to left ankle.
+And for the next 38 years, that accident was the only medically interesting event that happened to me.
+In fact, I earned my living by walking.
+I have traveled the world, been exposed to different cultures, and have written a series of books about my travels, including Walking the Bible.
+I hosted a TV show of that name on PBS.
+By all appearances, I was a "walking man".
+Until May of 2008, when I saw a regular doctor and had regular blood work, evidence in the form of alkaline phosphatase levels that there might be something wrong with my bones. .
+And on a whim, the doctor had me do a full-body bone scan. As a result, I found some growth on my left leg.
+So I had an X-ray and then an MRI.
+Then one afternoon I got a call from the doctor.
+"Your foot tumor does not match a benign tumor."
+It took me a moment to stop walking and convert that double denial into a more terrifying denial.
+i have cancer
+And it seemed too coincidental to think that the tumor was in the same bone, in the same place on my body, as the accident 38 years ago.
+So when I got home that afternoon, my three-year-old identical twin daughters, Eden and Tibby Failer, rushed to pick me up.
+They had just turned 3 and were obsessed with all things pink and purple.
+In fact, we used to call them Pinkalicious and Perpicious. That said, our favorite nickname came on April 15th, their birthday.
+When they were born at 6:14 and 6:46 on April 15, 2005, the usually grim and humorless doctor looked at his watch and said, “Hmm, April 15th is tax day.
+early filers and late filers. "
+(laughs) I came to see him the next day. I thought, "Doctor, that was a really good joke."
+And he said, "You're the writer, boy."
+Anyway, they had just turned 3 and they were coming in and doing a dance they had just made up. It spun faster and faster until it tumbled to the ground and the world laughed with cheers.
+I collapsed.
+I kept imagining walks I might not take with them, art projects that might not go awry, boyfriends that might not frown, aisles that I might not walk.
+I wondered if they would wonder who I was.
+Will they crave my approval, my love, my voice?
+A few days later, I had an idea of ​​how I could get that voice out to them.
+I reached out to six men in different areas of my life and asked them to be present in the course of my daughters' lives.
+“I believe my daughters have many opportunities in life,” I wrote to the men.
+"They may have loving families and welcoming homes, but I may not.
+They may not have fathers.
+Can you help me become their father? "
+And I said to myself that I would call this group of men the "Council of Fathers."
+When I came up with this idea, I decided not to tell my wife. have understood.
+She is very cheerful and naturally excitable.
+In this culture, I don't need to say it, but there is an idea that overcoming problems is 'happiness'.
+We should focus on the positive things.
+My wife, as I said earlier, grew up outside of Boston.
+She has a big smile on her face. she has a big personality.
+she has big hair But she recently told me: I can't say that her hair is big. Because if I said she had big hair, people would think she was from Texas.
+And apparently it's okay to marry a boy from Georgia, but not to have hair from Texas.
+And in fact, to defend her, if she were here now, when we got married in Georgia, the marriage certificate license would have three questions, the third of which was, "Are you a relative?" or?”
+(Laughter) I said, 'Look, at least in Georgia we want to know.
+Arkansas doesn't even ask. "
+What I didn't tell her is that if she says yes, it's okay to jump off.
+No 30 day waiting period is required.
+Because at that point you don't need a session to get to know each other.
+So I wasn't going to tell her about this idea, but the next day I couldn't help myself and told her.
+She liked the idea, but soon started rejecting my candidates.
+she said: "I love him, but I would never ask him for advice."
+So I've found that setting up a fathers council is a very effective way to find out what my wife really thinks about her friends.
+(Laughter) So we decided we needed a set of rules and came up with numbers.
+And the first was not family, only friends.
+We thought our family would already be there.
+The second is for men only.
+We were trying to fill the father's space in our girls' lives.
+And the third is like a father to all sides.
+We looked at my personality and tried to find a father who represented each different thing.
+So what happened is, I wrote to all these men.
+And instead of sending it, I decided to have them read it in person.
+My wife Linda joked that it was like having six different proposals.
+I was kind of friend-married to these guys.
+And that first person was Jeff Shumlin.
+Well, when I graduated from high school in the early 1980s, Jeff guided me on this trip I took to Europe.
+And that first day we were in this youth hostel in the castle.
+And sneaking back, there was a moat, a fence, and a field of cattle.
+And Jeff came up next to me and said, "So have you ever done cow tipping?"
+I thought, 'Is the cow leaning?
+He said, "Yes. Cows sleep standing up.
+So, if you approach from behind in the downwind, you could be pushed down and slumped into the mud. "
+So before we could decide if this was right, we jumped moats, climbed fences, tiptoed through dung, and approached a poor dozing cow.
+So, a few weeks after my diagnosis, we decided to go to Vermont and appoint Jeff as the first person on the Council of Fathers.
+And we went to this apple orchard and read him this letter.
+"Can you help me become their father?"
+And I got to the end - he cried and I cried too - then he looked at me and said "yes".
+I was like, "Yes?"
+I forgot that there was a question at the center of my letter.
+Frankly, I get asked this a lot, and I never thought someone would turn me down in this situation.
+Then I asked him a question, which I ended up asking all the fathers, and finally urged him to write this story into a book.
+It was, "If you could only give one piece of advice to your daughters, what would it be?"
+And Jeff's advice is, "Be a traveler, not a tourist.
+get off the bus. Look for what's different.
+Get closer to the cow "
+"So 10 years from now, my daughters are going on their first trip abroad and I won't be here.
+what would you say to them? "
+He said, "I will approach this journey like a small child might approach a puddle of mud.
+You can bend down and look at yourself in the mirror and trace your finger to make tiny ripples, or you can dive in and writhe around to see how it feels and what it smells like. "
+And as he spoke, there was that glint in his eyes that I had never seen in Holland – nobody tipped a cow, even though we had never tipped a cow. Even if he didn't, it was as if he was saying, "Let's go tip the cows." However, cows do not sleep standing up.
+he said: "At the end of this experience, girls, I want to see you back here covered in mud."
+Two weeks after diagnosis, a biopsy confirmed a 7-inch osteosarcoma in my left femur.
+600 Americans get osteosarcoma each year.
+85 percent are under the age of 21.
+Only 100 adults get these diseases each year.
+Twenty years ago, doctors would have cut off my leg and had hope, but the survival rate was 15 percent.
+Then, in the 1980s, they decided that a certain cocktail of chemotherapy might work, and within a few weeks I started it.
+We're in the infirmary, and I've had four and a half months of chemo.
+In fact, I was on cisplatin, doxorubicin, and a very high dose of methotrexate.
+Then Dr. John Healy, a surgeon at Memorial Sloan Kettering Hospital in New York, underwent a 15-hour surgery to remove my left femur and replace it with titanium.
+If you've seen Sanjay's special, you've seen a giant screw screwed into my pelvis.
+Then he took the fibula from my calf, cut it off, transferred it to my thigh and now it's there.
+And what he actually did was cut a vessel out of my calf, reshape the vessel in my thigh, and then connect it to the good part of my knee and hip.
+And he removed a third of my quadriceps.
+This is a very rare operation and only two people have survived it before me.
+And my reward for surviving it was to restart another four months of chemo.
+As I said at home, this year was a lost year.
+Because for the first few weeks we were all having nightmares.
+Then one night, I had a nightmare that I was walking around the house, sitting at my desk, and seeing pictures of other people's children on my desk.
+And then I remember one night. I don't know where you are, Dr. Nuland, I remembered that when you told the story of William Sloane's coffin.
+I was hospitalized after that, so I think it was the fourth chemotherapy that brought the number to zero, but I basically had no immunity.
+And I was placed in the infectious disease ward of the hospital.
+And anyone who came to see me had to cover their bodies with a mask, hiding all the extra parts of their bodies.
+And then one night my mother-in-law called me and told me that her daughters, who were 3 and a half at the time, miss me.
+Then I hung up, covered my face with my hands, and let out a silent cry.
+And Dr. Nuland, I don't know where you are, but what you said reminded me of this today.
+Because the feeling that came to my mind was like a primordial cry.
+And it's that experience that's been very impressive, and one of the messages I want to share with you here today.
+I became less and less human. And at this moment in my life, I probably weighed 30 pounds less than I do now.
+Of course, I had no hair and no immunity.
+They actually put blood inside my body.
+In that moment, I became less and less human, but at the same time probably the most human I've ever been.
+And what was very impressive at that time was that I proved that I was actually attracting people instead of repelling them.
+People were incredibly drawn to it.
+When my wife and I had kids, I figured it would all be hands-on.
+Instead, everyone was running in the opposite direction.
+And I thought that when I got cancer, everyone would run the other way.
+Instead, it was all hands-on.
+And when people came up to me, instead of being incredibly uncomfortable with what I saw, I was like a living ghost - they were incredibly touched, I talked about what was going on in my life.
+It turns out that cancer is a passport to intimacy.
+It is an invitation, maybe even an order, to the most important realm of human life, the most sensitive and the most frightening, the realm we never want to go to, but when I go there, I We feel incredibly transformed. we do.
+And this happened to my daughters too. We thought they had become more sighted and perhaps a little more compassionate.
+One day my daughter, Tybee, Tybee, came to me and said,
+And when love is gone, just drink milk, for love is born out of it. "
+(Laughter.) Then one night my daughter Eden came to me.
+And as I lifted my leg off the bed, she reached for my crutch and handed it to me.
+In fact, if I had one memory from this year, it would be walking down a dark hallway with five spongy fingers gripping the handle under my hand.
+I no longer needed crutches and was walking on air.
+And one of the profound things that happened was this act of actually connecting with all these people.
+And it got me thinking - and writing it down for the record - the only words I actually heard were yesterday when we were all doing Tony Robbins Yoga - in this That one word seminar not mentioned is actually the word "friends".
+Still, compliance, addiction, weight loss, everything we've been talking about shows that community is important, and that's one thing we haven't really embraced.
+And there was something incredibly deep about sitting with my closest friends and telling them what they meant to me.
+And one thing I've learned is that over time, especially men who were previously poor communicators, are becoming more and more communicative.
+And it specifically happened -- it happened once in my life -- about this father's council Linda said, what we were talking about is like what mothers talk about at the school drop-off. is.
+And no one captures this modern masculinity to me more than David Black.
+Now David is my literary agent.
+In good weather, he is about 5 feet 3.5 inches tall and stands upright in his cowboy boots.
+And in some manly ways, he picks up the phone -- and I think you can say that because you did it here -- and he says, "Hey you bastard."
+He gave a boring speech about a bottle of no-name wine and bought a convertible sports car for his 50th birthday. However, like many men, he is impatient. He bought it when he was 49.
+But like many modern men, he hugs, bakes bread, and leaves work early to coach Little League.
+Someone asked me if he cried when I asked him to join his father's council.
+"He cries when I take David out for a walk."
+(Laughter) But he's a literary agent, which means he's a dream broker in a world where most dreams don't come true.
+And this is exactly what we wanted him to capture: what it means to have setbacks and subsequent aspirations.
+And I said, "What is the most valuable thing you can give a dreamer?"
+And he said, "Believe in yourself."
+"But when I came to see you," I said, "I didn't believe in myself.
+I was hitting a wall. "
+He said, "I can't see the wall," and I tell you the same, "Don't look at the wall."
+Occasionally you may run into such problems, but you have to find ways to overcome them, avoid them, or overcome them.
+But whatever you do, don't give in.
+Don't succumb to walls.
+My house is not far from the Brooklyn Bridge, and during the year and a half that I spent on crutches, it became something of a symbol for me.
+So one day, nearing the end of my journey, I said, "Come on, let's walk across the Brooklyn Bridge."
+We left on crutches.
+I was on crutches, my wife was by my side, and my daughters were in rock star poses in front.
+And since walking was one of the first things I lost, I spent most of the year thinking about this most basic human act.
+It is said that walking upright is the starting point that made us human.
+But in the four million years that humans have been walking upright, that behavior has remained essentially unchanged.
+As my physiotherapist often says, "Every step is a tragedy."
+If you are about to fall on one foot, catch it with the other foot.
+And the biggest impact of walking with crutches, as I did for a year and a half, is slowing my walking speed.
+You reach your destination in a hurry, but you are the only one to get there.
+Go slow and you'll reach your destination, but with any community you've built along the way.
+At my peril, I have never felt better than in those years on crutches.
+Two hundred years ago, a new type of pedestrian appeared in Paris.
+He was called "Flaneur" who wandered around the arcade.
+And it was customary for the flaneurs to show that they were free people by taking turtles for walks and letting reptiles set the pace.
+And I love this hymn of slow movement.
+And it became my own motto for my daughters.
+Take a walk with turtles.
+Watch the world stand still.
+And this idea of ​​stopping may be the greatest lesson I've learned from my travels.
+The side of the Liberty Bell quotes Moses, which comes from the Leviticus passage that the land should fallow every seven years.
+And every 7 sets of 7 years, the land gets another year of rest, during which all families are reunited and people are surrounded by their loved ones.
+The 50th year is called the Jubilee Year, which is where the term comes from.
+I'm just under 50 and this represents my own experience.
+My lost year was my holy year.
+Fallowing allowed us to plant the seeds for a healthier future and reunite with our loved ones.
+For the first anniversary of my trip, I went to see Dr. John Healy, the surgeon. By the way, Healy is a great name for a doctor.
+He's president of the International Extremity Salvage Society, which isn't the most euphemistic term I've ever heard.
+And I said, "Mr. Healy, if your daughters came to you one day and said, 'What can I learn from your story?'" What would you say to them? mosquito? "
+He said, "I want to tell them what I know is that everyone dies but not everyone lives.
+I want you to live. "
+I wrote a letter to my daughters and it appears at the end of my book The Council of Fathers. So I have listed the following lessons, some of which you may have heard here today. Don't look at the walls, live the questions, harvest the miracles.
+Looking at this list, for me it was like a book of psalms for life, maybe we did it for our daughters, but this list really changed us. I realized.
+That's the secret of the "Council of Fathers" is that my wife and I did this to help our daughters and it really changed us.
+So today, as you can see, I am standing here walking without crutches or a cane.
+And last week I had my 18 month scan.
+And, as we all know, anyone who has cancer must have a follow-up test.
+Quarterly for me.
+And, dare I say it, everyone in this room will never find a scan-hating solution.
+As I went there, I was wondering what I would say based on what happened here.
+I heard good news that day, and I stand here today cancer-free, lurching forward without help.
+I just wanted to briefly mention, since the time limit has passed, one of the great things you can get from a meeting like this is that you can get a similar meeting. That's it. Back in the spring, Ann Wojcicki heard us, and in three short weeks, we committed all of 23andMe's resources, and in July, we announced our effort to decode the genome of a living person. . Heart tissue, people with osteosarcoma.
+And she told me last night that in the three months since the program started, 300 people have contributed to the program.
+An epidemiologist here would say that's half the number of people who get the disease in the United States each year.
+So if you go to 23andMe or go to councilofdads.com you can click on the link.
+And we encourage everyone to join us in this effort.
+But I would like to leave this message to conclude what I have been saying. May you find an excuse to reach out to a long lost friend, college roommate, or someone you may have turned your back on. from.
+May you find a puddle of mud and jump somewhere. Or may you find a way to overcome, circumvent, or overcome the barriers that stand between you and your dreams.
+And every now and then find a friend or spot a turtle and take a slow long walk.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I am passionate about the American landscape and how the physical shape of the land, from the great Central Valley of California to the bedrock of Manhattan, has really shaped the history and character of America.
+But one thing is clear.
+In the last 100 years alone, our country, this vast map of America, has deliberately flattened and flattened our landscape so much that we forget our relationship to the plants and animals that live next to us. has been homogenized. the soil under our feet.
+So how I think my work contributes is like literally reimagining these connections and trying to physically rebuild them.
+This graph represents what we are currently working on in our built environment.
+And it is indeed a combination of urban population growth and depletion of biodiversity, and of course sea level rise and climate change.
+So when I think about design, I think about reworking and recombining the lines of this graph in a more productive way.
+As you can see by the arrow here pointing to 'you are here', I have blended and fused two very different disciplines, urbanism and ecology, and brought them together in an exciting new way. I'm trying to summarize.
+In other words, the era of large-scale infrastructure is over.
+So this kind of top-down, single-function, capital-intensive solution doesn't really work.
+We need new tools and new approaches.
+Likewise, thinking of architecture as this kind of object that is in situ without context, which it really isn't, is rude and rather blatant, but not the approach we should take.
+So we need new stories, new heroes and new tools.
+So now I would like to introduce my new hero in the global climate war. It's an eastern oyster.
+As such, even though they are very small and very modest creatures, the ability to congregate in this massive reef structure makes these creatures incredibly staggering.
+it can grow. you can grow it. And -- Did I mention? -- It's pretty good.
+As such, oysters became the basis for a manifesto-like urban design project I did for New York Harbor called "Oyster Texture."
+And the core idea of ​​Kaki Tecture is to harness the biological power of harbor-dwelling mussels, eelgrass and oysters, while at the same time harnessing the power of people living in local communities to make a difference. now.
+Here's a map of my city, New York City, showing flooding in red.
+And circled are the places I'm going to talk about: Gowanus Canal and Governors Island.
+Looking at this map, all the blue areas are underwater and all the yellow areas are highlands.
+Intuitively, however, the map shows that in just a few years the harbor was dredged and flattened, transforming from a rich cubic mosaic to a flat swamp.
+Another view of the Gowanus Canal itself in fact.
+Well, Gowanus is particularly stinky - I'll admit it.
+There are sewage overflows and pollution problems, but I would say that almost every city is in exactly this situation, and it's a situation we all face.
+And here is the map of the situation. Pollutants exacerbated by new currents of storm surge and rising sea levels are shown in yellow and green.
+So we really had a lot to deal with.
+When we started this project, one of the central ideas was to look back in history and try to understand what was there.
+And as you can see from this map, there's the amazing geographic features of a series of islands outside the harbor and a matrix of salt marshes and beaches that served as natural wave attenuation for highland settlements.
+I also learned that you can eat oysters the size of a dinner plate in the Gowanus Canal itself.
+So our concept is really a back to the future concept, harnessing the intelligence of land settlement patterns.
+And this idea has two main stages.
+One is to develop new artificial ecosystems, namely coral reefs, outside the harbor to protect new settlement patterns and gowanus inland.
+Because with cleaner and slower water, we can imagine a new way of life with it.
+So I think this project really addresses these three core issues in a new and exciting way.
+Now, back to our hero, the oyster.
+And also it is this incredibly exciting animal.
+It accepts algae and debris on one end, and clean water emerges on the other end through this beautiful and fascinating set of stomach organs.
+And one oyster can filter up to 50 gallons of water in a day.
+An oyster reef also covered about a quarter of the harbor and was able to filter the water in the harbor in a matter of days.
+They were the key to our culture and economy.
+Basically, New York was built on the backs of oyster makers, and our streets were literally built on oyster shells.
+This image is of an oyster cart as popular as hot dog carts today.
+So again we got a contract there last minute.
+(Laughter) Finally, oysters can decay and clump together to form these amazing natural reef structures.
+They just become natural wave attenuators.
+And they form the basis of any harbor ecosystem.
+A great many species depend on them.
+So we were inspired by oysters, but also by the life cycle of oysters.
+Over the course of several weeks, the fertilized egg transitions into a juvenile oyster (floating in the water) ready to attach to another oyster (an adult male or female oyster).
+We have reinterpreted this life cycle at the scale of our vision, looking at Gowanus as a giant oyster farm. There, oysters are grown on Gowanus, then paraded during spawning season and seeded on Bay Ridge Reef.
+So the central idea here was to hit the reset button and over time regenerate a regenerative, cleansing and productive ecosystem.
+How do coral reefs work? Well, it's very, very easy.
+The core concept here is not what climate change is, the answer is not coming down from the moon.
+And with a $20 billion price tag, we should just start with what we have and what's in front of us.
+So this image is just for illustration. This is a field of marine piles interconnected by this braided, shaggy rope.
+What is a fuzzy rope?
+That's all. It's a very cheap one, actually available at home centers and very cheap.
+So I think it's possible that we might even hold a bake sale to actually kick off a new project.
+(Laughs) So instead of painting in the studio, I started learning how to knit.
+The concept was to actually weave this rope to develop a new soft infrastructure for the oysters to grow on.
+In this diagram you can see how the infrastructure space will grow into the new public urban space over time.
+And it will grow dynamically over time with the threat of climate change.
+It also creates incredibly interesting new amphibious public spaces that you can imagine working in or reimagining in new ways.
+Ultimately, what we realized we were creating was a new turquoise water park for the next water century, an amphibious park, so to speak.
+So put on your Teva.
+You can imagine scuba diving here.
+Here's an image of a high school scuba diver who worked with our team.
+So one can imagine a sort of new way of life with new relationships with water, and a hybrid of recreational and scientific programs from a surveillance point of view.
+Another new vocabulary for Brave New World. This is the word "flapsy". It stands for "floating upwelling system".
+And this glorious, readily available device is basically a floating raft with an oyster farm underneath.
+So the water is stirred in this raft.
+Eight side chambers house tiny baby oysters, virtually force-fed.
+So instead of 10 oysters, there are 10,000 oysters.
+And those saliva are seeded.
+This is the future of Gowanus, with oyster rafts on the coastline, or the shaggy look of Gowanus.
+new words.
+It also showcases oyster gardening for the community along its edges.
+Finally, how fun would it be to watch the fluffy parade and cheer on the oyster spat as they descend onto the reef?
+I have two questions regarding this project.
+One is why it's not happening now.
+Second, when can we eat oysters?
+The answer is "still working".
+But according to our calculations, we imagine that by 2050 we might be able to bite into a Gowanus oyster.
+In conclusion, this is only a cross-section of a part of the city, but my dream and hope is that when you all return to your respective cities, we will start working together to reshape and reform the new cities. Urban landscapes for a more sustainable, more livable and tastier future.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+i have a very simple idea. Just say it over and over until you believe it. It's that we are all creators.
+I really believe so.
+We are all makers.
+We are born makers.
+We have the ability to create things and grasp things with our hands.
+We use words such as "grasping" figuratively to think about understanding things.
+We don't just live, we create.
+we make things
+Well, let me introduce you to Maker Faire and groups of makers in various locations.
+It doesn't look very good, especially on taller bikes.
+It's a scraper bike. It is called from Auckland.
+And this is a particularly small scooter for a gentleman of this size.
+But he's going to power it with a drill, that is, go electric.
+(Laughter) And his question was, "Can I do it? Can I do it?"
+Apparently it can.
+Manufacturers are enthusiasts. they are amateurs. They are people who love doing what they do.
+Sometimes they don't even know why they do it.
+We started organizing Makers at Maker Faire.
+It was held here in Detroit last summer, and it will be held at Henry Ford next summer.
+But we'll be in San Francisco -- (applause) -- and we'll be in New York.
+And just meeting and talking to the people who make things is a great event, just being there to show them and talk about them and have great conversations.
+(Video) Man: I might get one of those.
+Dale Dougherty: This is an electric muffin.
+Man: Where did you get that?
+Muffin: Would you like to glide with me? (Man: No.) DD: I know Ford is coming out with a new electric car.
+we got there first.
+Woman: Would you like to glide with me?
+DD: This is what I call 'swinging in the rain'.
+Almost invisible, it's the top controller controlling the cycle so that the water falls just before and after it passes the bottom of the arc.
+Now imagine a child. "Will it get wet? Will it get wet?"
+No, I didn't get wet. Will I get wet? do you get wet? "
+It's a smart ride experience.
+And of course there is fashion.
+People are remaking things into fashion.
+I don't know if this is called a Kagobra, but that's what it is.
+We have art students get together and take out old radiator parts and pour iron into them and make something new out of it.
+I did it in summer and it was very hot.
+This needs some explanation.
+You know what that is, right?
+Billy Bob or Billy Bass or something like that.
+Now, for background, the guy who did this is a physicist.
+And here he explains a bit about what it does.
+(Video) Richard Carter: I'm Richard Carter. Sasimi Tabernacle Choir.
+Choir: ♫ When you hold me in your arms ♫ DD: In old Volvos, this is all computer controlled.
+Choir: ♫ I'm crazy for a feeling ♫ ♫ I'm high believing ♫ ♫ That you love me ♫ DD: So Richard came over from Houston last year and Visiting us here in Detroit, the wonderful Sashimi Tabernacle Choir.
+So are you a manufacturer?
+How many people here would say you are a manufacturer if they raised their hand?
+That's pretty good -- but some people won't admit they're manufacturers.
+And think again.
+You are a food maker. You are a shelter maker. You build a lot, but what interests me today is the way you build your world, and specifically the role that technology plays in your life.
+In Volkswagen's terms, you are actually the driver or passenger.
+Manufacturers are in control.
+That's what fascinates them. That's why they do what they have to do.
+They want to understand how things work. they want to access it. And they want to control it.
+They want to use it for their own purposes.
+Manufacturers today are, to some extent, at their limits.
+they are not mainstream.
+they are a little radical.
+What they are doing is a little destructive.
+But in the past, it was very common to think of yourself as a manufacturer.
+It was nothing like you point out.
+Then I found this old video.
+We'll talk more about that later, but just...
+(music) (video) Narrator: First and foremost, as Americans, we are makers.
+With our strengths, hearts and spirits, we gather, form and fashion.
+Makers, shapers and assemblers.
+DD: So it shows people making things out of wood, old people making boats out of bottles, and women making pies. This is the somewhat standard dish of the day.
+But it was a sense of pride that we made things, that the world around us was made by us.
+It didn't just exist.
+We made it and that's how we got to it.
+And I think that's very important.
+Now let me tell you something interesting about this.
+Although this reel is an industrial video, it was shown in drive-in theaters in the Detroit area in 1961, predating Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho."
+(Laughter) So I'd like to think there was something going on with the new generation of makers coming out of here and 'Psycho'.
+Andrew Archer.
+I met Andrew at one of the community meetings organizing Maker Faire.
+Andrew moved to Detroit from Duluth, Minnesota.
+After some discussion with his mother, I ended up writing an article about him for a magazine called Kid Robot.
+He is a child who grew up playing with tools, not toys.
+He liked to take things apart.
+His mother gave him part of the garage and collected things at yard sales to build things.
+Later on, he didn't really like school, but when he started participating in robotics competitions, he realized he had a talent and, more importantly, had a real passion for robotics. I realized that
+And he started building robots.
+And when I sat next to him, he told me about the company he founded. He was building some robots for an automobile factory to move things around the factory floor.
+That's why he moved to Michigan.
+But he also moved here to meet other people who are doing the same as he is.
+And this brings us to today's key idea.
+This is Jeff and Bilal, and a few others here at Hackerspace.
+Detroit has more than three hackerspaces.
+And maybe some new ones since I was last here as well.
+But these are like clubs. We share our tools, we share our spaces, we share our expertise in what we make.
+This is a very interesting phenomenon happening all over the world.
+But at heart, they are people playing with technology.
+Again, play.
+They don't necessarily know what they are doing or why they are doing it.
+They're playing to discover what they can do with technology, and perhaps they're playing to discover what they themselves can do, what their capabilities are.
+Another thing I can think of right now, another reason why production is on track today, is that there are some great new tools out there.
+You can't see it very well, but Arduino -- Arduino is an open source hardware platform.
+It's a microcontroller.
+If you don't know what they are, they are just "brains".
+So they are the brains of the Maker project, and here's an example.
+I don't know if you can see it, but this is a mailbox. Ordinary mailbox and Arduino.
+So find a way to program this and put this in your mailbox.
+When someone opens your mailbox, you will be notified and an alert message will be sent to your iPhone.
+It might be a dog door, or someone might go where they shouldn't, like my brother going into my sister's room.
+You can imagine many things about it.
+Well, here's something - a 3D printer.
+This is another tool that really gets attention. Really, really interesting.
+It's a makerbot.
+There is also an industrial version of this that costs around $20,000.
+They developed a kit version for $750. That means hobbyists and ordinary people can get their hands on this and start playing with 3D printers.
+Now I don't know what they want to do with it, but I'm going to figure it out.
+The only way to know is to actually pick it up and play with it.
+One of the coolest things is that Makerbot has upgraded some new brackets for their boxes.
+I printed out the brackets and replaced the old brackets with the new brackets.
+Isn't that cool?
+So manufacturers collect technology from all around us.
+This is a radar speed detector developed from Hot Wheels toys.
+And they do funny things.
+They're actually creating new territories and exploring territories that you might just think -- the military is developing drones -- well, the community of people building autonomous planes and vehicles. There's a whole -- something that you can program it to fly on your own, without sticks or whatever, and figure out what path it's going.
+Fascinating work they do.
+I had a problem with space exploration, DIY space exploration.
+This is perhaps the best time in human history to love space.
+For around $8,000 you can build your own satellite and launch it into space.
+Think about how much money and how many years it took NASA to launch a satellite into space.
+In fact, they're actually working for NASA trying to be pioneers who can use off-the-shelf components -- unspecialized and cheap -- to put together and send into space.
+Manufacturers are the source of innovation, and I think this has something to do with the birth of the personal computer industry.
+Steve Wozniak. where did he learn about computers?
+It's the Homebrew Computer Club -- just like a hackerspace.
+And he said, "I could go there all day and talk to people and share ideas for free."
+Well, he did a little better than his free.
+But it's important to understand that much of the origin of our industry, even Henry Ford, came from this idea of ​​playing in groups and solving things.
+If you haven't already convinced me that you're a maker, our next generation should be a maker, and children especially will be controlling this physical world, using microcontrollers, etc. Build a robot.
+And we have to bring this into our schools and communities in many ways. It is the ability to tinker, shape and reconstruct the world around us.
+Today is a great opportunity - and that's what I really care about most.
+The answer to the question, what does America build?
+It's more manufacturers.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Today we have a discussion that might seem a little outlandish. It's the end of social media and gender.
+Let's connect the dots.
+My point today is that the social media applications we all know and love, or love to hate, are actually liberating us from the absurd assumptions we hold about gender as a society. is.
+I think social media can actually help dismantle some of the stupid and demeaning stereotypes we see in media and advertising about gender.
+What you may not be aware of is that our media environment generally presents us with a very distorted mirror of our lives and our gender, but I think that will change.
+Most media companies today use very rigorous segmentation techniques to understand their audience, whether it's television, radio, publishing or games.
+It's old-fashioned demographics.
+They come up with these very restrictive labels to define us.
+Now, the funny thing is, media companies believe that if you fall into certain demographic categories, you're predictable in certain ways, that is, you have certain tastes, you like certain things. is what I believe to be.
+And the odd result of this is that most of our popular culture is actually based on these assumptions about our demographics.
+Age Group Statistics: The 18- to 49-year-old protesters have dominated every mass media show in the country since the 1960s, when baby boomers were still young.
+That demographic is now aging, but it's still true that major rating agencies like Neilson don't consider TV viewers over the age of 54.
+In our media environment, it seems they don't even exist.
+Now, if you watch "Mad Men" as I do -- it's a popular TV show in America -- Dr. Faye Miller does what's called psychographics. First devised in the 1960s, it creates a complex psychological profile of humans. consumer.
+But psychographics hasn't really made a big impact on the media business.
+It's really just basic demographics.
+So I'm at the Norman Lear Center at the University of Southern California. Over the past seven or eight years, I have done a lot of research on demographics and how they affect media and entertainment nationally and internationally.
+Over the last three years, we've been looking specifically at social media to see what's changed. And I discovered some very interesting things.
+All people who join social media networks belong to the same old demographic categories that media companies and advertisers have used to understand them.
+But online networking tools make it much easier to escape some of the demographic boxes, making those categories even more irrelevant than they once were.
+We are very free to connect with people online and redefine ourselves.
+And we can easily lie about our age online, too.
+You can also connect with people based on very specific interests.
+You don't need a media company to help you with this.
+So traditional media companies are understandably paying close attention to these online communities.
+They know this is the mass audience of the future. they need to understand it.
+But they're still trying to tap into demographics to understand demographics, and they're having a hard time doing that because advertising rates are still demographically determined.
+When they monitor your clickstream, and I know you are too, they have a very hard time figuring out your age, gender and income.
+They can make some educated guesses.
+But they get more information about what you do online, what you like, and what interests you.
+It's easier than knowing who you are.
+It's still creepy, but there are benefits to having your tastes monitored.
+Suddenly, our preferences are being respected like never before.
+has long been envisioned.
+So when you observe how people are aggregated online, they are not aggregated around age, gender or income.
+They gather around what they love and like. If you think about it, shared interests and values ​​are much more powerful human collectives than demographic categories.
+I want to know if you like "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" more than how old you are.
+Then you will know more about you.
+Well, I discovered one more thing about social media that is actually quite surprising.
+It turns out that it is women who are really driving the social media revolution.
+Statistics (and these are global statistics) show that women actually use more social networking technologies than men in every age category.
+And when you look at the amount of time spent on these sites, they're exactly the ones that dominate the social media space, a space that has had a huge impact on old media.
+The question is, how does this affect our culture and what does it mean for women?
+If social media dominates old media and women dominate social media, does that mean women will take over global media?
+Will we suddenly see more female characters in cartoons, games, TV shows, etc.?
+Will the next big-budget blockbuster actually be a chick movie?
+Is it possible that our media landscape suddenly becomes a feminist landscape?
+Well, I don't think that's actually the case.
+I think media companies will hire more women because they recognize that women are important to their business. I also think women will continue to dominate in the social media space.
+But in practice, ironically, women are more likely to choose cheesy genre categories like "chick movies" and all other genre categories based on the premise that certain demographic groups like certain things. I think you will be responsible for driving stakes in the center. Hispanics like certain things, young people like certain things.
+This is too simplistic.
+The future entertainment media we see will be very data-driven. And it will be informed by what we see from online taste communities where women are actually driving action.
+So you may be wondering why it's important to know what entertains people.
+Why should I know this?
+Of course, old media companies and advertisers need to know this.
+But my point is that if we want to understand the global village, we need to know what they are passionate about, what they are interested in, and what they choose to do in their free time. that it would be good to
+This is a very important thing to know about people.
+I have spent most of my professional life studying media and entertainment and their impact on people's lives.
+And I do it not just because it's fun (it's really fun), but because entertainment and play have a big impact on people's lives, like political impact. This is also because our research has repeatedly shown that About faith and health.
+So if you're interested in understanding the world, observing how people are having fun is a very good way to start.
+So imagine a media atmosphere not dominated by petty stereotypes about gender and other demographic traits.
+Can you imagine what that would be like?
+Can't wait to see what it will be like.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+An African proverb says, "The lion's tale is never known as long as the hunter tells it."
+Deciphering the politics of racial threats in America requires more racial literacy than racial conversations.
+The key to this literacy is a truth that is forgotten the more we understand that cultural differences are the power to heal centuries of racism, dehumanization and disease.
+Both of my parents were African American.
+My father was born in South Delaware and my mother in North Philadelphia. These two locations are as different from each other as East and West are. Just like New York City is in Montgomery, Alabama.
+My father's way of dealing with racial conflict was to have my brother Brian, my sister Christie, and I attend church almost 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
+(Laughter.) He believed that if someone annoyed us because of the color of our skin, we should pray for them, knowing that God would get them back in the end. .
+(Laughter) His approach to racial issues, like Martin Luther King Jr. later, could be described as spiritual.
+My mother's approach was a little different.
+She was, uh, more relatable, I would say, right in front of you, right now.
+More like Malcolm X.
+(Laughter) She grew up in an area where racial violence and segregation existed, was kicked out of the area, and used violence to force other people out of her area.
+When she came to southern Delaware, she thought she was in a foreign country.
+She didn't understand anyone. In particular, they failed to understand the minority of blacks and browns who show both physical and verbal respect in front of white people.
+not my mother
+Whenever she wanted to go somewhere, she walked.
+She didn't care what you were thinking.
+And she pissed off many with her cultural style.
+Before we entered the supermarket, she told us, "Don't ask for anything, don't touch anything."
+do you know what i'm talking about?
+I don't care if all the other kids are climbing walls.
+they are not my children
+do you know what i'm talking about? "
+In three-part harmony, "Yes, mother."
+The story was all we needed before we entered the supermarket.
+Well, how many of you have heard this story?
+How many people have you had a story like this with?
+(Laughter) How many people have you talked to like this today?
+My mother didn't talk to us because she was worried about money, reputation, or our misbehavior.
+We never cheated.
+we were too scared
+We were in church 24/7.
+(Laughter.) She told us that story to remind us that there are people in the world who interpret that we behave badly just because we are black.
+Not all parents should worry about their children being misjudged based on skin color alone.
+So when we walk into the supermarket, people stare at us, staring at us as if we stole something.
+Occasionally, a sales person would get mad at our cultural style and do or say something, but that usually happened on the conveyor belt.
+And the worst thing they did was throw our food in a bag.
+And when that happened, it turned on.
+(Laughter) My mother started telling them who they were, who their family was, where they had to go and how fast they were going to get there.
+(Laughter) If it hadn't been for your mother's curse, you wouldn't be alive.
+(Laughter.) That person will be lying on the floor, writhing in utter rot and corruption, crying in a pool of racial shaming.
+(Laughter) Well, my parents were both Christians.
+The difference is that my father prayed before the conflict and my mother after.
+(Laughter) Both strategies have their time when used at the right time and in the right way.
+But it is never the time. There are times of reconciliation and times of confrontation, but not when we are frozen like deer in the headlights, not when we vent our careless, thoughtless anger.
+The lesson to be learned from this is that sometimes you have to know how to pray, think, process and prepare when it comes to race relations.
+Also, sometimes you need to know how to push or how to do something.
+And, unfortunately, neither of these two skills—preparing and driving—are prevalent in today's society.
+Neuroscience studies show that when we are racially threatened, our brains lock down, dehumanizing blacks and browns.
+Our brains imagine children and adults to be older, bigger, and closer than they really are.
+When we are at our worst, we convince ourselves that they don't deserve our love and protection.
+At the Racial Empowerment Collaborative, we know that some of the scariest moments are racial encounters, some of the scariest moments people will ever face.
+Just look at the police clashes that have unjustly killed mostly Native Americans and African Americans in this country, and they lasted about two minutes.
+Within 60 seconds, our brains are on lockdown.
+And when we are not ready, we overreact.
+At most it will shut down.
+Worst of all, we shoot first and don't ask questions.
+Imagine if you could reduce the intensity of the threat within those 60 seconds and keep your brain from going into lockdown.
+Imagine how many kids can get home from school or 7-Eleven without being expelled or shot.
+Imagine how many mothers and fathers don't have to cry.
+Interracial interaction helps young people negotiate 60-second encounters, but it takes more than small talk.
+It requires racial literacy.
+So how do parents engage in these conversations, and what is racial literacy?
+Thank you for asking.
+(Laughter) Racial literacy includes the ability to read, reinterpret, and resolve racially stressful encounters.
+Reading involves recognizing when moments of racism occur and noticing our stress response to them.
+Recast involves embracing mindfulness, shrinking our interpretation of this momentary tsunami, and reducing it to the experience of climbing. It's about turning an impossible situation into a much more doable and challenging situation.
+Solving racially stressful encounters requires being able to make sound decisions, not underreact by saying "I didn't care" or overreact by exaggerating the moment. .
+Now we can teach parents and children how to read, recast, and solve using the “calculate, find, communicate, breathe, exhale” mindfulness strategy.
+stay with me.
+"Calculate" asks, "How am I feeling right now and how strong is it on a scale of 1 to 10?"
+"Locate" asks "Where do you feel on your body?"
+And let's be specific, as a Native American girl at a fifth grade school in Chicago told me. "I'm the only Native American, so I get angry at 9 o'clock.
+And I can feel it in my stomach, like a flock of butterflies fighting each other, so much that they fly down my throat and choke me. "
+The more detail you have, the easier it will be to reduce it.
+In "Communicate", ask "What kind of soliloquy and what kind of image is floating in your head?"
+If you really need help, try slowly inhaling and exhaling.
+With the help of many colleagues at the Racial Empowerment Collaborative, we are using instant stress relief in several research and therapeutic projects.
+One of the projects is to use basketball to help control the emotions of young people who explode on the court for 60 seconds.
+Another project, with the help of my colleagues Loretta and John Jemmott, leverages African-American barbershop cultural styles. It trains black barbers as health educators in two areas. One is to safely reduce sexual risk in relationships with partners. the other is to stop retaliatory violence.
+What's cool is that barbers are using that cultural style to offer this health education to men aged 18 to 24 while cutting their hair.
+Another project teaches teachers how to read, paraphrase, and resolve stressful classroom moments.
+And the final project teaches parents and children separately to understand racial trauma, then brings them together to solve everyday microaggression problems.
+Now, racial literacy conversations with children can be healing, but it takes practice.
+And I'm sure some of you are saying, "Practice?"
+training?
+Are you talking about practice? "
+Yes, we are talking about practice.
+i have two sons.
+The oldest son, Brian, is 26, and the youngest, Julian, is 12.
+And there is no time to talk about how it happened.
+(Laughter) But when I think of them, I worry every day that they are still babies to me and that the world will misjudge them.
+In August of 2013, Julian, then 8, and I were folding laundry, which in itself was so unusual that you should have known something strange was about to happen.
+The television shows Trayvon Martin's parents, crying over the acquittal of George Zimmerman.
+And Julian was glued to the TV.
+He asked thousands of questions and I was unprepared.
+He wanted to know why. Why would an adult stalk, hunt down, and kill an unarmed 17-year-old boy?
+And I didn't know what to say.
+The best words that came out of my mouth were, "Julian, sometimes in this world there are people who look down on blacks and browns and don't treat them -- kids the same -- treat them like that. Don't treat me like a human being." "
+He interpreted the whole situation as sad.
+(Narration) Julian Stevenson: That's sad.
+"We don't care. You're not our kind."
+HS: Yes.
+JS: It's like, "We're better than you."
+HS: Yes.
+JS: "And there's nothing you can do about it.
+If you scare me or do something like that I will shoot you because I am scared. "
+HS: That's right.
+But if someone is stalking you -- JS: It's not the same for other people.
+HS: No, it's not always the same. Be careful.
+JS: Yes, because people can look down on you.
+HS: That's right.
+JS: And think to yourself, "You don't see it, you don't see it..."
+It's like saying, "I think I have the right to disrespect you because you don't look right."
+HS: Yes, we call it racism.
+And we call it racism, Julian, yeah, some people, other people, wearing a hoodie doesn't do anything to them.
+But that could happen to you and Trayvon, which is why Daddy wants you to be safe.
+(Narration) HS: So,- JS: So when you said "the others," you meant like if Trayvon was white, well, he wouldn't be disrespected like that. mosquito?
+HS: Yes, Julian, when I said 'other people' you were referring to white people, right?
+It was very awkward at first, but once I started to get into the rhythm and the mood, I started talking about stereotypes and discrimination issues, and just as I was starting to feel better, Julien interrupted me.
+(Narration) HS: ...it's dangerous, or you're a criminal because you're black and you're a child or a boy -- it's not, it doesn't matter who did it.
+JS: Dad, we have to stop there.
+HS: What?
+JS: Remember when we were...
+HS: So he interrupted me to tell me a story about being racially threatened by two adult white men in a pool with a friend. His mother also admitted it.
+And I was happy he could talk about it. I felt like he understood that.
+We moved away from the grief of Trayvon's parents and started talking about George Zimmerman's parents. I read in a magazine that condoned Trayvon's stalking.
+And Julian's response to me was priceless.
+I felt like he understood that.
+(narration) JS: What did they say about him?
+HS: Well, I think they basically felt that he was justified in following and stalking -- JS: What do you mean -- ?
+HS: No, I don't think so.
+JS: That's -- one minute.
+So they're saying he has the right to tail a black kid, fight him, shoot him?
+HS: I started to lose it as Julian came to understand.
+Because, in my mind's eye, I was thinking, "What if my Julian or Brian was Trayvon?"
+I calculated my anger as 10.
+I noticed that my right leg was shaking uncontrollably as if running.
+And in my mind's eye I saw someone chasing Julian and I was chasing them.
+And the only thing that would come out of my mouth was if anyone would try to annoy my child...
+(Narration) HS: If someone tries to embarrass my child...
+Hmm, hmm, hmm.
+JS: What will happen?
+HS: Well, you should run away.
+JS: What? HS: I'll go get it.
+JS: Do you understand? (laughs) HS: I'll take it. JS: Really?
+HS: Oh yeah.
+JS: Then they might have a weapon and they will get you.
+HS: Well, I'm going to call the police as well.
+But I feel like I want to get it.
+But you can't. That's right, you can't just chase people.
+JS: They can be armed.
+HS: Yes, that's right. I agree.
+I feel like chasing you.
+JS: And they could be the military or something.
+HS: I know -- I'm messing with my son and I feel like I want to go get them.
+I don't like it.
+JS: Hmm...
+HS: But you're right. Be careful.
+And, uhm, you have to watch out.
+I don't know what crazy people think of you.
+Just as Daddy believes you are beautiful and handsome, just as Mama believes you are beautiful, handsome and smart, so long as you believe yourself to be beautiful.
+And you deserve to be on this earth as happy, beautiful, and smart as you want to be.
+You can do whatever you want, baby
+HS: Racial socialization is not just what parents teach their children.
+It is also how children respond to their parents' teachings.
+Is my child ready?
+Will they be able to recognize a racial elephant when it appears in the room?
+Can they translate the tsunami interpretation into a no-fail mountaineering adventure?
+Can they make a sound and fair decision within 60 seconds?
+Can you do it?
+you can?
+Yes, I can.
+If we learn how to count, locate, communicate, breathe and exhale in our most threatening moments, when we face our lower selves, we can build healthier relationships centered around race.
+Considering the centuries of racial rage boiling in all of our bodies, minds and souls, anything that affects our bodies, minds and souls has an impact on our health. Give - maybe we can do gun control for the mind.
+What I want is what all parents want for their children when we are not around: affection and protection.
+When police and teachers see my children, I want them to imagine their children. Because I believe that if you see our children as your own, you will not shoot them.
+With racial literacy and, yes, practice, we can decipher racial trauma from our stories, and our healing happens in stories.
+But we must never forget that cultural differences are full of love and protection, and always remember that the lion's tale is never known as long as the hunter tells it.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Running: It's basically right, left, right, left, right?
+I mean, we've been doing this for two million years, so it's kind of arrogant to think that I have something to say about something that worked better that wasn't said a long time ago. is.
+But, as I discovered, the great thing about running is that something weird always happens in this activity.
+Case in point: Anyone who watched the New York City Marathon a few months ago can guarantee you saw something no one had seen before.
+An Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu appeared at the starting line.
+she is 37 years old.
+She hadn't won a marathon of any kind in eight years and nearly died in childbirth a few months ago.
+Delartu Tulu had planned to retire and retire from the sport, but he decided to try the famous event, the New York City Marathon, for the last big payout while penniless.
+Bad news for Dellartu Tulu, however, several others had the same idea, including Olympic gold medalist and monster Paula Radcliffe, the fastest women's marathoner of all time.
+Paula Radcliffe is 10 minutes away from the men's world record and basically unbeatable.
+That's her competition.
+Guns go off, and—I mean, she's not even weak. She's kind of under the underdog.
+But the underdogs persevered, and 32 miles into the 26-mile race, Dellartu Tulu was leading the pack.
+Now, this is when something really strange happens.
+Paula Radcliffe, who is the only one sure to snatch the big paycheck from Dellartu Tul's underdog hands, suddenly grabs her leg and starts backing off.
+Everyone knows what to do in this situation, right?
+You give her teeth a quick crack with your elbow and blaze for the finish line.
+Derartu Tulu ruins the script.
+Instead of taking off, she stepped back, grabbed Paula Radcliffe and said, "Come on, come with me. You can do it."
+Unfortunately, Paula Radcliffe ends up doing just that.
+She's caught up with the lead group and is pushing towards the finish line.
+But then she backs off again.
+The second time, Derartu Tul grabs her and tries to pull her.
+And Paula Radcliffe said at that point, "It's over. Go."
+It's a great story and we all know how it ends.
+She lost her check, but went home with something bigger and more important.
+Except Derartu Tulu ruins the script again.
+Far from losing, she swept the lead group and won.
+Winning the New York City Marathon and going home with a big check.
+It's a heartwarming story, but dig a little deeper and you'll wonder what happened there.
+If one organism has two outliers, it's not a coincidence.
+If there are people in the race who are more competitive and more compassionate than everyone else, this is also no coincidence.
+You showed me a creature with webbed feet and gills. Somehow water is involved.
+People who have that kind of heart have something to do with it.
+And I think the answer lies in Mexico's Copper Canyon. There is a reclusive tribe called the Tarahumara Indians.
+Now, the Tarahumara are notable for three things.
+The first is that they have lived essentially unchanged for the past 400 years.
+When the Conquistadors arrived in North America, you had two options. Either fight back and engage, or take off.
+The Mayans and Aztecs became engaged, so the Mayans and Aztecs are almost non-existent.
+The Tarahumara had a different strategy.
+They took off and hid in this labyrinthine networked cobweb canyon called Copper Canyon.
+And they have essentially always remained the same since the 1600s.
+The second thing to note about the Tarahumara is that they are no longer running marathons as they enter their old age of 70-80. They are running a mega marathon.
+They're not running 42 miles, they're running 100 miles at a time, 150 miles at a time, and they obviously have no injuries or problems.
+One final note about Tarahumara is all the things we are going to talk about today, all the things we are trying to solve with all our technology and all our intelligence, heart disease, cholesterol, etc. is. cancer; crime, war and violence; Clinical depression, all these things, the Tarahumara don't know what you're talking about.
+They are free from all these modern ailments.
+So what does that have to do with anything?
+Again, we are talking about outliers. There must be some cause and effect.
+Well, a team of scientists from Harvard and the University of Utah are racking their brains to figure out what the Tarahumara have known all along.
+They are trying to solve the same kind of mysteries.
+And once again, a mystery within a mystery -- perhaps the key to Derartu Tulu and Tarahumara is shrouded in three other mysteries: Three things -- if there is an answer Come and take the mic, because no one knows the answer.
+If you know that, you are smarter than anyone on earth.
+Mystery number one is that two million years ago, the human brain exploded in size.
+Australopithecus had tiny little pea brains.
+Suddenly a human, Homo erectus, a large old melon head appears.
+Having a brain that size requires a concentrated source of caloric energy.
+In other words, early humans ate dead animals. Indisputably, it is a fact.
+The only problem is that the first bladed weapons appeared only about 200,000 years ago.
+So somehow, for almost two million years, we've been killing animals without weapons.
+Well, we are the weakest in the jungle, so we are not using our powers.
+All other animals are stronger, fanged, clawed, agile and faster than us.
+We think Usain Bolt is fast.
+Usain Bolt has been kicked in the butt by squirrels.
+We are not fast.
+It's an Olympic event. Release the squirrel and whoever catches it wins the gold medal.
+(Laughter.) So no weapons, no speed, no power, no fangs, no claws.
+How did we kill these animals? Mystery number one.
+Mystery #2: It's been a long time since women competed in the Olympics, but one thing about all female sprinters is remarkable. they are terrible.
+There are no fast women on the planet, nor have there ever been.
+The fastest woman ever to run a mile ran in 4 minutes and 15 seconds.
+Throw a stone and you might hit a high school boy who can run faster than 4:15.
+Somehow you guys are really late.
+But -- (Laughter) But you can't run the marathon I was talking about -- you're only allowed to run marathons for 20 years. Before the 1980s, medical science used to say that if a woman was 26 and tried to run, she would run. Miles -- Anyone know what happens when you try to run 26 miles?
+AUDIENCE: Her womb will be torn.
+Christopher McDougal: Yes, her womb will be torn.
+Torn reproductive organs.
+(laughs) Well, I've participated in a lot of marathons, but I haven't seen one yet...
+(Laughter) So it's only been 20 years since women were allowed to run marathons.
+That very short learning curve took me from a broken organ to the fact that I was 10 minutes away from the men's world record.
+Then go over 26 miles, a distance that even medical science says is lethal to humans--recall that Pheidipides died when he ran 26 miles--50 miles, 100 Once you hit the mile, suddenly it's a different game.
+Put runners like Ann Tolasson, Nicky Kimball, and Jen Shelton in a 50-mile or 100-mile race against anyone in the world and who wins is like a coin toss.
+A few years ago, Emily Baer signed up for a race called Hard Rock 100 that taught her everything there was to know about racing.
+You have 48 hours to complete this race.
+Well, Emily Baer finished 8th in the top 10 out of 500 runners, despite stopping at every aid station to breastfeed her baby during the race.
+(Laughter) And yet she beat 492 others.
+Final Mystery: Why Do Women Get Stronger at Longer Distances?
+The third mystery is this. The University of Utah began tracking the finish times of marathon runners.
+What they discovered is that once you start running marathons at age 19, you keep getting faster year after year until you peak at age 27.
+And then you succumb to the rigors of time.
+Then it slows down and eventually returns to the speed it was at 19.
+In other words, it takes about seven or eight years to reach its peak, then it gradually falls off the peak and eventually returns to the starting point.
+You might think it might take 8 years, maybe 10 years, or maybe 45 years to get back to the same speed.
+64-year-old men and women are running as fast as they were at 19.
+Now, stop coming up with other physical activities, but don't mention golf. It's really difficult (laughs). There, seniors are performing just as they did when they were teenagers.
+So there are these three mysteries.
+Is there a piece of the puzzle that solves all this?
+Whenever someone tries to look back at prehistory and give you a holistic answer, you have to be careful, because it's prehistory, so you can say whatever you want and get away with it. Because we can.
+But I submit this to you. Place one piece in the center of this jigsaw puzzle and suddenly everything begins to form a coherent picture.
+Why the Tarahumara do not fight and die of heart disease, why a poor Ethiopian woman named Derartu Tulu is the most compassionate but also the most competitive, why we were able to get food If you're wondering, perhaps it's because humans have evolved to think of themselves as the rulers of the universe, when in reality they're little more than a pack of hunting dogs.
+Perhaps we evolved as hunting herd animals.
+Because the only advantage we get in the wild is, again, not fangs or claws or speed. Because the only thing we're really good at is sweat.
+We are good at sweating and smelling.
+We can really sweat more than any other mammal on earth.
+But the benefit of that little social discomfort is the fact that we're very good at running long distances in the heat—the best people on the planet.
+After about five to six miles on a horse on a hot day, the horse has a choice. Either catch your breath or cool off.
+But it doesn't do both. we can.
+So what if we evolved as hunting pack animals?
+What if the only natural advantage we have in this world is the fact that we band together as a group and go out into the African savannah, catch an antelope, go out in a herd and run it to death?
+That's all we can do.
+I was able to run really far on hot days.
+Well, if that's true, then some other things must be true as well.
+The key to being part of a hunting pack is the word "pack".
+If you go out alone and try to chase an antelope, you can be sure there are two corpses in the savannah.
+You need a pack to put it all together.
+To understand which antelope you are going to catch, you need to get the 64- and 65-year-olds who have been in this business for a long time to understand.
+Those specialized trackers should be part of the pack.
+We need women and adolescents. Breastfeeding mothers and developing adolescents benefit most from animal protein in life.
+It doesn't make sense that there's an antelope dead over there and people 80 miles away trying to eat it.
+They should be part of the pack.
+You need a top-strength 27-year-old stud who's ready to drop a kill, and you need a teenager who's learning all there is to do with it.
+The pack remains together.
+Another thing that must be true is that this pack should not be materialistic.
+You can't carry junk while chasing an antelope.
+You can't be an angry crowd.
+You can't hold a grudge and say, "I'm not chasing his antelope."
+he pissed me off Let him chase his own antelope. "
+The herd must be able to swallow the ego, cooperate and unite.
+In other words, what you end up with is a culture very similar to the Tarahumara, a tribe that has remained unchanged since the Stone Age.
+Perhaps the Tarahumaras are doing exactly what we've all been doing for two million years, or that it's us in modern times who have kind of gone astray is really compelling. It's an argument.
+You know, we see running as this kind of alien, alien thing, a punishment we have to do for eating pizza the night before.
+But maybe not.
+Maybe we took advantage of this natural advantage and ruined it.
+We try to cash it. right?
+We can and package it and try to make it 'better' and then sell it to people.
+And what happened is they started making plush, cushioned things that can make running "better", called running shoes.
+The reason I'm personally mad about running shoes is because I've bought a million pairs and keep getting hurt.
+And if anyone here runs off, I think I've just had a conversation with Carol.
+We talked for two minutes backstage and she talked about plantar fasciitis.
+If you talk to a runner, we guarantee that within 30 seconds you'll be talking about an injury.
+So if humans evolved as runners, if it's an innate advantage for us, why are we so bad at it?
+Why do we keep getting hurt?
+What's interesting about running and running injuries is that running injuries are new in this day and age.
+Reading folklore and mythology, all kinds of myths, all kinds of epic stories, running is always associated with freedom and vitality, youthfulness and eternal vitality.
+It is only in our lifetime that running has been associated with fear and pain.
+Geronimo used to say, "My only friends are my feet. I trust only my legs."
+Because the Apache triathlon used to be about running 80 miles through the desert, fighting hand-to-hand, stealing tons of horses, and hitting leather to get home.
+Geronimo never said, "You know, Achilles heel, I'm tapering.
+I have to rest this week. "
+Or, "I have to cross-train. I don't do yoga. I'm not ready."
+(Laughter) Humans were running and running all the time.
+I am here today. We have digital technology.
+All of our science comes from the fact that our ancestors were able to do amazing things every day, relying on their bare feet and legs to run long distances.
+The first thing I would suggest is get rid of all packaging, all sales, all marketing.
+Get rid of all those smelly running shoes.
+Stop focusing on urban marathons. Four hours sucks, but 3:59:59 is great because you've qualified for another race.
+We need to return to the sense of playfulness, joy and nudity that makes Tarahumara one of the most wholesome and serene cultures of our time.
+So what are the benefits? so what?
+But perhaps there is another advantage as well.
+Without going too far, imagine a world where everyone can get out and participate in more relaxed, calmer, healthier, stress-burning exercise. There we won't be back. Either you walk into the office a furious lunatic, or you go home with a lot of stress.
+Perhaps there is something between us today and what the Tarahumara used to be.
+I wouldn't say go back to Copper Canyon and live on maize and maize, the Tarahumara's favorite food, but it's probably somewhere in between.
+If you find it, maybe the big Nobel Prize is there.
+Because if someone could find a way to restore the natural abilities we all enjoyed for most of our lives until the 1970s or so, the benefits would be social, physical, political and spiritual. Because it can become something you should.
+What I'm seeing today is a growing subculture of barefoot runners, people who have taken their shoes off.
+And what they uniformly found is that when you get rid of your shoes, you get rid of stress and get rid of injuries and illnesses.
+And what you discover is that the Tarahumara have known for a very long time and this is a lot of fun.
+I myself have experienced it personally.
+I was injured all my life. Then, in my early 40s, I gave up shoes and cured my running ailment.
+So I hope it does us all a favor.
+Thank you very much.
+"What I Will" I won't dance to your war drums.
+I will lend neither my soul nor my bones to your military drums.
+I don't dance to that beat.
+I know that beat
+It is lifeless.
+I know you're hitting that skin all too well.
+Once alive, hunted, stolen and stretched.
+I will not dance to your roaring war.
+I won't pop, spin or break for you.
+I hate you and I don't hate you
+I won't kill for you
+Especially I will not die for you.
+I do not mourn the dead for murder or suicide.
+I won't stand by you or dance to the bombs just because everyone is dancing.
+Anyone can be wrong.
+Life is a right, not collateral or chance.
+I will never forget where I came from.
+Create your own drum.
+Gather my darlings near and our chants will dance.
+Our hum becomes the drum.
+I can't play
+I won't lend my name or rhythm to your beat.
+I dance and dance with resistance, I dance with tenacity.
+This heartbeat is greater than death.
+Your war drum is no louder than this breath. Ha.
+What happened to the people at TED? Let me hear you making noise.
+(Applause) A group of pacifists.
+A chaotic yet pacifist.
+got it.
+I make a lot of mistakes lately.
+like a lot.
+So, I didn't know what to read today.
+He said he was preparing.
+What that means is getting your outfit ready, (laughs) ready with your options, and trying to figure out if you're going to come back and go forward.
+Poetry makes it happen.
+It prepares you. it's aimed at you
+Now, let me recite the poem that you have just chosen.
+But I want you to sit down for 10 minutes and hold a woman who isn't here.
+Embrace her with you now.
+You don't have to say her name out loud, just give her a hug.
+are you holding her
+This is "de-clustering".
+All sacred history was banned.
+The unwritten book predicted the future and projected the past.
+But my mind is thinking about the seemingly endless human creative violence.
+whose son is that?
+Which boy will die on the new day?
+The death of our boys activates.
+We cherish corpses.
+We grieve women, but it's complicated.
+Bitches are beaten every day.
+Profit was obtained, but the prophet was ignored.
+Childhood of war and teeth, enamel salted lemons.
+All colors work, but none of us are solid.
+Don't look for shadows behind me I carry it inside.
+I live in a cycle of light and dark.
+The rhythm is half silent.
+I know now that I was never one or the other.
+Sickness, health, gentle violence.
+Now that I think about it, I was never pure.
+Before Form I was stormy, blind and ignorant - still am.
+Humans have blinded themselves and infected themselves with malignancy.
+I was never pure.
+A girl who gets spoiled before she matures.
+In language I can't count.
+I experience exponentially.
+Everything is everything.
+A woman lost 15 family members, perhaps 20.
+One woman loses six.
+One woman loses her head.
+A woman searches the rubble. There is a woman eating garbage.
+One woman was shot in the face. A woman shoots her husband.
+One woman is strapping herself.
+One woman gives birth to a baby.
+A woman creates a border.
+A woman no longer believes that love will find her.
+One woman never did.
+Where do the hearts of refugees go?
+I don't want to be broken, disrespected, put in a place I'm not from, or missed.
+Faced with absenteeism.
+We either mourn each one or it makes no sense at all.
+My spine curves in a spiral.
+A precipice that escapes to and from humans.
+Leftover cluster bombs.
+A de facto mine.
+Smoldering sadness.
+Harvest contaminated tobacco.
+Harvest bombs.
+Collect milk teeth.
+Harvest and smoke palm trees.
+Harvest Witness, smoke.
+determination, smoke.
+Salvation, smoke.
+Pay back, smoke.
+breath.
+Don't be afraid of what explodes.
+If absolutely necessary, fear the unexploded ordnance.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+What I thought I would do is start with a simple request.
+Poor wimp, I ask you to stop for a moment and reflect on your miserable existence.
+(Laughter.) Now, this was the advice St. Benedict gave to some rather surprised believers in the fifth century.
+It was advice I decided to follow when I turned 40.
+Up until that moment, I was the quintessential corporate warrior. I ate too much, drank too much, worked too much, and neglected my family.
+Then I decided to turn my life around.
+In particular, I decided to tackle the thorny issue of work-life balance.
+So I quit my job and spent a year at home with my wife and four young children.
+But all I learned about work-life balance that year was that I found it very easy to balance work and life when I wasn't working.
+(Laughter) It's not a very useful skill, especially when you're out of money.
+So I went back to work and spent the next seven years worrying, studying, and writing about work-life balance.
+There are four observations I would like to share with you today.
+The first is that honest discussion is needed if society is to make any progress on this issue.
+The problem is that so many people talk crap about work-life balance.
+All the discussion about flextime, dress-down Fridays, or parental leave simply obscures the core issue: certain job and career choices are fundamentally incompatible with meaningful day-to-day engagement with young families. .
+Now, the first step to solving any problem is recognizing the reality of your situation.
+And the reality of the society we live in is that thousands of people live quiet, screaming, desperate lives, working long hours and hard days in jobs they hate to buy things they don't buy. It means that You have to make a good impression on people you don't like.
+(Laughter) (Applause) My argument is that coming to work in jeans and a T-shirt on Friday misses the point.
+(Laughter) The second thing I would like to say is that we have to face the reality that governments and corporations will not solve this problem.
+We should stop looking outward.
+It is up to us as individuals to take control and responsibility for how we want to live our lives.
+If you don't design your life, someone else will design it for you, and you may just not like their idea of ​​balance.
+This is especially important. This is not on the World Wide Web, is it? I will be fired soon. It is especially important to never put your quality of life in the hands of commercial companies.
+Now, I'm not just talking about bad business here, what I call the "slaughterhouse of the human soul."
+(Laughter) I'm talking about all companies.
+Because commercial companies are inherently designed to get as much out of you as possible.
+it's in their nature. It's built into their DNA. That's what they do, even for good, well-intentioned companies.
+On the one hand, setting up childcare facilities at work is wonderful and enlightening.
+On the other hand, this is a nightmare. It just means you'll be spending more time in the bloody office.
+We must take responsibility for setting and enforcing the boundaries we want for our lives.
+A third observation is that we should be careful about the time frame we choose to determine balance.
+Before returning to work after a year of working from home, I sat down and wrote out step-by-step details of the ideal balanced day I wanted.
+And it went like this: Wake up well rested after a good night's sleep.
+please have sex
+Dog-walking.
+I have breakfast with my wife and children.
+Have sex again.
+(Laughter) I drop the kids off at school on my way to the office.
+Give me 3 hours of work.
+Play sports with friends at lunchtime.
+Please work for 3 more hours.
+Meet friends at the pub for an evening drink.
+Driving home with my wife and kids for dinner.
+Meditate for 30 minutes.
+please have sex
+Dog-walking. Have sex again.
+sleepy.
+(Applause.) How many times do you think there will be that day?
+(Laughter) We have to be realistic.
+You can't do everything in one day.
+We need to extend the criteria by which we judge life balance, but do so without falling into the “when I retire, my kids leave home, and when I retire, I have a life” trap. should be extended. My wife is divorcing me, my health is deteriorating, and I have no more friends or interested parties left. "
+(Laughter) A day is too short. "After retirement" is too long.
+There must be a middle way.
+Fourth Observation: You have to approach balance in a balanced way.
+Last year a friend came to see me--she didn't mind me telling this story--a friend came to see me last year and said, "Nigel, your I read a book.
+Then I realized that my life was completely out of balance.
+Completely dominated by work.
+I work 10 hours a day. I commute two hours a day.
+All my relationships have failed.
+I have nothing in my life but work.
+So I decided to take it easy and organize it.
+That's how I joined the gym. "
+(Laughter) I don't mean to mock you, but working healthy 10 hours a day in the office isn't all that balanced. Fits better.
+(Laughter) Physical exercise may be great, but there's more to life. There is also the intellectual side. There is also the emotional side. There is a spiritual side.
+And I think you need to pay attention to all these areas to keep your balance, not just doing 50 abdominal crunches.
+It can be daunting.
+'Cause people say, 'Fucking hell buddy, I don't have time to stay healthy.
+I want you to go to church and call my mother. "
+And I understand.
+I really understand how hard it can be.
+But an incident that happened a few years ago gave me a new perspective.
+My wife, who was somewhere in the audience today, called me into her office and said, "Nigel, I want you to pick up my youngest son, Harry, from school."
+She had to be somewhere else that night with her three other children.
+So I left work an hour early that afternoon and picked Harry up at the school gate.
+We walked to a local park and played swings and silly games.
+Then I walked him up the hill to a local cafe, we shared a pizza, then walked him down the hill to my house, bathed him and put him in his Batman pajamas. .
+Then I read to him a chapter from Roald Dahl's James and the Giant Peaches.
+Then I laid him on the bed, hugged him, kissed him on the forehead, said goodnight buddy and left the bedroom.
+As I was leaving his bedroom, he said, "Dad?" I said, "Yes, buddy?"
+He said, "Dad, today was the best day of my life."
+I wasn't doing anything, I wasn't taking him to Disney World or buying him a Playstation.
+My point here is that the little things matter.
+Better balance doesn't mean dramatic changes in your life.
+A minimal investment in the right place can radically change the quality of your relationships and your quality of life.
+Moreover, I think it can change society.
+Because if enough people do it, society's definition of success will shift from the stupidly simple notion that whoever has the most money at the time of their death wins, to what a fulfilling life looks like. Because we can turn it into a more thoughtful and balanced definition of what it is.
+And I think it's an idea worth spreading.
+(applause)
+I've been fascinated by the idea of ​​personal robots ever since I saw Star Wars for the first time as a kid.
+And as a little boy, I saw robots that interacted with us like helpful, trustworthy companions—robots that would please us, enrich our lives, and help save a galaxy or two. I loved the idea of
+I knew that such a robot didn't actually exist, but I wanted to make one.
+Twenty years later, I am now a graduate student in artificial intelligence at MIT. It's 1997 and NASA has just landed the first robot on Mars.
+But the irony is that robots are not yet in our homes.
+And I remember thinking about all the reasons why that happened.
+But one thing really struck me.
+Robotics was really about interacting with things, not people. Of course, it wasn't a social way that was natural to us and really helped people accept robots into their daily lives.
+For me it was blank. That's something robots haven't been able to do yet.
+That same year, I started building Kismet, the world's first social robot.
+Three years later, after doing a ton of programming and working with other graduate students in the lab, Kismet was ready to start interacting with people.
+(Video) Scientist: I have something to show you.
+Kismet: (nonsense) Scientist: This is the watch my girlfriend gave me.
+Kismet: (nonsense) Scientist: Yeah, look, it has a little blue light in it too.
+I almost lost this week.
+Cynthia Brizeal: So Kismet interacted with people who were like non-verbal children, or pre-language children. I think it was appropriate because this was the first of its kind exactly.
+I didn't speak the language, but that didn't matter.
+This little robot somehow managed to tap into something deeply social within us. And it promised a whole new way for us to interact with robots.
+So over the past few years I have continued to explore this interpersonal aspect of robotics and am currently continuing my research with an incredibly talented team of students at the Media Lab.
+One of my favorite robots is Leonardo.
+Leonardo developed it in collaboration with Stan Winston Studio.
+So I would like to show you a special moment of Leo for me.
+Here is Matt Berlin interacting with Leo and introducing him to new objects.
+And since it's new, Leos don't really know how to judge it.
+But just like us, he can actually learn about it by watching Matt's reaction.
+(Video) Matt Berlin: Hello Leo.
+Leo, it's Cookie Monster.
+Can you find the cookie monster?
+Leo, Cookie Monster is so bad.
+He's so bad, Leo.
+Cookie Monster is so bad.
+A terrifying monster.
+He wants your cookies.
+(laughs) CB: Okay. So Leo and Cookie may have had a bit of a rough start, but they get along very well now.
+What I've learned through building these systems is that robots are actually a very interesting social technology, and the ability to actually push our social buttons and interact with us like partners is what makes them work. is the core of
+And with that shift in thinking, we can now start imagining new questions and new possibilities for robots that we might not otherwise have thought of.
+But what does it mean to "press the social button"?
+One of the things we've learned is that when we design these robots to communicate with us using the same body language, they use the same kinds of non-verbal cues that humans use. That's it. For example, what our humanoid robot Nexi is doing here -- what we've discovered is that people respond to robots the same way they respond to humans.
+People use these cues to determine how compelling, likeable, attractive, and trustworthy someone is.
+I found the same thing with robots.
+Robots are actually proving to be a very interesting new scientific tool for understanding human behavior.
+To answer questions such as: How can we infer how trustworthy another person is from brief encounters?
+Mimicry is thought to play a role, but how does it happen?
+Is it important to imitate certain gestures?
+I found it very difficult to learn and understand this by observing people because all these cues are automatic when we interact.
+They are subconscious to us and cannot be carefully controlled.
+But robots can do it.
+And here's this video -- it's taken from David DeSteno's lab at Northeastern University.
+He is the psychologist we work with.
+In fact, there are scientists who carefully control Nexi's cues so that they can study this question.
+The bottom line is that the reason this works is because we found that humans behave like humans even when interacting with robots.
+With this important insight, we can now start imagining new kinds of applications for robots.
+For example, if robots could respond to human non-verbal cues, it would probably be a cool new communication technology.
+Please try to imagine. What about robot accessories for mobile phones?
+You call a friend and she puts the phone on the robot and bangs! You're a MeBot -- you can make eye contact, talk to friends, move around, and gesture -- maybe the next best thing to actually being there, or so is it?
+To explore this question, my student Siggy Adalgeirsson conducted a study in which human participants were invited into the lab and collaborated with remote collaborators.
+This task involved looking at a set of objects on a table, discussing their importance and relevance to performing a particular task, and then evaluating them in terms of their worth and value. rice field. They thought it was important.
+Remote collaborators were experimenters in our group who interacted with participants using one of three different technologies.
+At first it was just the screen.
+This is just like video conferencing today.
+Next was to add mobility. That was to put a screen on the mobile base.
+This kind of mirrors the situation for those familiar with today's telepresence robots.
+And the fully expressive MeBot.
+After the interaction, we asked them to rate the quality of their interaction with the technology through this technology with their remote collaborators in a variety of ways.
+We looked at psychological engagement - how empathetic did you feel towards the other person?
+We focused on overall engagement.
+We investigated their willingness to cooperate.
+This is what you see when using just the screen.
+I found that adding mobility, the ability to roll around the table, did a little more.
+Additionally, adding a full expression makes it even more effective.
+So it seems that this physical and social embodiment really makes a big difference.
+Now let's put this in a little context.
+Today, we know that families are living farther and farther apart, and that distance has a detrimental effect on family relationships and family ties.
+I have three young boys and I want them to have a really good relationship with their grandparents.
+But my parents live thousands of miles away, so I don't see them very often.
+We try Skype and phone, but my boys are still young and they don't want to talk too much. they want to play
+So I love the idea of ​​thinking of robots as a new kind of remote play technology.
+I imagine a time not too far from now. My mother will be able to access a computer, open a browser, and jack in a little robot.
+And as a granny bot, she can now play with my sons and grandchildren in the real world with his real toys.
+I can imagine grandmas being able to share all sorts of other activities in the house, such as social play with their granddaughters and friends, or sharing bedtime stories.
+And through this technology, we will be able to actively participate in our grandchildren's lives in ways that are not possible today.
+Consider other areas, such as health.
+This means that over 65 percent of people in the United States today are overweight or obese, and it's now a big problem for children, too.
+And I know that being obese when you are young can lead to chronic disease as you age, reducing quality of life as well as being a huge financial burden on the healthcare system. we know
+But if robots are attractive, if we want to work with them, if robots are persuasive, perhaps robots can help us maintain our diet and exercise program and help us manage our weight.
+It's like the digital Jiminy in the famous fairy tale. Kind of a friendly, supportive presence that is always there to help you make the right decisions at the right time and in the right way. healthy habits.
+So we actually tested this idea in the lab.
+This is a robot, Autom.
+Cory Kidd developed this robot for his PhD research.
+And it was designed as a robotic diet and exercise coach.
+It had some simple non-verbal skills that could be put into action.
+I may see you.
+You can share information while looking down at the screen.
+Use the screen interface to enter information such as how many calories you ate that day and how much you exercised.
+And it can help you track it down.
+The robot then spoke in a synthesized voice and engaged participants in coaching dialogues modeled on trainers, patients, and others.
+And through that dialogue, they will build a cooperative relationship with you.
+It helps you set goals, track your progress, and even helps keep you motivated.
+An interesting question is whether social embodiment really matters. Does it matter that it's a robot?
+Is it really only the quality of advice and information that matters?
+To explore this question, we conducted a study in the Boston area where people were given one of three interventions in their homes over several weeks.
+One case was the robot you saw there, Autom.
+The other was a computer running the same touch screen interface and running exactly the same dialogs.
+The quality of advice was the same.
+And the third was just a pen and paper record. Because this is a standard intervention that is usually done when starting a diet and exercise program.
+So one of the things we really wanted to find out was not how much people lost weight, but how long they actually interacted with the robot.
+Because the challenge isn't really to lose weight, it's to maintain it.
+And if we can stick with any of these interventions for a long time, that potentially indicates long-term success.
+So the first thing I want to look at is how long people have been interacting with these systems.
+It turns out that people interacted more with robots, even though the quality of advice was the same as with computers.
+When people were asked to rate robots in terms of the quality of their work alliances, people rated them higher and trusted them more.
+(Laughter.) And when you look at the emotional engagement, it was completely different.
+People will name robots.
+They dressed the robot.
+(Laughter) And even when we came to pick up the robot at the end of the study, they came out to the car and said goodbye to the robot.
+They didn't do this with a computer.
+The last thing I want to talk about today is the future of children's media.
+We know that today's children spend a lot of time behind screens, whether it's watching TV or playing computer games.
+My sons, they love screens. They love screens.
+But I want them to play. As a mother, I want my children to play in the real world.
+So, my group has a new project called Playtime Computing that I wanted to introduce to you today. This is a serious attempt to think about how the utterly compelling things of digital media can be literally brought from the screen into the real world of a child. , can take on many of the characteristics of real-world play.
+Here we have the first exploration of this idea where characters can be physical or virtual and digital content can literally fly off the screen into the world and back again.
+I like to think of this as the Ataripon of this mixed reality play.
+But we can take this idea even further.
+Hello -- (game) Nathan: Here we come. yay!
+CB: -- Is it possible that the characters themselves appear in your world?
+It turns out that children are very happy when the characters come to life and enter their world.
+And when it's in their world, they can relate to it and play it in a radically different way than they do on screen.
+Another key idea is the concept of character persistence across realities.
+Therefore, any changes children make in the real world should also be reflected in the virtual world.
+Here Nathan changed the letter A to the number 2.
+You can probably imagine that these symbols give the characters special powers when they enter the virtual world.
+So they are currently sending characters back to that world.
+And now it has the power of numbers.
+And finally, what I'm trying to do here is create a really immersive experience where kids really feel like they're part of that story, part of that experience.
+And I really want to spark their imaginations the way I sparked them when I was a little girl watching "Star Wars."
+But I would like to do more than that.
+I really want people to have that kind of experience.
+I want children to literally make these experiences their own through imagination.
+So we've been exploring a lot of ideas about telepresence and mixed reality to literally allow children to project their ideas into this space and allow other children to interact and build their ideas. I was.
+I really want to come up with new ways of children's media that encourage creativity, learning and innovation.
+I think that's very, very important.
+This is a new project.
+We've invited a lot of kids to this space and they think it's pretty cool.
+But let's face it, what they love most is robots.
+They are interested in robots.
+Robots touch the deepest human within us.
+And whether they're helping us be creative and innovative, or helping us feel more connected despite distance, or whether they're helping us Whether it's a trusted sidekick helping you achieve your personal goals of being the best and the best of you. , For me, robots are human beings.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hawa Abdi: For Somalia, for 20 years, a lot of people were fighting.
+So there was no work and no food.
+Most of the children became severely malnourished in this way.
+Deco Mohamed: As you know, in any civil war, women and children are the most affected.
+Our patients are women and children.
+And they are in our backyard.
+it's our home. we welcome them.
+It is now a camp that holds 90,000 people, 75 percent of whom are women and children.
+Pat Mitchell: And this is your hospital. Here is the inside.
+HA: People need help, so we do caesarean sections and different surgeries.
+There is no government to protect them.
+DM: Every morning, more or less, about 400 patients come to the hospital.
+However, there are cases where there are only 5 doctors and 16 nurses, and it is physically exhausting to see them all.
+But we accept serious ones and reschedule others for the next day.
+It is very difficult.
+And, as you can see, it is the woman who is carrying the child. Women come to the hospital. Women are building houses.
+That's their home.
+And we have school. This is our bright spot. We have opened an elementary school in the last two years. There are 850 children there, the majority of whom are women and girls.
+(Applause) Prime Minister: And doctors have some very big rules about who can get treatment at the clinic.
+Could you explain the rules of entry?
+HA: We welcome people who come to us.
+We share with them everything we have.
+However, there are only two rules.
+First Rule: There are no clan divisions or political divisions in Somali society.
+[Anyone] can make what we throw away.
+The second is that no one can beat his own wife.
+If he loses, we will put him in jail and call the elders.
+We will never release him until they identify this case.
+Those are our two rules.
+(Applause.) Another thing I've realized is that women are the strongest people in the world.
+Because in the last 20 years, Somali women have stood up.
+They are leaders and we are also leaders in our communities and hope for future generations.
+We are not just helpless victims of civil war.
+we can reconcile.
+we can do anything
+(Applause) DM: Like my mother said, we are the hope of the future, and the men are only killing people in Somalia.
+So we came up with these two rules.
+In a camp of 90,000 people, if we don't come up with some rules, there will be fights.
+Therefore, there is no clan division and no one can win against his wife.
+There is also a small storage room in a converted prison.
+So if you hit your wife, you will be there too.
+(Applause.) We are there for women to empower them and to give them opportunities. It's not just them.
+PM: You run a clinic.
+It brought much-needed medical care to those who could not get it.
+You also run civil society.
+You make your own rules and give women and children a different sense of security.
+Dr. Abdi, and Dr. Mohammed, tell me about your decision to work together, to become a doctor and work with mothers in this situation.
+HA: My age was born in 1947, so there was government, there was law, there was order.
+But one day I went to the hospital - my mother was sick - and saw how the hospital was treating doctors and going to great lengths to help sick people. bottom.
+I admired them and decided to become a doctor.
+Unfortunately my mother died when I was 12 years old.
+Then my father allowed me to move forward with hope.
+My mother passed away from gynecological complications. Therefore, I decided to become a gynecologist.
+That's why I became a doctor.
+So Dr. Deco has to explain.
+DM: In my case, my mother encouraged me to become a doctor when I was a child, but I really didn't want to be a doctor.
+Maybe I should be a historian, or maybe a reporter.
+I loved it, but it didn't work.
+When the war, the civil war, broke out, I learned how my mother was helping, how much she needed help, and what care was available for women in Somalia to help women and children as a female doctor. I know how essential it is.
+And I thought maybe I could be a reporter or a gynecologist.
+(Laughter.) So I went to Russia, and my mother also went to Russia during the Soviet era.
+So part of our character probably comes with heavy Soviet training.
+So I decided to do the same.
+My sister was different.
+she is here She is also a doctor.
+She also graduated in Russia.
+(Applause.) And going back to work with my mother is exactly what we saw in the civil war -- I was 16 and my sister was 11 when the war broke out.
+It was that need and people that we saw in the early 90s. That's what inspired us to come back and work for them.
+PM: So what is the biggest challenge for mothers and daughters working in such dangerous and sometimes scary conditions?
+HA: Yes, I worked in very dangerous and demanding conditions.
+And when I saw people in need of me, I was there to help them because there was something I could do for them.
+Most fled the country.
+But I was trying to stay with those people and do something -- even the little things that [can] be done.
+I succeeded on my behalf.
+Now my place is 90,000 people who respect each other and don't fight.
+But we stand on our own feet and try to do something small for people.
+I am also grateful for my daughters.
+When they come to me, they help me treat and help people.
+they do everything for themselves.
+They did what I wanted them to do.
+PM: What was the best thing about working with your mom, and what was the hardest thing for you?
+DM: She's very tough. it is the most difficult.
+She always expects us to be able to do more.
+And really, when you think you can't do it, she will push you back and I can do it.
+That's the best part.
+She teaches us, trains us, teaches us how to become better people, and teaches us how to do lengthy surgeries. We take in 300 patients a day, perform 10, 20 surgeries and still have to manage the camp. That's how she does it. train us
+This is not a beautiful office. I have 20 patients and I am tired.
+300 patients, 20 surgeries, 90,000 people to manage.
+PM: But there are good reasons for doing it.
+(Applause.) Wait. hang on.
+H: Thank you.
+DM: Thank you.
+(Applause) Ha: Thank you. DM: Thank you.
+I would like to start with some simple examples.
+These are the spinneret glands in the spider's abdomen.
+They produce six different types of silk, which they spun into fibers that are stronger than any fiber mankind has ever made.
+The closest we have is aramid fiber.
+And making that happen involves extreme temperatures, extreme pressures, and tons of pollution.
+Still, spiders can do it under ambient temperature and pressure, using fly carcasses and water as raw materials.
+It suggests that we still have a little more to learn.
+This beetle can sense forest fires 80 kilometers away.
+This corresponds to about 10,000 times the reach of an artificial fire detector.
+Plus, this guy doesn't have to run wires to power plants that burn fossil fuels.
+So these two examples show what biomimicry can achieve.
+If we could learn to make things and do things the way nature does, we could save 10, 100, or even 1,000 times the amount of resources and energy we use.
+And I believe there are three really big changes that need to happen if we want to move the sustainability revolution forward.
+The first is a significant improvement in resource efficiency.
+Second, the shift from linear, wasteful, and polluting resource usage to a closed-loop model.
+And third, the shift from a fossil fuel economy to a solar economy.
+And for all three, I believe biomimicry has many of the solutions we need.
+Nature can be thought of as a catalog of products, all benefiting from 3.8 billion years of research and development.
+And given that level of investment, it makes sense to use it.
+So let me tell you about some projects that explored these ideas.
+And let's start with fundamental improvements in resource efficiency.
+When we were working on the Eden project, we had to create a very large greenhouse on a site that was not only irregular but constantly changing due to ongoing mining.
+It was a daunting challenge, but it was the examples in biology that really provided a lot of the clues.
+For example, soap bubbles helped generate building shapes that worked regardless of the final ground level.
+Studying pollen grains, radiolarian and carbon molecules allowed us to devise the most efficient structural solutions using hexagons and pentagons.
+The next move was to try to maximize the size of these hexagons.
+To do that, we had to find an alternative to glass, but the unit size of glass was very limited.
+And nature is full of examples of highly efficient structures based on pressurized membranes.
+So we started researching this material called ETFE.
+A high-strength polymer.
+Put it together in 3 layers, weld around the edges, then air it up.
+And the great thing about this product is that it can be produced in units about seven times the size of glass and weighs only 1% of double glazing.
+That's a savings of 1/100.
+And what we found was a virtuous cycle where one breakthrough fueled another.
+A large, lightweight pillow like this uses significantly less steel.
+With less steel, we were able to capture more sunlight and not need to add extra heat in the winter.
+Also, the overall weight of the superstructure has been reduced, resulting in considerable savings in the base area.
+And at the end of the project, we found that the weight of that superstructure was actually lighter than the weight of the air inside the building.
+The Eden Project is therefore a pretty good example of how ideas from biology can lead to radical improvements in resource efficiency, providing the same functionality but with a fraction of the resource input. I think.
+And indeed, in nature there are many examples where similar solutions can be sought.
+For example, we can develop ultra-efficient roof structures based on giant Amazon water lilies, entire buildings inspired by abalone shells, and ultralight bridges inspired by plant cells.
+Here is a world of beauty and efficiency that can be explored using nature as a design tool.
+Now let's talk about the linear to closed loop idea.
+We tend to extract resources, transform them into short-lived products, and then dispose of them.
+Nature works quite differently.
+In an ecosystem, waste products from one organism become nutrients for something else in the system.
+There are also some examples of projects that intentionally tried to mimic the ecosystem.
+One of my favorites is called "Cardboard to Caviar Project" by Graham Wiles.
+And there were a lot of shops and restaurants in their area, which produced a lot of food, cardboard and plastic waste.
+It ended up in a landfill.
+Now, what's really clever is how they handled the cardboard waste.
+And I would like to speak through this animation.
+That's why they used to collect money from restaurants to get money.
+They then shredded the cardboard and sold it to equestrian centers as bedding for their horses.
+When it got dirty, they paid again to retrieve it.
+They put it in a worm recomposting system, produced a lot of worms, fed it to Siberian sturgeons, produced caviar and sold it to restaurants.
+So we turned the linear process into a closed-loop model and created more value from the process.
+Graham Wiles has continued to add more elements to this, turning waste streams into value-creating schemes.
+And just as natural systems tend to increase in diversity and resilience over time, there is a sense that the number of possibilities continues to grow with this project.
+I know this is a quirky example, but I think what this means is very fundamental. Because this suggests that waste, which is a big problem, can actually be turned into a big opportunity.
+Especially in cities, you can look at the whole urban metabolism and see it as an opportunity.
+And that's what we're doing with the next project I'm about to talk about, the Mobius project. The project seeks to bring together many activities all in one building so that the waste from one building can be reused. It becomes nourishment for others.
+The kind of elements I'm talking about are, firstly, a restaurant inside a productive greenhouse, similar to a restaurant in Amsterdam called De Kas.
+Next, we install an anaerobic digester that can process all biodegradable waste from the local area, converting it into heat for the greenhouse and electricity that feeds back into the power grid.
+Deploy a water treatment system that treats wastewater and turns it into fresh water, using only plants and microbes to generate energy from solid matter.
+Vegetable waste from the kitchen and worms from the compost feed the farm and supply the fish to the restaurant.
+There is also a coffee shop, from which waste grains can be used as substrate for growing mushrooms.
+You'll find it brings together the food, energy, water, and waste cycles all in one building.
+And I suggested this to a roundabout in central London for a little fun, but at the moment it's a complete eyesore.
+Some of you may know this.
+And with a little bit of planning, we can turn traffic-dominated spaces into open spaces, reconnect people and food, and turn waste into closed-loop opportunities.
+The last thing I would like to talk about is the Sahara Forest project that we are currently working on.
+It may surprise some to learn that a fairly large area of ​​what is now desert was in fact forested just a short time ago.
+For example, when Julius Caesar arrived in North Africa, vast areas of North Africa were covered with cedar and cypress forests.
+And during the evolution of life on Earth, it was the colonization of the land by plants that helped create the mild climate we enjoy today.
+The reverse is also true.
+The more vegetation lost, the worse climate change will likely lead to further desertification.
+This animation shows photosynthetic activity over the years. What you can see is that the boundaries of these deserts have changed considerably. This raises the question of whether the boundary conditions can be intervened to stop them. , or vice versa, desertification.
+And looking at some of the creatures that have evolved to live in the desert, there are some surprising examples of adaptations to water scarcity.
+This is a Namibian beetle that has evolved its own freshwater harvesting method in the desert.
+The way it works is that it emerges at night and crawls up to the crest of the dunes and has a matte black shell that radiates heat into the night sky, making it slightly cooler than its surroundings.
+So, when a moist wind blows from the sea, water droplets form on the beetle's shell.
+Just before sunrise, he tilts his shell, water runs down his mouth, drinks a good drink, leaves, and hides for the rest of the day.
+And the ingenuity goes even further.
+If you look closely at the beetle's shell, you'll see that it has many small protrusions.
+And those ridges are hydrophilic. they attract water.
+Between them is a wax finish that repels water.
+And the effect of this is that once the droplets start to form on the bump, they stay in a tight spherical bead and are much more mobile than if they were just a film of water covering the entire beetle shell. means .
+Therefore, even if there is only a small amount of moisture in the air, it can be collected and transported to the mouth very efficiently.
+A great example of adapting to an environment with very limited resources. In that sense, it's very relevant to the kinds of challenges we'll be facing over the next few years and decades.
+We are working with the man who invented the seawater greenhouse.
+This is a greenhouse designed for dry coastal areas, and the mechanism is that the entire wall is made up of evaporator grills, onto which seawater is dripped so that the wind blows through it and absorbs a large amount of moisture. cooled down. process.
+Therefore, the interior will be cooler and more humid, requiring less water for plant growth.
+And in the depths of the greenhouse, a large amount of moisture condenses as fresh water in virtually the same process as beetles.
+And what they found in the first seawater greenhouse they built was that it produced slightly more fresh water than the plants inside needed.
+So they just started spreading this over the surrounding land and the combination of that and the elevated humidity had a very dramatic effect on the local area.
+This photo was taken on the day of completion, but it looks like this exactly one year later.
+So it was like a green ink blot spreading from a building, like turning a barren land back into a biologically productive one. In that sense, we have gone beyond sustainable design to achieve restorative design.
+So we were keen to scale this up and apply biomimetic ideas to maximize the benefits.
+And when we think of nature, we often think of it all as competition.
+In practice, however, we are more likely to find examples of symbiotic relationships even in mature ecosystems.
+Therefore, a key principle of biomimicry is finding ways to integrate technology into symbiotic clusters.
+And the technology we've decided on as the ideal partner for our seawater greenhouse is concentrated photovoltaics, which uses solar-tracking mirrors to focus the sun's heat to generate electricity.
+To give you a taste of CSP's potential, imagine that we receive 10,000 times more energy from the sun each year than we consume from all forms, or 10,000 times more.
+So our energy problem is not insoluble.
+It's a challenge to our ingenuity.
+The kind of synergy I'm talking about is, firstly, both of these technologies work very well in the hot, sunny desert.
+CSP requires a supply of desalinated fresh water.
+That's exactly what a seawater greenhouse produces.
+CSP generates a lot of waste heat.
+All of this could be used to evaporate more sea water and increase its remedial effect.
+And finally, in the shade under the mirror you can grow all kinds of crops that do not grow in direct sunlight.
+This scheme looks like this:
+The idea is to create a long hedge in a greenhouse facing the wind.
+It would have concentrated solar power plants at intervals along the way.
+Some may wonder what happens when there is a lot of salt.
+And with biomimicry, when you have underutilized resources, you don't have to think, "How am I going to dispose of this?"
+Ask yourself, "What can I add to the system to create more value?"
+And it turns out that different things crystallize at different stages.
+When seawater evaporates, the first thing to crystallize is calcium carbonate.
+And it builds up in the evaporator, which is what you see in the image on the left, and it gradually gets covered with calcium carbonate.
+So after a while I was able to take it out and use it as a lightweight building block.
+If you think about the carbon in it, it would have flowed out of the atmosphere into the ocean and been trapped in buildings.
+Then there is sodium chloride.
+You can also compress it into building blocks, as we did here.
+This is a hotel in Bolivia.
+Then there are all sorts of compounds and elements that can be extracted, such as phosphates, that need to be put back into the desert soil to fertilize them.
+And sea water contains almost all the elements of the periodic table.
+Therefore, it should be possible to extract valuable elements such as lithium for high-performance batteries.
+Also, some seawater in the Arabian Gulf is steadily increasing in salinity due to waste brine discharges from desalination plants.
+And it's bringing ecosystems closer to collapse.
+All of the waste brine is now available.
+By evaporating it for a restorative effect and trapping salt, you can turn a pressing waste problem into a huge opportunity.
+In fact, the Sahara Forest Project is a model of how the most water-stressed regions of the planet can create zero-carbon food and abundant renewable energy to reverse desertification in specific areas. is.
+So, back to the big challenges I mentioned at the beginning: massive improvements in resource efficiency, closed loops, and the solar economy.
+They are not just possible. they are critical
+And I strongly believe that many solutions can be found by studying how nature solves problems.
+But perhaps most of all, what this mindset offers is a really positive way of talking about sustainable design.
+Many environmental stories use very negative language.
+But the key here is synergy, richness and optimization.
+And this is an important point.
+Antoine de Saint-Exupéry once said, "If you want to build a fleet, you can't sit and talk about carpentry.
+No, we need to kindle people's souls with visions of exploring distant shores. "
+That's what we have to do, so let's stay positive and move forward in the most exciting period of innovation we've ever seen.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(whistle) (end whistling) (applause) Thank you.
+(Thank you for applause.
+It was whistling.
+I am trying to do this in English.
+Who is the curly plump guy from Holland? why are you whistling?
+My father used to whistle around the house all the time, and he thought it was part of family communication.
+So I whistled with him too.
+And in fact, until I was 34, I was whistling to annoy and annoy people all the time. Because, to be honest, my whistling was some kind of deviant act.
+I whistled alone, whistled in the classroom, rode a bicycle and whistled, and whistled everywhere.
+And I even whistled at my Christmas Eve party with my in-laws.
+In my opinion they were playing terrible Christmas music.
+And when I hear music that I don't like, I try to make it better.
+(laughter) So, do you know what happened with Rudolf the Red-Nosed Reindeer?
+(Whistling) But sometimes it sounds like this.
+(whistling) But during the Christmas party--dinner, actually--it's very annoying.
+So my sister-in-law asked me several times to stop whistling.
+And I couldn't do it.
+And at one point I have to admit I was drinking wine, but at one point I said, 'If there was a contest, I'd be in it.
+And two weeks later, I got a text message saying, "You're going to America."
+(Laughter) So, okay, I'm going to America.
+I would love to, but why?
+She googled and found this world whistling championship in the USA of course.
+(Laughter) She didn't expect me to go there.
+And I would have lost my face.
+I don't know if that is correct English.
+But the Dutch people here will understand what I mean.
+(Laughs) My face has collapsed.
+(Applause.) And she thought, 'He'll never go there.'
+But I actually did.
+So I went to Lewisburg, North Carolina in the southeastern United States and entered the world of whistling.
+And in 2004, I also competed in the World Championships and won there.
+(Applause.) Of course it was a lot of fun.
+Then I decided to go back to 2005 to defend my title, just like judokas and athletes. And we won again.
+(Laughs) Then I couldn't participate for several years.
+Then in 2008 I went to Tokyo, Japan again and won again.
+So what happened is that I'm here on the big stage in the beautiful city of Rotterdam, talking about whistling.
+So I quit my day job as a nurse.
+(Applause.) And I'm trying to make my dream come true. In fact, it was never my dream, but I think it's very good.
+(laughter) OK, I'm not the only one whistling here.
+"Uh, what do you mean?" you say.
+Well, actually, you will be whistling along too.
+And the same thing happens all the time. People look at each other and think, "Oh my God."
+why? can i go? "
+(laughs) Actually, it's very simple.
+The song I whistle is called "Fête de la Belle".
+It is about 80 minutes long.
+(Laughter) No, no, no. It is 4 minutes long.
+And first I would like to rehearse the whistle with you.
+Yes, whistle with it.
+(whistling) (laughter) Sorry, I forgot one thing, you whistle the same as me.
+(Laughs) I heard a lot of different tones.
+(Helt Chatrow and audience whistling) (End whistling) This is very promising.
+(Laughter) This is very promising.
+Have the technician start the music.
+Once it starts I just point where you whistle and let's see what happens.
+(Laughter) Oh, I'm sorry, techies.
+(laughs) I'm used to it.
+(Laughs) I'll start with myself.
+(laughs) Yes, this is it.
+(laughter) (music) (whistling) (whistling ends) (music) OK.
+(Whistling) It's easy.
+(Whistling) Now the solo begins. I suggest you do it yourself, okay?
+(music) (whistling) (applause) Max Westermann: Geert Schatlow, whistling world champion.
+Geat Chatlow: Thank you. thank you.
+We are here to celebrate compassion.
+But from my point of view, compassion is problematic.
+The word "compassion" is as integral to our entire tradition as it is hollow in our culture, as many of us know it to be real in our particular lives. It's been politicized and questionable in my field of journalism.
+It can be seen as squishy Kumbaya or potentially depressing.
+Karen Armstrong told a symbolic episode in her speech in the Netherlands that the word "compassion" was later translated as "pity."
+Now, when compassion is in the news, too often it's a feel-good feature or sidebar about heroic people you'll never be like, or a happy ending or an example of self-sacrifice that seems too good to be true. appear in the form of most of the time.
+Our cultural imagination of compassion is undermined by an idealistic image.
+So what I want to do this morning for the next few minutes is to do a language revival.
+And I hope you'll join me in understanding the basic premise that words matter, and that words shape the way we understand ourselves, interpret the world, and treat others. is.
+When our country first encountered true diversity in the 1960s, we adopted tolerance as a core civic virtue to tackle it.
+Now, if you look up the word "tolerance" in the dictionary, it includes the meanings of "tolerate," "pamper," and "endure."
+In the medical context from which the word originates, it means testing the limits of growth in hostile environments.
+Tolerance is not really a living virtue. It is rather a cerebral rise.
+And they are too intelligent to galvanize their guts, hearts and actions when the going gets tough.
+And the situation is pretty tough right now.
+I probably can't name names, but I think we collectively have come as far as we can go as a virtue whose only guiding principle is tolerance.
+Mercy is worthy of a successor.
+It transcends our religious, spiritual, and ethical traditions while organically transcending them.
+Compassion is a vocabulary that has the potential to transform us if we are truly permeated with the standards we hold for ourselves and others in both private and public spaces.
+So what about three dimensions?
+What is its lineage and components?
+What is there in the world of virtues attached to it?
+First and foremost, I want to say that compassion is kind.
+"Kindness" may sound like a very soft word, but it tends to become a cliché in itself.
+But kindness is an everyday by-product of every great virtue.
+And it is the most enlightening form of instant gratification.
+Compassionate and curious.
+Compassion fosters and practices curiosity.
+I love the words that two young Los Angeles Interfaith Innovators, Aziza Hasan and Malka Fenivesi, gave me.
+They are committed to creating new imaginative ideas about the communal life of young Jews and Muslims, and in doing so foster what they call "unsupervised curiosity."
+Well, that would be a hotbed of compassion.
+Sympathy is sometimes synonymous with empathy.
+It can be associated with the more difficult tasks of forgiveness and reconciliation, but it can also be expressed in the simple act of being.
+It is associated with practical virtues such as generosity, hospitality and just being there, just showing up.
+I think compassion is often associated with beauty. And that means a willingness to see beauty in others, rather than just thinking about those who need help.
+I love how my Muslim conversation partners often talk about beauty as a core moral value.
+And from that point of view, for religious people, compassion takes us into the realm of mystery. It encourages us not only to see beauty, but perhaps to look for the face of God in moments of suffering or in the faces of strangers. , in the face of vibrant religious others.
+I don't know if I can show you what tolerance looks like, but I can show you what compassion looks like. because it is visible.
+When we see it, we recognize it and change the way we think about what is doable and what is possible.
+When we communicate a big idea, especially a big spiritual idea like compassion, we present it to others in space and time and in life and blood, the colors and complexities of life. Sometimes it is very important to let it take root.
+And compassion demands physicality.
+I started learning this most vividly from Matthew Sanford.
+If you look at this picture of him, you probably don't realize he's paralyzed.
+He was in a car accident when he was 13 and has been paralyzed from the waist down since his father and sister died.
+Matthew's legs become immobile and he can never walk again. And he experiences this as a "and" rather than a "but." And he experiences himself healed and made whole.
+And as a yoga teacher, he brings that experience to others across different realms of ability, disability, health, disease and aging.
+He says he's just on the extreme end of the spectrum we're all on.
+He is now doing a great job with veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan.
+And Matthew made this amazing observation, so I offer it to you and leave it at that.
+I can't fully explain it, and neither can he.
+But he says he has yet to see a man more aware of his body's frailty and its graces, and at the same time more compassionate towards all things in life.
+So is mercy.
+I'm Jean Vanier.
+Jean Vanier contributed to the establishment of the L'Arche community. The L'Arche community can now be found all over the world. This community is centered around living with people with a mental disorder, primarily Down syndrome.
+The community founded by Jean Vanier exudes kindness, as does Jean Vanier himself.
+“Tender” is also a word that I would like to revive over time.
+We spend a lot of time in this culture being ambitious and aggressive, and I spend a lot of time doing things like that.
+And so does compassion.
+But time and time again, living compassion brings us back to the wisdom of kindness.
+Jean Vanier says his work, like that of others, his great and beloved late friend Mother Teresa, was never meant to change the world. It is first of all to change yourself.
+He says that working with L'Arche is a symptom, not a solution.
+Compassion is rarely the solution, but it is always a sign of a deeper reality, a deeper human potential.
+And compassion is unlocked more and more broadly, never by statistics or strategies, but by signs and stories.
+We need them, but we also face their limits.
+And at the same time, I think we're rediscovering the power of storytelling. As humans, we need stories to survive, thrive, and change.
+Our traditions have always known this and that is why they have always nurtured a story at its core and kept it up to date for us.
+Of course, behind Judaism's key moral aspirations and commandments to mend the world is the story of Tikun Olam.
+And I will never forget the story I heard from Dr. Rachel Naomi Lehmen. Told me as her grandfather told her. Something happened at the beginning of creation, and the original light of the universe shattered into countless pieces. .
+It lodged as debris within every side of the creation.
+And man's highest mission is to seek this light, point to it when he sees it, collect it, and mend the world in doing so.
+Now, this may sound like a fantasy story.
+Some of my fellow journalists might interpret it that way.
+Rachel Naomi Lemen says this is an important and empowering story for our times. Because this story asserts that each of us, even if we are weak and flawed, even if we feel inadequate, have just what it takes to mend that part. It's from The world we can see and touch.
+Stories like this, signs like this are practical tools in a world desperate to bring compassion to the rich images of suffering that can overwhelm us.
+In training new doctors, Rachel Naomi Lehmen is actually putting compassion back into its rightful place alongside science in her field of medicine.
+And this trend that Rachel Naomi Lehmen is doing, how this kind of virtue finds a place in medical terminology, the research that Fred Ruskin is doing is that this is the most fascinating thing in the 21st century. I think it's one of those developments. - In fact, science is definitively removing virtues like compassion from the realm of idealism.
+I believe this will change science and change religion.
+But here's a face from 20th century science that might surprise you when discussing compassion.
+Everyone knows Albert Einstein, who invented E = mc2.
+We don't often hear of Einstein inviting the African-American opera singer Marian Anderson, who came to sing in Princeton, to his home. Because the best hotel there was segregated and wouldn't let her stay.
+We don't hear about Einstein using celebrities to defend European political prisoners, or the Scottsboro boys in the American South.
+Einstein deeply believed that science should transcend national and ethnic divides.
+But he saw physicists and chemists becoming suppliers of weapons of mass destruction in the early 20th century.
+He once said that his generation's science had become like a razor blade in the hands of a three-year-old.
+And Einstein foresaw that as we become more modern and technologically advanced, we will need more of the virtues that our tradition has inherited, not less.
+He loved to talk about the spiritual geniuses of his time.
+His favorites were Moses, Jesus, Buddha, Saint Francis of Assisi and Gandhi. He admired his contemporaries, Gandhi.
+And Einstein said - and I think that's another quote that doesn't live up to his legacy - "This kind of people are geniuses in the art of living, and are more important to human dignity, security, and joy." Humanity is more important than the discoverer of objective knowledge that is necessary. "
+Invoking Einstein may not seem like the best way to bring mercy to Earth and make it available to all the rest of us, but it really is.
+I would like to show you the rest of this picture. Because this picture is similar to what we do to the word "compassion" in our culture. We clean it, we dilute it to its depths and life foundations, but it is messy.
+In this photo you can see the mind looking out the window at what appears to be a cathedral, but it really isn't.
+This is a full-body picture, and you can see a middle-aged man wearing a leather jacket smoking a cigar.
+And by looking at those abs, you can tell he doesn't do enough yoga.
+We put these two photos side by side on our website, and one person said, "When you look at the first photo, you ask yourself what was he thinking?"
+And when he sees the second, he asks what kind of person he was. what kind of person is this? "
+Well he was complicated.
+He was incredibly sympathetic in some relationships, but woefully inept in others.
+And it is often much more difficult to have compassion for those closest to us. This is another attribute of the world of compassion, its darker side, and one that deserves our serious attention and enlightenment.
+Gandhi was also a truly flawed human being.
+So did Martin Luther King Jr., so did Dorothy Day.
+So did Mother Teresa.
+So are we.
+And what I mean is that it is liberating to follow Fred Ruskin's words and understand that it is not a hindrance to mercy. It's about making them human.
+Our culture is obsessed with perfection and obsessed with hiding problems.
+But indeed, how liberating it is to understand that our problems are perhaps the richest source for enhancing this ultimate virtue of compassion, bringing compassion to the suffering and joy of others. I guess.
+Rachel Naomi Lehmen became a better doctor thanks to her lifelong battle with Crohn's disease.
+Einstein became a humanitarian not because of his superior knowledge of space and time and matter, but because he was a Jew as Germany became fascist.
+And, Karen Armstrong, I think you would also say that some of the most traumatic experiences in monastic life led to the zigzag Charter of Mercy.
+Compassion cannot be reduced to a saint any more than sympathy can be reduced to mercy.
+So I would like to propose a final definition of compassion. By the way, this is Einstein and Paul Robson. That leads us to call compassion a spiritual technology.
+Our traditions now contain a vast amount of wisdom on this and we need them to unearth it now.
+But compassion is as rooted in the secular as it is in the religious.
+So I will end by paraphrasing Einstein's words, mankind, the future of mankind, which now unites us and presents before us the terrifying and wonderful possibility of actually becoming one mankind. I would like to say that we need this technology as much as we need all technology.
+(applause)
+I want you to see this baby
+You are attracted to her eyes and her skin that makes you want to touch it.
+But today we will talk about the invisible.
+what's going on in that little brain of hers.
+The latest tools of neuroscience are proving to us that what's going on there is none other than rocket science.
+And what we are learning will shed light on what romantic writers and poets have described as the “heavenly openness” of the child's mind.
+Here we see an Indian mother who speaks a newly discovered language, Koro.
+And she's talking to the baby
+What this mother, and the 800 Koro speakers around the world, understands is that to preserve this language, you need to speak it to your baby.
+And there lies a great mystery.
+Why can't I save language by talking to you, me, and adults?
+Well, it has to do with your brain.
+What we see here is that languages ​​have a critical period of learning.
+The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis.
+(Laughter) And then your skills in learning a second language are displayed vertically.
+Babies and children are geniuses until the age of seven, after which they systematically decline.
+After puberty, we are off the map.
+No scientist disputes this curve, but labs around the world are trying to figure out why it is.
+My laboratory research focuses on the first critical period of development. That's when babies try to learn which sounds are used in their language.
+By studying how sounds are learned, we can explore models of critical periods that may exist in childhood for the rest of language, and possibly for social, emotional, and cognitive development. I think you can get
+That's why we've been studying babies using technology that's used all over the world and the sounds of every language.
+The baby sits on the parent's lap and trains it to turn its head when the sound changes, such as from "ah" to "ee".
+If you do so at the right time, the black box will light up and the panda will beat the drum.
+My 6 month old loves this job.
+what have we learned?
+Well, babies around the world are what I like to describe as "world citizens".
+They can distinguish all sounds in all languages, regardless of the country they are testing in or the language they use. This is amazing because neither you nor I can do that.
+We are culture-bound listeners.
+We can distinguish the sounds of our own language, but not the sounds of foreign languages.
+That's where the question arises. When will the citizens of those worlds become language-bound listeners like us?
+And the answer is before the 1st birthday.
+Here we see the neck-turning when hearing the baby ``la'' and ``la'' (important for English, but not for Japanese) tested in Tokyo and the United States, here in Seattle task performance.
+That is, a 6-8 month old baby will be a complete equal.
+Two months later, the unbelievable happened.
+Babies in the United States are doing much better, while babies in Japan are doing much worse, but both groups of babies are precisely preparing for the language they are about to learn.
+So the question is, what's going on in these crucial two months?
+This is a critical time for healthy development, but what is going on there?
+So two things are happening.
+The first is that babies are listening to us intently and taking statistics while listening to us.
+So listen to two mothers who speak Mothers, the universal language they use to talk to their children, first in English and then in Japanese.
+(Video) Oh, I love your big blue eyes -- they're so beautiful and lovely.
+(English) Patricia Cool: What babies hear while they are making sounds is a statistic of the language they hear.
+And their distribution expands.
+And what we learned is that babies are sensitive to statistics, and Japanese and English statistics are very different.
+English has a lot of R's and L's.
+distribution shows.
+And Japanese has a completely different distribution, with a group of intermediate sounds known as the Japanese "R".
+Babies thus absorb the stats of language and change their brains. It transforms them from citizens of the world to culture-bound listeners like us.
+But we adults no longer absorb those statistics.
+We are governed by representations in memory that are formed early in our development.
+So what we're looking at here is a change in the model of what the critical period is.
+From a mathematical point of view, we argue that stable distributions can slow learning of language materials.
+Many questions arise about bilingual people.
+Bilinguals have to keep two sets of statistics in mind at the same time and switch between them one after another depending on who they are speaking to.
+So we asked ourselves if babies could make statistics on a whole new language.
+And we tested this by having American babies who had never heard a second language before hear Mandarin for the first time during the critical period.
+We tested the Mandarin sounds of monolinguals in Taipei and Seattle and found the same pattern.
+6-8 months is exactly the same.
+Two months later, the unbelievable happened.
+But Taiwanese babies are doing better than American babies.
+What we did was teach American babies Mandarin during this period.
+It was like a Mandarin relative visiting for a month, moving into your house and talking to your baby for 12 sessions.
+It was like this in the laboratory.
+(Mandarin) PK: So what have we done to their little brains?
+(laughter) I had to manage a control group to make sure that coming to the lab didn't improve my Chinese skills.
+So a group of babies came and listened to English.
+And from the graph, you can see that exposure to English did not improve Mandarin.
+But look what happened to babies exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions.
+They were as good as a Taiwanese baby who had been listening for 10 and a half months.
+What it demonstrated is that babies are taking statistics on their new language.
+They take stats no matter what you present in front of them.
+But we wondered what role humans play in this learning activity.
+So we conducted another baby group. In this group, children received the same doses and the same 12 sessions via television.
+And then there's another group of babies who only received audio and stared at the teddy bear on the screen.
+what have we done to their brains?
+Here are the audio results (no training at all) and video results (no training at all).
+It takes a human to take baby stats.
+The social brain controls when babies take stats.
+We would love to get inside the brain and see this happening when the baby is in front of the TV instead of in front of a human.
+Thankfully, we have a new machine called the magnetoencephalograph that makes this possible.
+It's like a hair dryer from Mars.
+But it's completely safe, completely non-invasive, and quiet.
+We use 306 SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices) to pick up magnetic fields that change as we think, looking to millimeter precision for spatial and millisecond precision.
+We are the first in the world to record babies learning with MEG machines.
+So this is little Emma.
+She is 6 months old.
+And she listens to different languages ​​through her earbuds.
+As you can see, she can move around.
+We track her head with tiny pellets in her hat so she is completely unrestrained and free to move.
+It's a technical masterpiece.
+what are we looking at?
+We are looking at a baby's brain.
+When a baby hears words in his own language, the auditory cortex lights up, and then the areas around it light up, coherence, coordinating the brain with its different areas, and causality (one brain area over another brain area). activated).
+We are embarking on a grand golden age of knowledge about child brain development.
+We will be able to see the brain of a child as he experiences emotions, as he learns to speak and read, as he solves math problems, and as he comes up with ideas.
+And we will be able to invent brain-based interventions for children with learning difficulties.
+I think we will be able to see the amazing generosity of the child's mind, the sheer and complete openness of the mind, as described by poets and writers.
+By examining the brains of children, we will uncover deep truths about what it means to be human. And in the process, we may keep our own minds open to lifelong learning.
+(applause)
+One day when I was about ten years old, I found a box with my father's old things.
+Inside was a pair of black corduroy bell-bottom pants under a stack of college textbooks.
+These pants were horrible, musty and moth-eaten.
+And of course I fell in love with them.
+I had never seen anything like them.
+Until that day, all I knew and wore was my school uniform. In fact, I was very grateful for that. Because from an early age, I knew that I was different.
+I was never one of the boys my age. Poor at sports and probably the least manly boy ever.
+(laughs) I was bullied a lot.
+So I knew I had to be transparent to survive, and the uniform helped me look no different than the other kids.
+(Laughter) Well, almost.
+This has become my daily prayer. "God, please make me like everyone else."
+But I believe this came directly to God's voicemail.
+(Laughter.) And in the end it became pretty clear that I wasn't growing up to be the son my father had always wanted.
+I'm sorry, Dad.
+No, it wasn't meant to magically change.
+And as time went on, I became less and less sure if I really wanted to.
+So the day those black corduroy bell-bottom pants entered my life, something happened.
+I couldn't see my pants. saw an opportunity.
+The very next day, I had to wear them to school no matter what.
+And when I put on those awful trousers and tightened my belt, almost instantly, I did what I can only call arrogant.
+(Laughter) All the way to school, and since I was sent home right away, all the way back -- (Laughter) I turned into a little brown rock star.
+(Laughter) I finally stopped worrying about my inability to adapt.
+On that day, I suddenly decided to celebrate it.
+On that day, instead of not standing out, I chose to be noticed just by wearing something different.
+That day, I discovered the power of what I wear.
+I discovered the power of fashion that day and have been hooked on it ever since.
+Fashion can tell the world what makes us different.
+And by this simple act of truth, I realized that these differences were no longer our shame.
+They became an expression of us, an expression of our very unique identity.
+And we should express ourselves and wear what we want.
+What's the worst that can happen?
+Are you going to get caught by the fashion police doing that last season?
+(Laughter) Right.
+Well, unless Fashion Police intended something else entirely.
+Nobel laureate Malala survived Taliban extremism in October 2012.
+But in October 2017, she faced another enemy when online trolls lashed out at a photo of the 20-year-old wearing jeans that day.
+The hateful comments she's received ranged from, "How long will it take for the scarf to come off?"
+I quote, "That's why bullets used to go straight to her head."
+Now, most of us probably can't help but consider it a privilege when we decide to wear jeans in places like New York, London, Milan, and Paris. Things that could affect somewhere else, things that could one day be taken away from us.
+My grandmother was a woman who took extraordinary pleasure in dressing up.
+Her fashion was colorful.
+And the color she wore so much was probably the only one really for her, the only one at her disposal. Because, like most women of her generation in India, she was never allowed to exist beyond what was. It is determined by customs and traditions.
+She had been married at the age of 17, but when her grandfather died suddenly one day after 65 years of marriage, her loss was overwhelming.
+But that day she was also to lose something else, the only pleasure she had, which was to wear color.
+By custom in India, when a Hindu woman becomes a widow, she is only allowed to wear white clothes from the day of her husband's death.
+No one made my grandmother wear white.
+But every woman she knew who outlived her husband, including her mother, did.
+This repression was so internalized and so deep-rooted that she herself refused to make a choice.
+She died this year, but continued to wear only white until the day she died.
+I used to have a picture of her when she was happy.
+In it, we don't really know what she's wearing. The photo is black and white.
+But you can tell she's wearing color by the way she's smiling in it.
+This is what fashion can do.
+It is the power that fills us with joy, the joy of being free to choose how we want to be seen and how we want to live—a freedom worth fighting for.
+And freedom fights and protests take many forms.
+Thousands of Indian widows like my grandmother live in the city of Brindavan.
+And the White Sea continues for centuries.
+But it was only as recently as 2013 that Brindavan's widows began celebrating Holi, India's festival of colors, which they are forbidden to attend.
+One day in March, they paint each other with the traditional colored powder of the festival.
+Their white sarees slowly begin to fill with color with each handful of powder thrown into the air.
+And they won't stop until they're completely covered in every shade of the forbidden rainbow.
+The color fades the next day, but that moment is a beautiful destruction.
+This confusion can be the first challenge we throw at it in our fight against oppression, whatever kind of dissonance.
+And fashion can literally wreak havoc on us visually.
+The lesson of rebellion has always been taught by fashion's greatest revolutionaries: designers.
+Jean Paul Gaultier taught us that women can be kings too.
+Tom Brown -- He taught us that men can wear heels.
+And Alexander McQueen had two giant robotic arms in the middle of the runway at his Spring 1999 show.
+And as model Shalom Harlow began to spin between them, these two massive arms began spraying color on her, first stealthily and then ferociously.
+Thus, before McQueen took his own life, he taught us that this body of ours is a canvas, a canvas on which we can paint as we please.
+One person who loved this world of fashion was Kallah Nushi.
+He was a student and actor from Iraq.
+He loved bright, eclectic clothing.
+However, she soon began receiving death threats because of her appearance.
+he wasn't upset.
+He was great until Mr. Caller was found dead in downtown Baghdad in July 2017.
+he was kidnapped.
+he was being tortured.
+Witnesses said he had multiple injuries on his body.
+stab wound.
+In Peshawar, 2,000 miles away, Pakistani transgender activist Alisha was shot multiple times in May 2016.
+She was taken to the hospital, but was denied entry to both the male and female wards because she was dressed as a woman.
+Choosing what we wear can literally mean life and death.
+And even when it comes to death, sometimes you can't choose.
+Alisha died that day and was buried as a man.
+What kind of world is this?
+Well, it is natural to fear and fear this surveillance and violence against our bodies and the things we wear.
+But the greater fear is that the more normal this misalignment seems, the less shocking this oppression will feel as we surrender, blend in, and begin to disappear one after another.
+Today's injustice may be tomorrow's normal for the children we are raising.
+They will get used to this, and they too may begin to see something different as dirty, hateful, and to be extinguished, like lights to be extinguished one by one until darkness becomes a way of life. unknown. .
+But if today's me, tomorrow's you, and someday more of us accept the right to look who we are, then in a violently whitewashed world, we're the widow's Like, it will be a penetrating needle of color. of Vrindavan.
+So with so many people, how can gun sights find Kara, Malala, and Alisha?
+Could they kill us all?
+Now is the time to stand up and stand out.
+If it's something as simple as what we wear, and it's safe to be the same, we'll have every eye open to say that there are and will be differences in this world. You can draw to yourself.
+get used to it.
+And this is without saying a word.
+Fashion gives us a language of dissent.
+It can give us courage.
+Fashion can literally give you courage.
+So wear it.
+Wear it like armor.
+It's important, so wear it.
+And wear it because you matter.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I spend a lot of time traveling around the world these days talking to groups of students and professionals, and everywhere I hear similar themes.
+On the one hand, people say, "Now is the time for change."
+they want to be part of it.
+They talk about wanting a life of purpose and greater meaning.
+But on the other hand, I hear people talking about a sense of fear and risk aversion.
+They say, "I really want to live a purposeful life, but I don't know where to start.
+I don't want to disappoint my family and friends. "
+I work in global poverty.
+And they say, "I want to work in global poverty, what does that mean for my career?"
+Will I be left out?
+Can't make enough money?
+Can't I get married or have children? "
+And as a woman who didn't get married until much older, I'm glad I waited (laughs), I don't even have kids, but I look at these young people and say, 'Your job is perfect. It's not a certain thing.
+Your job is just to be human.
+And in life, nothing significant happens without a price. "
+These conversations are a reflection of what is happening on a national and international level.
+Our leaders and ourselves want everything, but we don't talk about costs.
+We don't talk about sacrifice.
+One of my favorite literary quotes is by Tilly Olsen, the great American writer from the South.
+In the short story "Oh Yes," she tells the story of a white woman in the 1950s who has a daughter who befriends a little African American girl. She looks at her child with pride, but at the same time wonders what the cost will be. does she pay?
+“It is better to be immersed than to live without touching anything.”
+But the real question is, what is the price of not being brave?
+What is the price of not trying?
+Throughout my life, I have had the privilege of knowing some of the most outstanding leaders who have chosen to be immersed in their lives.
+One of the women I knew who was a fellow in a program I ran at the Rockefeller Foundation was named Ingrid Wasinawatuk.
+She was the leader of the Menominee tribe, a Native American tribe.
+And as we gather as peers, she prompted us to think about how elders in Native American cultures make decisions.
+And she said they would literally visualize the faces of future children seven generations from Earth and watch over them as custodians of that future.
+Ingrid understood that we are connected to each other, not only as humans, but with all living things on earth.
+And tragically, in 1999, when she was working with the Uwa people in Colombia and focused on preserving their culture and language, she and two colleagues were kidnapped, tortured and killed by the FARC. rice field.
+And whenever I gathered my companions afterwards, I would leave the chair empty for her spirit.
+And now, more than a decade later, when I speak to my fellow NGOs about Ingrid, whether I'm in Trenton, NJ or in the White House office, they all share her wisdom and spirit and her spirit. Say you're trying to merge. It really builds on the unfulfilled work of her life mission.
+And no matter how short her life was, when I think of legacy, I can't think of anything more powerful.
+And I have been moved by the Cambodian women, the beautiful women, the women who have preserved the tradition of classical dance in Cambodia.
+And I met them in the early 90's.
+In the 1970s, under the Pol Pot regime, the Khmer Rouge murdered over a million people, focusing and targeting elites, intellectuals, artists and dancers.
+And when the war ended, only 30 of these classical dancers survived.
+And the women I had the privilege of meeting when there were three survivors told me stories of lying on cots in refugee camps.
+They said they were trying hard to memorize dance snippets, hoping others were alive and doing the same.
+And one woman stood there with her hands on this perfect carriage, talking about the post-war reunion of 30 people and how wonderful it was.
+And these big tears fell down her face, but she didn't raise her hand to move it.
+And the women, already too old, decided to train the next generation, not the next generation of girls.
+And I was sitting in the studio watching the women clapping their hands as little fairy fairies in beautiful silk colors danced around them. It was a beautiful rhythm.
+And after going through this atrocity, I realized that this is the true way humans pray.
+Because they are focused on honoring the most beautiful of our past and incorporating it into our promise of the future.
+And what they understood was that sometimes the most important things we do and spend time with are unmeasurable.
+I have also touched on the dark side of power and leadership.
+And I have learned that power, especially in its absolute form, provides equality of opportunity.
+She immigrated to Rwanda in 1986 and worked with a small group of Rwandan women to launch the country's first microfinance bank.
+And one of the women was Agnes - on the far left of you - she was one of Rwanda's first three female parliamentarians and her credit should be one of Rwanda's mothers. bottom.
+We founded this institution on the ideas of social justice, gender equality and women's empowerment.
+But Agnes ultimately cared more about power traps than principles.
+And although she had participated in the founding of the Liberal Party, a political party focused on diversity and tolerance, she changed parties about three months before the genocide to join the extremist party Hutu Power, became Minister of Justice. A member of a genocidal regime, she was known for inciting men to kill faster and stop acting like women.
+She was found guilty of category 1 genocide.
+And I visited her in prison, sat side by side, knees together, and I had to admit to myself that there is a monster in all of us, but maybe it's a monster. Instead, it may be a broken part of ourselves, sorrow, secret shame, and ultimately demagogues preying on those parts, fragments, and making us think of other beings, human beings, more than ourselves. It is easy to make people look inferior and, in extreme terms, do bad things.
+And no group is more vulnerable to that kind of manipulation than young men.
+I've heard that the most dangerous animals on earth are adolescent males.
+So while it's very important that in a gathering where we're women-focused, that we invest in girls, and even the playing field, and find ways to honor them, We must remember that girls and women are the most important. Isolated, violated, victimized and made invisible in the very society where our men and boys feel powerless and unable to do anything.
+And when they're sitting on a street corner with no jobs, no education, no possibilities to think about the future, it's easy to see how that biggest source of status comes from uniforms and guns.
+Sometimes a very small investment can unlock the enormous and limitless potential that exists within all of us.
+One of my organization's Acumen Foundation Fellows, Suraj Sudhakar, has what we call moral imagination—the ability to put yourself in another person's shoes and guide them from their perspective.
+And he's worked with a group of young men from Kibera, the world's largest slum.
+And they are incredible people.
+Together they set up a book club for 100 people in the slums, where they read and love the work of many TED authors.
+And they created a business plan contest.
+Then they decided to do TEDx.
+And I learned a lot from Chris, Kevin, Alex, Herbert, and all these young people.
+Alex said it best in a way.
+"We used to feel like nothing, now we feel like something," he said.
+And I think it's all wrong to think that income is involved.
+What we really crave as humans is to see each other.
+And these young people told me they were doing TEDx because the workshops coming to the slums were HIV-focused workshops, or at best microfinance-focused workshops. Because I was tired of being just a shop.
+And they wanted to celebrate the beauty of Kibera and Matale: photojournalists, creators, graffiti artists, teachers and entrepreneurs.
+And they are doing it.
+And hats off to you in Kibera.
+My own work focuses on making philanthropy more effective and capitalism more inclusive.
+The Acumen Fund leverages philanthropic resources to invest in so-called patient capital, entrepreneurs who see the poor not as passive recipients of charity, but as whole-hearted agents of change who want to solve their own problems. Investing money to invest. and make decisions for yourself.
+We keep the money for 10-15 years and when it comes back we invest in other innovation focused on change.
+I know it works.
+We invested over $50 million in 50 companies that brought an additional $200 million to these forgotten markets.
+This year alone, we provided 40 million services, including maternity care, housing, emergency services and solar energy, to help people solve their problems with more dignity.
+We don't see profit as a blunt instrument, so patient capital is an uncomfortable one for people looking for simple solutions and easy categories.
+But there are entrepreneurs who put people and the planet before profit.
+And ultimately, we want to be part of a movement that measures impact and measures what matters most to us.
+And my dream is that one day we will not only respect those who receive money and make more money from it, but will also take our resources and transform it into the most positive change in the world. It's about realizing a world that finds people who care. Method.
+And only when we honor them, celebrate them and give them status will the world really change.
+Last May, I spent this extraordinary 24 hours watching two visions of the world live side by side. One is based on violence, the other on transcendence.
+I happened to be in Lahore, Pakistan on the day two mosques were attacked by suicide bombers.
+And the reason these mosques were attacked is because the people who were praying inside were from certain sects of Islam that fundamentalists don't believe are full Muslims.
+And not only did those suicide bombers take the lives of a hundred people, they took many more lives because they created more hate, more anger, more fear, and certainly more despair.
+But less than 24 hours later, I was 13 miles away from those mosques to visit one of Acumen's investments, Jawad Aslam, a wonderful man who dares to live an immersive life. rice field.
+Born and raised in Baltimore, studied real estate, worked in commercial real estate, decided after 9/11 to go to Pakistan to change things up.
+For two years he made very little money and was paid only a meager salary, but he apprenticed himself to a great housing developer named Tasneem Sadiki.
+And although he had a dream to build a residential community on this barren land with patient capital, he kept paying the price.
+He stood morally and refused to pay the bribe.
+It took nearly two years just to register the land.
+But I have witnessed how the level of moral standards can be raised by one person's actions.
+Today, 2,000 people live in 300 homes in this beautiful community.
+There are schools, clinics and shops.
+But there is only one mosque.
+So I asked Jawad, "How do you guys live? It's a really diverse community here.
+Who can use the mosque on Friday?"
+“It’s a long story,” he said.
+It's been a tough, arduous road, but in the end, community leaders united and realized that we only had each other.
+We then elected the three most respected Imams, who in turn would take turns conducting the Friday prayers.
+But the whole community, all denominations, including Shiites and Sunnis, sat together and prayed. "
+Our world needs that kind of moral leadership and courage.
+Across the world, we face major problems such as the financial crisis, global warming, and growing fear and alienation.
+And every day we have choices.
+We can choose the easier path, the more cynical path. It is a path based on dreams of the past that sometimes never really existed, fears of each other, distance and blaming.
+Alternatively, we can take the more difficult path of transformation, transcendence, compassion and love, but also responsibility and justice.
+I had the privilege of working with Dr. Robert Coles, a child psychologist who stood up for change during the civil rights movement in the United States.
+And he tells this amazing story of working with a six-year-old girl named Ruby Bridges, the first child to desegregate schools in the South, in this case New Orleans.
+And every day, this 6-year-old girl wore a beautiful dress and yelled and walked so gracefully through a crowd of white people, calling her a monster, threatening to poison her, and grimacing. he said.
+And every day he watched her, and it seemed like she was talking to people.
+And he said, "Ruby, what are you talking about?"
+And she says, "I'm not talking."
+And finally he said, "Ruby, I know what you're talking about.
+what are you saying? "
+And she said, "Dr. Coles, I'm not talking. I'm praying."
+And he said, "So what are you praying for?"
+And she said, "I'm praying, 'Daddy, please forgive them. They don't know what they're doing.'" and the family paid for it.
+But she became a part of history and popularized the idea that we should all be educated.
+My final story is about a beautiful young man named Josephat Bjarhanga. He is also an Acumen Foundation Fellow and hails from rural Uganda.
+And we assigned him to a company in western Kenya just 320 miles away.
+And at the end of the year he said to me, "Jacqueline, I was very humbled because I thought I knew how to transcend culture as a farmer and as an African.
+But sometimes I made these mistakes, especially when talking to African women. Learning how to listen was very difficult. "
+And he said, "So I conclude that leadership is in many ways like the ear of rice.
+For at the height of the season, when its power is at its peak, it is beautiful, green, nourishes the world, and reaches the heavens. "
+"But just before the harvest," he said, "it bows down with great gratitude and humility to touch the earth where it came from."
+we need a leader.
+We ourselves need to lead from a place where we have the audacity to believe that we can expand upon the basic premise that all men are created equal to all men, women and children on this planet. there is.
+And we must have the humility to recognize that we cannot do it alone.
+Robert Kennedy once said, "Few great men can bend history itself, but each of us can strive to change a small part of what happened."
+And the history of this generation will be carved in the sum total of all these acts.
+Our lives are so short, our time on this earth is so precious, and all we have is each other.
+I hope you all have a life that you can be obsessed with.
+It doesn't always make life easier, but in the end it helps us out.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm talking about something called a "mesh".
+It is essentially a radical change in our relationships with things and things in our lives.
+And we are beginning to realize that in certain moments, but not always, but not all, access to certain types of goods and services may trump ownership of them.
+And you'll be able to pursue better things and share them easily.
+And we are born out of a long tradition of sharing.
+We shared transportation.
+We've shared wine, food and other great experiences at coffee bars in Amsterdam.
+Other types of entertainment have also been shared, such as sports arenas, parks, concert halls, libraries, and universities.
+These are all shared platforms, but sharing ultimately begins and ends with what I call the mother of all shared platforms.
+When I think about the mesh and what causes it and why it's happening now, I think there are some vectors that I want to explain as background.
+One is the recession. The recession has caused us to rethink our relationship to the things in our lives relative to their value and begin to align value with true cost.
+Second is population growth and urban density.
+More people, less space, less stuff.
+CLIMATE CHANGE: We seek to reduce stress in our personal lives, our communities and our planet.
+In addition, the recent distrust of major brands and global giants in various industries has created a breakthrough.
+Studies show that here in the US, Canada and Western Europe, most of us are much more open to local businesses and brands you've probably never heard of.
+In the past, we used to choose big, trusted brands,
+And finally, we are connected to more people on the planet than ever before, unless we are sitting next to someone.
+(Laughter) Another thing to consider is that we've made huge investments over the decades. Tens of billions of dollars have been poured into that investment, which is now our legacy.
+It is the physical infrastructure that allows you to move from point A to point B and move things there.
+And web and mobile allow us to connect and create with all kinds of platforms and systems. Our investments in these technologies and infrastructure are truly our legacy.
+This allows us to work in really new and interesting ways.
+So, for me, a mesh company, or "classic" mesh company, is a collection of three things: Interconnected Capabilities -- Most of us carry GPS-enabled and Web-enabled mobile devices. -- You can find each other and find things in time and space.
+And the third is that physical things can be read on maps. This means that not only restaurants and various venues, but also other technologies such as GPS and RFID are available, and expanding beyond that, to track moving objects such as cars. , taxis, transportation systems, boxes moving through time and space.
+As such, it is often more convenient and cheaper to obtain goods and services than owning them.
+For example, say you want to use Zipcar.
+How many people have experienced car sharing or bike sharing?
+wow, that's amazing. I'm fine, thanks.
+Zipcar is basically the world's largest car-sharing company.
+They didn't invent car sharing.
+Car sharing was actually invented in Europe.
+One of the founders went to Switzerland and saw it implemented somewhere and said, "Wow, this is really cool.
+I think we can do that in Cambridge." He brought it to Cambridge and two women started it, and the other idea was Robin Chase.
+Zipcar got some really important things right.
+First, they really understood that a brand is a voice and a product is a souvenir.
+So they were very smart about how they packaged their car sharing.
+They made it sexy. They made it fresh.
+They made it ambitious.
+If you were a member of a club, you are a zipster when you are a member of the club.
+The car they chose didn't look like a hollowed-out ex-police car.
+They chose these sexy cars.
+They targeted universities.
+They made sure that the target demographics and cars all matched.
+It was such a great experience, the car was clean, reliable and everything went well.
+And from a branding standpoint, they were doing a lot of things right.
+But they fundamentally understood that they were not a car company.
+They understand that they are an information company.
+Because when we buy a car, we go to the dealer once, make a deal, and then usually get it done as soon as possible.
+But if you share a car and use a car-sharing service, you might use an EV. I'm doing a house project, so I need a truck to commute.
+When I pick up my aunt at the airport, she will give me a sedan.
+And when you go to the mountains to ski, your car will be fitted with various accessories to do that sort of thing.
+Meanwhile, they sit still and collect all sorts of data about our behavior and interactions with our services.
+So it's not only an option for them, but I believe it's essential for Zipcar and other mesh companies to actually surprise us like a concierge service.
+Because we give them so much information and they really have the right to see how we're doing.
+They are very good at predicting what we want next.
+So what percentage of the day do you think the average person uses their car?
+What percentage is that?
+Any guesses?
+they are really very good.
+When I first started, I thought it was around 20%.
+In the United States and Western Europe as a whole, the percentage is 8%.
+Basically, 10 percent, 90 percent of the time, even though we think it's going to cost us a lot of money, personally and we're going to organize cities around it, or whatever. We do sort of things, but 90 percent of the time it's going to happen. I'm sitting
+For this reason, I think another theme about meshes is basically that if you squeeze out the hard stuff you throw away, there's a lot of value in it.
+How Zipcar Was Founded -- Zipcar started in 2000.
+In the last year 2010 two car companies were established. One is WhipCar in the UK and the other is RelayRides in the US.
+Both of these are peer-to-peer car sharing services. There are two things that really work with car sharing: the car is available, and it's within a block or two of where you're standing.
+Well, a car that's a block or two away from your home or office is probably your neighborhood car, and it's probably available too.
+So people created this business.
+Zipcar started ten years ago in 2000.
+It took six years to put 1,000 vehicles into operation.
+Launched last April, WhipCar took six months to put 1,000 cars into service.
+Very interesting.
+People earn between $200 and $700 a month by letting their neighbors use their cars when they're not using them.
+So it's like a car vacation rental.
+Now that I'm here -- I hope that some of you in the audience are in the automotive industry -- (Laughter) -- when you think about it on the technology side of things -- cable TV and We've Seen Wi-Fi - ready Notebooks -- It would be really cool if you could get a shared car out there right now.
+Because it just creates more flexibility.
+This gives you other options as an owner.
+And I think we're going to go there anyway.
+Opportunities and Challenges for Mesh Businesses -- Full-mesh businesses like Zipcar and Netflix, or others with a large number of car companies and car manufacturers that are starting to offer their own car sharing. I think it's about making sharing attractive as a service and a second flanker brand, or a real test.
+Surely there are experiences in our lives that were tempting to share.
+It's just a matter of how it repeats and scales.
+We also know that because we are socially connected, we can easily create joy in small places.
+We are all connected to each other, so it is contagious.
+So if I had a great experience and tweeted it or told the five people standing next to me, the news would spread.
+As we know, the opposite is also true, and often more true.
+So L.A.'s LudoTruck is doing something like a gourmet food truck, and has quite the following.
+In general, again maybe because I'm a tech entrepreneur, I see things as platforms.
+A platform is an invitation.
+So if you create a Craigslist or iTunes or an iPhone developer network, all those networks exist and Facebook is included.
+These platforms invite all kinds of developers and all kinds of people to come in with ideas and give them the opportunity to create and target applications for specific audiences.
+And to be honest, it's full of surprises.
+Because I don't think any of us in this room could have predicted the kind of applications that have happened on and around Facebook, for example two years ago when Mark announced that he was going to introduce the platform.
+In this way, I believe that cities are platforms. Certainly Detroit is a platform.
+Bringing in makers, artists and entrepreneurs will help spark this fiery creativity and help the city thrive.
+It is calling for participation, and historically cities have called for all kinds of participation.
+I'm telling you now that there are other options.
+So, for example, city departments can publish traffic data.
+Google has made a traffic data API available.
+There are already 7-8 cities in the US.
+It provides traffic data and has applications built by various developers.
+So I was having coffee in Portland, and I was halfway through my latte when suddenly a little board in the cafe started saying that the next bus was in 3 minutes and the train in 16 minutes.
+And I can finish my latte because it's real, reliable data right in front of me, where I am.
+With approximately 21 percent of commercial and industrial space now empty across the United States, a fantastic opportunity exists.
+That space doesn't matter.
+The area around it lacks vitality, liveliness and charm.
+How many people here have heard of pop-up stores and pop-up shops?
+that's good That's why I'm a big fan of this.
+This is very mesh-like.
+Basically Auckland near where I live has all kinds of restaurants.
+A pop-up general store opens every three weeks and does a great job of creating a very social event for foodies.
+Great fun, and it takes place in a very transitional area.
+Then, about a year later, we actually started leasing, building, and extending it.
+What used to be an edgy and artistic area is now much cooler and is starting to attract more people.
+This is an example.
+Crafty Fox is a craft-minded woman who runs pop-up craft fairs across London.
+But this sort of thing happens in many different environments.
+From my perspective, one of the things pop-up stores do is create immediacy and urgency.
+Two words that business people like, "sold out" is born.
+And the opportunity to really focus trust and attention is great.
+So much of what you see within your mesh and much of what you have within the platform you build allows you to define, tune and extend.
+This allows you as an entrepreneur to test things, market them, talk to people, listen, refine something, and go back.
+Very cost effective and very meshable.
+Our infrastructure makes it possible.
+Finally, and now that we are heading towards the end, I would also like to encourage you. I am happy to share my failures, though not from the stage.
+(Laughter.) What I'm saying is that when we look at waste, and how we can actually be generous and contribute to each other, and move to create a better economy and society. It means that you can also Mistakes must be shared to improve the environmental situation.
+One simple example is Velib's very bold proposal in 2007, a very large bike-sharing service in Paris.
+they made a lot of mistakes.
+They have had some great successes.
+But they were, or had to be, very transparent in terms of revealing what worked and what didn't.
+And in Barcelona BC, in London with B-cycle and Boris Bikes -- nobody had to repeat the 1.0 failures and expensive learning exercises that happened in Paris.
+Therefore, when we are connected, it is also an opportunity to share our failures and successes.
+We are just in the beginning stages. What we're seeing, and the way mesh companies are moving forward, is fascinating and fascinating, but it's still very early days.
+i have a website This is a directory. At first there were about 1,200 companies, but in the last two and a half months, it has increased to about 3,300 companies.
+And it grows very regularly every day.
+But it's just the beginning.
+So I would like to welcome you on board.
+And thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Pat Mitchell: What story does this pin tell?
+Madeline Albright: This is "Breaking the Glass Ceiling."
+Afternoon: Oh.
+It's a well-chosen choice for TEDWomen.
+MA: Most of the time I wake up in the morning is spent figuring out what's going to happen.
+And nothing like this pin would have happened if it hadn't been for Saddam Hussein.
+I will tell you what happened.
+I went to the United Nations as an ambassador, but that was after the Gulf War, and I was an ambassador.
+And the ceasefire was translated into a series of sanctions resolutions, and my instructions were to constantly rant about Saddam Hussein, but he deserved it – he invaded other countries.
+Then suddenly a poem was published in a Baghdad newspaper that compared me to many things, among them the "unparalleled serpent."
+So I happened to have a snake pin.
+So I wore it when talking about Iraq.
+(Laughter.) And when I went to meet the press, they focused and said, "Why are you wearing that snake pin?"
+I said, "Because Saddam Hussein compared me to a matchless serpent."
+And I thought, this is fun.
+So I went out and bought a bunch of pins that actually reflected what I was going to do that day.
+That's how it all started.
+PM: So how big is your collection?
+Ma: It's pretty big.
+I am traveling now.
+It's now in Indianapolis, but it was in the Smithsonian Institution.
+And it comes with a book called "Read My Pins".
+(laughs) PM: So this is a good idea?
+I remember when you were the first female secretary of state. There was always a lot of conversation about what you wear and what you look like. It happens a lot to a lot of women, especially when she becomes secretary of state. position.
+So what do you think about that -overall- MA: Well, it's actually pretty frustrating because no one really explains what men wear.
+But people were paying attention to what I was wearing.
+Interestingly, before I went to New York as Ambassador to the United Nations, I spoke with former Ambassador Jean Kirkpatrick and she said,
+Go out and dress like a diplomat. "
+Therefore, the opportunity to go shopping has increased a lot.
+Still, there were all sorts of questions about "did you wear a hat?" "How short was your skirt?"
+If you remember, Condoleezza Rice wore boots to an event and was criticized for it.
+And no one will be criticized. But that's the bare minimum.
+PM: It's about finding a way for all of us, men and women, to define our role and do it in a way that makes a difference in the world and shapes the future.
+How did you balance being a tough diplomatic and strong voice for the world in this country and how you feel about yourself as a mother, as a grandmother, raising children...
+So how did you deal with it?
+MA: Well, it's interesting that minutes after I was nominated, I was asked what it was like to be the first female Secretary of State.
+So I said, "I've been a woman for 60 years, and I've only been secretary of state for a few minutes."
+That's how it evolved.
+(laughs) But basically I love being a woman.
+So what happened -- and I'm sure some of you in the audience can relate to this -- I went to the first meeting, the first was the United Nations, and that's where it all started. , because it is a very masculine organization.
+And I'm sitting there -- there are 15 members of the Security Council -- and there were 14 guys sitting there staring at me, and I thought -- all of us you know what it looks like.
+I want to know what the room is like and ask, "Do people like me?"
+"Are you going to say something really intelligent?"
+And suddenly I thought, "Wait a minute."
+"I sit behind a sign that says 'United States.' If I don't speak today, America's voice won't be heard." . I decided that I had to get out of my usual passive female mode and speak on behalf of my country.
+And although it happened at different times, I really think being a woman had a lot of great advantages.
+I think we are much better in our personal relationships and clearly have the ability to tell it as it is when we need it.
+But I must say, when my youngest granddaughter turned seven last year, she said to her mother, "So what's wrong with Grandma Maddy being Secretary of State? Is there?"
+Only women are secretaries of state. "
+(Laughter) (Applause) PM: Because while she's alive -- MA: I guess so.
+PM: What a change that is.
+You currently travel the world frequently. How do you rate this global narrative centered around the stories of women and girls?
+Where are we?
+MA: I think we are slowly changing, but there are many countries where clearly nothing has changed.
+So this means that while many of us have had great opportunities, Pat, you have been a true leader in your field, but remember there are plenty of women out there who can't be bothered or worried. It means that you must keep To take care of yourself and understand that women have to help other women.
+So what I felt, and I've been looking at this from a national security issue, is that when I was secretary of state, not just because I'm a feminist, but because women's issues are at the center of American foreign policy. I decided I had to. , but I believe that society will be better off when women are politically and economically empowered, when values ​​are inherited, when they are in better health, when they are better educated, and when they are more prosperous economically. It's from
+So I think it's only natural that we, living in different countries with economic and political voice, need to help other women.
+And I did my best to do that, both at the United Nations and later as Secretary of State.
+Prime Minister: Was there any backlash against making it the centerpiece of your foreign policy?
+MA: From some people.
+I think they thought it was a soft issue.
+What I have finally decided is that women's issues are, in fact, the most difficult issues. Because women's issues are, in so many ways, a matter of life and death and, as I said, they are at the heart of our thinking. about things.
+For example, in many of the wars that took place during my tenure, women were the main victims.
+For example, when I started working there was a war in the Balkans.
+Women were raped in Bosnia.
+We have since succeeded in establishing a War Crimes Tribunal specifically to deal with such matters.
+By the way, one of the things I did at that stage was that I had just arrived at the United Nations. When I was there, the United Nations had 183 member states.
+Now we have 192 people.
+But it was the first time I didn't have to make my own lunch.
+So I said to my assistant, "Please invite another female permanent representative."
+And when I got to the apartment, I thought there would be a lot of women there.
+When I got there, there were 6 other women out of 183 people.
+So the countries with female representatives were Canada, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Lichtenstein and myself.
+So I decided to set up a caucus because I am an American.
+(Laughter) So we founded it and called ourselves the G7.
+(laughs) PM: Is that "Girl 7"? Ma: Girl 7.
+And we lobbied on behalf of women's issues.
+So we succeeded in getting two female judges for this war crimes tribunal.
+And what happened was they could declare rape a weapon of war and against humanity.
+(Applause) Prime Minister: So when you look around the world, yes, in many cases, yes, in the West, women have evolved into more leadership positions, and some barriers have been removed elsewhere. I understand this. We hear that more and more women are coming to the negotiating table, even though there is still a lot of violence and there are still a lot of problems.
+Now, you were at those negotiating tables when you weren't at the negotiating table, maybe when you were there, there was one voice, maybe one or two voices.
+Do you believe there will be major changes in violence and peace, conflict and resolution, etc. on a sustainable basis, and can you tell us why?
+MA: Well, I think that with more women, the tone of the conversation will change, and the purpose of the conversation will also change.
+But that doesn't mean the world as a whole is better off if it's run entirely by women.
+If you think so, you'll forget about high school.
+(Laughter) But the point is, with more women at the table, there are ways to try to get some understanding.
+For example, when I went to Burundi, what I did was get Tutsi and Hutu women together to discuss some of the issues going on in Rwanda.
+So I think women need the ability to think for themselves. I think it is important for us to put ourselves in the other man's position and have more empathy.
+I think having other women in the same room helps in terms of support.
+When I was secretary of state, there were only 13 other female foreign ministers.
+So I was happy when one of them showed up.
+For example, she is currently the President of Finland, while Tarja Halonen was Finland's Minister of Foreign Affairs and at one stage was also head of the European Union.
+And it was really great.
+Because it's one of the things I think you can understand.
+We went to a meeting and the men in my delegation said, I said, 'Well, I think we need to do something about this,' and they said, 'What do you mean, you feel Is it?" he said.
+And Tarja sat across from my table.
+And all of a sudden we were talking about arms control and she said, "Well, I think we should do this."
+And my male colleague suddenly got it.
+But I think having a significant number of women in a series of positions in foreign policy really helps.
+Another thing that I think is really important is that a lot of national security policy isn't just about foreign policy, it's about budgets, military budgets, and how countries' debts work. is.
+Therefore, when women hold various posts in foreign policy, they can support each other in making budgetary decisions in their own countries.
+PM: So how do we achieve this balance that we seek in the world?
+Will there be more female voices at the table?
+Are there more men who think this balance is the best?
+MA: Well, one of them is that I am the president of an organization called the National Institute for Democracy, which works to support women candidates.
+I think we need to help train women for political office in other countries to understand how women can actually increase their political voice.
+I think we need to work together when the business is being set up and make sure women help each other.
+Now I have a word that I feel very strongly about. Because I'm a certain age, and believe it or not, when I started my career, there were other women who criticized me. "Why don't you ride carpool?" line? "
+"Aren't your children suffering because you're not always there?"
+And I think we tend to make each other feel guilty.
+In fact, I think "guilty" is every woman's middle name.
+So what needs to happen, I think we need to help each other.
+And my motto is that women who don't help each other have a special place in hell.
+(Applause) Prime Minister: Then, Secretary Albright, you're going to heaven.
+Thank you for joining us today.
+Ma: Thank you all. Thank you Pat.
+It's Monday morning.
+In Washington, the President of the United States is sitting in the Oval Office considering whether to attack Al Qaeda in Yemen.
+At 10 Downing Street, Prime Minister David Cameron is weighing whether to cut more public sector jobs to prevent a double-dip recession.
+Maria Gonzalez of Madrid stands on her porch listening to her baby's cries and trying to decide whether to let her cry until she falls asleep or pick her up and hold her.
+And I'm sitting at my father's bedside in the hospital wondering if I should give him that 1.5 liter plastic bottle of water that the doctor just came in and said, "I need to give him today." ,"--my father hasn't had anything out of his mouth for a week--or whether I might actually kill him by giving him this bottle.
+We are faced with important decisions that have important consequences for the rest of our lives, and we have strategies for dealing with these decisions.
+We discuss with friends, look up the internet, look up books.
+But still, even in the age of Google, TripAdvisor, and Amazon Recommends, it's still the experts we rely on most, especially when the stakes are high and the decisions really matter.
+Because in a data-overwhelmed and hyper-complicated world, we believe that experts can process information better than we can, and therefore draw better conclusions than we can draw alone. because
+And in this sometimes frightening and confusing time, we find comfort in the parental authority of experts who articulate what we can and cannot do.
+But I believe this is a big problem and one with potentially dangerous consequences for us as a society, culture and individuals.
+It's not that professionals don't contribute significantly to the world - they certainly have.
+The problem is with us. We rely on experts.
+We have become addicted to their certainty, certainty, and decisiveness, abandoning responsibility in the process and substituting our own intelligence and intellect for their supposed words of wisdom.
+We surrendered our power and traded the discomfort of uncertainty for the illusion of certainty it brought.
+This is no exaggeration.
+In a recent experiment, a group of adults had their brains scanned with an MRI machine while listening to an expert.
+The results were quite astonishing.
+When they listened to the experts, the independent decision-making part of their brain was switched off.
+It's literally a flat line.
+And they listened to the experts and accepted their advice, right or wrong.
+But experts get things wrong.
+Did you know that studies show that doctors misdiagnose 4 out of 10 times?
+Did you know that if you file your own tax return, you are statistically more likely to do it correctly than if you had a tax attorney do it for you?
+And of course there are examples that we are all familiar with. It is that financial experts are so wrong that we are experiencing the worst recession since the 1930s.
+Keeping the independent decision-making parts of our brains switched on is essential for our health, wealth and collective safety.
+As an economist, my research over the last few years has focused on what we think, who we trust, and why. I know the sarcasm of - I myself am an expert, a professor, an adviser to prime ministers, heads of large corporations and heads of international organizations, but the role of experts needs to change and we need to be more open-minded. I am an expert who believes Let's be democratic and more open to those who challenge our point of view.
+So let me take you into my world, the world of professionals, to help you understand where I come from.
+Of course there are exceptions, but there are also wonderful exceptions that strengthen civilization.
+But my research has shown that experts tend to form a camp that is generally very rigid, within which dominant viewpoints emerge that often silence opponents, and that experts are the dominant ones. It means moving with the wind and often hero-worshiping one's guru.
+Alan Greenspan's declaration was that the years of economic growth would, of course, continue uncontested by his colleagues until the crisis was over.
+As you know, we have also learned that professionals are positioned and governed by the social and cultural norms of their time. For example, whether it's a Victorian British doctor who sent a woman to a mental institution for expressing sexual desire, or a British psychiatrist. Until 1973, the United States classified homosexuality as a mental illness.
+What this means is that paradigms take too long to shift, complexities and nuances are ignored, and money speaks for itself – because drug companies take the worst aspects of drugs to their advantage. We've all seen evidence of funding research that we often omit. Effectiveness, or research funded by food companies on new products that greatly exaggerate the health benefits of the products they intend to market.
+The study showed that food companies typically exaggerate seven times more than independent studies.
+And, of course, we need to realize that experts make mistakes too.
+They make mistakes every day. It's a careless mistake.
+A recent study, published in the Surgical Archives, found that surgeons removed healthy ovaries, operated on the wrong side of the brain, operated on the wrong hand, elbow, eye, or foot, and avoided thought errors. Born errors have been reported.
+For example, a common misconception among radiologists is to be overly influenced when viewing a CT scan that the referring doctor suspected the patient had a problem.
+So if a radiologist is looking at a scan of a patient with suspected pneumonia, what happens is that when they see evidence of pneumonia in the scan, they literally stop looking, and as a result, It misses tumors that are 3 inches below the image. patient's lungs.
+So far, we've shared some insights about the professional world.
+Of course these aren't the only insights I can share, but at least why we need to stop flattering them, why we need to rebel, and why switch our own decisions I hope you have a clear sense of what you need. Turn on the feature.
+But how do we do this?
+Due to time constraints, I would like to focus on just three strategies.
+First, we need to be prepared and willing to accept experts as modern apostles and to dispel the notion of treating them as modern apostles.
+This doesn't mean you have to get a PhD.
+Whatever the theme, you'll be relieved to hear it.
+But that means persevering in the face of their inevitable annoyance, for example, if we want them to explain things in terms we can actually understand.
+When I was undergoing surgery, my doctor could have easily said, "Be careful of the high fever," but why did he say, "Mr. Hertz, please be careful of the high fever?"
+Being ready to receive experts also means being willing to go behind their graphs, equations, predictions, and prophecies, and being prepared to ask questions to do so, such as: . ?
+What is the evidence supporting this?
+What did the research focus on?
+And what did you ignore?
+It has recently been found that professionals who conduct clinical trials of drugs before they hit the market usually test drugs first in predominantly male animals and then predominantly in males.
+They somehow seem to overlook the fact that over half of the world's population is female.
+And women are at a medical crisis because it turns out that many of these drugs are not as effective for women as they are for men, and the drugs that work so well work so well that they are actually harmful. because it turned out to be for women to consume.
+Being a rebel means recognizing that expert assumptions and their methodologies can easily be wrong.
+Second, we need to create space for what I call "moderated dissent."
+If we want to shift paradigms, make breakthroughs, destroy myths, create an environment where expert ideas compete and bring in the new, diverse, discordant, heretical. need to produce. Discuss fearlessly from the knowledge that progress comes not only through the creation of ideas, but through their destruction, and also by surrounding oneself with divergent, discordant, and heretical views. I have an attitude of facing
+Every study shows that this actually makes us smarter.
+Encouraging dissent is a rebellious concept. Because it goes against our instincts to surround ourselves with opinions and advice we already believe or want to be true.
+That's why I'm talking about the need to actively manage dissent.
+Google CEO Eric Schmidt is a practitioner of this philosophy.
+During the meeting, he looks at the people in the room (arms crossed, slightly perplexed), trying to get them into the discussion and see if they really have a different opinion. room.
+Managing disagreements means recognizing the value of disagreements, disagreements, and differences.
+But we need to go further.
+We need to fundamentally redefine what it means to be an expert.
+The traditional concept is that an expert is someone with a high degree, a fancy title, a diploma, a best-selling book, and a high status.
+But imagine if we ditched this notion of expertise as some sort of elite cadre and embraced instead the notion of democratized expertise. Expertise was not only the property of surgeons and CEOs, but also of store clerks. that's right.
+Best Buy, a consumer electronics company, has not only its forecasting team, but all of its employees — janitors, store clerks, back-office people — making bets on things like whether a product will sell. will sell quite a bit by Christmas on whether the client's new idea is or should be adopted by the company and whether the project arrives on time.
+By leveraging and embracing in-house expertise, Best Buy was able to discover, for example, that the store it was trying to open in China—the company's big and respectable store—won't open on time.
+That's because when all the company's employees were asked to bet on whether they thought the store would open on time, a group in the finance department took all the bets that it wouldn't.
+It turns out that just as no one else in the company was aware of a technical blip that neither the forecasting experts nor the field experts in China were aware of, they were.
+The strategies I have discussed tonight -- embracing dissent, embracing experts, democratizing expertise, and rebellious strategies -- will address the challenges of these highly confusing and complex issues. is a strategy that I think will help us all to adopt when , difficult times.
+Because if we keep switching on that part of our independent decision-making brain, if we challenge experts, if we are skeptical, if we are delegating power, we are rebellious. , but also the nuances and uncertainties, if our experts were allowed to express themselves using these terms, we would be better able to meet the challenges of the 21st century. It will be
+Now more than ever, it is not the time to blindly follow, blindly accept, or blindly trust.
+It's time to open my eyes and face the world -- yes, I'll use an expert to help me figure things out, for sure -- I don't want to quit my job here entirely -- - But be aware of theirs. Of course, we also have our own limitations.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Mockingbird is bad.
+(laughter) Yes.
+Mockingbird, or Mimus Polyglot, is the host of the animal kingdom.
+They listen to what they like and imitate or remix it.
+They rock the mic outside my window every morning.
+I hear car alarms singing like a spring song.
+In other words, if a mockingbird can speak, it can also chirp.
+So check it out, I'm going to catch a Mockingbird.
+Catch Mockingbirds across the country and gently put them in mason jars like Mockingbird Molotov cocktails.
+(Laughter) Right. And, for example, when driving through a neighborhood with a lot of people, I take a mandarin duck that I catch in a neighborhood without people and leave it alone.
+A bird rises and the words are heard: "Juanito, Juanito, come eat my son!"
+Oh, I'm going to be the Johnny Appleseed of sound.
+(Laughter.) I'm going to randomly circle the city streets, rocking a drop-top Cadillac with a big back seat, and hauling everyone in a brown Wal-Mart bag with about 13 Mockingbirds.
+(Laughter) Network news quipped, "I'll be right back on this crisis."
+At the bar you will be asked for your ice brand.
+I'll call the laundromat lady who always knows what's nice.
+I'll have the postman make plans for dinner.
+I know when was the last time you lied.
+They say, "Baby, give me a funny TV guide."
+"Yes, I think you can go inside, but only for a short time."
+(laughs) I take an ESL class in Chinatown and learn "It's raining, it's raining."
+Put a mockingbird on a late-night train just to make an old man snore.
+Have your ex-lover say "good morning" to another person.
+Good morning everyone.
+I don't care how you made it.
+Aloha. hello. Shalom. A Salam Alaykum.
+Everyone means everyone, and here we mean everyone.
+So let's build a golden cage.
+Line up old notebook pages on the bottom.
+Place Mockingbird in it. Simply put, hippie parents.
+(Laughter) What does the violin have to do with technology?
+Where is this world headed?
+At one end is a gold bar and at the other end is the whole earth.
+We are 12 billion light years away from the edge.
+That's a guess.
+The universe is infinite in length and breadth, but as nations begin to eat like us, live like us, and die like us, America has no ticket for commercial travel to space. can't buy
+You may want to look away. That's because the limbs are newts trying to regenerate, and a handshake spreads more germs than a kiss.
+There are approximately 10 million phages per job.
+The inside of a nanotube is a very mysterious world.
+Women can speak. Black men ski. White people build strong buildings. we make a strong sun
+The surface of the earth is completely full of holes, and this is right in the middle.
+(Laughter) It is the voice of life calling us to come learn.
+When the little mockingbirds all fly away, you'll hear what they've been saying for the past four days.
+Uptown gurus, downtown teachers, penniless artists and dealers, and Filipino preachers, leaf blowers, bartenders, boob doctors, hooligans, garbage collectors, local MPs in the spotlight, the skies. I'm going to catch the people on the helicopter.
+Everyone listens.
+Everyone accepts this honest Mockingbird as a witness.
+And I'm on board with this.
+Chat rooms and copycats are rife, and I'm wrestling with this until mothers tuck their children into bed and sing, "Be quiet, little baby, don't say anything."
+Wait for the man with the mockingbird. "
+(Laughter) Right. Then comes the news crew, street interviews, and letters to the editor.
+Everyone is asking who is responsible for this citywide, nationwide cacophony in Mockingbird, but finally someone is going to tip me off to the Monterey, California City Council and provide me with the keys to the city.
+A gold-plated oversized key to the city, that's all I need. If you get it, you can unlock the air.
+Ask what is missing and put it there.
+Thank you TED.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Great.
+(Applause.) Great.
+(applause)
+Our face is very important because it is the outer visual part that other people see.
+Remember it's a functional entity.
+We have a strong skull that protects our body's most important organ, the brain.
+It is where our senses, our special senses - sight, speech, hearing, smell and taste are located.
+And, as you can see, this bone has spots and light shines through the hollow skull, the sinuses that warm and moisten the air we breathe.
+But imagine if they were filled with hard bone. Our heads would be under their own weight, unable to keep straight and unable to see the world around us.
+A benign tumor in the bones of her face has completely removed her mouth and nose, and she is unable to breathe or eat, and is slowly dying.
+Attached to the facial bones, which define our facial structure, are muscles that transmit facial expressions, a universal expressive language, and a social signaling system.
+And above that is the drape of skin, a very complex three-dimensional structure with occasional right angles, thin areas like the eyelids, thick areas like the cheeks, and various colors.
+Then there is the sensual element of the face.
+where do we want to kiss
+on the lips. You might bite your ears.
+It's the face that attracts me.
+But don't forget your hair.
+If you're looking at the image on the left, this is my son with eyebrows.
+Look how strange he looks without eyebrows.
+There is a crucial difference.
+And imagine if he had a hair growing down the middle of his nose, he would look even weirder.
+Dysmorphia is an extreme version of the fact that we don't see ourselves the way others see us.
+The shocking fact is that we only see ourselves in mirror images, and in freeze-framed photographic images that capture only a fraction of the time in which we live. is.
+Dysmorphia is a perversion of this, in which very good looking people consider themselves horribly ugly and constantly seek surgery to correct their facial appearance.
+they don't need this. They need psychiatric help.
+Max kindly donated a photo of himself to me.
+He's not dysmorphic, but I'm using a photo of him to illustrate the fact that he looks exactly like dysmorphic.
+In other words, he looks perfectly normal.
+How you think about your appearance changes as you age.
+Therefore, children learn to judge themselves and judge themselves by the actions of the adults around them.
+This is a typical example. Rebecca has a benign vascular tumor that is growing through her skull, destroying her nose and blinding her eyes.
+As you can see, her vision is obstructed.
+Scratching this also puts her at risk of bleeding profusely.
+Our research shows that the parents and close people of these children love them.
+They've gotten used to their faces. They think they are special.
+In fact, parents sometimes debate whether lesions should be excised in such children.
+And sometimes they suffer an intense grief reaction because the child they have come to love has changed so dramatically that they are unable to recognize that the child is a child.
+But other adults say incredibly painful things.
+They say, "How dare you take this kid out of the house and scare other people.
+Shouldn't we do something about this? Why wasn't it removed? "
+Then other children approach with curiosity and peck at the lesion. Because it's a natural curiosity.
+And it clearly warns the child of his abnormal nature.
+After surgery everything will be normal.
+Adults behave more naturally and children play more easily with other children.
+Remember when you were a teenager, when you were a teenager. We experience dramatic and often disproportionate changes in our facial appearance.
+We struggle to find our identity.
+We crave approval from our colleagues.
+Therefore, the appearance of our face is very important when we try to project ourselves into the world.
+Remember the one acne spot that crippled you for days?
+How much time do you spend looking in the mirror every day, practicing a sarcastic look, practicing a serious look, trying to look like Sean Connery like I do, trying to raise one eyebrow? Or just below?
+It's a tough time.
+We chose to show this profile view of Sue because it shows Sue's lower chin protruding forward and lower lip protruding forward.
+Now, I would like everyone in the audience to stick their lower jaws forward.
+Turn to face the person next to you and stick your lower jaw forward. Look to the person next to you. they look miserable.
+That's exactly what people used to say to Sue.
+She wasn't miserable at all.
+But people used to say to her, "Why are you so miserable?"
+People were always misjudged her mood.
+Her teachers and peers underestimated her. She was teased at school.
+So she chose to undergo facial surgery.
+After facial surgery, she said, "My face has come to reflect my personality.
+People now know that I am an enthusiastic and happy person. "
+And it's a change that can be achieved even for teens.
+But is this change a real change, or a figment of the patient's own imagination?
+Now, we studied teenagers' attitudes towards photographs of patients who underwent this facial correction surgery.
+And what we found was that the photos were jumbled up so that the before and after were indistinguishable. What we found was that post-surgery patients were seen as more attractive.
+Not surprisingly, we asked them to judge on honesty, intelligence, friendliness, and even violence.
+They were all perceived as inferior to normal in all characteristics, including being more violent, before surgery.
+They were perceived to be more intelligent, friendlier, more honest, and less violent after the surgery, but we still hadn't put a finger on their intelligence or their personalities.
+As people get older, they don't always choose to have this type of surgery.
+Their presence in the counseling room is the result of an exorbitant stroke of luck and arrows.
+What happens to them, they may have cancer or trauma.
+Here is a picture of Henry two weeks after malignant cancer was removed from the left side of his face, cheekbone, upper jaw and eye socket.
+He looks pretty good at this stage.
+But over the next 15 years he underwent 14 more surgeries as disease eroded his face and destroyed my reconstruction regularly.
+I learned a lot from Henry.
+Henry taught me that I can keep working.
+He worked as a defense attorney. He continued playing cricket.
+He enjoyed life to the fullest, perhaps because he had a successful and fulfilling job, a caring family, and social participation.
+He remained cool and indifferent.
+I wouldn't say he overcame this. he didn't get over it.
+This was more than that. he ignored it.
+He ignored the cosmetic scars that were going on in his life and continued to live unaware of them.
+And that is what these people can do.
+Henriapi also describes this phenomenon.
+This is a man in his 20s who came to Nigeria for the first time to operate on this malignant cancer.
+It was my longest surgery.
+It took 23 hours. I worked with a neurosurgeon.
+We removed all the bones on the right side of his face (eyes, nose, skull, facial skin) and used tissue from his back to reconstruct him.
+He continued working as a psychiatric nurse.
+he got married He had a son named Jeremiah.
+And again he said, "This painting of me and my son Jeremiah shows how I feel that I am a successful man."
+The facial deformity did not affect him because he had family support. He was successful and had a fulfilling job.
+In other words, it turns out that you can change a person's face.
+But when you change a person's face, do you change their identity, for better or worse?
+For example, there are two different types of facial surgery.
+It can be classified as follows.
+It can be said that some patients, like Sue, choose to undergo facial surgery.
+Having facial surgery makes them feel their lives have changed because other people perceive them as better people.
+they don't feel the difference.
+They feel they've really gotten something they've never gotten before, and they feel that their face reflects their personality.
+And really, that's probably the difference between cosmetic surgery and this kind of surgery.
+Because you might say, "This kind of surgery might be considered cosmetic surgery."
+Patient satisfaction is often low when cosmetic surgery is performed.
+They are trying to make a difference in their lives.
+Sue wasn't trying to make changes in her life.
+She was just trying to achieve a face that suited her personality.
+However, some people choose not to undergo facial surgery.
+People who have had their faces shot.
+Let's stop talking and have a blank slide for the finicky.
+they are forced into it.
+And again, with a caring family and a fulfilling working life, they can live a normal and fulfilling life.
+their identity remains the same.
+Is this business obsessed with looks and looks a Western phenomenon?
+Musetta's family lie about this.
+This is a Bangladeshi girl living in the east end of London. He has a huge malignant tumor on the right side of his face and is already blind.The tumor is growing rapidly and will die soon.
+After she had surgery to remove a tumor, her parents dressed her in this beautiful green velvet dress with pink ribbons in her hair. My parents wanted this painting to be seen all over the world, despite the fact that they were orthodox Muslims and mothers. I wore a full burqa.
+So this is not just a Western phenomenon.
+We always judge people by their faces.
+It's been going on ever since we can think of Lombroso and how he defines the face of a criminal.
+He said he could recognize the criminal's face just from the picture he was shown.
+Good looking people are always judged to be friendly.
+Let's take a look at O.J. -- He's a good looking guy.
+We would love to spend time with him. he looks friendly.
+Now we know he was a convicted man who abused his wife, but actually he's not a good person.
+And beauty and goodness don't always equate, let alone satisfaction.
+So far, we've talked about judging still and stationary faces, but in reality, it's safer to judge moving faces.
+We believe that we can judge people by their facial expressions.
+Jurors in the UK justice system like to see live witnesses to see if they can pick up telltale signs of deception, such as blinking or hesitation.
+So they want to see living witnesses.
+Todorov says we can judge someone's face in a tenth of a second.
+Are we offended by this image? Yes, it is.
+Would we be happy if the faces of doctors, lawyers, and financial advisors were covered?
+we will be quite uncomfortable.
+But are we good at judging facial appearance and movement?
+The truth is that there is a five-minute rule, not a tenth-of-a-second rule like Todorov.
+Spending five minutes with someone can cause them to look beyond their facial features, making the person they were originally attracted to seem boring and uninteresting. Also, I didn't think he was particularly attractive to people who didn't look for him right away, but his personality made him attractive.
+So, we've talked a lot about facial appearance.
+Now I would like to share a little bit about the surgery we are doing. It's about where we are now and where we're going.
+Here is an image of Anne with her right jaw and base of her skull removed.
+And as you can see in the images that followed, we were able to successfully reconstruct her.
+But that's not enough.
+This is what Anne wants. She wants to go kayaking and climb mountains.
+And that is what she has achieved and that is what we must achieve.
+I'm raising my hand now because it's a terrifying image.
+Here is a photo of Nigerian bank manager Adi who was shot in the face during an armed robbery.
+And he lost his lower jaw, lips, jaw, upper jaw and teeth.
+This is the standard he sets for us.
+"I want to be like this. I used to be like this."
+So modern technology used computers to create models.
+I made a boneless jaw model.
+Then I bent the plate to fit.
+It turned out to be the exact location, so I put it in place.
+Next, insert the bone and tissue from the back side.
+Here you can see the plate holding it and the implant inserted. In other words, you can achieve this and this in one operation.
+The patient's life is thus restored.
+That's good news.
+However, the skin on his chin doesn't look the same as before.
+It's the skin on your back.
+Thicker, darker, rougher and less contoured.
+That's where we're failing and where we need a face transplant.
+Face grafts are likely to serve as skin replacements for burn victims.
+I can replace the underlying skeletal structure, but I'm still not very good at replacing facial skin.
+Therefore, having that tool in our arsenal is very valuable.
+However, patients must take drugs that suppress the immune system for the rest of their lives.
+what do you mean?
+They are at increased risk of infections and are also at increased risk of malignancies.
+Is this a quality of life transplant rather than a life-saving transplant, such as a heart, liver or lung transplant, when a patient develops malignant cancer as a result? 10 years from now, 15 years from now, will you say, ``I'm dying of malignant cancer, and I wish I had a conventional reconstruction technique instead of this one''? I don't know yet.
+I don't know how they feel about recognition or identity.
+Bernard DeVaucher and Sylvie Testelin, who performed the first surgery, are studying it.
+How many people would like to have their face removed at the moment of their loved one's death?
+Therefore, there will be problems with face transplants.
+So the better news is that the future is just around the corner. And the future is tissue engineering.
+Please try to imagine. You can create a template that is biologically degradable.
+You can put it where it should be.
+Sprinkle with a few cells, stem cells from the patient's own hip joint, and a small amount of genetically engineered protein, and voila, the face grows after four months.
+This is a bit like Julia Child's recipe.
+But I still have a problem.
+I have oral cancer to solve.
+We are still not treating enough patients. This is the most disfiguring cancer.
+It's not fully rebuilt yet.
+Facial injuries are prevalent among young people in the UK.
+We still can't erase the scars.
+Need to research.
+And the best news of all is that surgeons know we need to do research.
+And we founded a charity that funds clinical research to determine the best treatments today and better treatments in the future. So we don't just sit on the laurels and say, "Okay, we're doing great." .
+Leave it as is. "
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Six years ago, I was nine years old when my grandfather first told me the horrors he had witnessed when a human overrun killed 39 people in our hometown of Nashik, India.
+It was during the 2003 Nasik Khumbu Mela, one of the world's largest religious gatherings.
+Every 12 years, over 30 million Hindu worshipers come and stay for 45 days in this city built exclusively for its population of 1.5 million.
+The main purpose is to bathe in the river Godavari to wash away all sins.
+Also, dense crowds move at a slower pace, so crowds can easily occur.
+Besides Nashik, the incident has occurred in three other parts of India with varying frequency, and between 2001 and 2014, more than 2,400 lives were lost in these incidents. I was.
+What saddened me the most was seeing the people around me giving up on the fate of this city in the face of dozens of seemingly inevitable deaths per Kumbh Mela.
+I've tried changing this and wondered why I can't find a solution for this.
+Because I knew it was wrong.
+I learned to code at an early age and being a maker, I came up with this crazy idea -- (laughter) [Makers always find a way] to adjust the flow of people and use it in different areas. I had the crazy idea of ​​building a system that would help The next Khumbu Mela is scheduled to take place in 2015, with fewer crowds and hopefully fewer deaths.
+It seemed like an impossible mission and a dream too big, especially for a 15-year-old, but in 2015 the dream came true. At that time, we not only succeeded in reducing the flood and its intensity, but also marked 2015 as our first target. Nashik Khumbu Mela Zeros Stampede.
+(Applause.) For the first time in recorded history, this event ended without casualties.
+how did you do it
+It all started in 2014 when I attended an innovation workshop by the MIT Media Lab called Kumbathon, aimed at solving the challenges facing Kumbh Mela at scale.
+Well, we found a way to solve the crowd problem. I just wanted to know three things. The number of people, their location, and the rate of flow of people per minute.
+So we started looking for technology that could help us achieve all three.
+Can radio frequency tokens be distributed to identify individuals?
+We thought it would be too expensive and impractical to distribute 30 million tags.
+Can surveillance cameras with image processing technology be used?
+Again, too expensive for its scale. It also has the drawback of not being portable and being completely useless in the case of rain, which is common in Kumbh Mela.
+Is cell phone tower data available?
+It seems like the perfect solution, but the funny thing is that most people don't carry their cell phones at events like Kumbh Mela.
+Also, the data would not have been granular enough for us.
+We wanted something that was real-time, low-cost, rugged, waterproof, and easy to get data for processing.
+So we built "Ashioto" which means "footsteps" in Japanese. It consists of a portable mat with pressure sensors that can count the number of people walking on it, whose data is sent over the internet to advanced data analysis software we have created.
+Possible errors such as over-counting and double-stepping were overcome using design interventions.
+After testing different versions and observing the average person's stride length, it was determined that the optimal width for the mat was 18 inches.
+Otherwise, a person could step over the sensor.
+We started with a proof of concept built in three days using cardboard and aluminum foil.
+(Laughter) It worked really well.
+We made another panel using an aluminum composite panel and a piezoelectric plate (a plate that produces small electrical pulses under pressure).
+We tested this with 30 different pilots in public spaces, crowded restaurants, shopping malls, temples, etc. to see how people reacted.
+And people were excited to see locals working on urban issues, so they let us do these pilots.
+I was 15 and the team members were in their early 20s.
+When the sensor was colored, people got scared and asked things like, "Will I get an electric shock if I step on this?"
+(Laughter) Or if it's obvious that it's an electronic sensor on the ground, they'll just jump over it.
+(Laughs) So I decided to design a cover for the sensor so that you don't have to worry about what's on the ground.
+So, after some experiments, I decided to use an industrial sensor used as a safety trigger in hazardous areas as the sensor, and a black neoprene rubber sheet as the cover.
+Now, another advantage of using black rubber is that dust naturally accumulates on the surface and eventually the ground can camouflage the surface.
+We also had to make sure the sensor was no taller than 12 millimeters.
+Otherwise, people may end up tripping over it, which itself can cause congestion.
+(Laughter) We don't want that.
+(Laughter) So we were able to design a sensor that was only 10 millimeters thick.
+Data is sent in real time to a server and a heat map is plotted considering all active devices on the ground.
+Authorities could be alerted if crowds slowed down or crowd density exceeded desirable thresholds.
+We installed five of these mats at the Nashik Kumbh Mela in 2015, counting more than 500,000 people in 18 hours, making the data available in real time at various checkpoints, Ensured a safe flow of people.
+Well, this system, coupled with other technological innovations, ultimately helped prevent crowds at that festival altogether.
+The code used by Ashioto during the Kumbh Mela will soon be made public and free for anyone to use.
+I would be happy if someone could use this code to make more gatherings safer.
+The success of the Kumbh Mela inspired me to want to help people who are similarly suffering from stampede.
+The design of this system allows it to be adapted to almost any event where people gather in an organized way.
+And my new dream is to improve, adapt and deploy this system around the world to prevent loss of life and ensure safe movement of people. Because every human soul is precious, whether at a concert or a sporting event. Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, Hajj in Mecca, Shia procession to Karbala or Vatican City.
+So what do you guys think, can we do it?
+(audience) Yes!
+thank you.
+(Cheers) (Applause)
+Future technology will always involve two things. It's a promise and an unintended consequence.
+And it's those results that I want to explore.
+And before I explain how future technology will affect us, I want to take a moment to consider some of the unintended consequences of modern technology—part of social media.
+Social media was your technology of the future a few years ago.
+Now it's just you.
+Social media was supposed to bring us together in ways we never could have imagined.
+And the prediction was correct.
+These three girls are talking to each other without the awkward discomfort of eye contact.
+(Laughter) I call it progress.
+We were supposed to be caught up in a tsunami of communication the likes of which the world has never experienced.
+And it actually happened.
+And so was this.
+(sings) One of these things is different from the other.
+(speaking) Now, look at this picture.
+If you chose the person with this book, you are wrong. Or, as one president put it, "Wrong!"
+(Laughter) Obviously, three of these people are reading books, and finally one is listening to music and playing "Candy Crush."
+(Laughter) So are we more connected, or are we just more connected to our devices?
+Social media was supposed to put us in authentic city squares where we could exchange challenging ideas and debates.
+And what we got instead was a troll.
+This is the actual tweet I received.
+"Chuck, no one wants to hear your stupid and ill-informed political views!
+I hope you die of leprosy.
+Love you, Dad." (Laughter) Now, if you look at this tweet, like most trolls, the great thing about tweets isn't all that bad. Because he wanted me to have "leprosy", not "leprosy". And "leprosy" is not dangerous at all.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Alongside trolls, we've got a whole new way to torture teens: cyberbullying.
+My 75-year-old mother doesn't seem to have this concept at all.
+"So, um, did they hit him?"
+"No, Mom, they didn't hit him."
+"Did they steal his money?"
+"No, Mom, they weren't taking his money."
+"Did they put his face in the toilet?"
+"No, mother, they didn't-" "So what did they do?"
+"They attacked him on the Internet."
+"Did you attack him on the internet?"
+(Laughter) "Well, why don't you turn off the internet?"
+(Laughter) "Your generation is a bunch of weirdos."
+(Laughter) She has a point.
+(Laughter) She has a point.
+And I don't even want to talk about what social media has brought to dating.
+I used Grindr until I realized it wasn't a sandwich app.
+(Laughter.) And I can't even talk about Tinder, but if you think there's a limit to how much anonymous sex we can have on this planet, sadly you're wrong.
+(Laughter.) So where do we go from here?
+Now, let's play some hit songs.
+driverless car.
+Something that has already existed for years without the help of computers.
+(Laughter) (Applause) For years, we've been texting, putting on makeup, shaving, reading, actually reading, and that's me. prize.
+(Laughter) The other thing is that as self-driving cars become shared, most people won't own cars, and there will be no DMV.
+DMV -- Now I know what you mean.
+"There's no way this guy is going to stand here and sue the DMV."
+Well, I don't know about you, but I'm a world of harsh fluorescent lights, endless lines, terrible forms to fill out, and disgruntled, soulless bureaucrats who remind me how lucky I am to not work here. I don't want to live in .
+(Laughter) That's the real service they offer.
+DMV: Come to renew your registration and stay for the satisfaction of having made a pretty good life choice.
+(Laughter) In the future nobody will own their own car. That means teenagers will have nowhere to flirt with.
+I know what that means.
+That is, they would order the unmanned vehicle to do just that.
+I don't want to get in the car and ask the question, "Why does this car smell of awkwardness, breakdowns and shame?"
+(Laughter) If you want to ask that question, I'll go to my bedroom.
+(Laughter.) So what else do we need to look forward to?
+Yes, artificial intelligence.
+Artificial intelligence, yes.
+You know, there was a time when artificial intelligence was a joke.
+So literally the kind of joke you hear at a cocktail party when someone brings it up in conversation: "Artificial intelligence.
+The only real artificial intelligence is the US Congress.
+Hahahahahahaha. "
+Well, it's not fun anymore.
+(Laughter.) Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, and Bill Gates have all been on record to express serious reservations about artificial intelligence.
+It's like Jesus, Moses, and Muhammad getting together and saying, "Guys, this is what we all believe."
+(Laughter) You might want to go with that, that's all I mean.
+We are actually teaching machines how to think, understand behavior, protect themselves, and even practice deception.
+What could go wrong?
+(Laughter) One thing is certain, creation will always despise its creator.
+OK？
+The Titans rose up against the gods. Lucifer to Jehovah.
+And anyone with a teenage child has probably heard the words, "I hate you and you're ruining my life!"
+i hate you! "
+Imagine that feeling now with a machine that thinks more than you and is heavily armed.
+(Laughter) What was the result?
+absolutely.
+(Laughter) What we have to do before perfecting artificial intelligence is perfecting artificial emotions.
+Then we can teach robots and machines how to love us unconditionally. That way, instead of destroying us (which is perfectly logical, by the way) when robots and machines realize that the only real problem on this planet is us, they You'll find us adorable -- (Laughter) like baby poop.
+(Laughter) "Oh my god, I love the way you destroyed the planet.
+I can't be mad at you, you're so cute!
+it's very cute! "
+(Laughter) You can't talk about this without talking about robotics. OK?
+Remember when you thought robotics was cool?
+I remember thinking robotics was cool until we realized that robots could replace everyone from delivery workers to heart surgeons.
+But one of the great regrets about robotics is that the holy grail of robotics has yet to come.
+I'm talking about a robot girlfriend. It's the dream of a lonely nerd who one day vowed to marry his creation in a windowless basement.
+And in fact, there is an ongoing movement to stop it for fear of exploitation.
+And I'm against that move too.
+We believe we should have robot girlfriends.
+I just believe they should have feminist protocols and artificial intelligence in place. Then she'd take one look at him and say, 'I'm too good for you.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And finally, we have to talk about biotechnology. Biotechnology is a science that promises to end disease before it starts, helping us live longer, fuller, healthier lives.
+And when you combine that with embedded hardware, you're looking at the next incarnation of human evolution.
+And they all sound great until you realize how it really goes.
+One place: Designer Baby. Everywhere in the world, regardless of race, babies end up looking like that.
+(Laughter) The boy is surprised because he just found out that his parents are black.
+(laughs) Can you imagine him at a cocktail party 20 years from now?
+"Yes, my parents are both black.
+I mean, it's a little awkward at times, but look at my credit rating.
+Impressive, very impressive. "
+(Laughter) Now, all of this sounds scary, but everyone in this room knows it's not.
+Technology is not scary.
+It has never been and never will be.
+It's us and what we do with technology that's scary.
+Shall we allow this to expose our humanity, show us who we really are, and reinforce the fact that we are indeed the keeper of our brothers?
+Or will we allow our innermost, darkest demons to be exposed?
+The real question isn't whether technology is scary.
+The real question is, "How human are you?"
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As a child, I was raised by Native Hawaiian elders, three elderly women who took care of me while my parents worked.
+The year is 1963.
+we are at sea
+It's dusk.
+We observe the rising stars and changing tides.
+It's a beach we know well.
+Smooth stones on sand are familiar to us.
+If you see these women in faded clothes on the street, you might dismiss them as poor and naive.
+That's wrong.
+These women are descendants of Polynesian navigators, trained in the old fashioned way by their elders, and now pass it on to me.
+They can tell you the names of the wind, the names of the rain, and the astronomical names based on the genealogy of the stars.
+A new moon is visible on the horizon.
+Hawaiians say it's a good night for fishing.
+they start chanting.
+[Hawaiian chant] When finished, they sit in a circle and ask me to come with them.
+They want to tell me about my destiny.
+I thought all seven-year-olds would go through something like this.
+(laughter) "Lady, one day the world will be in trouble.
+People forget their wisdom.
+We need the voices of the Elders from the ends of the world to restore balance to the world.
+you go far away
+It can be a lonely road at times.
+we are not there
+But when you look into the eyes of a seemingly stranger, you will recognize your ohana, your family.
+And it needs you all.
+It takes all of you. "
+I will cherish this word for the rest of my life.
+Because I'm scared to think I'm going to do it alone.
+The year is 2007.
+I am on a remote island in Micronesia.
+Satawal is 0.5 miles long and 1 mile wide.
+This is my teacher's house.
+His name is Pius Mau Piirugu.
+Mau is a Pal, a navigator priest.
+He is also considered the world's greatest wave finder.
+There are only a handful of pals left on this island.
+Their tradition was so extraordinary that their sailors sailed three million square miles across the Pacific Ocean without the use of instruments.
+They were able to use the rising and setting of stars, the alignment and direction of waves, and the flight patterns of certain birds to synthesize patterns in nature.
+Even the slightest hint of color under the clouds will let you know and help you navigate with the most precision.
+When Western scientists boarded a canoe with Mau and observed him enter the hull, it appeared that the old man was about to rest.
+In fact, the canoe's hull is the womb of the ship.
+This is where you can most accurately feel the rhythm, order and direction of the waves.
+In fact, Mau used his whole body to collect blatant data.
+It was something he had been trained to do since he was five years old.
+Science may now dismiss this methodology, but Polynesian navigators still use it today because it allows them to accurately determine the angle and direction of their ships.
+Pal also had an uncanny ability to predict weather conditions days in advance.
+Sometimes I would be with Mau on a cloudy night, sitting on the easternmost shore of the island and he would look out and say, "Okay, let's go."
+He saw the first light and knew what the weather would be like three days from now.
+Their intellectual and scientific achievements are extraordinary and highly relevant in these times when we are trying to weather the storm.
+We are now in a very important period in the history of the collective.
+They have been likened to astronauts, elderly navigators who sail the vast open ocean in double-hulled canoes thousands of miles from small islands.
+Their canoes, our rockets. Their ocean, our space.
+The wisdom of these elders is not just a collection of tales of old people in the middle of nowhere.
+This is part of our collective story.
+It's human DNA.
+I can't afford to lose it.
+The year is 2010.
+The world is in trouble, just as the Hawaiian women who raised me predicted.
+We live in a data-bloated yet wisdom-hungry society.
+We are connected 24/7, but anxiety, fear, depression and loneliness are at an all-time high.
+I have to correct my trajectory.
+An African shaman said, "Your society worships the jester, but the king stands in plain clothes."
+The link between past and future is fragile.
+I know this very well. Because I've traveled all over the world to hear and record these stories and it's been a struggle.
+I am haunted by the fact that I can no longer remember the names of wind and rain.
+Mau passed away five months ago, but his legacy and lessons live on.
+And I believe that a culture of vast knowledge, as powerful as the Micronesian navigators, is being ignored around the world, evidence of glorious and glorious technology, science and wisdom that is rapidly disappearing. It reminds me of something.
+Because when the elder dies, the library burns, and the library burns all over the world.
+I am grateful for the fact that I had a mentor like Mau to show me the way.
+And through the lessons he shared, I found myself continuing to find my way.
+And this is what he said: "The island is the canoe, and the canoe is the island."
+And what he meant was that if you're on a voyage and you're far from home, your survival depends on everyone on board.
+I can't sail alone, I never intended to.
+This whole concept of everyone being their own is completely unsustainable.
+It always was.
+Finally, I would like to suggest this to you. The earth is our canoe and we are the voyagers.
+True navigation begins in the human mind.
+It's the most important map of all.
+May your journey go well together.
+(applause)
+I admit I'm a little nervous here. Because I'm going to say some radical things about how we should think differently about cancer for an audience that has a lot of people who know more about cancer than I do. .
+But I also insist that I'm not overly nervous because I'm sure I'm right about this.
+(Laughter.) And indeed, this will be the cure for cancer in the future.
+To talk about cancer, you have to actually do it. Show me the big slide here.
+First, I would like to look at genomics from a different perspective.
+I'd like to put this in perspective of everything else that's going on right now, and then talk about proteomics that you haven't heard much about.
+I think these explanations lead to different ways of thinking about how cancer is treated.
+So let's start with genomics.
+It's a hot topic.
+It's where we learn the most.
+This is the great frontier.
+But it has its limits.
+In particular, you may have heard the metaphor that the genome is like the blueprint of the body. It would be great if that were true, but it isn't.
+It's like a parts list for your body.
+It doesn't say how things are connected or what causes it.
+For example, if you were trying to tell the difference between a good restaurant, a healthy restaurant, and a bad restaurant, all you had was a list of ingredients in your pantry.
+So even if you go to a French restaurant and look inside and find that there is only margarine and no butter, you might say, "Oh, I know what the problem is."
+I can make them healthy. "
+And there are probably special cases of that as well.
+You can definitely tell the difference between a Chinese restaurant and a French restaurant by what's in the pantry.
+So while the ingredient list certainly tells us something, sometimes it tells us something is wrong.
+If it contains a lot of salt, you might assume that you used too much salt or something like that.
+But it is limited. Because to really know if it's a healthy restaurant, you need to taste the food, you need to know what's going on in the kitchen, and you need the product of all those ingredients.
+So if I look at a person or look at their genome, it's the same thing.
+The part of the genome that we can read is the component list.
+And indeed, sometimes bad ingredients are found.
+Cystic fibrosis is an example of a disease that can be caused by a bad component, but we can actually make a direct correspondence between the component and the disease.
+But most of the time you really need to know what's going on in the kitchen. Because most often sick people used to be healthy people. because they have the same genome.
+So the genome can tell us a lot more about predisposition.
+In other words, you can tell the difference between Asians and Europeans by looking at the ingredients list.
+But in practice, except for a few special cases, it is almost always impossible to distinguish between healthy and sick people.
+So why the fuss about genetics?
+First of all, because you can read it. This is great.
+Very useful in certain situations.
+It is also the great theoretical triumph of biology.
+This is the only theory that biologists have ever been really right.
+It is fundamental to Darwin, Mendel, etc.
+And that's the only thing they predicted for the theoretical structure.
+So Mendel thought of genes as an abstraction, Darwin constructed a whole theory that relied on genes to exist, and then Watson and Crick actually examined them and discovered them.
+So this happens all the time in physics.
+I predicted the appearance of a black hole and looked through my telescope and it was there, exactly as you said.
+But in biology that rarely happens.
+This great victory is such a wonderful, almost religious experience in biology.
+And Darwinian evolution is actually the core theory.
+Another reason this is so popular is because it can be measured digitally.
+And in fact, thanks to Kary Mullis, you can basically measure your genome in your kitchen with the addition of a few ingredients.
+For example, by measuring our genomes, how we are related to other kinds of animals by genomic proximity, or how we are related to each other, such as family trees. I learned a lot. tree of life.
+Even just comparing genetic similarities can provide a tremendous amount of information about genetics.
+Of course, in medical applications, this is the same kind of information that doctors get from family medical histories, so it's very useful. However, your genome probably knows a lot more about your medical history than you do.
+So reading your genome can tell you a lot more about your family than you probably know.
+So we can discover some surprising things, though perhaps you might find out if you watched your relatives enough.
+I did the 23andMe thing and was very surprised to find myself fat and bald.
+(Laughter) But sometimes we learn more useful things about it.
+But most of what you need to know to know if you're sick isn't your predisposition, but what's actually going on in your body right now.
+To that end, what we really need to do is to investigate what the gene produces and what happens after the gene, and that is proteomics.
+Proteomics is the study of all proteins, just as the genome blends the study of all genes.
+And proteins are all the little things in the body that send signals between cells and are actually the machines in action where activity takes place.
+Basically, the human body has conversations both within cells and between cells, telling each other to "grow" and "die", but when you're sick, there's something wrong with that conversation. It means that it is occurring.
+The point is, unfortunately, there is no way to measure these in a way that is as simple as measuring the genome.
+The problem is measurement. Trying to measure all proteins is a very complicated process.
+It requires hundreds of steps and takes a very long time.
+And how much protein is included is important.
+A 10% change in protein can be very significant, so it's not a great digital thing like DNA.
+Basically the problem we're having is someone is in the middle of this very long stage and they just stopped for a split second and left something in the enzyme for a split second and all of a sudden all the measurements from then on were working. It means that it will stop.
+And when I run it this way I get very inconsistent results.
+People have tried very hard to do this.
+I tried this a few times and gave up when I saw this issue.
+I got a lot of calls from an oncologist named David Agus.
+And even though Applied Minds gets a lot of calls from people asking for help, I kept him on the delay list because I thought the chances of me calling this call back were low.
+Then one day, the same day, John Doerr, Bill Berkman, and Al Gore called me to call David Agus back.
+(Laughter.) So I thought, "Okay, this guy is at least witty."
+(Laughter) So we started talking and he said, "We really need a better way to measure protein."
+I'm like, "I saw that, I've been there."
+It won't be easy. "
+He said, "No, I really need it.
+In other words, we see patients dying every day because we don't know what's going on inside them.
+We have to have a window on this. "
+And he gave me specific examples of when I really needed it.
+And I realized, 'Wow, if we can do this, it's going to make a really big difference,' so I said, 'Well, let's do it.
+Applied Minds has plenty of play money so you can just work on something without asking for money or permission from anyone.
+So we started playing around with this.
+And as I went along, I realized that this was the underlying problem. I mean take a sip of coffee. Humans are doing this complex process, and what really needs to be done is to automate and build this process into an assembly line. A robot that measures proteomics.
+And so we did it and worked with David to eventually create a small company called Applied Proteomics that built a robotic assembly line that measured proteins in a very consistent way.
+Describe what a protein measurement looks like.
+Basically, a drop of blood is collected from the patient, the proteins in the blood are classified by weight, slipperiness, etc., and arranged on the image.
+So literally hundreds of thousands of features can be examined at once from that drop of blood.
+And tomorrow you can have another protein. Then you know tomorrow's protein will be different. It is different after eating and after sleeping.
+They really tell you what's going on there.
+So this picture that looks like a big smudge to you is actually what got me really excited and made me feel like we were on the right track.
+So zoom in on that picture and you'll see what I mean.
+Sort proteins. Left to right indicates the weight of the obtained fragments and top to bottom indicates their slipperiness.
+So I'm going to zoom in here just to show you a little bit.
+Each of these lines therefore represents some signal from a portion of the protein.
+And then you see how lines arise on these little bumps, bumps, bumps, bumps, groups of bumps.
+That's because carbon exists in different isotopes, so when carbon has extra neutrons, it's actually weighing as a different chemical.
+So you are actually measuring each isotope as different.
+Now you can see how exquisite sensitivity this is.
+So looking at this picture is like being Galileo looking at the stars and looking through a telescope for the first time and suddenly thinking "Wow, that's a lot more complicated than I thought."
+But we can look at what's there and see how it really works.
+Here's the signature I'm trying to get the pattern for.
+So what you do with this is, say, you look at two patients, one that responds to the drug and one that doesn't respond to the drug, and ask, "What's changing in their bodies?" can ask.
+Therefore, these measurements can be made accurately enough to see the difference between two patients on top of each other.
+Here we have Alice in green and Bob in red.
+We will layer them. This is real data.
+As you can see, most are overlapping and yellow, but some only Alice has and some only Bob has.
+And if you find a pattern of behavior in people that responds to that drug, you know that there is a condition in their blood that can respond to this drug.
+We may not even know what this protein is, but we do know that it is a marker of response to disease.
+So I think this is already very useful in all kinds of medicine.
+But I think this is really just the beginning of cancer treatment.
+Now let's move on to cancer.
+About Cancer -- When I got into this stuff, I didn't really know anything about it, but I'm working with David Aigs to see how cancer is actually being treated. I started observing and went to an operation where an excision was being performed.
+And watching it, I couldn't understand how we approach cancer. And to understand it, I had to learn where this came from.
+We treat cancer much like we treat infections.
+We must treat it as if it entered your body and kill it.
+This is a great paradigm.
+This is another case where the theoretical paradigm of biology actually worked. It was the germ theory of disease.
+Therefore, diagnosis is where doctors are primarily trained. This means categorizing patients and applying scientifically proven treatments to their diagnosis. It is very effective against infections.
+Therefore, if you fall into the category of having syphilis, you can be given penicillin.
+we know it works.
+If you have malaria, give quinine or its derivatives.
+This is the basic thing doctors are trained to do, and it's a miracle how well it works in the case of infections.
+And if doctors hadn't done this, many in this audience probably wouldn't have survived.
+But now let's apply it to systemic diseases such as cancer.
+The problem is that with cancer, there is nothing else in you.
+That is you. you are broken
+Somehow the conversation inside you got confused.
+So how do we diagnose that conversation?
+Well, what we're doing now is sorting it out by body part -- you know, where did it come from? -- and sorting it into different categories depending on the body part. will be
+Then, we conduct clinical trials of therapeutic drugs for lung cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. Treat these as if they were separate diseases, and as if this division had any relation to the actual situation. error.
+And of course it doesn't really matter what went wrong because cancer is a flaw in the system.
+And in fact, I think we are even more wrong when we talk about cancer as a thing.
+I think this is a big mistake.
+I don't think cancer should be a noun.
+We should talk about cancer as what we do, not what we have.
+And those tumors, those are symptoms of cancer.
+So your body is probably getting cancer all the time, but there are many systems inside your body that control it.
+To illustrate the analogy of thinking of getting cancer as a verb, imagine we knew nothing about plumbing. And when we talked about it, we'd come home and find a leak in the kitchen and say, 'Oh, there's water in the house.
+We might split it up -- the plumber would say, "So where's the water?"
+"Well, it's in the kitchen." "Oh, I need kitchen water."
+That's the level.
+"Kitchen water, well, first of all get in there and sweep up a lot of water.
+And I found that sprinkling drano around the kitchen helped.
+Water in the living room is better to tar the roof. "
+It sounds silly, but basically that's what we do.
+I'm not saying you shouldn't clean your water if you have cancer, but I'm saying it doesn't matter. That's the symptom of the problem.
+What we really need to understand is the ongoing process, it's happening at the level of proteonomic action, and it's happening at the level of why your body isn't healing as it normally does.
+Because your body is usually dealing with this problem all the time.
+That means your home is constantly dealing with leaks, but you're fixing them. It drains them and so on.
+So what we need is to have a causal model of what is actually happening. Proteomics actually gives us the ability to build such models.
+David invited me to speak at the National Cancer Institute. And Anna Barker was there too.
+So I gave this talk and said, "Why aren't you guys doing this too?"
+And Anna said, "Because no one inside cancer would see it this way.
+But what we're trying to do is create a program for people outside the oncology field to get together with doctors who really know about cancer and develop different research programs. "
+So David and I applied for the program and founded a consortium at USC of the world's best oncologists and the world's best biologists from Cold Spring Harbor, Stanford, and Austin. I can't even go through all the places and name them. A research project lasting five years is actually trying to build such a model of cancer.
+We're doing it with mice first, and we're going to kill a lot of mice in the process, but they're going to die for good reason.
+And let's get to the point where we actually have a predictive model that can understand what's really going on when cancer develops, and how to treat that cancer. I'm doing it.
+Finally, I would like to talk a little bit about my vision of cancer treatment in the future.
+So, ultimately, I think when we have one of these models for humans, we'll eventually have it. So our group won't get there, but we'll end up with a pretty good computer model. - It's like a global climate model for weather.
+It contains different information at different scales about what processes are taking place in this proteomics conversation.
+Then simulate your specific cancer with that model. Same goes for ALS and all sorts of neurodegenerative diseases and stuff like that. We specialize in simulations for you, not just the general public. what is happening inside you.
+What we can do in that simulation is specifically design a set of treatments, which can be very mild treatments, very low doses of drugs.
+It could be something like, don't eat that day, or give me a little chemo, or a little radiation.
+Of course, you can also have surgery.
+But let us help you get your body back on track by designing your own treatment program. Get your body back to health.
+Because the body does most of the work of repairing itself as long as we support it the wrong way.
+Place it on the equivalent of a splint.
+Therefore, the human body basically has many mechanisms to repair cancer, and we have to support them and make them work in a proper way.
+And I believe this will be the way cancer is treated in the future.
+It will require a lot of work and a lot of research.
+There will be many teams working on this like ours.
+But in the end, I think we'll be designing custom cancer treatments for everyone.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+(Applause) (Music) (Applause) Angela Ann: Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you very much.
+We are so honored to be here at TEDWomen and share our music with you.
+What an exciting and inspiring event!
+I just listened to "Skylife" by David Balakrishnan.
+I would like to pick another one to play.
+Argentinian composer Astor Piazzolla.
+And we talk about different ideas. He believed that music should come from the heart.
+This was the mid-twentieth century, when heartfelt, beautiful music was not the most popular thing in the world of classical music.
+It was more atonal and had 12 tones.
+And he insisted on beautiful music.
+Astor Piazzolla's "Oblivion".
+thank you.
+(music) (applause)
+A room full of boys.
+She is a girl, not yet nine or ten years old, sitting in the middle of the room surrounded by books.
+She is the only girl among boys, and her female cousins ​​and friends are not allowed to be educated with boys, so they are at home instead of at school and barely see each other.
+There is not a single functioning school for girls in her village.
+She was born into a Baroque conservative tribe, where women and girls are held in high esteem.
+She is the eldest son in the family and her parents wanted a boy when she was about to be born.
+But they had bad luck. A baby girl has arrived.
+It was customary in her family to keep girls indoors.
+But her uncle, a college graduate, wanted to give her the chance to see the world and be a part of society.
+Luckily, she has a name that can be used for both men and women.
+So he saw an opportunity to change the course of her life.
+So he decided to raise her as a boy.
+At 3 months old, she went from a baby girl to a boy.
+She is dressed as a boy.
+She is allowed to go out and be educated with the boys.
+She is free and confident.
+She observes and notes the small everyday injustices faced by women and girls in her village.
+As the newspaper arrives at her home, she watches it pass from the oldest man to the youngest.
+By the time women get their hands on the newspaper, it is old news.
+She will complete 8th grade.
+Now fear begins to strike.
+This marks the end of her education, as the high school she attends is five kilometers away.
+Boys have bikes, it's free.
+But she knows her father won't let her travel alone, even if she pretends to be a boy.
+"I can't let you do that.
+And I don't have time to take you there.
+Sorry, it's not possible. "
+she is very upset
+But a miracle happened.
+A distant relative has offered to teach the 9th and 10th grade curriculum during the summer vacation.
+Thus she completed her enrollment.
+The girl I am speaking to you is me, Shameem, speaking before you now.
+(Applause.) For centuries, people have fought for their identity.
+People have been loved and privileged for their identity, nationality and ethnicity.
+Again, people have been hated and rejected because of their nationality, identity, race, gender and religion.
+Identity determines your place in society, wherever you live.
+So if you ask me, I would say that I hate this identity issue.
+Millions of girls around the world are denied basic rights because they are women.
+If I hadn't been raised as a boy, I would have faced the same fate.
+I decided to keep studying, learn and be free.
+After finishing school, even getting into college was not easy for me.
+I went on a three-day hunger strike.
+(Laughs) So I got admission to the university.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So I graduated from college.
+Two years later, when it was time for me to go to college, my father turned his eyes and attention to my younger brothers.
+They have to go to school, secure jobs and support their families.
+And my place as a woman was home.
+But I will not give up.
+I am enrolled in a two year program to become a Women's Health Visitor.
+That's when I heard about the Saadeep Rural Development Program, a non-profit organization that works to empower rural communities.
+I sneak away.
+I travel 5 hours to interview for a position.
+It's the first time I've ever been the furthest from home.
+I'm the closest I've ever been to freedom.
+Luckily, I got a job, but the hardest part is facing my father.
+(laughter) Relatives have already frightened him with his daughter's wanderings and teased him with stories about her crossing the border.
+When I return home, I only hope to accept a position at Thardeep.
+So that night, I packed all my belongings in a bag, went into my father's room, and said, "There will be a bus tomorrow morning."
+If you believe me, if you believe me, you'll wake me up and take me to the bus stop.
+Otherwise I understand. "
+Then I went to bed.
+The next morning, my father stood next to me and drove me to the bus stop.
+(Applause) That day, I learned the importance of words.
+I understood how words affect our minds and how words play an important role in our lives.
+I understood that words are more powerful than battles.
+At TRDP, I learned that there is a Pakistan I didn't know, a country much more complicated than I thought.
+Until then, I thought I had a difficult life.
+But here I saw what women in other parts of Pakistan are going through.
+It really opened my eyes.
+One woman gave birth to 11 children and had nothing to feed them.
+They walked three hours every day to the well to get water.
+The nearest hospital was at least 20 miles away.
+So when a woman goes into labor, she rides a camel to the hospital.
+The distance is far. She may die on the way.
+Now this has become more than just a job for me.
+I have found my power.
+When I got my salary, I started sending money home.
+Relatives and neighbors noticed it.
+Now they are beginning to understand the importance of education.
+By that time, other parents had also started sending their daughters to school.
+Gradually, it became easier and more acceptable for young women to attend college.
+Currently, there is not a single girl who cannot attend school in my village.
+(Applause) Girls are working in the police and in the field of health.
+life was good
+But somewhere in my heart, I felt that my area beyond the village needed more change.
+It was also during this time that I joined the Acumen Fellowship.
+There I met leaders like myself from all over the country.
+And I saw them taking risks in life.
+I began to understand what leadership really means.
+So I decided to go back to my hometown and work as a teacher in a remote school that I had to travel two hours every morning and evening by bus.
+It was tough, but on the first day, I knew I had made the right decision.
+The first day I walked into school, I saw the little shamims staring back at me -- (laughs) they had dreams in their eyes that I had when I was a kid. It was the same dream of freedom.
+So the girls are eager to learn, but the school is understaffed.
+The girls sit hopefully, learn nothing, and walk away.
+I can't bear to see this happen.
+There was no turning back.
+I found my purpose.
+I had some friends help me teach.
+I introduce my daughters to the outside world through extracurricular activities and books.
+I share with them profiles of the world's greatest leaders like Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela.
+Last year some of our students went to college.
+For me, I never stop studying.
+Today, I am working towards my PhD in Education -- (Applause) This will allow me to take on managerial positions within the school system, make more decisions, and be more central within the system. be able to play an important role.
+I believe that world peace cannot be achieved without educating girls.
+We may not be able to reduce child marriage.
+We may not be able to reduce infant mortality.
+It may not be possible to reduce maternal mortality.
+For this, we need to work together continuously and collectively.
+My destination isn't near, but at least I'm doing my part.
+The road is not easy.
+But I have a dream in my eyes and I'm not going to look back now.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Exactly 10 years ago I was in Afghanistan.
+I have covered the Afghanistan war and as a reporter for Al Jazeera I have witnessed the suffering and destruction resulting from such a war.
+Two years later, I covered another war, the Iraq War.
+Because I was covering the war from northern Iraq, I was put at the center of it.
+And the war ended with a regime change, as in Afghanistan.
+And that regime that we have removed is actually a dictatorship, an authoritarian regime that has created a great sense of numbness within the country and the people themselves for decades.
+But the changes brought about by foreign intervention have created an even worse situation for the people, deepening the paralysis and inferiority complex in that part of the world.
+Both in the Arab world and in the Middle East, we have lived under authoritarian regimes for decades.
+These regimes have created something within us during this time.
+I am 43 years old now.
+For the past 40 years, I have seen much the same face that I have seen around us, the kings and presidents who rule us, the regimes in their decrepit, authoritarian and corrupt situation.
+And for a moment we see real change taking place on the ground, real change not brought about by the misery of foreign intervention and occupation, by nations encroaching upon our land and deepening their own consciousness. I wondered if I would live for it. Feeling inferior sometimes?
+Iraqis: Yes, they kicked out Saddam Hussein, but when they saw their land occupied by foreign forces, they felt very sad and their dignity was violated.
+And this is why they rebelled.
+This is why they didn't accept.
+In fact, other administrations have also asked their citizens, "Why don't you look at the situation in Iraq?"
+Want to see civil wars and sectarian killings?
+Want to see destruction?
+Would you like to see a foreign army come to your land? "
+And people thought, ``Maybe we should live with this kind of authoritarian situation that we find ourselves in, rather than the second scenario.
+It was one of the worst nightmares we've seen.
+For ten years, unfortunately, we have been exposed to images of destruction, images of murder, images of sectarian conflict, emerging from a magnificent land that was once a source of civilization, art and culture for thousands of people. I realize that you have been reporting images of violence. for years.
+We are here to tell you that the future we dreamed of has finally arrived.
+A new generation, well-educated, connected and inspired by universal values ​​and global understanding, has created a new reality for us.
+We found new ways to express our emotions and express our dreams. The young people who restored confidence to our nation in that part of the world gave us a new sense of freedom and gave us the strength to face the world. street.
+nothing happened. No violence. none.
+Just step out of your house, speak up, and say, "We want the regime to end."
+This is what happened in Tunisia.
+The Tunisian regime, which had invested billions in security agencies and billions in maintaining prisons and was trying to keep them, collapsed and vanished within days by the voice of the people.
+Those who roused themselves into the streets and raised their voices wanted to kill them.
+Intelligence agencies wanted to arrest people.
+They found something called Facebook.
+They found something called Twitter.
+They were amazed at all these issues.
+And they said, "These children are misunderstood."
+So they asked their parents to go out into the streets and collect them and bring them home.
+Here's what they were saying. This is their propaganda.
+"Let's take these children home, because they are misunderstood."
+But yes, inspired by universal values, idealistic enough to envision a grand future, yet realistic enough to balance this kind of imagination with the process of getting there. young people who are Use violence, never use violence. Trying to cause chaos, these young men didn't go home.
+Parents actually went to the streets and cheered us on.
+Thus was born a revolution in Tunisia.
+We Al Jazeera have been banned from entering Tunisia for many years and the government did not allow Al Jazeera reporters to stay in Tunisia.
+But it turns out that these people in the streets are all our reporters, providing our press bureau with photos, videos and news.
+And suddenly the newsroom in Doha has become a center for receiving all this kind of input from ordinary people: people who are connected, who are ambitious and free of inferiority complexes.
+And we made the decision to publish the news.
+We are advocates for the voiceless.
+We will spread the message.
+Yes, some of these young people are connected to the internet, but the connections in the Arab world are very few and very small due to many of the problems we suffer from.
+But Al Jazeera took these people's voices and we amplified them.
+We put it in every living room in the Arab world and internationally through English channels, all over the world.
+And people began to feel that something new was happening.
+And Zin Al Abidin Ben Ali decided to leave.
+Then Egypt started and Hosni Mubarak decided to leave.
+And now Libya as you see it.
+And then there is Yemen.
+And many other countries are trying to rediscover the feeling of how to imagine a grand, peaceful and tolerant future.
+What I want to tell you is that the Internet and connectivity have created a new way of thinking.
+But this mindset remains true to the soil and the land from which it was born.
+This was a big difference from many previous efforts to create change, but before we thought, and what governments told us – and sometimes it was true – change was me. It has been forced on us and people have rejected it. alien to their culture.
+We have always believed that change comes from within and that change should be a reconciliation of cultures, cultural diversity, traditions and beliefs in history, but at the same time, a universal, connected world. It should be open to all kinds of values. Tolerant of outsiders.
+And this is the moment that is happening now in the Arab world.
+Now is the moment, when all these meanings come together to create the beginning of a wonderful era to emerge from this region.
+How did the elite, the so-called political elite, deal with it?
+Before Facebook, they brought camels to Tahrir Square.
+In front of Al Jazeera, they started creating tribalism.
+And when they failed, they started talking about a conspiracy coming out of Tel Aviv and Washington to divide the Arab world.
+They started telling the West to "beware of Al-Qaeda."
+Al Qaeda has taken over our territory.
+They are Islamists trying to create a new Imara.
+Beware of those who come to you to destroy your great civilization. "
+Fortunately, so far people have not been fooled.
+Because the corrupt elites of the region have lost even the power of deception.
+They could not and could not imagine how they could actually deal with this reality.
+they lost.
+They have been cut off from the people and the masses, and now we are watching them fall one after the other.
+Al Jazeera is not an instrument of revolution.
+We are not revolutionizing.
+But when such a large-scale event occurs, we are at the center of the coverage.
+We were banned from entering Egypt, our correspondents, some of them, were arrested.
+But most of our cameramen and journalists voluntarily went underground in Egypt to report what happened in Tahrir Square.
+For 18 days our cameras were broadcasting live the voices of the people in Tahrir Square.
+I remember someone calling me on my cell phone one night from Tahrir Square, an ordinary person I didn't know.
+He told me, "Please don't turn off the camera.
+If we switch off the cameras tonight, there will be genocide.
+You are protecting us by showing us what is happening in Tahrir Square. "
+I called the local correspondents and the newsroom and said, 'Do your best not to turn off the cameras at night, because the local reporters don't know if someone is covering their story. I feel a responsibility to say, 'I'm really confident when I'm there, and they feel that way.' was also protected. "
+Therefore, we have the chance to create a new future in that part of the world.
+We have a chance to think about a future open to the world.
+Let us not repeat the mistakes of Iran and the Mossadeq Revolution.
+Let us be free, especially in the West, from thinking of that part of the world in terms of its oil interests, or its illusory interests of stability and security.
+The stability and security of a dictatorship can only be created through terrorism, violence and destruction.
+Accept the people's choice.
+Don't choose who you want to control their future.
+The future should be controlled by the people themselves, even if that voice scares us at times.
+But the values ​​of democracy and freedom of choice that are currently sweeping the Middle East are the best opportunities for the world, both in the West and the East, to understand stability and security and friendship and camaraderie. Tolerance born from the Arab world, not images of violence and terrorism.
+Let's support such people.
+Defend them.
+And let us let go of our narrow selfishness in order to embrace change and celebrate with the people of the region a glorious future, hope and tolerance.
+The future has already arrived and the future is now.
+thank you.
+(Thank you for applause.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: I have a few questions.
+Thank you for coming here.
+How would you characterize the historical significance of what happened?
+Is this the story of the year, the story of the decade, or more?
+Wadah Khanfar: In fact, this might be the biggest story we've ever covered.
+We have covered many wars.
+Being in the heart of the region, we have covered many of its tragedies, many of its problems, many of its conflict zones and many of its hotspots.
+But this is the story. This is a great story. That's beautiful.
+Just because you have to cover a big event doesn't mean you should just cover it.
+You are witnessing a change in history.
+You are witnessing the birth of a new era.
+And that's what this story is all about.
+CA: There are still many in the West who are skeptical, or who think that this is just an intermediate step before more worrying disruptions occur.
+Do you really believe that if Egypt had democratic elections now, it would be possible to have a government that upholds some of the values ​​you so inspired?
+WK: And the people, in fact, are the young people who, after the fall of the Hosni Mubarak regime, organized themselves in certain groups and councils, trying to defend and set the course for change to meet democratic values. increase. , but at the same time to make it rational and to keep it orderly.
+In my opinion, these people are much smarter than not only the political elite, but also the intellectual elite, and even the opposition leaders, including political parties.
+At the moment, the youth of the Arab world are far more enlightened and capable of creating change than the older youth, including the political, cultural and ideological old regimes.
+(Applause) CA: We shouldn't get involved politically or interfere in that way.
+If people here at TED in the West want to make connections, or want to make a difference, and believe what's happening here, what should they do?
+WK: I think we have discovered a very important issue in the Arab world. It means that people care and are interested in this big change.
+Mohamed Nanabhay, head of Aljazeera.net, who is with us, said that traffic to our Web site from various parts of the world has increased by 2,500 percent.
+50 percent of them come from America.
+Because it turns out that people are interested and want to know. Because people are receiving streams through the internet.
+Unfortunately, in the US, Al Jazeera's English version only covers Washington, D.C. at this time.
+But what I can say is that now is the time to connect with people on the street, to express our support for them, to support the vulnerable and oppressed in building a better future, this kind of feeling, a universal feeling. It is a moment to celebrate by expressing for all of us.
+CA: Well, Mr. Wada, a group of members of the TED community, TEDxCairo, are meeting as we speak.
+There were some speakers there.
+I think they heard you.
+Thank you for inspiring them and for inspiring us all.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Two weeks ago, I was in a studio in Paris when the phone rang and said, 'JR, you won the 2011 TED Award.
+In order to save the world, you must grant your wish. "
+I got lost.
+So you can't save the world. No one can.
+The world is a mess.
+Come on, dictators rule the world, the population is growing by the millions, the oceans are devoid of fish, the Arctic is melting, and as the last TED Award winner said, we're all getting fat. .
+(laughter) Except maybe French.
+Anything is fine.
+So I called back and said, "Hey, Amy, tell the TED guys I'm not going anymore."
+I can do nothing to save the world. "
+She said, "Hey JR, your wish is not to save the world, but to change it."
+"OK."
+(laughs) "That's cool."
+So technology, politics and business certainly change the world. It doesn't necessarily change for the better, but it does.
+What about art?
+Can art change the world?
+I started when I was 15.
+And at that time, I didn't think about changing the world.
+I was doodling. I used the city as my canvas and wrote my name everywhere.
+I was walking through the tunnels and rooftops of Paris with my friends.
+Each trip was an excursion and an adventure.
+Saying "I was here" on the roof of a building was like leaving a mark on society.
+So when I found a cheap camera on the subway, my friend and I started documenting the adventure and returned it as a copy. It was a really small photo of that size.
+That's why I started pasting when I was 17.
+And for the first time, I created an "expo du roux", a sidewalk gallery.
+I've framed it in color so it's not confused with an ad.
+I mean, this city is the best gallery I can imagine.
+I don't need to make a book and put it in a gallery to judge if my work is good enough for people to see.
+I'm going to manage it directly with the public on the streets.
+That's Paris.
+Change the title of the exhibition depending on where you go.
+It's the Champs Elysées.
+I was so proud of it.
+Because I was only 18 and I was at the top of the Champs Elysées.
+And when the photo left, the frame was still there.
+(laughter) November 2005: The streets are on fire.
+A wave of riots swept over the first project in Paris.
+Everyone was glued to their TVs, watching disturbing and terrifying images shot from the edge of the neighborhood.
+So these kids were out of control, throwing Molotov cocktails, attacking cops and firefighters, and looting anything in the store.
+They were criminals, they were thugs, they were a danger to their own environment.
+And I saw it - is it possible? -- A picture of me posted on a wall exposed by a burning car -- The one I posted a year ago -- Illegal -- Still there.
+So these were the faces of my friends.
+I know those people.
+They're not all angels, but they're not monsters either.
+So it was kind of weird seeing those images and those eyes staring at me through the TV.
+So I went back there with my 28mm lens.
+It was all I had at the time.
+But with that lens, you need to get as close as 10 inches from the person.
+Therefore, it is possible only with their trust.
+So I took a full portrait of the people of Le Bosquet.
+They wore scary faces to act out their caricatures.
+And I put up huge posters all over the bourgeois district of Paris with their names, ages and even building numbers.
+A year later, the exhibition opened in front of the City Hall in Paris.
+And we started with images of thugs stolen and distorted by the media, now proudly taking on our own.
+That's when I realized the power of paper and glue.
+So can art change the world?
+A year later, I was listening to all the noise regarding the Middle East conflict.
+So at the time they were only referring to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
+So, my friend Marco and I decided to go there and see who were the real Palestinians and who were the real Israelis.
+Is it that different?
+When we got there, we went out into the street and started talking to people all over the place. And I realized that things were a little different than the rhetoric I heard in the media.
+So we decided to take portraits of Palestinians and Israelis who do the same jobs, such as taxi drivers, lawyers, and cooks.
+asked them to make a face as a token of their promise.
+Not a smile. It doesn't really tell you who you are and what you feel.
+They all accepted pasting next to each other.
+I decided to paste the eight cities of Israel and Palestine on both sides of the wall.
+We held the largest illegal art exhibition ever.
+We named this project "Face 2 Face".
+Experts say, "It shouldn't be.
+The public will not accept it.
+The military will shoot you and Hamas will kidnap you. "
+We said, "Okay, let's try as hard as we can."
+I love when people ask me, "How big will my photos be?"
+"It will be as big as your house."
+When we built the wall, we built the Palestinian side.
+So we arrived with only a ladder and realized that the ladder was not tall enough.
+And the Palestinians say, "Calm down, wait, we'll find a solution."
+So he went to the Church of the Nativity and brought back a ladder so old that he might have seen Jesus born.
+(Laughter) We did Face 2 Face with just six friends, two ladders, two brushes, a rental car, a camera, and 20,000 square feet of paper.
+We received all kinds of help from all positions.
+For example, it is Palestine.
+We are now in Ramallah.
+Both portraits are on the streets of a busy market, as we are pasting the portraits.
+People start coming around us and asking, "What are you doing here?"
+"Oh, we're actually doing art projects and pasting Israelis and Palestinians doing the same work.
+And those are actually two taxi drivers. "
+And there was always silence.
+"So you're pasting an Israeli face here? Are you doing a face?"
+"Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's part of the project."
+And I always walked away from that moment and we asked them, 'So can you tell me who's who?
+And most of them couldn't say.
+(Applause.) I put it on the towers of the Israeli army, but nothing happened.
+When pasting the image, just paper and glue.
+People can tear it up, tag it, and even pee on it. A little pricey for some, but I agree. But people on the street, they are administrators.
+Anyway, it will come off with rain and wind.
+they don't stay.
+But just four years later, most of the photos are still there.
+Face 2 Face has demonstrated that what we thought was impossible is possible.
+We didn't go overboard. We just showed them to be further than anyone thought.
+In the Middle East, I experienced working in places where there weren't many museums.
+So the reaction on the street was kind of interesting.
+So I decided to go further in this direction and go to a place with zero museums.
+When you go to these developing societies, women are the pillars of the community, but it's still the men who run the streets.
+So we decided to launch a project where men post photos to honor women.
+I named the project "Women Are Heroes".
+No matter where I went or spoke to them on the continent, I didn't always understand the complexities of their conflict.
+I just observed.
+Sometimes there were no words or sentences, just tears.
+I just took a picture and pasted it.
+'Women Are Heroes' took me all over the world.
+Most of the places I went to knew about it through the media, so I decided to go there.
+For example, in June 2008, I was watching TV in Paris and learned about a horrific incident that happened in Brazil's first favela named Providencia, Rio de Janeiro.
+Three children, three students, were [detained] by the military for not having papers.
+And the army took them away, and instead of taking them to the police station, they took them to an enemy shantytown, where they were chopped up.
+I was shocked.
+Brazil was shocked.
+I heard it's one of the most violent favelas because it's run by the biggest drug cartels.
+So I decided to go there.
+When I arrived, I had no contact with any NGOs.
+There were no organizations, no NGOs, no witnesses, nothing.
+So we just walked around, met a woman, and I showed her my book.
+And she said, "Do you know?
+We are hungry for culture.
+We need culture there. "
+So I went out and started with the kids.
+I just took some pictures of the children and brought posters the next day to put them up.
+When I came back the next day, it was already scratched.
+But it's okay.
+We wanted people to feel that this art belonged to them.
+And the next day, when we held a meeting in the central square, some women came.
+They were all related to the three murdered children.
+There was a mother, a grandmother, a best friend - they all wanted to scream this story.
+Since that day, everyone in the favela has given me the go-ahead.
+I took more pictures and started the project.
+The drug cartel leaders were a little concerned that we were filming at the location, so I told them:
+I'm not interested in shooting violence or weapons.
+It's seen enough in the media.
+What I want to show is incredible vitality and energy.
+I've been seeing this around me for the past few days. "
+This is a very symbolic paste. Because it was our first time going as something out of sight from the city.
+That's where the three children were arrested, one of whom was the grandmother.
+And there are always traffickers standing on the stairs, and frequent gunfights.
+Everyone there understood the project.
+And pasted everywhere - all over the hill.
+(Applause) What's interesting is that the media couldn't get in.
+I mean, you should see it.
+They would film us from a very long distance in a helicopter, and then use a very long lens to show us stuck together on a television.
+And put a number that says, "Call this number if you know what's going on in Providencia."
+We just carried out the project and left without the media knowing.
+So how can we find out about the project?
+So they had to go find the women and get an explanation.
+So you create a bridge between the media and an anonymous woman.
+we continued our journey.
+We have been to Africa, Sudan, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Kenya.
+In a war-torn place like Monrovia, people come straight to you.
+I mean, they want to know what you're doing.
+They kept asking me, "What is the purpose of your project?"
+Are you an NGO? are you the media? "
+art. I'm just doing art.
+Some people wonder, "Why black and white?"
+Is there no color in France? "
+(Laughter) Or you might say, "Are all these people dead?"
+Some people who understand the project explain it to others.
+Then I heard someone say to the man who didn't understand. "You've been here for hours trying to understand and discussing with your comrades.
+Meanwhile, you weren't thinking about what to eat tomorrow.
+This is art. "
+I think curiosity is what motivates people to get involved in projects.
+And it gets even more.
+It becomes a desire, a need, an armor.
+On this bridge in Monrovia, a former rebel soldier helped put up a portrait of a woman who may have been raped during the war.
+Women are always the first targets of conflict.
+Kibera, Kenya, one of the largest slums in Africa.
+You may have seen images of the post-election violence there in 2008.
+This time, I covered the roof of the house, but I didn't use paper because paper can't prevent rain from leaking into the house, but plastic can.
+Then art will help.
+So people kept it.
+What I like is, for example, if you look at the biggest eye there is a lot of houses inside.
+And I went there a few months ago - the picture is still there - it was missing part of the eye.
+So I asked people what happened.
+"Oh, he just moved in."
+(Laughter) When the roof was covered, a woman jokingly said, 'God now sees me.'
+They look back when they see Kibera today.
+Well, India.
+Before that, just to be sure, every time we go to a place, we get ready like a commando because we don't have permission. We are a group of friends who arrive there and try to stick the ramparts.
+However, there are places where it cannot be attached to the wall.
+It was impossible to paste in India.
+I heard you get arrested for the first paste because of the culture and the law.
+So I decided to put white on the wall.
+So imagine a white person pasting a white piece of paper.
+So people came to us and asked, "Hey, what are you doing?"
+"Oh, you know, we're just doing art." "Art?"
+Of course they got confused.
+But as you know, there is a lot of dust in the streets in India, and on white paper there is so much dust that it is almost visible, but it has sticky spots like when you turn a sticker inside out.
+Therefore, the more dust you have, the more exposed your photo will be.
+So the next day, just walking around the city, the photos will be published naturally.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+So he didn't get caught this time.
+Each project -- it's a Women Are Heroes movie.
+(music) Okay.
+We make films for each project.
+And most of what you see - it's the trailer for "Woman Are Hero," and it's image after image, photo after image.
+And despite our absence, photography continued its journey.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) Hopefully, you'll see the film to understand the scope of the project and what the people who saw the photos felt.
+Because that's a big part. Behind each photo is a layer.
+There is a story behind each image.
+Women Are Heroes created a new dynamic in their respective communities, and the women maintained that dynamic even after we left.
+For example, we published a not-for-sale book that the whole community can get their hands on.
+But to get it, you need to get a signature from one of the women.
+Most places did.
+we will be back regularly.
+So, for example, in the shantytown of Providencia, a cultural center is operated there.
+Kibera covers more roofs each year.
+Because, of course, when we were leaving, people who were right on the edge of the project said, "Hey, what's going on with my roof?"
+So we decided to come back the next year and continue the project.
+What's really important to me is that I don't use any brands or corporate sponsorships.
+Therefore, I am not responsible for anyone other than myself and the subject.
+(Applause.) That's one of the most important things for me in this job.
+Today, I believe that the way things are done is as important as the results.
+And it's always been a central part of the job.
+What's interesting is the fine line I have with images and ads.
+I just pasted another project in Los Angeles the last few weeks.
+I was also invited to cover the MOCA Museum of Art.
+But yesterday the city called them and said, "Look, we'll have to tear it down.
+This is because it may be used for advertising purposes and must be removed by law. "
+But tell me, what are the ads for?
+The people I photograph were proud to be part of this project and have their photos featured in the community.
+But they basically asked me for a promise.
+They asked me, "Let me travel with you in our story."
+So I did. That's Paris.
+That's Rio.
+At each location we built an exhibit with a story and the story traveled.
+You understand the full scope of the project.
+That's London.
+new york.
+And today they are with you in Long Beach.
+Well, I recently started a public art project that doesn't use my own work.
+It uses artwork by Man Ray, Helen Levitt, Giacomelli and others.
+It doesn't matter if it's your picture today.
+What matters is the statement on how you treat the image and where the image is pasted.
+For example, I pasted a photo of a Swiss minaret a few weeks after a law was passed banning minarets in Switzerland.
+(Applause.) This image of three men in gas masks was originally taken in Chernobyl and I pasted it in Southern Italy. Sometimes the Mafia bury garbage under the ground there.
+In a way, art can change the world.
+Art is not meant to change the world or change anything practical, it is supposed to change perceptions.
+Art can change the way we see the world.
+Art can create similarities.
+In fact, the fact that art cannot change things is what makes art a neutral forum for exchange and discussion that allows us to change the world.
+I have two types of reactions when I work.
+People say, "Oh, why don't we go to Iraq or Afghanistan?"
+they would be really helpful. "
+Or, "How can I help?"
+I'd say you're in the second category, and that's fine. Because that project asks you to take a picture and paste it.
+So my wish right now is: (imitating a drumroll) (laughter) I want you to stand up for what you care about by participating in a global art project, and we Let's turn the world inside out together.
+And this starts now.
+Yes, everyone in the room.
+everyone is watching
+I wanted to start making that wish a reality.
+Tell us what you stand for, whether it's a subject you're passionate about, the person you want to tell that story, or a photo of yourself.
+Take a photo or portrait and upload it. We will let you know all the details. I will send the poster back. Join the group and share your information with the world.
+Full data can be found on the website launching today -- insideoutproject.net.
+What we see changes us.
+When we act together, the whole is far more than the sum of its parts.
+So together we hope we can create something the world will remember.
+And this starts now, but it's up to you.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+This is Revolution 2.0.
+No one was a hero. No one was a hero.
+Because everyone was a hero.
+Everyone has done something.
+We all use Wikipedia.
+Consider Wikipedia's concept of everyone collaborating on content to eventually build the world's largest encyclopedia.
+A crazy idea turned into the world's largest encyclopedia.
+And in the Egyptian Revolution, or Revolution 2.0, everyone contributed something big or small. They contributed something and gave us one of the most moving stories of human history about revolution.
+In fact, it was really moving to see all the Egyptians completely transformed.
+If you look at this situation, Egypt has been going downhill for 30 years and has been going downhill.
+Everything was going wrong.
+Everything went wrong.
+We ranked high only on poverty, corruption, lack of free speech and lack of political activism.
+These were the fruits of our great administration.
+Still, nothing happened.
+It wasn't because people were happy, or because they weren't dissatisfied.
+In fact, people were very frustrated.
+But the reason everyone went silent is what I call the psychological barrier of fear.
+everyone was scared.
+Not everyone. In fact, there were a few brave Egyptians who must be thanked for their bravery. Hundreds protested, beaten and arrested.
+But in reality, the majority were terrified.
+No one really wanted to get into trouble.
+A dictator cannot live without force.
+They want people to live in fear.
+And then, where the psychological barrier of fear has been at work for years, then came the Internet, technology, BlackBerry and SMS.
+It helps us all connect.
+Platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook have helped us a lot because they basically gave us the impression of, "Wow, I'm not alone."
+There are a lot of people who are annoyed. "
+A lot of people get frustrated too.
+Actually, there are many people who have the same dream.
+Many people value their freedom.
+They probably have the best lives in the world.
+they live happily They live in a villa.
+they are satisfied. they have no problem.
+But they still feel the pain of the Egyptians.
+Many of us are not very happy when we see videos of Egyptian men eating garbage while others steal billions of Egyptian pounds from the country's wealth.
+The internet has played a huge role in getting these people to voice their thoughts, collaborate and start thinking together.
+It was an educational campaign.
+Khaled Said was murdered in June 2010.
+I still remember that photo.
+I still remember every detail of that photo.
+The pictures were terrible.
+He was tortured and brutally tortured to death.
+But what was the administration's answer?
+"He choked on a heap of hash"--that was their answer, "He's a criminal.
+He's the one who got away from all these bad things. "
+But people didn't sympathize with this.
+People didn't believe this.
+Thanks to the Internet, the truth spread and everyone knew the truth.
+And everyone started thinking, "This guy could be my brother."
+He was a middle class man.
+His photo was in the memory of all of us.
+A page has been created.
+It was basically an anonymous admin inviting people to the page, but there was no plan.
+"What should I do?" "I don't know."
+Within days, tens of thousands had gathered there, and "enough is enough," an angry Egyptian asked the interior ministry.
+Catch those who killed this man.
+Just to bring them to justice. "
+But of course they don't listen.
+It was an amazing story. How did everyone start feeling possessive?
+Everyone was the owner of this page.
+People started posting ideas.
+In fact, one of the most ridiculous ideas was, "Hey, let's just shut up and stand.
+Let people go out into the street, face the sea, turn their backs to the street, wear black clothes, stand in silence for an hour, leave without doing anything, and let them go home. "
+For some, it's like, 'Wow, shut up and stand.
+And next time it will vibrate. "
+People made fun of the idea.
+But when people actually went to the streets, when thousands of people gathered in Alexandria for the first time, it felt amazing. It was great because it brought people together in the virtual world and brought them into the real world, sharing the same dreams, the same frustrations, the same anger, the same desire for freedom.
+And this is what they were doing.
+But has the administration learned anything? not much.
+They were actually attacking them.
+Despite the fact how peaceful they were, they were actually abusing them - they didn't even protest.
+And then things developed into the Tunisian Revolution.
+This whole page was still managed by people.
+In fact, the Anonymous Admin's job was to collect ideas, help people vote for them, and actually tell them what they were doing.
+People were taking shots and pictures. People were reporting human rights violations in Egypt. People were proposing ideas, actually voting on ideas, and then implementing them. People were making videos.
+Everything was done by people to people. That's the power of the internet.
+there was no leader.
+The leader was everyone on that page.
+As Amir said, the Tunisian experiment inspired us all and showed us there is a way.
+Yes, I can. I can do it.
+we have the same problem. Just go out into the street.
+And when I saw the streets of the 25th, I returned and said, 'Egypt before the 25th is not Egypt after the 25th.
+A revolution is happening.
+This is not the end, this is the beginning of the end. "
+Arrested on the night of the 27th.
+Thank you for announcing the location and everything.
+But they detained me.
+I'm not going to talk about my experience as this is not about me.
+I was blindfolded, handcuffed and detained for 12 days.
+And I didn't really hear anything. I didn't know anything.
+I was not allowed to speak to anyone.
+and i went out.
+The next day I was in Tahrir.
+I honestly wondered if it's been 12 years, given the amount of change I've noticed in this square.
+I never expected to see this Egyptian, an amazing Egyptian.
+Fear is no longer fear.
+It's actually strength, it's power.
+People were so empowered.
+It was amazing how everyone became so empowered and demanding their rights.
+Quite the opposite.
+Extremism has become permissive.
+Hundreds of thousands of Christians will pray, tens of thousands of Muslims will protect them, and then hundreds of thousands of Muslims will pray, tens of thousands of Muslims will pray, I said. If said, who would have imagined it before the 25th? Thousands of Christians will defend them – this is amazing.
+All the stereotypes that the regime was trying to impose on us through its so-called propaganda, the mainstream media, have been proven wrong.
+This whole revolution is about how ugly such a regime is, and how great and amazing Egyptian men and Egyptian women are, how simple and amazing these people are whenever they have a dream. showed us what it should be.
+When I saw it I went back and wrote on Facebook.
+And no matter what was going on, no matter the details, it was a personal belief.
+I said, 'We are going to win.
+You can win because you don't understand politics.
+We're going to win because we don't play their dirty game.
+We have no agenda so we are going to win.
+We win because the tears from our eyes are actually from the heart.
+I will win because I have a dream.
+We will win because we have the will to stand up for our dreams. "
+And that's what happened. we won.
+Not because of anything, but because we believed in our dreams.
+A victory here does not tell all the details of what is to come on the political stage.
+The victory is the victory of the dignity of each Egyptian.
+In fact, a taxi driver said to me, "Listen, I'm breathing free.
+I feel that I have a dignity that I have lost over the years. "
+For me, it's a win no matter the details.
+My last words to you are what I believe the Egyptians have proved true, that the power of a nation is far stronger than those in power.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Well, this is about the state budget.
+This is probably the most boring subject of the morning.
+But what I want to say is that I think this is an important subject that we need to look out for.
+State budgets are huge, and we'll show you the numbers, but they're rarely scrutinized.
+comprehension is very low.
+Many people have special or short-term interests and don't think about how trends affect them.
+And these budgets are key to our future. They are the keys to our children.
+Most education funding, whether it's K-12, or the best colleges and community colleges, comes from these state budgets.
+But there is a problem.
+Here's the big picture:
+The US economy is huge at $14.7 trillion.
+The government now spends 36 percent of that pie.
+So this is the largest combined federal, state and local level.
+And with so many complex things flowing across boundaries, like Medicaid and research funding, it's going to have to come together like this to get a holistic view of what's really going on.
+But we are spending 36%.
+So what are we getting into?
+A simple business question.
+The answer is 26 percent.
+That leaves us with a 10% deficit, which is kind of surprising.
+And in fact, part of it is due to the economic recession.
+Income is down and some spending programs are up, but most of it isn't because of it.
+Much of it is due to how and where the debt builds up, which creates a big challenge.
+This is actually an expected picture.
+There are many things to consider here. We can say that revenues may increase further, or medical innovations may lead to further increases in spending.
+Even assuming the economy is doing very well, things are getting tougher and probably better than they actually are.
+This is what we see on a holistic level.
+So how did you get here?
+How can this issue occur?
+After all, there is an idea that these state budgets are balanced, at least on paper.
+Only one state said it didn't need to balance the budget.
+But what this really means is that there is a pretence.
+No real real balancing has been done and in a way the games they play to hide actually obscure the topic so much that people can't help but realize it's actually a very simple task. I don't notice.
+This was the task set for Jerry Brown when he was elected.
+In other words, 25 billion out of the proposed spending of 76 billion was missing due to various devices and things, the so-called balanced budget.
+Now he's gathering some thoughts. About half of that will be cut, and the other half will probably go through a very complicated series of steps before being approved for taxes.
+However, even so, various pension and medical expenses will increase sufficiently in the future, and income will not increase sufficiently.
+Therefore, it is under great pressure.
+What could have hidden this?
+Well, there are some really nice little tricks.
+And these got some attention.
+"It's totally out of balance," the paper said.
+It's got a hole in it.
+It perpetuates deficit spending.
+It's full of gimmicks. "
+And really, really, the Enron guys would never have done this.
+This is too blatant, too extreme.
+Is there anyone keeping an eye on what these people are doing?
+they borrow money
+They shouldn't be, but they figure out a way.
+They make you pay more withholding tax just to help the cash flow out.
+they sell their assets.
+They defer payment.
+They sell off their income from cigarettes.
+And California is nothing special.
+In reality, there are about five states that are even worse off, and only four that are really not facing this major challenge.
+So it is systematic across the country.
+In fact, it is the fact that certain long-term obligations, such as innovation-driven high-cost health care, demographically deteriorating early retirement and pensions, and mere generosity, are made possible by this misaccounting. is coming from As time goes on, you'll find that you're having problems.
+This is the retiree medical benefit.
+With $3 million accumulated and $62 billion in debt, it's far worse than a car company.
+And everyone saw it and knew it was heading for big trouble.
+The healthcare sector alone is projected to be between 26% and 42% of the budget.
+Well, what would you give?
+To meet that, we need to cut education spending in half.
+It's actually a young and old relationship to some extent.
+If we don't change the revenue structure, if we don't solve what we're working on in the medical field, there will be no investment in young people.
+The great university system of the University of California, ever great things will not happen.
+So far, that has meant layoffs and increased class sizes.
+In the education world, there is debate as to whether only young teachers are fired, or only less-skilled teachers.
+And then there's the debate about where to do it if you're going to increase the class size. How effective is it?
+And unfortunately, when you step in, people get confused and maybe think, well, that's fine.
+In fact, education spending should not be cut.
+If it's temporary, there are ways to minimize the impact, but that's a problem.
+Where to go is also a real question.
+Technology has a role to play.
+Well, you need money to experiment with it and implement tools.
+There is the idea of ​​having teachers rate, rate, give feedback on effectiveness, and take videos in the classroom.
+I think that's very, very important.
+Dollars must be allocated to that system and incentive pay.
+In situations where there is growth, we put new money into it.
+Or even if it's flat, you might move your money there.
+But for cuts like the one we're talking about, it becomes much more difficult to gain incentives for excellence and move to using technology in new ways.
+what happened?
+Where is the trust in the brain going wrong here?
+Well, actually brain trust doesn't exist.
+(Laughter.) It's like voters. it's like us.
+Look at this spending.
+California will spend more than $100 billion, with Microsoft at 38 and Google at about 19.
+The amount of IQ in good numerical analysis by analysts and people with different opinions inside and outside Google and Microsoft -- should they have spent it?
+No, they wasted their money on this. what about this? --It's really amazing.
+everyone has an opinion.
+I have great feedback.
+And numbers are used in decision making.
+Looking at education and health spending, especially long-term trends, the numbers more important in terms of equity and learning lack such involvement.
+So what do we need to do?
+We need better tools.
+Some information is available on the Internet.
+I'm going to use my website to post some things that give a basic image.
+We need more.
+I have some good books. One of them is about school spending and where that money comes from – how it has changed over time and its challenges.
+Need better accounting.
+We need to take into account the fact that current employees and the future liabilities they create should come out of the current budget.
+We need to understand why they are doing pension accounting this way.
+It should be more like private accounting.
+It's the gold standard.
+And finally, we really need to reward politicians.
+When they say there's a long-term problem like this, we can't say, "Oh, are you the messenger of bad news?"
+we just shot you "
+In fact, there are others, such as Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson, who have looked at this whole state-level issue of federal health care costs and made recommendations.
+But in reality their work was kind of postponed.
+In fact, the following week saw some tax cuts, making the situation even worse than they thought.
+So these parts are needed.
+Now I think this is a solvable problem.
+It's a wonderful country with a lot of people.
+But this is about education, so we have to bring those people in.
+And look at what happened to UC tuition and expect it to take another 3, 4, 5 years. That's an unpayable amount.
+And that is the investment in our youth that makes us great and contributes.
+It allows us to do art, biotechnology, software and all sorts of magical things.
+The bottom line is that the national budget is vital to our children and our future, so we need to care about it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+In fact, there is a serious health crisis today in terms of organ shortages.
+In fact, we live longer.
+Thanks to medicine, we have been able to live longer, but the problem is that as we age, our organs tend to become less functional, and we currently do not have enough organs.
+In fact, the number of patients requiring organs has doubled over the past decade, while the actual number of transplants has barely increased at the same time.
+So this is now a public health crisis.
+This is where the field of regenerative medicine comes into play.
+There are so many different areas involved.
+In practice, scaffolds and biomaterials can be used. These are like pieces of blouses and shirts, but certain materials that can actually be implanted in the patient are effective and aid in regeneration.
+Alternatively, cells alone can be used. This means you can use your own cells or different stem cell populations.
+Alternatively, you can use both.
+In fact, biomaterials and cells can be used in combination.
+And that's the field today.
+But it's not really a new field.
+Interestingly, this is a book published in 1938.
+The title is "Organ Culture".
+The lead author is Nobel laureate Alexis Carrell.
+He actually devised some of the same techniques that are used to suture blood vessels today, and some of the vascular grafts we use today were actually designed by Alexis.
+But notice his co-author, Charles Lindbergh.
+It's the same Charles Lindbergh who actually spent the rest of his life with Alexis in the field of organ culture at the Rockefeller Institute in New York.
+So if the field is so old, why is there so little clinical progress?
+And it actually has to do with different challenges.
+However, the first of the three challenges is actually designing materials that remain effective in the body for a long period of time.
+And now there's a lot of progress that makes it pretty easy to do.
+The second challenge was cells.
+We were unable to obtain enough cells to grow in vitro.
+For the last 20 years, we've basically been working on it.
+Many scientists are now able to culture different types of cells.
+However, as of 2011, there are still certain cells that cannot be harvested from patients.
+Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells, they still cannot grow.
+And a third challenge is the vasculature, the actual blood supply that allows organs and tissues to survive after they have been regenerated.
+So now we can actually use biomaterials.
+In fact, it is a biomaterial.
+It can be woven, knitted, or made as you can see here.
+This is actually like a cotton candy machine.
+I could see the spray coming in.
+It's like cotton candy fibers that create this structure, this tubular structure. This is a biomaterial that we can use to help our body regenerate using our own cells.
+And that's exactly what we did here.
+This is actually a patient who was presented with a dead organ, then created one of these smart biomaterials and used that smart biomaterial to replace and repair that patient's structure.
+What we've done is actually using the biomaterial as a bridge so that the cells in the organ can walk on that bridge and help fill in the gaps for that tissue to regenerate.
+Then, six months later, the patient looked at an X-ray showing the regenerated tissue, which, when analyzed under a microscope, was completely regenerated.
+You can also use just the cells.
+These are actually the cells we got.
+These are stem cells that we create from a particular source and we can drive them into heart cells and start beating in culture.
+The cells genetically know what to do and start beating together.
+Many clinical trials are currently using different types of stem cells for heart disease.
+That's what's actually happening to patients right now.
+Alternatively, if a larger structure is to be used to replace a larger structure, the patient's own cells or some cell population can be used together with a biomaterial scaffold.
+The concept here is to take a very small piece of tissue, less than half the size of a postage stamp, if there is a dead or damaged organ.
+Then break the cells apart and multiply them outside the body.
+Next, we obtain the biomaterial, which is the scaffold. This is also very much like a blouse or part of a shirt. The material is then molded and those cells are used to coat the material one layer at a time. It's kind of like baking a layer cake.
+If you put it in an oven-like device, you can create that structure and pull it out.
+This is actually the heart valve that we designed, and as you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve and we seed it with cells to make it move.
+This heart valve is currently being used experimentally to advance further studies.
+Another technology we used with patients actually involved the bladder.
+We actually take a very small piece of the bladder from the patient. This is less than half the size of a postage stamp.
+Cells are then grown in vitro, scaffolds are harvested, and the scaffolds are coated with the patient's own cells, two different cell types.
+Put it in this oven-like device.
+The same conditions as the human body, 37 degrees Celsius and 95% oxygen.
+After a few weeks, the artificial organ will be ready and ready to be transplanted into the patient.
+For these particular patients, we really just suture these materials.
+Although we use three-dimensional image analysis, the biomaterial is actually hand-crafted.
+But now we have a better way to create these structures using cells.
+We are currently using certain techniques, for example, for solid organs like the liver, we take discarded livers.
+As you know, many organs are actually discarded without being used.
+So, we take the unused liver constructs and place them in a washing machine-like construct where the cells can be washed away.
+After 2 weeks I had something that looked like a liver.
+You can have it like a liver, but without cells. It's just a liver skeleton.
+The liver can then be reperfused with cells to preserve the vascular tree.
+So, in practice, we first perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own vascular cells and then infiltrate the parenchyma with hepatocytes.
+And just last month, we were able to demonstrate the creation of human liver tissue using this technology.
+Another technology we used is actually printing.
+This is actually a desktop inkjet printer, but instead of using ink, it uses cells.
+Here you can actually see the print head printing past this structure. It takes about 40 minutes to print this structure.
+And there's actually a 3D elevator that descends one layer at a time as the printheads pass.
+And finally we can retrieve the structure.
+You can take that structure out of the printer and embed it.
+It's actually a piece of bone that's on this slide that was actually made on this desktop printer and ported as you can see.
+It was all new bone implanted using these techniques.
+Another advanced or next-generation technology we are currently looking at is more sophisticated printers.
+This particular printer that we are designing now is actually a direct-to-patient printer.
+What we have here, I know, is a funny story, but that's how it works.
+Because what you really want to do is put a wounded patient on a bed, and you basically have a scanner that looks like a flatbed scanner.
+That's what you see here on the right.
+We see scanner technology with printheads that first scan the patient's wound and then actually print the required layers on the patient himself.
+This is how it actually works.
+This is where the scanner scans the wound.
+Once the scan is complete, the information is sent to the correct layer of cells where it is needed.
+Let's take a look at a demo in action for a typical wound here.
+And you can actually do this with gel to lift the gel material.
+So when these cells attach to the patient's body, they will attach where they need to.
+And this is actually a new technology still in development.
+We are also working on developing more advanced printers.
+Because, really, our biggest challenge is solid organs.
+I don't know if you are aware, but 90 percent of patients on transplant lists are actually waiting for a kidney.
+Patients die every day because they lack the organs they need.
+So this is more difficult. There are large organs, blood vessels, many vascular supplies, many cells.
+So the strategy here is that this is really a CT scan or X-ray, and we use computerized morphometric image analysis and 3D reconstruction to explore it layer by layer, all the way down to the patient's own kidney. .
+They can then be physically imaged, rotated 360 degrees to fully analyze the volumetric properties of the kidneys, and actually captured this information and scanned in a computerized printed format.
+Therefore, we analyze the organ layer by layer, analyzing each layer as we pass through the organ. And, as you can see here, that information can be sent through a computer to actually design an organ for a patient.
+This shows the actual printer.
+And this actually shows that print.
+There is actually a printer here.
+So you can actually see the printers here backstage as we talk today.
+It's actually a real printer now, printing this kidney structure seen here.
+It takes about 7 hours to print a kidney, so now it takes about 3 hours.
+And Dr. Kang will be on stage now. In fact, I'm going to show you one of the kidneys I printed a little while ago today.
+I'll put my gloves here.
+thank you.
+go behind
+So this glove is a bit small for me, but here it is.
+You can actually see the kidneys in print today.
+(Applause.) It's a little more consistent.
+This is Dr. Kang, who is working with us on this project, and is part of our team.
+Thank you Dr. Kang. I appreciate it
+(Applause.) So this is actually a new generation.
+This is the actual printer you see on stage.
+And this is actually a new technology we're working on right now.
+In fact, we have a long history of doing this.
+For some time now, I would like to share a clip about the technology we have been providing to our patients.
+This is a very short clip (only about 30 seconds) of an actual organ transplant patient.
+(Video) Luke Masella: I was really sick. I could barely get out of bed.
+I was absent from school. It was pretty miserable.
+If you go out and play basketball during recess, you almost pass out when you get home.
+I felt very sick.
+I basically had to be on dialysis for the rest of my life, but I don't even want to think about what my life would be like if I was on dialysis.
+So after the surgery my life got a lot better.
+Now you can do more.
+I was able to wrestle in high school.
+I became the captain of the team, which was great.
+I can now be a normal kid with my friends.
+And they used my own cells to build this bladder, so it will be with me.
+It's for the rest of your life, so it's okay.
+(Applause.) Juan Enriquez: Sometimes these experiments work, but when they work, it's pretty cool.
+Luke, please come up.
+(Applause.) So, Luke, when was the last time you saw Tony before last night?
+LM: Ten years ago, when I had my surgery, I was so happy to see him.
+(Laughter) (Applause) JE: So tell us a little bit about what you're doing.
+LM: Well, I'm attending the University of Connecticut now.
+I'm a sophomore in college, studying Communications, Television, and Mass Media, trying to live like a normal kid that I've always wanted since I was a kid.
+But it was difficult to do because I was born with spina bifida and my kidneys and bladder weren't working.
+I had about 16 surgeries, but when I was 10 years old with kidney failure, it seemed impossible.
+And then this surgery came and basically shaped me into who I am today and saved my life.
+(Applause) JE: So Tony did this hundreds of times?
+LM: As far as I know, he's been working hard in the lab and coming up with some crazy stuff.
+I was one of the first 10 people to have this surgery.
+And when I was 10, I didn't realize how great it was.
+When I was a kid, I was like, "Oh, I'm going to do it. I'm going to have surgery."
+(Laughter) All I wanted to do was be better. And I didn't realize how great it was until I got older and saw the great things he was doing.
+JE: When I got this call out of the blue -- Tony was really shy, and it took a lot of persuasion to get someone as reserved as Tony to let Luke come.
+So, Luke, you go to your communications professors and you're majoring in communications, and you ask permission to come to TED. It might have something to do with communication. And what was their reaction?
+LM: Most of the professors were very supportive and said, 'Bring your pictures and show me the clips online' and 'I'd be happy to do that'.
+There were a few couples who were a bit stubborn, but I had to talk to them.
+I pulled them aside.
+JE: Well, nice to meet you.
+Thank you very much. (LM: Thank you very much.) JE: Thank you, Tony.
+(applause)
+So I was born on the last day of the last year of the 70's.
+I grew up on "Free to be you and me" -- (cheering) hip-hop -- but there wasn't much of a fuss about hip-hop at home.
+thank you. Thank you Hip Hop, and Anita Hill.
+(Cheers) My parents were extremists -- (Laughter) My parents, well, they've grown up.
+Father jokingly says, "We wanted to save the world, but we just got rich instead."
+In fact, we just got "middle class" in Colorado Springs, CO, but you get the picture.
+I grew up with an unfinished legacy feeling very heavy.
+As I approach the ripe old age of 30, and have thought a lot about what it means to grow up in this frighteningly beautiful time, I have decided that for me, this is a real journey and a paradox.
+The first contradiction is that growth is about rejecting the past and immediately reclaiming it.
+Feminism was like the water I grew up in.
+When I was a little girl, my mother started what is now the longest-running women's film festival in the world.
+So while other kids were watching sitcoms and cartoons, I was watching very esoteric documentaries about women made by women.
+You can see how this affected me.
+But she wasn't the only feminist in the house.
+In fact, my father quit a men-only business club in my hometown. It said I would never join an organization that would one day welcome my son but not my daughter.
+(Applause.) He's here today.
+(Applause.) The trick here is that my brother will be an experimental poet instead of a businessman, and the intention was really good.
+(Laughter) In any case, I didn't immediately claim the feminist label, even though it was all around me. Because I associated it with my mother's group of women, her puffy skirts and shoulder pads. None of them had a great reputation. In the hallways of Palmer High School, when I was trying to be cool.
+But I suspected that there was something really important about this whole feminism thing, so I sneaked into my mom's bookshelf, picked out a book, and started reading. Of course, I never admitted that I did.
+It wasn't until I attended Barnard College and heard Amy Richards and Jennifer Baumgardner speak for the first time that I actually claimed the feminist label.
+They were co-authors of the book "Manifesta".
+So what caused the moment I clicked feminist?
+Fishnet tights.
+Worn by Jennifer Baumgardner.
+I thought they were really hot people.
+I decided, okay, I can claim the feminist label.
+Now I say this to you – I risk embarrassing myself and say this to you, because part of the work of feminism is aesthetics, its beauty, its fun. Because I think it's about acknowledging that
+There are many very modern political movements that have caught fire in no small part because they are culturally trendy.
+Has anyone heard of these two examples?
+My feminism is very much influenced by my mother, but it looks very different.
+My mother says "patriarchy".
+I say "cross-reactivity".
+So race, class, gender, ability, all of this reflects in our experience of what it means to be a woman.
+Pay capital? Yes. Totally a feminist issue.
+But for me so is immigration. (Applause.) Thank you.
+My mother calls it a "protest march."
+I call it "Online Organizing".
+I co-edit a site called Feministing.com along with other super smart and amazing women.
+We are the most widely read feminist publication ever. And I say this because I think it's very important to make sure there's continuity.
+Feminist blogs are basically the 21st century version of awareness raising.
+But we also have direct political influence.
+Feminists have successfully removed products from Walmart shelves.
+You receive hate mail from a misogynistic administrator, dismissing the Big Ten school.
+And one of our biggest successes was when teenage girls in central Iowa said, 'I googled Jessica Simpson and stumbled upon your site.
+I realized that feminism is not about man-hating or Birkenstocks. "
+So we can engage the next generation in a whole new way.
+My mother's name is Gloria Steinem.
+“Samhita Mukhopadhyay, Miriam Perez, Anne Friedman, Jessica Valenti, Vanessa Valenti and much, much more,” I say.
+We don't want any heroes.
+No icon needed.
+We don't need a face.
+We are thousands of women and men across this country committed to writing online, organizing communities, and transforming organizations from the inside. All of this continues the great work started by our mothers and grandmothers.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Now I see a second contradiction. It's about being calm about our littleness and at the same time maintaining faith in our greatness.
+Many of my generation have been socialized to believe that, thanks to well-meaning parenting and self-respect education, we are special little snowflakes (laughs), trying to go out and save the world. rice field.
+These are three words many of us grew up with.
+We walk across the graduation stage in high hopes, and when we come back down to earth, we find ourselves unaware of what it means to actually save the world anyway.
+The mainstream media often paints my generation as indifferent, but I think it's more accurate to say that we are deeply devastated.
+And, to be fair, there's a lot to be overwhelmed by -- the environmental crisis, the wealth inequality in this country that hasn't been seen since 1928, and the utterly immoral and ongoing wealth of the world. It's a disparity.
+Xenophobia is on the rise. Trafficking of women and girls.
+It's so overwhelming.
+I experienced this firsthand when I graduated from Barnard College in 2002.
+I was motivated. I was ready to make a change.
+I went out into the world, worked at nonprofits, went to graduate school, did phone banking, protested, volunteered, and none of it seemed to matter.
+And on a particularly dark night in December 2004, I sat down with my family and said I was very disillusioned.
+I wrote about all the problems in the world and admitted that I really had a fantasy, a sort of dark fantasy, of setting my body on fire on the steps of the White House.
+My mother drank the special Seabreeze and with tears in her eyes, she looked straight at me and said, "I cannot stand your despair."
+"You're smarter, more creative, and more resilient," she said.
+A third contradiction arises here.
+Growth is about aiming for great success and being satisfied with failing well.
+(Laughter) (Applause) There's a writer who's deeply influenced me, Parker Palmer. He writes that many of us often fall into whiplash "between an arrogant overestimation of ourselves and a servile underestimation of ourselves."
+As you may have noticed by now, I didn't set myself on fire.
+I desperately did what I had to do: write.
+I wrote a book that needs to be read.
+I wrote a book about eight amazing people working for social justice across this country.
+I wrote about Detroit and Nia Martin Robinson, daughter of two civil rights activists and a lifelong devoted to environmental justice.
+I wrote about Emily Abt. At first I became a welfare caseworker because I decided it was the noblest job I could do, but I quickly realized that not only did I not like it, I was also not very good at it. I noticed.
+Rather, what she really wanted to do was make movies.
+There she made a film about the welfare system that made a big impact.
+I wrote about Maricela Guzman, the daughter of Mexican immigrants. She enlisted in the military to attend college.
+She was actually sexually assaulted at boot camp, after which she co-organized a group called "Service Women's Action Network."
+What I've learned from these people and others is that you can't judge them based on their failure to achieve their very lofty goals.
+Many of them work in very unwieldy systems, such as the military, parliament, and the education system.
+But what they managed to achieve within those systems was the power to humanize.
+After all, what's more important than that?
+Cornell West said, "Of course it's a mistake.
+But how good a failure is that? "
+This is not to say that we give up on our boldest and biggest dreams.
+So we are working on two levels.
+One is that we are serious about changing the broken system of which we are a part.
+But on the other hand, we root self-esteem in daily actions that seek to make someone's day kinder and fairer.
+So when I was little I had some very strange habits.
+One was lying on the kitchen floor of my childhood home, sucking my left thumb and holding my mother's cold toes with my right hand.
+(Laughter) I used to hear her talking on the phone a lot.
+She was talking about board meetings, founding peace organizations, coordinating carpools, comforting friends. All these are daily acts of consideration and creativity.
+And sure enough, at ages 3 and 4, I was listening to her soothing voice, but I think I was also getting my first lessons in the work of an activist.
+The activists I interviewed literally had nothing in common except one thing. It was that they all cited their mother as the most pressing and important activist influence.
+Especially when we're young, we look far and wide for a model of a meaningful life, but sometimes it's in our kitchen, talking on the phone, making us dinner, doing all the things that keep the world going. . .
+My mother and many women like her taught me that life doesn't need glory, certainty, or even security.
+It's about accepting the paradox.
+It is about acting in the face of overwhelming situations.
+And that's really loving people.
+And all in all, these things offer lifelong challenges and rewards.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Khan Academy is best known for its collection of videos. Before that, let me show you a little montage.
+(Video) Salman Khan: So the hypotenuse is 5.
+Fossils of this animal have been found only in this part of South America (here in a clean strip) and in this part of Africa.
+It can be integrated over a surface and its notation is usually uppercase sigma.
+Diet: They have a Public Safety Commission, which sounds like a very nice one.
+Note that this is an aldehyde and an alcohol.
+It initiates differentiation into effector and memory cells.
+galaxy. oi! There is another galaxy. Oh look! There is another galaxy.
+And for dollars, their $30 million plus $20 million from American manufacturers.
+If this doesn't surprise you, you have no feelings.
+(laughter) (applause) (live) SK: Right now there are about 2,200 videos covering everything from basic arithmetic to vector calculus and some of the things you see there.
+One million students use the site each month, viewing approximately 100-200,000 videos per day.
+But what we are going to talk about in this article is how to take it to the next level.
+Before that, I want to talk a little bit about how it actually started.
+As some of you may know, about five years ago I was a hedge fund analyst in Boston tutoring cousins ​​remotely in New Orleans.
+And so I started posting my first YouTube video. Kind of a complement to cousins ​​that's really nice to have, something that might give them a diversion or something.
+And as soon as I uploaded my first YouTube video, something interesting happened.
+In fact, a lot of interesting things happened.
+The first was feedback from cousins.
+They told me they preferred YouTube to meeting in person.
+(Laughter.) And once you get past that inside-out nature, there was actually a lot of depth there.
+They said the cousin's automatic version was better.
+Very unintuitive at first, but from their point of view, it makes a lot of sense.
+It created a situation where I could pause and repeat my cousin's story without feeling like they were wasting my time.
+Don't be shy to ask your cousin if you need to review something you learned weeks or perhaps years ago.
+They just need to watch those videos. If you're bored, it's okay to move on.
+Watch at your own time and pace.
+Perhaps the most underappreciated aspect of this is the idea that when you're trying to figure out a new concept in your head, it's least necessary to have another human being say, "Do you understand this?" .
+What used to happen with my cousins ​​can now be done intimately in my room.
+Another thing that happened was that I just posted it on YouTube. I had no reason to keep it private, so I let other people see it, and people started tripping over it, and I started getting comments and letters. All kinds of feedback from random people around the world.
+These are just a few.
+This is actually from one of the original calculus videos.
+Someone wrote it on YouTube. It was a YouTube comment. "I laughed for the first time when I was doing derivatives."
+(Laughter) Let's take a break here.
+This person ran the derivation function and then smiled.
+(laughter) To the same comment, this is on a thread, so go to YouTube and look at the comments. Another person wrote: "It says the same thing here.
+In fact, I remember seeing all of the Matrix textbooks in class, so I was naturally high and in a good mood for the rest of the day. And here I was all like, 'I know kung fu. (Laughter) I learned a lot. of feedback along those lines.
+This obviously helped people.
+But then, as my viewership continued to grow, I started getting letters from people, and it started to become clear that it wasn't just a happy thing.
+Here is an excerpt from one of those letters: "My 12-year-old son has autism and was very bad at math.
+We tried it all, we saw it all, we bought it all.
+I stumbled across your video about decimals and it worked.
+Then we moved on to the dreaded fractions.
+I couldn't believe it.
+he is very excited "
+As you can imagine, I was a hedge fund analyst. It was very strange to me to do something of social value.
+(Laughter) (Applause) But I was excited, so I kept going.
+And then a few other things started to notice me. Not only will it help my cousins, or those who are writing to me right now, but I hope this content never gets old and can help their children and grandchildren.
+If Isaac Newton had made a YouTube video about calculus, I wouldn't have had to.
+(Laughter) Assuming he was good. I do not understand.
+(Laughter) Another thing that happened was that even at this point I said, "Okay, maybe it's a good supplement. Good for a motivated student.
+Probably good for home school students. "
+But I didn't expect it to permeate the classroom in any way.
+Then I started getting letters from teachers who said, 'We used your video to turn the classroom upside down.
+Now that you've finished your lecture, what are we going to do -- "And this could happen tomorrow in every classroom in America --" What I'm doing is taking lectures as homework. What used to be homework, now I'm doing it.” Students are doing it in the classroom. "
+I want to pause here -- (Applause) I want to pause here. Because there are some interesting things.
+First, there are obvious advantages for these teachers to do this. The advantage is that my students can enjoy the videos as much as my cousins ​​do, pausing and repeating at their own pace and in their own time.
+But more interestingly, and this is a counterintuitive way to talk about technology in the classroom, it removes cookie-cutter lectures from the classroom and allows students to study at home at their own pace. And when you go to the classroom, teachers have used technology to humanize the classroom, letting students do their jobs, letting teachers walk around, and actually interacting with peers. .
+They had a fundamentally inhuman experience where 30 children had a finger on their lips and were not allowed to interact with each other.
+Teachers, no matter how good they are, have to give this one-size-fits-all lecture to 30 students. Although they have a blank, somewhat hostile look on their faces, this is a human experience and the students are actually interacting with each other.
+So Khan Academy - I quit my job and turned into a real organization - we are non-profit - the question is how do we take this to the next level.
+How do we take what those teachers were doing as a corollary?
+So what I'm showing here is the actual exercise I started writing for my cousin.
+What I started with was more primitive.
+This is a more capable version of it.
+However, the paradigm here is to generate as many questions as needed until you understand the concept and get 10 questions in a row.
+There is also a Khan Academy video.
+If you don't know how to do it, you'll get hints about the actual steps for that problem.
+The paradigm here seems like a very simple one. Do 10 in a row and move on.
+But that is fundamentally different from what is happening in the classroom today.
+In a traditional classroom, you have homework, lectures, homework, lectures, and then snapshot exams.
+And whether you get 70 percent, 80 percent, 90 percent, or 95 percent on that exam, the class moves on to the next topic.
+And even with that 95 percent of students, what was the 5 percent they didn't know?
+Perhaps they didn't know what happens when you raise something to the power of 0.
+Then build it with the following concepts:
+Imagine this is learning how to ride a bike.
+Maybe you could give a lecture beforehand, rent the bike for two weeks, come back two weeks later and say, "Well, let's see. It's hard to turn left."
+I can't stop. You are riding a bicycle 80% of the time. "
+So I put a big 'C' stamp on your forehead -- (laughter) and then I say, 'This is a unicycle.'
+(Laughter) But as silly as it sounds, that's exactly what's happening in our classrooms right now.
+The idea is that if you fast forward, good students suddenly start failing at algebra, and suddenly start failing at calculus, despite being smart and having good teachers. That's usually because they have gaps like Swiss cheese that continue to build up throughout their foundation.
+So our model is: Learn math the same way you learn anything, like riding a bike.
+Please ride that bicycle. Please fall off that bicycle.
+Repeat as often as necessary until proficient.
+Traditional models penalize experimentation and failure, but do not expect learning.
+Please experiment. I recommend failing.
+But we expect proficiency.
+This is one of the modules.
+This is trigonometry.
+This is the shift and reflect functions.
+and they all fit together.
+Currently there are about 90.
+You can visit this site now. It's all free and we don't try to sell anything.
+But the general idea is that they all fit into this knowledge map.
+The top node is literally one-digit addition, such that 1 plus 1 equals 2.
+The paradigm is that if you get 10 correct answers in a row, you keep progressing to more advanced modules.
+Going further down the knowledge map allows for more advanced arithmetic operations.
+Further down we enter pre-algebra and early algebra.
+Going further down, we start going to Algebra 1, Algebra 2, and a little bit ahead of Calculus.
+And the idea is that you can actually teach everything from this, which means you can teach everything that can be taught in this type of framework.
+Knowing this, you can imagine from this knowledge map that there is logic, computer programming, grammar, and genetics, all at their core. This is what we are working on. Now we are ready for the next concept.
+This works well for individual learners, so I recommend doing it with the kids, but I also encourage the whole audience to do it on their own.
+It will change what happens at the dining table.
+But what we want to do is capitalize on the natural conclusion that early teachers emailed me: the inversion of the classroom.
+What we're showing here is pilot data from the Los Altos School District. There, they received two 5th grade classes and 2 7th grade classes, and completely ditched the old math curriculum.
+These children do not use textbooks or receive standardized lectures.
+They do about half of their math classes with a software called Khan Academy.
+Just to be clear, we don't consider this a full math education.
+What it does is this is what is happening in Los Altos. time will be freed. Blocking and tackling make sure you understand how things work in your system of equations, freeing up time for simulations. For games, mechanics, robot building, estimating the height of that hill based on shadows.
+The paradigm is that the teacher comes in every day and the children study at their own pace. This is actually a live dashboard from the Los Altos School District. And kids see this dashboard.
+Every column is a student.
+All columns are one of those concepts.
+Green means the student is already proficient.
+Blue means you are currently working on it. Don't worry.
+Red means you are stuck.
+And all the teacher does is literally say, "Let the red kids intervene."
+Or, even better, "Appoint one of the green kids who are already familiar with the concept as the first line of attack, and let them guide their peers in practice."
+(Applause) Well, I come from a very data-centric reality. So I don't even want the teacher to step in and have to ask the kid a nasty question. "What can't you understand? What can you understand?"
+Therefore, our paradigm is that teachers provide as much data as possible (data expected in other fields such as finance, marketing, manufacturing, etc.) so that teachers can diagnose what is wrong with their students. , to be able to interact with students. Be as productive as possible.
+The teacher asked what the students had been doing, how much time they spent each day, what videos they watched, when they paused the videos, what they stopped watching, what exercises they did, what they did. Now you know exactly what you did. are you focused on?
+The outer circle shows which exercises you focused on.
+The inner circle shows the video you're looking at.
+The data is so detailed that you can see exactly which questions the student got right or wrong.
+Red is wrong, blue is right.
+The leftmost question is the first question the student attempted.
+They saw the video over there.
+And as you can see, I ended up winning 10 in a row.
+I can see them working through the last 10 questions.
+They also got faster - the height represents how much time they spent.
+When we talk about self-paced learning, it makes sense for everyone. In educational terms, it's "differentiated learning." But what happens when you see this in a classroom is kind of crazy.
+Because every time we do this, every classroom we've been to, over and over, five days in a row, there's a group of kids running ahead and a little bit slower group It's from
+In the traditional model, the snapshot evaluation says, "These kids are talented, these kids are slow.
+Maybe you need to track it another way.
+Maybe we should separate them into different classes. "
+But when we let students work at their own pace, and we see it again and again, students spend a little extra time on one concept or the other, but once they clear that concept, Then you will find that you are just rushing ahead. .
+And the same kids who thought they were slow six weeks ago would now think they're talented.
+And we see it over and over again.
+It really makes me wonder if all the labels that so many of us have probably benefited from were really just a coincidence of time.
+In a neighborhood like Los Altos, things like this are precious, but our goal is to use technology to humanize what's happening in education, not just in Los Altos, but on a global scale. It is to be something with
+And that brings up an interesting point.
+Many efforts to humanize the classroom focus on the student-teacher ratio.
+In our view, the relevant metric is the ratio of time spent with students and valuable human beings, teachers.
+Therefore, in the traditional model, most of the teacher's time is spent lecturing, grading, etc.
+Perhaps 5 percent of their time is spent sitting next to students studying together.
+Now their time is 100%.
+So, again, I would argue that technology can make classrooms 5 or 10 times more human than just turning them upside down.
+As valuable as it is in Los Altos, imagine what impact it would have on adult learners who are embarrassed to go back and learn what they should have known before going back to college .
+Imagine what would happen to the street children of Calcutta. He has to help his family during the day and that's why he can't go to school.
+Now I'm not ashamed of spending two hours a day fixing or speeding up what I do or don't know.
+Imagine what happens where. We talked about what peers teach each other in the classroom.
+But this is all one system.
+There's no reason why you can't get peer-to-peer tutoring beyond one classroom.
+Imagine what would happen if that student in Calcutta suddenly could tutor your son, or if your son could tutor that kid in Calcutta.
+And I think the concept of a one-world classroom will emerge.
+And that's essentially what we're trying to build.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Bill Gates: Let me ask you a few questions.
+(Applause continues) (Applause ends) BG: I've seen things that you're doing in the system that have to do with motivation and feedback, things like energy points and achievement badges.
+Please tell me what you think about it.
+SK: Oh yeah. No, we have a great team working on it.
+Just to be clear, it's not just me anymore.
+I do all the videos, but the Rockstar team does the software.
+Introduced a number of game mechanics such as earning badges and starting leaderboards by area to earn points.
+It was actually pretty funny.
+Even just the wording of badges and the points they get for doing things can be seen across the system, with tens of thousands of 5th and 6th graders going one way, depending on what kind of badge they give. can. .
+(laughs) BG: How did the collaboration with Los Altos come about?
+SK: Los Altos, it was kind of crazy.
+Again, I didn't expect it to be used in a classroom.
+Someone from the board came up and said, "What if there was Carte Blanche in the classroom?"
+I said, ``Well, each student will work at their own pace.
+They said, "This is a bit radical. You have to think about it."
+I and the rest of the team were like, 'They would never want to do this.
+But literally the next day they said, "Can we start in two weeks?"
+(Laughter) BG: So it's 5th grade math that's being done now?
+SK: Two 5th grade classes and two 7th grade classes.
+We are doing this at the district level.
+I think what they're excited about is being able to follow these kids beyond just school. I saw some kids doing it at Christmas.
+We can track anything and we can track them through the whole district.
+As you move from teacher to teacher throughout the summer, you get continuous data that can be seen at the district level as well.
+BG: So some of the views we saw were for teachers to track what was actually going on with the kids.
+So are you getting feedback on what teachers think you need?
+SK: Oh yeah. Most of them were teacher specifications.
+Some of them I created for students to see the data, but there is a very tight design loop with the teachers themselves.
+And they say, "This is good, but--" Much like the concentration graph, many teachers say, "I feel like a lot of kids are jumping around and not focusing on one topic." I will.”
+Everything was teacher-led. It was pretty crazy.
+BG: Is this ready for prime time?
+Do you think many classes next year should try this?
+SK: Yes, preparations are complete.
+The site already has 1 million visitors, so we can accommodate a few more.
+(Laughter) No, there's no reason why it can't actually happen in every classroom in America tomorrow.
+BG: And the tutoring vision.
+The idea there is, if I'm confused about a topic, somehow find people who are volunteering in the user interface, check their reputation, set a schedule and get in touch with them Is it possible?
+SK: Of course. And this encourages all of this audience to do so.
+You can essentially become a coach for your child, nephew, cousin or boys and girls club by logging into your teacher's dashboard today.
+And yes, you can start being a mentor, tutor right away.
+But yes, everything is there.
+BG: Well, that's great.
+I think I was able to get a glimpse of the future of education.
+BG: Thank you. SK: Thank you.
+(applause)
+Journalist Mark Zuckerberg was asking about News Feed.
+And the journalist asked him: "Why is this so important?"
+And Zuckerberg said, "Squirrels dying in your front yard may be more relevant to your current interest than people dying in Africa."
+And I'd like to talk about what a web based on the idea of ​​relevance would look like.
+So when I grew up in rural Maine, the internet meant a whole different thing to me.
+It meant connecting with the world.
+It meant something that brought us all together.
+And I knew it would be great for democracy and our society.
+But there is an invisible shift happening in the flow of information online.
+And if we don't pay attention to it, it can become a big problem.
+So where I first noticed this was where I spend most of my time: my Facebook page.
+I am politically progressive, but surprisingly, I have always gone out of my way to meet conservatives.
+I love hearing what they think. I like to see what they link to. i like to learn something
+So, one day, I was surprised when I noticed that Conservatives were disappearing from my Facebook feed.
+And what actually turned out to be happening was that Facebook was watching what links I clicked, and actually I was more likely to click liberal friend links than conservative friend links. It means that you were aware of what you were doing.
+and edited them without consulting me.
+they disappeared.
+So Facebook isn't the only company doing this kind of invisible algorithmic web editing.
+Google does it too.
+If I search for something and you search for something, even if it's exactly the same time, you might get completely different results.
+One engineer said Google looks at 57 signals even when logged out. It includes everything from the type of computer you're using, to the type of browser you're using, to your current location. Used to personally tailor query results.
+Think about it. Standard Google no longer exists.
+The funny thing is that this is hard to see.
+I don't know how different my search results are from other people's search results.
+But a few weeks ago I asked a bunch of my friends to google "egypt" and send me screenshots of what they got.
+Here's a screenshot from my friend Scott.
+And here is a screenshot of my friend Daniel.
+Looking at them side by side, you can see how these two pages differ without even reading the links.
+But when I read the link, it's really amazing.
+Daniel said the first page of Google search results gave absolutely nothing about the Egyptian protests.
+Scott's results were jam-packed with them.
+And that was the big topic at the time.
+That's how different the results are.
+So it's not just Google or Facebook.
+This is what is taking the web by storm.
+There are many companies doing this kind of personalization.
+Yahoo News, the Internet's largest news site, is now personalized. What people get is different.
+The Huffington Post, Washington Post, and New York Times all use personalization in different ways.
+And this rapidly moves us into a world where the Internet shows us what we want to see, but not necessarily what we ought to see.
+As Eric Schmidt put it, "It would be very difficult for people to watch or consume something that in some ways wasn't made for them."
+So I think this is the problem.
+I think when you combine all these filters, you combine all these algorithms and you get what I call a filter bubble.
+And your filter bubble is your own personal and unique world of information that you live online.
+And what is contained within your filter bubble depends on who you are and what you do.
+But the point is, you're not the one who decides what goes in.
+And more importantly, we don't know what was actually edited.
+So one of the filter bubble problems was discovered by Netflix researchers.
+And they were watching the Netflix queue and noticed something funny that probably many of us are noticing. I mean, there are some movies.
+When they line up, they rush out.
+So "Iron Man" starts right away, but "Waiting for Superman" can have a very long wait.
+What they discovered was that there was an epic struggle going on in the Netflix queue between the ambitious future selves and the more impulsive present selves.
+We all want to be people who have seen "Rashomon", but now we want to watch "Ace Ventura" for the fourth time.
+(Laughter.) So the best edits are those that offer a little bit of both.
+It gives us a little bit of Justin Bieber and Afghanistan.
+It gives us some information. It gives us dessert information.
+And the challenge with these sorts of algorithmic or personalized filters is that they are primarily focused on what the user clicks first, which can throw off the balance.
+And instead of a balanced information diet, you may end up surrounded by information junk food.
+What this suggests is that the story about the Internet may actually be wrong.
+In the broadcasting society, the founding myth is like this, but in the broadcasting society there were gatekeepers, editors, and they controlled the flow of information.
+And then the internet came along and it swept the way out and allowed us all to connect, which was great.
+But what is actually happening now is not.
+What we are seeing is a kind of handoff from human gatekeepers to algorithmic gatekeepers.
+And the problem is that ethics like the editors did are not yet baked into the algorithm.
+So if algorithms manage the world on our behalf, deciding what we see and what we don't see, then we know that algorithms aren't just focused on relevance. you have to make sure it's not.
+We need them to show us what's offensive, what's challenging, what's important too. This is TED's job. Please provide other perspectives as well.
+And the thing is, we've actually been here before as a society.
+In 1915, newspapers were not so enthusiastic about their civic responsibilities.
+Then people realized that they were doing something very important.
+Indeed, democracy does not work unless the public has a proper flow of information, newspapers are critical because they act as filters, and the ethics of journalism have evolved.
+It wasn't perfect, but it got us through the last century.
+And now we're kind of back in 1915 on the web.
+And new gatekeepers need to encode such responsibilities into the code they're writing.
+From Facebook and Google, to Larry and Sergey, there are many people here who have helped build the web as it is, and I am grateful for that.
+But what we really need is confirmation that these algorithms encode a sense of public life, a sense of civic responsibility.
+We need to make sure they are transparent enough so that we can see what the rules are that determine what passes through our filters.
+And we need you to give us some control so that we can decide what goes through and what doesn't.
+Because I think it's really necessary for the Internet to become what we've all dreamed of.
+We need it to bring us all together.
+We need it to introduce us to new ideas, new people and different perspectives.
+And if it isolates us all within one web, it doesn't work.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Imagine if you could record your life. Record everything you say and do in a complete, ready-to-use memory store so you can go back in time to find and relive memorable moments, or sift through time trails to discover patterns. You can A life of your own that was previously unknown.
+Yes, that's exactly the journey my family started five and a half years ago.
+This is my wife and collaborator Rupal.
+And on this day, at this moment, we entered the house with our first child, a beautiful boy.
+And we entered a house with a very special home video recording system.
+(Video) Man: Okay.
+Deb Roy: This moment and thousands of others that are special to us were captured in our home. Because in any room of your house, if you look up, you can see the camera and microphone, and if you look down, you can see you. Get a bird's eye view of this room.
+Here are our living room, crib room, kitchen, dining room, and the rest of the house.
+And all of this is fed into a disk array designed for continuous capture.
+Here we spend our days at home, from sunshine mornings to glowing evenings and finally lights out.
+Over the course of three years, we recorded 8-10 hours per day and amassed approximately 250,000 hours of multitrack audio and video.
+That means you're watching some of the largest home video collections ever created.
+(Laughter) And what this data represents for our family on an individual level, the impact is already immeasurable and we are still learning its value.
+There are countless recorded moments of unsolicited nature, not posed moments, and we are discovering them and learning how to find them.
+But there are also scientific reasons that pushed this project forward. It was to use this natural longitudinal data to understand the process by which children learn language. That child is my son.
+So, with many privacy provisions in place to protect everyone who is recorded in the data, I made elements of the data available to the trusted research team at MIT to help this vast dataset. We uncovered patterns in the data and made it understandable. Effects of social environment on language acquisition.
+So here's one of the first things we started with.
+Here my wife and I are in the kitchen making breakfast. It's a very mundane pattern of life in the kitchen that moves across space and time.
+To transform this opaque 90,000 hour video into something visible, we use motion analysis to take out what we call a space-time worm as it travels through space and time.
+It has become part of a toolkit that allows us to see where activity is taking place in our data, and we can use it to track patterns, especially where our son moves around the house, so we can help him transcribe. can focus on The effort, all the language surrounding my son, all the words he heard from me, my wife, my nanny, and the words my son started to utter over time.
+Using that technology, its data, and its ability to use machine-assisted transcription, we have now transcribed well over 7 million words of home transcription.
+So let's take you on your first tour of the data.
+I'm sure you've all seen time-lapse videos of flowers blooming when time is accelerated.
+Now, I would like you to experience the flowering of the speech format.
+My son said "gaga" for water right after his first birthday.
+Over the next six months, he slowly learned to approach the correct form of adulthood: water.
+In other words, you will be cruising half a year in about 40 seconds.
+No video here, so focus on the sounds and acoustics of a new kind of trajectory, Gaga to Water.
+(Audio) Baby: GaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGaGa
+DR: He certainly did it.
+(Applause.) So he didn't just learn water.
+Over the course of 24 months, the first two years of our particular focus, this is a chronological map of all the words he learned.
+And since we have a complete record, we've identified each of the 503 words he learned to generate by his second birthday.
+He was a fast talker.
+So we started analyzing why.
+Why did certain words appear before others?
+This was one of the first results from our research just over a year ago, and it really surprised us.
+A way to interpret this seemingly simple graph is that the vertical graph shows how complex the caregiver's utterance is based on the length of the utterance.
+And the [horizontal] axis is time.
+And then we adjusted all the data based on the following ideas: Each time my son learns a word, I go back and look up all the languages ​​he has heard that contain that word.
+and plot the relative lengths of the utterances.
+What we found was a strange phenomenon in which caregiver speech was systematically reduced to the minimum, making language as simple as possible, and then slowly regaining complexity.
+And what's surprising is that the bounces and dips coincided almost exactly with the birth of each word. That is, word for word, systematically.
+That is why all three of my primary caregivers, myself, my wife, and my nanny, have organized, and perhaps unconsciously, met him at the moment of the birth of words, and guided him gently into more complex language. It seems that we were rebuilding our language in .
+And this means a lot, but one of the things I want to point out is that there must be a great feedback loop.
+Of course, my son learns from his language environment, but he also learns from his environment.
+That environment, people in tight feedback loops, creates a kind of scaffolding that was previously unnoticed.
+But that is if we focus on the context of the speech.
+What about visual context?
+Think of what we are looking at as part of our home dollhouse.
+After using a circular fisheye camera and optical correction, you can bring it to life in three dimensions.
+Welcome home.
+This is a moment captured by multiple cameras.
+The reason we did this is to create the ultimate memory machine that allows you to go back in time and fly around interactively, bringing video to life in this system.
+What I'm going to do is show you just life in the living room, accelerated for 30 minutes.
+Sitting on the floor are me and my son.
+And then there's also video analytics that track our movements.
+My son leaves red ink. Leave the green ink.
+We are now sitting on the sofa looking out the window at the passing cars.
+And finally, my son is playing with a walking toy by himself.
+Now freeze the action for 30 minutes and turn time on the vertical axis to see the traces of the interaction you just left.
+And we see these amazing structures, little knots of two-color thread that we call "social hotspots."
+We call this spiral thread the 'solitary hotspot'.
+And we believe that these influence the way we learn languages.
+What we want to do is start to understand how these patterns interact with the language our son is exposed to, and see if we can predict how the structure of hearing a word will affect his learning. That's it. , the relationship between words and what they mean in the world.
+So let me explain how to approach this.
+Also in this video my son is being tracked.
+He leaves red ink.
+And by the door is our nanny.
+(Video) Nanny: Do you want water? (Baby: Oh.) Nanny: Okay. (Baby: Oh.) DR: She offered water and took two worms to the kitchen to fetch water.
+And what we've done is tag that moment, that little activity, with the word "water."
+And now we're harnessing the power of data to record every time my son hears the word water, and the context in which he sees it, and use that to penetrate the video, simultaneously with instances of water. Find traces of any activity that has occurred. .
+And what this data leaves behind is the landscape.
+These are called wordscapes.
+It's a wordscape for the word "water" and you can see that most of the action takes place in the kitchen.
+That's where the big mountains are on the left.
+In contrast, this can be done with any word.
+The word "goodbye" can be taken as "goodbye".
+Then I zoomed in on the entrance of the house.
+And if you look, you can see, as you might expect, that there is a contrast with the more structured appearance of the word "goodbye" in the landscape.
+Thus, we have begun using these structures to predict the order of language acquisition, which is an ongoing study.
+What we're looking at right now is my lab at MIT. This is the Media Lab.
+This has become my favorite way to video any space.
+Three of the key figures in the project are pictured here: Philippe DeCamp, Ronnie Kubat and Brandon Roy.
+Philippe is a close collaborator on all the visualizations you see.
+And Michael Fleischmann also got a Ph.D. A student in my lab who worked with me on this home video analysis, he made the following observations. "Just as we are analyzing how the events that provide the commonalities of language and language are connected, we can extract the same ideas." Deb, of your home Tell us, and we can apply it to the world of public media. "
+And our efforts took an unexpected turn.
+If we think of the mass media as providing a common ground, we have a recipe for taking this idea to a whole new place.
+We started analyzing TV content using the same principle. That is, the analysis of the event structure of the television signal, i.e. all the components that make up the episodes, commercials and event structure of the programme.
+And we now use satellite dishes to capture and analyze the majority of all television watched in the United States.
+And you no longer need microphones in your living room to hear what people are saying, you can just watch public social media feeds.
+That means about 3 billion comments every month, and then the magic happens.
+Television images convey the structure of events and the commonalities of words. You get conversations on those topics. And through semantic analysis -- this is actually the actual data that we got from our data processing -- each yellow line is the actual comment and part of the event structure coming out of the TV signal. Shows links made to and from .
+And the same idea can still be built today.
+And so we got this verbal landscape, but now in my living room the words are not assembled.
+Instead, the context, the common underlying activity, is the TV content that drives the conversation.
+And what we're seeing here, these skyscrapers, is commentary linked to television content.
+Same concept, but looking at the dynamics of communication in a completely different realm.
+So basically you have the base data to look at the engagement characteristics of your content instead of measuring it based on how many people are watching it, for example.
+And just as we can observe feedback cycles and dynamics within our families, we are now able to open up the same concepts to observe much larger groups of people.
+This is a subset of the data in our database (just 50,000 out of millions) and a social graph that connects them through public sources.
+You put them in one plane and the content resides in the second plane.
+So you have programs, sporting events, commercials, and all the link structures that tie them together create a content graph.
+And important 3D.
+Each link rendered here is an actual connection made between someone's statement and the content.
+And then again, there are tens of millions of these links that show the connective tissue of the social graph and how they relate to content.
+And now we can start exploring the structure in interesting ways.
+So, for example, you can track the path of one piece of content that triggered someone to comment on it, track where that comment went, see the entire social graph that was activated, and then trace it back to that content. Suppose you check the comments. Considering the relationship between the social graph and the content, we can see a very interesting structure.
+We call these co-viewing groups, or virtual living rooms.
+And there are fascinating dynamics at work.
+It's not a one-way street.
+Content, or events, spark someone's conversation.
+they talk to other people.
+This again drives mass media viewing behavior, creating a cycle that drives overall behavior.
+Another example, though very different, is another real person in the database. We found at least hundreds, if not thousands.
+We named this person.
+He is a professional-amateur with such a high fan-out rate, or a professional-amateur media critic.
+That is why many people follow this person and are very influential and tend to talk about what is being shown on TV.
+In other words, this person plays an important role in connecting mass media and social media.
+A final example from this data: In some cases, it may actually be part of special content.
+So let's take a look at this content, President Obama's State of the Union address from just a few weeks ago, and what we found on this same data set, on the same scale, and look at the engagement characteristics of this piece. The content is really great.
+A nation whose conversation explodes in real time according to the content of the broadcast.
+And of course there is unstructured language flowing through all these lines.
+We can take X-rays and get a real-time picture of the real-time pulse of a nation, social reactions in different circuits within a social graph being activated by content.
+In summary, the ideas are: As our world becomes more and more instrumental, with the ability to collect and connect the dots between what people say and the context of what they say, what emerges is the ability to see new things. Social structures and dynamics never seen before.
+It's like building a microscope or telescope to reveal new structures about our own behavior in communication.
+And I think the implications here are profound, for science, for commerce, for governments, and perhaps most of all for us as individuals.
+So, back to my son, he was looking over my shoulder as I was preparing this talk. And I showed him the clip I was going to show you guys today and asked for permission.
+Then I kept thinking, "Wow, this whole database, all these recordings, I'm going to hand over to you and your sister. You guys arrived in two years." Biological memory Will we ever be able to go back and relive moments we can't remember? "
+and he was silent for a while.
+And I thought, "What am I thinking?"
+he is 5 years old He's not going to understand this. "
+As I was thinking about that, he looked up at me and said, "So you can show this to your children when you grow up?"
+And I was like, "Wow, this is powerful."
+So I would like to leave you with the last memorable moments of our family.
+This was the first time my son took more than one step at a time and it was captured on film.
+As I explain, I want you to focus on something.
+It's a cluttered environment. It's a natural life.
+I noticed that my mother was cooking in the kitchen and most of all in the hallway, trying to do just that, going two steps or more.
+So when you hear me encourage him and realize what's going on, magic happens.
+Listen very carefully.
+About three steps in, he realized something magical was happening, kicked in the most amazing feedback loop, took a breath, and whispered, "Wow." And I instinctively replied with the same voice.
+So let's go back to that memorable moment.
+(Video) DR: Hi.
+come here.
+can you do that?
+oh boy.
+can you do that?
+Baby: Yes.
+DR: Mom, he's walking.
+(Laughter) (Applause) DR: Thank you.
+(applause)
+This is a river.
+This is a stream.
+This is a river.
+This is happening all over the country.
+The United States has tens of thousands of miles of dehydrated rivers.
+On this map, the colored areas represent water conflicts.
+A similar problem is occurring in the East.
+The reasons vary from state to state, but most are in the details.
+There are 4,000 miles of dehydrated rivers in Montana alone.
+They usually help fish and other wildlife.
+They are ecosystem veins, often empty veins.
+I would like to tell the story of just one of these streams. Because it serves as a prototype for a larger story.
+This is Prickly Pair Creek.
+It runs through densely populated areas from East Helena to Lake Helena.
+Wild fish such as cutthroat, brown trout and rainbow trout are also available.
+Nearly every year for over 100 years...
+Summer was like this.
+how did we get here
+It started in the late 1800s when people began to settle in places like Montana.
+In short, there was plenty of water but not many people.
+But as more people turned up for water, the first people there got a little worried, and in 1865 Montana's first water bill was passed.
+Basically, it means that anyone near the stream can share it.
+Oddly enough, a lot of people showed up wanting to share the stream, and those who were there in the first place became concerned enough to call lawyers.
+There were precedent cases in 1870 and 1872, both involving Prickly Pear Creek.
+And in 1921, the Montana Supreme Court ruled in a prickly pear cactus case that the original people had the original or "senior water rights."
+These advanced water rights are key.
+The problem is that the whole West is in this situation now.
+Some of these streams claim 50 to 100 times more water than they actually do.
+And senior water rights holders risk losing their water rights and the associated economic value if they do not use them.
+Therefore, they have no incentive to save.
+So it's not just the numbers that matter. The system itself is a disincentive to saving, as non-use of water can result in a loss of entitlement.
+So now, after decades of litigation and 140 years of experience, we still have this.
+It's a broken system.
+Improper use of water can lead to the loss of good water, thus creating an incentive to conserve.
+And, as you all know, this has created a significant conflict between the agricultural and environmental communities.
+Okay, let's change gears here.
+Most people will be happy to know that the rest of the presentation is free...
+(Laughter) Some people will be happy to know that beer has something to do with it.
+(Laughter) Another thing that's happening across the country is that businesses are starting to worry about water usage.
+They are concerned about ensuring an adequate water supply, they are trying to be really efficient with their water use, and they are concerned about how water use will affect their brand image. doing.
+Well, this is a national problem, but let me tell you another story from Montana...
+And beer has something to do with it.
+In case you didn't know, it takes about 5 pints of water to make a pint of beer.
+Including all wastewater, it takes over 100 pints of water to make one pint of beer.
+Today, Montana breweries are already doing a lot to reduce their water consumption, but they still use millions of gallons of water.
+In other words, beer contains water.
+So what can they do about this remaining water trail that can have serious consequences for ecosystems?
+These ecosystems are very important to Montana breweries and their customers.
+After all, there is a strong correlation between water and fishing, and for some people there is a strong correlation between fishing and beer.
+(Laughter) So Montana breweries and their customers are concerned and looking for ways to address the problem.
+So how can we deal with this remaining water footprint?
+Remember the prickly pear cactus.
+So far corporate water management has been limited to measurement and reduction, and we suggest the next step is to restore.
+Remember the prickly pear cactus.
+It's a broken system.
+If we do not use water properly, we risk losing our right to water, which discourages us from conserving water.
+We decided to combine these two worlds, the world of corporations with their water footprints and the world of farmers with senior water rights to these streams.
+In some states, senior water rights holders can legally protect their water from others and leave water in rivers while maintaining their water rights.
+After all, it's their water right, and if they want to use that water right to help fish grow in the river, it's their right to do so.
+But they have no motivation to do so.
+So we worked with local water trusts to create incentives to do so.
+We pay them to keep water in the river.
+That's what's happening here.
+This person has made a choice and wants to close this diversion and leave the water in the river.
+Rather than forfeiting his water rights, he simply chooses to apply that right or part of it to the river instead of the land.
+Because he is a senior water right holder, he is able to protect the water from other users of the river.
+OK？
+He gets paid for leaving water in the river.
+This man is measuring the remaining water in the river.
+Then divide the measured water into 1,000 gallon units.
+Each increment is given a serial number and a certificate that brewers and others purchase as a way to return water to degraded ecosystems.
+Brewers pay to return water to streams.
+This provides a simple, inexpensive and scalable way to rewater these degraded ecosystems, while also giving farmers an economic option and companies concerned about their water footprint to address them. We provide an easy way.
+After 140 years of disputes and 100 years of ebb and flow, and situations that litigation and regulation have failed to resolve, we have put together a market-based, buyer-seller-proactive solution – one that does not require litigation. rice field.
+It offers people concerned about their water footprint a real opportunity to get water where it is really needed in these degraded ecosystems, while also providing farmers with meaningful economic insights into how they use water. to offer choice.
+These trades create allies, not enemies.
+They bring people together, not divide them.
+And they provide much-needed economic support to rural areas.
+And most importantly, it works.
+We have returned over 4 billion gallons of water to degraded ecosystems.
+We have connected senior water rights holders with breweries in Montana, hotels and tea companies in Oregon, and water-intensive high-tech companies in the Southwest.
+And once you establish these connections you can change this and actually do...
+(Thank you for applause.
+(applause)
+When I got my current job, I got good advice. It was to interview three politicians every day.
+All this contact with politicians shows that they are all emotionally deranged in some way.
+They have what I call “Rorogorrea dementia,” a condition where they talk too much and drive them crazy.
+(Laughter.) But they have incredible social skills.
+When you meet them, they lock you in, stare you in the eye, invade your personal space, and massage the back of your head.
+A few months ago, I had dinner with a Republican senator, and throughout the meal he kept his hand on my inner thigh, clasping it.
+I once, many years ago, saw Ted Kennedy and Dan Quayle meeting at the Senate well.
+And they were friends, hugging and laughing, their faces so far apart.
+And they were waving their arms up and down and scraping each other.
+So I said, "Give me a room. I don't want to see this."
+But they have social skills.
+Another case: Last election cycle, I followed Mitt Romney through New Hampshire, and he campaigned with his perfect five sons: Bip, Chip, Rip, Zip, Rip, and Dip. Was.
+(Laughter.) And he's going to the diner.
+Then he entered the diner, introduced himself to his family, and said, "Which village in New Hampshire are you from?"
+He then describes a house they owned in their village.
+So he walks around the room, saying the first names of nearly everyone he's just met as he leaves the diner.
+I thought, "Okay, that's a social skill."
+But the paradox is that when many of these people fall into policy-making mode, their social consciousness fades away and they start talking like accountants.
+So in my career, I've covered a series of failures.
+When the Soviet Union collapsed, we sent economists to the Soviet Union with a privatization plan, but what they really lacked was social trust.
+We invaded Iraq with an army that ignored cultural and psychological realities.
+We had a financial regulatory system based on the premise that traders are rational creatures and don't do stupid things.
+I have been covering school reform for 30 years. We've basically reorganized the bureaucracy: charters, private schools, vouchers, etc., with disappointing results year after year.
+And indeed, people learn from their loved ones.
+And if we're not talking about the personal relationship between teachers and students, we're not talking about that reality.
+But that reality has been erased from our policy-making process.
+So I had the following questions. Why do the most socially adapted people on the planet become completely dehumanized when thinking about policy?
+And I've come to the conclusion that this is a symptom of a bigger problem.
+It is based on the notion that for centuries we have been a split self, that reason is separate from emotion, and that society has progressed to the point where reason can curb passion. It means that the view has been inherited.
+And that leads to a view of humanity that we are rational humans who respond bluntly to incentives, and a world that uses the assumptions of physics to try to measure what human behavior is like. It also led to the view of
+And it created a great disconnect, a superficial view of human nature.
+We are good at talking about material things, but really bad at talking about emotions.
+We are good at talking about skills, safety and health. We are really bad at talking about character.
+The famous philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre said, "We have the ancient moral concepts of virtue, honor, and goodness, but we no longer have the systems that bind them together."
+So this has taken a shallow path, not only in politics, but in all human endeavors.
+You can see it in the way we raise our young children.
+You go to elementary school at 3pm and you see the kids come out and they're carrying 80-pound backpacks.
+It's like a beetle that sits on the ground when blown away by the wind.
+I see these cars driving by, usually Saabs, Audis and Volvos. Because in certain regions it is socially acceptable to own a luxury car as long as it comes from a country hostile to US foreign policy. It's not a problem.
+They are picked up by these creatures I call Uber Moms. They are highly successful career women who took time off to enroll all of their children at Harvard University.
+And since I actually weigh less than my own kid, I can usually tell my Uber mommy that.
+(Laughter.) I mean, in the moment of pregnancy, they're doing a little butt exercise.
+The baby is suddenly popping out and flashing Mandarin flashcards.
+Drive them home and take them to Ben & because they want to be enlightened. Jerry's Ice Cream Company with its own foreign policy.
+In my book, I joke about him with Ben. Jerry's should make a pacifist toothpaste -- it doesn't kill germs, it just asks you to leave.
+It will be a big seller.
+(Laughter) And they go to Whole Foods for formula. Whole Foods is one progressive grocer whose cashiers all look borrowed from Amnesty International.
+(Laughter) So they buy seaweed-based snacks called veggie booties with kale. This is for kids who come home and say, "Mom, Mom, I want a snack that helps prevent colorectal cancer."
+(Laughter.) So kids are brought up in a certain way, jumping through hoops of accomplishment of things we can measure: SAT prep, oboe, soccer practice.
+They get into highly competitive colleges, get good jobs, and achieve success, sometimes in superficial ways, and make a ton of money.
+They can also be found in vacation destinations such as Jackson Hole and Aspen.
+And they are elegant, slender and practically do not have thighs. They just layer one elegant calf on top of another.
+(Laughter) They have children of their own and have achieved the genetic miracle of marrying beautiful people, so their grandmother looks like Gertrude Stein and their daughters look like Halle Berry. I don't know how they did that. .
+They arrive there and find that it is now fashionable to have dogs that are one-third the height of the ceiling.
+So they have furry 160-pound dogs, all of them looking like Velociraptors, and all named after characters in Jane Austen.
+And when they get older, they don't develop much of a philosophy of life, but they decide, "I've been successful in everything. I'm just not going to die."
+So they hire a personal trainer. They pop Cialis like breath mints.
+I can see them on top of the mountain over there.
+They're cross-country skiing up the mountain with a rugged look that makes Dick Cheney look like Jerry Lewis.
+(Laughter) And when they pass you, it's like being overtaken by a little steel raisine net climbing a hill.
+(Laughter) It's part of life, but it's not all of life.
+And I think the last few years have given us a deeper perspective on human nature and who we are.
+And it is not grounded in theology or philosophy, but in the study of the mind, across all disciplines from neuroscience to cognitive scientists, behavioral economists, psychologists, and sociology, we are developing a revolution in consciousness. doing.
+And all of them taken together give us a new perspective on human nature.
+Far from being a cold, materialistic view of nature, it is a new humanism, a new fascination.
+I think the overall research begins with three key insights.
+The first insight is that while the conscious mind writes the autobiography of our species, the unconscious mind does most of the work.
+One way to formulate it is that the human mind can take in millions of pieces of information per minute, of which we can consciously perceive about 40.
+And this leads to strange things.
+One of my favorites is that someone named Dennis is disproportionately likely to become a dentist and someone named Lawrence to be a lawyer. Because we unconsciously gravitate toward the familiar. That's why I named my daughter Brooks for President of the United States.
+(Laughter) Another finding is that far from being stupid and sexual, the unconscious is actually very smart.
+So one of the things we need most of our cognitive skills is buying furniture.
+It's really hard to imagine what the sofa will look like in the house.
+And the way to do that is to study furniture, soak it in your mind, distract yourself, and act on your intuition a few days later. Because you understand it subconsciously.
+A second insight is that emotions are at the center of our thinking.
+People who have suffered a stroke or damage to the emotion-processing part of the brain are not very smart and can actually be quite helpless.
+And the "giant" of this field is in the room tonight and will speak tomorrow morning - Antonio Damasio.
+And one of the things he really showed us is that emotions are the foundation of reason, because they tell us what to value. about it.
+Therefore, reading and educating one's emotions is one of the central activities of wisdom.
+I am a middle-aged man now.
+I'm not very familiar with emotions.
+One of my favorite brain novels was about these middle-aged men.
+They put them in a brain-scanning machine—don't care, by the way, it's fake—and made them watch a horror movie and then talk about their feelings for their wives.
+And brain scans were identical for both activities.
+It was just terrifying.
+So when I talk about emotions, like Gandhi talks about gluttony, it is the central organizing process of our thinking.
+It will tell you what to engrave.
+The brain is a record of life's emotions.
+And a third insight is that we are not fundamentally self-contained individuals.
+We are social animals, not rational animals.
+We are born out of relationships and we permeate each other deeply.
+Therefore, when we look at another person, we reproduce in our own mind what we see in their mind.
+When you watch a car chase in a movie, it looks like you are doing a car chase.
+When we watch porn, it's a bit like sex, but maybe not as good.
+And we see this when lovers walk down the road, when Egyptian or Tunisian crowds are caught up in emotional contagion, deep interpenetration.
+And I think this revolution of who we are will give us a different look at politics and, most importantly, a different look at human capital.
+We are now children of the French Enlightenment.
+We believe that reason is the highest of abilities.
+But I think this research shows that the British Enlightenment, with David Hume or Adam Smith, or the Scottish Enlightenment, actually had a better understanding of who we were. . Reason is often weak, our feelings are strong, and our feelings are often reliable.
+And this work corrects that prejudice, the dehumanizing prejudice in our culture.
+It gives us a deeper sense of what it really takes to thrive in this life.
+When we think of human capital, we think about grades, SATs, degrees, years of schooling, and other easily measurable things.
+What you really need to do well, to live a meaningful life, is something deeper, something that really can't even be expressed in words.
+So here are some of the things this study might suggest we're trying to understand.
+The first gift, or talent, is insight, the ability to get into the minds of others and learn what they have to offer.
+Babies have this ability.
+Mertsov, a student at the University of Washington, leaned against the 43-minute-old baby.
+He moved his tongue towards the baby.
+The baby flipped its tongue back.
+Babies are born to invade their mother's mind and download what they find—a model of how they make sense of reality.
+In the United States, 55 percent of babies have deep two-way conversations with their mothers and learn models of how to relate to other people.
+And those who have the relationship model have a very head start in life.
+Scientists at the University of Minnesota were able to predict with 77 percent accuracy who will graduate from high school at 18 months of age, based on who was attached to their mother.
+20% of children do not have such relationships.
+They are so-called avoidant attachments.
+They have trouble relating to other people.
+They go through life like sailboats sailing into the wind. You want to reach out to people, but you don't really have a model for how to do it.
+It's a skill that's one way to collect knowledge from piece to piece.
+The second skill is composure, the ability to calmly read the prejudices and failures in your mind.
+For example, we are overconfident machines.
+95 percent of our professors report they are above average teachers.
+96 percent of college students say they have above average social skills.
+Time magazine asked Americans, "Are you in the top 1 percent of earners?"
+Nineteen percent of Americans are in the top 1 percent of earners.
+(Laughter.) By the way, this is a gender-related trait.
+Men drown twice as often as women because they think they can swim across the lake.
+However, some people are aware of their own prejudices and overconfidence and have the ability to do so.
+They have epistemological humility.
+They are open-minded despite their ambiguity.
+They can tailor the strength of their conclusions to the strength of the evidence.
+they are curious.
+And these traits are often irrelevant and uncorrelated with IQ.
+The third characteristic is Metis, the so-called street smart. This is Greek.
+It is the sensitivity to the physical environment, the ability to spot patterns in the environment and draw conclusions.
+One of my colleagues at The Times wrote a great article about Iraqi soldiers looking down the street and somehow being able to detect if there were IEDs (mines) on the street.
+They couldn't say how they did it, but they could feel the cold, and they could feel the cold. And they were more right than wrong.
+The third is what we call empathy, the ability to work together within a group.
+This is very useful because groups are smarter than individuals.
+And since 90 percent of communication is non-verbal, face-to-face groups are much smarter than those who communicate electronically.
+And the effectiveness of a group is not determined by the group's IQ. It depends on how well they can communicate and how often they take turns in conversation.
+Then we can talk about properties like blends.
+Any child can say "I am a tiger" and pretend to be a tiger.
+It seems very rudimentary.
+But in practice it is very complicated to combine and combine the concept of "I" and the concept of "tiger".
+But this is the source of innovation.
+What Picasso did, for example, was to take the notions of 'Western art' and 'African masks' and fuse them, not only with geometry, but with the moral system involved.
+And while these are skills, again, they cannot be counted or measured.
+And the last thing to mention is what might be called limerence.
+And this is not an ability. It is the driving force and the motivation.
+The conscious mind is hungry for success and fame.
+The unconscious mind, when the lines of the skull disappear, when we are engrossed in a challenge or task, when a craftsman is engrossed in his craft, when a naturalist feels at one with nature. When a believer feels at one with nature, he craves a moment of transcendence. one with the love of God.
+That is what the unconscious mind longs for.
+And many of us feel it when lovers merge.
+And one of the most beautiful accounts I have come across in this study of how minds interpenetrate is written by a great theorist and scientist at Indiana University named Douglas Hofstadter.
+He was married to a woman named Carol, with whom he had a wonderful relationship.
+When the children were 5 and 2, Carol died suddenly after suffering a stroke and brain tumor.
+And Hofstadter wrote a book called "I Am a Strange Loop".
+In it, he describes the moment, just months after Carol's death, when he found a picture of her on the mantelpiece in his bedroom or on his office desk.
+And this is what he wrote: "I looked into her face, and looked so deeply that I felt myself behind her eyes.
+And suddenly I found myself in tears saying, "That's me." That's me. 'And those simple words reminded us of many thoughts we had before, the merging of our souls into one higher level of being, the center of our soul. have our same hopes and dreams for our children, and those hopes are not separate hopes, not separate hopes, but only one hope, and we both The idea was that it was one definite thing that defined and bound us all together. Before I got married and had children, I vaguely imagined it as such a unit.
+Although Carol died, I realized that a core part of her had not died at all and was still alive and well in my brain. "
+The Greeks say that we suffer until we acquire wisdom.
+Through suffering, Hofstadter understood how deeply we are interpenetrated.
+I think the policy failures of the last 30 years have made us realize how shallow our view of humanity was.
+And now, when we face the failures that come from our shallowness and our inability to understand the depths of who we are, this revolution of consciousness takes place. In so many areas these people are beginning to explore the depths of our nature and discover its charm. This new humanism.
+And when Freud discovered the unconscious, it had a great influence on the mood of the times.
+We are now discovering a more accurate vision of the unconscious, of who we are deep inside, which will have a wonderful, deep and humanizing impact on our culture. prize.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I would like to ask you to think for a moment, the very simple fact that the overwhelming majority of what we know about the Universe comes from the Light.
+We can stand on the earth and look up at the night sky and see the stars with the naked eye.
+The sun burns out our peripheral vision.
+We see light reflected from the moon.
+And since Galileo pointed that rudimentary telescope at the celestial bodies, the known universe has come to us through light, vast epochs in the history of the universe.
+And with all our modern telescopes, we were able to collect a series of snapshots that go all the way back to this amazing silent movie of the universe: the Big Bang.
+Yet the universe is not a silent film, because the universe is not silent.
+I want to convince you that space has a soundtrack, and that soundtrack plays in space itself. Because space can swing like a drum.
+It can have a kind of recording ring out throughout the universe as the most dramatic events unfold.
+Secondly, we want to be able to add to the kind of wonderful visual composition we have of the universe, the sonic composition.
+And while we haven't heard any sounds from space, in the next few years we need to start raising the volume on what's going on in space.
+So, in this ambition to capture a song from space, we focus on black holes and their promise. Because a black hole can strike space-time like a mallet on a drum, producing a very distinctive song. We'll play it for you -- part of our prediction of what the song will be like.
+Now the black hole is dark against the dark sky.
+We cannot see them directly.
+They do not come to us with the Light, at least not directly.
+Black holes wreak havoc on the environment, so we can see them indirectly.
+They destroy the stars around them.
+They roll up debris around them.
+But they do not come directly to us through the light.
+One day we may be able to see shadows cast by black holes on very bright backgrounds, but we haven't seen them yet.
+Still, black holes can be heard even when you can't see them. That's because black holes beat space-time like a drum.
+Now we owe Albert Einstein the idea that the universe beats like a drum – we are very grateful to him.
+Einstein realized that if the universe were empty, it would look like this picture, except without a useful grid.
+But if we were free-falling through space, we might be able to draw it ourselves, even without this convenient grid. Because we find ourselves traveling in space along straight lines, straight paths with no deflection.
+Einstein also argued that this is the essence of the problem, but if you put energy or mass into space, it will curve space, and if a free-falling object, such as the sun, passes by, it will be deflected along the natural curves of space.
+It was Einstein's great theory of general relativity.
+Now even light will be bent by its path.
+And you can bend so far that you get caught in an orbit around the sun, just like the earth does, or like the moon revolves around the earth.
+These are the natural curves of space.
+What Einstein didn't realize was that if you took our sun and smashed it to 6 kilometers, which is a million times the mass of the Earth, and smashed it to 6 kilometers in diameter, black It means that you can make a hall. It is an object so dense that light can never escape it when it gets too close, a dark shadow to the universe.
+It wasn't Einstein who realized this, but Karl Schwarzschild, a German Jew in World War I--already a seasoned scientist who had joined the German army and served on the Russian front.
+I like to imagine Schwarzschild during the war calculating trajectories for artillery fire in the trenches, and calculating Einstein's equations in between.
+And he was reading Einstein's recently published general theory of relativity and was excited about it.
+And he soon deduced the exact mathematical solution to explain something so extraordinary. That is, the space is curved so strongly that it pours down like rain, and the space itself is curved like a waterfall flowing down the throat of the hole.
+And not even light could escape this stream.
+Light will be dragged into the hole like everything else, leaving only shadows.
+Now he wrote to Einstein and said, "As you can see, the war was kind enough to me.
+Despite the heavy shooting, I was able to get away from it all and walk the land of your ideas. "
+And Einstein was very impressed with his precise solution, and I would like to count on the dedication of this scientist as well.
+This is a hardworking scientist under harsh conditions.
+And the next week he brought Schwarzschild's idea to the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
+But Einstein always thought black holes were mathematically strange.
+He did not believe they existed in nature.
+He believed that nature protects us from its formation.
+It was decades before the term "black hole" was coined and people realized that black holes are real astrophysical objects. In fact, a black hole is the death state of a very massive star that catastrophically collapses at the end of its life.
+This will prevent our Sun from collapsing into a black hole.
+Not really enough.
+But if you do a little thought experiment, as Einstein liked to do, you can imagine squashing the sun to 6 kilometers and putting a tiny little earth around it, perhaps 30 kilometers outside the black in orbit. increase. hole sun.
+With the sun gone, let our little earth become self-luminous as there is no other light source.
+And you will find that you can orbit the Earth happily even 30km outside this collapsed black hole.
+This shattered black hole would actually fit more or less inside Manhattan.
+A little bit might spill into the Hudson River before it destroys the Earth.
+But basically that's what we're talking about.
+We are talking about an object that can crush half the area of ​​Manhattan.
+So when we moved this Earth very close, 30 kilometers out, we found that the Earth was orbiting around the black hole without any problem.
+There is a kind of myth that a black hole swallows everything in the universe, but you have to get very close to it to actually fall.
+But what is very impressive is that from our point of view we can always see the Earth.
+You can't hide behind a black hole.
+Some of the light from the Earth comes in, but some is lensed back to us.
+Therefore, nothing can be hidden behind a black hole.
+If this is Battlestar Galactica and you're fighting Cylons, don't hide behind a black hole.
+they can see you
+Well, our sun doesn't collapse into a black hole - not enough mass - but there are tens of thousands of black holes in our galaxy.
+And if it were to erode the Milky Way, it would look like this.
+The black hole's shadow can be seen against the Milky Way's hundreds of billions of stars and its glowing dust lanes.
+And if we were to fall towards this black hole, we'd see all the light around it lensing, and we'd start traversing in its shadows and see something dramatic. You may not even be really aware that things have happened.
+Even if you launch a rocket and try to escape from there, it's the worst if you can't because the light can't escape.
+But even though a black hole is dark outside, it's not dark inside because all the light from the galaxy can fall behind us.
+And although a relativistic effect known as time dilation makes our clocks seem to be slowing relative to galactic time, it's almost as if galactic evolution was accelerating just before we were crushed. It will look as if they are attacking us. Death by black hole.
+It's like a near-death experience where you see light at the end of the tunnel, but it's a complete death experience.
+(Laughter.) And there's no way to tell anyone about the light at the end of the tunnel.
+Now, we've never seen a black hole's shadow like this, but we can hear it, even if we can't see it.
+Imagine an astrophysically realistic situation. Imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together.
+Perhaps they started out as stars and collapsed into two black holes. Each black hole was ten times the mass of the Sun.
+So now I'm going to crush them to 60 kilometers in diameter.
+It can rotate hundreds of times per second.
+At the end of their lives they will orbit each other at a speed very close to the speed of light.
+So they traverse thousands of kilometers in a fraction of a second, and in doing so they not only bend space, they leave behind a spatial echo, a real wave in space-time.
+Space is compressed and stretched as it radiates from these colliding black holes.
+And they travel into space at the speed of light.
+This computer simulation is from NASA Goddard's Relativity Group.
+It took almost 30 years for anyone in the world to solve this problem.
+It was also one of the groups.
+It shows two black holes orbiting each other, and their curves are also well drawn.
+And if you can see it, it's a little faint, but if you can see red waves being emitted, it's gravitational waves.
+They are literally cosmic rumbles, ringing out of the black hole at the speed of light and merging into a quiet spinning black hole at the end of the day.
+If you stand close enough, your ears will resonate with the compression and expansion and contraction of space.
+You will literally hear the sound.
+Of course, the head is forced and stretched, so it can be difficult to understand what is happening.
+But we want to play the sound we predicted for you.
+This is for my group. It's computer modeling that's a little less glamorous.
+Imagine a light black hole collapsing into a very heavy black hole.
+The sound you're hearing is that of a black hole of light crashing into space every time it approaches.
+A little too quiet at a distance.
+But it comes in like a mallet, literally cracks space, and wobbles like a drum.
+And you can predict what kind of sound it will make.
+We know that as water falls, it speeds up and sounds louder.
+And eventually you'll hear the little guy tumble into the big one.
+(Dokudoku) And then it disappeared.
+I've never heard it this loud before. It's actually more dramatic.
+At home, it sounds a little anti-climactic.
+It's like ding, ding, ding.
+This is also the sound from my group.
+No, I don't show images. Black holes leave no useful ink trail, and spaces are not drawn, so curved lines are visible.
+But if you're floating in space on a space trip and hear this, you'll want to move.
+(Laughs) I want to escape from the sound.
+Both black holes are in motion.
+Both black holes are getting closer.
+In this case both are pretty wobbly.
+And they will merge.
+(thump) It's gone.
+This chirp is very characteristic of black hole mergers. That is, chirp at the end.
+Here's a prediction of what we'll see.
+Luckily we are this safe distance in Long Beach, CA.
+And surely, somewhere in the universe, two black holes have merged.
+And indeed, perhaps after traveling at the speed of light a million light years, or even a million years, to reach us, the universe hums around us.
+But the sound is too quiet for any of us to hear.
+On Earth, a very vigorous experiment called LIGO is being conducted to detect deviations in space compression and expansion of less than a fraction of an atomic nucleus over four kilometers.
+This is a very ambitious experiment, and we will be able to capture it with a high degree of sensitivity within the next few years.
+A space mission called LISA has also been proposed and is expected to launch within the next decade.
+LISA will then be able to see supermassive black holes, that is, black holes with millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun.
+Two galaxies are visible in this Hubble image.
+They look like they are frozen in something's embrace.
+And each nucleus probably contains a supermassive black hole.
+But they are not frozen. They are really merging.
+These two black holes are colliding and merging on a billion-year timescale.
+Picking up a song of that length is beyond our human perception.
+But LISA was able to see the final stages of two supermassive black holes early in the history of the universe, the final 15 minutes before they fell together.
+And it's not just black holes, it's every great disturbance in the universe, the biggest of which is the Big Bang.
+When this expression was coined, it was a derisive one, like, "Who would believe in the Big Bang?"
+But in practice, it can be technically more accurate as it can give you a shock.
+Sound may come out.
+Made by our friends at Proton Studios, this animation shows the Big Bang from the outside.
+I never really want to do that. We want to be in space because there is no such thing as standing outside of space.
+So imagine you are inside the Big Bang.
+It's everywhere, it's all around you, space is chaotic and swaying.
+Fourteen billion years later, the song still rings around us.
+Galaxies form, generations of stars form within those galaxies, and around one star, at least one, there is a habitable planet.
+And we're here frantically building experiments, doing calculations, and writing computer code.
+Imagine two black holes colliding one billion years ago.
+That song has been ringing in the universe for a long time.
+We weren't even here.
+It's getting closer and closer - 40,000 years ago, we're still painting cave paintings.
+It's like, hurry up and assemble the instrument.
+It's getting closer and closer, and in 20 years...
+No matter what year our detectors finally reach high sensitivity, we'll build them, turn on the machines, and bang, we'll catch the first song from outer space. .
+If that was the Big Bang we were going to pick up, it would sound like this.
+(pause) That sounds terrible.
+Literally the definition of noise.
+It's white noise. It's a very chaotic ringing sound.
+But it exists everywhere around us, even if perhaps not wiped out by other processes in the universe.
+And when we pick it up, it will sound like music to our ears. Because it is the moment of our creation, a silent echo of our observable universe.
+So in the next few years, we'll be able to turn up the soundtrack volume a bit and render the universe in audio.
+But if we can detect its earliest moments, we are much closer to understanding the Big Bang, and even closer to some of the hardest and most elusive questions.
+If you play the movie of our universe backwards, you'll find that there was a Big Bang in our past, and you might even hear its cacophony, but was our Big Bang the only Big Bang?
+I mean, I have to ask, has that happened before?
+Will it happen again?
+So, in the spirit of TED's challenge to reignite wonder, at least for this final moment, we can ask questions that, frankly, could be avoided forever.
+But we must ask: Is it possible that our universe is just a plume of a larger history?
+Or is it possible that we just branched out from the multiverse -- each branch experienced its own big bang in the past -- perhaps some of them with black holes playing the drums? and some don't play drums, or maybe some don't - maybe some have sentient life, and maybe some don't. -Neither our past nor our future, but in some way fundamentally connected to us?
+So we have to ask, if there is a multiverse, are there living things in other parts of the multiverse?
+This is my multi-world creature.
+Are there other creatures in the multiverse wondering about us and their origins?
+And if they are, then wondering who else they are, like us, calculating, writing computer code, building musical instruments, trying to detect the faintest sound of its origin. You can imagine as much as you think.
+thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+Back in New York, I'm director of development for a non-profit organization called Robin Hood.
+When not fighting poverty, he fights fires as a deputy leader of a volunteer fire brigade.
+Volunteers now supplement career staff with a high degree of expertise in our town, and they have to get to the fire site pretty early to take action.
+I remember my first fire.
+I was the second volunteer on the spot, so I had a good chance of getting in.
+But still, going to the captain in charge to hear what our mission would be was a real foot race with the other volunteers.
+When I found the captain, he was having a very engaging conversation with the owner of the house. It was definitely one of the worst days of her life.
+It was midnight, and she was standing outside in her pajamas and barefoot under an umbrella in the pouring rain while her house was on fire.
+Another volunteer who arrived just before me - let's call him Lex Luthor - (laughter) got to the captain first and was told to go inside and save the owner's dog. I was.
+dog! I was stunned with jealousy.
+Here was a lawyer or a wealth manager who would tell people for the rest of his life that he went into a burning building to save a living creature just because he beat me by five seconds.
+Well, next was me.
+The captain waved at me.
+He said, "Bezos, please come in.
+I want you to go upstairs, walk by the fire, and get this lady to buy you some shoes. "
+(laughs) I swear.
+So, not quite what I had hoped for, I set off - up the stairs, down the hallway, beside the 'real' firefighters who were nearly extinguishing the fire at this point. We passed and entered the master bedroom. A pair of shoes.
+I know what you're thinking, but I'm no hero.
+(laughter) I carried my stuff downstairs and met my nemesis and my beloved dog by the front door.
+We took the treasures to the owner of the house outside, and unsurprisingly, his treasures received far more attention than mine.
+A few weeks later, police received a letter from the homeowner thanking him for the valiant efforts he had made to save the house.
+It was acts of kindness that caught her attention above all else. Someone even gave her a pair of shoes.
+(Laughter) In both my mission at Robinhood and as a volunteer firefighter, I witness acts of generosity and kindness on a monumental scale, but also grace and courage on a personal basis. I have also witnessed the act of
+And do you know what I learned?
+They are all important.
+So, as I look around this room at people who have achieved, or are about to achieve, a remarkable level of success, I would like to remind them. "No need to wait".
+Don't wait until you make your first million dollars to make a difference in someone's life.
+If you have something to give, give it now.
+We serve meals in the kitchen. Clean up the neighborhood park.
+Please be my mentor.
+We don't have the chance to save someone's life every day, but every day gives us the chance to make an impact.
+So get into the game. Keep your shoes.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: Mark, Mark, come back.
+(Applause) Mark Bezos: Thank you.
+A few years ago, I was driving to work in Johannesburg, South Africa, on a winter morning when I noticed a haze hanging over the city.
+I drive like that almost every day, so it was unusual that I hadn't noticed it before.
+Johannesburg is known for its unique skyline, but it was barely visible that morning.
+It didn't take long to realize that what I was looking at was a giant cloud of air pollution.
+The contrast between the scenic surroundings I know and this smoggy skyline stirred something in me.
+I was appalled at the possibility of a dull haze covering this bright and vibrant city at sunset.
+At that moment I felt an urge to do something about it, but I had no idea what it was.
+I just knew that I couldn't just sit back and watch.
+The main challenge was that I didn't know much about air quality management and atmospheric chemistry in environmental science.
+I am a computer engineer, and I was convinced that I could not code my way out of this air pollution problem.
+(Laughter) What can I do about this problem?
+I was but a nation.
+In the years that followed, I learned a very important lesson. It's a lesson we all need to take to heart as we strive for a better future.
+Even if you are not an expert in a particular field, outside expertise can be the key to solving big problems within that field.
+Sometimes your unique perspective can lead to unconventional thinking that defies convention, but you have to be bold and challenge yourself.
+That's the only way you'll know.
+All I knew then was that if I wanted to make any change, I had to first become smart about air pollution, so I became a student again.
+I did a little basic research and quickly learned that air pollution is the world's biggest environmental health risk.
+According to World Health Organization data, almost 14% of all deaths worldwide in 2012 were caused by domestic and ambient air pollution, mostly in low- and middle-income countries.
+Air pollution alone kills more people each year than malaria or HIV/AIDS.
+In Africa, premature deaths from unsafe sanitation and child malnutrition are insignificant compared to deaths from air pollution, and a huge economy of over $400 billion in 2013, according to a study by the Economic Cooperation Organization. costly. development.
+Currently, in my work, I explore new frontiers in artificial intelligence where human-machine symbiosis can gain a useful foothold and enable better decision-making.
+When we think about the problem of air pollution, we realize that we need to find ways to make better decisions about how to manage it, and we need to do it in a collaborative way given the scale of the problem. It became clear.
+So I decided to get to know some of the people working in the field.
+I started talking to officials in the city of Johannesburg and other surrounding cities, working with the local scientific community, and even made a few solicitation calls.
+The process of engagement I started helped me understand the problem better.
+It also highlights a common trap people in this profession fall into when trying to innovate: they quickly apply technology before they have a firm grasp of the problem at hand. also helped to avoid
+I started thinking about what I could do to improve the situation.
+I started by simply asking myself how I could integrate my skills in software engineering and artificial intelligence with the expertise of the people I had been contacting in some meaningful way.
+I wanted to create an online air quality management platform that would reveal pollution trends and predict the future to determine what results to expect.
+I knew my idea would lead to a practical solution, but I was faced with uncertainty and no guarantee of success.
+What I had was a very specific engineering skill, a skill acquired over the course of my career [laughs], but it was new to people who had been working on air pollution for years.
+I've found that just one new perspective, one new skill set can set the conditions for something great to happen.
+Our willpower and imagination are the guiding lights that can chart new paths and overcome obstacles.
+With a better understanding of the air pollution problem and access to more than a decade of data on air pollutant levels and weather conditions in and around Johannesburg, my colleagues in South Africa and China and I created the data. A decision support system that resides on the cloud.
+This software system analyzes historical and real-time data to reveal spatio-temporal trends in contamination.
+We then used new machine learning technology to predict future pollution levels for various pollutants days in advance.
+This means citizens can make better decisions about their daily movements and where their families are settling.
+We can anticipate harmful pollution events in advance, identify severe polluters, and even order curtailment of operations from the relevant authorities.
+Through assisted scenario planning, city planners can also make better decisions about how to expand infrastructure such as human settlements and industrial zones.
+We have completed a 120-day pilot of our technology covering all of South Africa.
+Our results were supported by demonstrating a close correlation between the predicted data and the actually obtained data.
+Through our leadership, we have introduced a state-of-the-art, world-leading asset capable of performing air quality predictions with unprecedented resolution and accuracy, benefiting the city we drove to just one winter morning. I was. "Something's wrong, what should I do?" "
+The point here is what would have happened if we hadn't investigated the problem of air pollution more?
+What if I don't care about the state of the environment and just hope someone out there will fix the problem?
+What I have learned is that when embarking on a challenging undertaking that advances a cause we firmly believe in, it is important to focus on the likelihood of success and consider the consequences of inaction. It means that
+We should not be distracted by resistance or opposition, but it should further motivate us.
+So, wherever you are in the world, the next time you find yourself naturally inquisitive, it's about something you're interested in, and you've got some crazy, bold idea. , you'll probably find that it's outside your realm. For those with expertise, ask yourself: why not?
+Why not approach the problem in your own way and the best way you can?
+You may be pleasantly surprised.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+There is a beautiful sentence on the screen that says, "Light creates atmosphere, light creates atmosphere of space, and light is also an expression of structure."
+Well, that's not what I did.
+It is, of course, due to the famous architect Le Corbusier.
+And here you can see what he meant with one of his beautiful buildings, the Notre-Dame-du-Haut-de-Longchamp chapel. So he created this light that only darkness can create.
+And I think that's the essence of this 18-minute talk. In short, without proper darkness, there is no good lighting that is healthy and beneficial to our well-being.
+This is how we usually light our offices.
+We have rules and standards that the lighting must be very lux and uniform.
+In this way we create uniform lighting from wall to wall within a regular grid of lamps.
+And it's completely different from the Le Corbusier work I showed you earlier.
+If we had applied these norms and standards to the Roman Pantheon, it would never have turned out this way. Because this beautiful feature of light circulates alone only because there is darkness in the same building.
+And it's more or less the same as Santiago Calatrava said, "Light: I make it in buildings for comfort."
+And he didn't mean the comfort of a five-course dinner instead of a one-course meal, but really meant the comfort of building quality for people.
+What he meant is that you can see the sky and experience the sun.
+And he created a gorgeous building where you can see the sky and experience the sun. It gives us a better life in the built environment thanks to the relevance of light brightness and shadow.
+And, after all, it is of course the sun.
+And while this image of the sun might suggest that the sun is something evil and aggressive, all the energy on this planet actually comes from the sun, and the light Don't forget that is just a manifestation of that energy.
+The sun expresses dynamics and color changes.
+Like this building, the sun is there for the beauty of our environment. Atlanta's High Museum worked with Italy's Renzo Piano and the incredible team of lighting designers, Arup Lighting, to create very subtle light transitions. Thanks to all these beautiful openings in the roof, light spreads throughout the space in response to the action of the sun outside.
+So you can see the sun indirectly.
+And they created essential architectural elements to enhance the quality of the space surrounding the museum's visitors.
+They created this shade that you can see here. It actually covers the sun but is open to good light from the sky.
+Here's how they used physical models and used quantitative and qualitative techniques to actually create a beautiful design process to arrive at a final solution that is truly integrated with the architecture and completely holistic. You can check
+They made some mistakes along the way.
+As you can see here, the floor has direct light, but it's easy to see where it's coming from.
+And it allows people in that building to really enjoy the sun, the good part of the sun.
+Of course, there are many different ways to sunbathe.
+It may be exactly like this, or it may be quite strange, but this is the eclipse observed in the United States in 1963.
+It's a little bright there, so they found a very interesting solution.
+I think this is a very good image of what I'm trying to say. In short, the beautiful dynamics of the sun bring light to the building, creating a quality built environment that truly enhances our lives.
+Of course, this has to do with darkness as well as brightness. Because otherwise you won't see these dynamics.
+In contrast to the first office introduced at the beginning of the talk, this is the famous office, Weidt Group.
+They do green energy consulting or something like that.
+The office has no electric lighting at all, so they really do what they preach.
+There is a large large glass window on one side only, which helps sunlight penetrate deep into the space, creating beautiful quality and great dynamic range there.
+So you can work when it's very dim over there, and you can work when it's very bright over there.
+In practice, however, it turns out that the human eye is remarkably adaptable to all these different lighting conditions, and together they create a never-boring environment that helps enrich our lives. increase.
+I really appreciate you giving me a quick introduction about this guy.
+This is Richard Kelly born 100 years ago. The reason I bring him up now is because this year is kind of a memorial year.
+In the 1930s, Richard Kelly was the first to actually explain the methodology of modern lighting design.
+He coined three terms: 'focal glow', 'ambient luminescence' and 'play of the brilliant'. Three very different ideas of light in architecture all come together to create this beautiful experience.
+So, the first is focal glow.
+What he meant was this. Light gives direction to space and aids movement.
+Or something similar to this, lighting design he did in the General Motors car showroom.
+When you walk into that space, it's just this focal point, this huge light source in the middle, and you're like, "Wow, that's pretty impressive."
+For me, it's from the theater, and I'll come back to that in a bit.
+Having the spotlight on the artist increases concentration.
+Sunlight breaking through clouds can also illuminate parts of the land, accentuating it in comparison to a dim environment.
+Or, in today's retail and shopping environment, it can illuminate merchandise or create a navigational accent.
+Ambient lighting is completely different.
+Richard Kelly thought of it as infinite, unfocused, where every detail really melts into infinity.
+And I think it's a very comfortable kind of light that really helps us relax and contemplate.
+It could also be something like this. At London's National Science Museum, this blue embraces all the exhibitions and galleries in one big gesture.
+And finally, Kelley's ornate play joins the real play of Hong Kong's skyline, or the chandeliers of opera houses and theaters here. This is a decoration, a cake decoration. Something playful, I would say, just an addition to the built environment.
+Together these three different elements create a lighting environment that makes us feel good.
+And we can only create these out of darkness.
+And I will explain more about it.
+And I think that's what Richard Kelly here on the left was explaining to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
+And behind it you can see the Seagram Building, which later became an icon of modern lighting design.
+At that time, there were already some early attempts at light therapy.
+Here you can see a photo from the US Library of Medicine showing people soaking up the sun to recover.
+That's a slightly different story than what I'm going to talk about today, the health aspect of light.
+Modern medicine today truly understands light in an almost biochemical way.
+And there's this idea that it's the yellow light that helps us the most when we look at things, and to which we're most sensitive.
+However, our circadian rhythm, the rhythm that helps us wake up and sleep, stay alert and relaxed, is more triggered by blue light.
+And by adjusting the amount of blue in the environment, we can help people relax, be more alert, fall asleep and stay awake.
+And perhaps in the near future, light will help hospitals get people better faster and recover faster.
+Maybe I can overcome jet lag to this extent on an airplane.
+Perhaps schools can help children learn better because they are more focused on their work.
+Many more applications can be imagined.
+But I would like to say more about the combination of light and dark as attributes in our lives.
+Therefore, light, of course, also helps us in social interactions, in order to build relationships with all the objects around us.
+It's a place to gather when you want to say something to each other.
+And it's all about this planet.
+But if you look at this planet at night, it looks like this.
+I think this is the most shocking image from my talk today.
+Because all this light here rises into the sky.
+It never reaches the ground it should be.
+It never benefits people.
+It just ruins the darkness.
+This is what it looks like on a global scale.
+What we see here is quite amazing. It is the amount of light that rises to the sky and does not reach the ground.
+Because if we saw the Earth as it should be, it would look something like this very inspirational image. There, darkness becomes a space for our imagination and contemplation, helping us relate to all things.
+But the world is changing, and urbanization is a big driver of everything.
+I took this photo in Guangzhou two weeks ago and realized that ten years ago there was nothing like this building.
+It was only a much smaller city, but the pace of urbanization was incredible.
+And we need to understand the following key questions. How will people move through these new urban spaces?
+How do they share their culture?
+How will you address mobility and more?
+And how can light help there?
+New technologies seem to be in a very interesting position to help solve urbanization and provide us with a better environment.
+It wasn't that long ago that our lighting was done with this kind of lamp.
+Of course, there were also metal halide lamps and fluorescent lamps.
+We have LEDs now, but let's take a look at the latest here. It turns out to be incredibly small.
+And this is exactly what offers us a unique opportunity. Because its tiny tiny size allows you to put the light where you really need it.
+And you can actually omit it if you don't need it at all or if you can keep the darkness.
+I think this is a very interesting proposal and a new way of lighting the built environment with our health in mind.
+But the thing is, I wanted to explain how this actually works. But since I have four on my finger, I probably won't be able to actually see it.
+So I asked our lab to do something about it, and they said, "Well, we can do something about it."
+They created the world's largest LED for me, especially for TEDx in Amsterdam.
+So here it is.
+It's the same one you can see there - just 200 times bigger.
+So just explain.
+All LEDs manufactured today emit blue light.
+Now this is not very comfortable.
+So we cover the LED with a phosphor cap.
+And the phosphor is excited by the blue color, making the light white, warm and pleasant.
+Add a lens to it and you can bundle the light and send it where you want it without spilling it into the sky or anywhere else.
+Thus, darkness can be preserved and light can be created.
+I just wanted to show it so you can understand how this works.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) We can go further.
+Therefore, we need to rethink how we light our cities.
+We have to think again about light as the default solution.
+Why are all these highways lit up all the time?
+do you really need it?
+Can we be more selective and create better environments that also benefit from darkness?
+Can we be kinder to the light?
+Couldn't we get more people involved in the lighting projects we create, like here, so that people actually want to get involved?
+Or is it possible to create a simple sculpture that is so inspiring just to be in it, just to be around it?
+And can we protect the darkness?
+Because it's really, very, very difficult to find a place like this on Earth today.
+And it's even harder to find a starry sky like this.
+Even in the ocean, we create enough light to actually ban it for the better well-being of the animals.
+And migratory birds, for example, are known to be very disorientated by these offshore platforms.
+And it turns out that when you turn those lights green, the birds actually go in the right direction.
+And we find that spectral sensitivity is very important here as well.
+In all these examples, I think we need to start making light out of darkness and use darkness as a canvas, like Edward Hopper in this painting, like any visual artist would do.
+I think there is a lot of suspense in this picture.
+When I look at it, I wonder who those people are.
+where did they come from? where are they going?
+what happened now?
+What will happen in the next 5 minutes?
+And it just embodies all these stories and all the suspense thanks to the darkness and the light.
+Edward Hopper was a true master of creating narration using light and darkness.
+And we can learn from it to create more interesting and exciting built environments.
+Even commercial spaces like this can do that.
+Then you can go outside and enjoy the biggest show in the universe, and of course the universe itself.
+So here are some amazing and informative sky images, from the inner city where you can see only a star or two, to the rural setting where you can enjoy this wonderfully gorgeous and beautiful performance. constellations and stars.
+Architecture works similarly.
+By understanding darkness when designing lights, we can create more interesting environments that truly enhance our lives.
+The most famous is Tadao Ando's "Church of Light".
+But I also remember Peter Zumthor's spa in Wals. There, light and dark transform into each other in a very gentle combination to define the space.
+Or Richard McCormack's Southwark Underground Station in London, where you can really see the sky despite being underground.
+And finally, I would like to point out that much of this inspiration comes from theater.
+And I think it's great that we can experience TEDx in theaters for the first time today. Because I really appreciate the theater.
+Without this theater, such moving stage art would not have been born.
+And I think the theater is a place that really enriches our lives with light.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Good morning everybody. First of all, it's been great to be here for the last few days.
+And secondly, I feel very honored to be able to conclude this special gathering of people, the wonderful talks we had.
+In many ways, I feel like it fits some of what I've heard.
+I came here straight from the deep, deep rainforests of Ecuador. There were natives with paint on their faces and parrot feathers on their headdresses, where they were fighting. You could only get there by plane. Try to keep the oil companies out of their forests and keep the roads out.
+They fight to develop their way of life in a clean world, an unpolluted world, in the woods of an unpolluted world.
+And what's really surprising to me, and exactly what we're talking about here at TED, is that in the middle of this rainforest, there were solar panels for the first time in that part of Ecuador. . --and it was mainly to pump water so that the women didn't have to go down.
+The water became cleaner, but we had a lot of batteries, so we could store a lot of electricity.
+So every house, I think there were eight in this small community, was able to turn on the lights for about half an hour every night.
+And a well-dressed chief with a laptop computer.
+(Laughter) And this guy, who was out and about, came back and said, "You know, we've suddenly entered a whole new era, and 50 years ago I didn't even know about white men." And now, with laptop computers, there are some things I want to learn from the modern world.
+We want to know about medical care.
+We want to know and are interested in what other people are doing.
+And we want to learn other languages ​​too.
+We want to know English and French, and maybe even Chinese, and we are good at languages. "
+There he has a small laptop computer and is fighting the intensity of the pressure - due to Ecuador's external debt - from the World Bank, the IMF and, of course, those who want to exploit it. Cut down forests and extract oil.
+So it comes directly here from there.
+But, of course, my real expertise lies in yet another kind of civilization. I can't call it civilization.
+A different way of life, a different existence.
+I've talked before about Wade Davis' wonderful talk about different cultures of humans around the world, but the world isn't just made up of humans. There are also other animals.
+And I propose, as we do all the time around the world, to bring the animal kingdom's voice to this TED conference.
+Often we are just looking at a few slides or a bit of film, but these beings have voices that mean something.
+So, like a chimpanzee in the forests of Tanzania, I want to greet you. Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh!
+(Applause) I have been studying chimpanzees in Tanzania since 1960.
+In the meantime, modern technology has greatly changed the way field biologists work.
+For example, for the first time several years ago, it was possible to collect only small amounts of fecal samples and analyze them for DNA profiling. This is the first time we know which male chimpanzee is actually the father. of individual infants.
+Because chimpanzees have very promiscuous mating societies.
+This therefore opens up a whole new avenue of research.
+And we use GSI to determine chimpanzee ranges. Any geographic information will do, but use GSI.
+And we, you know, I'm not really into this sort of thing, but we're using satellite imagery to look at local deforestation.
+And, of course, there's also the development of infrared, which makes it possible to observe animals at night, and the equipment and tape recordings for video recording are lighter and better.
+So in many ways, I can do things today that I couldn't do when I started in 1960.
+Especially when studying chimpanzees and other large-brained animals in captivity, modern techniques are helping to explore higher levels of cognition in these non-human animals.
+As we know it today, they are capable of performance that science would have thought was absolutely impossible when I started my research.
+I think the most adept captive chimpanzee in intellectual ability is the chimpanzee called Ai in Japan. Her name means love. She has an amazingly sensitive partner to work with.
+She loves computers. She stays away from big groups, waterworks, trees and everything else.
+And she comes over to sit at this computer. It's like a video game for a child. she's obsessed
+By the way, she's 28 and can do things faster than most humans with computer screens and touchpads.
+She does such a complicated job that I don't have time to go into detail about it, but the amazing thing about this woman is that she doesn't like making mistakes.
+If the experiment went bad and the score wasn't good, she would come over and reach out and tap the glass. This is because the experimenter cannot be seen. The experimenter wants you to try it again.
+and her concentration. She's already been focused for 20 minutes and now wants to do it again just for the satisfaction of doing better.
+And the food doesn't matter - she gets small rewards like a raisin for the correct response - but if you tell her in advance, she'll do it for free.
+Here we have a chimpanzee using a computer.
+Chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans also learn human sign language.
+But the point is, when I first went to Gombe in 1960, which I remember vividly like it was yesterday, the first time I walked through the vegetation, the chimpanzees were still running away from me. is. For the most part, a little familiar to some, I saw this dark shadow crouching over a termite mound and peered through my binoculars.
+Luckily it was a grown man I named David Greybeard. By the way, science back then told me that chimpanzees shouldn't be named. All should be numbered. It was more scientific.
+Anyway, I saw David Greybeard plucking a little piece of grass and using it to catch termites from their underground nests.
+That's not all. He sometimes plucks leafy twigs, strips leaves, and modifies objects to make them suitable for a particular purpose. This was the beginning of tool making.
+The reason this is so exciting and groundbreaking is because at the time it was thought that humans, and only humans, used and created tools.
+When I was in school, we were defined as humans, tool makers.
+So when my mentor, Louis Leakey, heard the news, he said, "Oh, we're either redefining 'human' now, or redefining 'tool,' or accepting chimpanzees as humans. I need it," he said.
+(Laughter) Now, in Gombe alone, we know that there are nine different ways chimpanzees use different objects for different purposes.
+Moreover, we know that the different parts of Africa where chimpanzees have been studied exhibit very different tool-use behaviors.
+And because these patterns seem to be passed down from one generation to the next through observation, imitation, and practice, that's the definition of human culture.
+What we have discovered is that over the last 40 years, I and others have studied chimpanzees and other great apes and, as I say, other mammals with complex brains and social systems. It's what I've been doing. It is the clear line that separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom.
+It's a very vague line.
+It's all the more frustrating when we find animals doing things that we arrogantly thought of as human beings.
+Chimpanzees--I don't have time to tell you about their interesting lives--but they had a long childhood of five years suckling and sleeping with their mothers, and then another three, four, or five years. remain emotionally dependent on their mother. A child is born.
+The importance of learning during this period of behavioral flexibility, and there is so much to learn in chimpanzee society.
+The long-lasting, loving and supportive bonds that are nurtured throughout this long childhood with mothers and siblings can last a lifetime, sometimes up to 60 years.
+In fact, they can live over 60 years in captivity, so far they have lived only 40 years in the wild.
+And we can see that chimpanzees are endowed with genuine compassion and altruism.
+We find this very rich in their non-verbal communication. They have many sounds that they use in different situations, but they also use touch, posture, and gestures. And what are they doing?
+they kiss; they hug. they are holding hands
+They pat each other on the back. they stride. they shake their fists. They do the same things that we do, in the same contexts.
+They have a very sophisticated working relationship.
+They hunt occasionally, but less frequently, but when they do, they display sophisticated cooperation and share their prey.
+We find that they indicate emotions similar, or sometimes similar, to those we express within ourselves as happiness, sorrow, fear, and despair.
+They know not only physical pain, but also mental pain.
+And I don't have time to go into the information that proves some of these things, but let me just say that the best universities have very bright students who study the emotions and personalities of animals. .
+We know that chimpanzees and some other creatures can perceive themselves in a mirror, i.e. 'themselves' rather than the 'others'.
+They have a sense of humor, which has traditionally been considered a human prerogative.
+But this teaches us a new respect. And I think it's a newfound respect not just for chimpanzees, but for all the other wonderful animals we share this planet with.
+After all, when we're ready to admit that we're not the only ones with personalities, intelligence, and most of all, feelings, how do we treat the many other intelligent and intelligent beings on this planet? You start thinking about how you use and abuse them. At least for me, it's a real source of deep shame.
+The sad part is that chimpanzees, who perhaps more than any other creature have taught us a little bit of humility, are wild and rapidly disappearing.
+They disappear for reasons that are familiar to everyone in this room.
+Deforestation and population growth require more land.
+It is disappearing as some timber companies have decided to clear cut it.
+They are disappearing from the heart of their range in Africa as big multinational logging companies want to export oil and timber in Ecuador and other areas where forests remain untouched. This is because they entered and built roads.
+And this led to the so-called bushmeat trade in the Congo Basin and other parts of the world.
+This is because for hundreds, perhaps thousands of years, people have lived in harmony with their world, in those forests and their habitats, yet still have the animals they need for themselves and their families. It means that you were just killing them. Hunters can enter from towns if there are roads.
+They shoot anything, anything that moves bigger than a small mouse. It is either dried in the sun or smoked.
+And now they have transportation. They put it on logging or mining trucks and bring it to towns where they sell it.
+And people will pay more for so-called bushmeat than for domestic meats, which are culturally preferred.
+And because it's not sustainable, and the huge logging camps in the forest demand meat, the Pygmy hunters who have lived in the Congo Basin for hundreds of years in a fine way of life are now rotting. .
+They are armed. They shoot towards the logging camp. they receive money.
+Their culture is being destroyed along with the animals they depend on.
+So once the logging camps are relocated, nothing is left.
+I've already talked about the loss of human cultural diversity, and I've seen it happen.
+And the dire situation in Africa -- I love Africa, but what's in Africa?
+We are witnessing deforestation. You can see the desert spread out. We are witnessing massive hunger. We see disease and population growth in areas where a particular piece of land has more people than it can support, and they are too poor to buy food elsewhere. .
+Were those people we heard yesterday foolish enough to cut down the last tree on Easter Island?
+Didn't they know what was going on?
+Of course, but if you've seen the crippling poverty in these parts of the world, it's not a matter of "Let's leave the trees for tomorrow."
+"How am I going to feed my family today?
+Maybe a few bucks off this last tree might keep us going a little longer, and I'm hoping that something will happen to save us from the inevitable end. "
+So this is a pretty sad picture.
+The only thing that makes us very different from chimpanzees and other creatures is this sophisticated spoken language, the language that allows us to tell children about things that aren't here.
+You can talk about the distant past, make plans for the distant future, and discuss ideas with each other so they grow from the group's accumulated wisdom.
+We can do that by talking to each other. You can do it through video. We can do it through the written word.
+And we are destroying the world by abusing this great power that we need to be wise stewards.
+In some ways, the situation is even worse in developed countries because they have so much access to knowledge about the stupidity of what they are doing.
+Did you know that we are bringing little babies into a world where water is poisoning babies in many places?
+And the air is harming them, and food grown on polluted land is poisoning them.
+And it's not just in remote developing countries. it is everywhere.
+Did you know that there are about 50 chemicals in our bodies that weren't there about 50 years ago?
+And many of these diseases, such as asthma and certain types of cancer, are on the rise around where our filthy, toxic waste is dumped.
+All over the world we hurt ourselves, we hurt animals, we hurt nature itself, Mother Nature, who gave birth to us. Mother Nature, where I believe we need to spend time, where there are trees and flowers and birds for our psychological development.
+Nevertheless, there are hundreds of children in developed countries who have never seen nature. Because they grow up in concrete, all they know is virtual reality, and they don't get the chance to go to the sun or lie down in the woods. , a patch of dappled sun descends from the upper canopy.
+When I was traveling around the world, I had to leave the forest. That's my favorite place.
+I had to leave these fascinating chimpanzees for students and field staff to continue their research. Because I realized that they were down from about 2 million 100 years ago to about 150,000 now, and I had to leave the forest to do everything I could to raise awareness of my surroundings. Because I thought world.
+And the more we talk about the plight of chimpanzees, the more we see the fact that everything is interconnected and that the problems of the developing world often stem from the greed of the developed world, all of which combine to create something. I noticed. Feeling, hope is in feeling, you said -- that's nonsense.
+How can I do that?
+Someone said that yesterday.
+As I traveled around the world, I kept meeting young people who had lost hope.
+They felt hopeless and were like, "Well, it doesn't matter what we do. Eat, drink, be merry. Tomorrow we're going to die."
+Everything is hopeless - that's what the media always tell us."
+And I've met people who are angry, and whose anger can escalate into violence, which we all know very well.
+And I have three little grandchildren, and when some of them say to me in high school or college, 'We're mad,' or 'We're in despair. Because I feel you are." There is nothing we can do about it because it threatened our future. "
+And I looked into my little grandchildren's eyes and thought about how much harm we've done to this planet since I was their age.
+I am deeply ashamed of this and that is why I started a program in Tanzania in 1991 called Roots and Shoots.
+There are small pamphlets outside here and there, so if you are involved with children and are worried about their future, please pick them up.
+And Roots and Shoots is a program for hope.
+Roots create a solid foundation.
+The sprouts look small, but they can break through brick walls when they reach the sun.
+Consider brick walls to be all the trouble we have given to this earth.
+Then you know it's a message of hope.
+Hundreds and thousands of young people around the world can make a breakthrough and make this world a better place.
+And the most important message of Roots and Shoots is that each person makes a difference.
+Every individual has a role to play.
+Each of us affects the world around us every day, but scientists know that we can't really do that. Even if you're in bed all day, you're taking in oxygen, expelling carbon dioxide, and probably going to the bathroom. you are making a difference in the world.
+So, in the Roots and Shoots program, young people participate in three types of projects.
+And these are projects to make the world around us a better place.
+A project that shows your care and concern for your own human community.
+One concerns animals, including livestock. I must say that I learned everything I know about animal behavior from my childhood companion Rusty, even before I got to Gombe and Chimpanzee.
+And a third kind of project is for the local environment.
+So what children do depends first of all on how old they are. And we are now going from kindergarten to college.
+It also depends on whether you are in the city or in the countryside.
+It depends on whether they are rich or poor.
+It depends, for example, on which part of America they are in.
+We are in every state now, but Florida's problems are different than New York's problems.
+It depends on which country they are in. And we are already in over 60 countries with about 5,000 active groups. And there are groups all over the place that I hear about it a lot, even though I've never heard of it. That's because children take the program and spread it themselves.
+why?
+Because they are on board with it and it is up to them to decide what to do.
+It is not taught by parents or by teachers.
+It works, but if they decide they want to clean up this river and bring back the fish that were once there,
+We would like to remove the toxic soil from this area and create an organic garden.
+We want to spend time with them, listen to them and record their oral histories.
+We want to go and work at a dog shelter.
+We want to learn about animals. We want it..." You know, it goes on and on, and this is very hopeful for me.
+I travel around the world 300 days a year, and everywhere there are Roots and Shoots groups of all ages.
+Here and there there are children with sparkling eyes saying, "Look, see the difference we've made."
+And now the technology is there. Because this new electronic method of communication allows these children to communicate with each other all over the world.
+If anyone is interested in helping us out, we have lots of ideas but need help. We need help creating the right kind of system to help these young people channel their excitement.
+But also, and this is very important, it's also important to convey their desperation: "I tried this and it doesn't work. What should I do?"
+And hey, there's another group, who may be in America, or maybe a group in Israel, answering these kids, saying,
+The philosophy is very simple.
+We don't believe in violence.
+No violence, no bombs, no guns.
+That's not the way to solve the problem.
+Violence breeds violence, at least in my opinion.
+So how do we fix this?
+The tools for solving problems are knowledge and understanding.
+I know the facts, but see how it fits into the big picture.
+Hard work and persistence and never give up. And love and compassion lead to respect for all life.
+How many minutes left? Two, one?
+Chris Anderson: One -- one to two.
+Jane Goodall: Two, two, I'm going to take two.
+(laughs) Are you going to come and drag me out?
+(Laughter) Anyway, basically, Roots and Shoots is starting to change the lives of young people.
+That's what I spend most of my energy on.
+And I believe that groups like this can make a huge impact, not just because they can share technology with us, but because so many of them have children.
+And if you take this program out and give it to your kids, they will have a great opportunity to go out and do good things. Because they have parents like you.
+And it's become very clear how much you care about making this world a better place.
+Very encouraging.
+But they ask me -- I promise it won't take more than two minutes -- they say, "Miss Jane, are you really hopeful about the future?"
+As you travel, you will see these horrifying events taking place. "
+First of all, about the human brain, no need to say anything about it.
+Now that we know what's wrong with the world, human brains like you are stepping up to solve them.
+And we talked about it a lot.
+The second is the resilience of nature.
+We can destroy rivers, we can restore them.
+We see whole devastated areas can bloom again, with time and a little help.
+And thirdly, the last speaker, or the speaker before last, spoke of the indomitable human spirit.
+We have some of the most amazing people around us who do the impossible.
+Nelson Mandela -- I took a piece of limestone out of Robben Island Prison. He worked there for 27 years and came out with little bitterness so he could lead his people through the horrors of apartheid without bloodshed.
+Even after September 11th, I was in New York and I was terrified, but there was still so much human courage, love and compassion.
+Afterwards, when I traveled around the country and felt terrified, people made me feel like I couldn't care less about the environment if they thought I wasn't patriotic, but I will. I was doing it. To encourage them, someone came up with the words of Mahatma Gandhi. “If you look back at the history of mankind, you will find that every evil regime has been overcome by good.”
+And shortly after that, a woman brought me this little bell. I would like to finish with this.
+She said, "If you're talking about hope and peace, ring this.
+The bell is made from demined metal used at the site of the massacre of the Pol Pot regime, one of the most evil regimes in human history, and people are now starting to rebuild their lives after the fall of the regime. .
+Yes, there is hope, but where is that hope?
+Is it with politicians?
+it's in our hands.
+It's in your hands, it's in my hands, it's in the hands of our children.
+It really depends on us.
+We are the ones who can make a difference.
+If we consciously live our lives to make our environmental impact as light as possible, and buy ethically and not ethically, we can change the world overnight.
+thank you.
+This is about a place in London called Kiteflyers Hill, and I used to go there and spend hours talking, "When is he coming back? When is he coming back?"
+So this is another piece dedicated to the man...
+who I have overcome.
+But this is "Kiteflyers Hill".
+This is a beautiful song written for me by a man named Martin Evan.
+Mr. Boo Huewardin, Mr. Thomas Dolby, thank you very much for inviting me. It was a blessing to be able to sing for you.
+thank you very much.
+♫ ♫ Do you remember when we used to go to Kite Flyer Hill? ♫ ♫ Before cruel and stupid words ♫ ♫ Before being said cruel and stupid ♫ ♫ Some nights I'll think of you ♫ ♫ And then I'll climb a kite ♫ ♫ On Flyer Hill ♫ ♫ Wrapped in the winter cold ♫ ♫ And somewhere in the city below me ♫ ♫ You're sleeping in your bed ♫ ♫ And just a little bit ♫ ♫ I'm Is it creeping inside of you Sometimes I dream ♫ ♫ Where are you now? ♫ ♫ My wild summer love ♫ ♫ Where are you now? ♫ ♫ Was it a gentle year? ♫ ♫ And do you think of me sometimes ♫ ♫ On the hills of the kite flyer? ♫ ♫ Oh, I hope one day ♫ ♫ We say nothing ♫ ♫ No need ♫ ♫ Sometimes silence is best ♫ ♫ We just stand in the silence of the night ♫ ♫ And whisper goodbye to loneliness ♫ ♫ Where are you now? ♫ ♫ My wild summer love ♫ ♫ Where are you now? ♫ ♫ Do you remember me sometimes? ♫ ♫ So have you ever done that climb? ♫ ♫ Where are you now? ♫ ♫ My wild summer love ♫ ♫ Where are you now? ♫ ♫ Was it a gentle year? ♫ ♫ And have you ever ♫ ♫ climbed Kiteflyer's Hill? Kiteflyer's ... ♫ ♫ [French] ♫ ♫ Where are you? Where are you now? ♫ ♫ Where are you now? ♫ ♫ Kite Flyer's ... ♫ (Applause) Gracias. thank you very much.
+If I had a daughter, she would call me "Point B" instead of "mom." Because then she knows that no matter what happens, at least she can always come to me.
+And I'm going to paint the solar system on the back of her hand, so she has to learn the whole universe before she can say, "Oh, I know it like the back of my hand."
+And she's going to learn that this life is going to hit you hard in the face, waiting for you to get up and maybe punch you in the stomach.
+But blowing the wind is the only way to remind your lungs how much you love the taste of air.
+There are wounds here that plasters and poetry cannot heal.
+So the first time she realizes Wonder Woman isn't coming, I make her understand that she doesn't have to wear the cape alone, because no matter how spread your fingers, your hands Because it will always be a little thing to take on all the pain you want to heal.
+Believe me, I tried.
+"And baby," I say to her, don't keep your nose up like that.
+i know the trick. I've done it a million times.
+You smelled smoke, so follow the path back to the burning house to find the boy who lost everything in the fire and see if you can save him.
+Otherwise, find the boy who started the fire in the first place and see if you can change him.
+But I know she'll do it anyway, so instead I always keep chocolates and rain boots nearby. Because there's no broken heart that chocolate can't fix.
+There are some things chocolate can't solve.
+But that's what rain boots do. Because if you leave the rain alone, it will wash away everything.
+I want her to see the world from the underside of a glass-bottomed boat and microscopically see the galaxies that exist in the exact position of the human mind. Because that's how my mother taught me.
+I can't believe there are days like this.
+(Singing) There will be days like this, Mom said.
+When you reach out and grab it, only to get blisters or bruises. When you step out of the phone booth to board the plane, and the people you want to save are standing on your cape. Rain will fill your boots and you'll be knee-deep in disappointment.
+On days like these, you have even more reason to say thank you.
+Because nothing is more beautiful than an ocean that never stops kissing the shoreline, no matter how many times it is swept away.
+Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose.
+You'll star it and start over again.
+And no matter how many landmines explode in a minute, keep in mind the beauty of this strange place called life.
+And yes, on a scale from 1 to overconfident, I'm pretty naive.
+But I want her to know that the world is made of sugar.
+It crumbles very easily, but don't be afraid to stick your tongue out and taste it.
+"Baby, remember, your mama was a worrier, your daddy was a warrior, and you're a girl with small hands and big eyes who never stops asking for more."
+Remember, there are three components to good things, and the same goes for bad things.
+We always apologize when we do something wrong, but we never apologize for things that never stop shining in our eyes.
+Your voice is small, but never stop singing.
+And when they finally give you heartache, when they hide war and hatred under your door and offer you handouts on the street corners of cynicism and defeat, you tell them, really I say I have to see my mother.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) Okay. So I want you to take a moment and think about three things that we know to be true.
+Technology, entertainment, design, family, what you had for breakfast, whatever.
+The only rule is don't think too hard.
+yes, are you ready? go.
+have understood.
+So here are three things I know to be true.
+I know that Jean-Luc Godard was right when he said, "A good story has a beginning, a middle and an end, but not necessarily in that order."
+I know that my ability to keep my composure is greatly diminished because I'm incredibly nervous and excited to be here.
+(Laughter) And I know I've been waiting all week to tell this joke.
+(Laughter) Why was the Scarecrow invited to TED?
+because he was on the field.
+(laughs) I'm sorry.
+Well, those are the three things I know to be true.
+However, there are many points that are difficult to understand.
+So I write poetry to make sense of things.
+Sometimes the only way to know how to solve something is to write poetry.
+Sometimes I come to the end of the poem and I look back and think, "Oh, that's all there is to it," and sometimes I come to the end of the poem and I haven't solved anything, but at least I have something new to discover. poems from it.
+Spoken word poetry is the art of performance poetry.
+I tell people that it involves creating poems that require hearing aloud or witnessing in person, rather than just putting them on paper.
+In my freshman year of high school, I blamed my nervous hormones.
+And I was underdeveloped and overexcited.
+And despite my fear of being in the spotlight for too long, I was fascinated by the idea of ​​spoken word poetry.
+I felt that my two secret loves, poetry and theater, had come together and had a baby, a baby that I needed to know.
+So we decided to give it a try.
+My first colloquial poem was all about the wisdom of a fourteen-year-old about the injustice of being seen as unfeminine.
+The poem was very indignant and largely exaggerated, but the colloquial poetry I had seen up to that point was mostly indignant, so that was what was expected of me. thought.
+When I performed for the first time, the teenage audience heckled and pityed me, and I was trembling when I walked off the stage.
+I felt a tap on my shoulder and turned around to see a giant girl in a hoodie sweatshirt emerge from the crowd.
+She was probably eight feet tall and looked like she could hit me with one hand, but instead just nodded at me and said, "Hey, I really felt that. Thank you." rice field.
+I'm obsessed.
+I discovered this bar on Manhattan's Lower East Side that held weekly poetry open mics. My bewildered yet supportive parents took me and immersed me in as much spoken language as possible.
+I was the youngest by at least 10, but somehow the poets at the Bowery Poetry Club didn't seem to mind the 14-year-old walking around.
+In fact they welcomed me.
+And here, listening to stories told by poets, I learned that colloquial poetry does not necessarily have to be indignant, it can be joyful or painful, serious or stupid.
+The Bowery Poetry Club has become my classroom and home, and the poets who have appeared have encouraged me to share their stories as well.
+Never mind the fact that I was 14 years old.
+They said to me, 'Write about being 14.'
+And so, every week, I would stand in amazement when these wonderful adult poets laughed with me, moaned their sympathies, applauded, and said, "Hey, I really felt that too." rice field.
+Now I can divide my spoken language journey into three steps.
+Step 1 was the moment I said, "I can, I can."
+It was thanks to the girl in the hoodie.
+Step 2 was the moment I said, "Yes, I will continue."
+I love spoken language. We will continue to come back every week. "
+And step three began when I realized that if it wasn't for me, I wouldn't have to write an outraged poem.
+There were things that were unique to me, and the more I focused on them, the stranger my poems became, but the more they felt like mine.
+It's not just the adage "write what you know."
+It's about gathering all the knowledge and experience you've gathered so far and diving into the unknown.
+I use poetry to solve things I don't understand, but every time I read a new poem I show up with a backpack full of places I've been.
+When I entered college, I met fellow poets who shared my belief in the magic of colloquial poetry.
+And indeed, Phil Kay and I happen to share the same last name.
+When I was in high school, I started Project V.O.I.C.E.
+As a way to encourage friends to talk with me.
+But Phil and I decided to reinvent Project V.O.I.C.E., this time changing our mission to use colloquial poetry as a way to entertain, educate, and inspire.
+We remained full-time students, but in between we traveled from California to Indiana to India to public high schools right off campus, performing and teaching MFA candidates to nine-year-olds. rice field.
+And we have seen many times how spoken word poetry breaks the lock.
+But poetry turns out to be very frightening at times.
+Sometimes you have to trick teenagers into writing poetry.
+So I came up with a list. Anyone can write a list.
+And the first list I assign is "10 things I know to be true."
+And what happens is, once we all start sharing lists out loud, you'll discover it too.
+At some point, you'll realize that someone has something exactly like, or very similar to, something on your list.
+And someone else has the exact opposite of you.
+Third, someone has something you've never even heard of.
+Fourth, someone has something you thought you knew all about, but they're introducing you to look at it from a new angle.
+And I tell people this is the beginning of a great story: four intersections of what you're passionate about and what others might be investing in. I'm here.
+And most people respond very well to this practice.
+But one of my students, a freshman named Charlotte, wasn't convinced.
+Charlotte was very good at writing lists, but she refused to write poetry.
+"Miss, I'm just not funny.
+I can't say anything interesting. "
+So I gave her list after list, and one day I assigned her 10 things I had to learn.
+Number three on Charlotte's list was "I should have learned not to fall in love with a man three times my age."
+When I asked what that meant, she said, "Lady, that's kind of a long story."
+And I said, "Charlotte, I think that's very interesting to me."
+And she wrote her first poem. It was a love poem I had never heard before.
+And the verse opened with "Anderson Cooper is a great man."
+(Laughter.) "Did you ever see him in 60 Minutes competing with Michael Phelps in the pool, jumping into the water in nothing but swimming trunks and determined to beat this swimming champion?
+After the race, he threw down his white hair like a wet cloud and said, "You are God." No, Anderson, you are God. "
+(Laughter) (Applause) Now, the number one rule of being cool is to look unfazed and never allow anything to scare you, impress you, or excite you. I know that.
+Someone told me it's like going through life this way.
+You protect yourself from any unforeseen misfortunes and hurts that may appear.
+But I try to live my life this way.
+And yes, it means catching all those misery and hurts, but it also means I'm ready to catch them when beautiful and wonderful things fall from the sky. .
+I encourage my students to rediscover wonder, fight their cool, unflinching instincts, and instead seek to actively engage with what is happening around them, reinterpret and create something out of it. I use spoken language so that I can.
+I don't think colloquial poetry is an ideal art form.
+I'm always trying to find the best way to tell each story.
+I write musicals. I make short films in parallel with poetry.
+But I teach spoken word poetry because it is familiar.
+Not everyone can read music or have a camera, but everyone can communicate in some way and everyone has stories that others can learn from.
+Moreover, colloquial poetry enables instant connections.
+It's not uncommon to feel alone or that no one understands you, but if you have the ability to express yourself and the courage to share those stories and opinions, you will find yourself filled with peers. Spoken language tells us that we may be rewarded with a room of , or your community will listen.
+And maybe a giant girl in a hoodie will resonate with what you've shared.
+And that's an amazing recognition, especially when you're 14 years old.
+Plus, with the advent of YouTube, that connection isn't limited to the room we're in.
+I am very fortunate to have an archive of performances that I can share with my students.
+This will give you even more chances to find poets and poems that you can relate to.
+Once you understand this, you will want to keep writing the same poem or telling the same story over and over again, knowing that you will get applause.
+Teaching yourself to express yourself is not enough.
+You have to grow, explore, take risks and challenge yourself.
+That's step 3. It's about injecting certain things that make you up into the work you do, even if they're constantly changing.
+Because step 3 never ends.
+But you can't undertake step 3 until you've done step 1, which is "can" first.
+I travel a lot while teaching, so I don't always get to see all my students reach Step 3, but I've been very lucky for Charlotte. We got to see how her journey unfolded.
+I realized that by incorporating what she knew to be true into the work I was doing, I was able to create poems that only Charlotte could write, such as eyeballs, elevators, and Dora the explorer. I saw.
+And I'm trying to tell a story that only I can tell, like this one.
+I spent a lot of time thinking about the best way to tell this story. And I thought the best way would be a PowerPoint or a short film. And where was the beginning, middle and end?
+I wondered if I could read this story to the end and finally understand everything.
+And although I always thought my beginnings were at the Bowery Poetry Club, it could have been earlier.
+I found this diary page in an old magazine while preparing for TED.
+I think December 54th was probably supposed to be the 24th.
+When I was a child, I definitely went through life like this.
+I think we all were.
+I want to help others rediscover that wonder. People who want to work on it, who want to learn, who want to share what they've learned, what they've found to be true, and what they're still figuring out. .
+I would like to end with this poem.
+When they dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the explosion created a mini-supernova that instantly reduced all living animals, humans, and plants that came in direct contact with the rays from the sun.
+And soon followed by what remained of the city.
+Entire cities and their inhabitants were shattered by long-term nuclear radiation damage.
+According to my mother, when I was born, I looked around the hospital room like, "This? I've done this before."
+She says I'm presbyopia.
+When Grandpa Genji passed away, I was only five years old, but I took my mother's hand and said, "Don't worry, I'll come back as a baby."
+Still, as someone who's obviously already done this, I still don't understand anything.
+Even now, every time I go up on stage, my knees jerk.
+My confidence can be measured by a teaspoon mixed into my poetry, but it still always tastes funny in my mouth.
+In Hiroshima, however, some people were wiped clean, leaving only their wristwatches and pages in their diaries.
+So even if I'm reluctant to fill all my pockets, I keep trying, hoping one day to write a poem that I can be proud to have on display in a museum as the only proof I ever existed. I'm here.
+My parents gave me a biblical name, Sarah.
+In the original story, God told Sarah he could do the impossible. And at first Sarah didn't know what to do with the impossible, so she laughed.
+And, I?
+Well, neither am I, but I see the impossible every day.
+Impossible is trying to connect in this world, trying to hold on to others while things explode around them, they just wait their turn to speak while you speak It's just to know that I'm listening to you.
+They feel what you feel, just as you feel them.
+It's what I seek every time I open my mouth: that impossible connection.
+In Hiroshima, there are walls burned black by radiation.
+However, the front steps blocked the rays and prevented the person sitting there from hitting the stone.
+All that remains now is an eternal shadow of positive light.
+After the atomic bombing, experts said it would take 75 years for the radiation-damaged soil of the city of Hiroshima to grow again.
+But that spring, new shoots sprang up from the earth.
+The moment I met you, I was no longer part of your future.
+I will soon begin to become part of your past.
+But in that moment, I can share your gift.
+And you can share mine.
+And it's the best gift of all.
+So if you told me I could do the impossible, I would probably laugh at you.
+A century in which I am still unsure if I can change the world.
+It's not my first time coming here. This won't be my last time here.
+This is not the last word I share.
+But just in case, I'm doing my best to make it work this time.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+You may know this feeling too. You wake up in the morning with multiple unread notifications on your phone.
+Your calendar is already packed with meetings, and you may have two or three booked.
+You feel involved, you feel busy.
+I actually feel productive.
+But even after all that, I still feel like something is missing.
+you try to understand what it is.
+But before doing so, the next day starts all over again.
+Two years ago I felt the same way.
+I was stressed. I felt uneasy.
+I felt a little trapped.
+The world around me was moving very fast.
+And I didn't know what to do.
+I started thinking to myself: How can I keep up with all this?
+How can we find fulfillment in a world that is literally changing as fast or faster than we can think?
+I started looking for answers.
+I have spoken to many people, friends and family.
+I also read a lot of self-help books.
+However, I didn't find anything satisfactory.
+In fact, the more self-help books I read, the more stress and anxiety I felt.
+(Laughs) It was like I was feeding my soul with junk food, and I became mentally obese.
+(Laughs) I was about to give up, but one day I found this.
+"The Sutra of the Way: The Book of the Way and Its Virtues"
+This is an ancient Chinese philosophical classic written over 2,600 years ago.
+And it was the thinnest and smallest book on the bookshelf.
+It was only 81 pages.
+And on each page was written a short poem.
+I remember flipping through one particular poem.
+here it is.
+beautiful.
+(Laughter) Let me read it to you.
+"The highest good is like water.
+It benefits all without dispute.
+It remains grounded in the residence.
+By being, it flows into the depths.
+Honest as an expression.
+Even in conflict, it remains gentle.
+In governance, it's not something you control.
+Adjust the timing during operation.
+It is content with its nature, so it cannot be condemned. "
+oh! I remember reading this passage for the first time.
+I felt the biggest chill down my spine.
+I still feel that way when I read this book to everyone.
+My anxiety and stress suddenly disappeared.
+Since that day, I have tried to apply the concepts in this passage to my daily life.
+And today I want to share with you three lessons I've learned so far from this philosophy of water. I believe these three lessons have helped me find greater fulfillment in almost everything I do.
+The first lesson is about humility.
+If you think about water flowing in a river, the water is always in a low state.
+It helps all plants grow and keeps all animals alive.
+It doesn't really get any attention for itself, nor does it need reward or recognition.
+Humble, isn't it?
+But without the modest contribution of water, life as we know it might not exist.
+The humility of water taught me some important things.
+It taught me that it's perfectly fine to say "I don't know" instead of knowing what you're doing or acting like you know all the answers.
+I want to learn more, so I need your help. "
+It has also taught me that promoting the success and glory of others is far more satisfying than promoting your own.
+It has taught me that helping others overcome challenges and become successful is much more fulfilling and meaningful than doing something to help yourself succeed.
+Being humble allowed me to build richer connections with the people around me.
+I became genuinely interested in the stories and experiences that make them unique and magical.
+Life is so much more fun because every day I discover new quirks, new ideas, new solutions to problems I never knew existed, thanks to the ideas and help of others.
+All streams are lower than the sea, so they eventually flow into the sea.
+Humility gives power to water.
+But I think it gives us the ability to be grounded, to learn from the stories of those around us, and to be transformed by them.
+The second lesson I learned is about harmony.
+If you think of water as flowing towards rocks, then water will only flow around rocks.
+Don't get upset, don't get angry, don't get upset.
+Actually, I don't really feel it.
+When faced with an obstacle, water somehow finds a solution without force and without conflict.
+As I thought about this, I began to understand why I was stressed in the first place.
+Instead of working in harmony with my environment, I was working against it.
+I was so obsessed with the need to succeed and prove myself that I forced things to change.
+In the end, nothing happened.
+And it made me even more frustrated.
+Simply shifting my focus from striving to achieve more success to striving to achieve more harmony immediately helped me calm down and refocus.
+I started asking questions such as: Will this action bring me more harmony and my environment more harmony?
+Does this match my nature?
+I became more comfortable just being who I am rather than being expected to be.
+In fact, it made my job easier because I started focusing on what I could do instead of focusing on what I couldn't control.
+I stopped fighting myself and learned to work with my environment to solve problems.
+Nature is in no hurry.
+Yet all is accomplished.
+This is how Tao Te Ching expressed the power of harmony.
+In the same way that water can find solutions without force or conflict, we can transform our energies by shifting our focus from achieving more success to achieving more harmony. I believe that you can get a greater sense of fulfillment in your efforts.
+The third lesson I learned from the philosophy of water is about openness.
+Water can change.
+Depending on the temperature, it can be liquid, solid or gas.
+Depending on the medium in which it is placed, it can be a teapot, cup, vase, etc.
+In fact, water's ability to adapt, change and remain flexible is what makes it so durable over the years, despite all the changes in its environment.
+We live in an ever-changing world today.
+We can no longer expect to work to a fixed job description or follow a single career path.
+We, too, are constantly being asked to reinvent and update our skills to keep up with the times.
+Our organization hosts a number of hackathons where small groups and individuals come together to solve business problems in a limited time frame.
+And what's interesting to me is that usually the winning teams aren't the ones with the most experienced team members, they're open to learning, open to forgetting what they've learned, and helping each other to get through difficulties. It means that it is a team with members who are particularly open. change of circumstances.
+Life is like a hackathon in some ways.
+It calls on each of us to step out, open our hearts, and create a ripple effect.
+Now, we can remain behind closed doors and continue to be paralyzed by self-limiting beliefs such as “you can never speak about Chinese philosophy in front of a large audience.”
+(Laughs) Or you can open up and enjoy the drive.
+It's just an amazing experience.
+Very humble, harmonious and open.
+These are the three lessons I have learned from the philosophy of water so far.
+It is conveniently abbreviated as H-H-O or H2O.
+(Laughter) And they guide my life.
+So these days, when I feel stressed, unfulfilled, anxious, or unsure of what to do, I simply ask. "What about the water?"
+(Laughter) Inspired by a book written long before Bitcoin, fintech and digital technology, this simple and powerful question has changed my life for the better.
+Try it out and let us know how it works.
+Please let us know what you think.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I was four years old when I saw my mother put the washing machine in the washing machine for the first time.
+It was a wonderful day for my mother.
+My mother and father had saved money for years to buy the machine, and even my grandmother was invited to see it the first time it was used.
+(laughs) And Grandma was even more excited.
+Throughout her life, she boiled water with wood and hand-washed the laundry for her seven children.
+And now she was about to see electricity do its job.
+My mother carefully opened the door and put the laundry into the washing machine like this.
+And when she closed the door, Grandma said, "No, no, no, no!"
+let me! Let's push the button! "
+(Laughter.) And when Grandma pressed the button, she said, "Oh, that's great!"
+I want to see this! Give me a chair! Give me a chair! I'd love to see it,' she said, sitting in front of the washing machine and watching the entire laundry program.
+(Laughter) She was fascinated.
+For my grandmother, the washing machine was a miracle.
+Today in Sweden and other rich countries people use so many different machines.
+Look, I have a lot of machines in my house.
+I can't even name them all.
+Also, when I want to travel, I use flying machines that take me to distant destinations.
+Nevertheless, there are still many people in the world who heat water on fire and cook food on fire.
+Sometimes they don't even get enough food.
+And they live below the poverty line.
+Two billion people live on less than $2 a day.
+And the richest people over there, who have a billion people and live above what I call "airlines" (laughter), they spend over $80 a day on spending because
+But this is only 1 billion, 2 billion, 3 billion people, and obviously there are 7 billion people in the world, so there are 1, 2, 3, 4 billion more people living in poverty and aviation. You should be living between companies.
+There is electricity, but the question is how many people have washing machines?
+I've scoured the market data and found that washing machines are indeed penetrating below the air line, and that another billion people live above the "wash line" today.
+(Laughter) And they spend over $40 a day.
+That means 2 billion people will have access to a washing machine.
+And how will the remaining 5 billion be washed?
+Or, to be more precise, how do most women around the world wash their bodies?
+Because washing is still hard work for women.
+They wash by hand like this.
+They are time consuming and hard work that they have to do for hours every week.
+Also, water may have to be brought from afar to do the laundry at home, and laundry may have to be carried to a distant stream.
+And they want a washing machine.
+They don't want to spend most of their lives doing this relatively unproductive heavy lifting.
+And their wishes are no different than my grandmother's.
+Look at this. Two generations ago in Sweden, we drew water from the river, heated it with wood, and washed our clothes the same way.
+They want a washing machine exactly the same.
+But when I lecture to students interested in environmental issues, they say, "No, not everyone in the world can have a car or a washing machine."
+How can I tell this woman that I don't own a washing machine?
+And I ask my students, "How many of you have not used a car over the past two years?"
+And some proudly raise their hands and say, "I don't drive."
+So I asked a very difficult question. “How many of you wash your jeans and bedsheets by hand?”
+And no one raised their hand.
+Even environmentalists use washing machines.
+(Laughter) So why do you think [this is] something that everyone is using and that others won't stop doing it?
+What's so special about this?
+I'm here.
+Look at this. Can you see 7 billion people out there?
+The air person, the laundry person, the light bulb person, and the fire person.
+One such unit is the energy unit of fossil fuels (oil, coal, gas).
+That's most of the electricity and energy in the world.
+And there are 12 of them in use worldwide, with the richest billion people using 6 of them.
+Half of the energy is used by one-seventh of the world's population.
+And these people have a washing machine, but they don't have a lot of other washing machines at home, so they use two.
+This group uses three, one for each.
+And there is also electricity.
+That makes 12.
+But the main concern of students interested in the environment, and rightly so, is the future.
+What are the trends?
+If we extend this trend to 2050 without actually doing advanced analysis, there are two things that could increase our energy use. One is population growth. Second, economic growth.
+Population growth will occur mainly among the poorest, as the poorest people here have higher infant mortality rates and more children per woman.
+This gives you two extra, but the energy usage doesn't change much.
+Here at the best of the emerging economies, I call them "Shinto", they will skip the airlines.
+"Wap!" they would say.
+And they will start using as much as the Old West already does.
+(Laughter) And these people want a washing machine.
+i told you. they go there
+And your energy usage will double.
+And we want the poor to be in the electric light.
+And you can have a family with two children without stopping population growth.
+However, the total energy consumption increases to 22 units.
+And those 22 units are still mostly used by the richest people.
+So what do we need to do?
+Because the risk of climate change – the high probability – is real.
+It's real.
+Of course, it has to be more energy efficient.
+They have to change their behavior somehow.
+We must also start producing green energy, more green energy.
+But you shouldn't advise others what to do or not to do until the energy consumption per person is the same.
+(Laughter) (Applause) We have more green energy everywhere here.
+This is what we expect.
+But I can assure you that this Rio favela woman wants a washing machine.
+She was so happy with the Minister of Energy for supplying electricity to everyone that she voted for her.
+And she went from energy minister to president to Dilma Rousseff, the next president of one of the world's largest democracies.
+With democracy, people will vote for washing machines.
+they love them!
+(laughter) And what kind of magic do they have?
+My mother explained the magic of this machine on the very first day.
+She said, "Well, Hans.
+I brought in the laundry.
+Now you can go to the library. "
+Because this is magic. What do you get from your washing machine when you load it with laundry?
+Remove books, children's books from the machine.
+And my mother gave me time to read.
+she loved this.
+I understood the "ABC". This is why I started my teaching career when my mother had time to read to me.
+And she also bought a book for herself.
+She managed to study English and learn it as a foreign language.
+And she read so many novels here, so many different novels.
+And we really, really loved this machine.
+(Laughter) And what my mother and I said was, 'Thank you, Industrialization.
+Thank you, Mr. Ironworks.
+Thank you, power plant.
+And thanks to the chemical processing industry for giving us the time to read. "
+thank you very much.
+(laughter) (applause)
+I have just returned from a community that holds the secrets of human survival.
+This is where the women run the show, have sex to say hi, and follow the rules of the day, where fun is serious business.
+No, this is neither Burning Man nor San Francisco.
+(Laughter) Guys, meet your cousins.
+This is the world of wild bonobos living in the Congo jungle.
+Bonobos, along with chimpanzees, are humans' closest relatives.
+That means we all share a common ancestor, an evolutionary grandmother who lived about 6 million years ago.
+Well, chimpanzees are well known for their aggressiveness.
+(Laughter) But unfortunately, we've overemphasized this aspect of our evolutionary story.
+But bonobos show us the other side of the coin.
+Bonobo societies are run by powerful females, while chimpanzees are dominated by big, fearsome men.
+These guys have really solved something as it leads to a very tolerant society where deadly violence is not yet observed.
+Unfortunately, however, bonobos are the least understood of the great apes.
+They live deep in the jungles of the Congo, but have been very difficult to study.
+The Congo is a land of extraordinary biodiversity and beauty, but at the same time a land of darkness. It is the scene of a violent conflict that has raged for decades and claimed almost as many lives as World War I.
+Not surprisingly, this destruction also jeopardizes the bonobo's survival.
+The bushmeat trade and the loss of forests means we can't fill a small stadium with all the remaining bonobos in the world. And to be honest, I don't even know if I can do that.
+But in this land of violence and chaos, a hidden laughter can be heard shaking the trees.
+Who are these cousins?
+We know them as the “make love not war” apes because they frequently engage in orgies and bisexual sex to manage conflicts and solve social problems.
+Now, I'm not saying this is the solution to all of humanity's problems. Because there is more to the bonobo life than the Kama Sutra.
+Bonobos, like humans, love to play throughout their lives.
+Play is not just child's play.
+For us and them, play is the foundation for building relationships and developing tolerance.
+It's where we learn to trust, where we learn about the rules of the game.
+Play enhances creativity and resilience. And it's all about generating diversity: interaction diversity, behavioral diversity, and connection diversity.
+And when you watch bonobos play, you see the very evolutionary roots of human laughter, dance, and ritual.
+Play is the glue that holds us together.
+Now, I don't know how you play, but I'd like to show you some unique clips fresh out of the wild.
+First, this is a bonobo-style ball game. It's not about soccer.
+Here, young women and men are chasing each other.
+Let's see what she does.
+It may be the evolutionary origin of the phrase "she grabbed him by the ball."
+(laughs) I'm the only one who thinks he rather likes this place, right?
+yes.
+(Laughter) So, sexual play is common to both bonobos and humans.
+This video is really interesting because it shows the ingenuity of incorporating unusual elements such as testicles into play and how play requires and fosters trust. A lot of fun.
+But play is transformative.
+(Laughter) Play is transformative and can take many forms. Some of them are quieter, more imaginative, and more curious. Perhaps there will be new discoveries of wonder.
+And look, this is a young female Fuku. Playing quietly with water.
+Like her, I think we sometimes play alone and explore the boundaries between the inner world and the outer world.
+And that playful curiosity lets us explore and interact, and the unexpected connections we form become real hotbeds of creativity.
+So these are just a few tastes of the insight bonobos give us about our past and present.
+But they are also the secret of our future, a future that needs to be more creative and collaborative to adapt to an increasingly difficult world.
+The secret is that play is the key to these abilities.
+In other words, play is an adaptive wildcard.
+To successfully adapt to the changing world, you have to play.
+But can we make the most of our playfulness?
+Play is not frivolous.
+Play is essential.
+Bonobos and humans alike, life is more than red teeth and nails.
+The times when it seems least appropriate to play can be the most urgent times.
+So, fellow primates, let us embrace this gift of evolution and play together as we rediscover creativity, fellowship and wonder.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today we want to talk about design, but it's not the kind of design we usually think of.
+I would like to talk about what is happening in our scientific and biotech culture right now. There, truly for the first time in history, we had the power to design bodies, animal bodies, and human bodies.
+There have been three great waves of evolution in our Earth's history.
+The first wave of evolution is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
+So, as we all know, species live in specific ecological niches and specific environments, and through random mutation of species, the pressures of the chosen environment are preserved.
+Humanity then broke out of Darwinian evolutionary history and produced a second great wave of evolution. It was to change the environment in which we evolve.
+We changed our ecological niche by creating civilizations.
+And that's the second great stream of our evolution, 100,000 years, 150,000 years.
+By changing our environment, we put new pressure on our bodies to evolve.
+Through settlement in rural areas, or even modern medicine, we have changed our evolution.
+We are now entering the third great wave in the history of evolution, variously called “intentional evolution”, “evolution by design”, etc. it's different. With this, we are actually intentionally designing and modifying our physiological structures. A form that inhabits our planet.
+So I'd like to take you on a kind of dizzying tour and finally tell you a little bit about how this change will affect us, our species and our culture. .
+Well, we've actually been doing that for a long time.
+We started selectively breeding animals thousands of years ago.
+And if you think about dogs, for example, dogs are now deliberately designed creatures.
+There is no dog that is a natural creature on this earth.
+Dogs are the result of selective breeding for traits we like.
+But in the old days, it had to be done the hard way by selecting specific looking offspring and breeding them.
+You don't have to do that anymore.
+This is beefalo.
+Beefalo is a hybrid between buffalo and cow.
+And they're making it now, and one day, probably soon, you'll see beefalo patties in your local supermarket.
+This is a geep, a hybrid of a goat and a sheep.
+The scientists who created this cute little creature ended up slaughtering it and then eating it.
+I think they said it tasted like chicken.
+This is a sickle.
+The Kama is a camel/llama hybrid, created to combine camel hardiness with some of the llama's personality traits.
+And they use these now in certain cultures.
+The rest is Liger.
+This is the world's largest cat, a cross between a lion and a tiger.
+Bigger than a tiger.
+In the case of ligers, one or two have actually been spotted in the wild.
+But these were created by scientists using both selective breeding and genetic engineering.
+And finally, everyone's favorite, Zorth.
+None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
+So one of the things we've been doing is using genetic enhancement, or genetic engineering, which adds a little bit of genetics to regular selective breeding.
+And if this was all it would be interesting.
+But something much more powerful is happening now.
+These are normal mammalian cells genetically engineered with bioluminescent genes taken from deep-sea jellyfish.
+We all know that some deep sea creatures glow.
+Well, they took that gene, the bioluminescent gene, and put it into mammalian cells.
+These are normal cells.
+Seen here are cells that glow in the dark under certain wavelengths of light.
+Once cells can do that, organisms can do it too.
+So they did it with rat kittens and kittens.
+By the way, the kitten here is orange and this kitten is green because that's the bioluminescent gene from coral and this is the bioluminescent gene from jellyfish.
+They used pigs to do it.
+They used puppies to do it.
+And in fact they did it with monkeys.
+And if it can be done in monkeys -- and the big leap in trying to genetically engineer is actually between monkeys and apes -- if it can be done in monkeys, maybe how to do it in monkeys. will be able to understand Humans can do it too.
+In other words, in theory, biotechnology could soon allow us to create glow-in-the-dark humans.
+Easy to find even at night.
+And in fact, many states now let you go outside and buy bioluminescent pets.
+These are zebrafish. Usually black and silver.
+These are zebrafish genetically engineered to be yellow, green and red and are actually available in certain states now.
+Other states have banned them.
+No one knows what to do with this kind of creature.
+There is no department in government, not EPA or FDA, to control genetically modified pets.
+And some states have decided to allow them, and some have decided to ban them.
+You may have read that the FDA is currently considering genetically modified salmon.
+The salmon above is genetically modified Chinook salmon, which uses genes from these salmon and the other fish we eat to make them grow faster with far less food.
+And now, the FDA is in the process of making a final decision on whether the fish will be edible, meaning it will be sold over the counter, any time soon.
+Before you worry too much, here in the United States, the majority of food you buy at the supermarket already contains genetically modified ingredients.
+So even though we're worried about it, we've allowed it to be done in this country without any regulations and without any identification on the packaging, which is very different from Europe .
+All of these are the first cloned animals of their kind.
+Down right here is Dolly, the first cloned sheep. It is now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh. Ralph the mouse, the first cloned mouse. If it's a cloned cat, CC the cat. The first cloned dog, Snappy -- the puppy Snappy at Seoul National University -- was born in South Korea by the same man you might remember, but was stigmatized because he claimed to have cloned a human fetus. forced to resign. I didn't.
+In fact, he was the first person to clone a dog. This is very difficult to do because the canine genome is very plastic.
+This is Promethea, the first cloned horse.
+This is a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy, a true "golden ring" of cloning, as many of the horses that win important races are geldings.
+In other words, the equipment for putting it out to the stud has been removed.
+However, if you can clone the horse, you have the advantage of both being able to race the gelding and having the same gene duplicated in the stallion.
+These were the first cloned calf, the first cloned gray wolf and finally the first cloned piglets, Alexis, Chista, Karel, Janie and Dotcom.
+(Laughter) And then we started using cloning technology to save endangered species.
+This is using animals to make medicines and other things that we want to make in them.
+So for the antithrombin in that goat, that goat has been genetically modified, and the molecule in that milk actually contains the antithrombin molecule that GTC Genetics wants to create.
+In addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs from the National Institute of Animal Husbandry in South Korea are actually pigs that are used to create all kinds of pharmaceuticals and other industrial chemicals. They want the blood and milk of these animals to be produced for them rather than produced in an industrial way.
+These are two creatures created to save endangered species.
+Guar is an endangered ungulate of Southeast Asia.
+Somatic cells, which are somatic cells, were collected from the body, fertilized with a cow's egg, and the cow gave birth to a guar.
+The same thing happened with the mouflon, an endangered sheep.
+Pregnancy inside a normal sheep actually poses an interesting biological question.
+We have two types of DNA in our body.
+We have nuclear DNA, which everyone thinks is DNA, but we also have DNA in mitochondria, the energy packets of our cells.
+That DNA is inherited through the mother.
+In fact, what you end up getting here is neither guar nor mouflon. Guar, which has bovine mitochondria, bovine mitochondrial DNA, and mouflon, which has sheep mitochondrial DNA of another species.
+These are not pure animals, they are actually hybrids.
+And it raises the question of how to define animal species in the age of biotechnology, a problem that is not yet well understood.
+This adorable creature is an Asian cockroach.
+What they did here was put electrodes in the ganglia and brain, put a transmitter on top of that, and put it on a big computer tracking ball.
+And now you can use the joystick to send this creature around the lab, controlling left, right, forward, and backward.
+They created a kind of insectbot, or bugbot.
+It could be worse than that, or better than that.
+This is actually one of DARPA's very important projects. DARPA is the Defense Research Agency. One of those projects.
+These goliath beetles have wires in their wings.
+They have computer chips strapped to their backs that allow them to fly these creatures around the lab.
+They can make them go left, right. they can take them off.
+They put them about an inch above the ground and then cut everything off and it makes a puffing noise.
+But it's the closest place to land.
+And in fact this technology is so advanced that this creature, this is a moth, this is a moth in its pupal stage, and that's when the wires were wired and the computer technology was introduced and the moth was actually Appears as a moth and is already wired.
+The wire was already inside the body, and they just had to connect it to the technology and they had a bugbot they could send out for surveillance.
+They put little cameras on them and maybe one day they can deliver another kind of decree to the war zone.
+This is Ratbot, or Roborat, by Sanjiv Talwar of the State University of New York.
+Again, this is loaded with technology. Electrodes are inserted into the left and right hemispheres. It has a camera on its head.
+Scientists can make this creature go left or right.
+They run it through a maze and control where it goes.
+They have now created organic robots.
+Graduate students in Sanjiv Talwar's lab asked, "Is this ethical?"
+We have deprived this animal of its autonomy. "
+I'll get back to you on that soon.
+Studies using monkeys are also being conducted.
+I'm Miguel Nicolelis from Duke University.
+He took out the owl monkeys and wired them up so that a computer could monitor their brains, especially the movements of their right arm, while they were moving.
+The computer has learned what the monkey's brain does to move its arms in different ways.
+They then attached it to a prosthetic hand and placed that arm in another room, as you can see in this photo.
+Soon, the computer learned to read the monkey's brain waves and make the arm in the other room do what the monkey's arm did.
+He then set up a video monitor in the monkey's cage and showed it to the monkey, who was fascinated.
+The monkey realized that whatever he did with his arm would be fine with this prosthetic arm.
+And she kept moving until she stopped moving her right arm and was able to stare at a screen and move her prosthetic arm in another room using only brain waves. This means that monkeys have become the first primates in history. The world must have three independent functional arms.
+Technology isn't the only thing we're introducing to animals.
+I'm Thomas DeMars from the University of Florida.
+He took 20,000 and then 60,000 disassembled rat neurons and placed them on a chip, even though these are just individual rat neurons.
+They self-aggregated into networks and became integrated chips.
+And he used it as the IT part of the mechanics of running a flight simulator.
+So now we have an organic computer chip made of living self-assembled neurons.
+Finally, Moussa Ivaldi of the Northwest harvested a completely intact and independent lamprey brain.
+This is the brain of a lamprey.
+It's alive -- a completely intact brain in a nutrient medium with these electrodes on the side and a light sensitive sensor attached to the brain and you put it in a cart -- this is the cart and the brain is in the middle. --and with this brain as the only processor in this cart, you can turn on the light and shine the light on the cart, and the cart will move towards the light. Turn off to leave.
+It's photophilic.
+You now have a fully viable lamprey brain.
+What is the lamprey thinking as it sits on its nutrient medium?
+I don't know, but actually it's a fully living brain that we've managed to keep alive to carry out orders.
+So we are now in the process of creating creatures for our own purposes.
+This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti at the University of Massachusetts.
+He modified this mouse so that it had skin that was less immune to human skin, and placed a polymer ear scaffold underneath to create an ear that could be removed from the mouse and implanted into a human. Created.
+A combination of genetic engineering, polymer physiology and xenografting.
+Here we are in the middle of this process.
+Finally, not too long ago, Craig Venter created the first artificial cell. So he took a cell and used a machine, a DNA synthesizer, to create an artificial genome and put it in another cell. That genome, the cell into which he put it, was then regenerated as any other cell.
+In other words, it was the first creature in the world's history to be parented by a computer, and it didn't have an organic parent.
+So The Economist asked, "The first man-made creatures and their consequences."
+So maybe I thought that the creation of life might happen in something like that.
+(Laughter) But the truth is, Frankenstein's lab is not.
+Frankenstein's laboratory looks like this.
+It's a DNA synthesizer, and here at the bottom there's just a bottle with the four chemicals A, T, C, and G that make up the DNA strand.
+So we have to ask ourselves some questions.
+For the first time in Earth's history, we were able to design living things directly.
+We can manipulate the plasma of life with unprecedented power, which gives us responsibility.
+OK?
+Can I manipulate or create any creature I want?
+Do we have the freedom to design animals?
+One day we'll go to Petzsaurus and say, 'Hey, I want a dog.
+I want a dachshund head, a retriever body and pink fur, but let it glow in the dark. "
+Could industry create living creatures that produce the drugs and industrial molecules we want in milk, blood, saliva and other bodily fluids and store them in warehouses as organic manufacturing machines?
+Can we create organic robots that strip these animals of their autonomy and turn them into mere playthings?
+And as a final step, once we perfect these technologies in animals and start using them in humans, what will be the ethical guidelines we use then?
+it's already happening. It's not sci-fi.
+Not only are we already using these things on animals, but some of them are already beginning to be used on our own bodies.
+We are now in control of our own evolution.
+We are directly designing the future of this planetary species.
+It gives us a great responsibility, but it is not just the responsibility of the scientists and ethicists who are currently thinking about it and writing about it.
+It is everyone's responsibility because it determines what kind of planet, what kind of body we will have in the future.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Now imagine a wearable robot that gives you superhuman abilities, or another robot that helps wheelchair users get up and walk again.
+At Berkley Bionics, we call these robots exoskeletons.
+Putting it on in the morning will give you strength, increase your speed, and improve your sense of balance.
+It is indeed a true integration of man and machine.
+But that's not all. Integrate and network you into space and other devices.
+This is not just a bolt from the blue idea.
+To show what we're working on, let's talk about the American soldier first. It can carry about 100 pounds of weight on average. They have to carry on their backs and are expected to carry more gear.
+Clearly, this has led to some serious complications, back injuries, 30% of which are chronic back injuries.
+So we looked at this challenge and wanted to create an exoskeleton that could help address this issue.
+Now let me introduce HULC, Human Universal Load Carrier.
+Soldier: With the HULC exoskeleton, you can carry 200 pounds. We spent hours running over varied terrain.
+Flexible design allows for deep squats, crawls and agile movements.
+It senses what I want to do and where I want to go, increasing my strength and endurance.
+Iso Vendor: We are working with our industry partners and are ready to introduce this device, this new exoskeleton, this year.
+this is true.
+Now let's turn to a particular passion of mine, wheelchair users.
+An estimated 68 million people worldwide are in wheelchairs.
+This corresponds to about 1% of the total population.
+And that's actually a conservative estimate.
+We are talking here about very young people with spinal cord injuries. They hit a wall in their prime, in their 20s, 30s, and 40s, and their only option is a wheelchair.
+However, the aging population is also steadily increasing.
+And if you have a stroke or other complications, a wheelchair is almost your only option.
+And it has indeed been so for the last 500 years, since its introduction with great success, I must say.
+So we decided to start writing a whole new chapter on mobility.
+Introducing the eLEGS worn by Amanda Bochtel, who injured her spinal cord 19 years ago and has not been able to walk for 19 years.
+(Applause) Amanda Bochtel: Thank you.
+(Applause) EB: Amanda is wearing our eLEGS set.
+It has a sensor.
+It's completely non-invasive, with crutch sensors sending signals back to the on-board computer sitting on her back.
+There's a battery pack here too, powering the motors in her hip and knee joints to propel her forward in this kind of smooth and very natural gait.
+AB: I'm 24 and at my peak, I was downhill skiing and was paralyzed by some freak somersault.
+In an instant, I lost all feeling and movement under my pelvis.
+Not long after that, a doctor came into my room and said, "Amanda, you will never walk again."
+And that was 19 years ago.
+He took all hope out of my existence.
+Since then, I've learned how to downhill ski, rock climb and even hand cycle again thanks to adaptive technology.
+But nothing has ever been invented that allows me to walk.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) EB: As you can see, we have the technology, we have the platform where we can sit down and discuss it.
+It is in our hands and we have all the potential here to change the lives of future generations. You can change the lives of all people, not just soldiers and Amanda and wheelchair users here.
+AB: Thank you.
+(applause)
+(sings) (ends singing) (applause) Pep Rosenfeld: Guys, I just met Claron McFadden.
+She is a world-class soprano singer who studied in Rochester, New York.
+Her famous opera roles are numerous and varied.
+In August 2007, Claron was awarded the Amsterdam Prize for the Arts for his brilliance, amazingly extensive repertoire and lively stage personality.
+Please welcome Claron McFadden.
+(Applause) Claron McFadden: The Human Voice: Mystical, spontaneous, primal.
+To me, the human voice is the vessel through which all emotions, perhaps with the exception of jealousy.
+And that breath, that breath is the captain of the ship.
+A child is born and takes its first breath -- (breathing in) Wow!
+And we witness the astonishing beauty of vocal expression, mysterious, spontaneous and primitive.
+A few years ago I did a meditation retreat in Thailand.
+I wanted a place of complete silence and complete solitude.
+I spent two weeks at this retreat in my own little hut. No music, just listening to the sounds of nature, trying to find the essence of concentration, just being in this moment.
+On my last day, the lady who was taking care of the place came and we talked a little bit and then she said to me, "Would you sing something for me?"
+I thought, but this is a place of complete silence.
+You can't make noise.
+She said, "Please, sing for me."
+So I closed my eyes and took a deep breath, and the first thing that came to my mind was Porgy and Beth's "Summertime."
+(singing) Summer is easy to live in.
+Fish are jumping and cotton is high.
+Oh, your father is rich and your mother is handsome.
+So be quiet, baby, don't cry.
+And when I opened my eyes, I saw her with her eyes closed.
+And after a while she opened her eyes and looked at me and said, "It's like meditation."
+And in that moment, I realized that everything I had been looking for in Thailand was already in my song. It means being quiet yet alert, focused yet conscious, and completely in the moment.
+When you are fully focused on the moment and when I am fully focused on the moment, the vessel of expression is open.
+Emotions can flow from me to you and back again.
+It's a very deep experience.
+There is a work by an American composer named John Cage.
+It's called "Aria".
+This song was written for a wonderful singer named Kathy Berberian.
+And what's so special about this piece, as you can see from behind me, is that it's not labeled in any way.
+No notes, no flats, no sharps.
+But it's kind of a structure.
+And the singer has complete freedom to act creatively and spontaneously within this structure.
+For example, there are different colors, pop, country and western, opera, jazz, etc., and each color has a different type of singing, and the colors need to be consistent.
+You can see that there are various rows.
+You choose to follow the line in your own way, at your own tempo, but you have to respect it more or less.
+These little dots represent a kind of sound that is not vocal, not a lyrical way of describing the voice.
+With your body – it could be a sneeze, it could be a cough, it could be an animal – (audience coughs) Yes. (Laughs) Applause or whatever.
+And then there is another text.
+Available in Armenian, Russian, French, English and Italian.
+Therefore, one is free within this structure.
+For me, this work is a hymn to the voice. Because, as you can see, the voice is mysterious.
+It's pretty spontaneous.
+And it is primal.
+So this time, I would like to introduce the song "Aria" by John Cage.
+(singing in different languages) Humpert zoum dirouhi di questta terra naprasno conscience etc. (barking) (singing) Get up, chitchi, chitchi.
+(singing) Vidiel'a facilmente E io sono per te (robot voice) No other way Dans l'espace, so help (singing) Si juste Dvidzénya bistri (applause) (singing) On pekrásen idyot a k u O a k ho a Sivayoot eternity Rushin (sneezes) (laughs) Shhh!
+(singing) Gloobinoí più chiara If this, that, this Totalmente soi they tried to kill, to get the glory of the fruit
+To life… Leggermente snédznoi Coo coo P k t d Banality Ko e (Kissing sound) (Singing) In armonia (Applause)
+I know what you are thinking.
+If I ever get lost, someone will come to the stage and gently guide me to my seat.
+(Applause.) I always think so in Dubai.
+"Are you here on vacation?"
+(Laughter) "Would you like to come see the children?"
+How long are you staying? "
+Well, actually, I'm still hoping for a while.
+I have lived and taught on the Gulf Coast for over 30 years.
+(Applause.) During that time, I have seen many changes.
+Well, this statistic is quite shocking.
+Today I would like to talk about language loss and the globalization of English.
+I would like to tell you about a friend of mine who used to teach English to adults in Abu Dhabi.
+Then, one fine day, she decided to take them into the garden and teach them nature vocabulary.
+But it was she who finally learned all the Arabic words for local plants and their medicinal, cosmetic, culinary, herbal and other uses.
+How did those students get all that knowledge?
+From grandparents and great-grandparents, of course.
+I don't need to repeat how important it is to communicate across generations.
+But sadly, today languages ​​are disappearing at an unprecedented rate.
+Languages ​​disappear every 14 days.
+Today, at the same time, English is the undisputed world language.
+Could it be related?
+Well, I don't know.
+But I know I have seen many changes.
+When I first went out to the Gulf, I came at a time when Kuwait was still a hard worker.
+Actually, it's not that long ago.
+It's a little too early.
+Yet I was recruited by the British Council along with about 25 other teachers.
+And we were the first non-Muslims to teach in public schools in Kuwait.
+We were brought in to teach English because the government wanted to modernize the country and empower its people through education.
+And of course Britain benefited from some of its great oil wealth.
+have understood.
+This is the big change I've seen. How English teaching has changed from a mutually beneficial practice to the large international business it is today.
+No longer just a foreign language in the school curriculum, no longer the only realm of Mother England, it has become a bandwagon for all English-speaking countries on earth.
+Why not?
+After all, the best education is in UK and US universities, according to the latest World University Rankings.
+Therefore, it is natural for everyone to want to receive an English education.
+However, if you are not a native speaker, you must pass the test.
+Now, is it right to reject a student simply because of their language ability?
+There are probably genius computer scientists out there.
+For example, do you need the same language as your lawyer?
+Well, I don't think so.
+We English teachers always reject them.
+We put up stop signs and stop them in their tracks.
+Until they master English, they can no longer pursue their dreams.
+Now let me say this. If I met a monolingual Dutch speaker with a cure for cancer, would I prevent him from entering a British university?
+i don't think so.
+But really, that's exactly what we do.
+We English teachers are gatekeepers.
+And you must first satisfy us that your English is good enough.
+Giving too much power to a limited segment of society now can be dangerous.
+Perhaps barriers are too universal.
+have understood.
+“But what about research?” I hear you.
+It's all in English. "
+So the book is written in English, the magazine is written in English, but it's a self-fulfilling prophecy.
+Meets English language requirements.
+And so it goes on.
+I ask, what happened to the translation?
+If you think about the Golden Age of Islam, there was a lot of translation going on at that time.
+They translated from Latin and Greek into Arabic, Persian, and further into European Germanic and Romance languages.
+Thus, a light shone into the Dark Ages of Europe.
+Don't get me wrong. Dear English teachers, I am not against teaching English.
+I love that we have a universal language.
+Today we need it more than ever.
+But I'm against using it as a barrier.
+Do you really want to end up with 600 languages, with English or Chinese as the primary language?
+I need more than that. where do you draw the line?
+This system equates intelligence with knowledge of English, which is highly arbitrary.
+(Applause.) And I would like you to remember that the giants who carry today's intellectuals on their shoulders did not have to have English, nor did they have to pass an English exam.
+A good example is Einstein.
+By the way, he was actually dyslexic, so it was thought that he was treated as remedial at school.
+Luckily for the world, he didn't have to pass an English exam.
+Because what they started with was TOEFL, the American English test, in 1964.
+Now it exploded.
+There are many English tests.
+And every year millions of students take these tests.
+Now, you and I may think, ``That fee is not bad, it's fine,'' but it's an exorbitant fee for millions of poor people.
+Therefore, reject them immediately.
+(Applause.) It reminds me of the headline I saw recently, "Education: The Big Gap."
+Now I understand why people want to focus on English.
+They want their children to have the best chance in life.
+For that you need a Western education.
+Because, of course, the best jobs go to those from the Western universities I mentioned earlier.
+it's cyclical.
+have understood.
+Let's talk about two scientists, two British scientists.
+They were doing experiments working with genetics and animal forelimbs and hindlimbs.
+But they didn't get the results they wanted.
+They really didn't know what to do, but a German scientist showed up and realized they used two words for forelimbs and hindlimbs. Genetics, on the other hand, does not distinguish, nor does German.
+So bingo, problem solved.
+If you can't think of anything, you're stuck.
+But if another language could think that way, we could accomplish and learn more by working together.
+My daughter came to England from Kuwait.
+She was studying Science and Mathematics in Arabic.
+Arabic secondary school.
+She had to translate it into English in grammar school.
+And she was the best in class in those subjects.
+This shows that when students come to us from abroad, we may not fully appreciate what they know in their own language.
+When a language dies, you never know what will be lost in that language.
+This -- I don't know if you've seen it on CNN recently -- gave a Kenyan shepherd boy the Hero Award. A Kenyan shepherd boy, like all the children in his village, could not study at night in his village because of the kerosene lamp. , there was smoke and hurt my eyes.
+Anyway, kerosene was never enough. What can you buy for $1 a day?
+So he invented the inexpensive solar lamp.
+And now the children in his village are doing the same in school as those who have electricity in their homes.
+(Applause.) When he accepted the award, he said these nice words. "Children can lead Africa from today's Dark Continent to the Light Continent."
+It's a simple idea, but it can have such far-reaching impact.
+Those who do not have the light, physical or figurative, cannot pass the exam, nor can we know what they know.
+Let us not keep them and ourselves in darkness.
+Celebrate diversity.
+Please be careful with your language.
+Use it to spread your great ideas.
+(Thank you for applause.
+(applause)
+The idea behind the Stuxnet computer worm is actually quite simple.
+We don't want Iran to get the bomb.
+Their main asset for nuclear weapons development is the Natanz uranium enrichment facility.
+You'll see gray boxes, these are real-time control systems.
+Now, if these systems that control drive speed and valves could be compromised, they could actually cause a lot of trouble for the centrifuge.
+Gray boxes do not run Windows software. They are completely different technologies.
+But if you can infect the notebooks your maintenance engineers use to set up this gray box with a good Windows virus, you're in business.
+This is the conspiracy behind Stuxnet.
+So let's start with the Windows dropper.
+With the payload on a gray box, damaging the centrifuge, and delaying Iran's nuclear program, mission accomplished.
+It's easy, isn't it?
+I would like to tell you how I found it.
+When we started investigating Stuxnet six months ago, the purpose of this thing was completely unclear.
+All that is known is that the Windows part, the dropper part, is very complex and uses multiple zero-day vulnerabilities.
+And it seemed like they wanted to do something with these gray boxes, these real-time control systems.
+So we took note of this and started a lab project to confirm this by infecting the environment with Stuxnet.
+And then something very interesting happened.
+Stuxnet acted like a lab mouse that didn't like our cheese, smelled it but wouldn't eat it.
+I didn't understand.
+And after trying different flavors of cheese, I realized that this was a direct attack.
+It's perfectly staged.
+If a specific configuration is found, and even if the actual program code it is trying to infect is actually running on its target, the dropper will actively roam the gray box.
+Otherwise, Stuxnet does nothing.
+So this caught my attention and we started working on this almost around the clock. Because I thought
+For example, a power plant in the United States or a chemical plant in Germany.
+Therefore, it is better to quickly find out what the target is. "
+So I extracted the attack code, decompiled it, and found that it consisted of two digital bombs, a smaller one and a larger one.
+And I also found it to be very professionally designed by people who obviously know all the insider information.
+They knew every part they had to attack.
+You probably also know the operator's shoe size.
+So they know everything.
+If you've heard that Stuxnet droppers are complex and high-tech, let me just say that payloads are rocket science.
+It far surpasses anything we've seen so far.
+Here is a sample of the actual attack code.
+We're talking about 15,000 lines of code.
+It looks a lot like old-style assembly language.
+And I would like to tell you how I was able to understand this code.
+So what we were looking for is, first of all, system function calls. Because we know what it does.
+And we looked for timers and data structures and tried to relate them to the real world, to potential real-world targets.
+Therefore, we need a target theory that can be proven or disproved.
+To get a theory of the target, remember that this is definitely hardcore subversive activity, it needs to be a high-value target, and most likely in Iran, where most infections have been reported. increase.
+Now you can't find thousands of targets in that area.
+It basically comes down to the Bushehr nuclear power plant and the Natanz fuel enrichment plant.
+So I said to my assistant, "Get me a list of all the centrifuge and power plant experts in our customer base."
+And I called them and looked into their brains to match their expertise with what we found in the code and data.
+And it worked pretty well.
+So it was possible to associate a small digital warhead with rotor control.
+The rotor is the moving part inside the centrifuge and is the visible black object.
+And by manipulating the speed of this rotor, you can actually destroy the rotor and eventually explode the centrifuge.
+Also, what we've seen is that the purpose of the attack is really to do a slow, spooky attack, apparently to drive the maintenance engineers crazy and not figure this out right away. bottom.
+Giant Digital Warheads -- We challenged this by scrutinizing data and data structures.
+For example, the number 164 is very prominent in that code. You can't miss it.
+I started researching the scientific literature on how these centrifuges were actually built in Natanz. As a result, we found that the centrifuges are in a so-called cascade structure, with 164 centrifuges in each cascade.
+It was natural and it was a match.
+And it got even better.
+These centrifuges in Iran are subdivided into 15 so-called stages.
+What do you think was found in the exploit code?
+They have almost the same structure.
+Again, it was a really good match.
+And this gave us a tremendous amount of confidence in what we were seeing.
+Don't get me wrong here, it didn't go this way.
+These results are the result of several weeks of really hard work.
+And I often found myself in a dead end and had to pick myself back up.
+Anyway, it turns out that both digital warheads were actually aiming at the same target, but from different angles.
+The small warhead receives one cascade and spins the rotor to slow it down, while the large warhead communicates with the six cascades to operate the valves.
+So, overall, we're very confident that we've actually determined what the target is.
+It is Natanz, and it is only Natanz.
+So you don't have to worry about other targets being attacked by Stuxnet.
+Here are some of the really cool things we saw. I really lost my socks.
+Below is a gray box and above is a centrifuge.
+Now, what this thing does is intercept input values ​​from sensors (e.g. pressure and vibration sensors) and provide bogus input data to legitimate program code that is still running during an attack. increase.
+And in fact, this bogus input data was actually pre-recorded by Stuxnet.
+So it's like a Hollywood movie where surveillance cameras are fed pre-recorded video during a robbery.
+It's amazing.
+Clearly, the goal here is not just to trick the control room operator.
+It's actually more dangerous and aggressive.
+The idea is to circumvent the digital safety system.
+We need digital safety systems that human operators cannot act quickly enough.
+For example, in a power plant, if a large steam turbine overspeeds, the safety valve must open within 1 millisecond.
+Clearly, this cannot be done by a human operator.
+Therefore, a digital safety system is required here.
+And when they are compromised, really bad things can happen.
+Plants can explode.
+And neither the operator nor the safety system notices it.
+That's scary.
+But things get even worse.
+And this is very important, what I will say next.
+please think about it. This attack is common.
+Specifically, it has nothing to do with centrifuges or uranium enrichment.
+So, for example, a power plant or a car factory would work just as well.
+It's generic.
+Also, as seen in the case of Stuxnet, the attacker does not need to deliver this payload on a USB stick.
+Traditional worm techniques can also be used for spreading.
+Spread it out as wide as possible.
+When you do that, you end up with a cyber weapon of mass destruction.
+That's the result we have to face.
+Unfortunately, the Middle East is not the biggest target for such attacks.
+They are in America, Europe, and even Japan.
+So all green areas, these are target rich environments.
+we have to face the consequences. Better start preparing now.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: I have a question.
+Ralph, it's been pretty widely reported that people think the Mossad is the main entity behind this.
+is that your opinion?
+Ralph Langner: Okay, do you really want to hear that?
+yes. have understood.
+My opinion is that the Mossad is involved, but the leading power is not Israel.
+So the leading forces behind it are the cyber superpowers.
+The only one that exists is the United States. Fortunately, fortunately.
+Because otherwise our problems would be even greater.
+CA: Thank you for scaring us out of the daylight. Thank you Ralph.
+(applause)
+Adrian Kohler: Well, I'm here today to talk about the evolution of puppet horses.
+Basil Jones: But actually this evolution is going to start with hyenas.
+AK: Equine ancestor.
+All right, let's do something.
+(laughs) Hahahaha.
+The hyena is the ancestor of this horse because it was part of Handspring Productions' 1995 production Faustus in Africa and was required to be drafted against Helen of Troy. is.
+The production was directed by South African artist and theater director William Kentridge.
+So it needed a very distinct front leg.
+But like all dolls, it has other attributes.
+BJ: One of them is breathing, and it's kind of breathing.
+AK: Hahahaha.
+BJ: Breathing is really important to us.
+For us on stage, it's like the original movement of the puppet.
+That's what sets dolls apart -- AK: Whoa.
+BJ: From actors.
+A doll must always try to live.
+It's their kind of story on stage, their desperation to live.
+AK: Well, as you can see, it's basically a dead object that's alive because you made it.
+Actors have a hard time dying on stage, but puppets have a hard time living.
+And in a way, it's also a metaphor for life.
+BJ: So every moment on stage is a conflict.
+So we call this part of 17th-century state-of-the-art emotional engineering -- (laughter) turning nouns into verbs.
+AK: Well, I'd like to say that it's actually an object made out of wood and cloth, with movements that make you believe there's life in it.
+BJ: Okay.
+AK: It has ears that move passively when the head moves.
+BJ: And there's a bulkhead made of plywood and covered with cloth. In fact, it oddly resembles the plywood canoe that Adrian's father built in his workshop as a boy.
+AK: Port Elizabeth, a village outside of Port Elizabeth in South Africa.
+BJ: His mother was a puppeteer.
+I hated dolls when we met in art school in 1971 and fell in love.
+I really thought they were below me.
+I wanted to be an avant-garde artist, but Punch and Judy wasn't where I wanted to go.
+And indeed, it took me almost ten years to discover the Bambara Bamana puppets in Mali, West Africa, which has a great puppetry tradition, and to find a new or renewed respect for this art form.
+AK: So in 1981 I persuaded Basil and some friends to start a puppet theater company.
+And 20 years later, miraculously, we collaborated with Mali's theater company Sogolon Marionette Troupe in Bamako to create a piece about a tall giraffe.
+It was just a life-size giraffe called "Tall Horse".
+BJ: And here we see the same structure again.
+The bulkhead is now a cane ring, but the end result is the same structure.
+Inside, two people are riding on stilts to raise their height, and in front of them is a person using something like a steering wheel to move their heads.
+AK: People on hind legs also control their tails. A bit like a hyena. Same mechanics, just a little bigger.
+And he controls the movement of his ears.
+BJ: So this work was seen by Tom Morris at the National Theater in London.
+And just about that time his mother said, "Have you seen the book War Horse by Michael Morpurgo?"
+AK: It's about a boy who falls in love with a horse.
+The horse was sold to World War I, and he enlisted to find his own horse.
+BJ: So Tom called us and said, "Can you make me a horse for a show at the National Theatre?"
+AK: I thought it was a great idea.
+BJ: But I had to ride. It needed a rider.
+AK: We needed riders, we had to participate in cavalry charges.
+(Laughter) A play about early 20th-century farming techniques and cavalry charges was a bit of a challenge for the accounting department at the National Theater in London.
+However, they agreed to follow suit for a while.
+So we started testing.
+BJ: This is Adrian and Tis Stander, who actually designed the cane system for horses, and Catherine next to me on the ladder.
+The weight is really hard when it's on your head.
+AK: And it turns out that if you put Katherine in that particular hell, you might be able to make a horse you can ride.
+I made a model there.
+A cardboard model that is slightly smaller than a hyena.
+The legs are plywood legs, and you can see that the structure of the canoe remains.
+BJ: And there are two manipulators inside.
+However, we didn't realize at the time that we actually needed a third manipulator. Because you couldn't control the neck from the inside and make the horse walk at the same time.
+AK: After the model was approved, we started working on the prototype, which took a little longer than expected.
+I had to throw away the plywood legs and make new cane legs.
+And we made a wooden box for that.
+I had to ship it to London.
+I was going to test drive it on the street outside my house in Cape Town, but it was midnight and I hadn't done it yet.
+BJ: So we got a camera and put the puppet in different running poses.
+And then I sent it to the National Theatre, hoping they would believe we made something that worked.
+(laughs) AK: A month later we were in London with this big box and a studio full of people trying to work with us.
+BJ: About 40 people.
+AK: We were scared.
+When I opened the lid and took out the horse, it worked fine. We were able to walk and ride.
+Here is an 18 second clip of the prototype's first walk.
+This is the studio of the National Theatre, where new ideas are cooked up.
+The green light had not yet been given.
+Choreographer Toby Sedgwick has devised a beautiful sequence in which a baby horse made of sticks and twigs grows into a large horse.
+And the director of the National Theater, Nick Starr, witnessed the moment he was standing next to me - he almost got wet.
+And the show was given the go-ahead.
+And then we went back to Cape Town and completely redesigned the horse.
+Here is the plan.
+(Laughter) And here is our factory in Cape Town making horses.
+You can see quite a few skeletons in the background.
+The horse is completely handmade.
+There is very little 20th century technology there.
+I added a few laser cuts to the plywood and some of the aluminum.
+However, it has to be light and flexible, and because each one is unique, mass production is unfortunately not possible.
+So here are some semi-finished horses that are ready for action in London.
+And now I would like to introduce Joey.
+Boy Joey are you there?
+Joey.
+(Applause) (Applause) Joey.
+Joey, come over here.
+No, no, I don't know.
+he understands that it's in his pocket.
+BJ: Joey.
+AK: Joey, Joey, Joey, Joey.
+come here. Stand here where people can see you.
+move around. come.
+I just want to explain, I'm not going to speak too loudly. he may get annoyed.
+Here, Craig is working his head.
+In his hand is a bicycle brake cable leading to a head control.
+Each of them either manipulates their ears individually or their heads up and down.
+However, he can also use his hands to directly control his head.
+Ears are obviously a very important emotional indicator of a horse.
+When they're pointing right behind them, horses can be frightened or angry depending on what's happening in front of them and around them.
+Or, when he's more relaxed, put his head down and listen to either side.
+A horse's hearing is very important.
+It's almost more important than their eyesight.
+Here Tommy has a so-called heart position.
+he trains his legs
+You can see the tendons in the hyena's forelegs automatically pulling up the hoop.
+(Laughter) Horses are really unpredictable.
+(Laughter) The appearance of hooves on a horse immediately feels like compelling horse action.
+The hind legs do the same.
+BJ: And Mikey also has the ability to move his tail from left to right with his fingers and up and down with his other hand.
+Combining these can lead to very complex tail representations.
+AK: Would you like to say something about breathing?
+BJ: I had a big problem with my breathing.
+Adrian thought he would have to split the doll's chest in two and make it breathe like that. Because that's how horses breathe with their chests spread out.
+But we realized that if that happened, we wouldn't be able to see that breathing as a spectator.
+So he made a groove here, and in the groove his chest moved up and down.
+The up and down movement is really anti-natural, but it feels like breathing.
+And it's very, very easy. Because the puppeteer only breathes on his knees.
+AK: Other emotional stuff.
+Touching the skin of the horse here, the heart puppeteer can make the body tremble from the inside and make the skin quiver.
+Of course, you'll notice that this doll is made with cane wire.
+And I want you to believe that it was an aesthetic choice to paint a three-dimensional painting of a horse moving through space.
+But, of course, it was that the cane was light, the cane was flexible, the cane was durable, and the cane was moldable.
+So it was a very practical reason why it was made of sugarcane.
+The skin itself is made from a see-through nylon mesh that can light up the background to make the horse look ghostly if the lighting designer wants the horse to mostly disappear.
+You can see the skeletal structure.
+Alternatively, if you shine light from above, it will harden more firmly.
+Again, this was a practical consideration.
+Those inside the horse must be able to see out.
+They must be able to act alongside their fellow actors in the production.
+And what they are working on is exactly the activity of the moment.
+Three heads make up one character.
+But this time, I want Joey to get a little training.
+and plant.
+(Winnie) Thank you.
+And now there's just -- (Applause) There's Zem Joaquin riding for us all the way from sunny California.
+(Applause) (Applause) (Music) So I want to stress that the horse performances you see are the work of three guys who have studied horse behavior incredibly thoroughly.
+BJ: We can't talk to each other on stage because we have microphones.
+The grunts, hoots, and all other sounds produced by its very large breasts usually begin with one performer, continue with a second, and end with a third.
+AK: Mikey Brett from Leicestershire.
+(Applause) Mikey Brett, Craig, Leo, Them Joaquin, Basil, and myself.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+It was October 13, 2012, a day I will never forget.
+I was on my bike pushing up a road that looked like endless barren hills.
+And it wasn't just any hill, it was a 25-mile climb to the town of Hawi on the Big Island of Hawaii.
+It wasn't just a vehicle. It was at the Ironman World Championships.
+I can still feel my muscles burning.
+I was struggling, tired and dehydrated, feeling the nearly 98 degrees heat emanating from the asphalt.
+I was near the halfway point in the bike division at one of the world's most prestigious and longest running one-day endurance racing events.
+When I was a kid, I used to watch this race every year on my family's living room TV.
+As I sat next to my father on a 1970s-style orange and brown sofa, I was in complete awe of how athletes pushed their limits in this grueling race. I remember
+Don't get me wrong, my family was more than just a spectator.
+They are incredibly athletic, and I was always on the sidelines cheering on my three brothers and handing out water at local races.
+I remember wanting to be able to compete, but I didn't.
+I couldn't play sports, but I decided to be active in the community.
+When I was in high school, I volunteered at a local hospital.
+During college, I interned at the White House, studied abroad in Spain, and backpacked around Europe alone with a leg brace and crutches.
+After graduating, I moved to New York to pursue a career in management consulting, got an MBA, got married, and now have a daughter.
+(Applause.) At 28, I discovered the sport of handcycling and triathlon, and was lucky enough to meet Ironman World Champion Jason Fowler at a camp for athletes with disabilities.
+And like me, he was in a wheelchair.
+And with his encouragement, at 34, I decided to follow Kona.
+Kona (Hawaii Ironman) is the oldest iron-distance race in the sport, and for those unfamiliar, it's like the Super Bowl triathlon.
+And Ironman for a wheelchair athlete like me consists of a 2.4-mile open-water swim in the Pacific Ocean and a 112-mile handcycle ride on a lava field. That sounds exotic, but it's not all that scenic. As it sounds, it's pretty bleak. It concludes with a marathon, or a 46.2-mile run in 90-degree heat using a racing wheelchair.
+That's right, you'll travel a total of 140.6 miles in less than 17 hours using just your arms.
+Due to the seemingly impossible time limit, no female wheelchair athlete has ever completed the race.
+And I was there, betting everything.
+And when I finally reached the top of that 15-mile climb, I was dejected.
+It was impossible to swim within the time limit of ten and a half hours. Because the pace was nearly two hours behind.
+I had to make the difficult decision to quit.
+I removed the timing chip and gave it to the race officials.
+my day is over.
+My best friend Shannon and her husband Sean were waiting at the top of Hawi to drive me into town.
+And on my way back to town, I started crying.
+I failed.
+My dream of finishing the Ironman World Championship was dashed.
+It was embarrassing.
+I felt like I messed up.
+I was worried about what my friends, family, and co-workers would think of me.
+What were you going to put on Facebook?
+(Laughter) How am I going to explain to everyone that things aren't going the way I expected or planned?
+A few weeks later, I was talking to Shannon about Kona's "disaster." And she said to me, “Ladies and gentlemen, big dreams and goals only come true when you are prepared to fail.”
+I knew I had to forget my failures in order to move forward, and it wasn't the first time I faced insurmountable difficulties.
+I was born in Bombay, India, and just before my first birthday contracted polio that left me paralyzed from the waist down.
+My biological mother was unable to care for me and sent me to an orphanage.
+Luckily, I was adopted by an American family and moved to Spokane, Washington shortly after my third birthday.
+Over the next few years, I had a series of surgeries on my hips, legs, and back that allowed me to walk with a leg brace and crutches.
+As a child, I suffered from a disability.
+I felt like it didn't suit me.
+People were always staring at me, embarrassed to wear back braces and leg braces, and always had chicken legs hidden under my pants.
+As a young girl, I thought I couldn't look beautiful or feminine with thick, heavy braces on my legs.
+I am one of the few people of my generation currently living with polio paralysis in the United States.
+Many people who contract polio in developing countries will not have the health care, education, and opportunities that I have in the United States.
+Many people do not live to adulthood.
+Shamefully, if I hadn't been adopted, I certainly wouldn't be in front of you today.
+I may not be alive
+We may all face seemingly insurmountable goals in life.
+I would like to share with you what I have learned from trying again.
+A year after my first try, on a sunny Saturday morning my husband Sean threw me into the water on the Kona Pier and at 7 a.m. cannons blared and we started swimming with 2,500 close friends and competitors. rice field.
+I concentrated on one stroke at a time, staying between my bodies, counting my strokes one, two, three, four, occasionally lifting my head and looking up to keep from going too far off track.
+When I finally reached the shoreline, Sean picked me up and pulled me out of the water.
+I was so surprised and excited when Sean told me that I had achieved a swimming time of 1 hour and 43 minutes.
+to the bike segment.
+It took me 8 hours and 45 minutes to complete the 112-mile bike course.
+To reduce the enormity of the race, I mentally divided the course into 7- to 10-mile segments.
+The first 40 miles went by quickly with a little tailwind.
+By 4:00pm we had reached 94 miles and calculated that we were in serious time jeopardy with 18 miles to go and less than 90 minutes, including some significant hillclimbs. I was.
+I was stressed out and worried that I wouldn't be able to keep that time again.
+At this point I pushed away the voice in my head that said, "It hurts, let's stop."
+And I said to myself, 'Minda, you should concentrate more.
+Focus on what you can control, that's your attitude and effort. "
+I decided I was okay with the discomfort and said to myself, 'try harder, forget the pain, keep the laser focused'.
+For the next 90 minutes, I cranked like my life was at stake.
+And as I rolled into town, I heard a voice over the loudspeaker say, "Minda Dentler is one of the last competitors to qualify on a bike."
+i did it!
+(Applause) Just three minutes.
+(Laughter) At 5:27pm, I had been racing for 10 and a half hours.
+The first 10 miles went by so quickly because I was so excited to finally pass people with three wheels on their feet.
+The sun soon set and at mile 124 of the race I pulled up to the base of the Palani hills and was staring straight into the 800m hill that looked like Everest.
+Friends and family were ready to talk me up the hill at the train station.
+I struggled, tired, and struggled to hold onto the rim to keep from falling backwards.
+When I finally reached the top of that hill, I was completely exhausted and turned left onto the very lonesome 15-mile Queen K highway.
+I pushed one push at a time, concentrating on it.
+By 9:30pm, we made the final right turn onto Ali'i Drive.
+I was overwhelmed with emotion when I heard the roar of the crowd.
+I crossed the finish line.
+(Applause) (End of applause) And the final time was 14:39.
+For the first time in its 35-year history, a female wheelchair athlete has completed the Ironman World Championships.
+(Applause) (End of applause) And it wasn't just any female athlete.
+that's me
+(laughs) A paralyzed orphan from India.
+Despite all the adversity, I achieved my dream. Through this very personal work on myself, I gradually realized that completing Iron Man was more than just conquering Kona.
+It's about overcoming polio and other disabling but preventable diseases, not just for me, but for the millions of children who have been and continue to suffer from vaccine-preventable diseases. It was important to us too.
+Today, everywhere in the world, we are closer than ever to eradicating one of these diseases.
+In the mid-1980s, polio once paralyzed more than 350,000 children a year in more than 125 countries.
+It reached a staggering 40 per hour.
+In contrast, only 12 total cases have been reported in the last endemic countries so far this year.
+Since 1988, more than 2.5 billion children have been vaccinated against polio, and an estimated 16 million children who would otherwise be as paralyzed as I am are walking.
+Despite this astonishing progress, polio remains a very real threat, especially to children in the world's poorest regions, until it is eradicated.
+It can respawn in the most remote and dangerous places, from which it can spread infection.
+This is my new Iron Man. to end polio.
+Watching my daughter Maya, who is two and a half years old, reminds me of that every day.
+She can climb park ladders, push a scooter, and kick a ball across the grass.
+Seeing her doing at her age almost everything reminds me of what I couldn't do at that age.
+And when she was two months old, I took her for her first polio vaccine.
+And when the doctor came into the room to prepare for the shoot, I asked if I could take a picture to document the moment.
+As I left the room, I felt tears welling up in my eyes.
+I cried all the way home.
+I knew in that moment that my daughter's life would be very different from mine.
+A vaccine was available, so I decided to vaccinate her.
+She can do whatever she wants, just like you guys can.
+(Laughter) Now, I would like to leave you with one question. what is your iron man
+thank you.
+(applause)
+In 1996, I was commissioned by the Guggenheim Museum to create a large-scale work called Using Evidence.
+It was a cube—a rather large one, after all.
+There were windows on both sides so that spectators could see inside the structure.
+The exterior of the building was a collage of Africa and Africans portrayed in Western media and literature.
+Looking through the window revealed a sharp contrast. Inside the cubes are displayed quiet, civilized, domestic images of African families, friends, and Nigerian professionals ranging from writers, poets, fashion designers, and more.
+The problem is that both the exterior and interior images are absolutely true.
+But the vast majority of images captured by Western media portray Africans as essentially primitive or barely distinguishable from African animals.
+Unfortunately not much has changed since 1996 when I did this work.
+I started my career as a professional photographer in 1994, but my passion and enthusiasm for photography grew when my parents arranged for a professional photographer to take pictures for me almost every month. back to the period.
+It was also an opportunity for my brothers to dress up in the latest clothes made by tailors.
+Later, when I was in boarding school, my friends and I bought a Polaroid camera and started experimenting with self-portraits, or so-called "proto-selfie auto-portraits."
+(Laughter) "Cover Girl 1994" was my first major work and it was very well received in the US and Europe and quickly became part of my college anthology.
+For the "Cover Girl" series, I wanted to reimagine the magazine cover in a totally unexpected yet very rational image.
+The 'Cover Girl' series offered another way Africans could be represented in a more complex way.
+Like "Cover Girl", the "Sartorial Anarchy" series consists of self-portraits.
+It is an ongoing effort that started in 2010.
+Each image combines costumes from a wide variety of traditions, countries and eras.
+And by blending eras and cultures, equally irreconcilable differences could be brought, so to speak, into harmony.
+These differences became a source of inspired artistic celebration.
+For example, "Sartorial Anarchy #4" combines a boater hat inspired by the traditional Eton-Oxford boat race with a traditional Afghan green coat and an American Boy Scout shirt. This is effective as a culture clash.
+For "Sartorial Anarchy #5," she wore a macaroni wig inspired by 18th-century English macaroni headgear.
+This was combined with an English Norfolk jacket, Nigerian Yoruba trousers, and possibly a South African Zulu fighting stick.
+All coexist harmoniously in one body.
+And with 'Sartorial Anarchy' I started to invest more in the composition of the picture.
+I also began to explore the vast possibilities of color: its emotional value, its psychological impulses, its poetic appeal, and its infinite possibilities beyond the realms of meaning and logic.
+Now enter Nollywood.
+In October 2014, I returned to Lagos, Nigeria for the first time in over 30 years to photograph 64 Nollywood celebrities.
+We captured the cross-section of the industry and the rising stars of the next generation.
+Nollywood is the first to host a school of African filmmakers truly, truly deeply committed to telling African stories.
+From romance movies, horror movies, gangster movies to action movies, you will find Nigerians portrayed with layers of complexity in their various films.
+The archetypes of the Nigerian, or "Naijah" are all there, if you will allow it - ranging from divers, "shakala", coquettes, gangsters, rich men, corrupt politicians, prostitutes, pimps - it's all there Their arrogance.
+And, of course, the underlings and losers are also depicted vividly.
+Nollywood is the mirror of Africa par excellence.
+Normally, I dictate everything in a portrait, from how the subject moves their head, how their neck tilts, their finger expressions, their hand gestures, their gaze, their overall demeanor and facial expressions.
+I will explain some photos.
+Genevieve Nagy.
+She is the reigning queen of Nollywood.
+Here I have quoted from the African culture of the great pharaohs of the Nile Valley civilization. Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, imbuing her with a majestic, ironic, serene grandeur.
+Taiwo Ajay-Resett is the Grand Lady of Nollywood.
+Every aspect of her existence attracts attention.
+So I posed her with her back to the audience.
+Her face stared at us with a terrifying look.
+She doesn't have to ask for our approval.
+She is just that.
+Sadik Dhaba.
+When I met Sadiq Dhaba, he exuded an unspoken authoritarian and imperialist attitude.
+In this portrait, he just sat there with a huge Nigerian caftan showing his status.
+Quite an achievement.
+Belinda Effa.
+Belinda Efa's portraits allowed me to indulge my passion for color. She sat on an upholstered green velvet bench in a form-fitting blue dress that accentuated her curves.
+Colorful carpets and bright colors were playfully incorporated to evoke the splendor of multicolored bunting.
+All designed to harmonize Belinda's figure within the frame.
+Mona Lisa Chinda is the epitome of luxury presence and lifestyle.
+Her photo, or portrait, speaks for itself.
+Alex Ekbo makes a keen study of simplified elegance and majesty, as well as the harmony of blue and white.
+Enyinna Nwigwe is a Nollywood matinee idol.
+He smells of rake, which gives him an alluring edge.
+That's what I felt when I designed and organized the portraits.
+Now Nollywood is a new stage in Africa.
+It's modern, it's postmodern, it's metamodern, it's bold, it's sexy, it's shrewd, and it has an infectious attitude that's worth catching.
+As a finale to the project, I have assembled the stars of Nollywood to create a magnificent group of 64 subjects called The School of Nollywood, inspired by Raphael's School of Athens, painted circa 1509. created a portrait.
+It's in the Vatican.
+This magnificent group portrait is exactly the same size as Raphael's "School of Athens".
+It's about 27 feet wide and 6 and a half feet tall.
+Nollywood also embodies a type of modernity never before seen in Africa.
+please think about it. Not since the Nile Valley civilizations of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia has anything with such iconic optics come from Africa.
+Outside of Nollywood, the image of Africa remains fixed in the old "National Geographic" mode and safari perspective.
+But as Africans step forward and see themselves portrayed by Nollywood in a multitude of fantastical complexities, they will in turn propagate and perpetuate their positive image.
+This is what Hollywood has done and continues to do for the West.
+This may come as a shock, but to represent an African in a modern framework—polished, dry-cleaned, manicured, pedicured, and groomed—is It is almost taboo in the art world.
+(Applause.) Part of my job is to continue to make Africa beautiful, one portrait at a time, for the world to see.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As a boy, I loved cars.
+When I was 18, I lost my best friend in a car accident.
+like this.
+And I decided to dedicate my life to saving a million people every year.
+We haven't had any success yet, so this is just a progress report, but I'd like to say a few words about self-driving cars.
+I first saw this concept at the DARPA Grand Challenge, when the US government awarded the development of a self-driving car that could drive in the desert.
+And even though 100 teams were there, these cars were going nowhere.
+So we decided to develop another self-driving car at Stanford University.
+We built hardware and software.
+We let it learn from us and let it loose in the desert.
+And then the unimaginable happened. It was the first car to return from the DARPA Grand Challenge and won $2 million from Stanford University.
+Still, I hadn't saved a single life.
+Since then, our work has focused on developing self-driving cars that can drive themselves anywhere on any street in California.
+We have driven 140,000 miles.
+Our cars are equipped with sensors that magically allow us to see everything around us and make decisions about all aspects of driving.
+It's the perfect drive.
+We've driven cities like here in San Francisco.
+We drove Highway 1 from San Francisco to Los Angeles.
+We encountered joggers, busy highways, toll booths and this one had no one. The car just drives itself.
+In fact, people didn't notice it while we drove 140,000 miles.
+Mountain roads day and night, and even San Francisco's winding Lombard Street.
+(Laughter) Sometimes our cars get really crazy and even do little stunts.
+(Video) Man: Oh my God.
+what?
+Second man: It works automatically.
+Sebastian Thrun: I can't bring my friend Harold back to life right now, but I can do something for all those who died.
+Did you know that driving accidents are the number one cause of death among young people?
+And did you know that almost all of them are due to human error rather than machine error and can therefore be prevented by machines?
+Did you know that highway capacity can be doubled or tripled without relying on human precision to keep lanes? It improves your body position and allows you to drive cars a little closer together on slightly narrower roads. Will we add more lanes and eliminate all congestion on the highway?
+Did you know that TED users spend an average of 52 minutes a day stuck in traffic and wasting time on their daily commute?
+I may be able to get it back this time.
+Four billion hours are wasted in this country alone.
+And 2.4 billion gallons of gasoline are wasted.
+Now I think there is a vision here, a new technology. I really look forward to the time when generations after us will look back on us and be told how ridiculous it was for humans to drive cars.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I wanted to be a rock star.
+I dreamed it and that's all I dreamed of.
+More precisely, I wanted to be a pop star.
+This was in the late 80's.
+And most of all, I wanted to be the fifth member of either Depeche Mode or Duran Duran.
+they won't accept me
+I couldn't read sheet music, but I played synthesizers and drum machines.
+And I grew up in this small farming town in northern Nevada.
+And I knew it was going to be my life.
+And when I attended the University of Nevada, Las Vegas at the age of 18, I was appalled to find that the Pop Star 101, let alone a degree program for that interest, didn't even exist.
+And the choir conductor there knew what I was singing and invited me to join the choir.
+And I said, "Yes, I would love to. That's great."
+Then I left the room and said, "I can't."
+The people in my high school choir were pretty geeky, so I had no intention of getting involved with them.
+And about a week later a friend came to me and said, 'Look, you have to be in the choir.
+At the end of the semester, I plan to pay all expenses and travel to Mexico.
+And the soprano section is full of sexy girls. "
+So I thought I could do anything for Mexico and girls.
+And it was like I went to my first day with the choir and sat with the bass and looked over my shoulder at what they were doing.
+They opened the score, the conductor gave the downbeat, and burst into Kyrie of Dawn and Mozart's "Requiem."
+All this time I've seen it in black and white, but suddenly everything is in shocking technicolor.
+The most transformative experience I have ever had was that moment when I heard cacophony and harmony, people singing, people uniting, a shared vision.
+And for the first time in my life, I felt that I was part of something bigger than myself.
+And there were many pretty girls in the soprano department.
+A few years later I decided to write a piece for chorus as a gift to the conductor who changed my life.
+By then I was learning to read music, or slowly learning to read music.
+And that work was published, then I wrote another one, and it was published.
+Then I started conducting and eventually got my master's degree from the Juilliard School.
+And now I am in the unlikely position of standing before you as a professional classical composer and conductor.
+A few years ago a friend of mine emailed me a link, a YouTube link, and said, "You must see this."
+And it was this young lady who posted my fan video, singing the soprano line of my song "Sleep."
+(Video) Britlin Losee: Hi Eric Whittaker.
+My name is Britlin Losee. This is the video I want to make for you.
+Here I am singing "Sleep".
+I'm a little nervous, so let me know.
+♫ In noise ♫ ♫ At night ♫ Eric Whittaker: I was struck by lightning.
+Britlin was so innocent, so sweet, and his voice was so pure.
+And I even liked looking behind her. I could see a little teddy bear sitting on the piano in the back of her room.
+A very intimate video.
+And then I came up with this idea. If you can get all 50 people to do this same thing and have them sing their part anywhere in the world - soprano, alto, tenor, bass, etc. - and post the video to YouTube, it will cut it down. I guess. Get everyone together to create a virtual choir.
+So I wrote "OMG OMG" on my blog.
+In fact, I wrote "OMG" hoping that this would be my last public appearance.
+(Laughter) And I sent this call out to the singers.
+And I made available for free download the music of a piece I wrote in 2000 called "Lux Aurumque", which means "light and gold".
+And then people started uploading videos of themselves.
+Well, before that, what I did was post a conductor track that I'm conducting.
+It was in complete silence when I took the picture. Because I was hearing only the music in my head and imagining the choir that would be born someday.
+Then I played a piano track downstairs so the singers could hear something.
+And then the videos started coming in...
+(singing) I'm Cheryl Ann from Singapore.
+(singing) I'm Evangelina Etienne (singing) from Massachusetts.
+(singing) Stephen Hanson, from Sweden.
+(singing) This is Jamal Walker from Dallas, Texas.
+(Singing) The song had a bit of a soprano solo in it, so I auditioned for it.
+And many soprano singers uploaded their parts.
+I later learned that many of the singers involved also recorded and uploaded 50-60 different takes every now and then until they got the right take.
+Here is the winner of the soprano solo.
+I'm Melody Myers from Tennessee.
+[singing] I love that little smile she makes over the notes – like, 'No problem, everything's fine.'
+(Laughter.) And out of the crowd came this young man, Scott Haynes.
+And he said, 'Listen, this is the project I've been looking for all my life.
+I want to be the one who puts this together and edits it. "
+I said, "Thank you, Scott. I'm so glad you found me."
+And Scott put all the videos together.
+he scrubbed the audio.
+He made sure everything was in order.
+And about a year and a half ago I posted this video on YouTube.
+It's "Lux Aurumque" sung by a virtual choir.
+(Singing) Due to time constraints, I will stop here.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+We have others, too. We have others, too.
+Thank you very much.
+And I had the same reaction as you.
+In fact, when I first saw it, I was moved to tears.
+I couldn't believe all the verses. These souls are on their own deserted islands and send each other electronic messages in bottles.
+And the video went viral.
+It got 1 million hits in the first month and got a lot of attention.
+Because of that, many singers started saying "So what is Virtual Choir 2.0?"
+So for Virtual Choir 2.0 I decided to choose the same song that Britlin sang, "Sleep." Here is another piece I wrote in 2000, a poem by my dear friend Charles Anthony Silvestri.
+And I posted a video of the conductor again and started accepting submissions.
+This time, more adult members gathered.
+(Singing) And the younger members too.
+(Video) Soprano: ♫ On the pillow ♫ ♫ You're safe in bed ♫ EW: I'm Georgie from England. she is only 9 years old.
+Isn't it the nicest thing you've ever seen?
+Someone made all eight videos and the bass was singing the soprano part.
+Bo Autin.
+(Video) Beau Autin: ♫ It's safe in bed ♫ EW: And our goal -- it was kind of a voluntary goal -- there was an MTV video where we all sang "Lollipop," and the world Let the people inside sing that little melody.
+900 people were involved in it.
+So I said to the singers, 'That's our goal.
+That's the number we have to reach."
+We just closed the submissions on January 10th, and the final tally was 2,051 videos from 58 countries.
+thank you.
+(Applause) From Malta, Madagascar, Thailand, Vietnam, Jordan, Egypt, Israel, north to Alaska and south to New Zealand.
+We also set up a page on Facebook where singers can upload their stories, what it's like to sing, and their experiences singing.
+We have selected some of them here.
+"My sister and I used to sing in the choir together.
+Today, she is a constantly traveling Air Force aviator.
+It's so great to sing together again! "
+I love the idea of ​​her singing with her sister.
+"Beautiful music aside, it's just great to know that you're part of a global community of people you've never met but are connected with anyway."
+And my personal favorite is, "When I told my husband I was going to be on this, he said I didn't have a voice to replace it."
+Yes, I'm sure many of you have heard of it.
+me too.
+"It hurt a lot and I cried a little bit, but something inside me wanted to do it despite his words.
+I have never been in a choir before so being part of this choir is a dream come true.
+When placing markers on a Google Earth map, I had to choose the closest city, about 400 miles away from where I live.
+Since I am in the Great Alaskan Bush, satellites are my connection to the world. "
+Two things really struck me about this subject.
+The first is that humans go to great lengths to find and connect with each other.
+Technology is irrelevant.
+And two, people seem to experience real connections.
+It wasn't a virtual choir.
+Now there are people who are friends online. they never met.
+But I know I feel a virtual collective spirit for all of them.
+I feel close to this choir, it's like family.
+I would like to end today with a first look at Virtual Choir 2.0's "Sleep".
+It will premiere today.
+The video is not finished yet.
+As you can imagine, syncing 2,000 YouTube videos can result in very long render times.
+But there are the first three minutes.
+And it's a great honor for me to show it here for the first time.
+You are the first to see this.
+This is the virtual choir "Sleep".
+(Video) Virtual Choir: ♫ Dusk is coming ♫ ♫ Under the moon ♫ ♫ Silver threads in the dark dunes ♫ ♫ Close your eyes and rest your head ♫ ♫ I know sleep is coming soon ♫ ♫ On my pillow ♫ ♫ Bed in a safe place ♫ ♫ A thousand pictures fill my head ♫ ♫ I can't sleep ♫ ♫ If there is noise at night ♫ Eric Whittaker: Thank you very much. thank you.
+(Thank you for applause. thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+I am a strong believer in hands-on education.
+But you need the right tools.
+If you're going to teach your daughter about electronics, you're not going to give her a soldering iron.
+And likewise, she finds prototyping boards very frustrating for her tiny hands.
+So my amazing student Sam and I decided to look at the most concrete thing we could think of: Play-Doh.
+So we spent the summer exploring different Play-Doh recipes.
+And these recipes are probably very familiar to anyone who has made homemade play dough, a standard ingredient you probably have in your kitchen.
+We have two favorite recipes. One uses these ingredients and the other uses sugar instead of salt.
+and they are great. You can use these to make wonderful little sculptures.
+But what's really great is when you put them together.
+Can you see the really salty Play-Doh?
+You see, it conducts electricity.
+And this is nothing new.
+Regular store-bought Play-Doh turns out to conduct electricity, and high school physics teachers have used it for years.
+However, our homemade play-doh is actually half as durable as commercial play-doh.
+And what about that sugar dough?
+Well, it is 150 times more resistant to electric current than salt dough.
+So what does that mean?
+I mean, when they come together, suddenly there's a circuit. Circuits are what the most creative, tiny little hands can build themselves.
+(Applause) So I'd like to do a little demo.
+So taking this salt dough again, it's like the play dough you probably made as a kid, and I'll plug it in -- it's a two lead battery pack, a simple battery pack, Radio Shack , and quite a few other places where you can actually light things up.
+But if you've studied electrical engineering, you can also create a short circuit.
+Pressing these together turns off the light.
+Well, you want the current to flow through the play cloth, not through the LED.
+Separate again and you will see the light.
+Now, let's take that sugar dough, and sugar dough doesn't conduct electricity.
+Electricity is like a wall.
+If you put this in between all the fabric touches but when you put that light back in you get the light.
+In fact, you can even add movement to your sculptures.
+If you want the tail to spin, grab the motor, place some play dough on it, and stick it on. Then it will rotate.
+(Applause) Once you understand the basics, you can create slightly more complex circuits.
+We call it the Sushi Circuit. Very popular with children.
+Plug in the power again.
+Now we can start talking about parallel and series circuits.
+You can start connecting lots of lights.
+And then we can start talking about electrical loads and so on.
+What happens if you install a lot of lights and then add a motor?
+It's getting dark.
+You could even add a microprocessor and use this as input to create fluffy sounding music like we did.
+You can use it to make parallel and series circuits for kids.
+So this is all in your kitchen at home.
+We actually tried to turn this place into an electrical engineering lab.
+We have a website and everything is there. These are home recipes.
+I have some videos. You can also make your own.
+And it's been really fun since I put them up to see where these went.
+It has been used by mothers in Utah with their children, scientific researchers in the UK, and curriculum developers in Hawaii.
+So I encourage you to grab your Play-Doh, salt, and sugar and start playing.
+We don't usually think of kitchens as electrical engineering labs or small children as circuit designers, but maybe we should.
+enjoy. thank you.
+(applause)
+Ten years ago Tuesday morning, I parachuted in Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
+It was a routine training jump, like many others I've done since joining the Airborne Forces 27 years ago.
+We went to the airfield early because this is the army and they always go early.
+After regular retraining, go put on your parachute and your buddies will help you out.
+And put on a T-10 parachute.
+Also, be very careful how you attach the straps, especially the leg straps, as they pass between your legs.
+Then put on extra clothes and then carry a heavy rucksack.
+Jump master comes there. He is an experienced NCO in parachute operations.
+He checks you in, grabs your adjustment straps, tightens everything so your chest is crushed, your shoulders are crushed, and of course, he tightens your voice a few octaves up as well.
+Then sit down and wait a minute, because this is the military.
+Then you load the plane, stand up to board, and hobble into the plane in line like this, sitting in the canvas seats on either side of the plane.
+And wait a little longer. This is because the Air Force teaches the Army how to wait.
+Then take off.
+And it still hurts enough -- and I think it's designed that way -- it hurts enough to make you want to jump.
+I didn't really want to jump, but I wanted to.
+So we got in the plane, we were flying, and about 20 minutes into the flight, the jumpmaster started giving instructions.
+The time given is 20 minutes. This is a time warning.
+Sit there, okay.
+You will then be given 10 minutes.
+And of course you are responding to all this.
+It's to boost everyone's confidence and show that you're not scared.
+Then they tell you to "get ready".
+Then they say, "Staff, stand up."
+If you are a space crew, please stand up.
+If you are a staff member on board, please stand up.
+And then connect, connect the fixed line.
+And at that point, you think,
+I'll probably jump off.
+There is no way out of this situation at this time. "
+After going through some additional checks, the door will open.
+This was a Tuesday morning in September. It felt so good outside.
+There is a lot of nice air coming in.
+The Jumpmasters start checking the door.
+And when it's time to leave, the green light comes on and the jumpmaster says 'Go'.
+First person goes and you just get in line and crawl to the door.
+Jumping is a misnomer. you fall
+Fall out the door and get caught in the wake.
+The first thing to do is to firmly fix the body posture. Lower your head to your chest, extend your arms, and pull on your spare parachute.
+You do it because an airborne sergeant taught me to do it 27 years ago.
+I don't know if it makes any difference, but what he said seemed reasonable and I wasn't going to test my hypothesis that he was wrong.
+Then wait for the impact of the parachute opening.
+Without the shock at the start, the parachute cannot even descend. A whole new problem arises.
+But usually they do. Normally open.
+And of course, if the leg straps aren't set correctly, there's another little thrill at that point.
+boom.
+So look around, be under the canopy and say, "This is good."
+Now you prepare for the inevitable.
+you are about to hit the ground
+You can't delay it that much.
+And you can hardly really decide where you hit it. Because they pretend you can steer but you are delivered.
+So I look around, figure out where I'm going to land, and try to be ready.
+Then, as you approach, lower the rucksack under yourself along the descent line to keep it off you when you land and prepare to land with your parachute.
+The Army now teaches you to do five performance points: your toes, calves, thighs, buttocks, and push-up muscles.
+It's this elegant little piece of land winding.
+And it doesn't hurt.
+I've been jumping for over 30 years, but I've never jumped before.
+(Laughter) I always came down from the third floor window like a watermelon.
+(Laughter) And the first thing I did right after punching was to see if anything I needed was broken.
+I shook my head and asked myself the eternal question. "Why didn't you get a job at a bank?"
+(Laughter.) And I looked around and saw another paratrooper, a young man or woman, who were pulling out an M4 carbine and picking up equipment.
+They would do everything we taught them.
+And I realized that if they had to go into battle, they would do what we taught them and follow their leaders.
+And I realized that if they were able to get out of combat, it was because we guided them well.
+And I realized once again the importance of what I did.
+So now I'm jumping Tuesday morning, but it's not a jump. It was September 11th, 2001.
+And when we took off from the airfield, America was at peace.
+Everything had changed when I landed in the drop zone.
+And what we thought was theoretical about the likelihood of these young soldiers going into combat now seemed very real and leadership was important.
+But things have changed. I was a 46 year old Brigadier General.
+I had been successful, but things had changed a lot and I had to make some important changes, which I didn't know that morning.
+I grew up hearing traditional leadership stories, such as Robert E. Lee and John Buford at Gettysburg University.
+And I also grew up seeing a personal example of leadership.
+This was my father in Vietnam.
+And I was raised to believe that soldiers are strong, smart, brave and loyal. They did not lie, cheat, steal or abandon their comrades.
+And I still believe that a true leader is like that.
+However, during the first 25 years of my career, I experienced a lot.
+One of my first battalion commanders, and I served in his battalion for 18 months, the only conversation he had with Lt. It was when he bit my butt for about 40 seconds.
+And I don't know if it was a real exchange.
+But a few years later, when I was a company commander, I went to the National Training Center.
+And so we carried out the operation and my company made a dawn attack. You know, the classic dawn attack of getting ready overnight and moving to the departure line.
+And at that point I had armor.
+We move forward, and we are annihilated - that is, annihilated quickly.
+The enemy did not sweat it.
+And after the battle, they bring this mobile theater and do what they call a "post-action review" to tell you what went wrong.
+Leadership through a kind of humiliation.
+They set up a big screen and explain everything. "And you didn't do this, you didn't do this, etc."
+I left feeling as depressed as a snake's belly in a wagon rut.
+And I met the battalion commander. Because I let him down.
+So when I went to apologize to him, he said, "I thought you did a good job, Stanley."
+And in one word, he lifted me up, put me back on my feet, and taught me that leaders can forgive failures, but not failures.
+When 9/11 happened, the 46-year-old Brigadier General McChrystal saw a whole new world.
+First, it's obvious and you know it all too well. The environment has changed. The speed, the scrutiny, the sensitivity of everything, is so fast that sometimes it evolves faster than people have time to take it seriously.
+But everything we do is done in a different context.
+More importantly, the forces I led were spread across more than 20 countries.
+And instead of being able to gather all the key decision-making leaders in one room and look them in the eye to build confidence and gain their trust, I am now leading a dispersed force. . to use other techniques.
+I have to use a video conference call, I have to use a chat, I have to use an email, I have to use a phone. You should use everything you can, not just for communication. But for leadership.
+A 22-year-old male operating alone thousands of miles from me must communicate to me with confidence.
+I have to trust them and vice versa.
+And I also have to build their faith.
+And it's a new kind of leadership for me.
+I had one operation that needed to be coordinated from multiple places.
+A new opportunity arose, but we didn't have time to gather everyone.
+So we had to combine our intricate intelligence and the ability to act.
+It's a delicate thing, and we had to go up the chain of command and convince them that this was the right thing to do, and do all this electronically.
+I failed.
+The mission didn't work.
+So now what we had to do is rebuild that force's trust and reach out to rebuild their trust - me and them, they and me, and our seniors and us as a unit - the ability to put a hand on the shoulder without all.
+A completely new requirement.
+Also, people have changed.
+You probably think that all the units I lead are steel-eyed Special Forces with big knuckle fists with exotic weapons.
+In fact, many of the units I led looked exactly like you.
+They were men, women, young and old. It wasn't just military personnel. We had participants from a variety of organizations, many of whom just shook hands and gave us their details.
+So instead of giving orders, we are building consensus and building a shared sense of purpose.
+Perhaps the biggest change was the realization that generational differences, ages have changed a lot.
+I descended to accompany a ranger platoon on an operation in Afghanistan, during which a platoon sergeant cut half his arm when a Taliban grenade hit a fire team and threw it back at the enemy. I had lost
+We talked about the surgery, and at the end we did what we always do.
+I asked, "Where were you on 9/11?"
+And one of the young rangers behind him, with disheveled hair and a red face from fighting in the cold winds of Afghanistan, said: "Teacher, I was in the sixth grade."
+And while we are running a force that should have a common purpose and a common mindset, he has a different experience, often a different vocabulary, and a completely different skill set with regards to digital media than I and many others. I remember having other senior leaders.
+Yet we must have that common sense.
+It also created what I call an inversion of expertise. Because there have been so many changes at the lower levels of technology, tactics, etc., that suddenly what we grew up with wasn't what the military was doing.
+So how do leaders maintain their credibility and legitimacy when they're not doing what you're leading?
+And that's a whole new challenge for leadership.
+And it forced me to be more transparent, more willing to listen, and more willing to receive counter-guidance from below.
+Again, not everyone is in one room.
+Then another thing.
+It affects you and your leaders.
+There is an impact, it is cumulative.
+No need to reset or charge the battery every time.
+One night in Iraq, I stood in front of a screen with one of the senior officers watching our army shoot out.
+And I remembered that his son was in our unit.
+So I said, "John, where is your son? How are you?"
+And he said, "Doctor, he's fine. Thank you for your question."
+I said, "Where is he now?"
+And he pointed to the screen and said, "He's in a shootout."
+The thought that you are watching your brother, father, daughter, son, wife shoot in real time does nothing.
+Consider that time will tell.
+And that is the new cumulative pressure on leaders.
+And we must be careful and look after each other.
+Perhaps I learned the most about relationships.
+I learned that they are the tendons that hold the force together.
+I grew up in the Ranger Regiment for most of my career.
+And every morning in the Ranger Regiment, every Ranger, and there are over 2,000 of them, recites the Ranger Creed, which consists of six verses.
+As some of you may know, that passage says, "I will never let my fallen comrades fall into the hands of the enemy."
+And it is not a meaningless mantra, nor a poem.
+It's a promise.
+Every Ranger promises every other Ranger, "Whatever happens, whatever the cost, if you need me, I'll go."
+And every Ranger receives the same promise from every other Ranger.
+please think about it. Very powerful.
+It's probably stronger than a marriage vow.
+And because they have endured it, they are endowed with special powers.
+And the organizational relationships that bind them together are just amazing.
+And I learned that personal relationships matter more than ever.
+In 2007, when we were on a difficult operation in Afghanistan, an old friend with whom I spent many years at various times in my career—the godfather of one of their children—just wrote me a note. sent me The envelope contained Sherman's words to Grant. "I thought that if I was in trouble, you would come if I was still alive."
+And having that kind of relationship turned out to be very important to me at many points in my career.
+And I learned that I have to give it because this environment is tough.
+That was my trip.
+I hope it's not over.
+I have come to believe that leaders are not good because they are right, nor are they good because they are right. It's good because they are willing to learn and trust.
+This is not easy.
+It's not like an electronic ab machine that can get you washboard-like abs in 15 minutes a month.
+(Laughter) And it's not always fair.
+When struck down, it hurts and leaves a scar.
+But if you are a leader, the people you rely on will help you.
+And if you're a leader, the people who rely on you need you to stand firm.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So what does the happiest man in the world look like?
+He certainly doesn't look like me.
+he is like this
+His name is Mathieu Ricard.
+So how can you become the happiest person in the world?
+It turns out there is a way to measure brain happiness.
+And that is done by measuring the relative activation of the left and right prefrontal cortex with fMRI.
+And Mathieu's happiness is off the charts.
+He is the happiest person as measured by science.
+This raises questions such as: What was he thinking while being measured?
+Maybe it's very naughty.
+(Laughter.) Actually, he was meditating on compassion.
+In Matthew's own experience, compassion is the happiest state.
+Reading about Mathieu was one of the pivotal moments of my life.
+My dream is to create the conditions for world peace in my lifetime, and to do so by creating the conditions for peace of mind and compassion on a global scale.
+And learning about Matthew gave me a new perspective on my work.
+Matthew's brain scan shows that compassion is not a hassle.
+Compassion creates happiness.
+Compassion is fun.
+And that amazing insight changes the whole game.
+Because if caring is a chore, no one is going to do it, except perhaps the Dalai Lama or something.
+But if caring is fun, everyone will.
+So all we have to do to create the conditions for global compassion is to reframe compassion as fun.
+But having fun is not enough.
+What if caring was also profitable?
+What if kindness works for business too?
+Then every boss, every manager in the world would want this kind of compassion.
+Then the conditions for world peace will be created.
+So I started looking at what kindness looks like in business.
+Luckily, we didn't have to look too far.
+Because what I was looking for was right in front of me: my company, Google.
+I know there are other caring companies in the world, but Google is a place I've been working for 10 years and know well, so I'll use Google as a case study.
+Google is a company born of idealism.
+We are a growing company with a vision.
+Perhaps because of that, compassion naturally pervades and spreads throughout the company.
+At Google, expressions of corporate compassion almost always follow the same pattern.
+It's kind of an interesting pattern.
+It starts with a small group of Googlers taking the initiative to do something.
+And they usually don't ask for permission. They just go ahead and do it, and then other Googlers join in and it just keeps getting bigger and bigger.
+And sometimes it gets so big that it becomes official.
+So most of the time it starts from the bottom up.
+Here are some examples.
+The first example is the largest annual community event where Googlers around the world donate their workforce to their local communities. The event got too big and was started and hosted by three employees before it became official.
+As another example, 3 out of 3 Googlers (a chef, an engineer, and most interestingly, a massage therapist) learned about a region of India where 200,000 people live without a single medical facility. I called.
+So what do they do?
+They are just willing to start a fundraiser.
+And they raised enough money to build this hospital. It is the first hospital of its kind with a capacity of 200,000 people.
+During the Haiti earthquake, many engineers and product managers volunteered to stay overnight to build a tool for earthquake victims to find their loved ones.
+And you can find expressions of compassion in our international offices.
+For example, in China, a mid-level employee launched China's largest social activity contest, in which more than 1,000 schools in China participated, addressing issues such as education, poverty, medical care, and the environment.
+There is so much organic social activity going on around Google that the company decided to form a social responsibility team just to support these efforts.
+And this idea also came from the grassroots. Two Googlers wrote their own job descriptions and volunteered for the job.
+And I found it interesting that the social responsibility team wasn't formed as part of a grand corporate strategy.
+The two of us said, "Let's do it," and the company said, "Yes."
+In other words, we found Google to be a caring company because Googlers found caring fun.
+But again, having fun is not enough.
+There are also real business benefits.
+So what are they?
+The first benefit of compassion is that it creates highly effective business leaders.
+what do you mean?
+Compassion has three elements.
+It has an emotional component of "I'm thinking of you."
+There is a cognitive component of "I understand you."
+And then there's the "I want to help you" motivating factor.
+So what does this have to do with business leadership?
+According to a very comprehensive study led by Jim Collins and contained in the book Good to Great, it takes a very special kind of leader to lead a company from good to great. Is required.
+And he calls them "Level 5 Leaders".
+In addition to being highly capable, these leaders possess two key qualities: humility and ambition.
+These are leaders with high ambitions for the greater good.
+And because they are ambitious for the greater good, they don't feel the need to exaggerate their egos.
+And, according to research, they make the best business leaders.
+And when we look at these traits in the context of compassion, the cognitive and emotional components of compassion—understanding people and empathizing with them—are related to the excessive self-obsession and self-obsession we have within us. You will find that it subdues and softens what it calls. Thus creating conditions of humility.
+The motivational element of compassion creates ambition for the greater good.
+In other words, developing level 5 leaders requires compassion.
+This is the first compelling business advantage.
+A second compelling benefit of compassion is that it creates an inspiring workforce.
+Employees inspire each other for greater benefits.
+It creates a vibrant and energetic community where people admire and respect each other.
+So you come to work in the morning and you are working with three men who just woke up and decided to build a hospital in India.
+I feel like I can't help but be inspired by these people, my colleagues.
+This mutual inspiration therefore fosters collaboration, initiative and creativity.
+That makes us a very efficient company.
+Now, with that said, what's the secret formula for fostering compassion in a corporate environment?
+In our experience there are three factors.
+The first component is creating a culture of passion for the greater good.
+So always think. How does your company and your work contribute to greater profits?
+Or how can we contribute more to the greater good?
+This awareness of serving the greater good is highly self-enlightening and creates fertile ground for compassion to grow.
+It's one.
+The second factor is autonomy.
+So Google has a lot of autonomy.
+And one of our most popular managers joked, "Google is where inmates run mental hospitals."
+And he considers himself one of the prisoners.
+If you already have a culture of compassion and idealism and let people roam freely, they will do the right thing in the most compassionate way.
+The third element is to focus on inner development and personal growth.
+For example, Google's leadership training focuses on inner qualities such as self-awareness, self-mastery, empathy, and compassion because we believe leadership begins with character.
+We've also created a 7-week curriculum on emotional intelligence that we jokingly call "Looking Inside Yourself."
+It's not as horny as you might think.
+So, while I am an engineer by training, I am also one of the authors and instructors of this course. I think this is kind of funny. Because this company trusts engineers to teach emotional intelligence.
+What a company!
+(Laughter) So 'Search Inside Yourself' – how does that work?
+It works in 3 steps.
+The first step is attention training.
+Attention is the foundation of all advanced cognitive and emotional abilities.
+Therefore, any curriculum for training emotional intelligence should begin with attention training.
+The idea here is to train your attention and at the same time create a quality of calm and clarity.
+And this creates the foundation for emotional intelligence.
+A second step follows the first step.
+The second step is to develop self-knowledge and self-mastery.
+Therefore, we take advantage of the excess attention gained in step 1 to create high-resolution perceptions of cognitive and affective processes.
+what do you mean?
+It means being able to observe our train of thought and emotional processes with high clarity, objectivity, and a third-person perspective.
+And when you can do that, you develop self-awareness that makes self-mastery possible.
+The third step after the second step is to create new mental habits.
+what do you mean? Imagine this.
+Please try to imagine. Every time you meet another person, every time you meet a person, your habitual, instinctive first thought is, "I want you to be happy.
+I want you to be happy "
+Imagine being able to do that.
+Having this habit, this mental habit, changes everything in your work.
+Because this goodwill is unconsciously passed on to others, which creates trust, and that trust creates many good working relationships.
+And this also creates the conditions for compassion to emerge in the workplace.
+We hope to one day open source "Search Inside Yourself" so that everyone in the corporate community can at least use it as a reference.
+And finally, I want to finish happily the same place I started.
+I would like to quote the words of the Dalai Lama. "If you want to make others happy, practice compassion.
+If you want to be happy, practice compassion. "
+I have found this to be true on both an individual and corporate level.
+And I hope that caring can be fun and beneficial for you too.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I have been exposing myself to situations that are usually very difficult and at the same time somewhat dangerous over the last few years.
+I went to jail - it was hard.
+I worked in a coal mine and it was dangerous.
+I shot in combat areas, and it was difficult and dangerous.
+And I spent 30 days eating only this. It's fun at the beginning, a little difficult in the middle, and very dangerous at the end.
+In fact, I've spent most of my career so far throwing myself into seemingly terrifying situations for the goal of analyzing social issues in an engaging, interesting, and preferably deconstructed way. Make it interesting and accessible for your audience.
+So when I found out I was here to give a TED talk looking at the world of branding and sponsorships, I wanted to do something a little different.
+You may or may not have heard of it, but a few weeks ago I put up an ad on eBay.
+I sent out a few Facebook and Twitter messages to give people the chance to purchase the naming rights to the 2011 TED Talk.
+(Laughter) Yes, any lucky individual, corporation, for-profit or non-profit, will have the opportunity of a lifetime – because Chris Anderson will never allow that to happen again. Because I'm sure -- (laughter) to buy the naming rights to the talk you're watching. At the time, it didn't have a title, didn't have much content, and didn't give much hints about the content. The subject will actually be.
+So what you were getting was: Your name will appear here: My TED Talk, you have no idea what the subject is and some content ends up can be blown in the face of, especially if I make you or your company look stupid for doing that.
+But having said that, this is a very good opportunity for the media.
+(Laughter) Do you know how many people are watching this TED talk?
+It's a lot.
+By the way, this is a tentative title.
+(Laughs) So even with that caveat, I knew someone was going to buy the naming rights.
+If you had asked me that a year ago, I wouldn't have been able to answer it with certainty.
+But with the new project I'm working on, the new film, I'm looking into the world of marketing, advertising.
+Like I said, I've put myself in some pretty awful situations over the years, but what prepares me for something as difficult and dangerous as going into a room with them? was nothing.
+(Laughter.) See, I had an idea for a movie.
+(Video) Morgan Spurlock: What I want to do is make films about product placement, marketing and advertising. The entire film is funded through product placement, marketing and advertising.
+Therefore, this movie would be called "the best movie of all time".
+So what's going on in the "best-selling movie of all time" is that it's branded from top to bottom, from beginning to end, from beginning to end. From the sponsor on the title seen in the movie, it's Brand X.
+Well, this brand, Qualcomm Stadium, Staples Center...
+These people are forever and forever going to be married to this movie.
+And the movie explores this whole idea -- (Michael Kassan: Redundant.) What is it? (MK: Redundant.) Forever, forever?
+I'm superfluous. (MK: I'm just saying.) It was more of an emphasis.
+It was "forever, forever."
+But beyond just giving Brand X a title sponsor, we're going to make sure we sell out every category that the film will feature in.
+So when we sell shoes, they may be the best shoes you've ever worn...
+The best car I've ever driven is from "Best Movie Ever" and the best drink I've ever had is from "Best Movie Ever".
+Xavier Cochard: So the idea is to not only show that the brand is part of your life, but actually have the brand fund the film? (MS: Let the film be funded .) MS: And actually show the whole process how it works.
+The goal of this whole movie is transparency.
+In this movie, we get to see all of that happening.
+That's the whole concept, the whole movie from start to finish.
+And I want to help CEG make it happen.
+Robert Friedman: You know it's funny because the first time you hear it, it's the ultimate respect for the audience.
+Guy: But I don't know how much people will accept it.
+XK: Any perspective -- I don't want to use "angle" because it has a negative connotation -- but do you know how this plays out? (MS: I don't know.) David Cohn: How much money would it cost to do this?
+MS: 1.5 million. (DC: Okay.) John Kamen: I think it's tough to meet them, but I think it's definitely worth pursuing some big, really recognizable brands.
+XK: Maybe by the time your movie comes out we'll look like a bunch of hilarious idiots.
+MS: What do you think the reaction will be?
+Stuart Ruderfer: The answer will most likely be "no."
+MS: But is it because of the film that it doesn't sell well, or is it because of me?
+JK: Both.
+MS: ...I mean not so optimistic.
+So, sir, can you help me? i need help.
+MK: We can help.
+MS: Okay. (MK: Good.) Great.
+MK: You have to know what brand it is.
+MS: Yes. (MK: That's the challenge.) When I look at the people I'm involved with...
+MK: There are several places you can go. (MS: Okay.) Turn off the camera.
+MS: I thought 'turn off the cameras' meant 'let's talk off the record'.
+It turns out that this actually meant, "I don't want anything to do with your movie."
+MS: Just like that, all of a sudden one after another these companies disappeared.
+None of them wanted anything to do with this movie.
+be moved.
+They don't want anything to do with this project.
+And I was shocked. Because I thought the whole concept of advertising was about putting your product in front of as many people as possible and getting it seen by as many people as possible.
+Especially in today's world, where new and old media intersect and the media landscape is fragmented, the idea is to have a new, topic-worthy delivery vehicle to get that message to the masses.
+No, I thought so.
+But the problem is, you know, my idea had one fatal flaw, and that flaw was this.
+Actually, it wasn't a flaw at all.
+It would have been perfectly fine.
+This would have been fine.
+But what this image represented was a problem.
+If you do a Google image search for transparency, this is --- (laughter) (applause) This is one of the first images that come up.
+So I like the way you roll, Sergey Brin. no.
+(Laughter) That was the problem. Transparency -- no pretense or deception. Easily detected or debunked. Easy to understand. In particular, it features visibility and accessibility of information about business practices, but the last line is probably the biggest problem.
+We hear a lot about transparency these days.
+Our politicians say it, our president says it, and even our CEO says it.
+But when it becomes a reality, suddenly something changes.
+but why? Well, transparency is scary -- (roars) Like that weird, still-screaming bear.
+(Laughter) Unpredictable -- (music) (Laughter) Like this weird country road.
+And it's also very dangerous.
+(laughter) What else is dangerous?
+Eat a bowl of cool whip.
+(Laughter) It's very dangerous.
+Now, when I started talking to companies and told them I wanted to tell this story, they said, 'No, we want you to tell the story.
+We want you to tell stories, but we just want to tell our stories. "
+You see, when I was a kid, my dad would catch me telling some kind of lie and give me the kind of look he used to give me. "Son, there are three sides to every story.
+There's your story, there's my story, and there's the real story. "
+You see, in this movie we wanted to tell a true story.
+But there was only one company, one agency, that helped me. It's all because I've known John Bond and Richard Kirshenbaum for many years, but I realized I had to be on my own and cut out middlemen. And I myself go to the company with the whole team.
+So what you suddenly started to realize, or I started to realize, is that when you start talking to these companies, the idea of ​​understanding their brand is a universal problem.
+(Video) MS: I have friends who make great blockbuster Hollywood movies, and I have friends who make small independent movies like I do.
+And my friends who make Hollywood blockbusters say their films are so successful because of their brand partners.
+Then my friends who make small independent films say: "So how do we compete with such a huge Hollywood movie?"
+And this movie is called "the best movie of all time."
+So how exactly is Ban seen in the film?
+Whenever you're ready to go, every time you open your medicine cabinet, you'll see Ban deodorant.
+Whenever you interview someone, you can say, "Are you fresh enough for this interview?"
+are you ready? You seem a little nervous.
+I would like to help you calm down.
+So maybe we should talk about something before the interview. "
+So this time I will introduce you to such a wonderful scent.
+Whether it's 'Floral Fusion' or 'Paradise Winds', they have a chance.
+We have products for men and women, such as solids, roll-ons, and sticks.
+That's the 2 cent tour.
+Now I can answer any question and give you a tour for 5 cents.
+Karen Frank: We are a small brand.
+We're just a challenging brand, like you said about being a small film.
+So we don't have a budget like other brands.
+So by doing things like this, you can remind people of Ban.
+MS: What is the word for bang?
+Ban is blank.
+KF: That's a great question.
+(laughs) Woman: That's excellent technology.
+MS: Technology is not about describing what someone has in their armpit.
+Men: We talk about boldness, freshness.
+I think the word "Fresh" is a great word for "fighting odors and dampness" to change this category into something positive.
+It keeps you fresh.
+How can I keep it fresh longer? Better freshness, fresher, three times fresher.
+Those things are more of a plus.
+MS: It's a multi-million dollar company.
+what about me? What about normal men?
+I have to talk to passers-by, people like me, regular Joes.
+They need to tell me about my brand.
+(Video) MS: How would you describe your brand?
+M: Well, my brand?
+don't know.
+I really like nice clothes.
+Women: A mix of 80s revival and skater punk, unless it's laundry day.
+MS: Okay, what is the brand Gerry?
+Jerry: It's unique. (MS: It's unique.) Man: If I were to ask what kind of genre or style I am, it would be something like dark glamor.
+I love black, gray, etc.
+But I usually like sunglasses and crystals, so I have accessories.
+Woman: If Dan were a brand, he might be a classic convertible Mercedes-Benz.
+Man 2: My brand is called Casual Fly.
+Woman 2: Hippie, yogi, Brooklyn girl -- I don't know.
+Man 3: I'm a pet bastard.
+We sell pet toys all over the world.
+So I guess that's my brand.
+In my twisted little industry, that's my brand.
+Man 4: My brand is FedEx because I deliver goods.
+Man 5: Failed author and alcohol brand.
+What is it?
+Lawyer: I am Lawyer Brand.
+Tom: I'm Tom.
+MS: Well, we can't all be Toms of the brand, but we're often at the intersection of dark glamour and casual vibes.
+(Laughter) And what I realized is that you need an expert.
+I needed someone who could get inside my head, someone who could really help me understand the so-called "brand personality."
+So I found a company in Pittsburgh called Olson Zaltmann.
+They have helped companies like Nestlé, Febreze and Hallmark discover their brand personality.
+If they do it for them, I'm sure they will do it for me too.
+(Video) Abigail: You brought the picture, right?
+MS: Yes. The very first photo is a photo of my family.
+A: So tell me a little bit about how it relates to your thoughts and feelings about yourself.
+MS: They shape my view of the world.
+A: Tell me about this world.
+MS: What about this world? I think your world is the world you live in, the people around you, your friends, your family, the way you live, the way you work.
+They all started and started in one place. For me, they started with a family in West Virginia.
+A: What do you want to talk about next?
+MS: The next day: Today was the best day ever.
+A: How does this relate to your thoughts and feelings about who you are?
+MS: Who do I want to be?
+I like different things
+i like weird things i like weird things
+A: Tell us about the "why" phase. What does this bring us?
+What is a machete? What stage of the pupa are you in now?
+Why is a reboot important? What does red represent?
+Tell us a little bit about that part.
+... a little more about who you aren't.
+What other transformations have you had?
+...fear not. What kind of roller coaster are you riding?
+Miz: Yeah yeah! (A: Thank you.) No, thank you.
+A: Thank you for your patience. (MS: Great job.) A: Right. (MS: Thank you.) Okay.
+MS: Yeah, I don't know what will happen with this.
+So many crazy things were going on there.
+Lindsay Zaltmann: The first thing we saw was the idea that your brand personality has two different but complementary sides. The Morgan Spurlock brand is a mindful/play brand.
+They are arranged very well.
+And I think they are mostly contradictory.
+And I think some companies just focus on one or the other rather than focusing on the strengths of both.
+Most companies tend to avoid the unknowns and fears and those elements, it's human nature, but you really embrace them and actually turn them into something positive for you. This is great. look.
+Are there other brands like that?
+The first here is classic Apple.
+Again, we see Target, Wii, Mini Coopers Mini, and JetBlue.
+There are now playful brands and mindful brands that have come and gone, but the playful and mindful brands are very powerful.
+MS: A playful and mindful brand. what is your brand?
+What would you be if someone asked you to describe your brand identity, your brand personality?
+Are you an up attribute? Are you the one that gets the blood flowing?
+Or is it a down attribute?
+Are you a little more calm, reserved, conservative type?
+Up attributes are playful, fresh as the Fresh Prince, contemporary as Errol Flynn, adventurous, edgy or bold, nimble or nimble, profane, domineering, magical or mysterious like Gandalf. target, etc.
+Or is it a down attribute?
+Are you mindful and sophisticated like 007?
+Are you as established, traditional, nurturing, protective, and empathetic as Oprah?
+Are you trustworthy, stable, friendly, safe, secure, holy, contemplative or wise, like the Dalai Lama or Yoda?
+Over the course of the film's production, more than 500 companies, both strong and underperforming, said, "No," they didn't want to participate in the project at all.
+They didn't want anything to do with this movie. The main reason is that we lose control and we lose control of the final product.
+But he was willing to let go of that control, wanted to do business with someone as caring and playful as I was, and ultimately gave us the power to tell stories we wouldn't normally tell. has become a brand partner of the company. Stories that advertisers would normally never accept.
+Thanks to them, we were able to tell stories about neuromarketing. The film got them to tell the story of how they are using MRIs to target the desire centers of the brain, both in their commercials and film marketing.
+We went to São Paulo, where outdoor advertising was banned.
+For the past five years, the entire city has been devoid of billboards, posters, flyers, nothing.
+(Applause.) And we went to school districts where companies are now entering cash-strapped schools across America.
+What's amazing to me is that the projects I've gotten the most feedback on, or the most successful ones, have been the ones I've interacted with things directly.
+And that's what these brands have done.
+They cut out middlemen, cut out agencies, and said, "Maybe these agencies think the least of me.
+We will communicate directly with the artist.
+I will work with him to create something different, something that catches your eye, something that challenges the way we see the world. "
+How was it for them? Did you succeed?
+Well, the movie premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, so let's see.
+According to Burrells, the film premiered in January, and since then it has received 900 million, but not all, media impressions.
+This corresponds to a period of literally two and a half weeks.
+It's online only, no print or TV.
+This movie has not been released yet.
+Not even online. Not even streaming.
+It has not yet been deployed to other foreign countries.
+So the movie is already starting to have a lot of momentum.
+Not bad for a project that nearly every ad agency we spoke to advised their clients not to take part in.
+I have always believed that if you take an opportunity and take a risk, you will find an opportunity within that risk.
+Keeping people out of it, I believe, drives them further into failure.
+By training employees to avoid risk, I believe the entire company is preparing to challenge rewards.
+What we need going forward, I feel, is the need to encourage people to take risks.
+We need to encourage people not to fear opportunities that can instill fear.
+Ultimately, I think you have to embrace fear in order to move forward.
+I have to put that bear in a cage.
+(Laughter) Be terrified. Accept the risks.
+We have to take risks, one big spoon at a time.
+And ultimately, we need to respect transparency.
+Today, more than ever, a little honesty can go a long way.
+That said, through honesty and transparency, my talk Embracing Transparency was brought to you by some good friends of mine at EMC who bought the naming rights for $7,100 on eBay.
+(Applause.) EMC: We're turning big data into a huge opportunity for organizations around the world.
+EMC proposes “Embrace Transparency”.
+Thank you very much to all of you.
+(Applause.) June Cohen: So, Morgan, what happened to that $7,100 in the name of transparency?
+MS: Great question.
+In my pocket is a check for the Naegi Foundation, the parent organization of the TED organization. This is a check for $7,100 towards your attendance at TED next year.
+(laughter) (applause)
+I've been very lucky to have worked on so many amazing projects in my life.
+But the coolest thing I ever worked on was around this guy.
+This guy's name is TEMPT.
+TEMPT is one of the leading graffiti artists of the 80's.
+And then one day he came home from running and said, "Dad, my legs are aching."
+And that was the onset of ALS.
+In other words, TEMPT was completely paralyzed.
+he can only use his eyes.
+I was exposed to him.
+I run a design and animation company, so it's clear that graffiti is a complex part of what is admired and respected in the art world.
+So we decided to sponsor Tony, TEMPT, and his cause.
+So I went to see his brother and his father and said, 'I'll give you this money.
+what are you going to do with it? "
+And his brother said, "I just want to talk to Tony again.
+I just want to be able to communicate with him and he wants to be able to communicate with me too. "
+And I said, 'Wait a minute, I've seen Dr. Stephen Hawking, and not everyone with paralysis has the ability to communicate through these devices. mosquito?"
+And he said, 'No, you really can't do that unless you're in the upper class and you have really great insurance.
+These devices are not accessible to people. "
+And I said, "So how do you actually communicate?"
+Have you ever seen the movie "Diving Bell and Butterfly"?
+That's how they communicate, so let's run our fingers through it.
+I said, "That's outdated. How could that be?"
+So I showed up wanting to write a check, but instead wrote a check that I had no idea how to cash.
+I promised his brother and father on the spot - I said, 'Okay, here's the deal: Tony's going to talk, we're going to get him the machine, and we're going to I'm going to understand' how he does his art again.
+Because it's a farce that someone who still has all of that in him can't tell it. "
+So I spoke at a conference a few months later.
+I met people at GRL, the Graffiti Research Lab. They have technology that can project light onto any surface and draw on it with a laser pointer. This just records the negative space.
+So they go around doing art installations like this.
+Everything there has a life cycle, they said.
+First it started with the genitals, then the swearing, then the Bush slander, and people actually ended up in art.
+But their presentations always had a lifecycle.
+So I went home and had dinner with my wife and I told her about this and we were like, 'Well, wait a minute. If you know it exists, why not?" If TEMPT finds a way to control the laser, can he run the graph again? That would be great. "
+So the journey began.
+And about two years later, about a year later, after a lot of organizing and a lot of moving, we've accomplished a few things.
+First, we broke through the insurance company's door and got a machine that can actually communicate with TEMPT: Dr. Stephen Hawking's machine.
+(Applause.) It was great.
+And he's seriously one of the funniest. I call him Yoda. Because when you talk to that guy and you get an email from him, you think, 'I'm not worth it, this guy is so great.'
+Another thing we did was bring seven programmers to our house from all over the world, literally from every corner of the world.
+My wife, kids and I moved into the back garage, but hackers, programmers, conspiracy theorists and anarchists took over our house.
+Many of our friends thought we were absolutely stupid to do that and that we would come back and all the pictures on the wall would be removed and grafted onto the wall.
+But over the course of two weeks, we created a program and went to the boardwalks of Venice, with children and dogs, and created this.
+It's called EyeWriter and it will display the description.
+These are cheap sunglasses I bought on the Venice Beach boardwalk, copper wire, Home Depot and Radio Shack.
+We took a PS3 camera, hacked it open, and attached it to an LED light. And now we have a free device. Build it yourself, publish the code for free, download the software for free.
+And now we have created a device with absolutely no limits.
+No insurance company can say no.
+No hospital can say "no".
+People with paralysis can now actually draw and communicate using only their eyes.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+Thank you very much to all of you. That was amazing.
+So at the end of the two weeks we were back in the TEMPT room.
+I love this picture because this is someone else's room and that is his room.
+This kind of hustle and bustle continues for the big announcement.
+And after over a year of planning, two weeks of programming, a carb fest, and an all-night session, Tony is painting again for the first time in seven years.
+this is a great photo. Because this is his life support and he's looking into his life support.
+We kicked his bed so he could see out.
+And we set up a projector on the parking lot wall outside his hospital.
+And he painted for the first time in front of his family and friends. I can only imagine what it must have been like in the parking lot.
+Funny enough, we had to break into the parking lot as well, which made us feel like we were legit throughout the Graff scene as well.
+(Laughter) So at the end of this he sent us an email, and the email said, "This was the first time I drew something in seven years.
+I felt like I was trapped in the water until someone reached out and lifted my head so I could breathe. "
+Isn't that amazing?
+(Applause.) That's kind of our roar.
+That's what keeps us moving forward and developing.
+And we have a long way to go to achieve this.
+It's a great device, but on par with Etch A Sketch.
+And a person with such artistic potential deserves so much more.
+So we are in the process of finding ways to make it better, faster and more powerful.
+Since then we have expressed all kinds of gratitude.
+We have won many awards.
+Remember, it's free. None of us are making money off of this.
+It's all out of our own pockets.
+So the award was like, 'Oh, this is great.
+Armstrong mentioned us on Twitter, and then in December Time magazine named us one of the top 50 inventions of 2010. This was really great.
+(Applause.) The best thing about this, and this is what completes the whole cycle, is that in April of this year, at the Geffen MOCA in downtown Los Angeles, there was an exhibition called "Art of the Street." A meeting is to be held. "
+And "Art of the Streets" will feature most of the villains of the street art scene, including Banksy, Shepard Fairey and KAWS.
+TEMPT will also be on the show, which is pretty cool.
+(Applause) Basically that's what I mean. If you find it impossible, make it possible.
+Everything in this room, this stage, this computer, this microphone, the EyeWriter, etc., was not possible at one point.
+Everyone in this room, make it possible.
+I'm not a programmer, I've never worked with eyeball technology, but I've just been involved with great people to help me see something and make something happen.
+This is the question I want you to ask yourself every day when you have an idea of ​​what you need to do. If not now, when? And if not me, who?
+Thank you guys
+(applause)
+Anyone remember what they wanted to be when they were 17?
+Do you know what I wanted to be?
+I wanted to be a biker chick.
+(laughs) I wanted to race cars, I wanted to be a cowgirl, I wanted to be Mowgli from The Jungle Book.
+Because they were all about being free, having the wind in your hair, just being free.
+And on my 17th birthday, my parents, who knew I loved speed, gave me one driving lesson on my 17th birthday.
+Not that I could afford to drive, but to give me the dream of driving.
+And on my 17th birthday, I accompanied my blind sister, as I always do, with the utter innocence I've always wanted to see her see an eye doctor.
+Because older sisters should always support their younger sisters.
+And my sister wanted to be a pilot. God help her
+So I was taking eye tests just for fun.
+And on my 17th birthday, after a fake eye exam, the eye doctor just realized it was my birthday.
+And he said, "So what are you going to do to celebrate?"
+And I took that driving lesson and said, "I'm going to learn how to drive."
+Then came the silence—one of those awful silences when you know something isn't right.
+And he turned to my mother and said, "Have you not told her yet?"
+On my 17th birthday, in Janis Ian's best words, I knew the 17-year-old truth.
+I am legally blind from birth.
+So how the hell didn't I know that when I was 17?
+If anyone says country music isn't powerful, let me just say this. I got there thanks to my dad's passion for Johnny Cash and "A Boy Named Sue."
+I am the eldest of three siblings. I was born in 1971.
+And soon after I was born, my parents found out I had a disease called ocular albinism.
+What the heck does that mean to you?
+So let me tell you the great part about all this.
+I can't see this clock and I don't know the timing, so oh god! (Laughs) Maybe I should buy some more time.
+But more importantly, let me tell you, I'm going to get really close here. Don't panic, Pat.
+oi.
+can you see this hand?
+The world of Vaseline is spreading beyond this hand.
+Every man in this room, including you and Steve, is George Clooney.
+(Laughter.) And any woman, you are so beautiful.
+And when you want to look beautiful, stand three feet away from the mirror. Then you won't have to squint to see the wrinkles on your face that you've been doing all this time in low light.
+What's really strange is that when I was three and a half years old, right before I went to school, my parents made a strange, unusual, and incredibly brave decision.
+There are no special needs schools.
+No label.
+there is no limit.
+my abilities and my potential.
+And they decided that I could see.
+So, like Johnny Cash's Sue, like a boy named after a girl, I grow up and when they stop protecting me, or just take it all away Learn from experience how to be tough and how to survive.
+But more importantly, they gave me the power to fully believe I could do it.
+So when I heard that eye doctor tell me all about it and give a big, fat “no,” everyone imagined I was devastated.
+Don't get me wrong, the first time I heard it - aside from thinking he was crazy - it gave me a heart-thumping shock, I just said, "Huh?"
+However, he soon recovered. It was like that.
+The first thing I remembered was my mother crying next to me.
+And swear to God, I walked out of his office, "I'll drive. I'll drive."
+you are angry I will drive I know I can drive "
+And with the same determined determination that my father has instilled in me since I was a little boy, he taught me how to sail. I knew where I was going, I could never see the shore, and I could never sail. I could see the sails, but I could not see my destination.
+But he told me to believe and feel the wind in my face.
+And the wind in my face made him angry and believed I would drive.
+And for the next 11 years, I vowed that no one would notice that I was invisible. Because I didn't want to fail and I didn't want to be weak.
+And I believed I could do it.
+So I ran through a life that only Casey could do.
+And I was an archaeologist, and I broke things.
+Then I ran a restaurant, but then I failed.
+And I became a masseuse. And I became a landscaper.
+And then I went to business school.
+And as you know, disabled people are highly educated.
+Then I joined the company and got a job in global consulting at Accenture.
+And they didn't know either.
+And it's amazing how far beliefs can take you.
+In 1999, after two and a half years on the job, something happened.
+Admirably, my eyes were determined enough.
+And temporarily, quite unexpectedly, they decreased.
+And I'm in one of the most competitive environments in the world. You have to work hard, play hard and be the best there.
+And after two years, I was really almost blind.
+Then, in 1999, I said a word in front of my HR manager that I never thought I would say.
+I was 28 years old.
+I was building a persona around what I could and could not do.
+And I just said "sorry".
+I am blind and need help. "
+Asking for help can be incredibly difficult.
+And you all know what it is. You don't have to be an obstacle to know that.
+We all know how difficult it is to admit weakness or failure.
+And that's scary, right?
+But all that belief has driven me for a long time.
+And it's kind of difficult to operate in the sighted world when you're blind. It's really hard.
+Let me tell you, the airport is a disaster.
+Oh, for the love of God
+So do you have a designer?
+OK, designers, I can't see it, but please raise your hand.
+I always go to the men's restroom.
+And there is nothing wrong with my sense of smell.
+But let me tell you, the little sign for men's or women's restrooms is determined by triangles.
+Have you ever tried to see if there is petroleum jelly in front of you?
+It's such a small thing, right?
+And do you know how exhausting it is to try to be perfect when you're not, or to be someone who isn't?
+So after admitting to HR that I was blind, they sent me to an ophthalmologist.
+And I had no idea that this man would change my life.
+But I was so lost before I got to him.
+I had no idea who I was anymore.
+And the eye doctor didn't bother to examine my eyes.
+No, it was therapy.
+And he asked me some questions, many of which were "why?"
+Why do you fight so desperately to stop being yourself?
+So, Caroline, do you like your job? "
+You go to a global consulting firm and they put a chip in your head and say, "I love Accenture. I love Accenture. I love my job. I love Accenture."
+I love Accenture. I love Accenture. i love my job I love Accenture." (Laughter) Quitting is a mistake.
+And he said, "Do you love me?"
+I couldn't even speak because I was choking.
+So did I, how should I tell him?
+And he said to me, "What did you want to be when you were little?"
+Listen, I didn't mean to say to him, "I wanted to race cars and motorcycles."
+Mostly not suitable at this time.
+He thought I was mad enough anyway.
+And when I was leaving his office, he called me back and said,
+I think it's time to stop fighting and do something different. "
+And the door closed.
+And that silence just outside the doctor's office that many of us know.
+And my chest hurt.
+And I had no idea where I was going. I had no idea.
+But I knew the match was over.
+Then I went home and my chest hurt so much that I thought, 'Let's go running.
+It's actually not a very smart move.
+And I went out for a run that I know well.
+I know this run very well.
+I have it running flawlessly all the time.
+I count stairs, streetlights, and anything else that blind people tend to encounter frequently.
+And there was a stone that I always missed.
+And I never fell for it.
+So I cried and slammed rocks.
+In mid-March 2000, I broke down on this rock. Typical Irish Wednesday weather. Gray, runny nose, tears everywhere, and ridiculous self-pity.
+And I was devastated, hurt and angry.
+And I didn't know what to do.
+And I sat there for quite some time thinking, "How am I going to get off this rock and get home?"
+'Cause who am I gonna be
+what will i be "
+And I remembered my father and thought, 'Oh, I'm not Sue anymore.
+And I kept thinking over and over in my mind what had happened. Where did I go wrong? Why didn't you understand?
+And you know, the peculiar thing about this problem is that I simply didn't have an answer.
+I had lost my faith.
+See where my beliefs have led me.
+And now I have lost it. And now I'm really blind.
+I crumpled up.
+Then I remembered what the eye doctor asked me. "What do you want to be? What do you want to be?"
+What did you want to be when you were little? Do you love what you do?
+Please do something different. what do you want to be
+Please do something different. what do you want to be "
+And really slowly, slowly, slowly it happened.
+And it happened like this.
+And the moment it came, it exploded in my head and hit me in my heart - something different.
+"So what about Mowgli from The Jungle Book?
+There are no more differences. "
+And in that moment, that moment, that moment, that moment that hit me, I swear to God, it was like a Uhu! You know, there's something to believe in.
+And no one can say no to me.
+Yes, it's safe to say I can't be an archaeologist.
+But you can't say, "No, I can't be a Moogle."
+No one has done it before, so I'll try it.
+And it doesn't matter if I'm a boy or a girl, I'm just going to scoot.
+So I got off the rock and, oh my God, I ran home.
+I sprinted home and never fell or crashed.
+And I ran up the stairs and there was one of my favorite books, Travels on My Elephant by Mark Shand -- I don't know if anyone knows.
+And I picked up the book, sat on the couch and said, 'I know what I'm doing.
+I know how to be a moogle
+I'm going to ride across India on the back of an elephant.
+I'm going to be a mahout. "
+And I had no idea how to become a mahout.
+From global management consultant to mahout.
+I didn't know how. I didn't know how to hire an elephant and get an elephant.
+I didn't speak Hindi. I had never been to India. I had no clue.
+But I knew it would.
+Because when you make a decision in the right place at the right time, God, the universe will make it happen for you.
+Nine months later, from that day on Snot Rock, I had the only blind date of my life with a seven-and-a-half-foot elephant called Kanchi.
+And together we traveled a thousand kilometers across India.
+(Applause.) Most powerful of all, it's not that we haven't been able to achieve it. Oh my God, it was.
+But you know, I believed wrong.
+Because I didn't believe me, really me, every part of me, every part of all of us.
+Do you know how much we all pretend to be someone we are not?
+And when you truly believe in yourself and everything about yourself, amazing things happen.
+And as you know, that trip, that thousand-kilometer trip, raised enough money for 6,000 cataract eye surgeries.
+Thanks to that, 6,000 people were able to see it.
+You know what was the most amazing thing when I got off the elephant and went home?
+I quit my job at Accenture.
+I retired, became a social entrepreneur, and founded an organization called Elephant Family, working with Mark Shand to save Asian elephants.
+And I founded Kanchi. Because my organization was always going to be named after my elephant. Because disabled people are like elephants in the room.
+And I wanted you to see it in a positive way, not charity or sympathy.
+But I wanted to truly work only with business and media leaders to fully rebuild disability in an exciting and possible way.
+It was an anomaly.
+That's what I wanted to do.
+And I no longer think about no, or invisible, or anything like that.
+It seemed possible.
+And you know, the weirdest thing is, I was on my way here to TED, and to be honest, I was appalled.
+And I speak, this is a great audience, and what am I doing here?
+However, as I was traveling here, it would be nice to know, I was using the iconic white cane. Because it's really nice not to have to wait in line at the airport.
+And I came here happy and proud to be invisible.
+And one thing I can say is that a really good friend of mine knew I was scared and texted me on my way.
+Even though I was confident in my presentation, I was still scared.
+He said, "Be you."
+And here I am
+This is me, my everything.
+(Applause.) And I've learned that cars, bikes, elephants, it's not free.
+You are free to be absolutely true to yourself.
+And I never needed my eyes to see.
+I just needed a vision and a belief.
+And if you really believe, if you believe with all your heart, you can make a difference.
+And we have to make it happen. Because each of us, female, male, gay, straight, disabled, perfect, normal, must be the best of ourselves.
+I don't want anyone to be invisible anymore.
+all of us must participate.
+And stop labels and restrictions.
+The label is lost because it is not a jam jar.
+We are special, different and wonderful people.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(music) ♫ Gliding into shimmering surfaces ♫ ♫ Between two worlds. ♫ ♫ Standing at the center of time ♫ ♫ Unwinding. ♫ ♫ Cut through the veil of illusion. ♫ ♫ Move forward beyond the conclusions of the past. ♫ ♫ Just wondering if all my doubts and confusions are cleared. ♫ ♫ If I could be anywhere, ♫ ♫ If I could be anywhere, ♫ ♫ If I could be anywhere now, ♫ ♫ I would love to be here. ♫ ♫ Looking for the future in what we throw away ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ We try to see the world through the junk we create every day ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ They say nothing lasts forever, ♫ ♫ But... All plastic ever made is still here. ♫ ♫ No matter how much I close my eyes ♫ ♫ it won't go away. ♫ ♫ If I could be anywhere, ♫ ♫ If I could be anywhere, ♫ ♫ If I could be anywhere in history, ♫ ♫ I would love to be here. ♫ ♫ Romans, Spaniards ♫ ♫ British, Dutch, ♫ ♫ American exceptionalism is so out of the ordinary. ♫ ♫ Over time, repeating its course, ♫ ♫ imposing its own will ♫ ♫ ruling by force ♫ ♫ The stupidity of the empire. ♫ ♫ But the world can't stand it any longer. ♫ ♫ We won't succeed unless we get smarter and stronger ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ The world is trying to shake itself from our greed ♫ ♫ Somehow. ♫ ♫ If you can be anywhere, ♫ ♫ If you can be anywhere in time, ♫ ♫ If you can change anything anywhere, ♫ ♫ It has to be now. ♫ ♫ They say nothing lasts forever, ♫ ♫ But all plastic ever made is still here. ♫ ♫ No matter how much I close my eyes ♫ ♫ it won't go away. ♫ ♫ And the world can't take it ♫ ♫ So long. ♫ ♫ We won't succeed unless we get smarter and stronger ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ The world will swing free from our desires ♫ ♫ Somehow. ♫ ♫ And the world can't take it, you know it. ♫ ♫ If the ocean fails, neither do we. ♫ ♫ The world sways freely ♫ ♫ For some reason. ♫ ♫ If you can be anywhere, ♫ ♫ If you can be anywhere in time, ♫ ♫ If anywhere you can change the outcome, ♫ ♫ it must be now. ♫ (Applause) Thank you.
+(applause)
+First is the video.
+Yes, scrambled eggs.
+But I hope you feel a little uneasy while watching it.
+Because you might notice that what's really happening is the egg itself is unscrambled.
+And you can see that the yolk and white are separated.
+And now put them back in the eggs.
+And we all know deep down that this is not how the universe works.
+Scrambled eggs are mush -- delicious mush -- but it's mush.
+Eggs are beautifully refined and can produce even more sophisticated ones like chickens.
+And we know deep down that the universe does not go from muddy to complex.
+In fact, this instinct is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics, the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.
+What this basically says is that the general tendency of the universe is to move from order and structure to lack of order, lack of structure, and indeed muddy.
+That's why the video feels a little strange.
+Still, look around us.
+Things around us are amazingly complex.
+Eric Beinhocker estimates that about 10 billion SKUs, or individual commodities, are traded in New York City alone.
+This is hundreds of times more species than there are on Earth.
+And they are traded by about 7 billion individuals, linked by trade, travel and the Internet into a tremendously complex global system.
+There is a big puzzle here. In a universe governed by the second law of thermodynamics, how can we generate the kind of complexity I described, the kind represented by you and me and the convention center? ?
+Well, the answer seems to be that the universe can create complexity, but it is very difficult.
+In your pocket, what my colleague Fred Spier calls the “Goldilocks condition” emerges—not too hot, not too cold—just right to create complexity.
+And then something a little more complicated appears.
+And if you have something a little more complicated, you can get a little more complicated.
+In this way, the complexity increases with each step.
+Each stage is magical as it creates the impression that something completely new has appeared out of nowhere in the universe.
+In big history, we call these moments threshold moments.
+And with each threshold hit, things get tougher.
+Complex things become more fragile and more fragile. The Goldilocks conditions get tighter, making it harder to create complexity.
+Right now, being very complex creatures, we are intrigued by this story of how the universe creates complexity and why complexity means vulnerability and vulnerability despite the second law. need to know.
+And that is the story we tell in the big history.
+But to do that, you have to do something that at first glance may seem completely impossible.
+The entire history of the universe must be explored.
+So let's do it.
+(Laughter) Let's start by rewinding the timeline 13.7 billion years back to the beginning of time.
+there is nothing around us.
+There is neither time nor space.
+Imagine the darkest, most empty thing, and scale it billions of times, and there we are.
+And suddenly, bang!
+And we crossed the first threshold.
+Universe is small. It's smaller than an atom.
+Incredibly hot.
+It contains everything that exists in the universe today, and as you can imagine, it has been destroyed.
+And it's expanding at an astonishing rate.
+And at first it's just a blur, but soon something clear starts to appear in that blur.
+Within the first second, the energy itself shatters into different forces such as electromagnetism and gravity.
+And the energy does another very magical thing. The energy congeals to form matter, quarks that produce protons and leptons that contain electrons.
+And all that happens within the first second.
+Now we go forward 380,000 years ago.
+This is twice as long as humans have existed on Earth.
+And now simple atoms of hydrogen and helium appear.
+Now, I would like to pause for a moment, 380,000 years after the birth of the universe. Because at this stage we actually know quite a lot about the universe.
+Best of all, you can see that it was very simple.
+It consists of a giant cloud of hydrogen and helium atoms and has no structure.
+They are just like cosmic mush.
+But it's not entirely true.
+Recent studies from satellites such as the WMAP satellite show that there is actually only a slight difference in the background.
+As you can see here, the blue areas are about 1/1000th of a degree cooler than the red areas.
+These are small differences, but they were enough for the universe to move on to the next stage of building complexity.
+This is how it works.
+The more objects, the stronger the gravity.
+Therefore, in slightly denser regions, gravity begins to compress the clouds of hydrogen and helium atoms.
+So we can imagine that the early universe split into a billion clouds.
+Then, as each cloud is compressed and its density increases, gravity becomes more powerful, and the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud, before the temperature exceeds the threshold temperature of 10 million degrees at the center and protons fuse. start to A huge release of energy, and—Burn!
+About 200 million years after the Big Bang, billions of stars will begin to appear throughout the universe.
+And the universe is much more interesting and complex now.
+The star creates Goldilocks conditions for crossing two new thresholds.
+When a very large star dies, it develops extremely high temperatures, causing protons to begin to fuse in all sorts of unusual combinations, forming all the elements of the periodic table.
+Like me, if you're wearing a gold ring, it was made in a supernova explosion.
+So now the universe is chemically more complex.
+And in a chemically more complex universe, more things can be made.
+And around the young sun, the young star, all these elements combine and swirl, the energy of the star churns them, they form particles, they form snow crystals, they form small clumps of dust. , form rocks, which form asteroids and eventually planets and moons.
+And that's how our solar system formed 4.5 billion years ago.
+Rocky planets like Earth are much more complex than stars because they contain a much greater variety of materials.
+In other words, we have crossed the 4th threshold of complexity.
+Well, things get even tougher.
+The next stage introduces much more fragile and much more fragile entities, but they are much more creative and much more likely to create even more complexity.
+Of course, I'm talking about living things.
+Living things are made by chemistry.
+We are a giant package of chemicals.
+In other words, chemistry is governed by electromagnetic forces.
+It works on a scale smaller than gravity and explains why you and I are smaller than stars and planets.
+Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
+What is the Goldilocks state?
+First, you need energy, but not too much.
+At the center of the star, there is so much energy that the bonded atoms break apart again.
+But not too little.
+In intergalactic space there is not enough energy to keep atoms from bonding.
+It turned out to be just the right amount of what I wanted, and that the planets are close to the star, but not too close, so it's just right.
+It also requires a wide variety of chemical elements and liquids such as water.
+why?
+Well, in a gas the atoms move so fast that they cannot outrun each other.
+Atoms in a solid are stuck together and cannot move.
+In liquids, they can move, nestle, and combine to form molecules.
+Now, where can we find such a Goldilocks state?
+Well, planets are wonderful, and our early Earth was nearly perfect.
+It was just the right distance from the star to contain a huge ocean of liquid water.
+And deep in those oceans, cracks in the crust, permeated by heat from the interior of the earth, are teeming with great diversity of elements.
+So in those deep-sea vents, amazing chemistry started happening, atoms bonded together in all sorts of exotic combinations.
+But, of course, life is more than just exotic chemistry.
+How do you stabilize a large, seemingly viable molecule?
+Well, here a whole new trick is introduced to life.
+Individuals cannot be stabilized. Stabilize the information-carrying template and allow the template to copy itself.
+And, of course, DNA is a beautiful molecule that contains that information.
+You are familiar with the double helix of DNA.
+Each level contains information.
+In other words, DNA contains the information about how to make an organism.
+And the DNA also copies itself.
+Therefore, it copies itself and scatters templates across the ocean.
+That's how information spreads.
+But the real beauty of DNA is in its imperfections.
+It tends to error once in a billion rows when copying itself.
+What this means is that DNA is effectively learning.
+Some of those mistakes work, so new ways of creating creatures are accumulating.
+DNA is learning and building greater diversity and greater complexity.
+And we see this happening over the last four billion years.
+For most of life on Earth, organisms were relatively simple single-celled organisms.
+But they were very diverse and very complicated internally.
+Then, from about 600 million years ago to 800 million years ago, multicellular organisms appeared.
+There are fungi, fish, plants, amphibians, reptiles and, of course, dinosaurs.
+And sometimes disasters happen.
+Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid landed on Earth near the Yucatan peninsula, creating the equivalent of a nuclear war and wiping out the dinosaurs.
+Bad news for dinosaurs, but great news for our mammalian ancestors, who thrived in the cracks they left open.
+And we humans are part of a creative evolutionary pulse that began with the landing of an asteroid 65 million years ago.
+Humans emerged about 200,000 years ago.
+And we believe it counts as the gateway to this wonderful story.
+Let me explain why.
+It turns out that DNA in a way learns and accumulates information.
+But it's very slow.
+DNA accumulates information through random errors, some of which just happen to work.
+But DNA actually created a faster way to learn. DNA gives birth to organisms with brains that can learn in real time.
+They accumulate information and learn.
+Sadly, when they die, the information disappears with them.
+Now, what distinguishes humans from others is human language.
+We are blessed with language, a system of communication so powerful and precise that we can share what we learn with such precision that it can be stored in collective memory.
+And that means that information can outlive the individual who learned it, accumulating from generation to generation.
+And that's why we as a species are so creative and so powerful, and that's why we have history.
+We seem to be the only species in 4 billion years with this talent.
+I call this ability collective learning.
+That's what makes us different.
+We can see it at work in the early stages of human history.
+We evolved as a species in the savannah regions of Africa, but then we see humans migrating to new environments: deserts, jungles, the ice age tundra of Siberia, harsh harsh environments, the Americas and Australia. . .
+Each migration involved learning, learning new ways to use the environment and new ways to deal with it.
+And 10,000 years ago, mankind learned to farm, taking advantage of the sudden changes in global climate at the end of the last ice age.
+Agriculture was a storehouse of energy.
+And that energy was used to increase the human population.
+Human societies have become larger, denser and more interconnected.
+And since about 500 years ago, humans began to connect all over the world through shipping, trains, telegraphs and the Internet, and now appear to have formed a single global brain of nearly 7 billion individuals.
+And in the last 200 years something else has happened.
+We have encountered a new source of energy, fossil fuels.
+Combining fossil fuels and collective learning therefore explains the astonishing complexity we see all around us.
+So -- back to the convention center.
+We have traveled 13.7 billion years, back and forth.
+I hope you agree that this is a powerful story.
+And it's a story in which humans play an amazing creative role.
+However, it also contains a warning.
+Collective learning is a very powerful force, but it's not clear that we humans are in charge of it.
+I grew up in England and have very vivid childhood memories of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
+For several days, the entire biosphere seemed to be on the brink of destruction.
+And the same weapons are still here and they are still armed.
+Others are waiting for us if we avoid the trap.
+We are burning fossil fuels at such a rapid rate that it appears to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions that have allowed human civilization to thrive over the past 10,000 years.
+So what big history can do for us is show us the nature of our complexity and vulnerability and the dangers we face, but it can also show us our power through collective learning. .
+And now, finally, this is what I want.
+I want my grandson Daniel, his friends, and his generation around the world to know the story of the great history, to become familiar with it, and to see both the challenges and the opportunities that we face. I hope you understand.
+That's why our group is building a historic free online syllabus for high school students around the world.
+As Daniel and his generation face great challenges and great opportunities at this pivotal moment in the history of our beautiful planet, we believe that great history will be an important intellectual tool for them. increase.
+Thank you for your attention.
+(applause)
+How often do you hear people say they don't care at all?
+How many times have you been told that real substantive change is impossible because most people are too selfish, too stupid, too lazy to make a difference in their communities? ?
+What I would like to propose to you today is that indifference as we think we know it does not really exist. Rather, we live in a world where people care, but always put obstacles and barriers in our path, actively preventing engagement.
+Let's take a look at some examples.
+Let's start with City Hall.
+Have you seen it before?
+This is a zoning change notice for a new office building to let neighbors know what's going on.
+As you can see, it is impossible to read.
+You'll have to get halfway through to even know what address they're talking about, and then look further down in the little 10-point font to see how to actually get involved.
+Imagine if the private sector did the same thing -- if Nike wanted to sell shoes -- (Laughter) and put an ad like that in the newspaper.
+(Applause) Well, that will never happen.
+You will never see ads like this. Because Nike actually wants you to buy their shoes, while the city of Toronto clearly doesn't want you involved in the planning process. Otherwise the ad would be something like this with all the information. Clearly laid out.
+As long as the city puts out notices like this to encourage people to participate, of course people won't.
+But it is not indifferent. It's a deliberate exclusion.
+public space.
+(Applause.) The way we abuse the public space is a major obstacle to progressive political change of all kinds. Because we are essentially putting a price tag on freedom of expression.
+Those with the most money have the loudest voices and dominate the visual and mental environment.
+The problem with this model is that there are some great messages that need to be said but aren't useful to say.
+So you never see them on billboards.
+The media, largely by ignoring politics and focusing on celebrities and scandals, play an important role in developing political change and our relationship, even if they were talking about important political issues. However, I feel that way is a barrier to engagement.
+Let's take an example.
+Last week's 'Now' magazine: Toronto's progressive downtown weekly.
+Here is the cover story.
+This is an article about a theater performance, and it starts with some basic information such as location, time, and website in case you want to go see it after reading the article.
+This is the same, a movie review.
+It's an art review.
+Book Reviews -- Where are the books you read if you need them?
+Restaurants -- You might want to go there instead of just reading about it.
+So they tell you where it is, price, address, phone number, etc.
+Then visit their political articles.
+A great article about the important election campaign going on right now.
+It's written about the candidate, very well written, but no information, no follow-up, no campaign website, no word on when the debates will take place, where the election office is. There is no information on
+Another good article about the new campaign against the privatization of transport, but no contact information for the campaign.
+The message seems to be that readers probably want to eat, read books, watch movies, but don't want to be part of a community.
+You may think this is a small thing, but I think this is important. Because it creates the atmosphere and reinforces the dangerous idea that politics is a spectator's sport.
+Heroes: How do we view leadership?
+Watch these 10 movies. What do they have in common?
+who?
+Each of them has a chosen hero.
+I have a prophecy. you have to save the world. "
+And they set out to save the world with a few companions as they were told.
+This helps me understand why so many people have trouble identifying themselves as leaders. Because it sends the wrong message about what leadership is.
+Heroic effort is, first of all, a collective effort.
+Second, it's incomplete. It's not very engaging, it doesn't start and end abruptly.
+It is a process that continues throughout life.
+But most importantly, it is voluntary.
+it is optional.
+As long as we teach our children that heroism begins when someone gets a scar on their forehead, or when someone says you're part of a prophecy, they're the most important part of leadership. Missing features. internal.
+It's about following your dreams unsolicited and working with others to make those dreams come true.
+Political Party: Oh, yes.
+Political parties can and should be one of the primary entry points for people to participate in politics.
+Instead, sadly, they have become a very uninspiring and uncreative organization that relies so heavily on market research, polls, and focus groups that in the end everyone says the same thing and we has already sacrificed itself to almost regurgitate what it wants to hear. Propose bold and creative ideas.
+And people pick up on that smell, which fosters cynicism.
+(Applause.) Philanthropic status.
+Charitable organizations in Canada are not permitted to conduct advocacy work.
+This is a big problem and a big obstacle to change. Because it means that some of the most passionate and informed voices will be completely silenced, especially during election times.
+This brings us to the final issue - our elections.
+As you may have noticed, the Canadian election is a complete joke.
+We use outdated systems that produce unfair and random results.
+Canada is currently led by a political party that most Canadians don't really want.
+If votes don't count in Canada, how can we encourage more people to vote?
+Add all this up and naturally people are indifferent.
+It's like trying to hit a brick wall.
+Now, I don't want to be negative by eliminating all these obstacles and explaining what stands in our way.
+Quite the opposite. In fact, people are nice and smart and I think they care, but like I said, we live in this environment with all these obstacles.
+As long as we believe that our own neighbors are selfish, stupid, and lazy, there is no hope.
+However, everything we have said so far can be changed.
+You can open city hall.
+We can democratize public space.
+My main message is: If we could redefine apathy not as some kind of internal syndrome, but as a complex web of cultural barriers that reinforce withdrawal, and if we could clearly define and clearly identify what those barriers are, and we can. If we can work together to remove obstacles, anything is possible.
+(applause)
+I am an Anglican minister.
+I have been a priest in my church for 20 years.
+During that time, I have wrestled and grappled with questions about the nature of God. who is god?
+And I am well aware that the word "God" turns many people away very quickly.
+And most people, both in and out of organized churches, still have the image of a heavenly controller, a rule-maker, a policeman in the sky who commands and makes everything happen.
+He protects his people and answers the prayers of his followers.
+And in my church services, the most frequently used adjective for God is "Almighty."
+However, there is a problem with that.
+Over the years, I have become increasingly uncomfortable with this perception of God.
+Do we really believe that God is the boss of men as we have shown in our worship and liturgy over the years?
+Of course, some thinkers have proposed different views of God.
+Explore the feminine and nurturing side of divinity.
+It suggests that God expresses himself through powerlessness rather than power.
+Accept that God is unknown and, by definition, unknowable.
+Finding deep resonance with other religions and philosophies and ways of looking at life as part of a quest for universal and global meaning.
+These ideas are well known in liberal academia, but clergymen like myself fear they will cause tension and division in the church community, and that they will undermine the simple faith of more traditional believers. , was reluctant to spread it.
+I decided not to rock the ship.
+And just two months ago, last December 26, that undersea earthquake triggered a tsunami.
+And two weeks later, on Sunday morning, January 9th, I found myself standing in front of the congregation. The congregation was intelligent, well-meaning, and mostly thoughtful Christians. And I needed to express our feelings and questions on their behalf.
+I gave a personal answer, but I also have a public role, so I had something to say.
+And here is what I said.
+Immediately after the tsunami, I read a newspaper article - with a good title - written by the Archbishop of Canterbury about the tragedy in South Asia.
+The crux of what he said was this. Those most affected by the devastation and loss of life do not want an intelligent theory of how God caused this to happen.
+He said, "If some religious genius could explain exactly why all these deaths mattered, would we feel happier, would we feel safer? Or can I have more confidence in God?"
+If the man in the newspaper picture holding the hand of his dead child is in front of us now, we have nothing to say.
+A verbal response would not be appropriate.
+The only appropriate response would be compassionate silence and some kind of practical help.
+Now is not the time to explain, preach, or theology. It's time for tears.
+this is true. And yet we are here in my church at Oxford, half indifferent to what has happened far away, but our faith is bruised.
+And we want an explanation from God.
+We ask God for an explanation.
+Some conclude that they can only trust a God who shares their pain.
+God must somehow feel the pain, sorrow, and physical pain we feel.
+The Eternal God must somehow be able to enter the human soul and experience suffering within it.
+And if this is true, it follows that God knows the joy and exaltation of the human spirit as well.
+We want a God who can weep with those who weep and rejoice with those who rejoice.
+This seems to me a deeply moving and compelling restatement of the Christian belief in God.
+For hundreds of years, the prevailing orthodoxy, the accepted truth, has been that God the Father, the Creator, is immutable and therefore, by definition, incapable of feeling pain or sorrow.
+Now the unchanging God feels a little cold and indifferent towards me.
+And the devastating events of the 20th century have made people question the cold, heartless God.
+The slaughter of millions of people in trenches and death camps has made people wonder, "Where is God in all this?"
+Who is God in all this? "
+The answer was, "God is with us, or God is no longer worthy of our loyalty."
+If God is a bystander, observing and not participating, then God may indeed exist, but we don't want to know about Him.
+I know many Jews and Christians feel this way right now.
+And I'm in it too.
+So we have a suffering God. This God is intimately connected with the world and all living souls.
+I am very sympathetic to this idea of ​​God.
+But that's not enough. I have a few more questions to ask, and I hope they're questions I'd like to ask you as well.
+Over the past few weeks, I have been struck by the number of times the language in our services has felt a little inappropriate and a little dangerous.
+On Tuesday mornings, we offer a stroller service for mothers and preschoolers.
+And last week we sang with the kids their favorite song, "The Wise Man Built a House on a Rock."
+Some of you are probably familiar with it. Some words are: "A foolish man built a house on the sand/And a flood came/And the house on the sand collapsed."
+And at the funeral that same week, we sang a very British hymn, the well-known "We Plow the Fields and Scatter."
+In verse 2, there is a passage that says, "The wind and the waves follow him."
+is that so? I don't think I can sing that song again in church after that event.
+The first big issue concerns control.
+Does God have a plan for each of us? Is God in control?
+Does God command every moment? Do the wind and the waves obey the Lord?
+From time to time, Christians have shared with us how God arranged things for them so that all would be well, some difficulties overcome, some diseases cured, some problems averted, and in critical moments. I can hear you say that a parking space has been found.
+I remember someone telling me, his eyes shining with enthusiasm at this wonderful confirmation of his faith and God's goodness.
+But if God could or would do these things, if he intervened to change the course of events, he certainly could have stopped the tsunami.
+What local god can do small things like parking spaces but not big things like 500 mph waves?
+That is unacceptable to intelligent Christians, and we must admit it.
+Either God is responsible for the tsunami, or God has no control over it.
+After the tragedy, survival stories began to emerge.
+You've probably heard the voices of the man who rode the wave, or the teenage girl who realized the danger because she had just learned about tsunamis in school.
+Then there was the congregation that left their usual church building on the seashore and held services on the hill.
+The preachers preached so long that they were still out of danger when the waves came.
+Afterwards, someone said that God must have been watching over them.
+So the next question is about impartiality.
+Can we win God's favor by worshiping or believing in Him?
+Does God demand loyalty, like a medieval tyrant?
+Will God take care of himself and say that Christians will be safe and others will perish?
+Us and them in the universe, and God guilty of the worst kind of favoritism?
+It's horrible and I plan to give up my membership at that point.
+Such a god would be morally inferior to the highest ideals of mankind.
+So what is a god if not a great puppeteer or tribal protector?
+Perhaps God allows, or permits, terrible events to occur to show heroism and mercy.
+Perhaps God is testing us. It may be testing our philanthropy and our faith.
+Perhaps there is some great cosmic plan to allow horrific suffering so that all will be well in the end.
+Perhaps, but all of these ideas are just variations on God controlling everything and commanders-in-chief toying with expendable forces in great campaigns.
+We still have a God who can cause a tsunami and forgive Auschwitz.
+In his great novel, The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoevsky addressed Ivan to his innocent and pious brother Alyosha: Let me say up front that the whole truth, if true, is not worth such a price.
+We cannot afford to pay such a high entrance fee.
+It is not God that I do not accept.
+I just respectfully return the ticket to him. "
+Alternatively, God may have set the entire universe in motion first, and then relinquished control forever, allowing natural processes to occur and evolution to proceed with its course.
+While this seems more acceptable, it still leaves the final moral responsibility to God.
+Is God a cold, unfeeling bystander?
+Or are you a helpless lover who watches with infinite mercy what God cannot control or change?
+Is God deeply involved in our suffering and does he feel it in His own being?
+If we believe this, we must let go of puppeteers altogether, move away from all-powerful controllers, and abandon the traditional model.
+We have to think about God again.
+Maybe God doesn't do anything.
+Perhaps God is not an agent, just as we are all agents.
+In early religious thought, God was thought to be a sort of superhuman being who did things everywhere.
+He beat the Egyptians, threw them into the Red Sea, ravaged the cities, and made them angry.
+People came to know their God by his mighty deeds.
+But what if God didn't act? What if God did nothing?
+What if God is in things?
+Loving soul of the universe.
+The underlying benevolent being that sustains and supports all things.
+What if God is in things?
+In the infinitely complex network of relationships and connections that make up life.
+Creation and destruction must occur continuously in the cycle of life and death in nature.
+It is in the process of evolution.
+In the incredible complexity and grandeur of the natural world.
+Human soul in the collective unconscious.
+In you, in me, mind, body and spirit.
+In the tsunami, among the victims. Deep inside things.
+either present or absent. in simplicity and complexity.
+In the midst of change, development and growth.
+How does this interiority, this interiority, this interiority of God work?
+It's hard to imagine and raises further questions.
+Is it just another name for a universe that has no existence independent of God?
+don't know.
+How far can we attribute personality to God?
+don't know.
+Ultimately, I have to say, "I don't know."
+If we knew, God would cease to be God.
+Believing in this God is more like trusting in the essential charity of the universe than believing in a dogma.
+Isn't it ironic that Christians who claim to believe in an infinite and unknowable existence bind God to a closed system and rigid doctrines?
+How can we practice such faith?
+By seeking the God within. By cultivating your inner self.
+In silence, in meditation, in my inner space, what remains of me when I gently set aside passing emotions, thoughts and obsessions.
+Be mindful of your inner conversation.
+And how do we live such faith? How can we live such faith?
+By seeking an intimate connection with your inner self.
+Kind of like a relationship when the deep talks to the deep.
+If God is in everyone, then my relationship with you has a three-way meeting.
+As some of you may know, there is an Indian greeting called 'Namaste', which involves bowing to show respect. This roughly translates to "What belongs to God in me greets what belongs to God in you."
+Namaste.
+So how can we develop such faith?
+By exploring the inner in all things.
+In music, in poetry, in the world of natural beauty, in the little things of everyday life, there is a deep, underlying presence that makes them special.
+It requires deep attention and patient waiting, a contemplative attitude, and generosity and tolerance for those who have different experiences than mine.
+When I stood up to talk to people about God and the tsunami, I had no answers to offer them.
+There is no proper faith package with Bible citations to prove your faith.
+Only questions and doubts and uncertainties remain.
+I had some suggestions for possible new ways of thinking about God.
+A way that may allow us to navigate new and unknown paths.
+But in the end, all I can say with certainty is "I don't know," and that is perhaps the deepest religious statement.
+thank you.
+I'm a counterfeiter's daughter, but I'm not just a counterfeiter...
+When we hear the word "counterfeiter" we often understand "mercenaries".
+You can understand "counterfeit currency" and "counterfeit photos".
+My father is not that kind of man.
+For 30 years of his life, he created fake papers. It was never for myself, it was always for others, to help the persecuted and oppressed.
+Let me introduce him.
+This is my 19 year old father.
+It all began at the age of 17 when he was forced into a forgery workshop during World War II.
+He soon became an expert on the Resistance's counterfeit documents.
+And this is no run-of-the-mill story. After his release, he continued to make false papers into the 70's.
+Of course, as a child I knew nothing about this.
+I am the one frowning in the middle.
+I grew up in the suburbs of Paris and was the youngest of three children.
+I had a "normal" father like everyone else, except for the fact that he was 30 years older...
+Well, he was basically old enough to be my grandfather.
+Anyway, he was a photographer, a street educator, and he always taught us to follow the law strictly.
+And, of course, he never spoke of his previous life as a forger.
+But there was an incident I'm about to tell you that probably made me doubt something.
+When I was in high school, my grades were unusually low, so I decided to hide it from my parents.
+To that end, I decided to forge their signature.
+My father's signature could never be forged, so I started working on my mother's signature.
+So I started working. I picked up a few sheets of paper and practiced, practiced, practiced, until I got to what I thought was a steady hand, and I took action.
+Later, when my mother, who was looking through my school bag, got my school assignment, she quickly discovered that the signature was a forgery.
+She yelled at me like never before.
+I hid under the blankets in the bedroom and waited very anxiously for my father to come home from work.
+I heard him come in.
+I was in my blanket. He went into my room and sat in the corner of the bed, but was silent, and when I pulled the blanket over his head, he started laughing when he saw me.
+He couldn't stop laughing and had my assignment in his hand.
+Then he said, "But really, Sarah, you could have worked harder! Can't you see how small you really are?"
+Admittedly, it's pretty small.
+I was born in Algeria.
+There I often heard people say that my father was a 'mujahid', which means 'warrior'.
+Later, in France, I liked to eavesdrop on adult conversations, and all sorts of stories about my father's previous life, especially about "doing" the Second World War and "doing" the Algerian War. I heard
+And in my mind, "waging" war meant being a soldier.
+But knowing my father and knowing that he kept saying he was a pacifist and non-violent, it was very difficult to imagine him with a helmet and a gun. .
+And in fact I was far from my goal.
+One day, when my father was filling out the files for us to obtain French citizenship, I stumbled upon some documents.
+These are real!
+This is mine, I was born Argentinian.
+But what I happened to see as a document that would help us file a case with the authorities was a letter from the military thanking my father for working on behalf of the secret service.
+And suddenly I thought, "Wow!"
+Is my father a secret agent?
+It was just James Bond.
+I wanted to ask him a question, but he didn't answer.
+And after that I told myself that I would have to question him someday.
+And then I became a mother, had a son, and finally decided that the time had come when he absolutely had to tell us.
+I became a mother and he was on his 77th birthday and suddenly I was very, very scared.
+I was afraid he would keep quiet and bring back a secret.
+I managed to convince him that it was important for him to share his story, not only for us, but perhaps for other people as well.
+He decided to pass it on to me and I made a book. I will read some excerpts from it later.
+So it's his story. My father was born in Argentina.
+His parents were of Russian descent.
+In the thirties the whole family came to settle in France.
+His parents were Jewish, Russian and above all very poor.
+So when I was 14, my father had to work.
+And with the only diploma - a certificate of primary education - he found himself working in a dyeing and dry cleaning factory.
+There he discovered something utterly magical. It's interesting when he talks about it. That's the magic of dye chemistry.
+Meanwhile, war broke out and his mother died when he was 15 years old.
+It coincided with a time when he devoted himself to chemistry as the only solace in his grief.
+He learned by asking many questions to his superiors throughout the day to accumulate more knowledge and put his experience into practice at night when no one was looking.
+He was primarily interested in bleaching ink.
+All this to tell you that if my father ever became a forger, it was almost by accident.
+His family was Jewish, so he was being hunted.
+Eventually they were all arrested and taken to Drancy camp, but they were able to escape at the last minute thanks to Argentine papers.
+Well, they were out, but in constant danger. Their papers still had the big "Jewish" stamp on them.
+It was my grandfather who decided that false documents were necessary.
+My father had been instilled with respect for the law, and despite being persecuted, he never thought about false documents.
+But it was he who went to see the Resistance man.
+Back then, paperwork was hardcover, filled out by hand, and filled with job descriptions.
+To survive, he had to work. He asked the man to write "dye shop".
+Suddenly the man looked very, very interested.
+As a "dye shop" do you know how to bleach ink marks?
+Of course he knew.
+And all of a sudden, the man started explaining that the whole resistance is actually in big trouble. Even the leading experts were unable to bleach the so-called "indelible" "Waterman" blue ink.
+My father immediately replied that he knew exactly how to bleach.
+Now, of course, the man was so impressed with this 17-year-old that he immediately gave me a prescription that he adopted him.
+And in fact, my father, unknowingly, invented what is in every elementary school pencil case, the so-called "correction pen."
+(Applause.) But that was just the beginning.
+that's my dad
+Despite being the youngest, he soon found himself in trouble with falsifying documents when he arrived at the lab.
+All movement ceased to be tampered with.
+However, the demand was growing and it was difficult to falsify existing documents.
+He told himself he had to make them from scratch.
+He started a printing press. He started photoengraving.
+He started making rubber stamps.
+He started inventing all sorts of things. Using some materials, I invented a centrifuge using a bicycle wheel.
+Anyway, he was totally obsessed with output, so he had to do all this.
+he did a simple calculation. That means you can make 30 counterfeit documents in an hour.
+If he sleeps for an hour, 30 people will die.
+This sense of responsibility for the lives of others when he was only 17, and the guilt of being a survivor because he fled the camp when his friends had not, remained with him for the rest of his life. .
+And perhaps this explains why he spent 30 years producing bogus papers at all kinds of sacrifices.
+There have been many sacrifices and I would like to talk about those sacrifices.
+There was clearly a financial toll as he always refused to pay.
+For him, getting paid would have meant becoming a mercenary.
+If he accepts the payment, he will not be able to say yes or no, depending on what he judges to be justified or unjustified.
+So for 30 years he was a photographer by day and a forger by night.
+He was always penniless.
+Then there was the emotional toll. How can you live with a woman with so many secrets?
+How can you explain what you do every night in the lab?
+Of course, I learned much later that there was another kind of sacrifice in his family.
+One day my father introduced me to my sister.
+He also explained that I also had siblings and that I first met them when I was probably 3 or 4 years old and they were 30 years older than me.
+Both are now in their 60s.
+To write the book, I asked my sister. I wanted to know who my father was and who the father she knew was.
+Her father said he would pick her up to go for a walk on Sunday, she explained.
+They dressed up and waited for him, but he hardly came.
+He will say, "I will call you." He didn't try to call.
+And he didn't come.
+And then one day he disappeared completely.
+Time passed, and at first they thought he must have forgotten.
+Time passed, almost two years later, and they thought, "Oh, maybe our father is dead."
+And I realized that by asking my dad so many questions, I was stirring up a whole past that I probably didn't want to talk about because it hurts.
+And while my half-brother and sister thought they were abandoned and orphaned, my father was making false papers.
+And if he didn't tell them, it was of course to protect them.
+After his liberation, he produced false documents allowing concentration camp survivors to emigrate to pre-Israel Palestine.
+And because he was a staunch anti-colonialist, he created false papers for Algerians during the Algerian War.
+After the Algerian War, his name spread as a centerpiece of the international resistance movement, and the whole world started knocking on his door.
+In Africa, there were countries fighting for independence, such as Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Angola.
+And my father was linked to Nelson Mandela's anti-apartheid party.
+He created false papers for persecuted black South Africans.
+There was also Latin America.
+He helped people resist dictatorships in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, then Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay, Chile and Mexico.
+Then came the Vietnam War.
+My father created false papers for American deserters who did not want to take up arms against the Vietnamese.
+Europe was not saved either.
+My father produced false documents for dissidents against Franco in Spain, Salazar in Portugal, the colonel dictatorship in Greece and even France.
+It happened there only once, in May 1968.
+Of course, my father watched the May demonstrations with mercy, but his mind was elsewhere, as was his time when he had to serve in more than 15 countries.
+But one time he agreed to make false papers for someone you knew.
+(Laughter.) He was much younger then, and my father agreed to make false papers so that he could come back and speak at the conference.
+He told me that these false papers were the most media-relevant and most useless he'd ever lived.
+But even though Daniel Cohn-Bendit's life is not in danger, he mocks the authorities, reminding them that nothing is more porous than borders, and that the idea makes no sense. I agreed to do so only because it was a good opportunity to show them. national borders.
+All my childhood, my friend's father would tell me Grimm's Fairy Tales, while he would tell me stories of very modest heroes who had unwavering utopias and who managed to do miracles. rice field.
+And those heroes didn't need an army behind them.
+In any case, no one would follow them except a handful of men and women of conviction and courage.
+I learned much later that it was actually a story my father told me to put me to sleep.
+I asked him if he ever regretted anything, considering the sacrifice he had to make.
+he said no.
+He told me he could not have witnessed or submitted to injustice if he hadn't done anything.
+He is persuaded and is still convinced that another world is possible, one in which no one needs counterfeiters.
+he still dreams about it.
+My father is in this room today.
+His name is Adolfo Kaminski. ask him to stand up.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+Roger Ebert: These are my words, but this is not my voice.
+This is Alex. It's the best computer voice I've found. This voice is standard on all Macintoshes.
+For most of my life, I never thought about my speaking ability.
+It was like breathing.
+Back then, I lived in a fool's paradise.
+Cancer surgery left me unable to speak, eat, or drink, forcing me to enter this virtual world where computers do parts of my life for me.
+Over the past few days, we've enjoyed some wonderfully clear talks here at TED.
+We used to talk like that.
+Maybe I wasn't that smart, but at least I was just as talkative.
+Today, how the very act of speaking, and the act of speaking or not speaking, is so inseparably linked to individual identity that its deprivation forces the birth of a new human being. I would like to dedicate my story to
+But I've found that listening to computer audio for long periods of time can get monotonous.
+So I decided to invite some of my TED friends to read my words aloud.
+I'll start with my wife, Chaz.
+Chaz Ebert: It was Chaz who stood by me through three attempts to reconstruct my jaw and restore my ability to speak.
+When I had my first surgery in 2006 for a recurrence of salivary cancer, I expected to be discharged in time to return to my film review show, Evert and Roper at the Movies. rice field. I pre-recorded enough shows to survive six weeks of surgery and recuperation.
+Doctors took bone from my fibula from my leg and some tissue from my shoulder to form a new jaw.
+My tongue, larynx and vocal cords were still healthy and unaffected.
+(laughter) (laughter) CE: I was optimistic and all was well in the world.
+The first operation was a great success.
+I looked at myself in the mirror and I looked pretty good.
+Two weeks later I was ready to go home.
+I used to play Leonard Cohen's "I'm Your Man" to doctors and nurses on my iPod.
+Suddenly there was heavy bleeding.
+My carotid artery had ruptured.
+Thankfully I was still in the room and the doctors were right there.
+Chaz said if it hadn't been for that long, I could have died in the car on the way home.
+So, Leonard Cohen, thank you for saving my life.
+(Applause.) I had a second operation, which lasted for five or six days, but it also failed.
+And the third attempt also failed, but I was able to fix it pretty well too.
+A Brazilian doctor said he had never seen anyone survive a carotid artery rupture.
+And after a year of hospitalization, the carotid artery ruptured seven times before being discharged.
+There wasn't a particular day when someone told me not to talk to them anymore. It kind of became clear.
+Human speech is a sophisticated manipulation of breathing in an acoustic chamber of the mouth and respiratory system.
+To shape the sound, you have to hold your breath and operate.
+Therefore, the system must be inherently airtight to allow air in.
+I lost my jaw, so I could no longer form a seal, and my tongue and other vocal apparatus were all helpless.
+Dean Ornish: At first I wrote messages in notebooks for a long time.
+Then I tried typing words using the built-in voice on my laptop.
+It was faster and no one had to try to read my handwriting.
+He tried various computer voices available online, but for several months had a British accent, which Chaz called Sir Lawrence. "
+(Laughter) "It was the clearest I've found.
+Apple then released Alex's voice, and it was the best I've heard.
+I knew the difference between an exclamation mark and a question mark, etc.
+When I saw a period, I knew how to make it sound like the sentence ended instead of making it stay.
+There are all sorts of HTML codes that can be used to control the timing and intonation of computer voices, and I have tried them.
+To me they share a fundamental problem. It's too late.
+When you find yourself in a conversation scene, you need to type quickly and jump right into the conversation.
+People don't have the time or the patience to wait for me to play with the code for every word and phrase.
+But what value do we place on our voices?
+How does it affect you as a person?
+Do people feel disconnected when they hear Alex speak my words?
+Does it create separation or distance between people?
+How did I feel not being able to speak?
+I felt, and still do, that I was quite far from the mainstream of humanity.
+I felt uncomfortable when I stepped away from my laptop.
+Yet, I know most people can hardly stand my speaking difficulties.
+So Chaz suggested finding a company that could use my 30 years of TV show voices to create customized voices.
+I was against it at first.
+I thought it would be creepy to hear my voice coming from the computer.
+There was something comforting about a voice that wasn't mine.
+But i decided to give it a try.
+So we contacted a Scottish company that creates personalized computer voices.
+They had never made a work out of previously recorded material.
+All their voices were made by speakers who recorded the original words in the control booth.
+But they were happy to try.
+So I sent them hours of recordings of my voice, including several audio commentary tracks I made for the movies on DVD.
+And it sounded like me, and it really was.
+There was a reason for that. that's me
+However, it was not so simple.
+My TV show tapes weren't very useful because they contained too many other types of audio. For example, a movie soundtrack or the sound of Gene Siskel arguing with me. (Laughter) And my words were often given special emphasis. It doesn't quite fit in a sentence.
+Please let me hear a sample of that voice.
+These are some of the comments that Chaz and I recorded for use when we appeared on Oprah Winfrey's show.
+And this is the voice we call Roger Jr.
+Or Roger 2.0.
+Roger 2.0: Oprah, I can't tell you how great it is to be back on your show.
+We have been talking for a long time and now we are here again.
+This is my first version of computer voice.
+It still needs improvement, but at least it sounds like mine, not like HAL 9000.
+I got chills down my spine when I first heard it.
+When I type something, this voice speaks what I typed.
+When I read something, it is read aloud by my voice.
+I typed these words in advance because I didn't expect you to be excited to sit here and see me typing.
+This voice was created by a Scottish company called CereProc.
+I'm glad that many of the words you're hearing were first spoken while I was commenting on "Casablanca" and "Citizen Kane."
+This is the first audio they have created for individuals.
+There are some very good voices for computers, they all sound like different people, but this one sounds like me.
+It is planned to be used for TV, radio, Internet, etc.
+People with voice needs should know that most computers already have a built-in voice system.
+Many visually impaired people use these to read pages on the web for themselves.
+But I was told I talked too much when I was in first grade, but I can still talk.
+(Laughter) Roger Ebert: As you can hear, it sounds like me, but the words are jumping around.
+The flow is unnatural.
+The good people in Scotland are still improving my voice and I am optimistic about it.
+But so far Apple Alex's voice is the best I've heard.
+When I blogged about it, I got a comment from the actor who actually played Alex.
+He said he recorded long hours with different intonations for use in his voice.
+Requires very large samples.
+John Hunter: I've been a Motormouth all my life.
+Now that I have spoken my last words, I don't even remember exactly what they were.
+I feel like the main character in Harlan Ellison's story titled "Mouthless and Must Scream."
+On Wednesday, David Christian explained to us how humanity represents a tiny moment in the time span of the universe.
+For millions and billions of years, there was no life on Earth at all.
+For nearly the entire time that life began on Earth, there was no intelligent life.
+Civilization became possible only after we learned to pass knowledge from one generation to the next.
+Cosmologically speaking, that was about 10 minutes ago.
+Finally we have mankind's most advanced and mysterious tool: the computer.
+That's pretty much what happened in my life.
+Some of the famous early computers were built in my hometown of Urbana, the birthplace of HAL 9000.
+On Wednesday, I had a flashback when I heard Mr. Salman Khan's wonderful talk about the Khan Academy website, which teaches hundreds of subjects to students around the world.
+It was around 1960.
+A local newspaper reporter still in high school, I was sent to the University of Illinois computer lab to interview the creator of something called PLATO.
+The acronym stands for Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations.
+It was a computer-aided instruction system, running on a computer then named ILLIAC.
+Programmers said it could help students learn.
+Fifty years ago on that day, they would have never dreamed of what Salman Khan did.
+But it doesn't matter.
+The point is that PLATO happened only 50 years ago, in a blink of an eye.
+Up until just five years ago, it was running in some form on ever-evolving, increasingly sophisticated computers.
+I learned from Wikipedia that from its humble beginnings, PLATO established forums, message boards, online tests, email, chat rooms, picture language, instant messaging, remote screen sharing, and multiplayer games.
+The first web browser was also developed in Urbana, so my hometown of Down, Illinois, was likely the birthplace of much of the virtual online world we occupy today.
+But I'm not from the Chamber of Commerce.
+(Laughter) I'm here as a guy who wants to communicate.
+All these things happened in my lifetime.
+My writing on computers dates back to the 1970s, when one of the first Atech systems was installed at the Chicago Sun-Times.
+I was in line at Radio Shack to buy my first Model 100.
+And when I told the people in the press room at the Academy Awards ceremony that they should have had phone lines installed for internet connectivity, they didn't know what I was talking about.
+When I bought my first desktop it was a DEC Rainbow.
+does anyone remember that? "
+(Applause.) "The Sun-Times sent me to the Cannes Film Festival with a Porteram Telebubble, a portable computer the size of a suitcase.
+I joined CompuServe when Twitter had fewer followers than it does today.
+(Laughter) CE: All of this happened in a blink of an eye.
+You have no idea what happens next.
+Incredibly lucky to be alive at this moment in history.
+Indeed, without intelligence and memory there would be no history, so we are quite lucky to be living in history.
+For billions of years, the universe has evolved without notice.
+We are now living in the age of the Internet, and it seems that a global consciousness is being formed.
+Thanks to that, I can communicate better than ever.
+We are born in a box of time and space.
+We get out there and use words and communication to reach out to others.
+For me, the internet started out as a useful tool, but now it has become a real-life dependency.
+I can't speak; I can only type very quickly.
+Computer voices can be unsophisticated, but computers allow us to communicate on a wider scale than ever before.
+Blogs, emails, Twitter, and Facebook seem to have taken the place of our daily conversations.
+They're not improvements, but they're the best I can do.
+They give me a way to speak.
+Not everyone is as patient as his wife, Chaz.
+But online, everyone speaks at the same speed.
+This whole adventure was a learning experience.
+With each failed surgery, I lost a little bit of flesh and bone.
+I have no chin left now.
+While the tissue was being harvested from both shoulders, the surgery left me with lower back pain and reduced ability to walk comfortably.
+Ironically, it's my shoulders that slow me down, even though my legs are fine.
+If you look at me today, I look like the Phantom of the Opera.
+But it's not.
+(Laughter) (Applause) It's human nature to look at someone like me and wonder if you've lost a few marbles.
+People -- (applause) People are talking loud -- I'm sorry.
+excuse me.
+(Applause.) People talk to me loudly and slowly.
+Sometimes they think I'm deaf.
+Some people don't want to make eye contact.
+Believe me, he didn't mean it that way -- just read it anyway.
+(Laughter) Never let your wife read a book like this.
+(Laughter) It's human nature to look away from illness.
+We do not enjoy being reminded of our own fragile death.
+That's why writing for the internet has become a lifesaver for me.
+My thinking and writing abilities are unaffected.
+And on the web, my true voice is expressed.
+I have also met many other disabled people who communicate in this way.
+One of my Twitter friends can type with just his toes.
+One of the funniest blogs on the web is written by a friend of mine named Smartass Cripple.
+(laughter) Google him and he'll make you laugh.
+All of these people are saying, in some way or another, that the visible isn't all there is to it.
+So I'm not here to complain.
+There are many things that make me happy and relieve me.
+For the time being, the cancer will likely be cured.
+I am writing as well as ever.
+i am productive
+If I had been in this state a short cosmological time ago, I would have been isolated like a hermit.
+It's stuck in your head.
+Thanks to the rush of human knowledge and the digital revolution, I have a voice and I don't have to shout.
+RE: Wait. I would like to add one more thing.
+A man goes to a psychiatrist.
+A psychiatrist says, "You're insane."
+The man said, "I want a second opinion."
+The psychiatrist says, "Okay, you're ugly."
+(Laughter) You all know the artificial intelligence test, the Turing test.
+Human judges converse with humans and computers.
+If the judge cannot distinguish between a machine and a human, the machine has passed the test.
+I propose here the Ebert test, a computer voice test.
+If a computer voice could tell a joke well, and be as good at timing and delivery as Henny Youngman, then that's the voice I want.
+(applause)
+Hello, my name is Marcin. Farmer, engineer.
+I was born in Poland and now live in the US.
+I started a group called Open Source Ecology.
+We've identified 50 of the most important machines you'll need for modern life, including tractors, bread ovens, and circuit makers.
+So we set out to create an open source, DIY, DIY version that anyone could build and maintain for a fraction of the cost.
+We call this the Global Village Construction Set.
+So let me tell you something.
+So I finished my twenties with a PhD. I was researching fusion energy and found myself useless.
+I didn't have the practical skills.
+The world presented me with a choice and I chose it.
+It can be said that it is the lifestyle of the consumer.
+So I started a farm in Missouri and learned about the economics of agriculture.
+I bought a tractor, but it broke down.
+I paid for it to be repaired, but it broke again.
+Shortly after that, I went bankrupt.
+We realized that the really appropriate, low-cost tools needed to start sustainable farming and settlement did not yet exist.
+I needed a tool that was robust, modular, highly efficient, optimized, low cost, made from locally sourced recycled materials, built for a lifetime, and not designed for obsolescence. was.
+It turns out that you have to build your own.
+So I did just that.
+and i tested them.
+And it turns out that industrial productivity can be achieved even on a small scale.
+So, we published 3D designs, schematics, instructional videos, and budgets on the Wiki.
+After that, contributors from all over the world began to gather, prototyping new machines during dedicated project visits.
+So far, we have prototyped 8 of the 50 machines.
+And now the project is starting to grow on its own.
+We know open source thrives on tools that manage knowledge and creativity.
+And the same thing is starting to happen in hardware.
+We focus on hardware because hardware can tangibly change people's lives.
+If we can lower the barriers to farming, building and manufacturing, we can unlock enormous human potential.
+It's not just in developing countries.
+Our tools are made for American farmers, builders, entrepreneurs and manufacturers.
+We've seen a lot of excitement about these people being able to start construction businesses, component manufacturing, organic CSA, or selling electricity to the grid.
+Our goal is to have a public repository of designs so clear and complete that a single burned DVD is effectively a civilization starter kit.
+Planted 100 trees in one day.
+We pushed 5,000 bricks out of the dirt under our feet in one day and built a tractor in six days.
+From what I've seen, this is just the beginning.
+If this idea is really sound, its implications are significant.
+Greater distribution of means of production, greener supply chains and a newly associated DIY maker culture can be expected to overcome artificial shortages.
+We are exploring the limits of what we can all do to create a better world using open hardware technologies.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So I learned about transplantation under the guidance of two great pioneers of surgery, Mr. Thomas Staelz, who performed the world's first successful liver transplant in 1967, and Sir Roy Kahn, who performed the first liver transplant in England. I had the opportunity to be trained.
+in the following year.
+I returned to Singapore to perform Asia's first cadaveric liver transplant in 1990, which was unexpected.
+Looking back, it was actually the easiest port.
+Next, collect the necessary funds for the procedure.
+But perhaps the hardest part was convincing regulators to give young female surgeons a chance to pioneer for their country. The issue was also discussed in parliament.
+But 20 years later, my patient, Slinder, is the longest surviving cadaveric liver transplant recipient in Asia to date.
+(Applause.) And perhaps more importantly, I am a proud godmother to her 14-year-old son.
+(Applause.) But not all patients on the transplant waiting list are so lucky.
+The truth is that there simply aren't enough donor organs.
+Demand for donor organs continues to increase, mainly due to an aging population, but supply remains relatively constant.
+In the United States alone, 100,000 men, women, and children are on waiting lists for donor organs, and more than a dozen people die every day from donor organ shortages.
+The transplant community actively promotes organ donation.
+And the gift of life has been extended from brain-dead donors to living relative donors, i.e. relatives who may donate organs or parts of organs, such as liver transplants, to relatives and loved ones. .
+However, because there was still a critical shortage of donor organs, the gift of life was extended from living related donors to currently living unrelated donors.
+And this has sparked an unprecedented and unexpected moral controversy.
+How can we distinguish between voluntary and altruistic donations and donations coerced or coerced, for example from a submissive spouse, in-laws, servants, slaves, employees, etc.?
+Where and how can we draw the line?
+Too many people live below the poverty line where I live.
+There is also a thriving unrelated living donor trade in some areas, with the commercial donation of organs in exchange for financial reward.
+Shortly after performing my first liver transplant, I received my next assignment. It was to go to prison and collect organs from executed prisoners.
+I was pregnant at the time too.
+Pregnancy should be a happy and fulfilling moment in a woman's life.
+But my good times were marred by the solemn and morbid thoughts of trying to make my way through the heavily guarded death row of a prison. Because it was the only route to get me to the temporary operating room.
+And each time, I felt the cold eyes of the condemned prisoners following me.
+And for two years, I woke up at 4:30 on Friday mornings, drove to the prison, got out, put on gloves, scrubbed, received the bodies of executed prisoners, removed their organs, and then prepared. I struggled with the dilemma of doing Transport these organs to the recipient's hospital and transplant the gift of life to the recipient the same afternoon.
+Without a doubt, I was informed and consented.
+But in my life, the only fulfilling skill I had was now to evoke feelings of conflict. Its conflicts range from the extreme sorrow and doubt of dawn to the celebratory joy of grafting the gift of life at dusk.
+I had a colleague or two on my team who lost their lives because of this experience.
+Some of us may have sublimated, but in reality no one remains the same.
+I was troubled that harvesting organs from executed prisoners is at least as morally controversial as harvesting stem cells from human embryos.
+And in my heart, as a surgical pioneer, I realized that my purpose in a position of influence was to speak up for those who were without it.
+I wondered if there was a better way. It's a way to avoid death while delivering the gift of life that could exponentially impact millions of patients around the world.
+Around that time, the practice of surgery evolved from large to small, from wide open incisions to keyhole surgery and small incisions.
+And with transplantation, the concept has moved from the whole organ to the cell.
+In 1988, I participated in a small whole-organ pancreas transplant series at the University of Minnesota.
+I faced technical difficulties.
+And this prompted a shift in my mind from whole organ transplants to perhaps cell transplants.
+I wondered if we could take individual cells from the pancreas (the cells that secrete insulin to fight diabetes) and transplant them. -- Technically, it's a much simpler procedure than going through the complex task of transplanting an entire organ.
+At that time, stem cell research was gaining momentum following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.
+The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to many different cell types, including heart cells, hepatocytes, and pancreatic islet cells, has captured the attention of the media and captured the imagination of the general public.
+I was fascinated by this new and disruptive cell technology, and it prompted a shift in thinking from whole organ transplants to cell transplants.
+And I focused my research on stem cells as a potential source for cell transplantation.
+Today we know that there are different types of stem cells.
+Embryonic stem cells have taken center stage primarily because of their pluripotency, which means they can easily differentiate into a variety of different cell types.
+But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells—the fact that these cells derive from five-day-old human embryos—spurs research into other types of stem cells.
+Now, to the ridicule of my colleagues, I focus my lab on stem cells, adipose tissue, or adipose—yes, what is now considered the most arguable source of abundant supply. inspired me to hit You and I are so happy to let go anyway.
+Adipose-derived stem cells are adult stem cells.
+And adult stem cells are present in your and mine: blood, bone marrow, fat, skin, and other organs.
+And, as it turns out, fat is one of the best sources of adult stem cells.
+However, adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.
+And here are the limits. Adult stem cells are mature cells, and like mature humans, these cells are more restricted in thought and more restricted in behavior and are unable to give rise to a wide variety of specialized cell types, such as . ES cells [can].
+But in 2007, two notable figures, Shinya Yamanaka of Japan and Jamie Thomson of the United States, made a startling discovery.
+They discovered that adult cells taken from you and me can be reprogrammed back into embryonic-like cells. These they called IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.
+As you can imagine, scientists and laboratories around the world are racing to transform senescent adult cells—yours and mine. They race to reprogram these cells into more useful IPS cells.
+And in our lab, we focus on consuming fat and reprogramming the fat mountain into a fountain of youthful cells. The cells are then used to form other, more specialized cells and may one day be used as cell transplants.
+If successful, this research could reduce the need to study and sacrifice human embryos.
+Sure, there's a lot of hype, but I hope the promise of stem cells will one day provide a cure for every condition.
+Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, retinal eye disease - do any of these conditions relate to you personally?
+In May 2006, something terrible happened to me.
+I was about to begin robotic surgery, and as I stepped out of the elevator into the bright, glare of the operating room, I noticed my left field of vision was rapidly fading into darkness.
+Earlier that week, I had a pretty hard hit while skiing in late spring. Yes, I fell.
+I also started seeing floaters and stars, which I casually ignored because I was too exposed to the sun at high altitude.
+What happened to me could have been devastating if I hadn't been in the right place to have the surgery.
+And I got my sight back, but it took me a long recovery period of 3 months with my head down.
+This experience has made me more empathetic to my patients, especially those with retinal disease.
+Worldwide, 37 million people are blind and another 127 million suffer from visual impairment.
+Stem cell-derived retinal transplants, currently under investigation, may one day restore vision, or partial vision, to millions of people with retinal disease around the world.
+In fact, we live in both difficult times and exciting times.
+As the world's population ages, scientists race to discover new ways to enhance the body's ability to heal through stem cells.
+It is true that our bone marrow releases stem cells into circulation when our organs and tissues are damaged.
+These stem cells then float in the bloodstream and concentrate in damaged organs to release growth factors and repair damaged tissue.
+Stem cells may be used as building blocks to repair damaged scaffolds in the body or to provide new hepatocytes to repair damaged livers.
+As of the time we speak, there are about 117 clinical trials investigating the use of stem cells for liver disease.
+What lies ahead?
+Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.
+1.1 million Americans suffer a heart attack each year.
+4.8 million people suffer from heart failure.
+Stem cells are used to deliver growth factors to repair damaged myocardium and to differentiate into cardiomyocytes to restore heart function.
+There are 170 clinical trials investigating the role of stem cells in heart disease.
+Stem cells, which are still in the research stage, could one day lead to a quantum leap in cardiology.
+Stem cells give us hope for new beginnings: small steps, cells instead of organs, repairs instead of replacements.
+Stem cell therapy may one day reduce the need for organ donation.
+Powerful new technologies always have mysteries.
+As we speak, the world's first human embryonic stem cell clinical trial for spinal cord injury is currently underway with US Food and Drug Administration approval.
+And in the UK, neural stem cells are being studied in a phase I trial to treat stroke.
+The research successes we celebrate today were made possible by the curiosity, contribution and dedication of individual scientists and medical pioneers.
+Each one has its own story.
+My story is about a journey from organs to cells, a journey through controversy inspired by hope, and as we grow older, one day you and I will celebrate longevity with an improved quality of life. We hope that you will be able to do so.
+thank you.
+Students often ask me, "What is sociology?"
+And this, I say, studies how humans are shaped by what we cannot see.
+And they say, "So how do you become a sociologist?"
+How can we make sense of those invisible forces? "
+And I say, "I sympathize.
+Let's start with empathy.
+Everything starts with empathy.
+Put yourself out of your shoes and put yourself in someone else's shoes. "
+Here's an example.
+So I imagine my life if 100 years ago China was the most powerful country in the world and came to the United States for coal.
+And they found it, and in fact they found a lot of it here.
+And soon they began to transport that coal by ton, by rail car, by ship, to China and other places around the world.
+And they became surprisingly wealthy in doing so.
+And they used that coal as fuel to build a beautiful city.
+And back here in the United States, we have seen economic despair and poverty.
+Here is what i saw.
+I have seen people living their lives to the fullest, not knowing what will happen or what will happen next.
+And I asked myself. Coal is such a rich resource, how could we be so poor here in the United States? do you have that much money?
+And I realized it was because the Chinese infiltrated the ruling minority here in the United States and stole all of their money and wealth for themselves.
+And the rest of us, the majority of us, struggle to survive.
+And China has endowed this small ruling elite with a plethora of military weapons and advanced technology to keep people like me from speaking out against this relationship.
+Does this sound familiar?
+And they did things like training Americans to protect coal.
+And everywhere there were Chinese symbols, reminders of it everywhere.
+And back to China, what do they say in China?
+none! They don't talk about us. They don't talk about coal.
+If you ask them, they'll say, "Well, we need coal.
+I mean, I'm not going to stop the thermostat.
+You can't expect that. "
+So, like many normal people, I get angry and angry.
+And we fight back, and it gets really ugly.
+And the Chinese react with a very ugly attitude.
+And before we know it, they send in tanks, they send in troops.
+and many are dying.
+And it's a very, very difficult situation.
+Can you imagine how you would feel if you were in my position?
+Can you imagine stepping out of this building and seeing tanks parked outside and trucks full of soldiers?
+Imagine how you would feel. I know why they are here. do you know what they are doing here
+If you can, it's empathy. That's empathy.
+You take off your shoes and stand in my shoes.
+And you have to feel it.
+Well, that's it for the warm-up.
+Now we begin the real, radical experiment.
+So, for the rest of my talk, I would like you to put yourself in the shoes of ordinary Arab Muslims in the Middle East, especially in Iraq.
+So, to help you out, perhaps you are part of a middle-class family in Baghdad.
+What you want is best for your child.
+You want your children to have a better life.
+And watch the news and pay attention.
+I read newspapers, go to coffee shops with my friends, read newspapers from all over the world.
+Sometimes I watch CNN, a satellite broadcast from the United States.
+You know what Americans are thinking.
+But really, you just want a better life for yourself.
+that's what you want.
+You are an Arab Muslim living in Iraq.
+You want a better life for yourself.
+So let me help you.
+Let me help you with some things you might be thinking.
+First, the encroachments on your land that have taken place in the last 20 years and before. Oil is the reason everyone is interested in your land, especially the United States.
+Everything is about oil. You know it, everyone knows it.
+People back in the US know it's about oil.
+That's because someone else has the design of your resource.
+It's your resource, not someone else's.
+It's your land. It's your resource.
+Others have that design.
+And do you know why it has that design?
+Do you know why they are paying attention to it?
+Because they have an entire economic system that depends on that oil, foreign oil, oil from other parts of the world that they don't own.
+And what else do you think of these people?
+Americans, they are rich.
+They live in big houses and have big cars.
+They all have blond hair and blue eyes. they are happy
+You think Of course that's not true, but that's the media impression.
+You get it.
+And they have big cities, all of which depend on oil.
+And when you get home, what do you see?
+Poverty, despair, struggle.
+So this is Iraq.
+Here's what you see.
+I see people struggling to survive.
+It's not easy; we see a lot of poverty.
+These people have a design for your resource and is this what you see?
+Another thing you talk about -- Americans don't talk about this, but you do -- there is this, the militarization of this world, and it's right around the United States.
+And the United States accounts for nearly half of the world's military spending.
+4% of the world's population!
+it's part of your life.
+and talk about it with friends.
+Read about it.
+When Saddam Hussein was in power, Americans didn't care about his crimes.
+When he was gassing the Kurds and gassing Iran, they didn't care.
+Somehow, suddenly things mattered when oil was in crisis.
+And what you're looking at is something else: The United States, the center of democracy around the world, doesn't seem to really support democracies around the world.
+There are many less democratic countries that are supported by the United States, oil producers.
+It's weird.
+Oh, these invasions, these two wars, ten years of sanctions, eight years of occupation, the rebellion unleashed on the people, the deaths of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of civilians?
+All because of oil.
+I can't help but think so.
+you talk about it
+It is always at the forefront of your mind.
+"How is that possible?" you say.
+And this man is your grandfather, uncle, father, son, neighbor, professor, student, and other common people.
+What was once a life filled with happiness and joy, suddenly comes pain and sorrow.
+Everyone in your country faces violence, bloodshed, pain and fear.
+No one in your country is uncontacted.
+But there is something else.
+There's something different about these people out there, the Americans.
+They see something else that they don't see.
+they are christian
+They worship the Christian God, carry crosses, and carry Bibles.
+Their bibles have a small insignia that says "U.S. Army".
+And their leaders, their leaders, before they send their sons and daughters to war in your country - and you know why - before they send them, They go to Christian churches and pray to their Christian God. And they look to God for protection and guidance.
+why?
+Well, obviously, when people die in war, it's Muslims, Iraqis, not Americans.
+I don't want Americans to die -- "Protect the Army."
+And you feel something about it – of course you do.
+And they do great things.
+You read about it, you hear about it.
+They are there to build schools and help people.
+that's what they want to do.
+They do great things, but they also do bad things, so I can't tell the difference.
+There is a man saying that your god is a false god.
+Your god is an idol. His God is the true God.
+According to him, the solution to the Middle East problem is to convert all of you to Christianity, to get rid of religion.
+and you know that. Americans don't read this guy.
+you pass it around. You pass his word on.
+He was one of the key commanders in the second Iraq invasion.
+And you're going, 'Oh my God, if this guy says that, then all the soldiers must be saying that.
+And here are the words -- George Bush called this war a crusade.
+Americans are like, "Oh, crusades."
+Anything is fine. I don't know what that means. "
+Do you know what that means? It's a holy war against Muslims.
+Watch, invade, overwhelm and take their resources.
+If they don't submit, kill them.
+It is this.
+This is terrifying.
+And this man, Terry Jones: You mean there's a man trying to burn the Quran, right?
+And the American said, "Oh, he has blunt knuckles.
+He is a former hotel manager. His church has 30 members..."
+they laugh him off.
+In all other contexts there is no need to laugh him off as all parts apply.
+Of course Americans think so.
+So not only in your country, but people all over the Middle East are protesting.
+"He is going to burn the Koran, our holy book.
+These Christians -- who are these Christians?
+They are so evil, so mean, is this their purpose? "
+This is what you think as an Arab Muslim, as an Iraqi.
+And when your cousin says, "Hey, check out this website.
+This is a must - Bible Boot Camp.
+These Christians are crazy!
+They are training young children to be Jesus soldiers.
+They take small children and instill these things until they teach them how to say "Teacher!" I got it! ' such as 'Grenade Throwing' and 'Weapon Care and Maintenance'. and visit the website. It says "US Army" on it.
+In other words, these Christians are crazy.
+How can you do this to your own young children? "
+And you are reading this website.
+And, of course, Christians in the United States and everyone say, "This is a little church in the middle of nowhere."
+you don't know that
+"Bible Boot Camp" is a hot topic on the web.
+And look at this.
+They also teach children. They train their children the same way the US Marines train them.
+It is interesting.
+And it scares you, and it scares you.
+So, you see these people.
+Look, I'm Sam Richards -- I know who they are.
+They are my students and my friends. I know what they are thinking.
+you don't know
+When you look at them, they become something else.
+they are different.
+We don't see it that way in the US, but you see it that way.
+So here.
+Of course it is wrong.
+you are generalizing that's wrong.
+You don't understand Americans.
+It's not an invasion of Christians.
+We don't just want oil. We are here for many reasons.
+that's wrong. You missed it.
+And of course most of you don't support the rebellion. You don't support killing Americans. You are not supporting terrorists.
+Of course not. Very few people do.
+But some people think so.
+And this is the point of view.
+OK. Now that's what we're going to do.
+Step out of your current shoes and back into your usual shoes.
+So we all went back to our rooms. OK?
+Now, this is where the radical experiment begins.
+So everyone went home.
+This photo: This woman -- man, I feel for her.
+I feel her
+She is my sister, wife, cousin and neighbor.
+she is anyone to me
+The people standing there, everyone in the photo, look at this photo and feel it.
+So here's what I want you to do:
+Let's go back to our first Chinese example.
+I want you to go there.
+It's all about coal, and the Chinese are here in the United States.
+All I want you to do is imagine her as a Chinese woman who receives a Chinese flag because she lost a loved one in America during the coal uprising.
+And the soldiers are Chinese, and everyone else is Chinese.
+As an American, how do you feel about this photo?
+What do you think of that scene?
+ok, let's try this. come back with me
+Here is the scene.
+Americans, American soldiers and American women who have lost loved ones in the Middle East, Iraq and Afghanistan.
+Now let's go back to the position of Arab Muslims living in Iraq.
+What do you feel and think about this photo, this woman?
+Well, you're taking big risks here, so follow me on this one.
+So why not take a risk with me?
+Gentlemen here are rebels.
+They were caught by American soldiers while trying to kill an American.
+And maybe they succeeded. They probably succeeded.
+Put yourself in the shoes of the Americans who caught them.
+Do you feel angry?
+Think I just want to catch these guys and strangle them?
+can i go there?
+It shouldn't be too difficult.
+You just -- oh my god.
+Now let's put ourselves in their shoes.
+Are they brutal killers or patriotic defenders?
+Can you feel their anger, fear and anger over what happened in their country?
+Can you imagine perhaps one of them crouching over the child in the morning, hugging the child and saying, "Dear dear, I'll be back later."
+I go out to protect your freedom, your life.
+I will look after our country's future for us. "
+Can you imagine saying that?
+can i go there?
+what do you think they are feeling?
+See, that's empathy.
+[Understanding] At this point, you might be thinking, "Okay, Sam, why are you doing this?"
+Why use this example over all other examples?"
+It is permissible to hate these people.
+You are allowed to hate them with all your heart.
+And if I could get you to put on their shoes and walk an inch (just an inch), imagine what sociological analysis we could do in every other aspect of life. please look.
+It's okay to walk a mile to understand why the person is driving 40 mph in the fast lane. Or your teenage son. Or the neighbor who annoys you by mowing the lawn on Sunday morning.
+Whatever it is, you can get far.
+And this is what I tell my students. Step out of your own little little world.
+Step into someone else's tiny little world.
+And do it again, do it again, do it again.
+And suddenly all these tiny little worlds come together in this intricate web.
+And they build big, complex worlds.
+And suddenly, without realizing it, the world starts to look different.
+everything has changed.
+Everything in your life has changed.
+And of course that's what this is about.
+Turn your attention to other lives, other visions.
+Listen to others and enlighten yourself.
+I'm not saying I support Iraqi terrorists.
+But as a sociologist, what I want to say is: "I understand."
+And now, maybe, maybe, so do you.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am very lucky to be here.
+I feel very lucky.
+I was very touched by the kindness that was expressed to me.
+I called my wife Leslie and said, 'You know, there are a lot of good people trying to do a lot of good things.
+It's like being in a colony of angels. "
+It's a real feeling.
+But let me tell you -- the clock seems to be ticking.
+I am a public school teacher and I would like to speak to the Superintendent.
+Her name is Pam Moran and she lives in Albemarle County, Virginia, in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
+And she's a very high-tech director.
+She uses smart boards, blogs, tweets, uses Facebook, and does all this high-tech stuff.
+She is a technology leader and an education leader.
+But her office has an old weathered and worn wooden table and kitchen table, with peeling green paint and a little rickety.
+And I said, 'Pam, you're very modern and edgy.
+Why is this old table in your office? "
+And she said to me, "I grew up in the coal mines of southwest Virginia and farmlands in rural Virginia, and this table was in my grandfather's kitchen.
+And we would come home from play and he would come home from plowing and working and would sit around the table every night.
+And as I grew up, I heard so much knowledge, so much insight, and so much wisdom coming out around this table that I call it the Wisdom Table. became.
+And when he passed away, I took this table into my office and it reminds me of him.
+From time to time, I am reminded of what is happening around the empty space. "
+The project I'm about to tell you about is called the World Peace Game, but it's also essentially an empty space.
+And I like to think of it as a 21st century wisdom table.
+It all started in 1977.
+I was still young, entering and leaving college.
+My parents were very patient with me, but I was in India intermittently on my mystical quests.
+And I remember the last time I came back from India--in long white flowing robes, with a big beard and John Lennon glasses--and I said to my father, He said, "Dad, I think I've just found my spiritual enlightenment." "
+He said, "I have to find one more thing."
+I said, "Dad, what is that?" "work."
+(Laughter.) So they begged me to get a degree.
+So I got my degree, and I knew it was education.
+It was an experimental educational program.
+Dentistry would have been nice, but the word "experimental" was in it, so I had no choice but to go there.
+And so I went to a job interview at Richmond Public Schools in Virginia, and bought a three-piece suit--conceding to convention--I wore long beards, afros and platform shoes--it was the '70s. bottom. I went in, sat down and was interviewed.
+And I think they were tough on teachers because my supervisor, her name is Anna Alo, said I had a job teaching talented kids.
+So I was so shocked and stunned, I stood up and said: "Thank you, but what should I do?"
+(Laughter) Gifted education was not very well established.
+There weren't that many materials or items to use.
+And I said, "What should I do?"
+And her answer shocked me. surprised.
+Her answer set the template for my entire career thereafter.
+She said, "What do you want?"
+And that question emptied the space.
+Such gifted education had no program instructions, no manual to follow, no standards.
+And she made such a space, and from then on I tried to make a space, a vacant space, for my students. In doing so, they were able to create their own understanding and create meaning.
+This was in 1978, and many years after I was teaching, a friend introduced me to a young filmmaker.
+His name is Chris Farina.
+Chris Farina is here today at his own expense.
+Chris, could you please stand up and show yourself to the young visionary filmmakers who made the film.
+(Applause.) The film is called "World Peace and Other Fourth Grade Achievements."
+He suggested the movie to me. Great title.
+He suggested the movie to me, and I said, ``Yeah, maybe it will be on local TV, and maybe I can say hello to my friends.''
+But this movie has really lost its way.
+Although still in debt, Chris paid his own price to get the film out.
+So we made a movie, and it turned out to be more than a story about me, and more than a story about a teacher.
+This is a story that is a testament to education and teachers.
+And that is beautiful.
+And the strange thing is that when I was watching this movie - I have this eerie feeling of watching it - I literally saw myself disappearing.
+What I saw was the teachers coming through me.
+I could see my high school geometry teacher, Mr. Roussel, grinning wryly under his handlebar mustache.
+That's the smile I use, that's his smile.
+I saw Jean Polo's eyes light up.
+And they were shining not with anger, but with love, a fierce love for her students.
+And I have such flashes from time to time.
+And then I saw Miss Ethel J. Banks, who wore pearls and high heels to elementary school every day.
+And you know, she had that old school teacher look.
+you know that
+(Laughter) "And I'm not even talking about you behind my back, because I have eyes in the back of my head."
+(laughs) Do you know the teacher?
+I haven't used that gaze much, but it's in my repertoire.
+And Miss Banks was there as a great mentor for me.
+And then I met my parents, my first teacher.
+My father was a very creative and spatial thinker.
+On the right is my brother Malcolm.
+And my mother, who taught me in 4th grade at a segregated school in Virginia, was my source of inspiration.
+And really, when I watch this movie, I feel like I have these gestures that she does, but I feel like I'm a continuation of her gestures.
+I am also one of her teachings.
+And the great thing is that I was able to teach my daughter, Madeleine, who is in grade school.
+And the mother's gesture has been passed down for generations.
+It's great to have that pedigree.
+And I am here standing on the shoulders of many.
+I am not here alone.
+There are many people on this stage right now.
+So I would like to talk about this world peace game.
+It started like this: A 4' x 5' plywood installation in an urban school in 1978.
+I was creating a lesson about Africa for my students.
+I thought I would put all the problems in the world there and let them solve them.
+I didn't want to give lectures, I just didn't want to read books.
+I wanted them to be engrossed and to experience the sensation of learning with their bodies.
+So I thought they might like playing games.
+Build something -- I didn't say interactive. In 1978 there was no such term, but it was interactive.
+So we built the game and it has since evolved into a 4ft x 4ft x 4ft plexiglass structure.
+It has four plexiglass layers.
+There are black holes, satellites, research satellites, space layers where asteroid mining takes place.
+There are sky and space levels with clouds like big cotton balls that we push out, airspace and air forces, land and sea levels with thousands of prey above them, and even undersea levels with submarines and undersea mining.
+There are four countries around the board.
+Children make up country names. Some countries are rich, some are rich. Some are poor.
+They have a variety of commercial and military assets.
+And each country has a cabinet.
+There is a prime minister, a secretary of state, a minister of defense, and a CFO or auditor.
+I choose a prime minister based on my relationship with them.
+I offer them a job but they can turn it down and then they choose their own cabinet.
+We have the World Bank, arms dealers, and the United Nations.
+There is also a weather goddess who controls random stock markets and random weather.
+(laughs) And that's not all.
+And then there's the 13-page crisis document containing 50 interrelated issues.
+So when one thing changes, everything else changes.
+I throw them into this complex matrix, but they trust me because we have a deep and rich relationship.
+And with all these crises, we have ethnic and minority tensions. Chemical and nuclear spills and nuclear proliferation are happening.
+Oil spills, environmental disasters, water disputes, secession of the Republic, starvation, endangered species, global warming, and more.
+When Al Gore is here, I will send Agna Hart and the 4th graders of Venable's school to you. Because they solved global warming in a week.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) And they've done it a few times.
+(Laughter) So I have saboteurs in my games, kids, basically troublemakers. And I let the troublemakers take advantage of them because they are ostensibly trying to save the world and their place in the world. game.
+But they also want to ruin everything in the game.
+And they do it covertly through misinformation, ambiguity, and irrelevance, trying to get everyone to think harder.
+The saboteurs are there, and we also read from Sun Tzu's "Art of War".
+A 4th grader understands it at 9 years old, handles it, and uses it to learn how to walk the path to power and destruction, the path to war, instead of following at first. I understand.
+They learn to ignore short-sighted reactions and impulsive thinking and think in a long-term, more productive way.
+Stewart Brand is here. One of the ideas for this game came from him in a CoEvolution Quarterly article on Peace Corps.
+And in the game, the students actually form a Peace Corps.
+I'm just a watch watcher.
+I'm just an explainer. I am just a facilitator.
+Students run the game.
+Once they start playing, I have no chance of making any policy.
+So I share with you...
+(Video) Boy: The World Peace Game is serious.
+You are actually being taught things like how to take care of the world.
+Mr. Hunter is doing this because his time has been greatly ruined, and he is trying to teach us how to fix the problem.
+John Hunter: I suggested to them -- (applause) As a matter of fact, I don't know the answer so I can't tell them.
+And I frankly admit the truth to them: "I don't know."
+I don't know, so they have to dig for the answer.
+So I apologize to them too.
+I say, "Boys and girls, I am so sorry, but the truth is that we have left this world to you in a very sad and terrible way. You have done it for us." and maybe this game will help you." Learn how. "
+This is a sincere apology and they take it very seriously.
+Now, you may be wondering what this complexity looks like.
+Now, when I start the game, I see something like this:
+(Video) JH: Okay, now we're negotiating. go.
+(Chat) JH: I would like to ask you, who is in charge of that classroom?
+This is a serious question. Who is actually responsible?
+Over time, I've learned to let my students take control of the classroom.
+There was trust and understanding, and a dedication to an ideal that allowed me to do what I thought I had to do as a new teacher: not have to control every conversation and reaction in the classroom. You simply don't have to.
+It's impossible. Their collective wisdom is far superior to mine, and I frankly admit that.
+So I would like to briefly share some stories about magical events that have happened so far.
+There is a little girl in this game and she was the Minister of Defense of the poorest country.
+And the Minister of Defense had a tank corps, an air force, and so on.
+And next to her was an oil-rich and very wealthy neighbor.
+Without any provocation, she suddenly attacked a neighboring oil field against the Prime Minister's orders.
+She marched on the oil reserves, surrounded them without firing, and secured and held them.
+And the neighbor could not carry out any military operations because the fuel supply was cut off.
+We were all mad at her, 'Why are you doing this?
+This is world peace game. what happened? "
+(Laughter) This is a little girl who was nine years old and held her piece and said, "I know what I'm doing."
+She said to her girlfriends,
+That's a violation.
+In this article, we learned that you definitely want to avoid chasing a 9-year-old girl across.
+(Laughter) They are the most formidable opponents.
+And we were so upset.
+I thought I was unqualified as a teacher. why does she do this?
+However, a few days after the game, it turns out that there will be a turn when we will be negotiated by the team. In reality, there is a period of negotiation with all the teams, with each team acting in turn, and then returning to negotiations. This means that each turn round is one match day.
+So, a few days after the match, it turned out that this powerhouse was planning a military offensive to rule the whole world.
+If they had the fuel, they would have done it.
+She saw vectors and trendlines and intentions long before any of us, understood what would happen, and was able to make the philosophical decision to strike in the peace game.
+Now that she used the small wars to avoid the big ones, we stopped and had a very good philosophical discussion about whether it was right, conditionally good, or not. We had a discussion.
+That's what we put them in that way of thinking, in that situation.
+It could not have been designed that way when I taught it.
+It was born spontaneously by their collective wisdom.
+(Applause.) As another example, something wonderful happened.
+There is a letter in the game.
+If you're a military commander, send your troops out, and lose the little plastic toy on the board, I'll send you a letter.
+You have to write a letter to their parents, the fictional parents of your fictional army, explaining what happened and conveying your condolences.
+Therefore, you should think a little more before going into battle.
+So this situation happened -- in fact, last summer at Agnor Hart School in Albemarle County -- and one of the military commanders stood up and read the letter, and one of the other kids said, Well, "Mr. Hunter, let's do it." Listen--there's a parent over there. "
+The day was visited by a parent who was just sitting in the back of the room.
+"Let's have that mother read the letter.
+It would be more realistic if she read it. "
+So we did and I asked her and she playfully picked up the letter.
+"Of course." She began to read. she read a sentence.
+She read two sentences.
+By the third sentence, she was in tears.
+I'm in tears.
+Everyone understood that losing someone doesn't make a winner happy.
+we all lose.
+It was an amazing event, an amazing understanding.
+Here's what my friend David has to say about this.
+He has participated in many battles.
+(Video) David: I'm tired of people attacking me.
+I mean, we've (mostly) been lucky.
+But now that I have been living what Sun Tzu said for a week, I feel very strange.
+One week he said, "Those who go to battle and win will want to go back, and those who lose the battle will want to come back and win."
+And so I've been winning battles, and I'm going to keep fighting.
+And I think it's kind of strange to live what Sun Tzu said.
+JH: It gives me chills every time I see it.
+That's the kind of engagement you want.
+And I can't design it, I can't plan it, I can't test it.
+But that's a self-explanatory assessment.
+We know it is a genuine assessment of learning.
+We have a lot of data, but sometimes I think we can go beyond the data to see the real truth of what's going on.
+So I would like to talk about the third.
+This is about my friend Brennan.
+We played the game in one session after school for weeks, about seven weeks. And basically solved all 50 interlocking crises.
+To win the game, you must solve all 50 problems and increase the value of each country's assets above the starting point.
+Some are poor and some are rich. There are billions.
+The World Bank president was once in the third grade.
+He said, ``How many zeros are there in a trillion?
+But he was setting financial policies for the high school players he was playing with in that game.
+So the poorest teams got even poorer.
+There was no way they could win.
+And as the closing time of 4 o'clock approached and there was about a minute left, a sense of hopelessness permeated the room.
+I thought I was failing as a teacher.
+I should have gotten it so they could win.
+They cannot fail like this.
+I failed them.
+And I was just so sad and discouraged.
+And suddenly Brennan walked over to my chair and grabbed the bell. It is the bell that I ring to announce the change or reconvocation of the Cabinet. Then he ran back to his seat and rang the bell.
+Everyone ran to their chairs. A shout went up. A shout went up as they waved their papers.
+They get a dossier filled with confidential documents.
+They were gesticulating. they were running around.
+I didn't know what they were doing. I have lost control of the classroom.
+The principal comes in, I have no job.
+Parents were looking out the window.
+Then Brennan ran back to his seat. Everyone runs back to their seats.
+He rings the bell again. He said, "We," and with 12 seconds left, "we could pool all the money into one, all the countries.
+And we have $600 billion.
+We will offer it as a donation to this poor country.
+And if they accept it, their property value will increase and we will win the game.
+Will you accept me? "
+And the clock has three seconds left.
+Everyone looks at the Prime Minister of this country and says, "Yes."
+And we won the match.
+Unplanned, unexpected, unpredictable spontaneous compassion.
+All the games we play are different.
+Some games are about social issues, while others are about economic issues.
+There are also games dedicated to war.
+But I do not deny the reality that they are human.
+I will allow them to go there and learn through their own experience in a bloodless way how not to do what they think is wrong.
+And they find what is right for themselves, in their own way.
+In this game, I learned a lot from it, but if they can get critical thinking tools and creative thinking tools from this game to harness what is good for the world, it will save us all. I say it might be possible. .
+If so.
+And on behalf of all the teachers I stand by my shoulders for, thank you. thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I want to talk about what I consider to be one of the greatest adventures humanity has embarked on: the quest to understand the universe and our place in it.
+My own interest and passion for this subject began quite by accident.
+I bought this book "The Universe and Dr. Einstein" at a used book store in Seattle. This is a used paperback.
+A few years later, in Bangalore, I was having trouble falling asleep one night and picked up this book thinking I would be asleep in 10 minutes.
+And I happened to read it all at once from midnight to 5 in the morning.
+And I was left with an intense awe and exhilaration of the universe and our own understanding.
+And that feeling has not yet left me.
+That feeling inspired me to actually change my career from being a software engineer to being a science writer, and I was able to experience the joy of science and the joy of sharing it with others.
+And that feeling also took me on a pilgrimage of sorts. To literally go to the ends of the earth to see the telescopes, detectors, instruments, etc. that people are building or are building to study the universe in greater detail.
+So I was taken to places like Chile, from Chile's Atacama Desert to Siberia, to underground mines in the Japanese Alps, to North America, all the way to the South Pole, and even to the South Pole.
+And today I want to share with you some images and stories from those trips.
+I've been basically working for the last few years in a very remote, very hostile place, literally sometimes risking my life to collect the slightest signal from the Earth, a very brave, I've spent a lot of time documenting the efforts of men and women. for us to understand this universe.
+We'll start with the pie chart, and I promise it's the only pie chart in the whole presentation, but it sets the state of our knowledge of the universe.
+All the theories of physics that we have today adequately describe what is called ordinary matter, the matter that we are all made up of, and that is 4 percent of the universe.
+Astronomers, cosmologists, and physicists believe that there is something called dark matter in the universe, which makes up 23 percent of the universe, and dark energy that permeates the fabric of space-time, which makes up 73 percent of the universe. I'm here.
+So, looking at this pie chart, we can see that at this point in space exploration, 96 percent of the universe is unknown or poorly understood.
+And most of the experiments and telescopes I've been to look at somehow address this question, the twin mysteries of dark matter and dark energy.
+First, we will guide you to an underground mine in northern Minnesota. People are looking for something called dark matter.
+And the idea here is that they're looking for signs of a dark matter particle hitting one of the detectors.
+And the reason why we have to go underground is because if we do this experiment on the surface of the Earth, the same experiment could be generated by things like cosmic rays, ambient radio activity, and even our own bodies. Because the signal will overwhelm you. . Believe it or not, even our own bodies contain enough radioactive material to interfere with this experiment.
+So they go deep into the mine to find a kind of silent environment where they can hear the sound of dark matter particles hitting their detectors.
+And I went to see one of these experiments, and this is actually - you can hardly see it, and the reason is that it's completely dark out there - this is the miners who left this mine It is a cave left by a man in 1960.
+And at some point in the 1980s, physicists came along and started using it.
+And miners at the beginning of the last century literally worked by candlelight.
+And today you'll find it in mines 800 meters underground.
+This is one of the largest underground laboratories in the world.
+And above all, they are looking for dark matter.
+Another way to look for dark matter is indirect.
+If dark matter exists in our universe, our galaxy, these particles should collide and produce other particles as we know them. One of them is the neutrino.
+Neutrinos can be detected by the trail they leave when they collide with water molecules.
+When a neutrino collides with a water molecule, it emits a kind of blue light, a flash of blue light. By looking for this blue light, we can basically understand something about neutrinos, and indirectly, we can understand something about dark matter. I created this neutrino.
+But you need a very large amount of water to do this.
+You need tens of megatons, almost gigatons of water to have a chance of catching this neutrino.
+And where on earth is such water?
+Well, Russians have tanks in their backyards.
+This is Lake Baikal.
+It is the world's largest lake. Its length is 800 km.
+In most places it is about 40-50 km wide and 1-2 km deep.
+And what the Russians are doing is building these detectors and submerging them about a kilometer below the surface of the lake so they can watch for flashes of blue light.
+And this is the view that greeted us upon arrival.
+This is Lake Baikal in the height of winter in Siberia.
+The lake is completely frozen.
+And the line of black dots in the background is the ice camp where the physicists work.
+The reason they have to work in the winter is because they don't have the money to work in the summer and spring, and if they do, they'll need ships and submarines to do their work.
+So they wait until winter, when the lake is completely frozen, and use this several-meter-thick ice as a platform to set up an ice camp and do their work.
+This is a Russian man working on ice in the height of winter in Siberia.
+They have to drill a hole in the ice, dive into the water -- cold, cold water -- pick up the equipment, pick it up, do the necessary repairs and maintenance, put it back in and go out. not. before the ice melts.
+Because the hard ice lasts for two months and is full of cracks.
+And imagine, under it, a whole lake like ocean is moving.
+I still don't understand how this one Russian man worked bare-chested, but it speaks to how hard he worked.
+And these people, a handful of people, have been working for 20 years looking for particles that may or may not exist.
+And they have dedicated their lives to it.
+For reference, they spent $20 million over 20 years.
+These are very strict conditions.
+They work on a limited budget.
+The toilets there are literally holes in the ground and covered with wooden sheds.
+It's basic, but they do this every year.
+I have traveled from Siberia to the Atacama Desert in Chile to see what is called the Very Large Telescope.
+The Very Large Telescope is one thing that astronomers do. They give their telescopes rather unimaginative names.
+As a matter of fact, the next telescope they are planning is called the "Very Large Telescope".
+(Laughter) And believe it or not, the next telescope is going to be called the "biggest telescope."
+But nevertheless, this is an extraordinary piece of engineering.
+These are four 8.2 meter telescopes.
+These telescopes are used, among other things, to study how the expansion of the universe changes over time.
+And the more we understand it, the better we understand what this dark energy that the universe is made of is.
+And one piece of engineering that I would like to leave you with about this telescope is the mirrors.
+Each mirror has four pieces and is made of a single piece of glass, a monolithic piece of high-tech ceramic, polished so precisely that it's the only way you can tell what it is. Imagine a city like Paris with all the buildings and the Eiffel Tower. Polishing a paris to such precision would leave 1mm high bumps.
+And that's the kind of polish these mirrors have endured.
+A great set of telescopes.
+Here's another look at the same thing.
+The reason we have to build a telescope in a place like the Atacama Desert is because there is a high altitude desert.
+Dry air is very good for telescopes, and there are clouds under the tops of these mountains, giving telescopes about 300 days of clear skies.
+Finally, I would like to take you to Antarctica.
+I want to spend most of my time in this world.
+This is the final frontier of cosmology.
+Some of the most amazing experiments, some of the most extreme, are being conducted in Antarctica.
+I was there to see what is called a long balloon flight, which basically takes telescopes and instruments into the upper atmosphere, 40 km above the stratosphere, into the upper stratosphere.
+And there experiments are carried out, after which the payload, the balloon, is lowered.
+This is how we landed on the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica.
+It's the American C-17 freighter that flew us from New Zealand to McMurdo, Antarctica.
+And finally get on the bus.
+I don't know if you can read the letters, but it says "Ivan of Terribus".
+And that brings us to McMurdo.
+And this is the scene that greets you at McMurdo.
+And few may know this hut right here.
+This hut was built by Robert Falcon Scott and his men when they first came to Antarctica on their first expedition to the South Pole.
+It's so cold that all the contents of the hut are still there, and the remains of the last meal we made are still there.
+It's a special place.
+This is McMurdo itself. About 1,000 people work here in the summer, and about 200 in the winter, when it is pitch black for half a year.
+I came here to see the launch of this particular type of equipment.
+It is an experiment of cosmic rays launched up to an altitude of 40 km in the upper stratosphere.
+Imagine that this weighs 2 tons.
+This means that the balloon will carry a 2 tonne object to an altitude of 40 km.
+And engineers, technicians, and physicists must all converge on the Ross Ice Shelf. Because Antarctica--I won't say why--is one of the best places to launch a balloon. for the weather.
+As you can imagine, the weather is summer and you are standing on 200 feet of ice.
+And behind it is a volcano, on the top of which is a glacier.
+And all they have to do is assemble the entire balloon with fabric, parachute and everything else on the ice and fill it with helium.
+And the process takes about 2 hours.
+And the weather could change while we're putting together this whole rally.
+For example, here we have balloon fabric on the back, which will eventually be filled with helium.
+The two trucks you see at the very end each carry 12 tanks of compressed helium.
+Now, we actually have to box everything up and take it back to the McMurdo station in case the weather changes before launch.
+And this balloon is a very big balloon because it has to lift a weight of 2 tons.
+The fabric alone weighs two tons.
+It's very thin, about as thin as a sandwich crust, to keep weight to a minimum.
+And if you have to pack it back, you have to put it in the box and stamp it to fit in the box again. However, the first time it was done it must have been in Texas.
+Here they can't work in the gentle shoes they wear, so in this cold they have to take off their shoes and go barefoot into the box to do that kind of work.
+That is the dedication of these people.
+This is where the balloon is filled with helium, and you can see a very beautiful sight.
+Here's a scene showing the balloon and payload end-to-end.
+So, on the left side of the balloon, it's filled with helium, and the fabric actually extends to the middle, where the electronics and explosives are connected to the parachute, which is then connected to the parachute. payload.
+And remember, all this wiring is done by people in the freezing cold.
+They are wearing about 15kg of clothing and stuff, and to do that they have to remove their gloves.
+And I would like to share with you about the launch.
+(Video) Radio: Yes, release the balloon, release the balloon, release the balloon.
+Anil Anantaswamy: And finally I would like to leave you with two images.
+This is an observatory in the Himalayas in Ladakh, India.
+And what I want you to see here is the telescope on the right.
+And on the far left is a Buddhist temple with a history of 400 years.
+This is an enlarged photo of a Buddhist temple.
+And I was struck by the juxtaposition of these two huge fields of humanity.
+One is to explore the outer universe and the other is to explore our inner being.
+And both require some kind of silence.
+And what struck me was that everywhere I went to see these telescopes, astronomers and cosmologists, whether it was silence due to radio pollution, light pollution, etc. It was what I was looking for.
+And it was very clear that if we destroyed these quiet places on Earth, we would be trapped on the planet without being able to see out because we would not be able to understand the signals coming from space.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+That wonderful music, the music that comes in, "March of the Elephants" from "Aida" is the music I chose for my funeral.
+(Laughter) I can see why. It's a win.
+I wouldn't feel anything, but hopefully I've been given the chance to understand something about how I've lived, how I've lived on this wonderful planet, and why I'm here in the first place. You will feel victorious. before you weren't here.
+Can you understand my strange English accent?
+(laughter) Like everyone else, I was fascinated by the animal session yesterday.
+Robert Full, Frans Landing et al. The beauty of what they showed me.
+The only thing that bothered me a bit was when Jeffrey Katzenberg described the Mustang as "the most wonderful creature God has ever put on this planet."
+Of course, I know he didn't mean it, but at this point in this country, you can't be too cautious.
+(Laughter) I'm a biologist and the central theorem of our subject is design theory, Darwinian evolution by natural selection.
+Of course, in professional circles everywhere, it is widely accepted.
+In non-professional circles outside the United States, this is largely ignored.
+But among non-professionals in the United States, this has caused so much hostility that (laughter) American biologists are at war.
+War is such a worrying thing right now, with one state after another, that I felt compelled to say something about it.
+If you want to know what I mean about Darwinism itself, I'm afraid you'll have to look at my book, which you won't find in any outside bookstore.
+(Laughter.) Modern courts often deal with what is purported to be a new version of creationism called “intelligent design” (ID).
+Don't be fooled. There is nothing new about IDs.
+It's just creationism going by another name for strategic and political reasons -- I chose the word carefully -- (laughter).
+The argument of so-called ID theorists is the same old argument that has been refuted many times since Darwin.
+There is an effective evolutionary lobby that is coordinating this battle on behalf of science and I am trying to do everything I can to help them, but I don't think people like me dare to say that we are evolutionists. They get very angry when I dare to mention that I am both an atheist and an atheist.
+They see us rocking the ship, and you can understand why too.
+Lacking a coherent scientific argument for their claims, creationists revert to a common phobia of atheism. Teach kids the theory of evolution in biology classes and they'll quickly move on to drugs, grand theft, and sexual "pre-versions."
+(Laughter.) Indeed, of course, educated theologians below the Pope are staunch proponents of evolution.
+This book, "Darwin's Discovery of God" by Kenneth Miller, is one of the most effective attacks on intelligent design that I know of, and it is even more effective because it is written by a devout Christian. target.
+Someone like Kenneth Miller might be a "goddess" for the evolutionary lobby (laughter), because they debunk the lie that evolution really equates to atheism.
+People like me, on the other hand, ride the waves.
+But here I want to say something nice about creationists.
+I don't do this very often, so please listen carefully.
+(Laughter) I think they are right about one thing.
+I think they are correct in saying that evolution is fundamentally anti-religion.
+I have already said that many evolutionists like the Pope are also religious, but I think they are deceiving themselves.
+I believe that a true understanding of Darwinism undermines religious beliefs.
+Now, while it may sound like I'm trying to preach atheism, I hope you can rest assured that that's not what I'm trying to do.
+In front of an audience this sophisticated, it would be preaching to the choir.
+No, what I want to appeal to you is — (laughter) instead, what I want to appeal to you is militant atheism.
+(Laughter) (Applause) But that's too negative.
+If I were a person interested in defending my religious beliefs, I would be very afraid of the positive forces that inspire and fascinate people because evolutionary science, indeed science in general, but evolutionary theory in particular, is atheistic. .
+Now, a difficult problem for the theory of biological design is to explain large-scale, statistically improbable phenomena in living organisms.
+Statistical impossibility in the direction of good design -- "complexity" is another word for this.
+There is only one standard creationist argument. They all start from something statistically improbable and come down to this.
+Living things are so complex that it is hard to believe that they were born by chance. So there must have been a designer.
+Of course, this argument hurts itself.
+A designer who can design something really complicated must be even more complicated himself. And that is to forgive sins, bless marriages, hear prayers, and so on, before he begins to do other things that are expected of him, that is, to gain our side in the war. - (laughter) Not acknowledging our sex life and so on.
+(Laughter) Complexity is a problem that biological theory has to solve, and you can't solve it by assuming more complex factors, which only makes the problem worse.
+Darwin's natural selection is surprisingly elegant because it solves the problem of explaining complexity in terms of simplicity only.
+Essentially, this is done by providing a smooth ramp that gradually increases step by step.
+But here I would like to point out that Darwinism's elegance corrodes religion precisely because Darwinism is so elegant, so thrifty, so powerful, so economically powerful. It is only that it is.
+It has the robust economy of a beautiful suspension bridge.
+The myth is not just an evil theory.
+It turned out to be incapable of doing the work required of it in principle.
+So, coming back to tactics and the evolution lobby, I'd argue that rocking the boat might be the right thing to do.
+My approach to attacking creationism is to attack religion as a whole, unlike the evolutionary lobby.
+And at this point, I have to be aware of the notable taboo against slandering religion. And I intend to do so, in the words of the late Douglas Adams. He's a dear friend who definitely should have been if he wasn't at TED. Invited.
+(Richard Saul Wurman: He was.) Richard Dawkins: He was. good. I thought it must be so.
+He begins with this speech, which was taped in Cambridge shortly before his death. He began by explaining how science works through the testing of hypotheses that are constructed to be easily disproved.
+I say, "Religion doesn't seem to work that way.
+At its core is a particular thought that we call 'sacred' or 'sacred'. What that means is that there are ideas and concepts here that you shouldn't say bad things about.
+you are not. why not? Because you are not. "
+(Laughter) "Republicans and Democrats, this economic model and that model, it's perfectly legitimate to support the Macintosh over Windows, but how the universe began, who created it? It cannot be justified at all to have an opinion about , it is sacred.
+So we're used to not challenging religious ideas, and it's very interesting to see how much noise Richard makes when he does that."--he meant, It was me, not him.
+"Everybody goes completely wild about it because it's not allowed to say things like this.
+But there's no reason, rationally, that these ideas should be less controversial than others, except that there was some kind of agreement between us that they shouldn't be discussed. is. "
+In my opinion, science does more than just corrode religion. Religion corrodes science.
+It teaches people to be content with trivial, supernatural explanations, blinded by the wonderful real explanations we can comprehend.
+It teaches us to accept authority, revelation, and faith instead of always claiming evidence.
+There is a wonderful photograph that appears in Douglas Adams' book Last Chance to See.
+Well, there is a typical scientific journal called The Quarterly Review of Biology.
+And as guest editor, I'll be putting together a special issue on the question "Did Asteroids Kill the Dinosaurs?"
+And the first paper, a standard scientific paper, presents evidence that "the iridium layer at the K-T boundary and the potassium-argon dating crater at the Yucatan show that an asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs."
+It's just a normal scientific paper.
+Now, next.
+"I'm sure the president of the Royal Society has a strong internal belief that asteroids killed the dinosaurs."
+(Laughter) "It was secretly revealed to Professor Huxtan that an asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs."
+(Laughter) "Professor Hoadley was raised to have complete and unquestionable faith that asteroids destroyed the dinosaurs."
+"Professor Hawkins promulgated the official doctrine that asteroids destroyed the dinosaurs, binding all loyal Hawkins followers."
+(Laughter) Of course it's unthinkable.
+But consider this -- [an asteroid theory proponent cannot be a patriotic nation] (Laughter) (Applause) In 1987, a reporter asked George Bush Sr.
+Whether it recognized the equal citizenship and patriotism of atheist Americans.
+Mr. Bush's reply became infamous.
+"No, I don't know if atheists should be considered citizens or patriots.
+This is one nation under God. "
+President Bush's prejudices weren't a single mistake, an impromptu blurb that was later recanted.
+Despite repeated calls for an explanation or retraction, he backed it.
+He really thought so.
+Both Democrats and Republicans flaunt their religiousness if they want to be elected.
+What would Thomas Jefferson have said?
+[In every country and in every era, priests have been hostile to liberty] By the way, I'm not usually very proud of being British, but I can't help but compare.
+(Applause.) What is an atheist, really?
+An atheist is someone who feels about Yahweh the way a sane Christian feels about Thor or Baal or the golden calf.
+As we have said before, we are all atheists about most of the gods that mankind has ever believed.
+Some of us have taken God one step further.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) And however we define atheism, it is certainly the kind that one is entitled to hold without being vilified as unpatriotic, unelected, and unnational. is undoubtedly the academic belief of
+Nevertheless, it is an undeniable fact that admitting to being an atheist is the same as introducing yourself as Mr. Hitler or Miss Beelzebub.
+And it all stems from the perception of atheists as some sort of weird, escaped minority.
+Natalie Ange wrote a rather sad article in the New Yorker about how lonely she feels as an atheist.
+She clearly feels in the minority.
+But how do American atheists really stack up numerically?
+The latest research is surprisingly encouraging.
+Of course, Christianity makes up the majority of the population, numbering about 160 million.
+But what do you think is the second largest group that convincingly outnumbers 2.8 million Jews, 1.1 million Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and all other religions combined?
+The second largest group, about 30 million people, is the group that is considered non-religious or secular.
+It is no wonder that vote-seeking politicians are, as the saying goes, overwhelmed, for example, by the power of the Jewish lobby - the very existence of the State of Israel appears to be owed to America's Jewish vote. – and at the same time drive non-religious people into political oblivion.
+This secular secular vote, if properly mobilized, is nine times more than the Jewish vote.
+Why is this far more substantial minority unwilling to exercise political power?
+Well, that's pretty much it for quantity. How's the quality?
+Is there a positive or negative correlation between intelligence and religious inclinations?
+[They misunderstood me] (Laughter) In the study I quoted, the ARIS study, the data was not broken down by socioeconomic class, education, IQ, etc.
+However, a recent article by Paul G. Bell in Mensa magazine is a beacon of hope.
+As you know, Mensa is an international organization for people with very high IQs.
+And from a meta-analysis of the literature, Bell concludes, I quote, "Of the 43 studies conducted since 1927 on the relationship between religious beliefs and a person's level of intelligence or education, , all but four found the inverse relationship.
+In other words, the more intelligent or educated you are, the less likely you are to be religious. "
+Well, I haven't seen the original 42 studies, so I can't comment on that meta-analysis, but I hope to see more research along those lines.
+And I know there are people in this audience who could easily fund massive research to solve this problem. And I thought it was worth it and put forward this proposal.
+But let me show you some well-published and analyzed data on one special group: leading scientists.
+In 1998, Larson and Witham conducted a poll of American scientists, honored elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and found that among this select group, personal belief in God was dropped to 7 percent.
+About 20 percent are agnostic. The rest can be called atheists.
+Similar figures were obtained for personal belief in immortality.
+Among biologists, the figure is even lower, with only 5.5 percent believing in God.
+I haven't seen numbers that correspond to elite scholars in other fields, such as history or philosophy, but I would be surprised if they were different.
+So we have reached a truly astonishing situation of grotesque discord between the American intellectuals and the American electorate.
+The philosophical view of the nature of the universe, held by most of America's leading scientists, and perhaps by most of the general public, is so loathsome to the American electorate that No general election candidate would publicly endorse it.
+If I'm right, this means that unless you're prepared to lie about your beliefs, the people who are most qualified for high positions in the greatest country in the world, the intelligentsia, should not take those positions. means that you cannot
+To put it bluntly, America's political chances go against those who are both intelligent and honest.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) I'm not a citizen of this country, so I hope you don't think it's impolite to suggest that something needs to be done.
+(Laughter) And I've already hinted at what that is.
+From what I've seen at TED, I think this might be the ideal place to launch one.
+I am worried that it will cost me money.
+We need a campaign to raise awareness and come out for atheists in America.
+(Laughter) This may be similar to the campaign organized by gays a few years ago, but it is not God's will to go out in public against the will of the people.
+Most of the time, people who reveal themselves help destroy the myth that there is something wrong with atheists.
+On the contrary, atheists are often the kind of people who could be decent role models for your kids, the kind of people advertising agencies could use to endorse their products, and the kind of people who might be sitting in the industry. They will prove to be good people. room.
+More names should have a snowball effect: positive feedback.
+Nonlinearities and threshold effects may exist.
+Recruitment accelerates exponentially once critical mass is achieved.
+And you will need money again.
+I suspect that the word "atheist" itself contains, or remains, a stumbling block far removed from what it really means, and that I am otherwise willing to I think that it will be a stumbling block for those who try to put it on the table.
+So what other words can you use to smooth the roads, oil the wheels, sugar the pills?
+Darwin himself preferred "agnostic", not only out of loyalty to his friend Huxley, who coined the term.
+Darwin said, "I have never been an atheist in the sense that I deny the existence of God.
+In general, I think "agnostic" is the most accurate description of my state of mind. "
+He even had an unusually awkward attitude towards Edward Aveling.
+Aveling was a militant atheist and was unable to persuade Darwin to accept the dedication of his book on atheism. Incidentally, an interesting myth has arisen that Karl Marx tried to dedicate Kapital to Darwin, but Darwin did not. Actually Edward Aveling.
+What happened is that Avering's mistress was Marx's daughter, and when both Darwin and Marx died, Marx's papers were jumbled with Aveling's, and Darwin's letter read: rice field. Dedicate your book to me,” was mistakenly thought to be addressed to Marx, which gave rise to this whole myth. You've probably heard of it too.
+It is a kind of urban legend that Marx tried to dedicate "Capital" to Darwin.
+Anyway, it was Aveling, and Darwin challenged Aveling when they met.
+"Why do you call yourself an atheist?"
+"'Agnostic' was simply admirable in 'agnostic' and 'atheist' was simply offensive in 'agnostic'," Aveling countered.
+Darwin complained, "But why should we be so aggressive?"
+Darwin thought that atheism might be good for the intelligentsia, but that ordinary people, he was quoted as saying, were "unripe."
+Of course, this is an argument for our old friend, "Don't rock the boat."
+It is not recorded whether Aveling told Darwin to dismount from his high horse.
+(Laughter) Anyway, that was over 100 years ago.
+You'd think we'd grown up since then.
+Now, my demented Jewish friend, who happens to keep the Sabbath for reasons of cultural solidarity, calls himself a "tooth fairy agnostic."
+He does not call himself an atheist, since in principle it is impossible to prove the negative, but being an "agnostic" does not mean that the existence of God is equated with the non-existence of God. It may suggest that it was possible.
+I mean, my friend is strictly agnostic about the Tooth Fairy, but it's very unlikely.
+like god.
+Hence the term "tooth fairy agnostic" is born.
+Bertrand Russell also made the same claim with a hypothetical teapot in Mars orbit.
+Strictly speaking, one must be agnostic as to whether teapots exist in orbit on Mars, but that would mean treating the possible existence of Mars on all fours with the absence of teapots. Not a thing.
+The list of things we must be strictly agnostic doesn't stop at tooth fairies and teapots. it is infinite.
+Unicorns, Tooth Fairies, Teapots, Yahweh, etc. If you want to believe in one particular thing, it's up to you to say why.
+It's not up to the rest of us to tell you why we don't.
+We are atheists, but we are also fairyists and teapotists.
+(Laughter.) But I don't mean to say that.
+And this is why a friend of mine uses "tooth fairy agnostic" as a label for people most people call atheists.
+Nevertheless, if we want our deep-rooted atheists to come out in public, they're better suited to stick to our banner than the "tooth fairy" or "teapot agnostic." you'll need to find something
+But what about "humanists"?
+This has the advantage that there is already a worldwide network of well-organized associations and journals.
+The only problem for me is its apparent anthropocentrism.
+One thing we learned from Darwin is that humans are just one of millions of relatives, some closer and some more distant.
+And there are other possibilities like 'naturalists', but this one also has confusion issues. Because Darwin thought of the naturalist--"naturalist" is, of course, the opposite meaning of "supernaturalist"--and that is sometimes used--Darwin, of course, himself I think some people might have confused it with the other meaning of "naturalist", and I think some people might have confused it with "nudism".
+(Laughter.) Such people might belong to the British lynch mob that last year mistook a pedophile and assaulted a pediatrician.
+(Laughter) I think the best alternative to "atheist" is simply "nontheist."
+It lacks the strong implication that there is no such thing as a god, so it could easily be accepted by Teapot and Tooth Fairy agnostics.
+Fully compatible with Physicist God.
+When atheists like Dr. Stephen Hawking and Albert Einstein use the word "God," they are, of course, a metaphorical shorthand for the deep and mysterious parts of physics we still don't understand. and use it as
+An "atheist" responds to all of these, but unlike an "atheist" does not have the same phobias or hysterical reactions.
+But really, I think another option is to understand the nettle of the word "atheism" itself. That's precisely because it's a taboo word that brings hysterophobic fears.
+Using the word "atheist" may be more difficult to achieve critical mass than using the word "non-theist" or any other non-conflicting word.
+But the political impact would be even greater if that was achieved using the very dreaded term "atheist."
+Now, I said that if I were religious, I would be very afraid of evolution, and moreover, if I got it right, I would be afraid of science in general.
+And that is because the scientific worldview is far more exciting, more poetic, and full of pure wonder than anything in the treasury of the impoverished religious imagination.
+Another recently deceased hero, Carl Sagan, put it this way: "There are very few instances where major religions have looked at science and concluded, 'This is better than we thought!' Why?"
+The universe is much bigger, grander, more delicate and more elegant than our prophet said. "
+My God is a small God, and I want him to remain as he is. A religion that emphasizes the wonders of the universe as revealed by modern science, whether old or new, may elicit a sense of awe and awe that traditional beliefs have failed to elicit. not. "
+Now, since this is an elite audience, I would expect about 10 percent to be religious.
+Perhaps many of you agree with the polite cultural belief that religion should be respected.
+But I also suspect that quite a few people have the same secret disdain for religion as I do.
+(Laughter.) If you're one of them, and of course many people aren't, if you're one of them, stop being polite and speak up and say so. I think.
+And if you become wealthy, take some time to think about how you can make a difference.
+The country's religious lobby receives huge amounts of foundation funding, not to mention tax incentives, from foundations such as the Templeton Foundation and the Discovery Institute.
+You need anti-Templeton to come forward.
+If my book sold as much as Stephen Hawking's, not as much as Richard Dawkins', I would sell myself.
+People always talk about "How did 9/11 change you?"
+Well that's how it changed me.
+Let's all stop being respectful.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Imagine a big explosion as you climb 3,000 feet.
+Imagine a smoke-filled airplane.
+Imagine your engine rattling, rattling, rattling.
+Scary, isn't it?
+Well, this day was a rare seat.
+I was sitting in 1D.
+So I looked at them right away and they said, "No problem, they probably hit a bird."
+The pilot had already turned the plane around and we weren't too far away.
+I could see Manhattan.
+Two minutes later, three things happened simultaneously.
+The pilot aligns the plane with the Hudson River.
+Usually not that route.
+(laughter) He turns off the engine.
+Now imagine you are on a silent airplane.
+And he says three words.
+“Prepare for impact,” he says.
+I didn't have to speak to the flight attendants anymore.
+(Laughter.) I could tell there was fear in her eyes.
+Now I want to share with you three things I learned about myself that day.
+I learned that everything can change in an instant.
+We have to-do lists, things we want to do in life, and I thought about all the people I wanted to reach but couldn't, all the fences I wanted to fix, all the experiences I wanted to have. . I never did.
+In hindsight, I came up with the phrase "collecting bad wine."
+Because if the wine is ready and someone is there, I open it.
+I don't want to procrastinate anything in my life anymore.
+And that urgency and that purpose really changed my life.
+The second thing I learned that day, this was going over the George Washington Bridge, wasn't much of a difference. (Laughter) I thought, wow, I had one real regret.
+I have had a good life.
+In my own humanity and my mistakes, I have tried to be better at everything I have tried.
+But I also allow my ego to enter into my humanity.
+And I regretted wasting my precious time on trivial things.
+And I thought about my relationship with my wife, my relationship with my friends, my relationship with people.
+And after reflecting on it, I decided to eliminate negative energy from my life.
+Not perfect, but much better.
+I haven't had a fight with my wife in the last two years.
+It feels great.
+I don't try to be right anymore. i choose to be happy.
+The third thing I learned is that the mental clock starts ticking "15, 14, 13."
+You can see the water coming.
+I say, "Blow it up."
+I don't want this to break into 20 pieces like I saw in the documentary.
+And as I went down, I felt, oh, I'm not afraid to die.
+It's as if we've been preparing for it all our lives.
+But it was very sad.
+I didn't want to go i like my life
+And that sorrow is really summed up in one thought. It's just that I want one thing.
+I just wish I could watch my children grow up.
+About a month later, I attended my daughter's performance. I was in first grade and didn't have much artistic talent (laughs) And yet!
+(laughter) And I'm screaming and crying like a child.
+And it made a lot of sense to me.
+At that point, connecting those two dots made me realize that all that matters in my life is being a great father.
+Above all else, my only goal in life is to be a good father.
+I was given the miraculous gift that I did not die that day.
+I was given another gift. It was about being able to see the future and come back and live differently.
+I would like to ask everyone on a plane today, imagine the same thing happening in your plane. Please stop. But imagine. And how would you change?
+What do you hope to accomplish because you think you will be here forever?
+How would you change your relationships and the negative energies within them?
+And above all, are you being the best parent you can be?
+thank you.
+(applause)
+How would you like to be better than you are now?
+Suppose I told you that with just a few small changes in your genes, you could improve your memory and be more accurate, more accurate, and faster.
+Or maybe you want to be healthier, stronger, and have more stamina.
+Want to be more attractive and confident?
+Do you want to live a long and healthy life?
+Or maybe you're someone who's always longing for a boost in creativity.
+Which do you want the most?
+If you could only get one, which one would you like?
+(Audience: Creativity.) Creativity.
+How many people will choose creative?
+Please raise your hand. let me see.
+some. Probably as many creative people as there are here.
+(laughs) That's very good.
+How many people will choose memory?
+There are quite a few others.
+How's your fitness?
+A little less.
+What about longevity?
+Oh, the majority. As a doctor, I feel that is a very good thing.
+It would be a whole different world if I could get any of these.
+Is it just imaginary?
+Or maybe it is possible?
+Evolution is a perennial theme here at the TED Conference, and today I'd like to share with you a doctor's take on the subject.
+The great 20th-century geneticist and Russian Orthodox communist T.G.
+Now, if you're one of those who don't accept the evidence for biological evolution, it's time to turn off your hearing aids, pull out your personal communications device -- I allow -- and perhaps take another look. would be a good opportunity for Read Kathryn Schultz's book on what's wrong. Because the rest of this story makes absolutely no sense to you.
+(Laughter) But if you embrace biological evolution, think about this. Is it just about the past or is it about the future?
+Does it apply to others, or does it apply to us?
+This is another way of looking at the tree of life.
+In this photo, I placed a bush with branches in all directions from the center. Because if you look at the ends of the tree of life, all the existing species at the tips of those branches are successful from an evolutionary point of view. ; demonstrated its adaptability to the environment.
+The human part at one end of this branch is, of course, the part we are most interested in.
+We diverged from a common ancestor with modern chimpanzees about 6 to 8 million years ago.
+There were probably 20-25 different hominids during this time.
+Some have come and gone.
+We have been here for about 130,000 years.
+While we may seem far removed from the rest of this tree of life, in reality, the basic mechanics of cells are much the same.
+Did you know that we can harness and manipulate common bacterial machinery to produce the human insulin protein used to treat diabetes?
+This is different from human insulin. This is the same protein that is chemically indistinguishable from the one that comes out of the pancreas.
+Speaking of bacteria, did you know that each of us carries more bacteria in our gut than cells in the rest of our body?
+Maybe ten times more.
+Think about it, do you think of germs when Antonio Damasio asks about your self-image?
+Our gut is a very suitable environment for these bacteria.
+It's warm, dark, moist, and very cozy.
+And providing them with all the nutrition they could ever want without any effort on their part.
+It's like an easy street for bacteria, sometimes interrupting your unintentional rush to the exit.
+But otherwise, you become a wonderful environment for those germs, just as they are essential to your life.
+It aids in the digestion of essential nutrients and protects against certain ailments.
+But what will happen in the future?
+Are we, as a species, in some kind of evolutionary equilibrium?
+Or are we destined for something different, perhaps better adapted to our environment?
+Now let's go back in time to the Big Bang 14 billion years ago, the Earth, our solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, the first signs of primitive life, maybe 3-4 billion years ago. On Earth, perhaps 800 or 1 billion years ago, the first multicellular organisms emerged, followed by humans, which finally emerged in the last 130,000 years.
+In this vast, unfinished cosmic symphony, life on Earth is like a short scale. The animal kingdom is like a single scale. And human life, a small grace note.
+that was us.
+That's also the entertainment part of this talk, so I hope you enjoy it.
+(Laughter) Well, my first year of college, I took my first biology class.
+I was fascinated by the grace and beauty of biology.
+I fell in love with the power of evolution and realized something very basic. In most single-celled life beings, each cell simply divides and all of that cell's genetic energy is passed on to both daughter cells. .
+But when multicellular organisms come online, things start to change.
+Sexual reproduction adds to the problem.
+And very importantly, the introduction of sexual reproduction to pass on the genome makes the rest of the body expendable.
+In fact, it would be fair to say that the inevitability of our physical death enters the same moment in evolutionary time as sexual reproduction.
+I must confess that when I was an undergraduate student, sex and death, sex and death, sex and death seemed pretty reasonable at the time, but as the years go by, This is what I thought. More and more questions arise.
+I came to understand the feelings of George Burns, who was still performing in Las Vegas after the age of 90.
+Then one night there was a knock on the hotel room door.
+he answers the door.
+In front of him stands a skimpy and gorgeous showgirl.
+She looked at him and said, "I'm here to have super sex."
+"That's fine," said George, "I'll have some soup."
+(Laughter) As a physician, I realized that I was working towards a different goal than evolutionary goals. They are not necessarily contradictory, they are just different.
+I was trying to save the body.
+I wanted to keep us healthy.
+I wanted to recover my health from my illness.
+We want you to live a long and healthy life.
+Evolution is passing the genome on to the next generation, adapting and surviving for many generations.
+From an evolutionary perspective, you and I are like booster rockets designed to send a genetic payload into the next level of orbit and drop it into the ocean.
+Woody Allen said, "I don't want to achieve immortality through my work.
+I want to achieve that by not dying. "
+(Laughter) Evolution doesn't always favor those who live longer.
+We don't necessarily prefer the biggest, strongest, fastest, or even the smartest.
+Evolution favors creatures that are best adapted to their environment.
+That is the only test of survival and success.
+At the bottom of the sea, thermophilic bacteria can survive the heat of steam vents that would produce sous-vide fish if the fish were there, but nevertheless, it is We have managed to create a comfortable environment.
+So what does this mean? When I look back at what happened in evolution and rethink the place of humanity in evolution, and especially when I look to the next stage, I can say that there are several points. possibility.
+The first is that it does not evolve.
+We have reached a kind of equilibrium.
+The reason behind this is, first, that through medicine we have succeeded in conserving many genes that otherwise would have been selected and removed from the population.
+And secondly, we as a species have configured our environment that way and have been able to adapt it to us in the same way that we adapt to it.
+By the way, we migrate, cycle, and mix too much to keep the isolation needed for evolution to occur any longer.
+A second possibility is that there is a traditional kind of natural evolution, forced by natural forces.
+And the argument here would be that the wheels of evolution are slowly being polished, but inexorably.
+And when it comes to isolation, when we colonize distant planets as a species, there will be isolation and environmental changes that can produce evolution in a natural way.
+But there is a third possibility, a fascinating, intriguing and terrifying one.
+I call this New Evolution. This is not just a natural evolution, but a new evolution guided and chosen by us in our personal choices.
+So how does this happen?
+How is that possible?
+First, consider the reality that today in some cultures people make choices about their descendants.
+In some cultures they choose to have more males than females.
+It's not necessarily good for society, but it's what individuals and families choose to do.
+Also, imagine what it would be like if you could make genetic adjustments in your own body to treat or prevent disease, rather than simply choosing the sex of your child.
+What if you could change your genes to eliminate diabetes or Alzheimer's disease, reduce your cancer risk, or eliminate strokes?
+Wouldn't you like to make such a change in your genes?
+Looking ahead, such changes will become increasingly possible.
+The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and took 13 years.
+The cost was $2.7 billion.
+The year after it was completed in 2004, we were able to do the same job for $20 million in three to four months.
+It is now possible to obtain a complete sequence of 3 billion base pairs of the human genome at a cost of about $20,000 and in about a week.
+It won't be long before the $1,000 human genome becomes a reality and available to everyone.
+Just one week ago, the National Academy of Engineering awarded the Draper Prize to two scientists who have independently developed techniques to make natural evolutionary processes work faster and produce desirable proteins in a more efficient manner. Did. What Francis Arnold calls “directed evolution”.
+A few years ago, scientist Shinya Yamanaka won the Lasker Prize for research that took fibroblasts, adult skin cells, and transformed them back into pluripotent stem cells by manipulating just four genes. Did. - A cell that can become any cell in the body.
+These changes are coming.
+The same technology that produced human insulin in bacteria can be used to produce viruses that not only protect themselves, but also induce immunity against other viruses.
+Believe it or not, experimental trials of flu vaccines grown in tobacco cells are underway.
+Can you imagine anything good coming out of cigarettes?
+These are all realities today and will become even more possible in the future.
+Now imagine two more small changes.
+You can change the cells of your own body, but what if you could change the cells of your offspring?
+Give your offspring a chance to live healthier lives, diabetes-free, hemophilia-free, cancer-free and cancer-free by changing sperm and eggs or newly fertilized eggs. What if you could?
+Who wouldn't want a healthier child?
+And the same analytical techniques, the same scientific engines that can create change to prevent disease, allow us to adopt super-traits, super-powers, better memories.
+Especially if you can enhance it with the next-gen Watson machine, why not try to wit like Ken Jennings?
+Would you like to develop fast-twitch muscles that will allow you to run faster and longer?
+Why not live long?
+These are irresistible.
+And when we are in a position to pass it on to the next generation and incorporate the desired traits, we will have converted the old style evolution into the new evolution.
+A process that would normally take 100,000 years can be compressed into 1,000 years, and probably within the next 100 years.
+These are the choices your grandchildren, or their grandchildren, are faced with.
+Can we use these choices to create a better society, a more successful society, a kinder society?
+Or do we selectively choose different attributes that we want for some but not others?
+Will we create a more boring and uniform society, or a more robust and versatile society?
+We will face these questions.
+And most importantly, will we acquire and inherit the wisdom necessary to make these choices wisely?
+For better or worse, and sooner than you think, these choices are up to us.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So security is two different things. It is an emotion and a reality.
+And they are different.
+You can rest assured that it is not.
+And even if you don't feel it, you can rest assured.
+Two separate concepts are actually mapped to the same word.
+And what I want to do in this talk is split them up and understand when they diverge and how they converge.
+And here language really matters.
+There aren't many good words for the concepts I'm about to explain.
+So when you look at security from an economic standpoint, it's a trade-off.
+Whenever you get some kind of security, you're always sacrificing something.
+Whether this is a personal decision (whether to install a burglar alarm in your home) or a national decision (if you are invading a foreign country), something has to be traded. it's money Or it could be time, convenience, ability, or basic freedom.
+And the question to ask when considering security is not whether it makes us safer, but whether the trade-off is worth it.
+You've probably heard that the world has become safer in recent years because Saddam Hussein has been out of power.
+The question is, was it worth it?
+And you can make your own decisions, and then decide if the invasion was worth it.
+That's how you think about security in terms of trade-offs.
+Well, in many cases there is no right or wrong here.
+Some people have burglar alarms in their homes, some don't.
+And it depends on where we live, whether we live alone or have a family, how much great stuff we have, how much we are willing to take the risk of theft.
+There are many different opinions in the world of politics.
+Often these tradeoffs are more than just security, which I think is very important.
+People now have a natural intuition about these trade-offs.
+we make every day
+Last night in a hotel room when I decided to double lock the door, or when you were in the car when you drove here. When we go to lunch and decide that the food is not poisonous, we eat it.
+We make these tradeoffs over and over again throughout the day.
+They are just part of being alive. we all do that.
+Imagine a rabbit eating grass in a field.
+And the hare sees the fox.
+The rabbit will make a safety trade-off. "Should I stay here or should I run away?"
+And come to think of it, rabbits that are good at making that trade-off tend to live and thrive, and rabbits that are not good at it will be eaten or starved to death.
+I mean, you and I and all of us as successful species on Earth would find ourselves good at navigating these trade-offs.
+But it seems, time and time again, that we are hopelessly bad at it.
+And I think that's a fundamentally interesting question.
+I'll give you a quick answer.
+The answer is that we are responding to a sense of security rather than reality.
+Well, in most cases that will do the trick.
+Emotions and reality are the same in most cases.
+Certainly that is true for most of human prehistory.
+We developed this ability because it makes evolutionary sense.
+One way of thinking is that we were highly optimized for the risk decisions inherent in living in small family groups in the East African highlands in 100,000 BC.
+New York in 2010 was not so much.
+There are currently several biases in risk perception.
+There are many good experiments with this.
+And we find that certain prejudices appear again and again.
+I'll give you four.
+We tend to exaggerate the big and rare risks and downplay the common ones. That's the difference between an airplane and a car.
+The unknown is perceived as more risky than the familiar.
+One example is that people fear kidnapping by strangers, even though data confirms that kidnapping by relatives is much more common.
+This is for children.
+Third, anthropomorphic risk is perceived to be greater than anonymous risk.
+Bin Laden is scary because he has a name.
+And fourth, people underestimate risk in situations they can control and overestimate risk in situations they cannot control.
+So when you start skydiving or smoking, you underestimate the risks.
+Terrorism is a good example, but when risks are imposed on us, we take them excessively because we feel we are not in control.
+There are many other cognitive biases that influence our risk decisions.
+It has an availability heuristic. This basically means estimating the probability of something by how easily instances of something come to mind.
+So you can imagine how it works.
+If you hear a lot about tiger attacks, there must be plenty of tigers around.
+I don't hear about lions attacking, there aren't many lions around.
+This works until we invent the newspaper. Because what newspapers do is take rare risks over and over again.
+I say to people Don't worry if it's in the news. Because, by definition, news rarely happens.
+(Laughter) When something becomes so common, it's no longer news.
+Car accidents, domestic violence, these are the risks you worry about.
+We are also kind of storytellers.
+We react to stories more than data.
+And some basic calculations are being done.
+So the "one, two, three, a lot" joke is kind of right.
+We are good at small groups.
+1 mango, 2 mangoes, 3 mangoes, 10,000 mangoes, 100,000 mangoes, there are still plenty of mangoes to eat before they spoil.
+So 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, that's good.
+One in a million, one in a billion, very little of either.
+As such, we suffer from less common risks.
+And these cognitive biases act as filters between us and reality.
+As a result, feelings and reality become separated and different.
+Now, either you feel more secure than you are, or you have a false sense of security.
+Or vice versa, it is a false sense of insecurity.
+I write a lot about "security theater". It's a product that makes people feel safe, but it doesn't really do anything.
+There is no precise word for what makes us safe but not reassuring.
+So let's get back to economics.
+If the economy, the market drives security, and people make trade-offs based on reassurance, then the smart thing companies should do to gain economic incentives is to reassure people.
+And there are two ways to do this.
+The first is that you can actually make people safe and expect them to notice.
+Or two, you can make people feel safe and hope they don't notice.
+So what makes people aware?
+Well, a few things: understanding security, risks, threats, countermeasures and how they work.
+But if you know things, your feelings are more likely to align with reality.
+Enough real world examples would help.
+We live there, so we know the crime rate in the area, and we feel it's basically in line with reality.
+When it's obvious that security theater isn't working properly, it's exposed.
+OK. So what is it that people don't realize?
+Well, my understanding is lacking.
+If you don't understand the risks and costs, you're likely to make the wrong trade-offs and your perception doesn't match reality.
+Not enough examples.
+Low-probability events have unique problems.
+For example, if terrorism rarely occurs, it is very difficult to judge the effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures.
+This is why you keep sacrificing your virginity and why your unicorn defense works so well.
+There are too many examples of failures.
+Also, the emotions that cloud the issue, the cognitive biases we just talked about, fear, folk beliefs, etc., are fundamentally inadequate models of reality.
+So let me complicate things.
+There are emotions and realities.
+I would like to add a third element. I want to add a "model".
+Emotions and models are in our heads, reality is the outside world. It doesn't change, it's real.
+Feelings are based on intuition, models are based on reason.
+In a primitive and simple world, the senses are so close to reality that there is no reason for models to exist at all.
+No model needed.
+But in today's complex world, we need models to understand the many risks we face.
+I have no feeling for germs.
+You need a model to understand them.
+This model is an intelligent representation of reality.
+Of course it is limited by science and technology.
+Until the invention of the microscope for observing disease, there could be no bacteriological theory of disease.
+It is limited by our cognitive biases.
+However, it has the ability to override our emotions.
+Where can I get these models? We receive them from others.
+We get them from religion, culture, teachers and elders.
+A few years ago I was in South Africa on safari.
+The tracker I was with grew up in Kruger National Park.
+He had some very complicated models for survival.
+And it depends on whether you are attacked by a lion, leopard, rhinoceros, elephant, and when you have to escape, when you can't escape, when you have to climb a tree, when you can't climb at all. wood.
+But he was born there and figured out how to survive.
+I was born in New York City.
+(Laughter) Because we had different models based on our different experiences.
+Models may come from media or elected officials...
+Consider models such as terrorism, child abduction, airline safety, and automobile safety.
+Models may be provided by industry.
+Two that I follow are surveillance cameras, ID cards, and much of the computer security model comes from there.
+Many models come from science.
+The health model is a good example.
+Think cancer, bird flu, swine flu, SARS.
+All of our reassurances about these diseases actually come from models given to us by science filtered through the media.
+Therefore the model is subject to change.
+Models are not static.
+As we become more comfortable in the environment, the model can get closer to our emotions.
+For example, going back 100 years, when electricity first started to spread, there was a lot of anxiety about electricity.
+Some people were afraid to press the doorbell because electricity was running there and it was dangerous.
+Electricity is very familiar to us.
+We change the light bulb without a second thought.
+We were born with a model for electrical security.
+It hasn't changed when we grow up.
+And we are good at it.
+Or think about intergenerational risks on the Internet. So think about how your parents approach Internet security, how you approach it, and how our children approach it.
+The model eventually fades into the background.
+“Intuitive” is a paraphrase of what is familiar.
+Therefore, in many cases we don't even realize that the model is there, because it is so close to reality and converges with our emotions.
+A good example of this was last year's swine flu.
+When the swine flu first appeared, the initial news caused many overreactions.
+Well, the disease got a name, and even though it was more deadly than the regular flu, it became more terrifying.
+And people thought doctors should be able to deal with it.
+Because of that, I had a feeling that I was out of control.
+And those two things made the risk bigger than it really was.
+The novelty wore off, and a degree of tolerance developed over time. People have gotten used to it.
+No new data, but less fear.
+By the fall, people thought doctors had already figured out the problem.
+And then there is a kind of fork in the road. People had to choose between fear and acceptance, actually fear and indifference, but they chose a kind of suspicion.
+And when the vaccine came out last winter, an alarming number of people refused it.
+And this is a good example of how people's sense of security can change and how models can change in a kind of wild way without new information or new input.
+This sort of thing happens a lot.
+Let me explain another complicated issue.
+We have emotions, models, and realities.
+I have a very relative view of security.
+I think it depends on the observer.
+And most security decisions involve many different people.
+And stakeholders with specific trade-offs will try to influence the decision.
+And I call it their agenda.
+And then you can see the agenda. This is marketing, this is politics. They try to persuade them to distinguish one model from another, to persuade them to ignore them and trust their own emotions, and to marginalize people whose models they don't like.
+This is not uncommon.
+A good example is the risk of smoking.
+Over the past 50 years of history, smoking risk has shown how models change and how the industry is battling against models it doesn't like.
+Compare this to the discussion of passive smoking. Probably about 20 years late.
+Think about seat belts.
+When I was a kid, no one wore seatbelts.
+Children are now not allowed to drive unless they are wearing seatbelts.
+Compare that to the airbag debate, which is probably about 30 years behind.
+All examples of facelifts.
+What we've learned is that it's hard to change the model.
+The model is hard to come off.
+I don't even know I have a model if that's what I feel.
+And there is another cognitive bias that I call confirmation bias, where we tend to accept data that supports our beliefs and reject data that contradicts our beliefs.
+Evidence against our model is therefore more likely to be ignored, even if it is compelling.
+It has to be very compelling before we pay attention.
+New models with long-term extensions are difficult.
+Global warming is a good example.
+We don't like models that span 80 years.
+"To the next harvest" can be done.
+"Until the child grows up" is common.
+But I'm not good at "80 years".
+So this is a very unacceptable model.
+We can have both models in our minds at the same time. The problem that seems to hold both beliefs together is cognitive dissonance.
+Eventually the new model will replace the old one.
+Strong emotions can produce models.
+September 11th created a security model in the minds of many.
+Personal experiences with crime, personal health fears, and health fears in the news can also play a role.
+Sometimes we see these phenomena that psychiatrists call "flashbulb events."
+They are so emotional that they can be models in an instant.
+In other words, the tech world has no experience judging models.
+And we depend on others. We rely on proxies.
+And this works as long as it's the right one.
+We rely on government agencies to tell us which medicines are safe.
+I flew here yesterday.
+I didn't check the plane.
+I relied on other groups to determine if my plane was safe to fly.
+We are here because no one is worried about the roof falling down. Not because we checked, but because we believe the building codes here are appropriate.
+This is the model we accept almost by faith.
+Now, what we want is for people to get comfortable enough with the better model that it reflects their feelings and allows them to make security tradeoffs.
+If these things go wrong, you have two options.
+One is the ability to correct people's emotions and appeal directly to them.
+It's an operation, but it could work.
+The second, more honest way is to actually fix the model.
+Change happens slowly.
+The smoking debate took 40 years, but it was an easy debate.
+Some of these are difficult.
+But in reality, information seems like our greatest hope.
+And I lied.
+Remember I said emotions, models and reality. Does reality stay the same?
+It actually does.
+We live in a world of technology. Reality is always changing.
+So, for the first time in humankind, emotions follow models, models follow reality, and reality moves—they may never catch up.
+I do not understand.
+But in the long run, both emotions and reality matter.
+I would like to end with two short stories that illustrate this.
+In 1982 -- I don't know if people remember this -- there was a brief epidemic of Tylenol poisoning in the United States.
+Someone took a jar of Tylenol, put poison in it, closed the lid and put it back on the shelf, and someone else bought it and died.
+There were some copycat attacks.
+There was no real danger, but people were scared.
+Thus the tamper-proof pharmaceutical industry was invented.
+That anti-tamper cap? it came from here.
+It's a full security theater.
+As a homework, come up with 10 ways to get around it.
+I'll give you one syringe.
+But it made people feel better.
+It made their sense of security more in line with reality.
+Last story: A few years ago, a friend of mine gave birth.
+I visit her in the hospital.
+Now it turns out that when a baby is born, an RFID bracelet is attached to the baby and a matching one to the mother, and an alarm goes off if someone other than the mother removes the baby from the maternity ward.
+I wonder how rampant baby snatching is outside hospitals. "
+I'll go home and check it out.
+Basically that doesn't happen.
+(Laughter) But come to think of it, if you're in a hospital and you need to separate a baby from its mother and take it out of the room for testing, you'd better have a good security room. Otherwise the baby will be torn apart. Please remove your arm.
+(Laughter) So it's important for those of us who design security and look at security policy, or even look at public policy in ways that affect security.
+It's not just reality. It is an emotion and a reality.
+The point is that they are almost the same.
+It's important to make better security trade-offs when our emotions match reality.
+thank you.
+Perhaps we've all wondered how great minds achieved what they achieved?
+And the more amazing their accomplishments, the more we call them geniuses, maybe aliens from another planet, definitely not people like us.
+But is it true?
+So let's start with an example.
+You all know the story of Newton's apple, right? OK.
+TRUE? Probably not.
+Still, it's hard to imagine there weren't any apples there.
+What I mean is some stepping stones, some specific conditions where it is not impossible to come up with universal gravitation.
+And arguably, at least for Newton, this was not impossible.
+It was possible, and for some reason it was easy to pick as an apple at one point, and it was there too.
+Here is the apple.
+What about Einstein?
+Was the theory of relativity just another giant leap in the history of thought that no one else had thought of?
+Or, rather, was it something else that could have been adjacent to Einstein, and he got there by one small step and his very peculiar scientific path?
+Of course, we can't imagine this road, but that doesn't mean it didn't exist.
+As such, all of this sounds very exciting, but I really want to understand the origins of great ideas, and more generally how new things come into our lives. If so, it's almost impossible to say.
+As a physicist and scientist, I have learned that asking the right questions is half the solution.
+But now I think we're starting to think about the right questions and have a good conceptual framework to address them.
+So, taking you to the limits of what is known, or at least what I know, what is known is novelty, innovation, perhaps creativity.
+So we are discussing the 'new' and of course the science behind it.
+New things can come into our lives in many ways and can be very personal: meeting new people, reading new books, listening to new songs.
+Or it could be global, what we call innovation.
+It could be a new theory, a new technology, it could be a new book if you're a writer, or a new song if you're a composer.
+In all these global cases, the new is for everyone, but it can also be scary to experience the new, and the new can scare us in the same way.
+But still, experiencing the new means exploring a very strange space, a space of possible things, a space of possibilities, a space of possibilities.
+I would like to show you around this space because it is a very strange space.
+So it can be physical space.
+So in this case, for example, climbing Machu Picchu for the first time, as I did in 2016, might be a novelty.
+It can be a conceptual space, getting new information and making sense of it, learning.
+It can be a biological space.
+So think about the never-ending battle between viruses and bacteria and our immune system.
+And now the bad news has come.
+We are very bad at grasping this space.
+please think about it. Let's experiment.
+Think about all the things you can do in the next, say, 24 hours.
+The key word here is "all".
+Of course, you can think of several options, such as drinking alcohol, writing letters, and if possible sleeping while talking about this boring story.
+But not all of them.
+So now think about an alien invasion here in Milan or me. I stopped thinking for 15 minutes.
+So envisioning this space is very difficult, but actually there is an excuse.
+So envisioning this space is not so easy. Because we are trying to imagine the occurrence of something completely new, something that has never happened before, and we have no clue.
+A typical solution is to look to the future with the eyes of the past, trusting the entire timeline of past events and hoping that it is sufficient to predict the future.
+But I know this doesn't work.
+For example, this was my first attempt at weather forecasting, and it failed.
+And it failed because the underlying phenomenon was so complex.
+This means creating a synthetic model of the system, simulating this model, and predicting the future of the system through this model.
+And now, with the help of a lot of data, we can do this in many cases.
+Looking at the future with the eyes of the past can be misleading, even for machines.
+please think about it.
+Now imagine for a moment yourself in the middle of the Australian outback.
+you were standing there in the sun
+So I see something strange going on.
+The car suddenly stopped a long way from the kangaroo crossing the road.
+If you look closely, you can see that the car is without a driver.
+Don't restart if the kangaroo is gone.
+So for some reason, the algorithms that drive cars can't make sense of this strange beast hopping around the streets.
+So just stop.
+Well, let me tell you, this is a true story.
+A few months ago, a self-driving Volvo car did just that in the middle of the Australian outback.
+(Laughter) This is a common problem, and I think this will affect artificial intelligence and machine learning more and more in the near future.
+It's also a very old problem, dating back to the 17th century I think, but now I think we have new tools and new clues to start solving it.
+Let's go back five years.
+Italy. Rome. winter.
+The winter of 2012 was therefore very special for Rome.
+Rome experienced one of the heaviest snowfalls in history.
+That winter was also special for me and my colleagues. Because we had an insight into possible, again possible, possible mathematical schemes for thinking about the emergence of new things.
+I remember that day. It was snowing, it was snowing, we were blocked, stuck in my department, couldn't go home, so we had another cup of coffee, relaxed and continued our discussion.
+But at some point--maybe not exactly that day--the new problem and the beautiful concept Stuart Kaufman proposed many years ago, the problem of adjacent possibilities, tied.
+So adjacency consists of all of them.
+It can be an idea, a molecule, or a technological product that is one step away from what actually exists, and can be achieved by incremental modification or recombination of existing materials.
+So, for example, if I talk about the space of my friends, my adjacency will be the set of all friends of my friends who are not yet my friends.
+I hope it's clear.
+But now, if I met someone new, say Briar, all of her friends would immediately step into my adjacent possibilities and push their boundaries even further.
+So if you really want to look at it from a mathematical point of view, which I'm sure you would, you can actually see this diagram.
+So let's assume this is your universe.
+I know I ask a lot.
+This is your universe. Now you are the red dot.
+And the green spot is as close as possible to you, something you haven't touched before.
+So live your life as usual.
+you move you move in space.
+I have a drink. meet friends you read a book
+At some point, you reach a green spot, where you meet Briar for the first time.
+And what will happen?
+So what happens is that a new part of space, a whole new part, becomes possible for you at this moment, even if you had no possibility of foreseeing it before you touched the point.
+And behind this lies a huge number of points that may become possible at a later stage.
+So it turns out that the space of possibilities is very peculiar because it is not predefined.
+It's not something we can predefine.
+It is continuously shaped and reshaped by our actions and choices.
+So we were so fascinated by the connections we made. Scientists are like that.
+And on this basis, 20 years after the original Kaufman proposal, he came up with a mathematical formulation of adjacent possibilities.
+In our theory, this is the key point. It is, therefore, crucially based on the complex interplay between the way this space of possibilities is expanded and reconstructed and the way we explore it.
+After the 2012 revelation, we got back to work. Because it was necessary to clarify this theory. I also came up with a certain number of predictions to test in real life.
+Of course, we need a testable framework to study innovation.
+Now let's discuss some predictions we made.
+The first concerns the pace of innovation, the rate at which novelty is observed in disparate systems.
+Our theory therefore predicts that the rate of innovation should follow such a universal curve.
+This is the relationship between innovation speed and time under very different conditions.
+And somehow we predict that the rate of innovation should steadily decline over time.
+So somehow, as we progress over time, we predict that innovation will become more difficult.
+It's beautiful. That's interesting. beautiful. we were happy
+But the question is, is it true?
+Of course we have to check reality.
+So we went back to reality and collected terabytes of data to track innovations in Wikipedia, Twitter, how free software is created, and even how we listen to music.
+It's hard to say, but we were so surprised, pleased, and excited to discover that the same predictions we made in theory were actually met in real systems, a variety of real systems.
+we were so excited.
+Of course, apparently we were on the right track, but of course we couldn't stop, so we didn't stop.
+So we kept working and at some point made another discovery that we named "correlated novelty".
+It's very simple.
+So I think we are all going through this.
+So when I listen to Leonard Cohen's "Suzanne," this experience awakens my passion for Cohen, and I start listening desperately to his entire body of work.
+And we realize that Fabrizio De André recorded an Italian version of "Suzanne" here.
+Somehow, therefore, the very notion of adjacency already encodes a common belief in many different systems that one thing leads to another.
+But what got us excited was that, for the first time, we were actually able to give scientific substance to this intuition and start making predictions about how we might experience new things.
+Therefore, novelty is correlated.
+They do not occur randomly.
+And this is good news. Because it implies that an impossible mission may not be so impossible after all, if we can be guided by our intuition and somehow set off a positive chain reaction.
+But there is a third consequence of the existence of flanking possibilities, which we have named the 'novelty wave'.
+To put this simply, in the world of music we would still be listening to Mozart and Beethoven all the time if it weren't for the wave of novelty. That's great, but we don't always do that.
+I also listen to Pet Shop Boys and Justin Bieber. Well, some do.
+(Laughter) So, from the huge amount of data that we collected and analyzed, we were able to see all these patterns very clearly.
+For example, we've found that popular hits in music are continuously born and then fade away, leaving room for evergreen.
+So somehow, the tide always holds onto the classics, while waves of new come and go.
+There is such a coexistence between evergreen and new hits.
+Our theory is not the only one predicting these waves of novelty.
+This is trivial.
+But it also explains why they are there and that they are there for a specific reason. Because we humans exhibit different strategies in the space of possibilities.
+That is why some of us tend to follow already known paths.
+Therefore, we say that they are exploiting.
+Some of us are always embarking on new adventures.
+They say they are exploring.
+And what we found was that all the systems we investigated fell exactly in between those two strategies, 80 percent exploitation and 20 percent exploration, something of a blade runner of innovation. was.
+So a sensible balance between past and future, exploitation and exploration, a kind of conservative balance, is already in place and probably needed in our system.
+But again, the good news is that we now have the scientific tools to investigate this equilibrium, and perhaps even more in the near future.
+As you can imagine, I was really fascinated by all of this.
+Our mathematical schemes already provide clues and hints for exploring the space of possibilities and how we all create and explore it.
+But that's not all.
+I think this is the starting point for what could be a wonderful journey of scientific investigation of the new, but also a personal exploration of the new.
+And I think this can have a lot of impact and a big impact on major activities like learning, teaching, research and business.
+If you think about artificial intelligence, for example, I am convinced -- that artificial intelligence, that in the near future we will depend more and more on the structure of adjacent possibilities, and we will have to rebuild and change it. there is. To deal with the unknown future.
+At the same time, there are many tools and new tools to explore how creativity works and what drives innovation.
+And the purpose of all this is to raise a generation capable of coming up with new ideas to meet the challenges at hand.
+we all know
+I'm sure there's a long way to go, but the questions and tools already exist, are adjacent, and possible.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I thought I'd talk a little bit about how nature makes matter.
+I took the abalone shell with me.
+The abalone shell is a biocomposite material consisting of 98 weight percent calcium carbonate and 2 weight percent protein.
+But it is 3,000 times stiffer than its geological counterpart.
+And many may use a chalky structure, like the shell of an abalone.
+I've been fascinated by how nature creates materials, but there are many secrets to how it does such exquisite work.
+Part of the reason is that the structures of these materials are macroscopic but formed at the nanoscale.
+They are formed at the nanoscale and use genetically encoded proteins that allow these truly elaborate structures to be built.
+So what I find very fascinating is, what if we could bring life to inanimate structures like batteries and solar cells?
+What if they had the same capabilities as abalone shells, in that they can be constructed at room temperature and pressure in highly sophisticated structures, use non-toxic chemicals, and do not release toxic substances back into the environment?
+That's kind of the vision I've been thinking about.
+So what if you could grow a battery in a Petri dish?
+Or what if we could give our batteries genetic information so that they actually perform better over time and do so in an environmentally friendly way?
+And going back to this abalone shell, in addition to being nanostructured, one of the interesting things is that when male and female abalone come together, they carry genetic information that says, "This is how we make this exquisite material." to tell.
+Here is a method that uses non-toxic materials and is done at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. "
+So are diatoms, the vitreous structures shown here.
+Each time the diatoms reproduce, they provide genetic information that says, "This is how we make perfectly nanostructured glasses in the ocean."
+And you can repeat the same thing over and over again. "
+But what if the same thing could be done with solar cells and batteries?
+My favorite biomaterial is a 4 year old child.
+But anyone who has raised small children, or knows small children, knows that they are incredibly complex creatures.
+If you want to convince them to do something they don't want to do, it's very difficult.
+So when we think about future technology, we really think about using bacteria and viruses, simple living things.
+Can I convince them to use my new toolbox so I can build the structures that matter to me?
+Also, when thinking about future technology, we start with the beginning of the earth.
+Basically, it took a billion years for life to emerge on Earth.
+And very quickly, they were able to become multicellular, replicate, and use photosynthesis as a way to obtain an energy source.
+However, it wasn't until about 500 million years ago, during the Cambrian geological period, that marine life began to produce hard matter.
+Before that, they were all soft and fluffy structures.
+It was during this period that calcium, iron and silicon increased in the environment and organisms learned how to make hard substances.
+What I hope to be able to do is persuade biology to work with the rest of the periodic table.
+Now, if you look at biology, there are many nanostructured structures you've heard of, such as DNA, antibodies, proteins, and ribosomes. Nature has already given us very elaborate structures at the nanoscale.
+What if we could use these to convince us that these antibodies are not acting like HIV?
+What if you could convince them to make solar cells?
+Here are some examples.
+Natural shells, natural biological materials.
+This is an abalone shell.
+If you crack this, you can see that it has a nanostructure.
+There are diatoms made of SiO2, and there are magnetotactic bacteria that make small single-domain magnets used for navigation.
+What they all have in common is that these materials are structured at the nanoscale and have DNA sequences that encode protein sequences that give a blueprint from which these truly amazing structures can be built.
+Now, back to the abalone shell, the abalone makes this shell with these proteins.
+These proteins are highly negatively charged.
+They draw calcium from the environment, creating layers of calcium, then carbonate, calcium, and carbonate layers.
+It has a chemical sequence of amino acids and says, "This is how the structure is built.
+Here's the DNA sequence, the protein sequence, to do that. "
+An interesting idea is, what if you could take any substance you want, or any element on the periodic table, find the DNA sequence that corresponds to it, encode it into the corresponding protein sequence, and build a structure? The abalone shell could not be built. -- Construct what nature has never had the chance to tackle.
+And here is the periodic table.
+I love the periodic table.
+Every year, I have them create a periodic table for my freshman class at MIT that says, "Welcome to MIT. Now let's get to it."
+(Laughter) On the flip side, it's an amino acid with a different charge and a different pH.
+So I'm giving this out to thousands of people.
+I know it says MIT and this is Caltech, but I have a few extra if you need them.
+I was very lucky to visit my lab when President Obama visited MIT this year. I really wanted to give him the periodic table.
+So I stayed up late and asked my husband, "How do I give President Obama the periodic table?"
+What if he says, 'Oh, I already have it' or 'I already memorized it'? (Laughter) So he came to my lab and looked around. It was a wonderful visit.
+And after that I said: ``Sir, I would like to give you the periodic table in case you ever need to calculate molecular weights.''
+(Laughter) I thought the term "molecular weight" sounded a lot less geeky than "molar mass."
+(Laughter.) And he looked at it and said, "Thank you. I'll be watching it regularly."
+(Laughter) (Applause) Later, in a lecture he gave on clean energy, he took it out and said, "And the people at MIT are handing out the periodic table." So...
+So what I didn't tell you is that living things started making matter about 500 million years ago, but it took them about 50 million years to get good at it, which means learning how to perfect how to make it. It took 50 million years to Abalone shell.
+And that's a tough sell for a graduate student: "I have this amazing project... 50 million years..."
+So I had to develop a faster way to do this.
+So it uses a non-toxic virus called the M13 bacteriophage, whose job is to infect bacteria.
+Well, viruses have a simple DNA structure into which additional DNA sequences can be cut and pasted, allowing them to express random protein sequences.
+It's a very simple biotechnology, basically you can do this a billion times.
+In other words, there could be a billion different viruses that are all genetically identical, but they differ from each other based on one sequence, the tip that encodes one protein.
+Now, if you take all those billions of viruses and put them in a drop of liquid, you can force them to interact with anything on the periodic table.
+And through the evolutionary process of selection, you can pull one out of a billion to do what you want, like growing batteries or solar cells.
+Once you find one in a billion, you infect it with a bacterium and make millions and billions of copies of that particular sequence.
+Another great thing about biology is that it offers us very elaborate structures with great link scales.
+Because these viruses are long and thin, they can develop the ability to grow things like semiconductors and battery materials.
+Well, this is a high power battery developed in my lab.
+We designed a virus that traps carbon nanotubes.
+Part of the virus traps carbon nanotubes, while another part of the virus has a sequence that allows it to grow battery electrode material, then wires itself to a current collector.
+And through an evolutionary process of selection, we have evolved from a virus that makes poor batteries, to a virus that makes good batteries, to a virus that makes record-breaking high-power batteries, all made indoors. temperature, basically on the benchtop.
+That battery went to the White House for a press conference and I brought it here.
+If you can extend this, you can actually use it to power a Prius. This is something of a dream of mine, to be able to drive a car with a virus on it.
+(Laughter) But basically you can take one out of a billion and amplify it a lot.
+Basically, you amplify it in the lab and then self-assemble it into a battery-like structure.
+Catalysis can also achieve this.
+This is an example of water splitting by photocatalysis.
+And what we've been successful at is engineering the virus to essentially line up dye-absorbing molecules on the surface of the virus and act as antennas to transmit energy throughout the virus.
+It then gives the gene a second gene to split water into oxygen and hydrogen and grow an inorganic substance that can be used as a clean fuel.
+I have an example of that today.
+My students assured me that it would work.
+These are nanowires in which viruses are assembled.
+You can see it bubbling when you hit the light.
+In this case, you can see the oxygen bubbles coming out.
+(Applause.) Basically, by controlling genes, we can control multiple materials to improve device performance.
+A final example is solar cells.
+We were able to manipulate a virus to pick up a carbon nanotube, grow titanium dioxide around it, and use it as a means of passing electrons through the device.
+And what we discovered is that we can actually increase the efficiency of these solar cells by genetic engineering and record the numbers for this kind of dye-sensitized system.
+And I brought one of that too so we could play outside later.
+So this is a virus-based solar cell.
+Through evolution and selection, we have evolved from an 8% efficient solar cell to an 11% efficient solar cell.
+I hope this convinces you that there is a lot of great and interesting things to learn about how nature makes materials and whether you can take the next step and force or use the way nature makes materials. increase. To create something that nature never dreamed of creating yet.
+thank you.
+I grew up in a family of sociologists, but I was a bit of an odd kid when it came to drawing.
+(Laughter) I was making sketches for models in my mother's Sears catalog...
+My bedroom was full of my craft projects, almost like my own art gallery, and I lived to create.
+I don't think anyone in my family was surprised when I became an architect.
+But let's be honest, the real foundation of my becoming an architect was laid not in bedroom art galleries, but in conversations around the family table.
+From the effects of urban migration in a Zambian village to the complex medical needs of the homeless on the streets of San Francisco, there were stories about how people lived and connected to each other.
+Now, it's only natural that you look over your attendees and wonder, "What does that have to do with architecture?"
+Now, all of these stories were about the universe and how it could or did not accommodate us.
+In fact, we share some of the deepest connections in physical space.
+And our stories unfold in physical space, even in this crazy age of texting and tweeting.
+Unfortunately, architecture hasn't done a great job of telling all our stories equally.
+We often see monuments like the Gherkin or Trump Tower being built...
+(Laughter) Tell the story of the haves, not the have-nots.
+Throughout my career, I have erected monuments to the stories of certain people (usually whites, men, rich people) and bulldozed the stories of others (usually people of color in low-income neighborhoods). Actively resisted the action.
+I have sought to establish practices rooted in elevating the stories of those most frequently silenced.
+That work was a mission in spatial justice.
+(Applause.) Now, spatial justice means understanding that justice has geography and that equitable distribution of resources, services and access is a fundamental human right.
+So what is spatial justice?
+Now, I would like to talk about one thing.
+For many years I have worked in the historic African-American neighborhood of San Francisco's Bayview Hunters Point on land that used to be a power station.
+Back in the 90s, community groups led by mothers who lived in public housing on the hill above the factory fought for its closure.
+they won.
+The power company eventually demolished it, cleaned the soil, and asphalted most of the site to keep the clean soil from being blown away.
+Sounds like a success story, right?
+Well, not so fast.
+Due to various issues such as land ownership and lease agreements, we were unable to actually redevelop the land for at least 5-10 years.
+What that means is that this community that lived near the power station for decades now had 30 acres of asphalt in its backyard.
+To put this into concrete terms, 30 acres is roughly the size of 30 soccer fields.
+Well, the power company didn't want to be the bad guy here.
+Recognizing that they owe the community, and wanting to turn the site for the benefit of the community rather than actually letting it fall into disrepair, they enlisted a designer to propose a temporary use of the site.
+I am part of a diverse team of designers who have responded to the call, and for the past four years we have worked with mothers, other residents, as well as local organizations and utility companies.
+We have experimented with all sorts of events to address issues of spatial justice.
+This includes everything from vocational workshops to annual circuses to beautiful new coastal trails.
+In the four years we've been running, over 12,000 people have come to this site and done something, and hopefully their relationship with it has changed.
+But lately, I'm starting to realize that events alone aren't enough.
+A few months ago there was a community gathering in this neighborhood.
+Power companies are finally ready to talk concretely about long-term redevelopment.
+The meeting was kind of a disaster.
+There was a lot of yelling and anger.
+I was asked, "If you're going to sell it to a developer, why don't you just build a luxury condominium like everyone else?"
+"Where was that town?"
+"Why aren't there more jobs and resources in this area?"
+It's not that our event didn't bring joy.
+But despite this, there was still pain here.
+Pain from a history of environmental injustice that has left the area with many industrial uses and residents living near toxic waste and literally shit.
+The zip code remains one of the lowest per capita incomes, highest unemployment rates and highest incarceration rates among cities home to tech giants such as Twitter, Airbnb and Uber. The fact that it is painful.
+And these tech companies have indeed helped spark the gentrification drive that is rapidly redefining the region, both in terms of identity and population.
+Now, I want to stop for a moment and talk about gentrification.
+I think for many of us it's kind of like a dirty word.
+It has become synonymous with poor residents being forced out of their neighborhoods by wealthy newcomers.
+If you've ever been evacuated, you know the pain of losing the place that supported your story.
+If you haven't experienced this before, imagine how you can get into it right now.
+Think about what would happen if your favorite local place, where you used to go and hang out with old people and friends, disappeared.
+And when I got home, I found a letter from my landlord saying that the rent had been doubled.
+The choice to stay is not yours.
+You don't belong in your own house anymore.
+And know that this feeling you're feeling right now is the same whether the person who hurt you did it intentionally or not.
+Developer Majora Carter once told me, "Poor people don't hate gentrification.
+They just hate that they can hardly hang out long enough to reap the benefits. "
+Why do we treat cultural erasure and economic expulsion as inevitable?
+We can work with an awareness of the injustices of the past, and find value in the old as well as the new stories.
+And commit to building people's ability to stay—stay at home, stay in their communities, stay where they feel complete.
+But revisiting this requires looking at the injustices of the past and the pain and sorrow woven into them.
+And as I began to reflect on my own work, I noticed that pain and grief were recurring themes.
+Early in the Bayview Hunters Point project, I heard a man named Daryl say, "We've always been left behind like an island, like a no man's land."
+I heard this song when I was working on a project with a day laborer in Houston.
+And while telling me how many times he was robbed of his salary at the corner where he used to stand every day to support his family, Huang said, "Why can't anyone see the sanctity of this place? Is it?" he asked.
+You've seen the pain too.
+From the campaign to remove the statues in Charlottesville and New Orleans...
+To towns like Lorraine, Ohio and Bolton, England, which have lost their industrial vitality and are now dying.
+We often rush to remake these places, thinking we can ease the pain.
+But in our endless desire to do good, to overcome every mistake, to build a place of potential, we are often left with a very long trail of broken promises and crushed dreams. keep the landscape filled with blissful ignorance.
+We are building on what is broken.
+Is it any wonder that the foundation cannot be maintained?
+Holding space for pain and sorrow has never been part of my job description as an architect. After all, it focuses on beauty and hell, not expediency, and is also demanded by clients.
+But I've seen what happens when there's room for pain.
+It can be transformative.
+Coming back to our story, when we first started working in the neighborhood, one of the first things we did was go interview the activists who led the fight to close the factories. .
+We heard and felt a constant sense of impending loss from them.
+Since then, the neighborhood has already changed.
+People were leaving, or dying of old age, and stories were disappearing with them.
+For the activists, no one knew what happened in the community. Because to those outside, it was a ghetto.
+At worst, it becomes a scene of violence. A blank slate at best.
+Neither, of course, was true.
+So my colleague and I reached out to StoryCorps.
+And with the help of them and the power company, we built a hearing booth on site.
+And we asked the residents to come and record their stories for posterity.
+After a few days of recording, we had a listening party where we played the clips just like we hear them on NPR every Friday morning.
+That party was one of the greatest community meetings I have ever attended.
+For one thing, we talked about pain as well as pleasure.
+Two stories I remember well -- AJ talked about what it was like growing up in the neighborhood.
+I had a child that I used to play with all the time.
+But he also lamented how he felt when he was first stopped and questioned by a police officer when he was 11 years old.
+GL talked about his children and the ups and downs he's experienced living in the area, but he also proudly spoke about the several organizations he's raised to provide support and empowerment.
+he wanted to see more of it.
+By setting aside space to express my pain and sorrow first, I was able to brainstorm ideas for the site. A brilliant idea became the seed of our work over the next four years.
+So why a radically different meeting now?
+good ...
+The pain and sorrow woven into this space cannot be achieved in a day.
+Healing also takes time.
+After all, who would think that once you go to therapy, you'll be cured?
+(laughs) Who is there?
+I didn't think so.
+In retrospect, I wish I had held more listening parties than just fun events.
+My work has taken me all over the world, but I have yet to set foot where pain does not exist and the possibility of healing does not exist.
+So, while I've spent my career honing my skills as an architect, I've now discovered that I'm also a healer.
+Perhaps this is the point where I should tell you the 5 steps to healing, but I don't have the solution yet.
+just a road.
+That being said, I've learned a few things along the way.
+First, you can't build a city for everyone without listening to everyone first.
+It not only mentions what we hope to build in the future, but also what is lost or not realized.
+Second, healing is not just for "them."
+For those of us with privilege, we must consider our own guilt, displeasure, and complicity.
+As nonprofit leader Ann Marks once said, "Those who hurt hurt, and those who were healed healed."
+And third, healing is not about making pain go away.
+Like the asphalt on the dirt in Bayview Hunters Point, we tend to want to undo our pain.
+But it doesn't work.
+Healing is recognizing pain and coming to terms with it.
+One of my favorite quotes says that healing renews our faith in the process.
+What I am standing before you as an architect and healer is what I can become, what my community and the people I work with will become, and this country, and frankly, Because we are ready to see what this world will be like.
+And I wasn't going to do that trip alone.
+I think there are many people who are dissatisfied with the current situation.
+Believe me it could be different.
+I believe you are much more resilient than you think.
+But taking the first step requires courage.
+The courage to see each other's pain and willingly stay in front of it, even when it's uncomfortable.
+Imagine the change we can make together if we all work on it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So over the past year and a half, my team at Push Pop Press, Charlie Melcher and Melcher Media, have been working on the first full-length interactive book.
+It's called "Our Choice" and the author is Al Gore.
+This is the sequel to "An Inconvenient Truth" and explores all possible solutions to solve the climate crisis.
+The book begins like this. This is the cover.
+As the earth spins, your position is displayed, and you can open the book and swipe through the chapters.
+Alternatively, you can scroll through the pages at the bottom.
+If you want to enlarge the page, just open the page.
+And anything in the book can be opened by pinching it with two fingers and lifting it off the page.
+And if you want to go back and read the book again, just fold the book and put it back on the page.
+So this works as well. You pick it up and pop it open.
+(Audio) Al Gore: I think I'm one of the majority who sees a windmill and finds it a beautiful addition to the landscape.
+Mike Matas: Al Gore walks you through the photos throughout the book.
+This photo can also be viewed on the interactive map.
+Zoom in to see where it was filmed.
+And there are over an hour of documentary footage and interactive animations throughout the book.
+Then you can open this.
+(Audio) AG: Most modern wind turbines consist of large wind turbines.
+MM: Playback starts immediately.
+During playback, pinch the page back to peek and the movie will continue to play.
+Or zoom out to the table of contents and the video will continue to play.
+But one of the best things about this book is the interactive infographics.
+This shows the potential for wind power across the United States.
+However, rather than just providing information, you can actually look at and see how much wind potential there is, state by state.
+The same can be done with geothermal energy and solar power.
+this is one of my favourites.
+So this is...
+(Laughter) (Applause) When the wind blows, the excess energy from the windmill is channeled into the battery.
+And when the wind starts to abate, the excess energy is returned to the house and the lights never go out.
+And this whole book can't just run on an iPad.
+Works on iPhone too.
+So you can start reading on your iPad in your living room and pick up where you left off on your iPhone.
+And it works exactly the same.
+You can pinch in on any page.
+Please open it.
+That was Push Pop Press' first title, Al Gore's 'Our Choice'.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: That's great.
+Do you want to become a publisher or technology producer?
+What is your business here?
+Is this possible for other people as well?
+MM: Yes, we are currently building tools that will make building this content very easy for publishers.
+So the team at Melcher Media on the east coast (we build software on the west coast) use our tools to drag images and text every day.
+CA: So you want to license this software to publishers to make such beautiful books? (MM: Yes.) Okay. Mike, thank you very much.
+MM: Thank you. (CA: Good luck.) (Applause)
+My name is Arvind Gupta and I am a toy maker.
+I have been making toys for 30 years.
+In the early 70's, I was in college.
+It was a very revolutionary time.
+It was a kind of political frenzy, with students taking to the streets of Paris to revolt against authority.
+The United States was shaken by the anti-Vietnam movement and the civil rights movement.
+In India there was the Naxalite movement, the [obscure] movement.
+But as you know, when there is political turmoil in society, a lot of energy is released.
+The Indian National Movement has proved it.
+Many quit their well-paying jobs and jumped into the national movement.
+In the early 1970s, one of India's great programs was to revitalize primary science in village schools.
+There was a guy named Anil Sadgopal who got his Ph.D. After completing his PhD from Caltech, he returned to TIFR, India's leading research institute, as a molecular biologist.
+The 31-year-old could not connect this kind of [opaque] research he was doing with the lives of ordinary people.
+So he set up a science program for the village and started doing it.
+Many people were inspired by this.
+The slogan in the early 70's was "Go to the people.
+live with them love them
+Start with what they know. Build on what they have. "
+This was some kind of decisive slogan.
+Well it took me a year.
+I joined a news agency and built TATA trucks near Pune.
+After working there for two years, I realized that I wasn't born to make tracks.
+Often times I don't know what I want, but it's enough to know what I don't want.
+So I took a year off and went to the science program in this village.
+And that was the tipping point.
+It was a very small village. A weekly bazaar was held and people put all the containers in once a week.
+So I said, "I'm going to spend a year here."
+So I bought just one of everything that was sold on the roadside.
+And I found this black rubber.
+This is called a cycle valve tube.
+I use a little bit of this when I inflate my bike.
+For some of these models, I took a little piece of this cycle valve tube and put two matchsticks in it to create a flexible joint.
+It's a tube joint. Begin by teaching angles: acute, right, obtuse, and straight.
+It's like its own little coupling.
+If you have three of them and loop them together, you get a triangle.
+With four, you can have squares, pentagons, hexagons, and many other polygons.
+And they have some nice properties.
+For example, if you look at a hexagon, it's like an amoeba, constantly changing its contours.
+Just pull it out to make a rectangle.
+Press this to make a parallelogram.
+But this is very unstable.
+Look at the pentagon for example. When pulled out, it becomes a trapezoid in the shape of a boat.
+When pressed, it becomes the shape of a house.
+This results in an isosceles triangle, which is also very unstable.
+This square may look very square and rustic.
+Press a little and it will form a diamond shape.
+It will take the shape of a kite.
+But if you give a child a triangle, the child can do nothing with it.
+Why Use Triangles?
+Because the triangle is the only rigid structure.
+I can't make a square bridge because it will start jigging when the train comes.
+Ordinary people know this, because if you go to a village in India, you may not have gone to a technical college, but no one has a roof like this.
+Because if you put a tile on top, it will just crash.
+They always make triangular roofs.
+Now this is human science.
+Drill a hole here and insert a third matchstick to get a T-joint.
+And if you plug all three legs into the three vertices of this triangle, you have a tetrahedron.
+So create all these 3D shapes.
+Make a regular tetrahedron like this.
+Once you have made these, you will have a small house.
+Put this on top.
+You can make 4 joints. You can also make 6 joints.
+All you need is 1 ton.
+This creates 6 joints and creates an icosahedron.
+Play around with it.
+This completes the igloo.
+Well, this is 1978.
+I was a young engineer, 24 years old.
+And I thought, this is so much better than making a track.
+(Applause.) In fact, if you put four marbles inside, it simulates the molecular structure of methane, CH4.
+4 hydrogen atoms, 4 points of a tetrahedron, i.e. a small carbon atom.
+Since then, I have been honored to attend more than 2,000 schools across the country, including rural schools, public schools, city schools, and Ivy League schools. I received invitations from most of the schools.
+Every time I go to school, I see children's eyes shining.
+I see hope. You can see the happiness on their faces.
+Children want to make things. Children want to do things.
+Well, we make a lot of pumps.
+Well, this is a little pump that can inflate balloons.
+A real pump. You can actually pop a balloon.
+And there are slogans that the best thing a child can do with a toy is to break it.
+So all you do is -- this is a very provocative remark -- this old bike tube and this old plastic [unintelligible] this fill cap just fits right onto the old bike tube.
+And here's how to make a valve.
+Put some sticky tape on it.
+This is a one-way street.
+Well, we make a lot of pumps.
+And here's another one. Simply take a straw, insert a stick inside, and make two cuts in half.
+Just bend your legs into a triangle and wrap the tape around them.
+And here is the pump.
+And now, if you have this pump, it's like a great, great sprinkler.
+It's like a centrifuge.
+When you rotate something, it tends to pop out.
+(Applause.) Well, I mean, if you were in Andhra Pradesh, you would make this out of palmyra leaves.
+Many of our folk toys have good scientific principles.
+When you spin something, it tends to pop out.
+If you do it with both hands, you can see this fun flying man.
+right.
+This is a toy made of paper. very.
+I have four photos.
+I see insects, frogs, snakes, eagles, butterflies, frogs, snakes and eagles.
+This is a paper that may [unintelligible]. Designed by Harvard mathematician Arthur Stone in 1928 and documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.
+But this is great fun for children.
+We are all learning about the food chain.
+Insects are eaten by frogs. Frogs are eaten by snakes. Snakes are eaten by eagles.
+This could be in a city school or a public school, as long as you have a sheet of copy paper, an A4 size piece of paper. No glue needed, just paper, a scale and a pencil. scissors.
+Just fold this in 3 minutes.
+And what you can use it for is limited by your imagination.
+Using smaller paper will create smaller flexagons.
+With bigger things, you can make bigger things.
+Well, here is a pencil with some slots.
+And put a small fan here.
+And this is a 100 year old toy.
+There are six major research papers on this subject.
+You can see there are some grooves here.
+And if I take a lead and rub this, something very amazing happens.
+Six major research papers on this.
+As a matter of fact Feynman was very fascinated by this as a child.
+He wrote a paper on this.
+And you don't need a $3 billion hadron collider to do this. (Laughter) (Applause) This is for all kids, and all kids can enjoy this.
+If you want to put a color disc, combine all 7 of these colors.
+This is what Newton said 400 years ago. White light is made up of 7 colors just by rotating it.
+This is a straw.
+What we did was just tape the ends together and pinch the right and bottom left corners together so there is a hole in the opposite corner and a small hole here as well.
+This is a type of blown straw.
+I just put this inside.
+There is a hole here, so I closed this one.
+It costs almost nothing to make. Great fun for kids.
+What we do is build a very simple electric motor.
+This is the simplest motor on earth.
+The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.
+With the battery, the manufacturing cost is 5 cents.
+This is an old bicycle tube with a wide rubber band and two safety pins.
+This is a permanent magnet.
+When current flows through the coil, the coil becomes an electromagnet.
+It is the interaction of both these magnets that makes this motor spin.
+Made 30,000.
+Teachers who have been teaching science for years like donkeys screw up definitions and spit them out.
+When the teacher makes it, the child also makes it.
+You can see the sparkle in their eyes.
+They get a thrill out of what science is all about.
+And this science is not a rich man's game.
+In democracies, science must reach out to the most oppressed, the most marginalized children.
+The program started in 16 schools and has expanded to 1,500 public schools.
+Over 100,000 children are learning science this way.
+And we're just trying to explore the possibilities.
+Look, this is Tetra Pak. It is a terrible material from an environmental point of view.
+There are 6 layers of 3 layers of plastic and aluminum that are sealed to each other.
+They are fused together and cannot be separated.
+You can make a small network like this, fold it, and glue it together to make an icosahedron.
+So the trash that suffocates all seabirds can be recycled into something very, very fun. All Platonic solids can be made with something like this.
+It's a small straw, but if you pinch two of its corners together, it will look like a baby alligator's mouth.
+Put it in your mouth and blow.
+(Honk) As they say, it is the delight of children and the envy of teachers.
+You can't see how the sound is produced because something vibrating goes into your mouth.
+I'm going to leave this outside to blow away. I'm going to inhale the air.
+(Honk) So there's really no need to mess with the sound production with wire vibration.
+Another is to keep blowing, keep making sounds, and keep cutting.
+And then something very, very nice happens.
+(honking) (applause) And when you get something very small -- (honking) this is what kids teach you. You can also do this.
+Before we go any further, this is something worth sharing.
+This is an inspiring lithograph for blind children.
+This is a strip of Velcro, this is my drawing slate, and this is my drawing pen, basically a box of film.
+It's basically like a fisherman's line, a fishing line.
+And this is this wool.
+When you turn the handle, all the yarn goes inside.
+And all a blind child can do is draw this.
+Wool sticks to Velcro.
+There are 12 million blind children in our country -- (applause) they live in a world of darkness.
+And this was a big boon to them.
+There are factories out there that make our children blind, they don't feed them, they don't give them vitamin A.
+But this was a big boon for them.
+No patents. Anyone can make it.
+This is very, very easy.
+As you can see, this is the generator. It's a crank generator.
+These are two magnets.
+It's a big pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two old CDs.
+A small pulley and two strong magnets.
+This fiber then rotates the wire attached to the LED.
+When you turn this pulley, the smaller pulley turns faster.
+There will be a rotating magnetic field.
+Naturally, when the line breaks, force is generated.
+As you can see, this LED lights up.
+This is a small crank generator.
+Well, again, it's just a ring, a steel ring with a steel nut.
+And all you can do is twist and they just keep going.
+And imagine a group of children standing in a circle, just waiting to be handed a steel ring.
+And they will really enjoy playing with this.
+After all, what we can do is make caps out of lots of old newspapers.
+This is worthy of Sachin Tendulkar.
+A great cricket cap. (Laughter) (Applause) When I first saw Nehru and Gandhi, this is Nehru's hat, just half a newspaper.
+We make a lot of toys out of newspaper, and this is one of them.
+And this, as you can see, is a bird flapping its wings.
+Cut all our old newspapers into small squares.
+And if you have these birds, Japanese children have been making them for years.
+As you can see, this is a small fantail bird.
+Well, I'll end with a little story.
+This is called "Captain's Hat Story".
+The captain was the captain of an ocean-going vessel.
+Go very slowly.
+And there were many passengers on the ship, and they were bored, so the captain invited them on deck.
+“Wear colorful clothes, sing and dance, and we will prepare delicious food and drinks.”
+And the captain wore a hat every day and joined the regalia.
+The first day was a giant umbrella cap like a captain's cap.
+That night, when the passengers were asleep, he creases more, and on the second day he puts on a firefighter's cap. It has little chutes like a designer hat. This is to protect the spinal cord.
+And on the second night he folded the same hat again.
+And on the third day, it becomes a Shikari cap that looks like an adventurer's hat.
+Then, on the third night, he doubled the weight. This is a very very famous cap.
+If you have seen our Bollywood movies, this is what police officers wear called Zapal cap.
+It rose to international glory.
+And let's not forget that he was the captain of the ship.
+So it's a ship.
+And now it's over. Everyone enjoyed the trip very much.
+they were singing and dancing.
+Suddenly a storm and big waves arose.
+And all the boat can do is dance and sway with the waves.
+A big wave comes and hits the front and pushes it down.
+Then another person comes and hits the stern and knocks it down.
+And here is the third.
+This swallows the bridge and destroys it.
+And the ship sank, and the captain lost everything except his life jacket.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Phyllis Rodriguez: We are here today because of the fact that we have what most people would consider a rare friendship.
+And yes.
+Still, it feels natural to us now.
+On the morning of September 11, 2001, I first learned that my son was at the World Trade Center.
+We didn't know if he died until 36 hours later.
+At the time, we knew it was political.
+We were terrified of what the country was going to do in the name of my son, my husband, Orlando, myself and our family.
+And yet, when I saw it, through the shocks, the terrible shocks, and the terrifying explosions in our lives, we were not taking revenge, literally.
+And a few weeks later, when Zacharias Moussaoui was indicted on six counts of conspiracy to commit terrorism and the US government called for the death penalty if convicted, my husband and I publicly opposed it.
+Through that and human rights organizations, we were able to connect with the families of several other victims.
+When I saw in the media how Ms. Aicha came in when my son was indicted, I thought, "What a brave woman."
+Someday I want to be stronger and meet that woman. "
+I was still in deep sorrow. I knew I was powerless.
+I knew that one day we would find her, or find each other.
+Because when people heard that my son was a victim, I immediately felt sympathy.
+But when people learned what her son was accused of, she didn't get that much sympathy.
+But her suffering is the same as mine.
+So we met in November 2002. Aicha will tell you how it happened.
+(Interpretation) Aicha El Wafi: Hello everyone.
+I am the mother of Zacharias Moussaoui.
+And I asked human rights organizations to put me in touch with the victims' parents.
+So they introduced me to 5 families.
+And I looked at Phyllis and observed her.
+She was the only mother in the group.
+Others were brothers and sisters.
+And I could see in her eyes that she was a mother, just like I was.
+I struggled a lot as a mother.
+I got married when I was 14.
+I lost my child when I was 15 and my second when I was 16.
+So the talk with Zacharias was really overkill.
+My son was buried alive and I am still in pain.
+I know she was really crying for her son.
+But she knows where he is.
+Son, I don't know where you are.
+I don't know if he is alive. I don't know if he is being tortured.
+I don't know what happened to him.
+That's why I decided to tell my story so that my suffering can be positive for other women.
+To all the women who give life, to all the mothers, you can give back and you can make a difference.
+We are women and we love our children, so it's up to us women.
+We have to hold hands and do something together.
+It's not about women, it's about us, us women, and our children.
+I am against violence and terrorism.
+I go to school and talk to young Muslim girls and try to dissuade them from marrying against their will at an early age.
+So if I can save one of the young girls so they can get married and avoid suffering like I did, I think that would be a good thing.
+That is why I am in front of you.
+PR: I would like to say that I have learned so much from Aicha, starting from the day we met another family for the first time – that was November 2002, the security guard and It was a very private meeting with And frankly, , we were afraid of the hyper-patriotism of the country at the time, the patriotism of our family.
+But we were all so nervous.
+"Why does she want to see us?"
+And she was nervous.
+"Why did we want to meet her?"
+what did we want from each other?
+Before we knew each other's names or anything, we hugged each other and cried.
+We then sat in a circle with the support and help of those who had experienced this kind of reconciliation.
+Aicha then began to speak, saying, "I don't know if my son is guilty or innocent, but I want to tell you how sorry I am for what happened to your family.
+I know what suffering feels like, and I feel that crimes should be justly judged and punished. "
+But she reached out to us that way and I'd say it was an icebreaker.
+And then what happened was that we all told our stories and connected as humans.
+By the end of the afternoon, it was about three hours after lunch, it felt as if we had known each other forever.
+Now, what I have learned from her is not just that she is a woman who can be so generous in her current circumstances, but also what was going on at the time and what was being done to her son. I also learned about life.
+I had never met someone who had such a difficult life in a completely different culture and environment than mine.
+And I feel that we have a special connection, and I cherish that very much.
+And I think it's all about being afraid of the other person, but taking that step and realizing, "Hey, this wasn't that hard."
+Who else could I meet who I don't know or who is so different from me? "
+Now then, Mr. Aicha, please give us a final word.
+I'm out of time.
+(Laughter) (Interpreter) AW: I meant to say that you have to try to get to know other people, the other.
+You must be generous and your heart must be generous and your heart must be generous.
+must be tolerant.
+Violence must be fought.
+And I hope that one day we can all live together in peace and with mutual respect.
+This is what I meant.
+(applause)
+Hello everyone.
+I have something to show you.
+(Laughter) Think of this as a pixel, a flying pixel.
+In our lab, we call this "wise design."
+Let's talk about that for a minute.
+Now, if you take this picture -- I'm Italian by origin and every Italian boy grows up with this picture on their bedroom wall -- but the reason I'm showing you this is F1 because something very interesting happened. A race over the last decades.
+Not so long ago, if you wanted to win an F1 race, you had a budget and bet it on a good driver and a good car.
+And if the car and driver are good enough, you will win the race.
+Now, if you want to win the race today, you actually also need something like this: It monitors the car in real time, collects information from the car with thousands of sensors, and sends this information to the system for processing. You can use it to make decisions and changes in real time as information is being collected and get back to your car.
+This is what engineering terminology calls a real-time control system.
+Basically, this is a system that consists of two components: a sensing component and an actuation component.
+What's interesting today is that real-time control systems are starting to make their way into our lives.
+Over the past few years, our cities have become overwhelmed with networks and electronics.
+They are becoming more like computers out in the open.
+And computers in the open are starting to respond in different ways to sense and act.
+If you fix the city, it's actually a big problem.
+As an aside, I wanted to mention that cities are only 2 percent of the earth's crust, but they make up 50 percent of the world's population.
+They represent 75% of energy consumption and up to 80% of CO2 emissions.
+So if we can do something for the city, it's a big deal.
+Beyond cities, all of this sensing and actuation finds its way into our everyday objects.
+This is from an exhibition that Paola Antonelli will curate at MoMA later this summer.
+It's called "Talk to Me".
+Our objects, our environment, are beginning to speak to us.
+In a way, it's as if every atom there is both a sensor and an actuator.
+And it is fundamentally changing the way we humans interact with our environment.
+In a way, it's like Michelangelo's old dreams...
+As you know, when Michelangelo sculpted Moses, at the end he picked up a hammer and threw it at Moses. In fact, you can still see a little chip underneath it, and it cried out, "What are you going to do without Pali? Why don't you talk?"
+Well today, for the first time, our environment is starting to speak to us.
+Here are just a few examples of this idea of ​​sensing and acting on the environment.
+Let's start with sensing.
+Well, the first project I want to share with you is actually one of the first projects by our lab.
+Four and a half years ago in Italy.
+So what we really did was use a new type of network that was being rolled out around the world at the time, the mobile phone network, and use anonymous and aggregated information from that network, and that information was collected by the carrier in any case. To understand how cities work.
+This summer has been a lucky summer -- 2006.
+It was when Italy won the Soccer World Cup.
+As some of you may remember, Italy played France and Zidane headbutted in the end.
+Anyway, in the end Italy won.
+(Laughter) Then let's see what happened that day, just by monitoring the activity happening on the network.
+You can see the city here.
+The Colosseum and the Tiber river can be seen in the center.
+It's morning before the game.
+A timeline appears at the top.
+In the early afternoon, people making phone calls here and there and moving around.
+The match begins - silence.
+France scores. Italy scores.
+At halftime people rush to make phone calls or go to the bathroom.
+Latter half. End of normal time.
+1st overtime, 2nd.
+Zidane, headbutt in an instant.
+Italy wins. yes.
+(laughter) (applause) Well, that night, we all went to the center to celebrate.
+A large peak is now visible.
+The next day, everyone went to the center again to meet the winning team and the then prime minister.
+And then everyone moved down.
+You will see an image of a place called Circus Maximus. Since Roman times, people have held celebrations and big parties there, with the summit visible at the end of the day.
+Well, this is just one example of how you can feel the city today in ways you couldn't just a few years ago.
+Another simple example of sensing: Sensing is not about humans, it's about what we use and consume.
+Well, today we know all about where the object came from.
+Here's a map of all the chips that make up a Mac computer and how they fit together.
+But we know very little about where things are going.
+So in this project we developed some small tags to actually track the junk as it moves through the system.
+So we actually, along with some volunteers who helped us out in Seattle just over a year ago, started throwing away whatever they were going to throw away, all sorts of things you see here. I started by tagging things to put away.
+We then put a small chip and a small tag on the trash can and started tracking it down.
+Here are the results I got:
+(music) From Seattle...
+1 week later.
+With this information, I found the system to have many inefficiencies.
+You can actually do the same thing with much less energy.
+This data was previously unavailable.
+But there's a lot of traffic waste and complicated things going on.
+But the other is that we believe that every day we see the cups we throw away never disappear and are still somewhere on earth.
+And the plastic bottles we throw away every day are still there.
+And if you show it to people, you can also encourage behavioral change.
+That was the reason for this project.
+My colleague at MIT, Asaf Biderman, should be able to tell you more about sensing and the many other cool things you can do with sensing, but I wanted to move on to the second part I discussed first. But that's what drives our environment.
+The first project was in Zaragoza, Spain, a few years ago.
+It started with the mayor's question. The mayor came to us and said that Spain and Southern Europe have a beautiful tradition of using water in public spaces and architecture.
+And the question was, how can we add technology, new technology to it?
+One of the ideas developed in the MIT workshop is Imagine This Pipe. There are valves, solenoid valves and faucets there that can be opened and closed.
+Creates a kind of water curtain with pixels made of water.
+Once these pixels are down, you can write on them, display patterns, images and text.
+And even you can get close to it and it opens up so you can jump over it as seen in this image.
+Well, we submitted this to Mayor Belloc.
+he loved it
+Then I was asked to design the building at the entrance of the Expo.
+We named it Digital Water Pavilion.
+The entire building is made of water.
+It has no doors or windows, but you can open it and go inside when you get close.
+(music) There's water on the roof too.
+Also, if there is a bit of wind, you can actually lower the roof if you want to minimize the splash.
+Or, as in this case, closing a building can cause the entire architecture to disappear.
+You know, these days, when the roof is removed in the winter, there's always footage of people who were there saying, "They demolished the building."
+No, they didn't demolish it. However, when it collapses, the building almost disappears.
+The building works here.
+You can see that the person is confused about what is going on inside.
+And here I was, trying to keep myself dry while testing the sensor that opened the water.
+Well, I have to tell you now what happened one night when all the sensors stopped working.
+But actually that night was more fun.
+All the children of Zaragoza came to this building. This is because the way we interact with buildings has changed.
+It is no longer a building that you can open and enter, but one that still has cuts and holes in the water that you have to jump off without getting wet.
+(Video) (Crowd Noise) It was very interesting to us. Because as architects, engineers and designers, we are always thinking about how people will use what we design.
+But reality is always unpredictable.
+And that is the beauty of doing work that is used while interacting with people.
+This is an image of a building that contains physical pixels, pixels made of water, and projections onto them.
+And that got me thinking about my next project, which I'm about to show you.
+I mean, imagine those pixels could actually start flying.
+Imagine you have small helicopters moving through the air, each one changing its light with tiny pixels, like a cloud that can move through space.
+Here is the video.
+(music) Now imagine one helicopter like the one you saw earlier moving in sync with the other helicopters.
+So you can get this cloud.
+You can use such a kind of flexible screen or display, a two-dimensional regular configuration.
+Or normal, but in 3D, where it's the light that changes, not the pixel position.
+You can play with different types.
+Imagine your screen at different scales and sizes and different kinds of resolutions.
+But the whole thing is just a 3D cloud of pixels that you can move up close to and see from so many directions.
+This is the actual Flyfire control, descending to form a normal grid as before.
+When you turn on the light, it actually looks like this. So it's the same as what we saw before.
+And imagine each of them being controlled by people.
+Each pixel can have input from people, human motion, etc.
+I would like to show you something for the first time here.
+We worked with one of today's top ballet dancers, Roberto Bolle (Metropolitan in New York and Etoile at La Scala in Milan) to actually translate his movements in 3D to use as input for Flyfire. captured.
+And here we see Roberto dancing.
+The left side shows pixels captured at different resolutions.
+Both real-time 3D scanning and motion capture.
+Therefore, the entire movement can be reconstructed.
+You can go all the way through.
+But once you have the pixels, you can use them to play with color, movement, gravity and rotation.
+So I would like to use this as one of the possible inputs for Flyfire.
+I wanted to show you the last project we are working on.
+I am working towards the London Olympics.
+It's called the cloud.
+The idea here is just imagine. Once again, it means that you can get people involved and do something to change the environment. It's like growing a barn, but it's almost like using a cloud to give it what we call cloudraging.
+Imagine you could get everyone to donate a small amount for every pixel.
+I think the notable thing that has happened in the last few decades is that we moved from the physical world to the digital world in the last few decades.
+This has made everything, knowledge digitized and accessible through the Internet.
+Today, for the first time, the Obama campaign has shown us that we can move from the digital world, the self-organizing power of networks, to the physical world.
+In our case, we want to use this for symbol design and execution.
+It means the one built in the city.
+But tomorrow it may matter how we can move from the digital world to the physical world to think about today's most pressing issues: climate change and carbon footprint.
+So the idea is that we can actually involve people and do this collectively.
+Just like real clouds are made of particles, clouds are also made of pixels.
+And those particles are water, and our clouds are pixel clouds.
+It's a physical structure in London, but covered in pixels.
+You can navigate inside and have different kinds of experiences.
+You can actually see it from below, and it really works as a way to share key Olympic moments from 2012 onwards and connect with the community.
+So both the physical clouds in the sky and the reachable ones like the new peaks in London.
+you can go inside it.
+And it's kind of a new digital beacon for the night, but most importantly, a new type of experience for anyone aiming for the summit.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As a fashion designer, I have always tended to think of materials as this or this or maybe this.
+But then I met a biologist, and now I'm thinking about stuff like this, green tea, sugar, a few microbes, and a little bit of time.
+I basically use the kombucha recipe. Kombucha is a symbiotic mixture of bacteria, yeast and other microorganisms that spins cellulose in the fermentation process.
+Over time, these tiny threads form layers in the liquid, forming a mat on the surface.
+So, let's start by brewing tea.
+I brew up to about 30 liters of tea at a time and add a few kilos of sugar while it's still hot.
+Stir this until completely dissolved and pour into the growth tank.
+You need to make sure the air temperature has dropped below 30 degrees Celsius.
+And you're ready to add a living body.
+Also acetic acid.
+Starting this process will allow you to actually recycle your previous fermentation liquid.
+The optimum temperature for growth should be maintained.
+And I use a heat mat to sit in the bath and a thermostat to regulate the temperature.
+In fact, it can even be grown outdoors in hot weather.
+Here is my mini fabric farm.
+After about 3 days, bubbles will appear on the surface of the liquid.
+This indicates that fermentation is in full swing.
+And the bacteria feed on the sugar nutrients in the liquid.
+There they spin tiny nanofibers of pure cellulose.
+And they stick to each other to form a layer, giving the surface a sheet.
+After about 2-3 weeks you will have something about 1 inch thick.
+In other words, the bath on the left is after 5 days, and the bath on the right is after 10 days.
+And this is static culture.
+You don't have to do anything about it. Literally just watch it grow.
+No light needed.
+When ready to harvest, remove from bath and wash with cold, soapy water.
+It's pretty heavy at this point.
+Since it is over 90% water, it needs to be evaporated.
+So I spread it out on a wooden sheet.
+Again, you can also let it air dry in the open air.
+And it compresses as it dries, leaving you with something very lightweight, transparent, paper-like, or much more flexible, resembling vegetable leather, depending on your recipe.
+It can then be cut out and sewn conventionally, or the wet material can be used to form three-dimensional shapes.
+And when it evaporates, it will knit itself and form a seam.
+So the color of this jacket comes purely from green tea.
+It looks a little like human skin, and it piques my interest.
+Since it's organic, we want to keep chemical additions to a minimum.
+It can be discolored in the process of iron oxidation without using dyes.
+Use fruit and vegetable dyes to create organic patterns.
+Using indigo, antibacterial processing is also applied.
+In fact, it takes cotton 18 dips in indigo to achieve a color this deep.
+And, thanks to the super-absorbent nature of this kind of cellulose, it only needs to be done once and in a really short amount of time.
+What hasn't been done yet is waterproofing.
+So if you wear this dress today and walk outside in the rain, it will immediately start absorbing a lot of water.
+The dress becomes very heavy and eventually the seams will probably fray, leaving you feeling pretty naked.
+Probably a good performance item, but definitely not ideal for everyday wear.
+What I'm looking for is a way to give the material the quality it needs.
+So what I want to do is tell future bugs: "Spin a thread.
+Please follow this direction.
+Make it hydrophobic.
+Just form it around this 3D shape while doing so. "
+In fact, bacterial cellulose is already used for wound healing and may in the future be used for biocompatible blood vessels and even bone tissue substitutes.
+But with synthetic biology, we can actually imagine manipulating this bacterium to produce something that gives us the quality, quantity and shape of the substance we want.
+Of course, as a designer, it's really exciting. Because we start to wonder if we can actually imagine the growth of consumables.
+What impresses me about using microorganisms is their efficiency.
+Therefore, grow only what you need.
+No waste.
+And in fact, you can make it from waste streams. For example, sugar waste from food processing plants.
+Finally, at the end of use, it can be naturally biodegraded along with the vegetable skins.
+My point is that microbial cellulose will become a substitute for cotton, leather and other textile materials.
+But I think this could be a very smart and sustainable addition to an increasingly precious natural resource.
+Ultimately, it may not even be fashion for these microbes to influence.
+For example, you can imagine growing lamps, chairs, cars, and even houses.
+So I guess my question is: What will you choose to grow in the future?
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: Suzanne, just curious, what you're wearing is no accident. (Suzanne Lee: No.) Is this one of the jackets you grew up with?
+SL: Yes, yes.
+Perhaps this is actually biodegrading right in front of your eyes, which is why the project is still in the works.
+(Laughter) It absorbs my sweat and nourishes it.
+BG: All right, then I'll set you free and rescue you.
+Suzanne Lee. (SL: Thank you.) (Applause)
+The universe is really big.
+We live in a galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy.
+The Milky Way galaxy has about 100 billion stars.
+And if you point your camera at a random part of the sky and keep the shutter open, you'll see something like this, as long as your camera is attached to the Hubble Space Telescope.
+Each of these blobs is a galaxy about the size of the Milky Way, with 100 billion stars in each of those blobs.
+There are about 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe.
+The only number you need to know is 100 billion.
+The age of the universe from now until the Big Bang is 100 billion in dog years.
+(Laughter) This says something about our place in the universe.
+One thing you can do with a picture like this is simply appreciate it.
+It's so beautiful.
+I often wonder, what were the evolutionary pressures to adapt and evolve a photograph of the galaxy to be truly enjoyable, at a time when Felt's ancestors had no photograph of the galaxy?
+But we also want to understand it.
+As a cosmologist, I would like to ask why the universe is the way it is.
+One of the big clues we have is that the universe is changing over time.
+If you look at one of these galaxies and measure its speed, that galaxy moves away from you.
+And when you look at galaxies that are farther away, they're moving away faster.
+Therefore, we can say that the universe is expanding.
+Of course, what this means is that things used to be closer together.
+The universe was once denser and hotter.
+When you pack things tightly, the temperature rises.
+It makes sense for us too.
+What doesn't make much sense to us is that in the early days, the Universe near the Big Bang was also very smooth.
+You might think that's not surprising.
+The air in this room is very smooth.
+You might think, "Well, maybe things just smoothed out on their own."
+However, the situation near the Big Bang is very different from the air situation in this room.
+Especially the contents were quite dense.
+Near the big bang, the gravitational pull of objects became much stronger.
+The thing to think about is that there are 100 billion galaxies in our universe, each with 100 billion stars.
+In the early days, those hundred billion galaxies were literally squeezed into an area this large.
+And I have to imagine doing that aperture without any tiny specks that are a few more atoms than elsewhere, without any defects.
+Because, if it existed, it would have collapsed under the force of gravity into a giant black hole.
+Keeping the universe super smooth in the early days isn't easy. A delicate arrangement.
+This is a clue that the early universe was not chosen at random.
+There is something that made it so.
+we want to know that.
+So part of our understanding of this was given by the 19th century Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.
+And Boltzmann's contribution helped us understand entropy.
+You've probably heard of entropy.
+It's the randomness, disorder, and chaos of some systems.
+Boltzmann gave us a formula that actually quantifies what entropy is. It is now engraved on his tombstone.
+It basically just says that entropy is the number of ways you can imperceptibly rearrange the components of a system so that they look the same macroscopically.
+If there is air in this room, you will not notice individual atoms.
+A low-entropy configuration is one that has a small number of configurations that look like it.
+A high-entropy arrangement is that there are many arrangements that look like it.
+This is a very important insight as it helps explain the second law of thermodynamics, the law that entropy increases in the universe or in isolated parts of the universe.
+The reason entropy increases is simply that there are more ways to be in a state of high entropy than in a state of low entropy.
+That's a great insight, but something is missing.
+By the way, this insight that entropy increases is what's behind what we call the arrow of time: the difference between the past and the future.
+Any difference that exists between the past and the future is due to an increase in entropy. The fact is that we can remember the past, but we cannot remember the future.
+The reason people are born, live, and die in a constant sequence is because entropy is increasing.
+Boltzmann explained that if you start with low entropy, there are other ways to get to high entropy, so it's only natural that entropy increases.
+What he didn't explain was why entropy was so low in the first place.
+The fact that the universe has low entropy reflects the fact that the early universe was very smooth.
+we would like to understand it.
+That's what we cosmologists do.
+Unfortunately, this isn't really an issue we've been paying enough attention to.
+If you ask a modern cosmologist, "What is the problem we are trying to address?"
+One person who understood that this was a problem was Richard Feynman.
+Fifty years ago he gave a series of different lectures.
+He gave a popular lecture entitled "The Character of Physical Law".
+He gave a lecture to undergraduates at Caltech, which became the "Feynman Lecture on Physics."
+He gave a lecture to graduate students at Caltech, which became the "Feynman Lecture on Gravity."
+In all these books and series of lectures he emphasized the following mystery. Why was the entropy of the early universe so small?
+So he says--I don't mean to spoil it--"For some reason, the universe used to have very low entropy for its amount of energy, but entropy has increased since then.
+We cannot fully understand the arrow of time until the mysteries of the beginning of cosmic history are further reduced from speculation to understanding. "
+that is our job.
+We want to know, this was 50 years ago. “I bet,” you are thinking, “I should know that by now.”
+It's not true that we ever figured it out.
+The reason things got worse instead of better is that in 1998 we learned something important about the universe we never knew before.
+I know it's accelerating.
+The universe is not just expanding.
+When you look at a galaxy, it moves away.
+If you come back in a billion years and look again, you'll be moving away faster.
+The universe is said to be accelerating because individual galaxies are moving away from us faster and faster.
+Unlike the low entropy of the early universe, we don't know the answer to this, but if that theory is correct, at least there is a good theory that can explain it: the dark energy theory.
+It is the idea that there is energy in the empty space itself.
+Every tiny cubic centimeter of space has energy, even within space itself, regardless of whether it contains objects, particles, matter, radiation, etc.
+According to Einstein, this energy exerts pressure on the universe.
+It is the eternal impulse that pulls the galaxies apart from each other.
+This is because, unlike matter and radiation, dark energy does not dilute as the universe expands.
+As the universe grows larger and larger, the amount of energy per cubic centimeter remains the same.
+This will have a significant impact on what the universe will look like in the future.
+First, the universe expands forever.
+When I was your age, we didn't know what the universe was going to be like.
+Some thought the universe would collapse again in the future.
+Einstein liked this idea.
+But if dark energy exists and it doesn't go away, the universe will just keep expanding forever and ever.
+There are 14 billion years in the past, 100 billion years in the year of the dog, and an infinite number of years in the future.
+On the other hand, no matter how we think about it, the universe seems finite to us.
+Space is finite or infinite, but because the universe is accelerating, there are parts of it that we cannot and will never see.
+The space we have access to has a finite area bounded by the horizon.
+Therefore, even though time lasts forever, space is limited to us.
+Finally, empty space has temperature.
+In the 1970s, Dr. Stephen Hawking said that black holes, even though we think they are black, actually emit radiation when quantum mechanics is taken into account.
+The curvature of spacetime around the black hole causes quantum mechanical fluctuations, causing the black hole to radiate.
+Exactly similar calculations by Dr. Hawking and Gary Gibbons showed that the entire universe would be radiated if there was dark energy in the empty space.
+The energy of empty space creates quantum fluctuations.
+Therefore, even if the universe goes on forever, diluting normal matter and radiation, there will always be some radiation and thermal fluctuations, even in empty space.
+What this means is that the universe is like a box of gas that goes on forever.
+Well what does that mean?
+Its meaning was studied by Boltzmann in the 19th century.
+He said that instead of the universe becoming low entropy, entropy increases because there are more ways to become high entropy.
+But that's a probabilistic story.
+It will probably increase, and it is very likely.
+It's nothing to worry about. All the air in this room gathers in one part of the room and suffocates us.
+That's very, very unlikely.
+Unless they lock the door and keep us here literally forever, but that will happen.
+Everything allowed by the molecules in this room, all configurations allowed to be taken, will eventually be taken.
+So Boltzmann says, look, we can start with the universe in thermal equilibrium.
+He didn't know about the Big Bang. He didn't know about the expansion of the universe.
+He believed that space and time were described by Isaac Newton and that they were absolute. They just stayed there forever.
+So his idea of ​​the natural universe was that the molecules of air were evenly distributed everywhere, that is, all molecules.
+But if you're a Boltzmann, you'll know that if you wait long enough, random fluctuations in those molecules will occasionally result in a lower entropy configuration.
+And of course, naturally, they expand again.
+So it's not that the entropy should always increase. It can fluctuate, resulting in lower entropy and a more organized situation.
+If that's true, Boltzmann goes on to invent two very modern-sounding ideas: the multiverse and the anthropic principle.
+The problem with thermal equilibrium, he says, is that we can't live there.
+Remember that life itself depends on the arrow of time.
+If we lived in thermal equilibrium, we wouldn't be able to process information, metabolize, walk, or talk.
+So if you imagine a very large universe, an infinitely large universe with random collisions of particles, occasionally there will be small fluctuations in the lower entropy state, then back to the original state.
+But there will also be big changes.
+In some cases, we create planets, stars, galaxies, or even hundreds of billions of galaxies.
+Therefore, Boltzmann says, we will only live in a part of the multiverse, a part of this infinitely large and fluctuating set of particles where life can exist.
+It is a region of low entropy.
+Perhaps our universe is just one of those events that happen from time to time.
+Now, your homework is to take this seriously and ponder what it means.
+Carl Sagan once famously said, "To make an apple pie, you must first invent the universe."
+However, his thinking was incorrect.
+In Boltzmann's scenario, if you want to make an apple pie, all you have to do is wait for the random movements of atoms to make an apple pie.
+That would happen far more often than the random motion of atoms would make apple orchards and sugar and ovens and then apple pies.
+Therefore, predictions are made in this scenario.
+And the fluctuations that make us up are projected to be minimal.
+This room that we are in now exists and is real and we have the impression that we are here and that there is not just a memory but outside there is Caltech and the United States and this thing called the Milky Way galaxy. Even if you imagine it, it is very important. It's easier for all these impressions to randomly float in your brain than it is to actually randomly float in Caltech, the United States, and the galaxy.
+So the good news is that this scenario doesn't work. that is not correct.
+Minimal variability is expected in this scenario.
+Even if we exclude our galaxy, it's not like there are hundreds of billions of other galaxies out there.
+And Feynman understood that too.
+According to Feynman, "From the hypothesis that the world is in flux, if you look at a part of the world you have never seen before, you will find it mixed and different from what you have seen before. All predictions are that it will." Right now -- high entropy.
+If our order was due to volatility, we wouldn't be expecting orders anywhere else that we just noticed.
+Therefore, we conclude that the universe is not volatile. "
+That's fine. So the question is, what is the correct answer?
+If the universe is not fluctuating, why was the entropy of the early universe so low?
+I would like to give you an answer, but I don't have time.
+(laughter) This is the universe we are talking to you about and the universe that actually exists.
+I showed you this photo.
+The universe has been expanding for the past 10 billion years.
+It's getting cooler.
+But we now know enough about the future of the universe to say much more.
+If dark energy remains around, the stars around us will run out of nuclear fuel and stop burning.
+They will fall into a black hole.
+We will live in a universe that is nothing but a black hole.
+That universe will last 10 to 100 years, much longer than our little universe has lived.
+The future is much longer than the past.
+But even black holes don't last forever.
+They evaporate, leaving us with nothing but empty space.
+That empty space is essentially forever.
+However, I noticed that since empty space emits radiation, thermal fluctuations actually exist, cycling through the various possible combinations of degrees of freedom that exist in empty space.
+So even if the universe goes on forever, what can happen in it is limited.
+All of this happens over a period of 10 to 120 years worth.
+So I have two questions.
+Part 1: If the universe lasts 10, 10, 120 years, why are we born in the first 14 billion years of the universe, in the warm and soothing afterglow of the Big Bang?
+Why aren't we in an empty space?
+You may say, ``There is nothing to live for,'' but that is not true.
+You could be random fluctuations out of nothing.
+why not?
+I will give you more homework.
+So, as I said earlier, I don't really know the answer.
+I'll show you my favorite scenario.
+If anything, that's right. There is no explanation.
+This is a cruel fact about the universe and we need to learn how to accept it and stop asking questions.
+Or maybe the big bang wasn't the beginning of the universe.
+An egg, an unbroken egg, is a low-entropy configuration, but you don't open the refrigerator and think, "Oh, how amazing it is to have this low-entropy configuration in the refrigerator."
+This is because the egg is not a closed system. it comes out of the chicken.
+Perhaps the universe is born from an all-purpose chicken.
+Perhaps there is something, through the growth of the laws of physics, that naturally creates a universe like ours in a low-entropy configuration.
+If that were true, it would happen multiple times. We will become part of a larger multiverse.
+That's my favorite scenario.
+So the organizer asked me to end with a bold guess.
+My wild guess is that history will absolutely prove me right.
+And 50 years from now, all my current crazy ideas will be accepted as truth by the scientific community and the outside community.
+We would all believe that our little universe is just a small part of a much larger multiverse.
+And even better, we will be able to understand what happened in the Big Bang in terms of theory that can be compared with observations.
+This is a prediction. i could be wrong.
+But as humans, we've spent years wondering what the universe is like and why it's the way it is.
+I'm so excited to think that one day I might know the answer.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm so happy to be here at TED.
+I'm sure there are some presentations that go over my head, but the most amazing concepts are the ones under my feet.
+Like pollination, the little things in life that we take for granted that we sometimes forget.
+And we can't tell the story of pollinators bees, bats, hummingbirds and butterflies without telling the invention of flowers and how they co-evolved over 50 million years.
+For over 35 years, I have been photographing flower time-lapses 24/7.
+Watching them move is a never-ending dance for me.
+It fills me with amazement and opens my mind.
+I believe that beauty and seduction are nature's tools for survival. Because we protect what we have fallen in love with.
+Their relationship is a love story that nourishes the planet.
+It reminds us that we are part of nature and not separated from it.
+When I heard about bee demise, Colony Collapse Disorder, I thought I would take action.
+We depend on pollinators for over a third of the fruits and vegetables we eat.
+And many scientists believe it is the most serious problem facing humanity.
+It's like a canary in a coal mine.
+When they are gone, we are gone too.
+It reminds us that we are part of nature and that we should cherish it.
+What inspired me to film their behavior was asking the scientific advisor, "What motivates pollinators?"
+Their answer was "it's all about risk and reward".
+"Why is that?" I said, like a wide-eyed child.
+And they'll say, "Because they want to survive."
+"why?"
+"Well, to reproduce it."
+"So why?"
+And I thought they'd probably say, 'Well, it's all about sex.
+And our monarch butterfly expert, Chip Taylor, responded, "Nothing lasts forever.
+Everything in the universe wears out. "
+And it blew my mind.
+Because I realized that nature invented reproduction as the life force that passes through us and makes us the evolutionary link of life as a mechanism for life to move forward.
+Rarely seen with the naked eye, this moment when the animal and plant worlds meet is truly magical.
+It is a mystical moment in which life regenerates over and over again.
+Here is the essence from my movie.
+I hope you will drink, tweet, plant seeds, pollinate and create a gentle garden.
+And always take time to smell the flowers, be filled with beauty and rediscover that sense of wonder.
+Here are some images from the movie.
+(music) (applause) Thank you.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+My journey to professionally photograph and become a polar expert began when I was four years old when my family moved from southern Canada to North Baffin Island, north of Greenland.
+There we lived with the Inuit in a small Inuit community of 200 Inuit, where [we] were one of three non-Inuit families.
+And there was no television in this community. Of course there were no computers or radios.
+I didn't even have a phone.
+All my time was spent playing outside with the Inuit.
+Snow and ice were my sandboxes and the Inuit were my teachers.
+And from there I really fell in love with this polar region.
+And I knew one day I would share news about it and do something related to protecting it.
+I would like to share some images and cross-sections of my work for just two minutes to the beautiful music of Brandi Carlisle, "Have You Ever."
+I don't know why National Geographic did this. They had never done anything like this before, but they allowed me to see some images from an interview I had just completed that hadn't been made public yet.
+We don't do anything like this at National Geographic, so I'm super excited to share this with you all.
+What these images are is shown at the beginning of the slide show. There are only about four images, but they are of small bears living in the Great Bear rainforest.
+It's pure white, but it's not a polar bear.
+It's a spirit bear or a car mode bear.
+There are only 200 of these bears left.
+Even rarer than pandas.
+I sat in the river for two months and never saw him again.
+I thought my career was over.
+I submitted this stupid story to National Geographic.
+What the hell was I thinking?
+So I was given two months to sit there and think in different ways what I was going to do in my next life after being a photographer. Because they were going to fire me.
+Because National Geographic is a magazine. they always remind us. They publish the photos, not the excuses.
+(Laughter) And then one day, after sitting there for two months, just when I thought I was done, this incredible big white guy came down right beside me, three feet away from me, and he was going to fish. I grabbed it and left. We went to the forest and ate.
+Then I spent the whole day fulfilling my childhood dream of roaming the forest with this bear.
+He walked through this native forest and sat down to sleep next to a 400-year-old culturally modified tree.
+And I actually slept within 3 feet of him in the woods and was able to take a picture of him.
+That's why I'm so excited to show you these images and cross-sections of my work in the polar regions.
+Please enjoy.
+(music) Brandi Carlisle: ♫ Have you ever wandered alone in the woods? You're part ♫ ♫ You're part of something good ♫ ♫ If you've ever wandered alone in the woods ♫ ♫ Oh, oh, oh ♫ ♫ Have you ever seen a starry sky? ♫ ♫ Lie on your back and ask why ♫ ♫ What is your purpose? ♫ ♫ Who am I? ♫ ♫ If you've ever stargazed ♫ ♫ oh oh oh oh ♫ ♫ oh oh oh ♫ ♫ oh oh oh oh oh oh oh ♫ ♫ have you ever stargazed or starry sky? ♫ ♫ Have you ever walked in the snow? ♫ ♫ oh oh oh oh ♫ oh oh oh oh oh ♫ ♫ oh oh oh oh oh oh oh ♫ ♫ oh oh oh oh ♫ ♫ oh oh oh , oh, oh, oh ♫ ♫ If you've ever walked outside, you know ♫ (Applause) Paul Nicklen: Thank you. The show isn't over yet.
+My watch is ticking. Yes, let's stop.
+thank you very much. I appreciate it
+We are constantly flooded with news that sea ice is disappearing and reaching its lowest levels.
+In fact, scientists originally claimed that sea ice would disappear within the next 100 years, but then said it would disappear within 50 years.
+Arctic sea ice is now said to have no summer extent in the next four to ten years.
+And what does that mean?
+Read this on the news and after a while it becomes just news.
+Paint it with glaze.
+And what I try to do in my work is face this problem.
+And I want people to understand the concept that when we lose ice, we lose entire ecosystems.
+It is predicted that within the next 50 to 100 years the polar bear will be lost and may become extinct.
+And to me, no sexier, more beautiful, more charismatic megafauna than this is the right species for me to campaign for.
+Polar bears are great hunters.
+This was a bear that had been sitting with me for some time on the shore.
+There was no ice around.
+However, the glacier sank into the water and the seals got on top of it.
+Then this bear swam towards the seal - an 800-pound bearded seal - grabbed it, swam back and ate it.
+And he was so full, so happy to eat this seal, so fat, that I walked up to him to take this picture, and from about 20 feet away, his only defense was: It was to keep eating more seals.
+And as he ate, he became so full that he probably had about 200 pounds of meat in his stomach. And when I ate with one side of my mouth, I would spit it up from the other side of my mouth.
+So these bears can survive as long as there is some ice, but the ice is disappearing.
+There are more and more bear carcasses in the Arctic.
+Twenty years ago, when I was a biologist working on polar bears, I never found a dead bear.
+And in the last four or five years, dead bears have been popping up everywhere.
+We see them in the Beaufort Sea floating on the open, melted ice.
+I found a couple in Norway last year. We see them on ice.
+These bears are already showing signs of stress from the loss of ice.
+This is where a mother and her two-year-old baby were traveling on a secluded boat 100 miles offshore. They are riding on the ice of this big glacier. This is great for them. They are safe at the moment.
+They don't die from hypothermia.
+they are going to land
+Unfortunately, 95 percent of the Arctic's glaciers are also currently retreating, preventing ice from reaching land and returning to ecosystems.
+These ringed seals, these are the Arctic "fat".
+This small, fat ball, a 150-pound bundle of fat, is the polar bear's mainstay.
+And they are different than the harbor seals we have here.
+These ringed seals interact with and live in contact with sea ice throughout their lives.
+They give birth in the ice and feed on arctic cod that live under the ice.
+And here is a picture of sick ice.
+This is 12 years old ice.
+And what scientists didn't expect is that as this ice melts, it forms large pockets of black water that drain the sun's energy and speed up the melting process.
+And here we are diving in the Beaufort Sea.
+Visibility is 600 feet. We are on a lifeline. Ice is moving everywhere.
+I wish I could spend half an hour talking about how we almost died on this dive.
+But what's important about this photo is that there's a few-year-old ice that's a big chunk of ice in the corner.
+300 species of microorganisms live in a single piece of ice.
+When spring comes and the sun returns to the ice, phytoplankton forms and grows under that ice, giving rise to larger seaweeds and zooplankton eating all that life.
+So, in effect, ice acts like a garden.
+It acts like garden soil. It's an upside down garden.
+Losing ice is like losing soil in your garden.
+This is my office.
+Any thanks would be greatly appreciated.
+This is what it looks like after an hour under ice.
+I can't feel my lips. my face is frozen I can't feel my hands. I can't feel my feet.
+And I came up, and all I wanted to do was get out of the water.
+Spending an hour in these conditions is so extreme that every time I dive, my body can't handle the stress of the cold head and I end up vomiting into my regulator on almost every dive. .
+So I am very happy that the dive is over.
+I ended up handing the camera to my assistant, looked up at him and said, "Woo, woo, woo."
+That is to say, "Bring your camera."
+And he thinks I'm saying 'take my picture'.
+So we had a bit of a communication breakdown.
+(Laughter) But it's worth it.
+Today I'm going to show you pictures of beluga whales, bowhead whales, narwhals, polar bears, and leopard seals, but this picture here means more to me than any picture I've ever taken.
+I fell into this hole in the ice, just through the hole you just saw, looking up under the ice made me dizzy. I thought I was dizzy.
+I was so nervous, I had no ropes, no lifeline, the whole world was moving around me, and I thought, 'I'm in trouble'.
+But what happened was that the entire underside of the ice was filled with billions of amphipods and copepods that roamed, fed, gave birth, and completed their lives under the ice.
+This is the basis of the entire Arctic food chain.
+And when productivity is low in this ice, the productivity of copepods is also low.
+This is a bowhead whale.
+Perhaps, science says, it could be the oldest living animal on Earth at the moment.
+This whale here is probably over 250 years old.
+This whale may have originated around the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
+It may have survived 150 years of whaling.
+And now the biggest threat is the disappearance of ice in the north because of the way we live in the south.
+Narwhals, majestic narwhals with eight-foot-long ivory tusks, don't need to be here. They could be in the open ocean.
+But they are forcing themselves up into this tiny little hole in the ice to catch their breath, to catch their breath. Because under that ice is a whole cod shoal.
+And the cod is there because it's eating all the copepods and worms.
+Now for my favorite part.
+On my deathbed, I will remember one story more than any other.
+That moment with Spirit Bear was intense, but I don't think I'll ever have another experience like this one with the leopard seal.
+Leopard seals have had a bad reputation since Shackleton's time.
+They have a wry smile on their lips.
+They have black eerie eyes and those spots on their bodies.
+It's decidedly prehistoric looking and a little scary.
+And tragically [2003], a scientist was dropped off and drowned, and she was swallowed by a leopard seal.
+And people said, "I knew they were vicious. I knew they were."
+And people love to form their own opinions.
+That's when I came up with the idea for the story. I want to go to Antarctica and get in the water with as many leopard seals as possible and rock them tight. Either they are really ferocious animals or they are misunderstood.
+Here is the story.
+Oh, they also happen to eat Happy Feet.
+(Laughter) As a species, as humans, we like to say that penguins are so cute that leopard seals eat penguins, so leopard seals are ugly and bad.
+It doesn't work.
+Penguins don't know they're cute, and leopard seals don't know they're big and scary.
+This is just the food chain unfolding.
+They are big too.
+They are not this little harbor seal.
+It is 12 feet long and weighs 1000 pounds.
+And they are also strangely aggressive.
+Pack 12 tourists into the Zodiac and float on the icy waters as leopard seals come up and bite the pontoons.
+When the boat begins to sink, they rush back to the ship, go home, and tell how they were attacked.
+Leopard seals just chew balloons.
+Just looking at this big balloon in the ocean. It has no hands. A little bite and the boat pops up and off you go.
+(Laughter) So five days across the Drake Passage, it's beautiful -- five days across the Drake Passage, and we've finally made it to Antarctica.
+I am with my Swedish assistant and guide.
+His name is Goran Ehrme, or Golan, from Sweden.
+And he has extensive experience with leopard seals. i have never seen.
+So come around the cove in Zodiac's little boat and you'll find this giant leopard seal.
+And even in his voice, he said, "That's a big bloody seal, isn't it?"
+(Laughter) And this seal is grabbing a penguin by the head and flipping it back and forth.
+And what it's trying to do is turn that penguin inside out so it can eat meat off the bone, then walk away and eat another piece of meat.
+And this leopard seal grabbed another penguin, came under the boat, the Zodiac, and started hitting the boat's hull.
+And we try not to fall into the water.
+And we sat down, and then Goran said to me, "This is a good seal.
+It's finally time to get in the water. "
+(Laughter.) And I looked at Goran and said, 'Forget it.
+But I think you probably used a different word that started with "F".
+But he was right.
+He scolded me and said, "This is why we are here.
+And you deliberately posted this stupid story on National Geographic.
+And now you have to deliver it.
+And no excuses can be made public. "
+So I was very thirsty - maybe not as badly as I am now - but very, very thirsty.
+And my legs were just shaking. I lost feeling in my legs.
+I wore flippers. I could barely part my lips.
+I put my snorkel in my mouth and rolled down the side of the Zodiac into the water.
+And this was the first thing she did.
+She rushed at me and swallowed my camera whole - and her teeth here and there - but Goran gave me some great advice before I got in the water. I was.
+He said, "If you get scared, close your eyes and she will disappear."
+(Laughter) That was all I had to work with at that point.
+But I just started taking these pictures.
+There she made this display of threats for several minutes before the most amazing thing happened. she was completely relaxed.
+She went off and caught a penguin.
+She stopped about 10 feet away from me, sat there with the penguin, the penguin flapped its wings, and left her alone.
+The penguin swam towards me and took off.
+she grabs another one. She repeats this over and over.
+And then I realized she was going to give me a penguin.
+Why else would she release these penguins at me?
+After repeating this four or five times, she swam by me with a disappointed look on her face.
+I don't want to anthropomorphize it too much, but I swear she looked at me like, "This useless predator will starve to death in my ocean."
+(Laughter) Then she realized that I couldn't catch a penguin swimming, so she caught another penguin, slowly brought it towards me, and let it go, shaking like this.
+This didn't work.
+It was so amazing that I laughed so hard my mask was soaked and I was so emotional I cried in the water.
+And it didn't work.
+So she's going to get another penguin to try out in this iceberg-gliding, ballet-like sexy display. (Laughter.) And she brought them to me and offered them to me.
+This went on for 4 days.
+This happened only a few times.
+So she realized I couldn't catch a live penguin and brought me a dead penguin.
+(Laughter) Right now I have four or five penguins floating around my head and I'm sitting there shooting them.
+And she would often stop and have a disappointed look on her face like, "Really?"
+Because she can't believe I can't eat this penguin.
+Because in her world you are either breeding or eating. And I'm not breeding
+(Laughter.) That wasn't enough. She started flipping penguins on my head.
+She was trying to force feed me. she's pushing me away
+She's trying to force power my camera, which is every photographer's dream.
+And she will be annoyed. She would blow bubbles in my face.
+I think she let me know I was going to starve.
+But that didn't stop her.
+She never stopped trying to feed me penguins.
+And on my last day with this woman, when I thought I pushed her too far, she came up to me, rolled over on my back, and this deep, guttural sound of a jackhammer, gurgling, , I was nervous. Goku goku.
+And I thought she was going to bite me.
+She's trying to let me know she's too irritated with me.
+What happened was another seal sneaked up behind me and did so to intimidate me.
+She chased the big seal away, went to catch a penguin and brought it to me.
+(Laughter) This wasn't the only seal I saw in the water.
+I have been in the water with 30 other leopard seals and have never been scared.
+They are the most remarkable animals I have ever dealt with and so are the polar bears.
+And just like polar bears, these animals depend on their icy environment.
+I get emotional. sorry.
+This is a story that lives deep in my heart and I am proud to share it with you.
+And I am very passionate about it.
+If anyone wants to go to the Antarctic or the Arctic with me, I'll take them. Alright, let's go.
+I have to start talking now. thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. Thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+thank you.
+I am excited to be here.
+I talk about new and old ingredients that continue to amaze us. And it may affect how we think about materials science and high tech. And perhaps in the process, it may also be useful for medical and health reasons. Supporting global health and reforestation.
+That's a pretty bold statement.
+I'll go into a little more detail.
+This material actually has some characteristics that make it incredibly good.
+it is sustainable. All of this is a sustainable material that is processed at room temperature in water and is biodegradable in the watch, so it can dissolve instantly in a glass of water or remain stable for years. .
+it is edible. It can be implanted in the human body without causing an immune response.
+It actually reintegrates into the body.
+And because it's technical, it can do things like microelectronics and maybe photonics too.
+And the material looks like this.
+In fact, this substance that you see is clear and transparent.
+The ingredients of this material are only water and protein.
+So this material is silk.
+So it's a little different than what we think of silk.
+So the question is, how do we reinvent what has been around for 5000 years?
+The discovery process is usually inspired by nature.
+There we marvel at the silkworms, the silkworms that spin the thread here.
+Silkworms do amazing things. Silkworms use two components, protein and water, in their glands to create a very tough material for protection. Its material is comparable to industrial fibers like Kevlar.
+So in the textile industry's reverse-engineering process as we know it, the textile industry unwinds and weaves something glamorous.
+We want to know how it goes from water and protein to this liquid Kevlar and this natural Kevlar.
+So the insight is how do we actually reverse engineer this to travel from the cocoon to the gland to get the starting materials water and protein.
+This is an insight I got about 20 years ago from David Kaplan, who I was very lucky to work with.
+And get this starting material.
+And this starting material goes back to basic building blocks.
+And then use this to do a variety of things. For example, this movie.
+And take advantage of something very simple.
+The recipe for making these movies is to take advantage of the fact that proteins work very intelligently.
+They find ways to self-organize.
+The recipe is therefore simple. Take the silk solution, pour it over and wait for the proteins to self-assemble.
+And when you pull the proteins apart, you get this film because the proteins find each other as the water evaporates.
+But I said the film is also technology.
+So what does that mean?
+This means that it can interface with technology-specific things such as microelectronics and nanoscale technologies.
+The DVD image here is to illustrate the point that silk follows the very subtle topography of the surface, which means that silk can replicate features at the nanoscale.
+Therefore, the information on the DVD can be duplicated.
+And we can store membrane-like information with water and proteins.
+So we tried something. I wrote a message on silk. It's here and the message is over there.
+Like a DVD, it can be read optically.
+This requires a steady hand, so I decided to do it on stage in front of a thousand people.
+So let's see.
+As you can see the film passes transparently through it and then...
+(Applause.) And the most notable feat was that my hands were still long enough to actually do it.
+So getting these properties of this material will allow you to do a lot.
+Actually, this is not limited to movies.
+So the material can assume different forms.
+And then you end up going a little crazy and making different optical components, or microprism arrays like the reflective tape you put on your running shoes.
+Or you can create something beautiful if your camera can capture it.
+You can add three-dimensionality to your film.
+And if the angle is right, you can actually see the hologram appear on this silk film.
+But you can also do other things.
+We made optical fibers because we can imagine that pure proteins could be used to guide light.
+But silk is versatile and goes beyond optics.
+And you can think of different formats.
+For example, if you're afraid to go to the doctor and get stuck with a needle, use a microneedle array.
+What you see on screen is human hair superimposed on silk needles to give a sense of size.
+You will be able to do bigger things.
+Gears, nuts and bolts are available at Whole Foods.
+And the gears work underwater.
+So, consider an alternative mechanical part.
+And if you need something strong to replace, say, a peripheral vein or an entire bone, you might be able to use that liquid Kevlar.
+So here's a small example of a tiny skull - what we call a mini-yoric.
+(Laughter) But you can make things like cups, so if you add a little gold, if you add a little semiconductor, you can make a sensor that sticks to the surface of food.
+You can create electronic creations that fold and wrap.
+Or, if you're fashion-conscious, get a silk LED tattoo.
+As you can see, the material format has versatility with silk.
+But it still has some unique features.
+I mean, why would you want to actually do all these things?
+I touched on it briefly at the beginning. This protein is biodegradable and biocompatible.
+Here is a picture of a tissue section.
+So what does it mean to be biodegradable and biocompatible?
+It can be implanted inside the body without the need to retrieve the implanted material.
+I mean, every device and every format I've ever seen can, in principle, be embedded or disappear.
+And what you really see on that tissue part is the reflective tape.
+The idea is that if you shine a light on the tissue, you will be able to see deeper parts of the tissue because of the reflective tape made of silk, just like you can see from your car at night.
+And as you can see, it reintegrates into the organization.
+And it is not only the return to the human body that is important, but the return to the environment is also important.
+So you have your watch, you have your protein. And now you can throw away silk cups like this without guilt -- (applause) unfortunately, unlike the polystyrene cups that fill landfills every day.
+Since it is edible, it allows for smart packaging that allows it to be cooked with food.
+It's not delicious, so I'd like you to help me a little.
+But perhaps most notably, it came full circle.
+Silk functions like a cocoon of biological material during the self-assembly process.
+So if you change the recipe and add something when pouring, you're adding something to the liquid silk solution. If these are enzymes, antibodies or vaccines, the self-assembly process preserves the biological functions of these dopants. .
+So the materials are eco-friendly and interactive.
+So that screw that you thought of beforehand could actually be used to screw bones together, that is, to screw fractured bones together so that you could administer drugs at the same time, for example, while the bones were healing. increase.
+Alternatively, you can keep the medicine in your wallet instead of the refrigerator.
+So I made a silk card with penicillin in it.
+And we stored the penicillin at 60 degrees Celsius, which is 140 degrees Fahrenheit, for two months, and it didn't lose its effectiveness.
+And it could --- (applause) it could potentially be a good replacement for solar-powered refrigerated camels. (Laughter) And, of course, storage is nothing if you can't use it.
+These materials have another unique material property of being programmatically decomposable.
+And what you see there is a difference.
+Above there is a film programmed not to degrade, and below there is a film programmed to degrade in water.
+And you can see the film on the bottom is releasing what's inside it.
+Therefore, you will be able to restore previously saved ones.
+This enables the controlled delivery and reintegration of drugs into the environment in all previously seen formats.
+So the thread of discovery we have is really a thread.
+We can do whatever you want, whether you want to replace veins or bones, or want to be more sustainable with microelectronics, maybe have a cup of coffee and throw it away without guilt, maybe yours. I am enthusiastic about this idea, such as carrying around. Whether it's putting medicine in your pocket, delivering it to your body, or delivering it across the desert, the answer may lie in the silk threads.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As a kid, I always wanted to be a superhero.
+I wanted to save the world and make everyone happy.
+But I knew I needed superpowers to make my dreams come true.
+So I embarked on an imaginary journey to search for intergalactic objects from Krypton.
+When I became an adult and realized that sci-fi was not suitable for creating psychic powers, I decided instead to embark on a real scientific journey to find more instructive truths.
+I started my trip in California. It was a 30-year longitudinal study at the University of California, Berkeley. The study looked at photographs of students from old yearbooks and sought to measure their lifelong success and happiness.
+By measuring the students' smiles, the researchers were able to determine how fulfilling and long-lasting the subjects' marriages were (laughs), how well they scored on a common happiness test, and how well she scored on others. I could predict how much it would inspire people in
+In another yearbook, I found a picture of Barry Obama.
+When I first saw a picture of him, I thought his super powers came from his super colors.
+(Laughter) But now I know it was all in his smile.
+Again, oh! This moment came out of a 2010 Wayne State University research project that looked at the baseball cards of major league players prior to the 1950s.
+Researchers found that the duration of an athlete's smile can actually predict that athlete's lifespan.
+Players who weren't smiling in the picture had an average life expectancy of just 72.9 years, while players with a big smile had an average life expectancy of almost 80.
+(Laughter) The good news is that we are all born to smile.
+Using 3D ultrasound technology, it has been found that developing babies appear to be smiling even in the womb.
+Babies never stop smiling when they are born, and at first they do it mostly while they sleep.
+And even blind babies smile when they hear human voices.
+A smile is one of the most basic and biologically uniform expressions of all humans.
+In a study done in Papua New Guinea by Paul Ekman, the world's most famous researcher of facial expressions, the Fore people, completely disconnected from Western culture and known for their unusual cannibalistic rituals Even, like you and me, smile at the explanation of the situation.
+So from Papua New Guinea to Hollywood to contemporary art in Beijing all the way, we laugh a lot and use smiles to express our joy and satisfaction.
+How many people in this room laugh more than 20 times a day?
+Raise your hand if you do.
+Oh wow.
+Outside this room, more than a third of us smile 20 or more times a day, but fewer than 14 percent smile less than 5 times.
+In fact, it's actually children who have the most amazing supernatural powers, and they smile 400 times a day.
+Have you ever wondered why being around children who laugh a lot makes you laugh a lot too?
+A recent study at Uppsala University in Sweden found that it's very difficult to frown at the sight of someone smiling.
+you ask why?
+Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious, it inhibits the control we normally have over our facial muscles.
+By mimicking a smile and physically experiencing it, you can tell whether your smile is fake or real, and you can understand the emotional state of the person who smiles.
+In a recent imitation study at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France, subjects held a pencil in their mouth and were asked to restrain their smile muscles while determining whether their smile was real or fake.
+Without the pencil, the subjects had good judgment, but with the pencil in their mouths, they were unable to imitate the smiles they saw and their judgment was impaired.
+(Laughter) Charles Darwin, in addition to theorizing evolution in On the Origin of Species, also wrote the facial feedback response theory.
+His theory is that the act of smiling itself actually makes us feel better, rather than just smiling as a result of making us feel better.
+In fact, in his research, Darwin quoted French neurologist Guillaume Duchenne, who sent electrical impulses to facial muscles to induce and stimulate a smile.
+Do not try this at home.
+(laughter) In a related German study, researchers used fMRI imaging to measure brain activity before and after injections of Botox to inhibit smile muscles.
+The findings confirm Darwin's theory that facial feedback modifies the neural processing of emotional content in the brain, making us feel better when we laugh.
+Smiling stimulates our brain's reward mechanisms. This is not even matched by chocolate, a well-known pleasure inducer.
+British researchers found that a single smile can trigger the same level of brain stimulation as up to 2,000 chocolate bars.
+(Laughter) Wait -- the same study found that smiling is just as exciting as receiving up to £16,000 in cash.
+(laughs) It's like 25 grans for one smile.
+not bad.
+Think of it this way. 25,000 times 400 -- Quite a few kids out there feel like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
+(Laughter) And unlike a lot of chocolate, a lot of laughter actually makes you healthier.
+Smiling helps reduce levels of stress-enhancing hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine, increases levels of mood-enhancing hormones such as endorphins, and lowers overall blood pressure.
+And if that's not enough, smiling can actually make you look better in the eyes of others.
+A recent study from Pennsylvania State University found that not only does smiling make you appear more likeable and polite, it actually makes you appear more competent.
+So, when you want to look good and look competent, reduce stress, improve your marriage, feel like you've had a heaping bowl of quality chocolate without worrying about calories, or $25 in your pocket. An old jacket you haven't worn in years, or seeing you and those around you live longer, healthier, happier lives and smiles whenever you want to feel like you've found a Whenever you want to harness your super powers to help.
+My name is Amit.
+And 18 months ago, I had another job at Google, and I pitched this idea of ​​doing something with museums and art to my boss, who was actually here, and she let me do it. I was.
+And it took 18 months.
+We can say that there is a lot of fun, bargaining and stories in 17 very interesting museums in 9 countries.
+But I'm going to focus on the demo.
+There are many stories about why we did this.
+I think my personal story is very briefly explained on the slide, it's access.
+And I grew up in India.
+I've had a great education, and I'm not complaining, but I haven't been able to access many of these museums and works of art.
+So when I started traveling and going to museums, I started learning a lot.
+While working at Google, I tried to combine this desire to make technology more accessible.
+So we built a great team and started this.
+Perhaps after attending the demo, I'll tell you some of the interesting things since launch.
+In short, it's easy. Go to GoogleArtProject.com.
+Explore all these museums here.
+Uffizi Gallery, MoMA, Hermitage Museum, Rijksmuseum, Van Gogh Museum.
+I'm actually going to one of my favorites, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
+You can participate in two ways -- very simple.
+Click to arrive at this museum.
+It doesn't matter where you are -- Bombay or Mexico, it doesn't really matter.
+Move around and have fun.
+Would you like to show us around the museum?
+Open a plan and jump to it with one click.
+You're there, you want to go to the end of the corridor.
+keep going. enjoy.
+expedition.
+(Applause.) Thank you. I haven't come to the best place yet.
+(Laughter) So now I'm in front of one of my favorite paintings at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Pieter Brueghel's The Harvesters.
+You can see this plus sign.
+If the museum has provided an image, click it.
+Well this is one of the images.
+This is all metadata information.
+If you are really interested in art, click this. However, I will click this off right now.
+This is one of the images taken with the so-called gigapixel technology.
+For example, I believe this image has nearly 10 billion pixels.
+Many people ask me, "What do you get with 10 billion pixels?"
+So let's try and see what 10 billion pixels really does.
+You can zoom very easily.
+I see something interesting going on here.
+i love this guy His expression is priceless.
+But then you'll want to dig really deep.
+I played around with it and realized something was going on here.
+So I thought, "Wait a minute. That sounds interesting."
+Once inside, I started noticing that the kids were actually banging on something.
+I did a little research, spoke to some acquaintances at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and learned that this was, in fact, a game called Squall, where you beat the goose with a stick on Shrove Tuesday.
+And apparently it was quite popular.
+I don't know why they did that, but I learned something about it.
+Now let's get really deep and get to the rift.
+Now, to give you some perspective, let's zoom out so you can see what you're really getting.
+This is where we were and this is the picture.
+(Applause.) The best is yet to come. See you soon.
+Let's quickly go to MoMA in New York again.
+Now, another one of my favourites, "Starry Night".
+Well, the example I gave was about finding details.
+But what if you want to see your brush strokes?
+And what if you want to see how Van Gogh actually created this masterpiece?
+When you zoom in, you really get in.
+We'll actually see one of my favorite parts of this painting down to the cracks.
+I think this is a "starry night" that I have never seen before.
+Introducing another of my favorite features.
+There are so many other things I want to do, but I don't have time.
+This is where it really shines. It's called a collection.
+It doesn't matter who you are, whoever you are, whether you are rich or poor or have a fancy house.
+You can create your own museum online. You can create your own collection from all these images.
+Quite simply, once inside, I created this titled "The Power of Zoom", it just zooms.
+"Ambassadors" at the National Gallery.
+You can annotate your creations, send them to your friends, and start conversations about how you felt when viewing these masterpieces.
+In conclusion, it's important to me that all the cool stuff here isn't really from Google.
+In my opinion it is not brought from the museum.
+I probably shouldn't have said that.
+It really comes from these artists.
+That was my humble experience.
+So, in this digital medium, I hope they can appreciate their artwork and properly represent it online.
+And the biggest question I get asked these days is, "Did you do this to recreate the experience of going to a museum?"
+And the answer is no.
+It's meant to complement the experience.
+that's all. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+When I was asked to talk about this, I decided that what I really wanted to talk about was about my friend Richard Feynman.
+I was one of the lucky few to actually get to know him and enjoy his presence.
+And I'll tell you about Richard Feynman, who I knew.
+I think there's someone here who can tell you about a Richard Feynman they know, but maybe it'll be a different Richard Feynman.
+He was a man of many parts.
+Of course, he was, above all, a very, very, very great scientist.
+he was an actor You saw him act.
+I was lucky enough to attend the lecture on my balcony.
+they were great.
+he was a philosopher
+he was a drum player.
+He was an outstanding teacher.
+Richard Feynman was both a showman and a great showman.
+He was full of macho and had a kind of macho one-manship.
+He loved intellectual battles.
+he had a huge ego.
+But there was somehow a lot of room at the bottom of the man.
+What that means is that in my case I can't speak for others, but in my case there's a lot of room for another big ego.
+Well, not as big as him, but pretty big.
+I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
+It was always a pleasure to be with him.
+He always made me feel smart.
+How can someone like that make you feel smart?
+He made me feel smart. He made me feel smart.
+He made us feel like we were both smart and that we could solve any problem together.
+In fact, we even did physics together.
+We had never published a paper together, but it was a lot of fun.
+He loved to win and loved to win the little macho games we played sometimes.
+And he played them with all sorts of people, not just me.
+he will almost always win.
+But when they didn't win, when they lost, they seemed to laugh and enjoy themselves just as much as they did when they won.
+I remember him once telling me about a joke his students made fun of him.
+I believe it was his birthday. They took him to a sandwich shop in Pasadena for lunch.
+it may still exist. don't know.
+Celebrity sandwiches were their favorite.
+You might get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
+You might get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
+The students went there in advance and arranged for everyone to order a Feynman sandwich.
+One after another they came and ordered Feynman sandwiches.
+Feynman loved this story.
+He told me this story and he laughed so happily.
+When he finished talking, I said to him, "Dick, what's the difference between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich?"
+And, quite without disappointment, he said, "Well, they're pretty much the same.
+The only difference is that Susskind's sandwich contains more ham. "
+"Ham" like a villain.
+(Laughter) Well, I happened to be very early that day, so I said, "Oh, but it's a lot less of a big deal."
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) The truth of the matter is, Feynman's sandwich had a lot of ham in it, but no Aronie at all.
+What Feynman hated above all was intellectual pretensions: quacks, false sophistry, and jargon.
+Sometime in the mid-1980s, Dick, I, and Sidney Coleman met in San Francisco several times, and I remember having dinner at a very rich man's house in San Francisco.
+And the last time that rich man invited us, he also invited some philosophers.
+These people were philosophers of the heart.
+Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness.
+And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
+I'm trying to remember the words 'monism', 'dualism', categories here and there.
+I didn't know what that meant, nor did Dick or Sidney.
+So what did we talk about?
+Now what do you talk about when you talk about the mind?
+There is one obvious thing to talk about. That is, can a machine become a mind?
+Can we build a machine that thinks like a conscious human being?
+We sat down and talked about this, but of course it never got resolved.
+But the problem with philosophers is that they were philosophizing when they should be philosophizing science.
+After all, it's a scientific question.
+And this was a very dangerous act to do around Dick Feynman.
+(Laughter) Feynman had them do it - both barrels, right between the eyes.
+It was cruel. It was fun -- oh, it was fun.
+But it was really cruel.
+He really popped the balloon.
+But surprisingly Feynman had to leave a little early. He wasn't feeling very well, so he left a little early.
+And Sidney and I were left there with two philosophers.
+And, amazingly, they were flying.
+they were very happy
+They met the great man. They were taught by great men. They had a lot of fun sticking their faces in the mud...
+And it was something special.
+I realized there was something extraordinary about Feynman, even in what he did.
+Dick -- he was a friend of mine. I used to call him Dick. Dick and I had a bit of a relationship.
+Perhaps he and I had a special relationship.
+we liked each other We liked similar things.
+I also like intelligent games.
+Sometimes I won, sometimes he won, but we both had fun.
+And Dick at some point became convinced that he and I had some sort of personality similarities.
+I don't think he was right.
+I think the only thing we have in common is that we both love to talk about ourselves.
+But he was sure of this.
+And the man was incredibly curious.
+And he wanted to understand what this interesting connection was and why it was the way it was.
+And then one day we were walking.
+We were in Les Houches, France.
+In 1976 we were in the mountains.
+And Feynman said to me, "Leonardo..."
+The reason he called me "Leonardo" was because we were in Europe and he was practicing French.
+(Laughter.) And he said, "Leonardo, were you closer to your mother or your father when you were a child?"
+I said, 'Well, my real hero was my father.
+He was a laborer and had a 5th grade education.
+He is an experienced mechanic and taught me how to use the tools.
+He taught me everything about machines.
+He also taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
+He didn't call it the hypotenuse, he called it the shortcut distance. "
+And Feynman's eyes had just opened.
+He went out like a light bulb.
+And he said he had basically the exact same relationship with his father.
+In fact, he was once convinced that such a relationship with his father was very important in order to become a good physicist.
+Sorry for the sexist conversation here, but this is how it really happened.
+He said he was absolutely convinced that this was necessary and a necessary part of the young physicist's development.
+He being a dick, of course, wanted to make sure of this.
+He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
+(Laughter) Well, he did.
+He went out and did an experiment.
+He asked all his friends who thought he was a good physicist, "Is it your mother who inspired you, or your pop?"
+They were all men, and they all said to men, "My mother."
+(Laughter) That theory was thrown into the dustbin of history.
+(Laughter) But he was so excited to finally meet someone who had gone through what his father had gone through.
+And for a while he was convinced that this was why we got along so well.
+don't know. perhaps. who knows?
+Let me tell you a little bit about the physicist Feynman.
+Feynman's Style -- No, "style" isn't the right word.
+"Style" reminds me of the bow tie he might have worn and the suit he was wearing.
+It's much deeper than that, and I can't think of any other words to describe it.
+Feynman's scientific style was to always look for the simplest, most elementary solutions to problems possible.
+If that wasn't possible, I had to use something more fancy.
+No doubt part of it was his great joy and pleasure in showing people that he could think simpler than they could.
+But he also deeply believed that the reason you couldn't explain something easily was because you didn't understand it.
+In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out how superfluid helium worked.
+There was a theory that
+It was a complicated theory. I'll tell you what it was in a moment.
+It was a very complex theory, full of very difficult integrals, formulas, mathematics, etc.
+And it worked to some extent, but not very well.
+The only way it works is if the helium atoms are very far apart.
+And unfortunately, the helium atoms in liquid helium overlap each other.
+As a kind of amateur helium physicist, Feynman decided to figure it out.
+He had ideas, he had very clear ideas.
+He tried to figure out what the quantum wavefunction of this vast number of atoms looks like.
+He tried to visualize it based on some simple principles.
+A few simple principles were very simple.
+The first is that helium atoms repel when they touch each other.
+What this means is that the wavefunction must vanish and vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.
+Another fact is that in the ground state (the lowest energy state of the quantum system) the wavefunction is always very smooth. The number of shakes is kept to a minimum.
+So he sat down, with what I think was just a simple piece of paper and a pencil, and tried to write down the simplest function he could think of, with boundary conditions, and he did. The wave function disappears when objects touch and smooths out between them.
+He wrote down simple things. So simple, in fact, that I suspect a really smart high school student who doesn't even have calculus could understand what he wrote down.
+The problem is that that simple thing he wrote down explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium, and some more.
+I've always wondered if the experts, the real professional helium physicists, are a little baffled by this.
+They had super-strong techniques, but they couldn't do the same.
+By the way, I will tell you what that super-strong technique was.
+It was the Feynman diagram method.
+(Laughter.) He did it again in 1968.
+In 1968, at my own university--I wasn't there at the time--they were studying the structure of the proton.
+Protons are clearly made up of small particles. This was more or less known.
+And the way to analyze it was, of course, the Feynman diagram.
+Feynman diagrams were built to understand particles.
+The experiment being conducted was very simple. It simply takes a proton and strikes it with an electron sharply.
+This was the purpose of the Feynman diagram.
+The only problem was that Feynman diagrams are complex.
+Those are hard integrals.
+If we could do all that, we would have a very precise theory, but we couldn't. It was too complicated.
+people were going to do it.
+One Loop, Two Loops -- You might be able to make a diagram of three loops, but nothing more.
+Think of a proton as a collection of small particles, a swarm. "
+He called them "Partons".
+"Think of Parton's flock moving very fast," he said.
+They are moving so fast that, according to the theory of relativity, their internal motion proceeds very slowly.
+Electrons suddenly collide. It's like taking a very sudden snapshot of proton.
+what do you see?
+It doesn't move, and it doesn't move during the experiment, so you don't have to worry about it moving.
+Don't worry about the power between them.
+Think of it as a group of frozen Partons. "
+This was the key to analyzing these experiments.
+Very effective.
+Someone said that the word "revolution" is a bad word.
+I wouldn't call it a "revolution" because I think it probably is, but it certainly evolved our understanding of protons and beyond particles in great depths.
+Well, I wanted to talk a little bit more about my connection with Feynman and who he was, but we have exactly 30 minutes.
+So, I would like to end by saying this. Actually, I don't think Feynman liked the event.
+I'm sure he would have said, "I don't want this."
+but ...
+How should we really praise Feynman?
+I think the answer is, in Feynman's honor, we need to get as much abalone out of our sandwiches as possible.
+(applause)
+Think about your day for a moment.
+You woke up with the fresh air on your face when you walked out the door, you met a new colleague, had a great discussion, and felt awe when you discovered something new.
+But I'm sure that what I didn't think about today is something very close to me, and probably something I haven't thought about in my daily life.
+And all those sensations, emotions, decisions and actions are mediated by a computer in our head called the brain.
+Now, the brain may not look much like it from the outside - a few pounds of pinkish-grey flesh, amorphous.
+But thanks to the last 100 years of neuroscience, we can zoom in on the brain and see the complexity of what's inside.
+And this brain, they told us, is an incredibly complex circuit made up of hundreds of billions of cells called neurons.
+Now, unlike a human-designed computer, which has a fairly small number of different parts and we know how they work because they were designed by humans, the brain has thousands, maybe tens of thousands, of different types. made of cells.
+They come in many shapes. They are made from different molecules. They are projected and connected to different brain regions.
+And different disease states change in different ways.
+Be specific.
+A class of cells is the inhibitory cell, a fairly small cell that silences neighboring cells.
+This is one of the cells that seems to atrophy in diseases such as schizophrenia.
+called a basket cell.
+This cell is one of thousands of cell types that we are studying.
+New things are being discovered every day.
+As just a second example, these pyramidal cells, large cells, can span a significant portion of the brain.
+These are some of the cells that can become overactive in diseases such as epilepsy.
+Each of these cells is an amazing electrical device.
+They receive input from thousands of upstream partners, calculate their own electrical output, and when certain thresholds are crossed, send it to thousands of downstream partners.
+And this process takes only a millisecond or so and happens thousands of times per minute in each of your 100 billion cells for as long as you live, think, and feel.
+So how do we understand what this circuit is doing?
+Ideally, we can traverse this circuit and turn these different types of cells on or off to figure out which cells contribute to a particular function and which cause problems in a particular disease state. You can check if you can check if
+If you can activate your cells, you will know what forces they can unleash and what they can initiate and sustain.
+If you can turn them off, you'll understand what you need them for.
+That is the story I will tell you today.
+And let's be honest, we've spent the last 11 years trying to figure out how to turn on or off circuits, cells, parts, and pathways in the brain to understand science, and to face some problems. What kind of experience have you had through Face all of us as human beings.
+Now, before we talk about technology, the bad news is that a good portion of us in this room will probably encounter brain damage if we live long enough.
+Already one billion people suffer from some form of brain damage and are incapacitated.
+However, the numbers do not represent it correctly.
+These disorders, such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, depression, and addiction, not only take away our time, but also change who we are as human beings.
+They take away our identities, change our emotions, and change us as people.
+In the 20th century, hope was born with the development of medicines to treat brain disorders.
+In addition, many drugs have been developed that can alleviate the symptoms of brain damage, but none of them are actually considered curative.
+Part of the reason, come to think of it, is that we bathe our brains in chemicals, this intricate circuit made up of thousands of different cell types, in matter. .
+This is why most, if not all, drugs on the market can cause some serious side effects.
+Some people now get some comfort from electrical stimulators implanted in their brains for Parkinson's disease and cochlear implants.
+These certainly could bring some kind of cure to people with certain disabilities.
+But electricity travels in all directions, the direction of least resistance. This is part of the origin of the phrase, and it affects not only the abnormal circuits you want to fix, but also the normal ones.
+So again we return to the idea of ​​ultra-precision control. In other words, can you dial in exactly where you want the information?
+So when I started in neuroscience 11 years ago -- I trained as an electrical engineer and a physicist -- my first thought was, if these neurons are electrical devices, then we All that had to be done was find some way. Drive electrical changes remotely.
+If you can turn on the electricity in one cell, and you can turn on the electricity in an adjacent cell, then you can activate and deactivate these various cells to see what they are doing. And you'll have the tools to understand how they contribute to the networks they're embedded in.
+It also allows for the ultra-precise control needed to correct the circuit if it miscalculates.
+Well, how do we do that?
+In nature, there are many molecules that can convert light into electricity.
+You can think of them as tiny proteins like solar cells.
+Incorporating these molecules into neurons in some way makes them electrically drivable by light, but not neighboring neurons that do not have these molecules.
+We need one more magic trick to make this happen. It is the ability to take light into the brain.
+The brain doesn't feel pain.
+With all the efforts put into the internet, telecommunications, etc., it is possible to put optical fibers connected to lasers to activate these neurons and observe their workings, such as in animal models and preclinical studies. can.
+So how do we do this?
+Around 2004, the collaboration of Georg Nagel and Karl Deisseroth made this vision a reality.
+There are certain algae that swim in the wild and need to move towards the light for optimal photosynthesis.
+And it senses light with a small eye spot, just like how our eyes work.
+Its membrane or boundary contains few proteins that can actually convert light into electricity.
+These molecules are called channelrhodopsins.
+And each of these proteins works exactly like the solar cell we just talked about.
+When blue light hits it, it opens a small hole, allowing charged particles to enter the eye spot. This will send an electrical signal to this eye spot, much like a solar cell charging a battery.
+So what we need to do is take these molecules and somehow incorporate them into neurons.
+And because it's a protein, it's encoded in the DNA of this organism.
+So all we have to do is put that DNA in a gene therapy vector like a virus and put it into a neuron.
+And this turned out to be a no-brainer, as this was a very productive time for gene therapy and many viruses were emerging.
+We tried it one early morning in the summer of 2004 and it worked on the first try.
+You take this DNA and put it in a neuron.
+Neurons use their natural protein production machinery to manufacture these tiny light-sensitive proteins and install them throughout their cells, like solar panels on a roof.
+And then you realize you have neurons that can be activated by light.
+So this is very powerful.
+One of the tricks you have to do is figure out how to deliver these genes to the cells you need them instead of all other neighboring cells.
+And it can. Viruses can be tweaked to attack some cells and not others.
+And there are other genetic tricks you can do to get light-activated cells.
+This field has now become known as "optogenetics".
+An example of what can be done is to take a complex network and use one of these viruses to deliver genes to just one type of cell within this dense network.
+And when you shine light on the entire network, only that type of cell is activated.
+For example, consider the atrophic and suppressive basket cells in schizophrenia I just talked about.
+If you can deliver that gene to these cells (and of course they won't be changed by the expression of the gene), flashing blue light across the brain's network will only drive these cells. .
+And when the light goes out, these cells return to their normal state. There appear to be no adverse events.
+Not only can we study what these cells are doing and what their power is in the computing of the brain, but we can use this to find out if they are actually atrophied. We can also elucidate whether the activity of these cells can be activated.
+I would like to share some short stories about how we are using this on both a scientific clinical and preclinical level.
+One of the questions we faced is what signals in the brain mediate the sensation of reward.
+Because if we can find them, it becomes part of the signal that may drive learning. The brain does more of what it got its reward for.
+These are also signals that indicate abnormalities in diseases such as addiction.
+So if we can figure out what kind of cells they are, we might be able to find new targets against which drugs can be designed or screened, or places where electrodes can be inserted for people with severe disabilities.
+To do so, we worked with the Fiorillo group to come up with a very simple paradigm, where an animal goes to one side of this little box and receives a pulse of light.
+And it makes different cells in the brain become sensitive to light.
+If these cells could mediate reward, animals would go there more and more.
+And it happens.
+The animal goes to the right and sticks its nose out there, and every time it flashes a blue light.
+These are dopamine neurons in part of the pleasure center of the brain.
+We showed that activating them for a short period of time was sufficient to facilitate learning.
+Now we can generalize the idea.
+Instead of a single point in the brain, we can devise a device that can spread light across the brain and deliver light in a three-dimensional pattern: an array of optical fibers, each coupled to its own independent miniature light source.
+Then you will be able to do things in vivo that have so far been done only in the dish. For example, high-throughput screening of the whole brain for signals that may trigger specific phenomena or may be good clinical targets for treating brain disorders. .
+What I want to tell you is, "How can we find targets to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (a type of uncontrollable anxiety and fear)?"
+One of the things we did was take a very classic fear model.
+This goes back to Pavlov's time.
+This is called Pavlovian fear conditioning, and it ends with a short shock.
+The shock doesn't hurt, but it's a little uncomfortable.
+And over time, animals, in this case mice (an excellent animal model often used for such experiments), learn to fear the sound.
+Now the question is, what targets in the brain can we find that can overcome this fear?
+Therefore, after being associated with fear, we play the sound again.
+But to figure out which targets can force the brain to overcome fear memories, we use the fiber optic array shown in the previous slide to activate different targets in the brain.
+This short video shows one of our current goals.
+This is the area of ​​the prefrontal cortex where we use cognition to try and overcome disgusting emotional states.
+Animals hear sounds. A flash occurs.
+There is no sound, but you can see the animal froze. The sound meant bad news.
+There is a small clock in the lower left corner.
+The next clip is just eight minutes later.
+Then you will hear the same sound and the lights will flash again.
+Yes, that's it. right now.
+And just 10 minutes into the experiment, we find that the brain is equipped to overcome this fear memory manifestation by photoactivating this region.
+In the last few years we have been returning to the Tree of Life because we wanted to find a way to turn off circuits in our brains.
+If you can do that, it can be very powerful.
+If we can remove a cell for a few milliseconds or seconds, we can figure out what role it plays in the circuit in which it is embedded.
+We surveyed organisms from across the tree of life. I have explored all life forms except animals. We look at it a little differently.
+We discovered a molecule called halorhodopsin or archelhodopsin that responds to green and yellow light.
+And they do the opposite of the blue-light activator channelrhodopsin molecule I talked about earlier.
+Let me give you an example of where this could go.
+For example, consider a condition like epilepsy, in which the brain is overactive.
+Now, if drugs fail to treat epilepsy, one strategy is to remove part of the brain, which is irreversible and can have side effects.
+What if we could restore the brain to its initial state, like a dynamic system that powers down the brain for a short period of time until a seizure disappears and then settles into a steady state?
+This animation sensitizes these cells to being turned off by light, and hopes that they can turn the light off only for the time it takes to turn on the light and stop the seizure. I'm doing it. .
+We don't have any data to share on this point, but we are very excited about this.
+I'd like to wrap up with one story, but another possibility we see is that if super-precise control is possible, perhaps using these molecules in the brain itself, It means that a new kind of prosthesis can be made: optical prostheses.
+We have already mentioned that electrostimulators are not uncommon.
+75,000 people are implanted with deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease, and perhaps 100,000 are implanted with cochlear implants that enable them to hear.
+Another thing is that these genes must be incorporated into cells.
+Viruses like adeno-associated virus have probably infected most of us in this room, giving rise to new hope for gene therapy. I have no symptoms. It has been used in hundreds of patients to transfer genes into the brain and body.
+And so far, no serious virus-related adverse events have occurred.
+There is the last elephant in the room. It is the protein itself from algae, bacteria, fungi and the entire tree of life.
+Most of us don't have fungi or algae in our brains, but what would happen to our brains if we put them in?
+Will the cells survive it? Will the immune system respond?
+It's too early -- these haven't been done in humans yet -- but we're working on different studies to find out.
+So far, no overt response of any severity has been observed to these molecules or to the irradiation of the brain with light.
+It's early days to be honest, but we're excited about it.
+Finally, I would like to share one story that I think has potential for clinical application.
+There are currently many forms of blindness in which photoreceptors (light sensors in the back of the eye) are lost.
+And the retina is a complex structure.
+Let's zoom in so we can take a closer look.
+Photoreceptor cells are shown here at the top.
+The signal detected by the photoreceptors is transformed through various computations and finally the lowest cell layer, the ganglion cells, relays the information to the brain, where we perceive it as a perception. increase.
+In many forms of blindness, such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration, photoreceptor cells are atrophied or destroyed.
+Now, how can this be fixed?
+It's not even clear if drugs can reverse this, because there's nothing they bind to.
+On the one hand, light can enter the eye.
+The eyes are still transparent and can let in light.
+So what if we could install these channelrhodopsins and other molecules into some of these surplus cells and turn them into little cameras?
+And with so many of these cells in the eye, it could potentially be a very high resolution camera.
+This is a study we are working on, led by one of our collaborators, USC's Alan Horsger, and being explored for commercialization by the NIH-funded start-up Eos Neuroscience.
+What you see here is a six-armed mouse trying to solve a maze.
+If there is a little water to encourage mouse movement, the mouse just sits there.
+The goal of this maze is to get out of the water and onto a small platform under the illuminated upper port.
+The rat is clever and eventually solves the maze, but he does a brute-force search.
+He swims through every thoroughfare until he finally reaches the platform.
+He doesn't use his sight to do it.
+These different mice are different mutations that reproduce the different types of blindness that affect humans.
+Therefore, we carefully consider these different models to try to find a generalized approach.
+So how do we fix this?
+It does exactly what I described in the previous slide.
+These blue-light photo sensors are attached to a layer of cells in the center of the retina at the back of the eye, transforming them into cameras. It's like putting solar cells all over a neuron to make it glow. -Sensitive.
+Light is converted into electricity on them.
+The mice were therefore blind several weeks prior to this experiment and received a single dose of this photosensitive molecule against the virus.
+And now, as you can see, the animals can actually avoid the wall and go to this little platform and use their eyes cognitively again.
+And point out the power of this. These animals can reach that platform as quickly as animals that have finished their lives.
+So I think this preclinical study is a precursor to what we might want to do in the future.
+We are also exploring new business models in this emerging neurotechnology space.
+We develop tools and freely share them so that hundreds of groups around the world can research and attempt to treat a wide variety of disorders.
+Our hope is to unravel the brain circuits at a level of abstraction where they can be repaired or manipulated, addressing some of these intractable diseases mentioned above, which are virtually incurable,21 The century is to be able to produce them. history.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Juan Enriquez: So some of this content is a little dense.
+(Laughter) But what it means to be able to control seizures and epilepsy with light instead of drugs, and be able to target them specifically, is the first step.
+The second thing I think you were saying is that you can now control your brain with two colors, like an on/off switch.
+Ed Boyden: That's right.
+JE: This turns every impulse that goes through your brain into a binary code.
+EB: Right.
+With blue light you can drive information and it takes one form.
+And when you turn things off, it's almost zero.
+Our hope is to eventually build a brain co-processor that works in tandem with the brain, enabling enhanced functioning in people with disabilities.
+JE: Theoretically, when a mouse feels, smells, hears, or touches, it could be modeled as a string of 1's and 0's.
+EB: Right. We hope to use this as a way to test what neural codes drive certain actions, certain thoughts, certain emotions, and use that to understand more about the brain. .
+JE: So does that mean one day we'll be able to download and upload memories?
+EB: That's where we're starting to work very hard.
+We are also currently working on tiling the brain with recording elements. This allows you to record information and feed information. This is like calculating what the brain needs to do to enhance information processing.
+JE: Well, that might change some things. thank you.
+EB: Thank you.
+(applause)
+Hello, my name is Thomas Heatherwick.
+I have a studio in London that takes a particular approach to building design.
+As a child, I was exposed to manufacturing, crafts, materials, and inventions on a small scale.
+And I was there, looking at the buildings on a larger scale, and all around me, the buildings that were being designed, and the ones that were in the publications that I was looking at, were soulless, I noticed that I felt something cold.
+And on a smaller scale, an earring, a pottery pot, or a musical instrument scale had materiality and soul.
+And this inspired me.
+I built my first building 20 years ago.
+Since then, for the last 20 years, I have set up a studio in London.
+I'm sorry, but this is my mother and she was at a bead shop in London.
+I spent a lot of time counting beads and such.
+For those unfamiliar with my studio work, here are some projects we've been working on.
+This is a hospital building.
+This is the shop of a bag company.
+This is a studio for artists.
+It's a sculpture made from a million yards of wire and 150,000 glass beads about the size of a golf ball.
+And here is the window display.
+This is a pair of cooling towers in a substation next to St Paul's Cathedral in London.
+And here is a temple for Japanese monks.
+This is a cafe by the sea in England.
+Fast forward to that, and we've recently been commissioned by the Mayor of London to design a new bus that will give passengers freedom again.
+For some of you may know, the original Routemaster bus had this open platform at the back. In fact, I believe all of our Routemasters are now in California.
+But they are not in London.
+So you end up stuck in the bus.
+And if the bus is about to stop and you're three yards from the bus stop, you're just a prisoner.
+But the Mayor of London wanted to reintroduce buses with this open platform.
+So we have been working with Transport for London, an organization that has not actually taken responsibility as a new bus customer for 50 years.
+And we were very lucky to have the opportunity to work.
+Simply put, bus energy usage should be reduced by 40%.
+It has a hybrid drive.
+And we've worked to improve everything from fabric to form to structure to beauty.
+It was supposed to showcase four major projects.
+And this is a bridge project.
+So we were asked to design a bridge to open to traffic.
+Everyone loves opening bridges, but it's very basic.
+I think we are all standing and watching.
+But the bridge we saw opening and closing - I'm a bit of a sucker - I've seen pictures of football players jumping in for the ball.
+And while he was diving someone stepped on his knee and it broke like this.
+And when we saw this kind of bridge, we couldn't help but feel that it was a beautiful thing that had been broken.
+And this is Paddington in London.
+As you can see, it's a very boring bridge.
+Just steel and wood.
+But rather than what it is, we focused on how it works.
+(Applause.) So we liked the idea that the two furthest parts of it end up kissing each other.
+(Applause.) People were scared the first time we did it, so we actually had to cut the speed in half.
+So you speeded it up.
+Our most recent project is to design a new biomass power plant, one that uses organic waste.
+In the news, where the water of the future will come from, and where our electricity will come from, the papers are always running.
+And we used to be very proud of the way we generated electricity.
+However, these days, the power plant is not listed in the annual report of any electric power company.
+It feels like a child running in the field.
+(Laughter) So when a consortium of engineers approached us and asked us to work with them on this plant, our condition was that we would work with them and what But it was more than just a normal power station. station.
+Instead, we had to learn. We kind of forced them to teach.
+So we traveled with them and spent some time learning about the various elements, but realized that there were many underutilized inefficiencies.
+Just being out in the field and doing all this isn't always the most efficient way.
+So we looked at how all these elements could be configured. The idea was to create one configuration, not just garbage.
+And what we found is that the area is one of the poorest in the UK.
+It has been voted as the least livable place in the UK.
+And 2,000 new homes are being built next to this power plant.
+So I felt there was a social aspect to this.
+It has symbolic significance.
+And we should be proud of where our power comes from, not necessarily ashamed of it.
+So we were looking at how we could create a power plant that would be a place to draw people in instead of keeping people out and having a big fence around the outside.
+And it, which I'm aiming for, has to be 250 feet tall.
+So we thought what we could do was create a power park and actually pull in the whole area and use the left over dirt on the site to create a quiet power plant.
+Because that soil alone can make a difference in acoustics.
+We also found that we could build a more efficient structure and that there were cost-effective ways to achieve this.
+The completed project will be more than just a power plant.
+There is a space at the top where a bar mitzvah can be eaten.
+(laughs) And the power park.
+People can come here to experience this first-hand, see the entire area, and take advantage of the height required for its function.
+In Shanghai, we were invited to build. Well we weren't invited. what am i talking about
+We won the competition, but it was a pain to get there.
+(Laughter) So we won the competition to build the British Pavilion.
+And the World Expo is a very strange thing.
+It has 250 pavilions.
+This is the world's largest exposition ever held.
+That means up to 1 million people are there every day.
+And 250 countries will participate.
+And the UK government says it 'must be in the top five'.
+And that has become the government's goal - how to stand out in this chaos that is a stimulus expo.
+So instead of trying to have it all, we thought we should just do one thing.
+And we also felt that whatever we did, we couldn't do cheap advertising for the UK.
+(Laughter) But what was really happening was that this exposition was about the future of the city, and the Victorians in particular were pioneers in integrating nature into the city.
+The world's first public park in modern times was in England.
+And with the world's first major botanical research center in London, it's undertaking a staggering project to collect 25 percent of all the world's plant species.
+So we suddenly realized there was this.
+And everyone agrees that trees are beautiful, and I've never met anyone who said, "I don't like trees."
+And so are flowers.
+I have never met a person who said, "I don't like flowers."
+However, we have noticed that the seeds are not on display in these major botanical gardens while this very serious project is underway.
+But if you go to a garden center, they sell them in little cartons.
+But this amazing project is a work in progress.
+So we realized we had to create a seed project, a sort of seed cathedral.
+But how can we show these little things?
+And the movie "Jurassic Park" actually helped us a lot.
+Because dinosaur DNA trapped in amber gives us some sort of clue that these little things could be trapped and not look like nuts, but like something precious. because you gave it to me.
+So the challenge was how to bring the light and reveal these things.
+I didn't want to create another building and have different content.
+So we were wondering how we could diverge the whole thing.
+By the way, our budget was half that of other Western countries.
+In other words, it included a site the size of a football field.
+There was one toy that gave me a hint.
+(Video) Narration: New Play-Doh Mop Top Hair Shop.
+Song: ♫ Mop Tops, Got a Play-Doh Mop Top ♫ ♫ Just Rotate the Chair and Play-Doh Hair Grows ♫ ♫ That's a Mop Top ♫ Thomas Heatherwick: Okay, I got the idea.
+So the idea was to take the 66,000 seeds that they agreed to give us, trap each seed inside this precious luminous hair, and let it grow through this box, a very simple box element. It was to make it a building that can be moved indoors. Wind.
+Therefore, when the wind blows, the whole moves gently.
+And within it is the sunlight, each one an optic, bringing light to the center.
+And at night, the artificial light inside each is emitted and comes out.
+And we focused our energies to make this project affordable.
+Rather than building a building as big as a soccer field, we focused on this one element.
+And the government agreed to do it and focus its energies on it, doing nothing else.
+The rest of the site was therefore a public area.
+And with a million people out there in a day, it felt like giving a public space.
+We worked with the AstroTurf makers to develop a mini-me version of Theed Cathedral. This made it possible for even those with low vision to feel the crunchiness and softness of some of the scenery.
+And when a pet undergoes surgery, a portion of the skin is shaved to remove the fur. That's what we shaved in effect to bring you to the cathedral of the seed.
+And there is nothing inside. No voices of famous actors. No projection. No TV. No color change.
+There is only silence and cool temperatures.
+And when the clouds pass by, you can see the clouds at the tip where the light passes.
+This is the only project we've done where the finished one looked more like a render than a render.
+(Laughter) It was all about how people interacted.
+So, in a way, it was the most serious thing you could do at the Expo.
+And I just wanted to show you
+The UK government, any government, could be the worst customer in the world you could ever want to have.
+And there were many fears.
+But there was support underneath.
+And then suddenly there was actually the next moment.
+Here is a picture taken by our client, the British Trade and Investment Commissioner, with Chinese children and landscapes.
+(Video) Children: 1, 2, 3, go.
+(laughs) TH: Sorry for the stupid voice.
+(laughs) Finally, texture is important.
+In the projects we've been working on, these sleek buildings that may have gaudy shapes but feel the same in materiality, we've been seriously studying and trying to find alternatives. I came.
+And the project we are building in Malaysia is apartments for real estate developers.
+And it's on the piece of land that this site is.
+And the mayor of Kuala Lumpur said that if the developer gave something back to the city, it would give them more gross buildable floor space.
+That created an incentive for developers to really think about what would be better for the city.
+And it's common in apartment complexes in this part of the world to have a tower with a few trees at the edge of it, where cars are parked.
+Only the first few floors are really hands-on, the rest are just for postcards.
+The lowest practical value is at the bottom of a tower like this.
+So if you can cut it off and make the bottom of the building smaller, that part can be placed at the top where it has more commercial value to the property developer.
+Combining these, we were able to make 90% of the site rainforest instead of just 10% of the shrubs and roads around the building.
+(Applause) So we're building these buildings.
+It's actually the same thing, so it's pretty cost effective.
+It's just chopped at different heights.
+But the point is not to swallow a particular landscape, but to try to recapture it.
+That's my last slide.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) June Cohen: Thank you very much. Thank you Thomas. you are overjoyed
+I've got a little extra time here, so I thought I'd tell you a little bit about these seeds, which are probably coming out of the carved-out part of the building.
+TH: These are some of the tests we did when building the structure.
+So there were 66,000.
+This optic was 22 feet long.
+And the sun's rays just came. Light came down from the outside of the box, illuminating each seed.
+Waterproofing the building was a little difficult.
+In any case, waterproofing a building is very difficult, but drilling 66,000 holes took a lot of time.
+Among the contractors there was one person of the right size who could get into the contractors' room for the final waterproofing of the building, but it wasn't a child.
+JC: Thank you Thomas.
+(applause)
+I am a pediatrician and an anesthesiologist, so I make a living putting children to bed.
+(Laughter.) And I'm a scholar, so I put my audience to sleep for free.
+(Laughter) But really, what I do primarily is manage pain management services at Packard Children's Hospital in Stamford, Palo Alto.
+And what I want to share with you this morning is the message, from about 20 or 25 years of doing that work, that pain is a disease.
+Now, most people think of pain as a symptom of an illness, and most of the time it's true.
+It is a symptom of a tumor, infection, inflammation, or surgery.
+However, pain persists about 10% of the time after patients recover from these events.
+It lasts for months, often years, and when it does, it becomes a disease of its own.
+And before I tell you how we think it happens and what we can do about it, I want to show my patients how it feels.
+So, if you don't mind, imagine I'm stroking your arm with this feather like I'm stroking my arm right now.
+Now imagine stroking with this.
+keep your seat
+(Laughter) It's a completely different feeling.
+So what does that have to do with chronic pain?
+Imagine combining these two ideas.
+Imagine what your life would be like if I stroked your body with this feather. But your brain is telling you that this is what you are feeling. That is the experience of my patients with chronic pain.
+In fact, imagine worse.
+Imagine if I stroked your child's arm with this feather and told your child's brain that he felt this hot torch.
+That was the experience of my patient, Chandler in the picture.
+As you can see, she is a young and beautiful woman.
+When I met her last year, she was 16 and aspiring to be a professional dancer.
+Then, during a dance rehearsal, she fell on her outstretched arm and sprained her wrist.
+Now, like her, you probably imagine that a sprained wrist is a minor event in life.
+Wrap it in an ACE bandage, take ibuprofen for a week or two and you're done.
+But for Chandler, that was where the story began.
+This is what her arm looked like when she came to my clinic about 3 months after the sprain.
+You can see that the arm has turned purple.
+It was deadly cold to the touch.
+Muscles were frozen and paralyzed. Dystonia is the word we use to refer to it.
+The pain radiated from wrist to hand, fingertips, wrist to elbow, almost to shoulder.
+But the worst part wasn't the spontaneous pain that lasted 24 hours.
+The worst part was that she had allodynia. Allodynia is the medical term for the phenomenon I described with feathers and torches.
+The slightest touch of her arm, the touch of her hand, even her sleeves and clothing caused excruciating burning pain.
+How could the nervous system be so misperceived?
+How can the nervous system misinterpret an innocuous sensation like the touch of a hand and turn it into the malevolent sensation of the touch of fire?
+You probably imagine that your body's nervous system is wired just like your home.
+In a house, wires run through the walls from the light switch to the junction box in the ceiling, and from the junction box to the light bulb.
+And when you flip the switch, the light will come on.
+And when the switch is turned off, the light also goes out.
+Therefore, people imagine that the nervous system is just like that.
+When you hit your thumb with a hammer, these wires in your arm (called nerves, of course) carry information to junction boxes in your spinal cord, where new wires, new nerves, carry the information to your brain. The brain consciously aware that the thumb is injured.
+But, of course, the human body situation is much more complicated than that.
+Rather than being a simple structure that connects one nerve to the next, the junction box in the spinal cord is actually a structure that releases tiny brown packets of chemical information called neurotransmitters in a one-to-one linear fashion. It happens that neurotransmitters spill over in the spinal cord in three dimensions—horizontal, vertical, up and down—and begin interacting with other neighboring cells.
+These cells, called glial cells, were once thought to be non-essential structural elements of the spinal cord that just held everything important together, like nerves.
+However, glial cells have been found to play an important role in the regulation, amplification, and, in the case of pain, distortion of sensory experiences.
+These glial cells are activated.
+Their DNA initiates the synthesis of new proteins, which spill over to interact with neighboring nerves, initiating the release of neurotransmitters, and those neurotransmitters spill over to activate neighboring glial cells. , and in the end what we get is positive feedback. loop.
+It's as if someone came into your house, rewired the walls, and the next time you turned on the light, the toilet flushed three doors down, the dishwasher kicked in, the computer monitor turned off. It's like becoming
+It's crazy, but that's what happens with chronic pain.
+That is why pain itself is a disease.
+The nervous system is plastic.
+It changes and deforms in response to stimuli.
+Well, what do we do about it?
+What can we do in cases like Chandler?
+At the moment, we treat these patients in a rather crude way.
+We treat patients with palliative drugs, pain relievers, but frankly they don't do much for this kind of pain.
+Noisy, active nerves that should be quiet are removed and put to sleep with a local anesthetic.
+And most importantly, what we are doing is utilizing the rigorous and often uncomfortable physical and occupational therapy processes to enable us to respond normally to the activities and sensory experiences that are part of our daily lives. is to retrain the nervous system.
+And we support it all with an intensive psychotherapeutic program to address the discouragement, hopelessness, and depression that always accompany severe chronic pain.
+As you can see from Chandler's video, it worked. Chandler is now doing a backflip two months after we first met.
+She's a college student studying dance here in Long Beach and is doing really well.
+But the future is actually even brighter.
+In the future, it is promised that new drugs will be developed that are disease modifiers that actually approach and attack the root of the problem, rather than symptom modifiers that simply mask the problem, as is the case today. These glial cells, or the toxic proteins they produce, can spill over and cause central nervous system winding-up, or plasticity, to distort and amplify the sensory experience we call pain.
+So I hope that in the future, George Carlin's prophetic words, "My philosophy: no pain, no pain," will come true.
+(applause)
+So, I would like to take you on a journey to another world.
+And it's not a journey that requires a light-year journey, but a journey to a place defined by light.
+So it's a little-known fact that most of our sea animals emit light.
+I have spent most of my career studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
+I study it because I think it is important to understand it in order to understand the organisms in the ocean where bioluminescence is most abundant.
+We also use it as a tool to visualize and track contamination.
+But most of the time I am fascinated by it.
+Ever since my first deep-sea dive, turning off the lights and watching the fireworks display, I've been addicted to bioluminescence.
+But when I returned from my dive and tried to share the experience in words, words were totally inadequate for the task.
+We needed some way to share our experiences directly.
+And the first time I figured out how to do that was in this little one-person submersible called the Deep Rover.
+In this next video clip you will see how we stimulated bioluminescence.
+And the first thing you see is the transect screen, which is about one meter in diameter.
+(Video) Narrator: In front of the submarine, a confused screen makes contact with deep-sea mollusks.
+With the submarine's lights turned off, you can see the submarine's bioluminescence, the light produced when the submarine collides with the mesh.
+This is the first time it has been recorded.
+Edith Widder: So we recorded it with an intensified video camera that has about the same sensitivity as the fully dark-adapted human eye.
+So that's what you see when you actually dive in a submersible.
+But to prove that fact, I brought in bioluminescent plankton, which is definitely a reckless attempt at a live demonstration.
+(Laughter) So, if we can turn the lights down and get this place as dark as possible, we have a flask of bioluminescent plankton.
+And you'll find there's no light coming out of them now, because they're dead -- (laughter), or let you see what bioluminescence really looks like. Because I have to stir them somehow to get them.
+(gasps) Oops. sorry.
+(Laughter) I spend most of my time working in the dark. I'm used to it.
+have understood.
+That means the light was produced by dinoflagellates, bioluminescent single-celled algae.
+So why should unicellular algae be able to generate light?
+That's right, it uses it to protect itself from predators.
+The flash is like a cry for help.
+This is known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm and is intended to draw unwanted attention to intruders to trap or scare them, much like car or home alarms. I'm doing it.
+There are many animals that use this trick. For example, this black dragonfish.
+There is an optical organ under the eye.
+Comes with a chin barbell.
+There are many other invisible light organs, but they are easy to spot.
+This fish had a top speed of 1 knot, which was the top speed of the sub, so we had to chase it with the sub for quite some time.
+But it was worth it. After catching the fish with a special trap and bringing it to the onboard laboratory, everything about the fish glowed.
+can't believe it.
+Light organs under the eyes flash.
+The barbell on the chin is shining.
+There is a light organ in the abdomen, and the fins glow.
+It's a cry for help. It's meant to attract attention.
+It's amazing.
+And you can't usually see this because growing it in a net uses up its luminescence.
+There are other ways to protect yourself with light.
+For example, this shrimp releases bioluminescent chemicals into the water in the same way that squid and octopuses release clouds of ink.
+This blinds or distracts predators.
+This little squid is called a fire shooter because of its abilities.
+It may look like a tasty bite or a winged pig's head right now (lol), but when attacked it unleashes a barrage of light, actually a barrage of photon torpedoes.
+I could barely see the light blob hit the transect screen and just glow, but I could barely turn the light off.
+It's amazing.
+Therefore, there are many animals in the open ocean. Most of them emit light.
+And for most of it, we have a pretty good idea of ​​why.
+They use it to find food, attract mates, and protect themselves from predators.
+But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean, things get really weird from there.
+Some of these animals were probably inspired by what we saw in "Avatar," but you don't have to go to Pandora to see them.
+They are like this:
+This is a golden coral, bush.
+Growth is very slow.
+In fact, some of these are believed to be 3,000 years old, which is one reason why bottom trawling should not be allowed.
+Another reason is the brilliance of this wonderful bush.
+So brush it anywhere and you'll get a breathtaking blue-green shimmer.
+And then you see something like this.
+This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book. There are all kinds of creatures in this.
+And this is a flytrap sea anemone.
+Now when you poke it, it retracts the tentacle.
+But if you keep poking, light will start to appear.
+And it actually looks like a galaxy.
+Produces these columns of light, perhaps as some sort of defensive measure.
+Some starfish produce light.
+And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light that dance along their arms.
+They look like plants, but they are actually animals.
+Then, inflate the balloon at the end of the stock and fix it in the sand.
+So it can actually hold even in very strong currents, as seen here.
+But if you collect it very carefully, bring it into the lab and just squeeze the base of the stock, light will be generated and propagated from the stem to the feathers, changing color from green to blue as it progresses.
+Coloring and sound effects have been added for a fun viewing experience.
+(Laughter) But I don't know why.
+There is one more thing. This is also a sea pen.
+A brittle star is hitchhiking.
+It's a green light saber.
+And, similar to what we saw earlier, we can generate these as bands of light.
+So if you squeeze the root, the band will stretch from root to tip.
+If you hold the tip, it will go from the tip to the root.
+So what do you think would happen if you squeezed the middle?
+(gasps) I'm very interested in your theory as to what it could be.
+(Laughter) The deep sea has a language of light that we're just beginning to understand, and one of the ways we're working on that is by mimicking a lot of these indications.
+This is the optical lure I used.
+We call it an electronic jellyfish.
+As few as 16 blue LEDs can be programmed for a wide variety of displays.
+And we observe it using a camera system I developed called "Eye-in-the-Sea". This camera system uses far-red light, which is invisible to most animals, so it is unobtrusive.
+So I would like to share with you some of the responses we have elicited from deep-sea animals.
+The camera is black and white.
+Not high resolution.
+What you see here is a feeder filled with isopods, like cockroaches in the sea.
+And there is an electronic jellyfish in front.
+And when it starts blinking it becomes one of the LEDs blinking very fast.
+But as soon as it starts to flash – and it will look bigger as it blooms on camera – look here.
+Something small reacts there.
+we are talking about something
+It basically looks like a string of small pearls, but it is actually a triple string of pearls.
+And this has been very consistent.
+This was at an altitude of about 2,000 feet in the Bahamas.
+We are basically holding a chat room here. Because when the chat room starts, everyone starts talking.
+I believe this is the shrimp actually releasing bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
+But the great thing is that we are talking about it.
+I don't know what you're talking about.
+I personally think it's a sexy piece.
+(Laughter) And finally, I'd like to share with you some of the reactions recorded by the world's first deep-sea webcam that we installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
+We are just beginning to analyze all this data.
+This first becomes a glowing light source like bioluminescent bacteria.
+And it's a visual cue that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
+That's where this scavenger comes in. It's a giant six-gill shark.
+And since there is food there, I can't say for sure that the light source brought it.
+But if you were chasing a smelly plume, the smell would come in the opposite direction.
+And it actually seems to be trying to eat electronic jellyfish.
+It's a giant six-gill shark, 12 feet long.
+Okay, so next is from the webcam and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
+And this is a security alarm device.
+It was a Humboldt squid, a juvenile Humboldt squid about three feet long.
+This is at 3,000 feet elevation in Monterey Canyon.
+However, if it is a security alarm device, it is unlikely that it will directly attack the jellyfish.
+It should be attacking the one attacking the jellyfish.
+But I've seen a lot of reactions like this.
+This person is a little more speculative.
+"Hey, wait a second.
+there must be something else. "
+he's thinking about it
+But he is persistent.
+he keeps coming back
+And then he stepped away for a few seconds, thought more, and said, "Maybe I should look at it from a different angle."
+(laughter) No.
+So we're starting to understand this, but it's just the beginning.
+We need to pay more attention to that process.
+So if any of you have the opportunity to dive in a submersible, please do so.
+We live on an ocean planet, so this should be on everyone's to-do list.
+Ninety percent, more than 99 percent of the living space on our planet is ocean.
+This is a magical place full of breathtaking light shows, strange and wonderful creatures and extraterrestrial life that you can see without going to another planet.
+But if you take the plunge, remember to turn off the lights.
+But be warned, this is addictive.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Thomas Dolby: As pure joy, welcome beautiful, delicious, and bilingual Rachel Gurneys.
+(Applause) (Bell) (Trumpet) Rachel Gurneys: ♫ When he hugs me ♫ ♫ He whispers to me, ♫ ♫ Life looks pink to me. ♫ ♫ He speaks to me words of love, ♫ ♫ everyday words, ♫ ♫ And it brings me something. ♫ ♫ He's entered my heart ♫ ♫ A sliver of happiness ♫ ♫ I know why. ♫ ♫ That's him for me. I ♫ ♫ for him in life, ♫ ♫ He told me he swore "forever". ♫ ♫ And as soon as I see it ♫ ♫ Then I feel inside ♫ ♫ My heartbeat ♫ (Applause)
+I'm used to thinking of the TED audience as an amazing collection of the world's most talented, intelligent, intelligent, worldly and innovative people.
+I think it's true.
+But there's also reason to believe that many, if not most, people actually lace their shoes wrong.
+(Laughter.) Now I know it's ridiculous.
+I know that sounds silly.
+And believe me, I had a similar sad life until about three years ago.
+And what happened to me was that I bought shoes that were very expensive to me.
+But the shoe had a round nylon string attached to it, so I couldn't keep it tied.
+So I went back to the store and said to the owner, "I love those shoes, but I hate the laces."
+He looked at it and said, "Oh, you're tying it wrong."
+Well, until that moment, I would have thought that one of the life skills I really acquired by age 50 was tying my shoelaces.
+(Laughter) But it's not -- let me demonstrate.
+This is how most of us have been taught how to tie our shoe laces.
+Thank you, after all.
+(Applause.) Wait, there's more.
+After all, this knot has a strong form and a weak form, and we were taught the weak form.
+If you pull the strand at the base of the knot, you'll find the ribbon oriented along the long axis of the shoe.
+That's the weak form of the knot.
+But don't worry.
+Starting over and simply going the other way around the bow gives this knot a strong shape.
+Pull the cord under the knot and you will see that the bow is oriented correctly along the lateral axis of the shoe.
+This is a stronger knot.
+Reduces the frequency of unraveling.
+Not only will you be less disappointed, but you'll also look better.
+Do this one more time.
+(Applause) We start like we always do -- (Applause) We go around the loop backwards.
+It may be a little difficult for children, but I think it's okay.
+pull the knot.
+It is a strong shape of shoe knot.
+Now, in keeping with today's theme, and as you all already know, I would like to point out that a small advantage one place in your life can have a big result elsewhere.
+(laughs) Live long and prosper.
+(applause)
+I think data can actually make us more human.
+We collect and create all sorts of data about how we live our lives, which allows us to tell great stories.
+A shrewd media theorist recently tweeted that "19th century culture will be defined by novels, 20th century culture by movies, and 21st century culture by interfaces."
+And I believe this will prove to be true.
+Our lives are driven by data, and the presentation of that data is an opportunity to create great interfaces that tell great stories.
+So here are some projects I've been working on over the last few years that reflect our lives and systems.
+This is a project called Flight Patterns.
+What you're looking at is 24-hour air traffic over North America.
+As you can see, everything starts to get dark and you can see people going to sleep.
+Following that, a West Coast plane is seen moving towards the East Coast.
+And then everyone wakes up on the east coast, followed by a European plane arriving in the upper right corner.
+Everyone is moving from the East Coast to the West Coast.
+You can see San Francisco and Los Angeles starting to leave for Hawaii in the bottom left corner.
+I think it's one thing to have 140,000 planes monitored by the federal government at any given time and to watch the ebb and flow of that system.
+Here's a time-lapse image of the exact same data, but colored by type so you can see the diversity of aircraft flying above.
+I started building these and brought them into Google Maps so I could zoom in and see individual airports and the patterns they were experiencing.
+So here we see that white represents low altitudes and blue represents high altitudes.
+You can also zoom in. This is what Atlanta looks like.
+It's a major shipping airport and you'll find all kinds of activities going on here.
+You can also switch between model and manufacturer altitudes.
+Look at diversity again.
+Scroll to see different airports and their different patterns.
+This is scrolling up the east coast.
+With air traffic controllers having to deal with all the major adjacent airports, we see some of the chaos going on in New York.
+So if I zoom out quickly, I can see the United States again. Florida is in the right corner.
+Moving to the West Coast, we see San Francisco and Los Angeles, a large low-traffic zone that straddles Nevada and Arizona.
+That's us in Los Angeles and Long Beach.
+I also started looking at different boundaries because you can choose what you want to get out of your data.
+This compares ascending and descending flights.
+And you can see how the airport changes over time.
+You can see the hold pattern starting to unfold at the bottom of the screen.
+And as you can see, eventually the airport actually reverses direction.
+This is another project I worked on with MIT's Sensible Cities Lab.
+Visualization of international communication.
+This is how New York communicates with other international cities.
+And we set it up as a living globe for the Museum of Modern Art's "Design the Elastic Mind" exhibition.
+And because there was a live feed with a 24-hour offset, I could see changing relationships and demographic information revealed through AT&T's data.
+This is another project I've worked on in collaboration with the Sensible Cities Lab and CurrentCity.org.
+It also visualizes SMS messages sent within the city of Amsterdam.
+This means that as New Year's Eve approaches, you'll see more and more people sending SMS messages from different parts of the city each day until everyone says, "Happy New Year!"
+(Laughter) It's an interactive tool that allows you to move around and see different parts of the city.
+This is looking at another event. This is called Queen's Day.
+Again, more and more people are sending SMS messages every day from different parts of the city.
+And you'll see people start to gather in the city center to celebrate the eve, which happens right here.
+And the next day you will see people celebrating.
+You can also pause and go forward and backward to see the different phases.
+Now let's move on to something completely different.
+Some of you may know this.
+This is Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen's mechanical chess machine.
+And although this amazing robot is very good at chess, it's not a robot at all, except for one thing.
+There's actually a legless man sitting inside the box controlling this chess player.
+This was the inspiration for a web service called Mechanical Turk by Amazon. Named after this person.
+And it's based on the premise that there are some things that are easy for humans but very difficult for computers.
+So they created this web service and said, "Any programmer can write software and tap into the minds of thousands of people."
+My nerdy side was like, "Wow, this is awesome."
+I can enter the minds of thousands of people. "
+And the other nerdy side of me thought, 'This is terrible.
+What does this mean for the future of humanity where we are all connected to this Borg? "
+I think I was probably a little extreme.
+But what does this mean when we're just doing these little things with no context for what we're working on?
+So I created this drawing tool.
+I drew a sheep facing left.
+And I said, "I'll pay you two cents for your contribution."
+and started gathering sheep.
+And I collected many kinds of sheep.
+lots of sheep.
+I posted my first collection of 10,000 sheep on a website called TheSheepMarket.com. There you can actually buy a collection of 20 sheep.
+Individual sheep cannot be selected, but stamp plate blocks can be purchased as merchandise.
+And when you put them side by side in this grid and flip through each grid, you really see the humanity behind this very mechanical process.
+I think it's really interesting to see people going through this creative struggle. This is something we can all relate to, this creative process of trying to come up with something out of nothing.
+I think it was really interesting to see this humanity side by side with this massive distributed grid.
+It's kind of amazing what some people have done.
+Here are some project stats.
+The approximate collection rate of sheep is 11 per hour, making the labor wage 69 cents per hour.
+There were 662 sheep excluded from the flock because they did not meet the "sheeplikeness" criteria.
+(Laughter) The drawing time ranged from 4 seconds to 46 minutes.
+By doing so, you will become aware of different types of motivation and dedication.
+And there were 7,599 people who contributed to the project or had unique IP addresses. That is, how many people contributed.
+However, only one out of 7,599 people said this.
+(Laughs) I was quite surprised by this.
+I expected people to wonder, "Why did you draw a sheep?"
+And I think that's a pretty legitimate question.
+There are many reasons why I chose sheep.
+Sheep were the first animals raised from mechanically processed by-products, the first animals selectively bred for production traits, and the first animals to be cloned.
+Obviously, we think of sheep as servants.
+And then there's the reference to "The Little Prince" where the narrator asks the prince to draw a sheep.
+He draws sheep after sheep.
+The only time the narrator feels at ease is when he draws the box.
+And he says, "This is not a scientific description of sheep.
+It's your own interpretation, to do something different. "
+And I like it.
+This is a clip from Charlie Chaplin's "Modern Times".
+It depicts Charlie Chaplin dealing with the major changes of the Industrial Revolution.
+So shoe stores didn't exist anymore, but now there are people tapping on the soles of people's shoes.
+And the whole way I think about my relationship with my work has changed a lot.
+So I thought it would be an interesting clip to break this up into 16 parts and feed it into Mechanical Turk with a drawing tool.
+This is basically allowed. On the left are the original frames, and on the right are the interpreted frames by 16 people who have no idea what they are doing.
+And this was the inspiration for a project I worked on with my friend Takashi Kawashima.
+We decided to use Mechanical Turk for the very purpose of making money.
+So we split the $100 bill into 10,000 pieces and fed them to Mechanical Turk.
+We asked people to draw what they saw.
+But there were no sheepish standards here.
+Once I drew a stick figure or a smiley face, it actually went into the bill.
+So what you see is actually how well people did what they were asked to do.
+So we posted these $100 bills on our website, TenThousandsCents.com, where you can browse and track all individual donations.
+You can also exchange real $100 bills for counterfeit $100 bills or donate to the $100 Laptop Project (now known as "One Laptop for One"). increase.
+All the different contributions are shown here as well.
+Some have done beautiful stipple renderings like the one pictured above. I spent a long time creating a realistic version.
+Others draw stick figures and smiley faces.
+Right here in the middle you can see a man writing "$0.01!!! REALLY?"
+Is that all I get paid for this?
+(laughter) So the last Mechanical Turk project I'm going to talk about is called Bicycle Built for 2000.
+This is a collaboration with my friend Daniel Massey.
+Some of you may recognize these two.
+This is Max Matthews and John Kelly from Bell Labs, who created the song "Daisy Bell" in the 60's, the world's first singing computer.
+You may be familiar with 2001: A Space Odyssey.
+When HAL dies at the end of the movie, he starts singing this song about when computers become humans.
+So I re-synthesized this song.
+It was like this.
+We decomposed not only the phonemes of the song, but also all the individual notes in the song.
+Daisy Bell: ♫ Daisy, Daisy... ♫ Aaron Cobrin: And we took all those individual pieces and put them into another Turk's request.
+When you go to the site, it will be like this.
+Enter the code, but test the microphone first.
+A simple audio clip is provided.
+(Honk) And I will do my best to reproduce it in my voice.
+Once you have previewed and verified that it is what you sent, you can send it to Mechanical Turk without specifying any other context.
+And this is the first thing returned from the first set of submissions.
+Recording: ♫ Daisy, Daisy ♫ ♫ Answer me, please ♫ ♫ I'm half crazy ♫ ♫ All for my love for you ♫ ♫ There can be no such thing as a stylish marriage ♫ ♫ Carriage You can't afford it ♫ ♫ But you'll look great in the seat ♫ ♫ A bike built for two ♫ AK: James Slowieke has an idea about the wisdom of crowds. In other words, the collective as a whole is smarter than any individual.
+We wanted to see how this applies to collaborative and distributed music production where no one knows what they're working on.
+That said, you can actually hear what all of this sounds like by visiting BicycleBuiltforTwoThousand.com.
+sorry.
+(Noisy) Chorus: ♫ Daisy, Daisy ♫ ♫ Answer me, please ♫ ♫ I'm half crazy ♫ ♫ All for my love for you ♫ ♫ There can be no marriage in style ♫ ♫ I can't afford a carriage ♫ ♫ But it would look nice in a seat ♫ It's a two-seater bike ♫ AK: So let's just step back, when I was in grad school at UCLA, I also worked at a place called Center. For embedded network sensing.
+And I was writing software to visualize laser scanners.
+It basically moves in 3D space.
+And a director named James Frost from Los Angeles saw this and said, 'Wait a minute.
+Does that mean you can shoot a music video without actually using the video?"
+So we did just that.
+I made a music video for Radiohead, one of my favorite bands.
+And one of the things that I love most about this project is not just shooting video with lasers, but also open sourcing it and releasing it as a Google Code project so people can download tons of data and sources. I think that's what I did. Build your own version with the code.
+And people were making great things.
+Actually these are my two favorites. Pinboard Thom Yorke and Lego Thom Yorke.
+A whole YouTube channel of people posting really interesting content.
+Some recently 3D printed the head of Thom Yorke. This is a little creepy, but pretty cool.
+I'm really interested in creating collaborative projects where people work together to build something because everyone is building a lot of great stuff and they really know what they're working on. bottom.
+Then I met a music video director named Chris Milk.
+Then we started brainstorming ideas to make a collaborative music video project.
+But we knew we really needed the right people to build something together.
+So we shelved this idea for a few months.
+He ended up talking to Rick Rubin, who was finishing Johnny Cash's last album, Ain't No Grave.
+The lyrics of the lead track are "no grave can hold my body down".
+As such, we thought this would be the perfect project to build a joint memorial and de facto revival of Johnny Cash.
+So I teamed up with my best friend Ricardo Cabello, aka Mr. doob, a much better programmer than I am, to create this amazing Flash drawing tool.
+As you know, an animation is a sequence of images.
+So what we did was cross-cut a ton of Johnny Cash archive footage, and at 8 frames per second, let an individual draw a single frame that weaves into this dynamically changing music video. That's what I did.
+So I don't have time to play it all, but I'd like to show you two short clips.
+One is the opening part of the music video.
+Then follows a short clip of people who have already contributed to the project talking briefly about it.
+(music) (video) Johnny Cash: ♫ There's no grave ♫ ♫ I can hold my body down ♫ ♫ There's no grave ♫ ♫ I can hold my body down ♫ ♫ When I hear the trumpets ♫ ♫ I'll be right off the ground I'm gonna ♫ ♫ There's no grave ♫ ♫ I can hold my body up... ♫ (Applause) AK: What better way to honor this man than to make something for his song I don't think so.
+Collaborator: I was really sad when he passed away.
+And I just thought, that's great, it would be really cool if I could contribute something to his memory.
+Collaborator 2: This makes his last recording a living memorial.
+3 collaborators: All the frames are drawn by the fans, so each frame is very powerful.
+Collaborator 4: I have seen people from Japan, Venezuela, America, Knoxville, Tennessee.
+Contributor 5: It varies from frame to frame, but it's really personal.
+Participant 6: When I was watching the video in my room, I found that I didn't understand it at first.
+And I just worked and solved the problem until all the little battles I was fighting in the painting started to resolve themselves.
+You really get the gist of it when you understand what I'm doing. There is a lot of light and darkness in there.
+And oddly enough, that's also what I really like about Johnny Cash's music.
+It's a summary of his life, everything that happened, the bad and the good.
+I am listening to people's lives.
+AK: So when you go to the website called JohnnyCashProject.com, you see the video playing above.
+And below that are all the individual frames that people have submitted to the project.
+So this is not finished yet, but an ongoing project that people can continue to collaborate on.
+Hovering over any of these individual thumbnails will show you who drew that individual thumbnail and where it was placed.
+If you find a frame of interest, you can make it appear higher by actually clicking on it to open an info panel that allows you to rate that frame.
+And you can also see how it is drawn.
+Again, you can get regeneration and personal contributions.
+In addition to that, the author's name, place, and time of painting are also listed.
+And you can choose your style. Hence it was tagged as "abstract".
+But there are many different styles.
+Also, you can sort the videos in different ways.
+You can say, "I want to see a pointillist version, a sketch version, a realistic version."
+And this is also an abstract version, but it ends up being a little crazy.
+So the last project I want to talk about is another collaboration with Chris Milk.
+And this is called "Downtown Wilderness".
+This is the online music video for Arcade Fire.
+Chris and I were really blown away by the possibilities of modern web browsers with HTML5 audio and video and the power of JavaScript to render blazingly fast.
+And we wanted to push the idea of ​​music videos for the web beyond the 4x3 or 16x9 window, allowing them to be played and choreographed across the screen.
+But most importantly, I think we really wanted to create a different experience than the Johnny Cash project, where a small group of people spend a lot of time contributing something for everyone.
+What if we gave each person who contributed something individually unique, even though the commitment was so low?
+So this project starts by asking you to enter the address of the house you grew up in.
+And when you enter your address, a music video is actually created especially for you, with Google Maps and Street View imagery incorporated into the experience itself.
+So this really has to be verified at home by entering your own address, but I'll give you a little preview of what to expect.
+(Video) Wynn Butler: ♫ Our lives are changing rapidly now ♫ ♫ Our lives are changing rapidly now ♫ ♫ I hope the pure continues ♫ ♫ I hope the pure continues ♫ ♫ Oh, we've been waiting so long ♫ Oh, we used to wait Wait ♫ ♫ Oh, we've always been waiting ♫ ♫ ♫ Sometimes it doesn't come ♫ ♫ Sometimes it doesn't ♫ ♫ Still going through the pain ♫ ♫ We've always waited for it ♫ ♫ We've waited for it ♫ ♫ We've always waited ♫ AK: So I think if there's one takeaway from my talk today, it's that interfaces can be powerful narrative devices.
+And as we collect more and more personal and socially relevant data, we're left with the opportunity to remain human, to explore together, to tell some great stories while working together, and Perhaps even have obligations.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Over the next 18 minutes, I'd like to share with you some very cool ideas.
+Actually, it's a really great idea.
+But before we get started, I would like you to close your eyes for two seconds and think about the technologies and sciences that you think have changed the world.
+I'm sure this audience is thinking about some really cool technology, something I've never heard of, I'm absolutely certain.
+But I'm pretty sure no one thinks of that.
+This is the polio vaccine.
+And it's actually nice that no one here today had to think about it. Because it means we can take this for granted.
+This is great technology.
+We can take it for granted.
+However, this was not always the case.
+Even here in California, if you go back just a few years ago, things were very different.
+People were afraid of this disease.
+They feared polio, which would cause public panic.
+And that's because there was a scene like this.
+In this scene, people live in iron lungs.
+These people were perfectly healthy a few days ago, but two days later they couldn't breathe, and the polio virus paralyzed not only their arms and legs, but their respiratory muscles.
+And they would usually spend the rest of their lives inside this iron lung to breathe.
+This disease was terrifying.
+There was no cure, no vaccine.
+The disease was so terrifying that the President of the United States launched an extraordinary national effort to find a way to stop it.
+Twenty years later, they successfully developed a polio vaccine.
+In the late 1950s it was hailed as a miracle of science.
+Finally, a vaccine has been developed that can stop this dreaded disease, and it's had an incredible impact here in the United States.
+As you can see, the virus stopped very quickly.
+However, this was not the case everywhere in the world.
+But in the United States it happened so quickly that even last month Jon Stewart said: (video) Jon Stewart: Where are polio still active?
+I thought it was eradicated just as smallpox was eradicated.
+Bruce Aylward: Whoa. John, polio is almost eradicated.
+But the reality is that polio still exists today.
+We made this map for John to pinpoint where polio still exists.
+Here is the photo.
+There is almost nothing left in the world.
+But the reason there is so little left is because, as most of you here today know, there are special public-private partnerships at work behind the scenes that are largely unknown.
+We have been working to eradicate this disease for 20 years and it is responsible for some of the cases seen in this chart.
+But just last year, we had the incredible shock of realizing that for a virus like polio, it's hardly enough.
+This is why. Two countries on opposite sides of the globe that had been free of the disease for perhaps a decade or more suddenly experienced a terrifying polio outbreak.
+Hundreds were paralyzed.
+Hundreds died, including children as well as adults.
+In both cases, we were able to look at the poliovirus using gene sequencing and found that these viruses were not from these countries.
+They came from thousands of miles away.
+And in one case it occurred on another continent.
+Not only that, but when they entered these countries, they probably boarded commercial jetliners and traveled further afield to other places like Russia, where last year, for the first time in over a decade, children was lame and paralyzed. A disease they hadn't seen in years.
+All of these fads we just showed you are under control now and will probably stop very soon.
+But the message was very clear.
+Polio remains a devastating and explosive disease.
+It's just happening in another part of the world.
+And our big idea is that the scientific miracle of this decade should be the total eradication of polio.
+So I want to talk a little bit about what this partnership, the Polio Partnership, is trying to do.
+We are not trying to curb polio.
+The disease is like a fire in the roots, so we're not trying to reduce it to a few cases. It may explode again if it is not completely extinguished.
+So what we are looking for is a permanent solution.
+Like you, we want a world where every child can take a polio-free world for granted.
+So we're looking for a permanent solution, but good luck here.
+This is one of the few viruses in the world that has cracks in its armor so large that we can try to do truly amazing things.
+This virus can only survive in humans.
+They do not live very long inside the human body.
+They can hardly survive in the environment.
+And, as I've just shown you, we have a pretty good vaccine.
+Therefore, we are trying to eradicate this virus once and for all.
+What the Polio Eradication Program is trying to do is kill the very virus that causes polio everywhere on the planet.
+Right now, we don't have a great track record when it comes to this sort of thing, eradicating disease.
+It has been attempted six times in the past century, and only once has been successful.
+Because eradicating disease is still public health venture capital.
+The risks are enormous, but the rewards—financial, humanitarian, motivational, etc.—are absolutely enormous.
+A congressman here in the United States believes that all of the investment the United States has made in fighting smallpox will be recouped every 26 days, in the waste of treatment and vaccination costs.
+And if we can complete polio eradication, the world's poorest countries will be saved more than $50 billion over the next 25 years alone.
+That's the bet we're after.
+However, eradication of smallpox was difficult. It was very, very difficult.
+And while polio eradication is in many ways even more difficult, there are several reasons.
+First, when we started polio eradication almost 20 years ago, more than twice as many countries were infected as when we started with smallpox.
+And ten times more people lived in these countries.
+So it was a big effort.
+The second challenge we faced was that the polio vaccine is highly fragile, in contrast to the smallpox vaccine, which is highly stable and provides lifelong protection with a single dose.
+All vials had to be fitted with this special vaccine monitor as they deteriorate very quickly in the tropics. By doing so, you know that exposure to excessive heat will change quickly, making this vaccine unsuitable for use in children -- it's not potent. It doesn't protect them.
+Still, children need to be vaccinated many times.
+But the third challenge that we have, and perhaps even greater, and perhaps the biggest, is that almost everyone infected with smallpox has this obvious threat, in contrast to smallpox, where the enemy is always in sight. I mean I had a rash.
+That way you can avoid getting sick. You can block out the disease by inoculating it around the disease with a vaccine.
+Polio is almost completely different.
+The vast majority of people infected with the poliovirus show no signs of illness.
+So most of the time the enemy is invisible. As a result, eradicating polio required an entirely different approach than smallpox.
+We had to create the largest social movement in history.
+More than 10 million, perhaps 20 million more, most of them volunteers, are engaged in what has been described as the largest peacetime coordinated international operation in the last 20 years.
+These people, these 20 million, vaccinate more than 500 million children each year, multiple times during the peak of our business.
+Polio vaccination is now easy.
+This is what you get with just 2 drops.
+But reaching 500 million is much more difficult.
+And these vaccinated people, these volunteers, have to dive headlong into some of the toughest, most densely packed urban slums in the world.
+They must trek under the scorching sun to the most remote and difficult-to-reach places in the world.
+Also, they must avoid bullets. Because trying to vaccinate children, even in conflict-affected areas, requires working during periods of unsettled ceasefires and truces.
+A reporter was watching our program in Somalia about five years ago. Somalia has eradicated polio not once, but twice, because it was reinfected.
+He sat outside the road watching the polio eradication campaign unfold, and months later wrote, "This is the most heroic of foreign aid."
+And these heroes come from all walks of life and all kinds of backgrounds.
+But one of the most extraordinary is Rotary International.
+This is a group of 1 million volunteers working to eradicate polio for over 20 years.
+They are right in the center of the whole.
+It has now taken years to build the infrastructure for polio eradication – more than 15 years, much longer than it should have been – but once it was built, the results were astonishing.
+All but the four countries shown here that started polio eradication rapidly eliminated all three polioviruses within a few years.
+And in none of them it was just part of the country.
+And by 1999, one of the three polioviruses we were trying to eradicate had been completely eradicated worldwide. It's a proof of concept.
+And today, the number of children paralyzed by this terrible disease has dropped by 99 percent. Over 99 percent less.
+Over 20 years ago when we started, 1,000 children were paralyzed by this virus every day.
+Last year it was 1,000.
+At the same time, the polio eradication program has worked to support many other areas.
+It has contributed to the control of pandemic influenza such as SARS.
+And even during these campaigns, they try to do other things to help children, such as administering vitamin A drips, administering measles vaccinations, and distributing mosquito nets against malaria.
+But the most interesting thing the polio eradication program has done is that we, the global community, are able to provide every child, every community, and the most vulnerable people in the world with the most basic health services, regardless of their circumstances. was forced to provide Geography, poverty, culture and even conflict.
+Things looked very exciting, but about five years ago, this virus, this ancient virus, started fighting back.
+The first problem we faced was that the last four countries that are home to this virus do not seem to be able to eradicate it.
+And to make matters worse, the virus began to spread from these four locations, particularly northern India and northern Nigeria, to much of Africa, Asia and even Europe, causing horrific outbreaks in areas where the disease had never before occurred. caused for decades.
+And in one of the world's most important, tenacious, and toughest reservoirs of poliovirus, we've found that our vaccine is only half as effective as it should be.
+In these circumstances, vaccines failed to give children's guts the strength they needed to protect them in the way they needed to.
+Well, then, as you can imagine, there was a huge frustration, let's call it frustration. It started growing very quickly.
+And suddenly, a very important voice in the world of public health started saying, "Wait a minute."
+We should abandon this idea of ​​eradication.
+Let's settle for control, that's enough. "
+The concept of control sounds alluring, but it's a false premise.
+The cruel truth is that if we don't have the will, the skills, or the money necessary to bring something as simple as an oral polio vaccine to the world's most vulnerable children, soon more than 200,000 children will die each year. Children will again be paralyzed by the disease.
+There is absolutely no question.
+They are children like Umar.
+Umar is 7 years old and hails from northern Nigeria.
+He lives in a family home there with his eight brothers and sisters.
+Umar also has polio.
+Umar was paralyzed for the rest of his life.
+In 2004, his right leg became paralyzed.
+This leg, his right leg, is now badly hit. Because he has to be a half-crawler. Because it's faster to move like that to follow a friend or to follow a brother or sister than to get up on crutches. walk.
+But Umar is a great student. he's an incredible kid
+I don't think you can see the details here, but here is his report card. As you can see, he gets a perfect score.
+He was 100 percent on everything that mattered, like nursery rhymes.
+But I would love to tell you that Umar is a typical polio patient these days, and that's not true.
+Umar is an exceptional child in exceptional circumstances.
+The reality of polio today is very different.
+Polio is hitting the world's poorest communities.
+It paralyzes children and drags families further into poverty. Because I'm desperately trying to find a cure for my children, trying in vain with what little savings I have.
+We believe that children deserve better rights.
+So about two years ago, when the polio eradication program was getting so bad that people were saying it should stop, the Polio Partnership sat down again to come up with innovative new solutions, new I decided to find a way. To visit the missing children again and again.
+Northern India has started mapping cases using such satellite imagery. This has enabled us to guide investment and vaccination shelters, reaching millions of children in the Kosi basin who otherwise have no medical services.
+In northern Nigeria, political and traditional Islamic leaders were directly involved in programs to solve logistical and community trust issues.
+And now they're starting to use these devices, these little devices, little GIS trackers, speaking of cool technology, and they're putting them into vaccine carriers for vaccinees.
+And track them down and see, in the end, if they got all the roads, all the houses.
+It's kind of like our commitment to reach out to all the missing children.
+And in Afghanistan, we are trying a new approach called access negotiators.
+We are working closely with the International Committee of the Red Cross to ensure that every child is reached.
+But as we venture into these extraordinary things, as people go out of their way to rework their tactics, we've gone back to vaccines -- that's vaccines from 50 years ago -- and we're sure more We figured we could make a good vaccine so that when they finally got to these kids, we would get a better return on our spending.
+And this started a great collaboration with industry, where just two years ago we tested a new polio vaccine against the last two types of polio in the world within six months.
+On June 9, 2009, the first trials of this vaccine yielded the first results, which proved to be game-changing.
+The new vaccine was twice as effective against these last two viruses as the old one, so we started using it right away.
+Well, we had to end production after a few months.
+And it began rolling off the production line and into the mouths of children around the world.
+And it didn't start easy.
+This vaccine was first used in southern Afghanistan. Because in such places children will benefit most from such technology.
+Now, here at TED, over the last few days, I've seen people repeatedly challenge audiences to believe in the impossible.
+So around 7am this morning I decided to download all the data again from India to infuriate Chris and the production crew here to see what is unfolding today. This proves that: The impossible is possible.
+And just two years ago people said this was impossible.
+Remember, when it comes to polio, northern India is truly a storm.
+More than 500,000 children are born each month in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, two states that have never stopped polio.
+Hygiene was terrible and you remember our old vaccines were only half as effective as they should have been.
+Still, the impossible is happening.
+Exactly 6 months have passed today. For the first time in history, no child was paralyzed in Uttar Pradesh or Bihar.
+(Applause.) India is nothing special.
+Umar's native Nigeria saw a 95 percent drop in the number of children paralyzed by polio last year.
+And in the past six months, polio reinfection has occurred in fewer places than at any time in history.
+Ladies and Gentlemen, a combination of smart people, smart technology and smart investments can now end polio everywhere.
+As you can imagine, there is a big challenge to complete this task, but as you have seen, it is doable, there are big side benefits, and polio eradication is a big buy.
+And to the extent that children everywhere are paralyzed by this virus, this is a stark reminder that we as a society are failing to reach our children with the most basic services.
+Polio eradication is therefore the ultimate in equity and the ultimate in social justice.
+The large social movements that have worked to eradicate polio are ready to do more for these children.
+Be ready to reach them with mosquito nets and other things.
+But harnessing their enthusiasm and harnessing their energy means finishing the work they started 20 years ago.
+Eradicating polio is wise and right.
+We are in tough economic times right now.
+But as British Prime Minister David Cameron said about a month ago when he spoke about polio, "There is never a wrong time to do the right thing."
+Completing polio eradication is the right thing to do.
+And we are now at a crossroads in this great effort of the last 20 years.
+We have new vaccines, new resolutions, and new tactics.
+We have the chance to write a whole new polio-free chapter in human history.
+But if we blink now, we lose forever the chance to eradicate an ancient disease.
+Here are some great ideas to spread: End polio now.
+Please help us tell the story.
+Help us build momentum so that soon every child and every parent around the world will take polio-free life for granted forever.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Bill Gates: Well, Bruce, where do you think the toughest place will be?
+Where do you think we have to be the smartest?
+BA: The four places you've seen that we've never been to, northern Nigeria, northern India, the southern corner of Afghanistan, and the border areas of Pakistan, are going to be the toughest.
+But what's interesting is, as we saw in the data earlier, of these three countries, India looks very strong.
+And we think Afghanistan has probably stopped polio repeatedly.
+I keep getting re-infected.
+The hard part is finishing Nigeria top and finishing Pakistan.
+they're going to be tough.
+BG: Now, what about the money?
+What is the annual cost of the campaign?
+And is it easy to raise that money?
+And what will the next few years look like?
+B: That's interesting.
+We currently spend about $750-$800 million a year.
+How much does it cost to reach 500 million children?
+That sounds like a lot of money. That's a lot of money.
+But when it comes to reaching 500 million children multiple times, it costs 20-30 cents to reach one child, which is not a lot of money.
+But now we don't have enough.
+There is a big difference in that amount. We are cutting corners, and each time we cut corners, we infect more places that shouldn't be infected, which only slows us down.
+And that great buy costs a little more.
+BG: Well, I hope we spread the information and the government remains lenient.
+very lucky. We are all working with you on this.
+thank you. (BA: Thank you.) (Applause)
+The story I wanted to share with you today is my challenge as an Iranian artist, as an Iranian female artist, as an Iranian female artist in exile.
+Well, it has pluses and minuses.
+On the dark side, people like me can't seem to get away from politics.
+All Iranian artists are political in some way.
+Politics determine our lives.
+Living in Iran means facing censorship, harassment, arrest, torture and even execution.
+If you live outside like I do, you face a life of exile, the pain of longing and separation from loved ones and family.
+Therefore, we cannot find the moral, emotional, psychological and political space to distance ourselves from the reality of social responsibility.
+Oddly enough, artists like me find themselves in a position to represent the voice of the people even when they don't actually have access to their own country.
+Also, people like me are fighting two battles on different grounds.
+We critique the Western perception of the West, of our identity, of the images it constructs of us, women, politics, and religion.
+We are there to be proud and respectful.
+And at the same time we are fighting another battle.
+That's our regime, our government, a diabolical government that committed all kinds of crimes to stay in power.
+Our artists are in danger.
+we are in a dangerous position.
+We pose a threat to governmental order.
+But ironically, this situation empowered us all. Because we, as artists, are considered to be the center of cultural, political and social discourse in Iran.
+We are there to inspire, provoke, rally and bring hope to people.
+We are the reporters of our own people and the messengers of information to the outside world.
+Art is our weapon.
+Culture is a form of resistance.
+Sometimes I envy Western artists for their freedom of expression.
+It is due to the fact that they are able to distance themselves from political issues.
+From the fact that they serve only one audience, mainly Western culture.
+But I also worry about the West. Because in this country, in this Western world we live in, culture is in danger of becoming a form of entertainment.
+Our employees depend on our artists and culture goes beyond communication.
+My journey as an artist started on a very personal level.
+I didn't start making social statements about my country.
+The first picture in front of you is actually from my first return to Iran after being away for 12 years.
+This was after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
+While I was away in Iran, the Islamic revolution was taking place in Iran, completely transforming Iran from Persian culture to Islamic culture.
+I came mainly to reconnect with my family and reconnect to find my place in society.
+But instead I found a completely ideologically unrecognizable country.
+In addition, facing my own personal dilemmas and questions, I became immersed in the study of the Islamic Revolution and how it, in fact, changed the lives of Iranian women in an incredible way. , became very interested.
+I found the subject of Iranian women very interesting in that historically Iranian women seem to embody political change.
+So, in a way, by studying women, we can read the structure and ideology of a country.
+So I made a body of work that immediately confronts my own personal problems in life, but that make my work willing to stand at the crossroads of the larger discourse: the subject of martyrdom, the love of God. People's problems, faith, but also violence and crime and atrocities.
+For me this has become very important.
+Still, I took an unusual stance on this.
+I was an outsider returning to Iran in search of a place for myself, but I was in no position to criticize the government or the ideology of the Islamic Revolution.
+This slowly changed as I found my voice and discovered things I never thought I would discover.
+So my art has become a little critical.
+Knife is a little sharper.
+And I fell into exile.
+I am a nomad artist.
+I work in Morocco, Türkiye and Mexico.
+I will go anywhere believing that this is Iran.
+I am making a movie now.
+Last year, I completed a film called Women Without Men.
+"Women without men" goes back to history, but is another part of Iran's history.
+It dates back to 1953, when the American CIA staged a coup to remove its democratically elected leader, Dr. Mossadegh.
+This book was written by an Iranian woman, Shaarnush Parsipoor.
+It's a magical realism novel.
+The book was banned and she spent five years in prison.
+The reason I am obsessed with this book and made it into a movie is that it explores the issues of being traditionally and historically female in Iran and the issues of four women who are all looking for women. because they were treated at the same time. While advocating the ideals of change, freedom and democracy, the country of Iran likewise struggled for the ideals of freedom, democracy and independence from foreign intervention, as if they were separate characters. .
+I made this film because I felt it was important to tell Westerners about the history of this country.
+You all seem to remember Iran after the Islamic Revolution.
+Iran was once a secular society and had a democracy, but that democracy was stolen by the US and British governments.
+The film also invites the Iranian people to go back to their history and see who they were before Islamization: what we looked like, how we played music, how we lived intellectually.
+And most of all, in the way we fought for democracy.
+These are actually some of the shots from my movie.
+These are some of the coup images.
+And we recreated every shot in Casablanca to make this movie.
+The film tried to find a balance between telling a political story and telling a feminine story at the same time.
+Indeed, as a visual artist, I am most interested in making art. To create art that transcends political, religious and feminist issues to become significant, timeless and universal works of art.
+My challenge is how to do that.
+How to tell an allegorical story while being a political narrative.
+How to move your emotions and move your heart. How to make your mind work.
+These are some of the images and characters from the film.
+Now the green movement begins. In the summer of 2009, when my film is released, revolts begin in the streets of Tehran.
+What is incredibly ironic is that the cry for democracy and social justice in the era we set out to portray in this film is now being repeated in Tehran.
+The green movement has had a huge impact on the world.
+This has drawn a lot of attention to all Iranians defending basic human rights and fighting for democracy.
+The most important thing for me was the presence of women.
+They are really inspirational for me.
+If the image of women portrayed in the Islamic Revolution was submissive and voiceless, now a new take on feminism can be seen on the streets of Tehran. Educated, progressive, non-traditional, sexually superior women. Open, fearless and seriously feminist.
+These women and young people united Iranians around the world, both inside and outside.
+And now I know why I get so much inspiration from Iranian women.
+That in every situation they have pushed the boundaries.
+They have confronted the authorities.
+They have broken every rule, no matter how small or big.
+And once again they proved themselves.
+I am standing here to say that Iranian women have found new voices and their voices are giving me a voice.
+And it's a great honor to be an Iranian woman and an Iranian artist, even if I have to work only in the West for now.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+A few weeks ago I had the opportunity to go to Saudi Arabia.
+And as a Muslim, the first thing I wanted to do was go to Mecca and visit the Kaaba, the holiest temple of Islam.
+and i did it. I put on my ceremonial dress, went to the holy mosque, prayed and observed all the ceremonies.
+And on the other hand, besides all the spirituality, there was one mundane detail of the Kaaba that was of great interest to me. That is, there was no segregation of men and women.
+In other words, both men and women worshiped together.
+They stayed together while doing Tawaf (a circular walk around the Kaaba).
+They were together in prayer.
+And if you're wondering why this is interesting, you should also take a look at other parts of Saudi Arabia. Because the country is strictly divided between men and women.
+In other words, as a man, you shouldn't be in the same physical space as a woman.
+I left Kaaba for something to eat in downtown Mecca.
+I went to the nearest Burger King restaurant.
+And I went there - noticed that there was a men's section, carefully separated from the women's section.
+I had to pay, order and eat in the men's section.
+"That's funny," I said to myself. "You can have sex with the opposite sex in the Holy Kaaba, but not in Burger King?"
+(Laughter) It's really, really ironic.
+The Kaaba and the ceremonies surrounding it are ironic, and I find this very suggestive, as they are relics from the early stages of Islam, the time of the Prophet Muhammad.
+And if the separation of men and women was highly emphasized at the time, the ceremonies around the Kaaba might have been designed accordingly.
+But apparently it didn't matter at the time.
+So the ritual came to be.
+I think this is also supported by the fact that the isolation of women in creating a divided society is not found in the Quran, the very core of Islam, the sacred core of Islam. , I myself believe as well.
+And I think it is no coincidence that this idea is not found in the very origins of Islam. This is because many scholars who study the history of Islamic thought, Islamic scholars and Westerners, actually think that the act of dividing people is the act of dividing people. And women physically emerged as a late development of Islam, as Muslims adopted the existing cultures and traditions of the Middle East.
+The segregation of women was actually a Byzantine and Persian practice that Muslims adopted and made part of their religion.
+In fact, this is just one example of a much larger phenomenon.
+There is what we call Islamic law today, especially Islamic culture, and in fact many Islamic cultures. Things in Saudi Arabia are very different from Istanbul and Turkey where I am from.
+But still, if you are going to talk about Islamic culture, this has a core. It is the message of God that became the beginning of religion.
+But then many traditions, perceptions and practices were added on top of it.
+And these were the medieval traditions of the Middle East.
+There are two important messages or lessons to be learned from this reality.
+First of all, Muslims (pious, conservative, believing Muslims who want to stay true to their religion) believe that it is God's ordinance, and that everything in their culture should not cling to.
+Maybe some are bad traditions and need to be changed.
+On the other hand, Westerners who look at Islamic culture and see some problematic aspects should not immediately conclude that this is what Islam dictates.
+Perhaps Middle Eastern culture was confused with Islam.
+There is a custom called female circumcision.
+That's something terrible, terrible.
+Basically, it is an operation that deprives a woman of sexual pleasure.
+And Westerners, Europeans or Americans, who were previously unaware of this, saw the practice in some of the Muslim communities that migrated from North Africa.
+And they would have thought, "Oh, what a terrible religion to have instituted such a thing."
+But when you look at female circumcision, you can see that it has nothing to do with Islam. It's just a North African custom that dates back to pre-Islamic times.
+It has been there for thousands of years.
+And, quite obviously, some Muslims actually practice it. North African Muslims, not elsewhere.
+However, North African non-Muslim communities, animists, some Christians and even North African Jewish tribes are known to practice female circumcision.
+So what appears to be a problem within the Islamic faith may actually turn out to be a tradition that Muslims have embraced.
+The same goes for honor killings. Honor killings are a recurring theme in the Western media and, of course, a gruesome tradition.
+And indeed, we see that tradition in some Muslim communities.
+However, the same practice is found in non-Muslim communities in the Middle East, such as some Christian and Eastern communities.
+Just a few months ago, there was a tragic case of an honor killing within the Armenian community in Turkey.
+Now, these are about culture in general, but I'm also very interested in political culture, whether or not freedom and democracy are respected, or whether the state is supposed to impose things on its people. I am also very interested in whether there is a political culture that is political.
+And it's no secret that many Islamic movements in the Middle East tend to be authoritarian, and some of the so-called "Islamic regimes," such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, and, worst of all, the Taliban in Afghanistan, are quite authoritarian. target. - No doubt about it.
+For example, in Saudi Arabia there is a phenomenon called the religious police.
+And the religious police enforce a Muslim lifestyle on all citizens, forcing women to cover their heads and wear the Islamic head covering, the hijab.
+It's pretty authoritarian and I'm very critical of it.
+But when I noticed that non-Muslims living in the same area, or actors with non-Muslim views, were sometimes acting in a similar way, the problem was not just Islam, but the politics of the region as a whole. I realized that it might be in the culture.
+Let me give you an example. Turkey, where I come from, is a very secular republic, but until very recently there was what I call the "secularist police" to protect the universities from veiled students. .
+In other words, force students to bare their heads.
+And I think forcing people to bare their heads is just as domineering as forcing them to cover their heads.
+It should be a public decision.
+But when I saw it, I said, "Maybe the problem is the authoritarian culture in the region, and some Muslims are affected by it.
+But worldly-minded people can be affected by it.
+Perhaps it is a matter of political culture, and we have to think about how to change that political culture. "
+Well, these are some of the questions I had in mind when I sat down to write the book a few years ago.
+I wanted to “investigate how Islam actually got to where it is today, what path it took, and what path it could have taken. I will.”
+The name of the book is "Islam Without Extremism: A Muslim Lawsuit for Freedom".
+And, as the subtitle suggests, I examined Islamic tradition and the history of Islamic thought from the perspective of individual freedom, and tried to find out what the strengths of individual freedom are.
+And Islamic tradition has its strengths, too.
+In fact, Islam, being a monotheistic religion, defined man himself as a responsible subject and created the concept of the individual in the Middle East, saving it from communism, tribal collectivism.
+A lot of ideas can be drawn from there.
+But besides that, I also realized that there is a problem in Islamic tradition.
+However, there was one strange thing. Most of these problems turned out not to come from the Quran, which is the very sacred core of Islam, but again from tradition and spirituality, or from Muslim interpretations of the Quran. . middle ages.
+For example, the Quran does not condone stoning.
+There is no punishment for apostasy.
+There are no penalties for personal offenses such as drinking alcohol.
+These things that constitute Islamic law, the troubling aspects of Islamic law, have evolved into later interpretations of Islam.
+So today a Muslim can look at these things and say, 'The heart of our religion is here and remains with us'.
+It's our belief and we stand by it.
+However, it is possible to change the interpretation because it was interpreted according to the times and circumstances of the Middle Ages.
+Now we live in a different world with different values ​​and political systems. "
+Now, if I'm the only one who thinks so, it's going to be a big deal.
+But that is not the case at all.
+Indeed, since the 19th century, there has been a utterly revisionist, reformist—whatever you want to call—tradition, trend in Islamic thinking.
+They were 19th century and then 20th century intellectuals and politicians who basically looked at Europe and saw that there was a lot to admire about science and technology.
+But that's not all. So do the ideas of democracy, parliament, and representation, and the idea of ​​equal citizenship.
+19th-century Muslim thinkers, intellectuals, and politicians looked at Europe, saw these things, and said, "Why don't we have these things?"
+And although they looked back at the Islamic tradition and realized that there are problematic aspects, they are not the core of the religion, so perhaps they can be re-understood, and the Quran can be re-read in the modern world. I guess.
+This trend, commonly called Islamic modernism, was promoted by intellectuals and politicians not only as an intellectual thought, but also as a political project.
+And that, in fact, is why, in the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire, which at that time covered the entire Middle East, undertook some very important reforms - giving Christians and Jews equal citizenship, accepting a constitution, Reforms such as accepting a representative assembly and moving forward. concept of religious freedom.
+That is why the Ottoman Empire turned into a proto-democracy, a constitutional monarchy in the last decades, and freedom was a very important political value at that time.
+Similarly, the Arab world also experienced what the great Arab historian Albert Hourani defined as the Liberal Age.
+In his book, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, he defines the liberal age as the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
+Quite notably, this was the dominant trend among Islamic thinkers, politicians and theologians in the early 20th century.
+But we see a very interesting pattern for the rest of the 20th century. Because this line of Islamic modernism is rapidly declining.
+And instead, Islamism grows as an authoritarian, very vocal, very anti-Western ideology that seeks to shape society around a utopian vision.
+So Islamism is a problematic idea that has caused many real problems in the Islamic world of the 20th century.
+And even very extreme forms of Islamism have given rise to terrorism in the name of Islam. I actually think this is an act against Islam, but apparently some extremists didn't think so.
+But I have an interesting question. If Islamic modernism was so popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries, why did Islamism become so popular in the rest of the 20th century?
+And I think this is an issue that needs to be carefully discussed.
+In my book, I explored that question as well.
+And really, you don't have to be a rocket scientist to understand it.
+If you look at the political history of the 20th century, you will find that things have changed a lot.
+In the 19th century, when Muslims looked to Europe as an example, they were independent. they were more confident.
+In the early 20th century, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to the colonization of the entire Middle East.
+And what do you have when colonized?
+You have anti-colonization.
+Europe is therefore not just an example to imitate now. It is an enemy to be fought and resisted.
+That is to say, the Islamic world has seen a very rapid decline of liberal thinking, and rather defensive and rigid reactionary tensions that have led to Arab socialism, Arab nationalism and, ultimately, Islamist ideology. It led to
+And when the colonial period ended, in its place were generally secular dictators who, while claiming to be a country, did not bring democracy to the country and established their own dictatorships. bottom.
+And I think the West, at least some of the great powers of the West, especially the United States, made the mistake of supporting secular dictators, thinking they were more in their interests.
+But the fact that those dictators suppressed democracy in their country and suppressed Islamic groups in their country actually made the Islamists' attitude even harder.
+So in the 20th century, we have this vicious circle in the Arab world, where dictatorships oppress their own people, including those who are Muslim, and they react in a reactionary way.
+But there was one country that was able to escape or stay away from that vicious circle.
+That's my country of origin, Turkey.
+Turkey was never colonized and remained an independent state after the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
+That's one thing to remember. There was no anti-colonial hype as seen in other countries in the region.
+Second, and most importantly, Turkey became a democracy faster than any country we are talking about.
+In 1950, free and fair elections were held for the first time in Turkey, marking the end of the more authoritarian secular regimes of Turkey's earlier years.
+And Turkey's devout Muslims believed that voting could change the political system.
+And they have supported democracy, realizing that democracy is compatible with Islam and compatible with their values.
+This is an experience that was not possible in other Muslim countries in the Middle East until very recently.
+Second, the last two decades have seen what I define as a resurgence of Islamic modernism in Turkey, thanks to globalization, the market economy and the rise of the middle class.
+Now there are more urban, middle-class, devout Muslims who are looking at their traditions again, realizing that there are some problems with them, and they are changing, questioning, I understand that it needs to be reformed.
+Then they turned to Europe and again found an example to follow.
+They look at examples at least for inspiration.
+That is why the EU process, Turkey's effort to join the EU, has been supported by Muslim devouts in Turkey, but opposed by some secular nationalists.
+Well, that process is a little blurred by the fact that not all Europeans are that welcoming, but that's another discussion.
+But pro-EU sentiment in Turkey over the last decade has become a mostly Islamic cause, and of course supported by Islamic liberals and secular liberals alike.
+And thanks to that, Turkey could reasonably create a success story in which Islam and the most devout understanding of Islam became part of the democratic game and even contributed to the country's democratic and economic progress. rice field.
+And this is now an inspiring example for some Islamic movements and some countries in the Arab world.
+You may have seen the Arab Spring that started in Tunis and Egypt.
+The Arab masses have just rebelled against the dictator.
+They wanted democracy. they wanted freedom.
+And they were not the Islamist boogeymen that dictators have always used to legitimize their regimes.
+"We want freedom, we want democracy," they said.
+We are Muslims, but we want to live as free people in a free society. "
+Of course, this is a long way.
+Democracy is not achieved overnight. it's a process.
+But now is a promising time for the Islamic world.
+And I believe that Islamic modernism, which began in the 19th century and was frustrated in the 20th century by the political turmoil of the Islamic world, is making a comeback.
+And the message is that, despite the skepticism of some in the West, Islam itself created its own path to democracy, created its own path to liberalism, I think that it has the potential to create a path to freedom.
+They should be allowed to work for it.
+thanks so much.
+(applause)
+(music) (applause) (music) (applause)
+Many people believe that driving is only for sighted people.
+Until now, it was thought impossible for blind people to drive safely and independently.
+Hello, my name is Denise Hong. We bring freedom and independence to the blind by creating vehicles for the blind.
+So before I talk about this car for the blind, let me briefly tell you about another project I worked on called the DARPA Urban Challenge.
+Well, this time it was about building a robot car that can drive automatically.
+Press start and you'll arrive at your destination completely autonomously, with no one touching anything.
+In 2007, our team placed 3rd in this competition and won $500,000.
+Around that time, the National Federation of the Blind (NFB) challenged a research panel about who could develop a car that blind people could drive safely and independently.
+I thought, "How hard will it be?", so I decided to give it a try.
+We already have self-driving cars.
+If you put in a blind person, that's it, right?
+(Laughter) We couldn't have been more wrong.
+What NFB wanted was not a vehicle that could be driven by blind people, but a vehicle that blind people could actively judge and drive.
+So I had to throw everything out the window and start over.
+So, to test this outlandish idea, we developed a small dune buggy prototype vehicle to test its feasibility.
+Then, in the summer of 2009, we invited dozens of young blind people from all over the country to give the game a try.
+It was a really great experience.
+The problem with this car, however, was that it was designed to be driven only in highly controlled environments, such as flat, closed parking lots and even lanes marked with red cones.
+So, with this success, we decided to take the next big step: develop a real car that can drive on real roads.
+So how does it work?
+Well, it's a pretty complicated system, but let's keep it simple.
+So there are 3 steps.
+We have perceptual, computational, and non-visual interfaces.
+Naturally, the driver is blind, so the system must be aware of the environment and gather information for the driver.
+For that purpose, we will use the initial unit of measure.
+In other words, it measures acceleration and angular acceleration in the same way as the human ear and inner ear.
+That information is fused with a GPS unit to estimate the vehicle's location.
+It also uses two cameras to detect road lanes.
+It also uses three laser rangefinders.
+Lasers scan the environment to detect obstacles (cars approaching from the front, rear, road hazards, and obstacles around the vehicle).
+Once all this vast amount of information is put into a computer, it can do two things.
+One is to first process this information to understand the environment (road lanes, obstacles, etc.) and communicate this information to the driver.
+The system is also smart enough to figure out the safest way to drive your car.
+Therefore, it can also generate instructions on how to operate the vehicle controls.
+But the question is how to convey this information and instructions to someone who can't see accurately, fast enough to drive.
+That's why we've developed different kinds of non-visual user interface technologies.
+From 3D Pinyin systems, to vibrating vests, click wheels with voice commands, leg strips, and even shoes that apply pressure to your feet.
+But today I'm going to talk about three of these non-visual user interfaces.
+Here the first interface is called DriveGrip.
+It's like a glove, with vibrating elements at the knuckles that can give instructions on how to maneuver, such as direction and strength.
+Another device is called SpeedStrip.
+This is a chair, but it's actually a massage chair.
+We take it out, rearrange the vibrating elements in different patterns, and actuate them to convey information about speed and instructions on how to use the accelerator and brake pedals.
+Here you can see how your computer understands your environment. Vibration is invisible, so I actually put a red LED on the driver so I could see what was going on.
+This is sensory data, and that data is transferred to your device through your computer.
+So these two devices, DriveGrip and SpeedStrip, are very effective.
+But the problem is that these are educational cue devices.
+So this is not true freedom, is it?
+The computer will tell you how to drive: turn left, turn right, speed up, stop.
+We call this the "backseat driver problem".
+That is why we are moving away from educational cue devices and focusing on information devices.
+A good example of this non-visual informational user interface is called AirPix.
+So think of it as a monitor for the visually impaired.
+So it's a small tablet, with lots of holes and compressed air coming out so you can actually draw on it.
+In other words, even if you are blind, you can see the lanes and obstacles on the road by holding your hand up.
+In fact, you can change how often the air comes out, and in some cases even the temperature.
+So it's really a multidimensional user interface.
+Here you can see the vehicle's left and right cameras and how the computer interprets it and sends that information to AirPix.
+To this end, we show a simulator in which a blind person drives with AirPix.
+The simulator was also very useful for training visually impaired drivers and also allowed us to quickly test different kinds of ideas for different kinds of non-visual user interfaces.
+It basically works like that.
+So just one month ago, on January 29th, the car was unveiled to the public for the first time at the world-famous Daytona International Speedway during the Rolex 24 Race event.
+There were also some surprises. Let's see.
+(music) (video) Announcer: Today is a historic day in January.
+Federalists, he's coming up to the bleachers.
+(Cheers) (Klaxon) Now there's a grandstand.
+And he's chasing a van driving in front of him.
+Well, here comes the first box.
+Now let's see if Mark gets around it.
+he does he passes it on the right side.
+I got the 3rd box. I got the 4th box.
+And he moves perfectly between the two.
+He's approaching the van to make a move pass.
+Well, that's all there is to this kind of dynamic display of boldness and ingenuity.
+He nears the end of his run and makes his way through the barrels set there.
+(honking) (applause) Dennis Hong: I'm really happy.
+I heard that Mark will drive you to the hotel.
+Mark Ricobono: Yes.
+(Applause) DH: Since we started this project, we've received hundreds of letters, emails, and phone calls from people all over the world.
+Not only thank you letters, but sometimes funny letters like "Now I know why the ATM in Drive Up has Braille."
+(Laughter) But sometimes -- (Laughter) but sometimes I get -- I wouldn't call it hate mail -- letters of very strong concern. What about the road?
+You must be out of your mind. "
+However, this vehicle is a prototype vehicle and will not be driven on public roads until proven to be as safe as or better than current vehicles.
+And I truly believe that it can happen.
+But would society still accept such radical ideas?
+How will you handle insurance?
+How do you issue a driver's license?
+Beyond technology challenges, there are many different kinds of hurdles that need to be addressed before this becomes a reality.
+Of course, the main purpose of this project is to develop a car for blind people.
+But potentially more important than this is the tremendous value of the spin-off technology that will come from this project.
+The sensors used can see through darkness, fog and rain.
+And in conjunction with this new type of interface, these technologies can be used to make cars safer for sighted people.
+Alternatively, it can be used in home appliances that are used by blind people on a daily basis, such as in educational settings and office environments.
+Please try to imagine. Suppose a teacher writes on a blackboard in a classroom, and a blind student can use a non-visual interface to see and read what is written.
+This is precious.
+So what I've shown you today is just the beginning.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I spent most of the last year making a documentary about my own well-being. I wanted to see if I could actually train my mind in certain ways, just like I could train my body. This will ultimately improve your well-being. overall well-being.
+And with my mother's death in January of this year, pursuing such a film seemed like the last thing for me.
+I mean, in a very typical and stupid designer way, after years of work, all I have to present is the title of the movie.
+(Music) It was still completed when I was on vacation at my company in Indonesia.
+You can see that the first part here was designed by a pig.
+It was a little too funky, so we went for a more feminine perspective and went with a duck that expressed it in a more appropriate way: fashion.
+My studio in Bali is only 10 minutes away from the monkey forest and of course monkeys are supposed to be the happiest of all animals.
+So we trained our students to do the three words separately and place them properly.
+As you can see, it's still a bit of a readability issue.
+There are actually no lines.
+So, of course, what you don't do properly yourself can never be considered actually done.
+Here we are climbing a tree and setting it up above the Sayang Valley in Indonesia.
+That year I did all sorts of research and looked at a lot of data on the subject.
+They found that men and women reported very similar levels of happiness.
+This is a very brief overview of all the research I have looked into.
+Such weather is useless.
+Whether you live in the best weather in San Diego, USA or the worst in Buffalo, New York, you can be equally happy in either place.
+If you earn more than $50,000 a year in the US, the salary increase you experience in the future will have only a small impact on your overall well-being.
+Black people are just as happy as white people.
+It doesn't matter if you're old or young.
+It doesn't matter if you're ugly or really, really handsome.
+You will adapt to it and get used to it.
+If you have manageable health problems, it doesn't really matter.
+Now this is important.
+So the women on the right are actually much happier than the men on the left. I mean, if you have a lot of friends and build meaningful friendships, it makes a big difference.
+Not only are you married, you are much more likely to be happier than if you were single.
+Fellow TED speaker Jonathan Haidt came up with this beautiful little analogy between the conscious and the unconscious.
+The conscious mind, he says, is the little rider on this giant elephant, the unconscious.
+The rider thinks he can tell the elephant what to do, but the elephant actually has its own thoughts.
+Looking back on my own life, I was born in Austria in 1962.
+If I had been born 100 years earlier, the big decisions in my life would have been made for me. I mean, I would have stayed in the town where I was born. I probably had the same job as my father. And I was very likely to marry the woman my mother chose.
+Of course, I and all of us take great responsibility for these big decisions in life.
+We live where we want to live, at least in the West.
+We will be really interested.
+We choose our profession, we choose our partners ourselves.
+And it's pretty amazing that for many of us, our unconscious influences those decisions in ways we're less aware of.
+Looking at the statistics, when a guy named George decides where he wants to live, is it Florida or North Dakota? -- He goes and lives in Georgia.
+And when you look at a man named Dennis, when he decides what he will be, will it be a lawyer, a doctor or a teacher?--perhaps he wants to be a dentist.
+And if Paula decides whether she should marry Joe or Jack, somehow Paul seems the most interesting.
+So even if we make these very important decisions for very stupid reasons, there are more Georges living in Georgia than is statistically viable, and more Denises. It remains statistically true that more and more Paula is married to Paul, becoming a dentist.
+(Laughter) Now, of course, I thought, "This is American data."
+They are influenced by things they are unaware of.
+This is completely absurd. "
+Then, of course, I saw my mother and father, (laughs) Carolina and Karl, and my grandmother and grandfather, Josephine and Joseph.
+So I'm still looking for Stephanie.
+I'll try something.
+If you make all of this a little more personal and think about what makes you happy as a designer, the easiest answer, of course, is to do more of what you like to do and less of what you don't like to do. That's it. What I Want to Do -- It would be helpful to know what I actually want to do.
+I'm good at making lists, so I made a list.
+One of them is to think without pressure.
+This is a project we are currently working on and the deadline is very sound.
+This is a book about culture, but as you can see, culture is rapidly drifting.
+What I am doing now is traveling to Cannes.
+The example I gave here is a chair that was born that year in Bali. Clearly influenced by local manufacturing and culture, you're not here and there stuck behind a single computer screen all day.
+Very consciously, we design projects that require an incredible amount of different techniques to combat simple adaptations.
+Staying close to the content, that's the content that's really close to my heart.
+This is a bus or vehicle for charities and NGOs that want to double the education budget in the United States, and it's carefully designed so it can pass over highway overpasses by as little as 2 inches.
+You will get the final result. Something that comes back from a printer, for example, a little business card for an animation company called Sideshow printed on lenticular foil.
+We work on projects that have real, visible impact, such as a book for a deceased German artist whose widow came to us with a request to make her late husband famous.
+It was launched only half a year ago and is now enjoying an incredible amount of attention in Germany.
+And I think his widow will be very successful in that quest.
+And recently, about 50 percent of the projects I knew technically, and the other 50 percent ended up working on new projects.
+So in this case, the outside of Singapore is projected onto a huge screen like Times Square.
+Of course, as a designer, I knew typography, even if I didn't have much success working with animals.
+But I didn't know much about exercise or movies.
+From that perspective, we turned it into a great project.
+But also because they were so close in content.
+In this case, "Keeping a journal supports personal development" -- I've been journaling since I was 12 years old.
+And I've found that it's impacted my life and work in very interesting ways.
+In this case, it's also because it's one of the many emotions that builds on the entire series. Because all the emotions originally came out of the diary.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+How many creationists are there in this room?
+Probably nothing. I think we are all Darwinists.
+But many Darwinists are apprehensive, a little apprehensive, and want to know some limits as to how far Darwinism can go.
+are you OK.
+Do you know spider webs? Indeed, they are products of evolution.
+world wide web? I'm confused.
+Beaver dam, yes. Hoover Dam, no.
+What do they think prevents the products of human ingenuity from being themselves fruits of the tree of life and thus in some way following the laws of evolution?
+Nevertheless, people are interestingly resisting the idea of ​​applying evolutionary thinking to thinking, our thinking.
+We'll talk a little bit about it here, keeping in mind that there's a lot of content in the program.
+So when you're in the woods or in the meadows, you see these ants crawling on this blade of grass.
+It climbs to the top, falls, climbs, falls, climbs, and tries to stay on top of the blade of grass.
+What is this ant doing? What is this good for?
+What purpose is this ant trying to achieve by climbing this leaf?
+What will happen to Ali?
+And the answer is "nothing". Nothing for Ali.
+So why do we do this?
+Is it just a fluke?
+Yes, it's just a fluke. It's a lancet fluke.
+It's a tiny brain worm.
+This is a parasitic brain worm that must enter the stomach of a sheep or cow to continue its life cycle.
+Salmon swim upstream to reach spawning grounds, and slug flukes catch passing ants, burrow into their brains, and chase them onto the grass like all-terrain vehicles.
+In other words, nothing for ants.
+Ant's brain is hijacked by a parasite that infects the brain, inducing suicidal behavior.
+I am very scared.
+Now, is there such a thing in humans?
+Of course, all this is due to causes other than one's own genetic fitness.
+Now, you may have already noticed that Islam means 'surrender' or 'selfish submission to the will of Allah'.
+Yes, it's ideas, not bugs, that hijack our brains.
+Now, am I saying that parasitic thoughts have taken over the brains of a significant minority of the world's population?
+No, it's worse than that.
+most people have.
+(Laughs) I have a lot of crazy ideas.
+If you're from New Hampshire, you're free.
+(laughs) Justice. truth. Communism.
+Many gave their lives for communism, and many gave their lives for capitalism.
+And many are Catholic. And many are for Islam.
+These are just a few of the fascinating ideas.
+they are infectious.
+Yesterday, Amory Robbins talked about "infectious recurrent inflammation."
+It was effectively an abusive term.
+This is thoughtless engineering.
+Well, most of the ongoing cultural spread isn't great, new, unconventional thinking.
+It's an "infectious recurrent inflammation," and to understand the context of an infection, it might be helpful to have a theory about what's going on when it happens.
+The hosts work hard to spread these ideas to others.
+As a philosopher myself, one of the dangers of my profession is people asking what the meaning of life is.
+And you must put a bumper sticker on it. I have to make a statement.
+So this is mine.
+The secret to happiness is finding something more important than yourself and devoting your life to it.
+For most of us, “my decade” is long past, but we are actually doing it now.
+Some ideas simply replaced our biological obligations in our own lives.
+This is our total bonus.
+It's not about maximizing the number of grandchildren we have.
+Now, this is a significant biological effect.
+It is the subordination of genetic interests to other interests.
+And no other species does exactly the same.
+So what are your thoughts on this?
+On the one hand, it's a biological effect, a very big one.
+Unmistakable.
+Now, what theory would you like to use to look into this?
+Well, there are many theories. But how does something bring them together?
+The idea of ​​duplicating an idea. An idea that is replicated by being passed from brain to brain.
+Richard Dawkins, as we will hear later in the day, invented the term "meme" and was the first to put forward a really clear and vivid version of this idea in his book The Selfish Gene. .
+Here I talk about his ideas.
+Well, it's not his. Yes he started.
+But that's what everyone thinks now.
+And he takes no responsibility for what I said about memes.
+I am responsible for what I say about memes.
+As a matter of fact, I think we are all responsible not only for the intended effect of our ideas, but also for their potential abuse.
+So I think it's important for Richard and for me that these ideas are not abused or abused.
+These are very easily abused. That's why they are dangerous.
+And it's just a full-time job to keep those who fear these ideas from satirizing them and escaping to some dire end.
+Therefore, we must continue to strive to correct misconceptions so that only harmless and useful variations of our ideas continue to spread.
+But that's the problem.
+I don't have a lot of time, so I'm going to skip this one because I have a lot more to say.
+So let me point out one thing: memes are like viruses.
+Richard said so in 1993.
+And you might think
+In other words, a virus is a thing. What are memes made of? "
+Yesterday Negroponte was talking about virus communications, what is a virus?
+A virus is a set of nucleic acids with an attitude.
+(Laughter) So that means they tend to give better reproducibility than their competitors.
+And that's the meme. It is an information packet with an attitude.
+What are memes made of? Mommy, what are bits made of?
+not silicone.
+They consist of information and can be carried in any physical medium.
+what are words made of?
+Sometimes people ask me, "Do memes exist?"
+I say, "So does the word exist? Is it in your ontology?"
+If so, the word is a pronounceable meme.
+And then there are other memes that you can't pronounce.
+There are many different types of memes.
+Remember Shakers? A simple gift?
+simple and beautiful furniture
+And of course they are now basically extinct.
+One reason is that one of the Shaker beliefs is that one should be single.
+Not just priests. everyone.
+Well, it's not all that surprising that they went extinct. (Laughter) But really, that's not why they went extinct.
+They survived as they did when there was no social safety net.
+And there were many widows and orphans in need of foster care.
+So they could have a quick supply of converts.
+And they could keep doing it.
+And, in principle, if the hosts were to remain completely single, it could last forever.
+This idea is passed down through conversion, not genetic lineage.
+In other words, ideas can live on despite not being genetically inherited.
+Memes can thrive despite their negative impact on genetic compatibility.
+After all, the Shaker-dom meme was essentially a sterilizing parasite.
+There are other parasites that do this, rendering the host sterile.
+It's part of their plan.
+They don't need to use their brains to plan.
+Here I would like to draw your attention to only one of the many influences of the memetic perspective that I recommend.
+I don't have time to elaborate further.
+In Jared Diamond's wonderful book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, he tells us that it was germs, rather than guns and steel, that conquered the New Hemisphere, the Western Hemisphere, and how it conquered the rest of the world. I'm talking
+When European explorers and travelers spread around the world, they acquired inherent immunity, bacteria that they had learned to tolerate while living with livestock for hundreds and thousands of years. I brought it in. those pathogens.
+And they were just wiped out. These pathogens wiped out natives who had no immunity to them.
+and doing it again.
+This time I'm doing it with a harmful idea.
+Yesterday, Nicolas Negroponte and many others talked about how great things happen when new technologies spread our ideas around the world.
+I agree too. Mostly great. Mostly great.
+But among the ideas that inevitably flow out into the world thanks to our technology, there are also many harmful ideas.
+Well, this has been happening for some time now.
+Syed Qutb is one of the fanatical founders of Islam and one of the ideologues who inspired Osama bin Laden.
+"A quick glance at press films, fashion shows, beauty pageants, ballrooms, wine bars and broadcast stations is enough." Meme.
+These memes are spreading across the globe and wiping out entire cultures.
+They are making languages ​​extinct.
+They are sweeping away traditions and conventions.
+And it's not our fault, it's our fault, just like our germs are discarded on people who haven't acquired immunity.
+We are immune to any and all junk on the edge of our culture.
+We are a free society, so we tolerate and ignore pornography and everything else.
+It's like a mild cold.
+For us they are not a big deal.
+But we have to realize that it is a big problem for many people around the world.
+And we need to pay close attention to this.
+As we spread education and technology, one of the things we're doing is in vectors of memes that are rightly viewed by many other meme hosts as a serious threat to their favorite memes. There is something. I am prepared to die.
+So how do you tell good memes from bad memes?
+That's not the work of memetics.
+Memes are morally neutral. It should be so.
+This is no place for hate or anger.
+If you have a friend who died of AIDS, you will hate HIV.
+But the way to deal with it is to study the science and understand, from a morally neutral perspective, how and why it spreads.
+Get the facts.
+Consider the impact.
+If you can get the facts and find the best course of action, there is plenty of room for moral passion.
+And as with germs, the trick is not to try to kill them off.
+You can't kill bacteria.
+What can be done, however, is to promote public health measures and others that encourage the evolution of non-toxicity.
+It will facilitate the spread of relatively benign mutations in the most virulent strains.
+Thank you very much for your time.
+This is a representation of the brain, which can be divided into two parts.
+The left half is the logical part and the right half is the intuitive part.
+So if we had a scale to measure the fitness of each hemisphere, we could plot the brain.
+For example, this is a perfectly logical person.
+This is a completely intuitive person.
+So where do you put your head on this scale?
+Some of us may have chosen between these extremes, but for most of our audience, your brain is like this, with high aptitudes in both hemispheres at the same time. I think we are ready.
+It's not mutually exclusive or anything like that.
+You can be logical and intuitive.
+So I consider myself, like most other experimental quantum physicists, one of those people who need a good deal of logic to piece together these complex ideas.
+But at the same time, it takes a great deal of intuition to actually succeed in experimenting.
+How can this intuition be cultivated? Well, we like to play with things.
+So go out and play around with it and see how it works and develop your intuition from there.
+And in fact you are doing the same.
+So there is an intuition that you have developed over the years that one thing can only be in one place at a time.
+So, while it may sound strange to think of one thing being in two different places at the same time, this notion is not something you are born with, you develop it yourself.
+And I remember seeing a kid playing at a car stop.
+As a toddler, he wasn't very good at it and fell often.
+But playing with this bollard must have taught him a really valuable lesson. That is, big things cannot pass through and stay in one place.
+So this is a nice conceptual model to have of the world unless you're a particle physicist.
+For particle physicists, this would be a terrible model. Because they're not messing with car stops, they're messing with these little weird particles.
+And when you play with particles, you find them doing all sorts of really weird things like flying through walls or being in two different places at the same time.
+So they wrote down all these observations and called it the theory of quantum mechanics.
+And that was the situation in physics a few years ago. Quantum mechanics was needed to describe tiny tiny particles.
+But we didn't need that to explain the large, everyday objects that surround us.
+This didn't quite match my intuition. Maybe it's because I don't play with particles much.
+Well, we play together sometimes, but not very often.
+And I never saw them.
+In other words, no one has ever seen a particle.
+But it didn't work out on my logical side either.
+Because everything is made up of small particles, and if all small particles obey quantum mechanics, shouldn't everything obey quantum mechanics?
+I don't understand why it shouldn't.
+So if we could somehow show that everyday objects also obey quantum mechanics, we'd feel much better about the whole thing.
+So a few years ago I decided to do just that.
+So i made it.
+This is the first object in mechanical quantum superposition.
+Our focus here is on small computer chips.
+And you can see this green dot in the middle.
+That's this piece of metal that I'm going to talk to you about.
+This is a photo of the object.
+So let's expand a little here. We are looking for the center there.
+And here's a really big close-up of a small piece of metal.
+What we see is a small hunk of metal, shaped like a diving board, sticking out over a ledge.
+So I made this in much the same way I make computer chips.
+We went into the clean room with new silicon wafers and ran all the big machines for about 100 hours.
+As a final touch, I had to build my own machine to drill a pool-shaped hole under the device.
+This device has the ability to do quantum superposition, but it needs a little help to do it.
+Now let me give you an analogy.
+Do you know how uncomfortable it is to ride in a crowded elevator?
+I mean, when I'm in an elevator by myself, I do all sorts of weird things, but then when other people get in, I don't want to bother them, or frankly, I don't want to scare them. So I will stop doing those things. .
+Quantum mechanics therefore states that inanimate objects feel the same way.
+Inanimate passengers are not only humans, but also the light that illuminates the inanimate objects, the wind that blows through them, and the heat of the room.
+So it turns out that if you want to see this piece of metal work quantum-mechanically, you'll have to kick out all the other passengers.
+that's what we did.
+We turned off the lights, created a vacuum, sucked out all the air, and cooled it to just a fraction of absolute zero.
+Alone in the elevator, this little hunk of metal is now free to do whatever it pleases.
+So we measured its movement.
+I found it moving in a really weird direction.
+It wasn't completely still, it was vibrating, and the way it vibrated was breathing like a bellows expanding and contracting.
+And by gently tweaking it, I could have it vibrate or not vibrate at the same time. This is only allowed in quantum mechanics.
+So what I'm talking about here is really great.
+What does it mean that one thing is vibrating and not vibrating at the same time?
+Now let's think about atoms.
+So, in one case, the trillions of atoms that make up the metal mass are all at rest while the same atoms are moving up and down.
+Now the only thing they match is the exact timing.
+The rest of the time will be non-localized.
+This means that all atoms are in two different places at the same time, and thus the entire mass of metal is in two different places.
+I think this is really amazing.
+(laughs) Really.
+(Applause.) It was worth locking me in a clean room for years to do this. Because, look at this, the difference in scale between a single atom and its metal blobs is about the same as the difference between its metal blobs. you also.
+So if a single atom can be in two different places at the same time, so can a blob of metal be in two different places, so why not?
+So this is my logical side of the story.
+But what if you could be in multiple places at the same time?
+How does your consciousness handle your body delocalized in space?
+There is one more thing in this story.
+That's when we warmed it up, turned on the light and looked inside the box to see that the piece of metal was still there all together.
+So I had to develop a new intuition that all objects in an elevator appear to be actually quantum objects crammed into a small space.
+In quantum mechanics, we often hear that everything is interconnected.
+Well that's not right.
+That's not all. It's deeper.
+The thing is that those connections, the connections to everything around you, literally define who you are, and that's what's so weird about quantum mechanics.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm Jessie and this is my suitcase.
+But before I show you my inner self, I'll make a public confession. It means that I am very particular about my clothes.
+I love finding and wearing different colorful and crazy outfits for every occasion and these days I love taking pictures and blogging.
+But don't buy anything new.
+All my clothes are bought second hand from flea markets and thrift stores.
+thank you.
+By buying second-hand, you can reduce the impact your wardrobe has on the environment and your wallet.
+You can meet all kinds of wonderful people. My money is usually used for legitimate purposes. I look pretty unique. Shopping is like my own treasure hunt.
+So what are we going to find today?
+Will it be my size?
+do you like the color?
+Will it be under $20?
+If all the answers are yes, you will feel like you won.
+I'm back in my suitcase to tell you what I packed for this exciting week of TED.
+I mean, what does a person who is dressed like this bring?
+Now let me show you what I brought.
+I brought 7 pairs of pants and that's it.
+I only have a week's worth of underwear in my suitcase.
+I was betting that when I got to Palm Springs, I would find everything else I wanted to wear.
+And you don't know I'm the woman walking around TED in her underwear -- (Laughter) So I've discovered a few things.
+And now I want to show you my outfit for the week.
+do you think that's good?
+(Applause.) So, in doing this, believe it or not, I'd also like to share some of the life lessons I've learned from my adventures wearing nothing new.
+Let's start on Sunday.
+I call it "shiny tiger".
+You don't have to spend a lot of money to look good.
+Most of the time, you can get an amazing look for less than $50.
+This outfit cost me $55 including the jacket, which was the most expensive thing I've worn in a week.
+Monday: Color has power.
+It's almost physiologically impossible to be in a bad mood while wearing bright red pants.
+(laughter) If you are happy, you will attract other happy people.
+Tuesday: Blending in is overrated.
+I've spent a lot of my life trying to be myself and fit in at the same time.
+Just be yourself.
+If you surround yourself with the right people, they will not only understand it, they will appreciate it.
+Wednesday: Embrace your inner child.
+Sometimes people say I look like I'm playing dressed up or that it reminds me of a 7 year old.
+I like to smile and say "thank you".
+Thursday: Confidence is the key.
+If you think something looks good on you, it almost certainly does.
+And if you think something doesn't suit you, you're probably right.
+I grew up with a mother who taught me this every day.
+But it wasn't until I turned 30 that I really understood what this meant.
+I'll go into a little more detail.
+If you believe that you are a beautiful person inside and out, there is nothing you can't look like.
+So we in this audience have no excuse.
+We should be able to lock whatever we want to lock.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Friday: Universal Truth -- Five words for you: Gold sequins go with anything.
+And finally, Saturday: Developing your own unique personal style is a really great way to tell the world something about yourself without saying a word.
+It's been proven to me many times this week as people have approached me because of what I'm wearing and we had great conversations.
+So obviously all this doesn't fit in my small suitcase.
+So before I go back to Brooklyn, I'm going to donate the full amount.
+Because the lesson I'm trying to learn for myself this week is that it's okay to let go.
+I don't have to be emotionally attached to these things. Because if I look with a little love in my heart, there's always another crazy, colorful, shiny outfit waiting for me around the corner.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+force.
+The word comes to mind.
+We are new techs.
+We have a lot of data, so we have a lot of power.
+How much power do we have?
+Movie Scene: "Apocalypse Now" -- Great movie.
+We must take our hero, Captain Willard, to the mouth of the River Nun so he can track down Colonel Kurtz.
+The way we do this is by flying him on and off.
+So the scene is filled with a fleet of helicopters that the sky carries him.
+And there's this loud, thrilling music in the background, this wild music.
+♫ Dum Da Ta Da Dum ♫ Dum Da Ta Da Dum ♫ ♫ Da Ta Da Da ♫ What a power.
+I can feel the power in this room.
+We have such power because of all the data we have.
+Let's take an example.
+What can you do with just one person's data?
+What can you do with that person's data?
+You can see your financial records.
+We will know if you pay your bills on time.
+I know if it's good for you to take a loan.
+I would like to see your medical records. You can check if your pump is still pumping. Make sure you are okay with insurance.
+Look at your click patterns.
+If you come to my website, I've seen you visit millions of websites, so I already know what you're going to do.
+I'm sorry, but you are kind of a poker player and have a tell.
+With data analytics, you know what you're going to do before you even do it.
+I know what you like I know who you are and that's before I even saw your email or phone call.
+These are things we can do with the data we have.
+But I'm not really here to talk about what we can do.
+We are here to discuss what to do.
+What is the right thing to do?
+Now there are people with puzzled looks like, "Why are you asking us what's right?"
+We are just building this. other people are using it. "
+fair enough.
+But it brings me back.
+I think of World War II. At that time, our great engineers and physicists were working on fission and fusion, but they were thinking only of the nucleus.
+We're gathering physicists to Los Alamos to see what they build.
+We want people building technology to think about what to do with it.
+So what to do with that person's data?
+Should we keep collecting it to make his online experience better?
+So can we make money?
+So if he is doing bad things, can we protect ourselves?
+Or should we respect his privacy, protect his dignity and leave him alone?
+Which one?
+How do we understand it?
+I know: Crowdsourced. Let's crowdsource this.
+So start with a simple question to warm the audience up. I think everyone here has an opinion. iPhone and Android.
+Let's raise our hands -- it's an iPhone.
+yes.
+Android.
+There are so many smart people out there that you would think we wouldn't be all that interested in beautiful phones.
+(Laughter) The next question is a little more difficult.
+Do we need to collect all of this guy's data to make his experience better, and to protect ourselves in case he misbehaves?
+Or should I just leave him alone?
+Collect his data.
+leave him alone
+you are safe fine.
+(Laughter) Now, the last question, which is even more difficult. When trying to assess what we should do in this case, should we use a Kantian deontological moral framework or a Milian consequentialist framework?
+Kant.
+plant.
+Not many votes.
+(Laughter) Well, it's a terrible result.
+Frighteningly, we have stronger opinions about mobile devices than about the moral framework we should use to guide our decisions.
+Without a moral framework, how do we know what to do with all the power we have?
+We know a lot about mobile operating systems, but what we really need is a moral operating system.
+What is Morale Operating System?
+We all know right from wrong, right?
+Doing something right makes you feel good, but doing something wrong makes you feel bad.
+Our parents tell us to praise what is good and scold what is bad.
+But how do we determine what is right and what is wrong?
+And we have techniques that we use every day.
+Perhaps we are just following our intuition.
+Perhaps we'll do a poll - we'll crowdsource.
+Or maybe punt. Check with your legal department and see what they have to say.
+In other words, it's kind of random, kind of ad hoc, how we figure out what to do.
+And perhaps, if we want to have a more secure footing, what we really want is a moral framework that helps get us there, and what is right in the first place. A moral framework that tells us what is wrong and how we can know it. what to do in the given situation.
+So let's understand the moral framework.
+We value numbers and live by numbers.
+How can we use numbers as the basis of our moral framework?
+I know a guy who did just that.
+A fine man - he's been dead for 2500 years.
+Plato, yes.
+Remember him? The old philosopher?
+You were sleeping during the class.
+And Plato had many of the same concerns as us.
+He worried about right and wrong.
+He wanted to know what justice was.
+But he was worried that we were just exchanging opinions on the matter.
+He says something is justice. She says another is justice.
+When he speaks and when she speaks, it's somehow persuasive.
+I'm just going back and forth. I can't go anywhere.
+I don't want an opinion. I want knowledge.
+I want to know the truth about justice, just as there is truth in mathematics.
+In mathematics we know objective facts.
+Please choose two numbers.
+Favorite number. I love that number.
+There are two truths.
+If something has 2, add 2 more and you have 4.
+That applies no matter what you're talking about.
+It is an objective truth about two forms, abstract forms.
+When something has two, i.e. two eyes, two ears, two noses, two prongs, etc., they all have two shapes.
+They all participate in the truth they both have.
+They all have duality in them.
+So it's not a matter of opinion.
+What if Plato thought that ethics was like mathematics?
+What if there was a pure form of justice?
+What if there was a truth about justice, and you could look around the world and see what participates in that form of justice?
+Then you will know what is really right and what is not.
+It's not just a matter of opinion or just looks.
+It's a great vision.
+I mean, think about it. How grand! How ambitious!
+It's as ambitious as we are.
+He wants to settle ethics.
+He wants objective truth.
+So you have a Platonic moral framework.
+Even if you don't think so, you are in the company of many in the history of Western philosophy. Because this methodical way of thinking people criticized it.
+Aristotle was especially uninteresting.
+He thought it unrealistic.
+Aristotle said, "We should seek in each subject only as much precision as the subject permits."
+Aristotle thought that ethics bears little resemblance to mathematics.
+He believed that ethics is about making decisions here and now using your best judgment to find the right path.
+If so, Plato is not your opponent.
+But don't give up.
+Perhaps there is another way that numbers can be used as the basis for moral frameworks.
+How about this. What if you could look at your options, measure which one is better, and know what to do in any situation, just by doing the math?
+Sound familiar?
+It is a utilitarian moral framework.
+John Stuart Mill, a great proponent of this and a good man, is only 200 years old.
+The Basics of Utilitarianism - At least I think you are familiar with it.
+The three former Mill voters are well aware of this.
+But this is how it works.
+What if morality makes something moral simply a matter of whether it maximizes pleasure and minimizes pain?
+It does something essential to its act.
+It's not like a relationship with some abstract form.
+It's just a question of results.
+Just look at the results and decide if it's for the better or worse overall.
+It would be easy. Then you will know what to do.
+Let's take an example.
+Let's say I get up and say, "I'll take the phone."
+It's not just because it rang first, but because I did a little calculation, I'll take it.
+I thought that person was suspicious.
+And what if he's sending a little message to bin Laden's lair, or whoever took over after bin Laden, and he's actually something of a terrorist, a sleeper cell?
+I will find it out, and if I do find it, I will prevent the great damage he can cause.
+It has a very high utility to prevent its damage.
+And compared to the little pain it would cause, it would be embarrassing to look at his cell phone and find out he has farmville problems or whatever. phone.
+If so, it's a utilitarian choice.
+But maybe you don't feel that way either.
+You might think it's his phone.
+He is a person, he has rights and he has dignity, so it would be wrong to take away his cell phone and we cannot intervene in it.
+he has autonomy.
+It doesn't matter what the calculation is.
+Some things are inherently wrong, like lying is wrong, or torturing innocent children is wrong.
+Kant is very good at this and said it a little better than I do.
+He said that we should use reason to find rules to guide our actions, and that it is our duty to follow those rules.
+It's not a matter of calculation.
+So stop.
+We are right in the middle of this philosophical thicket.
+This goes on for thousands of years. These are hard questions and I only have 15 minutes.
+Let's get down to business.
+How should we make decisions?
+Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Mill?
+what should we do? what is the answer?
+What is the formula we can use to decide what to do in any given situation and whether or not to use that person's data?
+what is the formula?
+There is no formula.
+There is no simple answer.
+Ethics are difficult.
+Ethics require thinking.
+And it's uncomfortable.
+I know; I've spent much of my career in artificial intelligence, trying to build machines that can do some of this thinking for us and give us the answers.
+But you can't.
+Human thinking cannot be directly incorporated into machines.
+We are the ones who have to do it.
+Luckily, we are not machines, so we can do that.
+Not only can we think, we must.
+Hannah Arendt said, "The sad truth is that most evil done in this world is not done by people who choose to be evil.
+It comes from not thinking. "
+That's what she calls "the banality of evil."
+And the answer to that is that we demand training of thought from every sane person.
+So let's do it. Let's think.
+In fact, let's get started now.
+Everyone in this room does this. Remember the last time you made a decision. Remember when you were worried about doing the right thing and wondered, "What should I do?"
+Remember that, and now look back and think, 'How did you make that decision?
+what did i do Did I follow my intuition?
+Did you get someone to vote for you? Or did you punt to Regal? "
+Alternatively, you have a few more options.
+"Have I assessed, as Mill did, what would be the greatest pleasure?
+Or, like Kant, did I use reason to figure out what was essentially right?"
+please think about it. really remember that. This is important.
+This is so important that I'm going to spend 30 precious seconds of my TEDTalk just thinking about it.
+are you ready? go.
+stop. Good job.
+What you have just done is the first step towards what we must do with all our might.
+The next step is to try this out.
+Find a friend and explain how you made that decision.
+not now. Not now. Please wait until I finish speaking.
+Please do it at lunch.
+And don't just find another tech friend. Find someone who is different from you.
+Look for artists and writers. Alternatively, find a philosopher and talk to him.
+In fact, look for someone with a humanities background.
+why? Because they think about the problem differently than us engineers.
+Just a few days ago there were hundreds of people gathered across the street here.
+Attending the big BiblioTech conference were engineers and humanists.
+And they came together because they wanted to learn what it's like for engineers to think in terms of the humanities.
+Someone at Google is talking to someone doing comparative literature.
+You're thinking about the connection to 17th-century French theater, but what implications does that have for venture capital?
+Well, that's interesting. That's a different way of thinking.
+And thinking that way makes us more sensitive to the human considerations that matter in making ethical decisions.
+So now imagine you go and find a musician friend.
+And you're telling him what we're talking about, our whole data revolution, and all this. Perhaps even hum a few bars of our theme music.
+♫ Dum ta da da dum dum ta da da dum ♫ Well, your musician friend will stop you and say, "Look, your data revolution theme music, that's opera, that's Wagner.
+Based on a Norse legend.
+It's about gods and mythical creatures fighting over magical gems. "
+That's interesting.
+Now that too has become a beautiful opera and we are moved by it.
+We are moved because it is a story about good versus evil, the battle between good and evil.
+And we care about good and bad.
+We care what happens with that opera.
+We wonder what will happen in "Apocalypse Now."
+And we certainly care about what happens with technology.
+We have so much power today and it is up to us to decide what to do and that is good news.
+We are writing this opera.
+this is our movie
+We figure out what happens with this technology.
+We decide how this ends.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Growing up in Montana, I had two dreams.
+I wanted to be a paleontologist, a dinosaur paleontologist, and I wanted to have a pet dinosaur.
+And that's what I've been striving for all my life.
+I was very lucky early in my career.
+I was lucky enough to find one.
+I wasn't very good at reading things.
+In fact, I don't read much.
+I am extremely dyslexic, so reading is the hardest thing for me.
+But instead, go out and find something.
+All you have to do is pick things up.
+I basically practice finding money on the street.
+(Laughter) And I walked around the hill and found a few things.
+And I was lucky enough to find the first eggs in the Western Hemisphere, the first dinosaur babies in nests, the first dinosaur embryos, massive bone deposits, and more.
+And that just so happened to be a time when people were just beginning to realize that dinosaurs weren't the big, stupid green reptiles they'd thought for years.
+People began to think that dinosaurs were special.
+So at the time I was able to form some interesting hypotheses with my colleagues.
+Based on the evidence we have, we could actually say that dinosaurs built nests, lived in colonies, cared for their young, brought food to their babies, and traveled in huge herds. .
+So, it was quite interesting.
+I kept looking for more and discovered that dinosaurs were actually very social.
+There is a lot of evidence that dinosaurs changed from juveniles to adults.
+Their appearance would have been different - it is found in all social animals.
+In social groups of animals, juveniles always look different than adults.
+Adults can recognize juveniles. Juveniles can recognize adults.
+So we now have a better understanding of what dinosaurs are like.
+And they weren't just chasing jeeps around.
+(Laughter) But I think it's probably the social thing that appealed to Michael Crichton.
+And in his book he talked about social animals.
+And of course Steven Spielberg portrays these dinosaurs as very social creatures.
+The theme of this story is to build dinosaurs, so we get to that part of "Jurassic Park."
+Michael Crichton was one of the first to talk about bringing dinosaurs back to life.
+You all know this story.
+I mean, I think everyone here has seen "Jurassic Park."
+If you want to make a dinosaur, go out and find some fossilized tree sap (otherwise known as amber). Among them are blood-sucking insects. Good one. Then catch insects and drill holes. If you put this inside, the DNA will be sucked out. Because it's clear that all the blood-sucking insects at the time sucked out dinosaur DNA.
+Then take your own DNA back to the lab and clone it.
+And maybe you can inject it into an ostrich egg or something similar, wait, and voila, a little baby dinosaur pops out.
+And everyone is happy with it.
+(Laughter.) And they will be happy again and again.
+they keep doing it. They just keep making these things.
+And then, then, then...
+And because dinosaurs are social, they exhibit that sociality, congregate and collude.
+And, of course, that's what Steven Spielberg's movies are all about. Dinosaurs conspire to chase people.
+So I think everyone knows that there was actually a bug in the amber, and you drilled a hole in it, you took something out of that bug, you cloned it, and you did it over and over. . Again, the room will be filled with mosquitoes.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And probably a lot of trees as well.
+If you want dinosaur DNA, I think you should go to Dinosaurs.
+that's what we did.
+Back in 1993, when this movie came out, we actually got a grant from the National Science Foundation to try and extract DNA from dinosaurs. So we chose the dinosaur on the left, Tyrannosaurus Rex. This was a very nice specimen.
+And one of my former PhD students, Dr. Mary Schweitzer, actually had a background in doing this sort of thing.
+So she examined one of the tyrannosaur's femur bones and found some very interesting structures there.
+They found these red circular looking objects that looked like red blood cells all over the world.
+And they're in places that look like blood pathways through bones.
+Then she wondered what it was.
+So she sampled some material from there.
+Now it wasn't DNA. She didn't find any DNA.
+But she discovered heme, the biological basis of hemoglobin.
+It was really great.
+It was interesting.
+It means that there is heme here that is 65 million years old.
+Well, we tried and tried and couldn't get anything more.
+So a few years later, we started the Hell Creek project.
+And the Hell Creek project was a massive undertaking aimed at getting as many dinosaurs as we could find, and hopefully finding dinosaurs with more substance.
+There's a lot of space in eastern Montana, lots of wasteland, not many people, so you can go out there and find a lot.
+And we found a lot.
+I found a lot of Tyrannosaurus, but I found one special Tyrannosaurus and named it B Rex.
+And B-rex was found under 1000 cubic yards of rock.
+It wasn't a very complete Tyrannosaurus, it wasn't a very big Tyrannosaurus, but it was a very special Tyrannosaurus.
+Then me and a colleague cut into it and were able to see a line that had stopped growing and some lines within it to identify that the B-Rex died at age 16.
+We don't really know how long dinosaurs lived, as the oldest dinosaurs have yet to be found.
+However, he died at the age of 16.
+We provided a sample to Mary Schweitzer, and she was actually able to determine that the bilex was female based on the medullary tissue inside the bone.
+The medullary tissue is basically a storehouse of calcium, a storehouse of calcium when animals and birds are pregnant.
+Here was a character that connects birds and dinosaurs.
+But Mary went further.
+She took out the bone and threw it into the acid.
+We all know that bones are fossilized by now, so throwing them in acid shouldn't leave anything behind.
+But something remained.
+I had blood vessels.
+It had flexible, transparent blood vessels.
+And this was the first soft tissue of dinosaurs.
+It was an anomaly.
+But she also discovered osteocytes, the cells that form bone.
+No DNA was found when she tried, but she found evidence of proteins.
+But we suspected that the material probably decomposed after it emerged from the ground.
+I thought it probably deteriorated very quickly.
+So we built a lab in the back of an 18-wheel trailer and actually brought that lab into the field so we could get better samples.
+And we did. I got better material.
+Cells look better.
+I could see the blood vessels better.
+I discovered a protein called collagen.
+I mean, it was great.
+But it's not dinosaur DNA.
+So it turns out that dinosaur DNA and all DNA degrades very quickly.
+We can't do what they did in Jurassic Park.
+You can't make a dinosaur based on a dinosaur.
+But birds are dinosaurs.
+Birds are living dinosaurs.
+We actually classify them as dinosaurs.
+We now call them non-avian dinosaurs and avian dinosaurs.
+So non-avian dinosaurs are big, clumsy dinosaurs that are extinct.
+Avian dinosaurs are modern birds.
+So you don't need to make dinosaurs because you already have them.
+(Laughter) I know, you guys are as bad as sixth graders.
+(Laughter) The sixth graders look at it and say "no."
+(Laughter) "You could call it a dinosaur, but look at Velociraptor. Velociraptor is cool."
+(Laughter) "Chickens are different."
+(Laughter) As you can imagine, this is our problem.
+Chickens are dinosaurs.
+I mean, it really is.
+We are classifiers and classify as such, so we cannot refute it.
+(Laughter) (Applause) But sixth graders demand it.
+"Please fix the chicken."
+(Laughter) So what I want to talk about here is how to fix a chicken.
+So there are actually several ways you can fix your chicken.
+Evolution works, so we actually have some evolution tools.
+We call them biomodification tools.
+We have a selection for you.
+And we know choice works.
+It started with a wolf-like creature at first and eventually became a Maltese.
+So it's definitely genetically modified.
+Or any of the other funny looking little dogs.
+There is also transgenesis.
+Transgenesis is also really cool.
+There you take a gene from one animal and paste it into another.
+That's how people build GloFish.
+If you take a glowing gene from coral or jellyfish and stick it in a zebrafish, it will glow.
+That's great.
+And they obviously make a lot of money out of it.
+And now they're making Glow-rabbits and Glow-all-kinds.
+It seems that you can make glow chicken.
+(Laughs) But I don't think the 6th graders will be satisfied with that.
+But there is another thing.
+There is something called atavism activation.
+And the activation of atavism is basically, atavism is an ancestral trait.
+I've heard that sometimes children are born with tails, but that's due to their ancestral traits.
+Therefore, there may be many occurrences of atavism.
+Snakes are sometimes born with legs.
+Here is an example.
+This is a toothy chicken.
+A researcher named Matthew Harris at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has actually discovered a way to stimulate the tooth gene and was able to actually turn it on and produce teeth in chickens.
+This is a good property.
+we can save it.
+we know we can take advantage of it.
+You can make a chicken with teeth.
+It's getting closer.
+It's better than glowing chickens.
+(Laughter) My friend and colleague Dr. Hans Larsson at McGill University is actually studying atavism.
+And he's been observing birds by observing their embryonic development and actually observing how they grow, and he's been interested in how birds actually lost their tails. I'm here.
+He is also interested in deforming arms, hands and wings.
+He's looking for those genes too.
+So I said, "If I find it, I can reverse it and make what I need to make for sixth grade."
+And he agreed.
+That's what we're considering.
+Looking at dinosaur hands, Velociraptor has cool hands with claws.
+Archeopteryx is a bird, a primitive bird, but still has its very primitive hands.
+But as you can see, pigeons, chickens and other birds have strange looking hands because their hands are wings.
+But what's great is that when you look inside the embryo, the hand actually looks a lot like the Archeopteryx's hand when the embryo is developing.
+It has 3 fingers and 3 numbers.
+But the genes that actually fuse them are turned on.
+And it's that gene that we're looking for.
+We want to turn off that gene and fuse their hands to create chickens that hatch with three-fingered hands like Archeopteryx.
+And so is the tail.
+Birds basically have rudimentary tails.
+And we know that in the fetal stage when animals develop, they actually have relatively long tails.
+But the gene turns on and it absorbs and removes the tail.
+That's the other gene we're looking for.
+We want to stop that tail absorption.
+So what we're really trying to do is modify a chicken to make a chikosaurus.
+(Laughs) That's a cool chicken.
+But that's just the basics.
+That's what we actually do.
+And people always say, "Why are you doing that?"
+why do you do this?
+what's good "
+Well, that's a good question.
+In fact, I think this is a great way to teach kids evolutionary biology and developmental biology and all sorts of other things.
+And, frankly, if Colonel Sanders had been more careful with his wording, I think he could have actually promoted the additional articles.
+(Laughter) Anyway -- when our dinosaur chicken hatches, it's clearly going to be the quintessential child of technology, entertainment, and design, or the so-called poster chick.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+This story is about taking imagination seriously.
+Fourteen years ago, I first encountered this commonplace material that has been used for centuries in the same way: fishing nets.
+Now I use it to create enduring, billowing, voluptuous forms that rival the scale of hard-edged buildings in cities around the world.
+I wasn't the kind of person to do something like this.
+I never studied sculpture, engineering or architecture.
+In fact, after college, I applied to seven art schools, but was rejected by all seven.
+I went independent to become an artist and painted for 10 years when I got a Fulbright offer to India.
+With the promise of an exhibition of paintings, I shipped the paints and arrived at Mahabalipuram.
+The deadline for the show came and my paints never arrived.
+Something had to be done.
+This fishing village was famous for its sculptures.
+So I tried bronze casting.
+However, it was too heavy and expensive to make a large mold.
+I strolled along the beach and watched as fishermen bundled their nets on the sand.
+I used to watch it every day, but this time I looked at it differently. A new approach to sculpture, a way to create three-dimensional forms without heavy solid materials.
+My first satisfying sculptures were made in collaboration with fishermen.
+It's a self-portrait titled 'Wide Hips'.
+(Laughs) I hung it up on a pole and took a picture.
+I noticed that its soft surface revealed every wind ripple in an ever-changing pattern.
+I was fascinated.
+I continued to learn craft traditions and work with artisans, then in Lithuania with lace artisans.
+I liked the finer details that were given to the work, but I wanted it to be bigger. In other words, I wanted to move from being an object to look at to being something to be engrossed in.
+Back in India, working with fishermen, we created 1.5 million hand-knotted nets, which were briefly installed in Madrid.
+Thousands of people saw it, one of them was Manuel Sola Morales, an urban scientist who was redesigning the waterfront of Porto, Portugal.
+He asked if this could be built as a permanent work for the city.
+I didn't know if I could do it and save my art.
+Durable, engineered, and durable. These are the opposite of singularity, subtlety, and fragility.
+For two years I searched for a fiber that could withstand UV rays, salt, air and pollution while still being soft enough to move in the wind.
+I needed something to hold the net in the middle of the roundabout.
+So we lifted this 45,000 lb steel ring.
+It had to be designed to move gracefully in average winds and survive hurricane winds.
+However, no engineering software existed to model anything porous and moving.
+I found a brilliant aeronautical engineer named Peter Heppel designing sails for America's Cup racing yachts.
+He helped me tackle the twin challenges of precise geometry and gentle movement.
+I couldn't put this together the way I knew how, because a hand-tied knot wouldn't hold up in a hurricane.
+So I developed a relationship with an industrial fishnet factory, learned the machine variables, and figured out how to make lace on that machine.
+No language has translated this ancient and idiosyncratic handicraft into something that a machinist could produce.
+So I had to create it.
+Three years later, two children were born, and we grew this 50,000 square foot of racing net.
+I couldn't believe that what I had envisioned was now built and made permanent and that nothing was lost in translation.
+(Applause.) This intersection was bland and obscure.
+I got a sense of the place now.
+I walked under it for the first time.
+As I watched the wind choreography unfold, I felt protected and at the same time connected to the infinite sky.
+My life is no longer the same.
+I want to create these sculptural oasis in urban spaces around the world.
+I would like to introduce two new directions in my work.
+Historic Philadelphia City Hall: We felt the plaza needed a sculptural material that was lighter than netting.
+So we experimented with using tiny atomized water particles to create a wind-shaped dry mist. Tests have shown that the mist can be formed by people who can pass through and interact with it without getting wet.
+I am using this sculptural material to trace subway tracks above ground in real time. Like an x-ray of the city's unfolding circulatory system.
+The next challenge for the American Biennale in Denver was to sculpt the 35 countries of the Western Hemisphere and their interconnectedness.
+(Laughter) I didn't know where to start, but I said yes.
+I read about the recent earthquake in Chile and the tsunami that rippled across the Pacific.
+It moved the Earth's tectonic plates, accelerated the planet's rotation, and literally shortened the length of the day.
+So I contacted NOAA and asked if they could share the tsunami data, which I translated as follows:
+The "1.26" in the title refers to the number of microseconds the Earth's day is shortened.
+As far as I know, Steel Ring could not build this.
+The shape was too complicated.
+So we replaced the metal armature with a soft, fine mesh made of fibers that are 15 times stronger than steel.
+The sculpture became completely soft and lightweight enough to be joined to existing buildings, literally becoming part of the fabric of the city.
+No software has been able to extrude these complex net shapes and model them with gravity.
+Therefore, it was necessary to create it.
+Then I got a call from New York City asking if I could apply these concepts to Times Square and the High Line.
+This new soft construction method will allow us to model them and build these sculptures on the scale of skyscrapers.
+They don't have the funds yet, but I now dream of getting these to cities around the world that need them most.
+14 years ago I was looking for beauty in traditional objects and crafts.
+Now they combine them with high-tech materials and engineering to create sensual, undulating forms of architectural scale.
+My artistic horizons continue to expand.
+So much for this story.
+I got a call from a friend in Phoenix.
+The firm's lawyer, who had no interest in art and had never visited the local museum, dragged everyone out of the building as much as he could and brought them outside to lie under the sculpture.
+There, they wore business suits and sprawled on the grass, noticing the changing patterns of the wind by strangers and sharing their astonishing rediscoveries.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+thank you.
+thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+In 2007, I decided that we needed to reconceptualize how we think about economic development.
+Our new goal is to allow every family, when considering where they want to live or work, to choose from at least a handful of different cities that were vying to attract new residents. is.
+We are far from that goal at the moment.
+There are billions of people in the developing world, but no single city welcomes them.
+But the amazing thing about cities is that they are worth far more than they cost to build.
+So we can easily supply the world with dozens, maybe hundreds of new cities.
+This may sound silly to those who have never thought about new cities.
+However, instead of cities, just build apartments.
+Imagine if half the people who wanted to live in an apartment already had one. The other half have not yet arrived.
+You can also try adding to all your existing apartments to expand your capacity.
+But you do know that it is those apartments that you will encounter, and that the surrounding area has rules to avoid any discomfort or obstructions under construction.
+So it's very difficult to do all these additions.
+But you could even go out to a whole new place and build a new apartment if you had rules that made construction easier instead of getting in your way.
+So I proposed that the government create a new reform zone large enough to accommodate the city and named it 'Charter City'.
+Later I learned that Javier and Octavio were thinking about Honduras' challenge to reform around the same time.
+They knew that about 75,000 Hondurans leave the country each year to go to the United States. And I wanted to ask what can be done to enable those people to stay in Honduras and do the same.
+At one point, Javier said to Octavio, "What if we took part of the vacant lot - what if we gave it to the embassy - part to the American embassy, ​​part to the Canadian ambassador? and if people want to work under Canadian rules or US rules, they can go find a job, they have to go to Canada or the US, all the embassy Can it be done on site?
+In the summer of 2009, Honduras experienced a devastating constitutional crisis.
+In the upcoming regular elections, Pepe Lobo won a landslide victory with a platform that promised not only reform but also reconciliation.
+He asked Octavio to become Chief of Staff.
+Meanwhile, I was preparing to speak at TEDGlobal.
+Through a process of refinement, trial and error, and lots of user testing, I tried to boil down this complex concept of Charter City to its bare essentials.
+The first point was the importance of rules such as the rule of not disturbing all existing apartment owners.
+We pay a lot of attention to new technologies, but we need technology and rules to make progress, and it's the rules that usually hold us back.
+In the fall of 2010, a Guatemalan friend sent Octavio a link to a TEDTalk.
+He showed it to Javier.
+they called me.
+They said, "Let's give this to our leaders."
+So in December we met in a hotel conference room in Miami.
+I tried to explain this point of how a city is worth, how much it is worth more than its price.
+And I used this slide to show how much raw land is worth in places like New York City. Notice, land can be worth thousands of dollars per square meter.
+But it was a pretty abstract discussion, so at one point there was silence and Octavio said, "Paul, you might want to watch the TEDTalk."
+(Laughter) To describe the TEDTalk in very simple terms, a charter city is a place where you start with no man's land, a charter that specifies the rules that apply to it, and then people opt in to It's about giving you the chance to live. whether that rule
+So I was asked by the President of Honduras and I said we need to do this project, this is important, this could be the way forward for our country.
+I came to Tegucigalpa and was asked to speak again on January 4th and 5th.
+So I gave another fact-filled lecture with the following slides and tried to argue that if you want to create a lot of value in a city, it has to be very big.
+This is a photo of Denver, but the overview is the new airport being built in Denver.
+This airport alone covers an area of ​​over 100 square kilometers.
+So I was trying to convince the Hondurans that if you build a new city, you have to start with at least 1,000 square kilometers.
+That's over 250.1 million acres.
+Everyone applauded politely.
+The audience had a serious look on their faces and listened intently.
+The leader of the conference came up on stage and said, "Professor Romer, thank you for your talk, but you might want to watch the TEDTalk.
+I have it in my laptop. "
+So I sat down and they put on a TEDTalk.
+And we got to the point that new cities can offer people new options.
+Honduras could be an option for a city you could go to instead of hundreds of miles to the north.
+And it also brought with it new choices for leaders.
+Because the leaders of the Honduran government need help from the partner countries and can benefit from the partner countries who will assist in making and enforcing the rules of this charter, everyone can be assured that the charter will truly be enforced. because you can trust that
+And President Lobo's insight, which I saw as a way to get foreign investors to come and build cities, is equally important to the various parties in Honduras that have suffered over the years. It was possible. out of fear and disbelief.
+We went to a site and saw it.
+This photo is from there.
+It can easily accommodate 1,000 square kilometers.
+Immediately after that, on January 19, the parliament passed a constitutional amendment to establish a constitutional provision that allows for special development areas.
+The parliamentary vote in favor of this constitutional change was 124 to 1 in a country that has just experienced this devastating crisis.
+All parties, all factions of society supported it.
+To become part of the Constitution, it actually has to be passed by Congress twice.
+On February 17, it passed again by a vote of 114 to 1.
+Immediately after the vote, from 21 to 24 February, a delegation of about 30 Hondurans traveled to the two places in the world most interested in getting into the city building business.
+One is South Korea.
+This is a picture of a big new city center, bigger than downtown Boston, under construction in South Korea.
+Everything you see there took four years to get permits and four years to build.
+Another place that is very interested in city building is Singapore.
+In fact, they have already built two cities in China and are preparing a third.
+If we think about this practically, here is where we are.
+they have a site They are already thinking about this place in their second city.
+They have put in place a legal system that allows administrators to enter, and an external legal system.
+Some countries have already volunteered to make the Supreme Court the appellate court of their new judicial system.
+There are city designers and builders who are very interested.
+They can also bring in funds.
+But what they know they've already settled on is they have a lot of tenants.
+There are many companies who want to be based in the Americas, especially in places with free trade zones, and there are many people who want to go there.
+There are 700 million people around the world who want to live somewhere else permanently right now.
+One million people leave Latin America for the United States each year.
+Many of them are fathers who have to leave their families to find work, and sometimes single mothers who have to earn enough money to buy food and clothes.
+Sadly, some children are even trying to reunite with parents they haven't seen in ten years.
+So what is the idea of ​​building a brand new city in Honduras?
+Or will we build a dozen or even a hundred of these around the world?
+What's the idea of ​​giving every family a choice from several cities competing to attract new residents?
+This is an idea worth spreading.
+And my friends in Honduras asked me to thank TED.
+(applause)
+Imagine two couples each conceiving a baby on the exact same day, at the exact same moment, in the middle of 1979.
+In other words, two couples each conceive one baby.
+Now, don't spend too much time imagining concepts. Even if you imagine, you won't listen to me, so just imagine a little.
+And in this scenario, I would like to imagine that in one case the sperm carries the Y chromosome and meets the X chromosome of the egg.
+In another case, the sperm carries an X chromosome and meets the egg's X chromosome.
+Both are viable. Both take off.
+We will talk about these people later.
+That's why I wear two hats for most of my work.
+As part of that, I will study the history of anatomy.
+I am a historian by training, and in that case I am studying anatomy, how people have dealt with the human and animal bodies, how the fluids and the concept of the body have changed. It means that I have been treated as such. What do they think of their bodies?
+Another role I've worn in my work has been as an activist for those who are physician patients, a patient advocate, or, as I sometimes say, an impatient advocate.
+In that case, I've worked with body types that challenge social norms.
+For example, some of the things I've worked with are conjoined twins, people who have two people in one body.
+Some of the work I've worked on involves people with dwarfism, that is, people who are much shorter than their typical height.
+And a lot of the work I've been working with is people who have atypical sex — people who don't have the standard male or standard female body types.
+And, in general terms, we can describe this with the term "intersex."
+Intersex comes in many forms.
+Here are some examples of types of sex that are not standard for men and women.
+So, in one example, some people have an XY chromosomal basis, and the SRY gene on the Y chromosome directs the protogonads we all have in fetal life to become testes.
+Therefore, during the fetal period, these testes excrete testosterone.
+However, this person lacks the receptors that hear testosterone, so the body does not respond to testosterone.
+And this is a syndrome called Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome.
+I have very high testosterone levels and no response.
+As a result, the body develops more along the female's typical path.
+When a child is born, it looks like a girl.
+She is a girl and was raised as a girl.
+And often until she hits puberty and her breasts are growing and developing but her period hasn't come, someone realizes there's something here.
+And after some tests, it turned out that instead of having ovaries and uterus inside her, she had testicles inside and she had a Y chromosome.
+The important thing to understand here is that this person may think he's really male, but he really isn't.
+Women, like men, have something called adrenal glands in our bodies.
+They are behind our bodies.
+And the adrenal glands produce androgens, which are masculinizing hormones.
+Most women are like me -- I believe myself to be typical -- I don't actually know my chromosomal make-up, but I think it's probably typical -- of mine Most women like you are actually androgen sensitive.
+We are producing androgens and we are responding to androgens.
+The result is that people like me have their brains exposed to more androgens than women with androgen insensitivity syndrome who were born with testicles.
+As you can see, sex is really complicated. It's not just that intersex people are in the middle of the entire sex spectrum, they can be everywhere, in a sense.
+Another example: A few years ago, I got a call from a 19-year-old man. He was born a boy, raised a boy, had a girlfriend, had sex with a girlfriend, lived a life as a man, and had just gotten married. It turned out that there were ovaries and a uterus inside.
+He had an extreme form of the condition called congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
+He had XX chromosomes and had very active adrenal glands in the womb, essentially creating an androgen environment.
+As a result, his genitalia became masculinized and his brain was affected by more typical male hormones.
+And he was born like a boy - no one suspected anything.
+And it wasn't until he turned 19 that doctors discovered he was actually a woman on the inside when he started having medical problems with menstruation in his body.
+Well, here's just one more simple example of how to be intersex.
+Some people with XX chromosomes develop so-called oo-orchitis. This is a condition in which the ovarian tissue is wrapped around the testicular tissue.
+And I don't know exactly why it happens.
+As you can see, there are many different types of sex.
+Whether dwarfism, conjoined twins, or intersex, children with these body types are often "normalized" by surgeons because they are actually better for their physical health. not because it will
+People are actually perfectly healthy in many cases.
+The reason they often undergo different types of surgery is because they threaten our social categories.
+Our system is based on the idea that certain types of anatomy usually come with certain identities.
+Therefore, we have the notion that being a woman means having a female identity. It has been said that what it means to be black is to have an African anatomy in terms of history.
+So we have a very simple idea.
+And when we are confronted with a body that actually presents us with something quite different, we are amazed in terms of its classification.
+That's why our culture has a lot of very romantic ideas about individualism.
+And our country is built on a very romantic notion of individualism.
+You can imagine how amazing it would be to have two human-born children in one body.
+The most recent time I ran into this issue was last year when South African runner Caster Semenya was questioned about her gender at an international competition in Berlin.
+A number of journalists called me and asked, "Which tests do they perform to find out if Caster Semenya is male or female?"
+And I had to explain to journalists that no such test existed.
+In fact, sex turns out to be complicated enough to admit. Nature does not draw us lines between male and female, male and intersex, female and intersex. We actually draw that line naturally.
+So what we have is that the more science advances, the more these categories that we thought were stable anatomical categories, and the categories that very simply map to stable identity categories. , is a situation in which we have to admit that it is more ambiguous. we thought.
+And it's not just about sex.
+That's also true from a racial perspective, but this turned out to be much more complicated than our terminology allows.
+As you look, you reach all sorts of uncomfortable territory.
+For example, we note the fact that at least 95 percent of our DNA is shared with chimpanzees.
+What should we make of the fact that we actually differ from them by only a few nucleotides?
+And as science advances, we fall into more and more uncomfortable territory, where we have to admit that the simplistic categories we had are perhaps overly simplistic. it won't work.
+So we see this everywhere in human life.
+For example, one place where we see this in American culture today is the struggle over where life begins and ends.
+We have a difficult debate about at what point the body decides to become human, i.e. has different rights than the fetus.
+We have a very difficult conversation today, perhaps not as openly as within medicine, about when someone will die.
+Once upon a time, our ancestors didn't have to struggle so much with this question of when someone died.
+At most, it's about sticking a feather in someone's nose, and even if it twitches, it hasn't been buried yet.
+When the spasms stop, bury it.
+However, today we are in a situation where we want to take important organs out of living organisms and give them to other living organisms.
+As a result, we have to grapple with a very difficult question of who died, and we find ourselves in a very difficult situation where there is no simple classification as before.
+Now, you might think that all the categorizations in this category would really make someone like me happy.
+I'm a political progressive and I advocate for people with abnormal bodies, but I have to admit I'm nervous.
+It makes me nervous to realize that these categories are actually much more volatile than we think.
+I get nervous when I think about democracy.
+To talk about that tension, I must first admit that I am a huge Founding Fathers fan.
+I know they're racist, I know they're sexist, but they were great.
+I mean, they were so brave, so daring, and so radical that I found myself watching that cheesy musical 1776 every few years, and not because of the music. has been completely forgotten.
+Because of what happened to the Founding Fathers in 1776.
+The way I see it, the Founding Fathers were original anatomy activists, and this is why.
+What they rejected was an anatomical concept, and replaced it with another that is fundamental, beautiful, and has fascinated us for 200 years.
+As you all remember, what the Founding Fathers rejected was the concept of a monarchy, which was basically based on a very simplified conception of anatomy.
+Old World monarchs didn't have the concept of DNA, but they did have the concept of birthright.
+They had the concept of blue blood.
+They had the idea that those who wield political power should wield political power because of the lineage passed down from grandfather to father to son.
+The Founding Fathers rejected the idea and replaced it with new anatomical concepts. The concept was that "all men are born equal".
+They leveled the playing field and decided that the anatomy that mattered was not the anatomy difference, but the anatomy commonality. This is really fundamental.
+Now, they are doing it in part because they were part of an enlightenment system where the two things grew together.
+It was the growth of democracy, but it was also the growth of science.
+And if you look at the history of the Founding Fathers, it's clear that many of them were very interested in science and were interested in the naturalistic conception of the world.
+They were shying away from supernatural explanations and rejecting things like the concept of supernatural powers that it conveys due to the very vague concept of birthright.
+They were moving towards a naturalistic concept.
+And if you look, for example, in the Declaration of Independence, it speaks of nature and the god of nature.
+They don't talk about God or God's nature.
+They talk about the forces of nature telling us who we are.
+As part of that, they came to us with the concept of anatomical commonality.
+In doing so, they crafted the civil rights movement of the future in a truly beautiful way.
+They didn't think of it that way, but they did it for us and it was great.
+So what happened years later?
+What happened is, for example, that women who wanted the right to vote accepted the Founding Fathers' notion that anatomical similarities mattered more than anatomical differences, The fact that you have a uterus and ovaries is not important enough from a life point of view." This difference means that we should not have the right to vote, the right to have full citizenship, the right to own property, etc. "
+And the women made a good case for it.
+Then came the civil rights movement and found people like Sojourner Truth saying, "I'm not a woman?"
+I see men saying, "I'm a man," in the lines of civil rights marches.
+Again, people of color appealed to anatomical similarities rather than anatomical differences, and this was also successful.
+We see the same thing in the disability rights movement.
+The problem, of course, is that when we begin to see these commonalities, we must begin to question why we continue to maintain certain divisions.
+Mind you, anatomically, I want to maintain some division within our culture.
+For example, I don't want fish to have the same rights as humans.
+I'm not giving up on anatomy completely.
+I'm not saying that five-year-olds should be allowed to consent to sex or consent to marriage.
+So there are some anatomical divisions that I think make sense to me and should be retained.
+But the challenge is figuring out which ones they are, why we keep them, and what they mean.
+So let's go back to the two beings considered at the beginning of this story.
+We are two beings, both born on the exact same day in mid-1979.
+Imagine one of them, Mary, was born three months early. Therefore, she was born on June 1, 1980.
+By contrast, Henry is full-term, so he was born on March 1, 1980.
+Simply by virtue of the fact that Mary was born three months earlier, she would have acquired all sorts of rights three months earlier than Henry: the right to consent to sex, the right to vote, the right to drink.
+Henry has to wait for all of that. It's not because we're actually biologically different in age, except when we were born.
+We also find another kind of oddity in what their rights are.
+Henry, because he is supposed to be male--I'm not saying he's an XY person, but because he's assumed to be male, he could be drafted, but Mary don't worry about it.
+Mary, on the other hand, cannot have the same right to marry in all states that Henry has in all states.
+Henry can marry women in any state, but Mary can currently only marry women in a few states.
+These anatomical categories have therefore persisted and are in many respects questionable and questionable.
+And the question for me is: When we reach the point where we have to admit that our science is so good at studying anatomy that our anatomy-based democracy may start to crumble, what should we do? Is it okay?
+I don't want to give up on science, but at the same time, it feels like science is welling up from beneath us.
+So where are you going?
+It seems to me that what is happening in our culture is a kind of pragmatic attitude of "I have to draw the line somewhere, so I draw the line somewhere."
+But many find themselves in a very strange position.
+For example, the state of Texas at one point decided that marrying a man meant not having a Y chromosome, and marrying a woman meant having a Y chromosome.
+In fact, they don't test people's chromosomes.
+But this is also very strange. Because there is the Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome that I told you about at the beginning.
+If you look at one of the founders of modern democracy, Reverend Martin Luther King, he offers us some kind of solution in his "I have a dream" speech. increase.
+He says we should go beyond anatomy and judge people "on the basis of their character content, not their skin color."
+And I want to say, "Yeah, that's a really good idea."
+But how do we actually do that?
+How do you judge a person based on their personality content?
+I would also like to point out that I am not sure if rights should be distributed that way with respect to humans. Because I have to admit that some golden retrievers I know probably deserve more social welfare than some humans. know.
+Also, some of the Yellow Labradors I know are probably better able to make more informed, intelligent and mature decisions about sexual relationships than the 40-year-old Labradors I know. I also want to say yes.
+So how can we manipulate the issue of character content?
+It turned out to be really difficult.
+And in my mind, I'm also wondering what it would be like if the character's contents were something that could be scanned in the future, something that could be seen on an fMRI.
+do you really want to go there?
+I don't know where I'm going
+What I do know is that in thinking about this question of democracy, it seems very important to think about the idea of ​​US leadership.
+We have done a really good job in fighting democracy and I think we will do a better job in the future.
+For example, there is no situation like in Iran where men who are sexually attracted to other men can be killed unless they undergo a sex change, in which case they are allowed to survive.
+We don't have that situation.
+I'm happy to say we're not in that situation - a surgeon I spoke to a few years ago had a pair of conjoined twins, both to make a name for himself and to keep them apart. I brought
+But when I called him on the phone to ask him why he was doing this surgery, it was a very high-risk operation. His answer was that in other countries these children would be treated very badly. So he had to do this.
+My response to him was, "Have you ever considered political asylum instead of separation surgery?"
+America has offered great potential to allow people to be themselves without changing them for the sake of the nation.
+So I think we have to take the lead.
+Now, finally, I would like to suggest to you that I have spoken a lot about the Fathers.
+And I want to think about what democracy might have been, or could have been, if we had involved more mothers.
+And I want to be a bit radical as a feminist, it's that different kinds of anatomy may give you different kinds of insight, especially if people are thinking in groups. It means no.
+I've been interested in intersex for many years, so I was also interested in studying gender differences.
+And one of the things I'm interested in is looking at the differences between men and women in terms of how they think and act in the world.
+And what we know from cross-cultural research is that women on average – on average, but not all – pay a lot of attention to complex social relationships and are basically vulnerable in society. It means that you tend to take care of people who are group.
+With that in mind, we have an interesting situation in front of us.
+Years ago, when I was in graduate school, one of my graduate supervisors knew I was interested in feminism—I thought I was a feminist—and still am. I think) asked a really strange question.
+He said, "Tell me what is feminine about feminism."
+And I thought, 'That's the stupidest question I've ever heard.
+There is nothing feminine about feminism, because feminism is all about counteracting gender stereotypes. "
+But the more I thought about his question, the more I wondered if there was something feminine about feminism.
+In other words, there is something different about women's brains than men's brains, on average, that makes us pay more attention to deep and complex social relationships, and more attention to consideration for the vulnerable. It may be.
+So fathers were very careful to find ways to protect individuals from the state, but if we infused this concept into more mothers, what we would get is not just a way to protect , can be closer to the concept of how to care. each other.
+And perhaps, as we think of democracy beyond anatomy, where we should go in the future is to think less of individual bodies in terms of identity and more about their relationships.
+So we as a nation are thinking about what we can do for each other as we try to build a more perfect union.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+From the outside, everything was going well for John.
+He had just signed a deal to sell his New York apartment for a six-figure profit, but had owned it for only five years.
+The school he graduated from with a master's degree had just offered him to resign from his teaching position. This meant not only a salary, but also an allowance for the first time in a while.
+Even though everything was going very well for John, he was struggling, battling addiction and severe depression.
+On the night of June 11, 2003, he climbed onto the edge of the Manhattan Bridge fence and plunged into the treacherous waters below.
+Amazingly - nay, miraculously - he survived.
+The fall shattered his right arm, broke all his ribs, punctured his lungs, and knocked him unconscious and out of sight as he descended the East River, under the Brooklyn Bridge, and into the passage of the Staten Island Ferry. Passengers on the ferry heard his cries of pain, contacted the captain, contacted the Coast Guard, and hoisted him from the East River to Bellevue Hospital.
+And indeed, that's where our story begins.
+Because when John dedicates himself to rebuilding his life first physically, then emotionally and then spiritually, the resources available to those who have tried to end their lives in the way he did, Because I've noticed that there aren't many.
+Studies show that 19 out of 20 people who attempt suicide fail.
+But people who fail are 37 times more likely to succeed a second time.
+This is exactly the people at risk who have few resources to support them.
+And what happens when people try to get back into their lives is that because of the taboos around suicide, we don't know what to say, and very often we don't say anything.
+And that adds to the sense of isolation that people like John have fallen into.
+I'm John, so I know John's story very well.
+And today, for the first time in any kind of public space, I acknowledge the journey I've been on.
+But after losing a beloved teacher in 2006, a best friend last year to suicide, and attending TEDActive last year, I realized I needed to step out of my silence, transcend taboos, and talk about ideas worth spreading. That said, those who have made the difficult choice to return to life need more resources and need our help.
+As the Trevor Project says, things are getting better.
+It gets a lot better.
+And what I decided to come out of a completely different kind of closet today is if you know someone who has had suicidal thoughts or attempted suicide, or who has committed suicide, talk about it. To encourage and urge you to speak up. get help.
+It's a conversation worth having, an idea worth spreading.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I met Harriet a few years ago when I was at the TED conference in Long Beach.
+We actually met online before, but not in the way you think.
+We were introduced because we both knew Linda Avey, one of the founders of the first online personal genome company.
+And because we shared our genetic information with Linda, Linda said that Harriet and I share a very rare type of mitochondrial DNA, the haplotype K1a1b1a, which means we are distantly related. I understand.
+In fact, we share the same lineage with Ötzi the Iceman.
+So, Etsy, Harriet, and me.
+And today, of course, we started our own Facebook group.
+Everyone is welcome to participate.
+When I met Harriet in person at the TED conference the following year, she had ordered our own Happy Haplotype T-shirt online.
+(Laughter.) Why tell this story?
+What does it have to do with the future of health?
+The way I met Harriet is that the use of exponentially growing technology across disciplines, from low-cost genetic analysis to the ability to perform powerful bioinformatics, to the Internet and connectivity of the Internet, is what we are all about. An example of how we are influencing the future of health and wellness. social networking.
+What I want to talk about today is understanding these exponential technologies.
+We often think linearly.
+But if you think about it, dividing the water lily leaves into 2, 4, 8, and 16 leaves each day yields 32,000 leaves in 15 days.
+What do you think you'll get in a month?
+We have reached 1 billion.
+If you start thinking exponentially, you can see how this is starting to affect all the technology around us.
+As physicians and innovators, many of these technologies will impact our own health and the future of healthcare, addressing many of today's major challenges in healthcare, from exponential costs to healthcare. You can start using it to An aging population, our poor use of information today, the fragmentation of care, and the often very difficult innovation process.
+One of the main things we can do is move the curve to the left.
+We spend most of our money in the last 20 percent of our lives.
+What if we could encourage physicians in the healthcare system and ourselves to also leverage technology to move the curve to the left and improve our health?
+My favorite exponential technology example is in everyone's pocket.
+Come to think of it, these are really dramatic improvements.
+So this is an iPhone 4.
+Imagine what you can do with your iPhone 8.
+Okay, now you have some insight into this.
+I am a truck share in the medical department of a new institution called Singularity University based in Silicon Valley.
+We gather about 100 highly talented students from all over the world each summer.
+It looks at exponential technologies such as medicine, biotechnology, artificial intelligence, robotics, nanotechnology, and space, and how they can be cross-trained and leveraged to impact key unmet goals. increase.
+There is also a 7-day executive program.
+And next month comes FutureMed, a program to help cross-train and apply technology to healthcare.
+Now, I mentioned the phone.
+Over 20,000 different mobile apps are available for these phones.
+There are facilities in the UK where you can pee on a tiny chip and plug it into your iPhone to check for STDs.
+I'm not sure if I'll try it, but it's available.
+There are also other kinds of applications.
+For example, you can measure your blood sugar with your iPhone and send it to your doctor so that by integrating your phone and diagnostics, your doctor can better understand your blood sugar and you, as a diabetic, can better understand your blood sugar. Become.
+So let's take a look at how exponential technology is impacting healthcare.
+Start faster.
+It's no secret that computers are getting faster and faster due to Moore's Law.
+With them you can do more powerful things.
+They really approach, and often exceed, the capabilities of the human mind.
+However, I believe that computational speed is most applicable to imaging.
+The ability to see inside the body in real time at very high resolution has become truly incredible.
+And we layer multiple technologies like PET scans, CT scans, and molecular diagnostics to find and look for things on different levels.
+Here, TEDMED Curator Mark Hodsh presents the highest-resolution MRI scans performed today.
+And now we can see inside our brains with previously unavailable resolutions and abilities, basically learn how to reconstruct our brains, and in some cases re-engineer or backward-engineer them, I now have a better understanding of pathologies, diseases and treatments.
+Real-time fMRI allows you to see inside the brain in real time.
+And by understanding this kind of process and these connections, we can understand the effects of medication and meditation, and be able to better customize, for example, psychotropic medications to be more effective.
+These scanners are getting smaller, cheaper and more portable.
+And this kind of data explosion available from these is actually becoming almost daunting.
+Current scans require about 800 books, or 20 GB.
+A few years from now, the amount to be scanned will be 1 terabyte, or 800,000 books.
+How do you use that information?
+Let's move on to a personal story.
+I'm not asking who has had a colonoscopy here, but if you're over 50, it's time to get a screening colonoscopy.
+How can I prevent the tip of the stick from being sharp?
+Virtually virtual colonoscopies are now being performed.
+Compare these two pictures.
+Radiologists can basically fly inside a patient's colon and augment it with artificial intelligence, potentially identifying lesions they might otherwise have overlooked, but using AI in addition to radiology can find previously overlooked lesions.
+Perhaps this will lead to more people having colonoscopies that they otherwise would not have.
+This is an example of this paradigm shift.
+We are moving into the age of biomedical, information technology, wireless, and mobile integration—digital medicine.
+My stethoscope is also digital now, and of course there is an app for that.
+We are clearly moving into the era of tricorders.
+So handheld ultrasound is basically surpassing and replacing stethoscopes.
+These are now in price ranges that were once €100,000 or hundreds of thousands of dollars.
+For about $5,000 you can get a very powerful diagnostic device.
+Even with the advent of electronic medical records, the electronization rate is still less than 20% in the United States. Here in the Netherlands, I would say over 80 percent.
+Now that medical data is integrated and available electronically, information can be crowdsourced, enabling doctors to access patient data via mobile devices wherever they are. .
+And now, of course, it's the age of the iPad and even the iPad 2.
+Just last month, the first FDA approval application was approved to allow radiologists to take real readings with this type of device.
+Indeed, doctors today, myself included, have complete trust in these devices.
+And as you saw just about a month ago, IBM's Watson defeated two champions in Jeopardy.
+So a few years later, when we started applying this cloud-based information, there would actually be AI doctors, leveraging our brains to leverage connectivity and what has been done so far. Imagine being able to make decisions and diagnoses at a level without
+Already today, in many cases there is no need to see a doctor.
+Only about 20 percent of visits require touching the patient.
+This is the age of virtual visits.
+The ability to interact with healthcare providers varies, from Skype-type visits at American Well to Cisco, which has developed a highly complex healthcare presence system.
+And even today, these are even enhanced by our devices.
+My friend Jessica sent me a picture of a head laceration, so I can save you a trip to the emergency room and make a diagnosis.
+Or maybe we could take advantage of today's gaming technology, such as the Microsoft Kinect, using a $100 device to enable diagnostics, such as diagnosing stroke using simple motion detection. .
+We can actually visit patients with robots.
+This is the RP7. If I am a hematologist, I can visit different clinics and hospitals.
+These are now powered by a set of tools that are actually in your home.
+I already have a wireless scale.
+Get on the scale and tweet your weight to your friends so they can put you in line.
+We have a wireless blood pressure monitor.
+All technologies are integrated.
+Instead of wearing flashy devices, we applied simple patches.
+It was developed at Stanford.
+It's called iRhythm. It is a perfect replacement for traditional technology with much lower price and much higher efficiency.
+We are also in the age of quantifying ourselves today.
+Consumers can now buy this tiny Fitbit-like device for basically $100.
+You can measure the number of steps and calories burned.
+You can get insights about it every day and share it with your friends and doctors.
+There are watches that measure your heart rate, Zeo sleep monitors, and a suite of tools that allow you to leverage and gain insight into your own health.
+As you begin to integrate this information, you will have a better idea of ​​what to do with it and gain greater insight into your own medical condition, health and wellness.
+There is also a mirror that can measure your pulse rate.
+And I would argue that in the future we will have wearable devices in our clothes that monitor us 24/7.
+Like the OnStar system in your car, a red light can come on.
+We don't say "check the engine". It becomes a signal to "check your body" so you can go get treatment right away.
+Maybe in a few years they'll look in the mirror and make a diagnosis.
+(Laughter) If you have kids at home, how about wireless diapers to help them thrive -- (Laughter) I know there's more information than you need, but I'll put it here.
+Well, we heard a lot today about technology and connectivity.
+And I think some of these technologies are empowering us to connect more with our patients and spend more time doing the important human touch elements of healthcare that are enhanced by these technologies. .
+Well, we talked about patient augmentation.
+What if we hire more doctors?
+We are now in an era of psychic powers where surgeons can enter the body and perform robotic surgery. This is here today, but on a level that wasn't really possible even five years ago.
+And now this is being enhanced by further layers of technology such as augmented reality.
+So through the lens, the surgeon can see where the tumor is and where the blood vessels are in the patient's body.
+This can be integrated with decision support.
+For example, a New York surgeon can help an Amsterdam surgeon.
+And we are entering an era of truly scarless surgery called NOTES. There, a robotic endoscope emerges from the stomach and the entire gallbladder can be removed robotically in a non-scarring manner.
+This is called NOTES, and essentially scarless surgery via robotic surgery is coming.
+But what about controlling other elements?
+For people with disabilities, i.e. paraplegics, there are brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), chips implanted in the motor cortex of fully tetraplegic patients, cursors, wheelchairs and even robots. Arm can be controlled. .
+These devices are getting smaller and being used by more and more patients.
+Still in clinical trials, imagine when you can connect these to amazing bionic limbs with 17 degrees of movement and freedom, such as the DEKA arm built by Dean Kamen and colleagues. Amputees gained much greater dexterity and control than before.
+So we are really entering the age of wearable robots.
+If you have not lost a limb but have had a stroke, you can wear these augmented limbs.
+Or if you're a hemiplegic, I went to the people at Berkeley Bionics and they developed eLEGS.
+I took this video last week.
+Here's a paraplegic patient walking with this exoskeleton strapped on.
+Other than that, I'm completely in a wheelchair.
+This is the early days of wearable robotics.
+And by leveraging this kind of technology, we intend to change the definition of disability to psychic powers, or psychic powers, as the case may be.
+Amy Mullins, who lost her lower limbs at a young age, and Hugh Herr, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who lost her limbs in a mountaineering accident.
+And now they can climb better, move faster and swim differently than we able-bodied people with prostheses.
+What about other exponential functions?
+Clearly, the obesity trend is exponentially going wrong, including at enormous costs.
+But medical trends are shrinking exponentially.
+Let me give you some examples. We are now in the iPill 'Fantastic Voyage' era.
+You can swallow this fully integrated device.
+It takes pictures of the digestive system and aids in diagnosis and treatment as it moves through the digestive tract.
+We are working on even smaller microrobots that will eventually be able to move around systems autonomously and do things that surgeons can't do in a less invasive way.
+In some cases, these may self-assemble within the GI system and be extended within that reality.
+On the cardiac side, pacemakers have become smaller and much easier to place, so interventional cardiologist training is not required to place a pacemaker.
+It also telemeters wirelessly to your mobile device for remote monitoring on the go.
+These are even smaller.
+It is being prototyped by Medtronic. less than a penny.
+Artificial retinas, the ability to attach arrays to the back of the eyeball to help the blind see, are also in the early stages of testing, but are well on their way into the future.
+These are going to change the game.
+Alternatively, if you are sighted, how about using life support contact lenses?
+Bluetooth and Wi-Fi available -- get the images to your eyes.
+(Laughter.) Now, if you're having trouble sticking to the diet, it might be helpful to have an extra image to remind you how many calories you're getting.
+What if a pathologist could use a mobile phone to look at the microscopic level and bring that data back to the cloud for better diagnosis?
+In fact, the entire era of laboratory medicine is completely changing.
+Now you can take advantage of microfluidics, like this chip created by Steve Quake at Stanford University.
+Microfluidics can replace technicians throughout the lab. Putting it on a chip will enable thousands of tests at the point of care, anywhere in the world.
+This will bring technology to rural and underserved populations, allowing tests that used to cost thousands of dollars to be performed at the point of care for just pennies.
+A little further down the road is the age of nanomedicine, where devices can be miniaturized to the point where red blood cells and microrobots can be designed to monitor blood and immune systems. , or even those that may remove blood clots from arteries.
+Now, what about exponentially cheaper?
+Unthinkable in this medical age, hard disks used to cost $3,400 for 10 megabytes. This was ridiculously cheap.
+With modern genomics, genomes cost about $1 billion about a decade ago when the first genomes appeared.
+Genome prices are approaching $1,000 in real terms, probably next year.
+And two years later we have a $100 genome.
+What would you do with a $100 genome?
+Soon millions of these tests will be available.
+And it gets interesting when we start crowdsourcing that information and the era of true personalized medicine arrives. That means getting the right drugs to the right people at the right time, instead of doing the same drugs now. A blockbuster drug that does not work for anyone, for individuals.
+Many different companies are working on leveraging these approaches.
+Here's another quick example from 23andMe.
+According to my data, the risk of developing macular degeneration, a form of blindness, is average.
+But if you take the same data and upload it to deCODEme, you can look at your type 2 diabetes risk. I'm almost double the risk.
+For example, you might want to focus on how much dessert you had for lunch.
+It might change my behavior.
+Using our knowledge of pharmacogenomics, how genes regulate, what drugs do, and what doses are needed are becoming increasingly important, and can be used in the hands of individuals and patients. , enabling more appropriate drug dosing and selection.
+Again, it's not just genes, it involves multiple details such as our habits and environmental exposures.
+When was the last time a doctor asked you where you live?
+Geomedicine: Where you live and what you are exposed to can have a dramatic effect on your health.
+We can capture that information.
+Genomics, proteomics, the environment, all these data streams into us as individuals and as doctors. How should I manage it?
+We are now entering the era of systems medicine, systems biology, and we can begin to integrate all this information.
+And by looking at patterns in, say, 10,000 biomarkers in blood in a single test, we can look at patterns and detect disease earlier.
+It is called by Lee Hood, the father of the field of P4 medicine.
+We make predictions and know how you might be affected.
+we can prevent Prevention is individualized.
+More importantly, it is becoming more and more participatory.
+It will become increasingly important to leverage this in a participatory way, through websites like PatientLikeMe or by managing data in Microsoft HealthVault or Google Health.
+Finish to get exponentially better.
+We want treatments to be better and more effective.
+Currently, hypertension is mainly treated with drugs.
+What if we introduced a new device, destroyed the neurovascular system that mediates blood pressure, and completely cured hypertension in one treatment?
+This is a new device that essentially does just that.
+It should hit the market within a year or two.
+What about more targeted therapies for cancer?
+I'm an oncologist, so I know that most of what we give is toxic in nature.
+At Stanford University and elsewhere, we learned that we can discover cancer stem cells that actually appear to be involved in disease recurrence.
+So if you think of cancer as a weed, it often recurs even though it appears to have shrunk by beating up the weed.
+So you're hitting the wrong target.
+Cancer stem cells may remain and the tumor may return months or years later.
+We are now learning how to identify cancer stem cells, target them and aim for long-term treatment.
+We are entering an era of personalized oncology where all this data can be harnessed together to analyze tumors and devise real, specific cocktails tailored to individual patients.
+Finally, I would like to talk about regenerative medicine.
+I have studied a lot about stem cells.
+ES cells are particularly potent.
+Our bodies have adult stem cells. They are used for bone marrow transplantation.
+Last year, Dr. Jeron initiated the first clinical trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.
+It's still in phase 1, but it's evolving.
+For nearly 15 years, we have used adult stem cells in clinical trials to approach a full range of themes, especially cardiovascular disease.
+Harvesting our own bone marrow cells to treat heart attack patients shows that using our own bone marrow-derived cells significantly improves heart function and increases survival after a heart attack. .
+I invented a device called the MarrowMiner, which is a much less invasive way to harvest bone marrow.
+It is now FDA approved. We hope to see it on the market next year.
+It is hoped that under local anesthesia, the device will pass through the patient's body to remove the bone marrow in one puncture, instead of 200 punctures.
+Where is stem cell therapy headed?
+If you think about it, every cell in your body has the same DNA you had when you were a fetus.
+We are now reprogramming skin cells to actually function like pluripotent embryonic stem cells, potentially exploiting them for the treatment of multiple organs in the same patient, creating personalized stem cells. Stocks can now be created.
+I think we're entering a new era of stem cell banking, where you can store your own heart cells, muscle cells, and nerve cells in the freezer so that you can use them in the future when you need them.
+We now integrate this with a whole era of cell engineering, essentially 3D organ printing, replacing ink with cells, essentially integrating exponential technology for building and reconstructing 3D organs. I'm here.
+Things are heading there.
+It's still early days, but I think this is an example of exponential technology integration.
+Finally, given technology trends and how they impact health and medicine, we are entering an era of miniaturization, decentralization and personalization.
+And if we put these things together and start thinking about how to understand them and use them, we can empower patients, empower doctors, improve their health, and start healing before they get sick. Become.
+As a doctor I know, so if someone comes to me with stage I disease, I get excited. In many cases we can cure them.
+But often it's too late, for example stage III or IV cancer.
+So I think the combined use of these technologies will usher in a new era that I like to call stage 0 healthcare.
+And as an oncology doctor, I look forward to being off work.
+Thank you very much.
+(Applause) Moderator: Thank you. thank you.
+(Applause) Bow, bow.
+Tom Zimmerman: I would like to take you on a wonderful journey to visit the creatures we call Elders.
+We call them "elders" because 500 million years ago they tripled the amount of oxygen in the air, which caused the explosion of life that led us all.
+We call them elders, but you probably know them as plankton.
+(Laughter) Well, Simone is a physicist and I'm an inventor.
+A few years ago I was giving a talk about an invention I made. It was a 3D microscope.
+And Simone was in the audience too.
+He realized that my microscope could solve a big problem he had.
+How to measure plankton movement in 3D and fast enough to mathematically model plankton sensing and behavior.
+And frankly, I needed an application for microscopy, so...
+(laughs) It was like peanut butter meets chocolate.
+(Laughter.) So we started working together to study these amazing creatures.
+And we were surprised to discover something.
+That's why we are here today.
+And I just want to do something with you
+Now, hold your breath for a minute.
+Yes, literally hold your breath.
+This is a world without plankton.
+As you know, plankton use the sun to produce two-thirds of the oxygen.
+OK, I can breathe now, because they're still here.
+At this point.
+Simone Bianco: As many of you know, since 1950 the carbon dioxide we're pumping into the air has increased the average surface temperature of the planet by 1 degree Celsius.
+Now, this temperature rise may not seem like a big deal to us, but it's due to plankton.
+Indirect measurements suggest that global phytoplankton abundance may have declined by as much as 40 percent between 1950 and 2010 due to climate change.
+And this is also a problem in that it starves the fish that eat it.
+And about one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their primary source of animal-derived protein.
+So it's not just about breathing.
+No plankton means no fish.
+And that's a lot of food we need to replace.
+Another interesting thing.
+In fact, the dead bodies of plankton ancestors account for much of the carbon we burn today.
+This is kind of ironic if you ask me.
+Because the plankton that exist here today remove carbon from the air.
+But hey, they don't really hold a grudge.
+(Laughter) The problem is they can't keep up with the enormous amount of carbon dioxide we're putting into the atmosphere.
+So what does this mean?
+That means our massive carbon footprint is crushing the very creatures that support us.
+And yes, as Tom said, killing almost half of the creatures that allow us to breathe is a really big deal.
+So you're probably asking yourself, "Why aren't we doing anything about it?"
+Our theory is that plankton are tiny, so it's really, really hard to care about what you can't see.
+In "The Little Prince," there is a phrase that I really like: "What is important is invisible to the naked eye."
+We believe that the more people can meet cilia and plankton, the greater the chance that we can all work together to save these organisms that are so important to life on Earth. I'm here.
+TZ: That's right, Simone.
+To that end, we will introduce scuba diving using plankton.
+But I just need to shrink you to 1/1000, the diameter of a human hair is as big as my hand.
+And I happened to invent a machine to do it.
+SB: Anyone remember 'Fantastic Voyages' or 'Inner Space'?
+yeah yeah.
+Martin Short is one of my favorite actors.
+And now this is just like that.
+TZ: Right.
+As a boy, I loved watching Fantastic Voyages and being able to travel through my bloodstream and see how biology works at the cellular level.
+I have always been inspired by science fiction.
+As an inventor, I strive to turn fantasies into reality.
+And I once invented this glove. This makes travel possible and enables people like you to explore virtual worlds.
+So I invented this machine so that I can explore the micro world.
+It's not virtual, it's real.
+Really, really small.
+It is based on the microscope that caught Simone's attention.
+Here's how it works:
+There is an image sensor behind the lens, similar to what you would find in a mobile phone.
+Then there are little trays of plankton water like you get in rivers and aquariums, but you never change the water.
+(laughs) I love plankton.
+(Laughter) And underneath that is an LED that casts a plankton shadow onto the image sensor.
+And this silver object is an XY plotter, so you can move the image sensor to follow the plankton as they swim.
+Now for the fantasy part.
+(Laughter) I put a tilt sensor on this helmet so I could control the microscope with my head.
+Now let's take a look at the video from this image sensor.
+These are all plankton.
+This is in that little tray and you can move the microscope with your head.
+You are now ready for scuba diving with plankton.
+My manager will be the navigator and Simone will be the tour guide.
+SB: Yes.
+(Laughter) Well then, everyone, welcome to the wonderful world of life in a drop of water.
+In fact, as you can see, this device doesn't limit you to one drop at all.
+OK, let's find something.
+The small creature you see in the center of the screen is called a rotifer.
+They are the garbage collectors of our waters.
+It breaks down organic matter so that it can be reused in the environment.
+Well, as you know, nature is an amazing recycler.
+The structures are continuously built, dismantled and recycled, all powered by solar energy.
+But let's think about it for a second.
+Think about what would happen if the garbage collector didn't come anymore.
+anything else? Look for something else.
+oh look at that
+Can you see the big ice cream cone shape?
+It's called a Stentor, and it's an amazing creature.
+As you know, they are large, but they are single cells.
+Remember that rotifer we just met?
+That's about 0.5 millimeters, equivalent to about 1,000 cells. Usually 15 in the brain, 15 in the stomach and, you know, about the same in reproduction, and if you ask me, it's kind of the right combination.
+(Laughter) But... right?
+TZ: Right.
+SB: But the stenter is just a single cell.
+And it can sense and react to the environment.
+See, when you're happy, you swim forward. It swims backwards when trying to escape from toxic chemicals, etc.
+With the help of our friends at the Center for Cytoconstruction and the National Science Foundation, we are using Stentors to sense the presence of food and water contamination. I think this is really great.
+Now for the last time.
+So the dot behind everything you see there is algae.
+They are the creatures that provide most of the oxygen in the air.
+They convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into the oxygen that now fills your lungs.
+So we are all breathing algae.
+TZ: (exhales) SB: Yay! (Laughter) It's funny.
+About a billion years ago, ancient plants acquired photosynthetic capacity by incorporating tiny plankton into their cells.
+It's just like we put solar panels on our roofs.
+In other words, the micro world is even more wonderful than science fiction.
+TZ: Oh, sure.
+Now you know how important and necessary plankton are for our lives.
+If you kill plankton, you will either die of suffocation or starvation, it doesn't matter which you choose.
+Oh yeah, I know it's sad, yeah
+(Laughter) In the Plankton game, you win or you die.
+(Laughter) Now, what surprised me was that we've known about global warming for over a century.
+Since the Swedish scientist Arrhenius calculated the effect of burning fossil fuels on the temperature of the earth.
+We've known this for a long time, but it's not too late to act now.
+Yes yes I know I know our world is based on fossil fuels but in order to build a more sustainable and safer future we are transforming our society to run on renewable energy from the sun. can be adjusted.
+It's good for the little critters and plankton here, and it's good for us. Here's why.
+The three biggest concerns of people around the world are usually employment, violence and health.
+Work means food and housing.
+Look at these creatures, they swim around, looking for places to eat and reproduce.
+If a single cell is so programmed, it's no wonder that 30 trillion cells have the same purpose.
+Violence.
+Dependence on fossil fuels makes a country vulnerable.
+It leads to any conflict over oil resources.
+On the other hand, solar energy is distributed all over the earth and no one can block the sun.
+(Laughs) And finally, health.
+Fossil fuels are like cigarettes worldwide.
+And in my opinion coal is more like the unfiltered type.
+Now, just like smoking, when is the best time to quit?
+Audience: Come on.
+TZ: Come on! Not if you have lung cancer.
+Now, looking around, I see that some people may abandon facts and logic.
+Until they suffer -- (laughter) Yes, they will abandon fact and reason.
+But suffering ultimately and inevitably forces change.
+But instead, let's use our neocortex, our new brain, to save some of the oldest creatures on earth: the elders.
+And let's apply science to harness the energy that has powered the elders for millions of years: the sun.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+My mother was a philanthropist.
+And now I know you're asking - let me tell you the answer: yes, a bit like Melinda Gates - (laughter) but for much less money.
+(Laughter) She carried out charity work in our community through what we call "Isilica."
+She helped educate dozens of children and invited many to live with us in our home to attend school.
+She mobilized funds for the construction of a local clinic, and a maternity wing was named in her honor.
+But most importantly, her organizing skills were endeared by the community as she was able to organize them, especially women, to find solutions to whatever was needed.
+She did all this through isirika.
+I repeat that word again: Isilica.
+Now it's your turn. say it with me
+(audience) Isilica.
+Musimbi Kanyoro: Thank you.
+The word is Maragori, my language spoken in western Kenya, and now you speak my language.
+(Laughter) So Isilica is a pragmatic way of life that embraces philanthropy, service, and philanthropy all together.
+The essence of isirika is to make it clear to everyone that you are the keeper of your sister and yes, you are the keeper of your brother.
+Mutual responsibility to care for each other.
+A simple literal English translation would be equal generosity, but the deeper philosophical meaning is that together, we care for each other.
+So how does Isilica actually happen?
+I grew up in rural western Kenya.
+Many times I vividly remember my neighbors going to their neighbor's house, their sick neighbor's house, and harvesting crops for them.
+I attended community events and women's events with my mother to discuss immunizations in schools, building health centers, and the very big stuff of renewing seeds for the next planting season. .
+Also, local residents often banded together to donate money to send their neighbors' children to colleges in the country as well as abroad.
+So we have a surgeon.
+The first surgeon in my country was from that rural village.
+(Applause.) So...
+What Isilica did was be inclusive.
+We children donated side by side with adults and got our names inscribed in the community book just like any other adult.
+And so I grew up, attending colleges and universities at home and abroad, earning degrees here and there, working organized and working internationally, in development, humanitarian and philanthropic work.
+And soon, Isilica began to shrink.
+It's gone and gone.
+At each location, I acquired new vocabulary.
+Donor and Recipient Vocabulary.
+Terms for measuring effectiveness or return on investment...
+projects and programs.
+Communities like the ones I grew up in came to be called "poor and vulnerable."
+These communities are said to live on less than $1 a day in the literature and are targeted by poverty eradication programs.
+By the way, they are also targets of the United Nations' first Sustainable Development Goals.
+I am now very much interested in finding solutions to poverty and many other big problems in the world. because they actually exist.
+But I think we can do a better job, and I think we can do a better job by accepting isirika.
+So let me show you how.
+First, Isilica affirms our common humanity.
+Everything we do begins with the premise that we are human together.
+When you start to act as humans together, your perception of each other changes.
+You don't see refugees first, you don't see women first, you don't see people with disabilities first.
+Look at humans first.
+That is the essence of seeing a person first.
+By doing so, you value their ideas and contributions, both big and small.
+And value what they bring to the table.
+That is the essence of Isilica.
+I just want to imagine what would happen if everyone in this room, doctors, parents, lawyers, philanthropists, whoever they were, accepted Isilica and made it their default.
+What can we achieve for each other?
+What can we achieve for humanity?
+What can we achieve on the issue of peace?
+What can we achieve for medicine?
+I'm going to ask you to join me in this process of rebuilding and regenerating Isilica, so I'll give you some hints.
+First, we must have the belief that we are one humanity, one planet and there are no two choices about it.
+In other words, there is no wall high enough to separate humanity.
+So give up the wall.
+give them up.
+(Applause.) And we don't have Planet B to go to.
+It really matters.
+Please clarify that. Proceed to next stage.
+Stage 2: Remember that at Isilica, every idea counts.
+There is a big poster on the bridge, and it also has nails.
+All ideas matter, small or big.
+And thirdly, Isilica affirms that those who have more truly enjoy the privilege of giving more.
+It is an honor to be able to give more.
+(Applause.) And now is the time for women to give more for women.
+It's time to give more for women.
+Our parents did not ask our permission when they brought other children to live with us.
+They made it clear that they were responsible because they were in school and had income.
+And they made it clear that we needed to understand that their prosperity was not a right given to us. I think that is isirika's good wisdom.
+Today, in every culture, everywhere, we can harness that wisdom and pass on to the next generation what we can do together.
+I have encountered Isilica in many places over the years, but what gives me the passion to embrace Isilica today is through the Global Women's Fund, the Women's Fund, and the women's movement. This is an activity that we are doing with the women of World wide.
+When I work with women, every day changes as they experience living together in the workplace.
+In my work, we trust women leaders and their ideas.
+And we fund and support them so they can expand, grow and thrive within their own communities.
+In 1990, a woman from Mexico named Lucero González came to the Global Fund with a big idea.
+She wanted to create a foundation to support community-based causes in Mexico.
+And she received a grant of US$7,500.
+Today, 25 years later, Semiras (the name of the fund) has raised and spent $17.8 million within the community.
+(Applause.) They have impacted over two million people and are working with a group of 600,000 women in Mexico.
+During the recent earthquake, they were so deeply rooted that they quickly determined what their short-term and long-term needs were, within their communities and among others. I was able to.
+And long after the lights go out in Mexico, Semijas says it will remain there for a very long time, with the community and the women.
+And that's what I'm talking about. That's when we can support community ideas rooted in our unique environment.
+Thirty years ago, very little money went directly into the hands of women in the community.
+Today we celebrate 168 Women's Funds around the world, 100 of which are in this country.
+And they support grassroots women's organizations -- community organizations under the leadership of girls and women -- and together we can contribute $1 billion to organizations led by women and girls. I was.
+(Applause.) But the challenge begins today.
+This challenge starts today. Because everywhere you see women acting as isirika, including women doing as isirika at TED.
+Because Isilica is the evergreen wisdom that lives in the community.
+It is found in indigenous and rural communities.
+And where it's really ingrained in people is the ability to trust and move the agenda forward.
+So I would like to share with you three things that I have learned through my work.
+Number one: If you want to solve the world's biggest problems, invest in women and girls.
+(Applause.) Not only do they scale their investments, they care about everyone in their community.
+Not only their own needs, but the needs of the children, the needs of others in the community, the needs of the elderly, and most importantly, they protect themselves, which is really important. , and protect their communities.
+A woman who knows how to protect herself knows what it means to make a change.
+The second reason I am asking you to invest in women and girls is that this is the smartest thing you can do right now.
+And if we're going to get over $350 trillion by 2030, that money needs to go into women's hands.
+This is how I grew up with Isilica.
+My mother was Isilica.
+She was not a project or program.
+And now I will tell you that.
+You will be able to share this with your family, friends, and community so that they can embrace Isilica as a way of life, a way of life that is real.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+I am a contemporary artist with a somewhat surprising background.
+When I was in my twenties, I had never been to an art museum.
+I grew up in the middle of a remote dirt road in rural Arkansas, about an hour from the nearest movie theater.
+And I grew up around quirky, colorful characters who were good at making things with their hands, so I think it was the perfect place to grow as an artist.
+And my childhood was more playful than you can relate to, and more intelligent than you might expect.
+For example, when my sister and I were little, we competed to see who could eat more squirrel brains.
+(laughs) But on the other hand, we were also big readers.
+If the TV was on, we would have watched a documentary.
+And my father is the most voracious reader I know.
+He can read one or two novels a day.
+But I remember him killing flies in the house with a BB gun when I was little.
+And what's so amazing to me about it is that he sits in his recliner and yells at me to bring him a BB gun and I go get it.
+And to my surprise, it was pretty shocking. He was killing flies in the house with a gun, and what was very surprising to me was that he knew all too well how to pump flies out.
+And he was able to shoot it from two rooms away without damaging anything above it. Because he knew how to pump enough to kill flies and not damage anything that fell on them.
+So I have to talk about art.
+(Laughter) Or I'll be here all day talking about my childhood.
+I love contemporary art, but the contemporary art world and the contemporary art scene can often be really frustrating.
+A few years ago I spent several months in Europe to see major international art exhibitions to see what was happening in the art world.
+And I had some clarity about what I wanted, and I was struck by going to so many places one after another.
+And I was craving some things I didn't get or didn't get enough of.
+But there are two main things. One, I wanted more accessible work that could appeal to a wider audience.
+The second thing I wanted was finer craftsmanship and technology.
+So I started thinking and listing what I could do to make the perfect biennale.
+So I decided to start my own biennale.
+I will organize it, direct it, and run it in the world.
+So I thought I should have some criteria for choosing a job.
+Of all the criteria I have, there are two main ones.
+One of them I call Mimaw's Test.
+What that means is, I imagine explaining a work of art to my grandmother in five minutes, but if you can't explain it in five minutes, it's too arcane and arcane and not sophisticated enough yet. yeah.
+You have to work hard until you can speak fluently.
+And my second rule, I hate to call it a "rule" because it's art, but my criteria are the 3 H's: head, heart, and hands.
+And good art will have a "head" and will have interesting intellectual ideas and concepts.
+It will have a "heart" in the sense that it has passion and heart and soul.
+And it will have "hands" in that it is very well crafted.
+So I started thinking about how to organize this biennale, how to travel around the world and find these artists.
+Then one day I realized that there is an easier solution to this.
+I plan to make everything myself.
+(Laughter) So this is what I did.
+So I thought that a biennale needed an artist.
+I am planning to hold an international biennale. We need artists from all over the world.
+So what I did was I invented 100 artists from all over the world.
+I understood their bios, their passions in life, their art style and started making their work.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Oh, I thought this was a project I could spend my life working on.
+So I decided to make this a real biennale.
+I have been working in the studio for two years.
+And I plan to make this in two years, and I did.
+So I have to start talking about these guys.
+Well, the range is pretty wide.
+I'm a techie so I can try all kinds of techniques and I really like this project.
+Realist painting, for example, ranges from the style of the old masters, to truly realistic still-life paintings, to the type of painting that depicts a single strand of hair.
+And on the other side of that are performances and short films, and indoor installations like this and this piece, and outdoor installations like this and this piece.
+I know it should be said, but I make all these things.
+This is not photoshopped.
+I am under the river with the fish.
+Now I would like to introduce some of my fictional artists.
+Nell Lemmel.
+Nell is interested in agricultural processes and her work is based on these practices.
+This work is called "The Upturned Earth". She was interested in taking the sky and using it to cleanse the barren land.
+And she's got a giant mirror -- (applause) and here she's taking a giant mirror and pulling it into the dirt.
+And this one is 22 feet long.
+And what I love about her work is that when you walk around it and look down at the sky and look at the sky, it unfolds in new ways.
+And perhaps the best part of this piece is at dusk and dawn, when the twilight wedge has fallen and the ground is dark, but there is still light above and bright overhead.
+And you're standing there and everything else is dark, but there's a portal you want to jump into.
+This piece was great. This is in my parents' backyard in Arkansas.
+And I love digging holes.
+So, this work was a lot of fun because it took two days to dig into the soft soil.
+The next artist is Kay Overstry, who is interested in transience and fragility.
+And her latest project is called "Weather I Made."
+And she creates the weather on the scale of her body.
+And this work is "Frost".
+And what she did was go out on a cold, dry night and walk away on the grass, back and forth, leaving a trail of life, a trail of life.
+(Applause.) Here's the 5'5" Frost she left behind.
+The sun rises and melts away.
+And it was played by my mother.
+So the next artist is a group of Japanese artists, a collection of Japanese artists -- (laughs) Tokyo.
+And they were interested in developing a new alternative art space and needed funding to do so, so they decided to come up with some interesting fundraising projects.
+One of them is a scratch-off masterpiece.
+(Laughter) So what they're doing is, each artist draws an original piece of art on a 9-by-7-inch card and sells it for $10.
+And when you buy it, you may or may not get the real thing.
+Well, this caused a boom in Japan. Because everyone wants a masterpiece.
+And the most popular ones are the ones that are barely scratched.
+And all these works, one way or another, speak of luck, fate, chance.
+The first two are portraits of megajackpot winners years before and after their win.
+And in this work it is called "Drawing the Short Stick".
+(Laughter) I love this piece because I have a little cousin at home, and one day he introduced me to a friend -- I think it's a great introduction -- "This is me. This is my cousin Shia."
+He is very good at drawing sticks. "
+(Laughter) This is one of the best compliments I've ever received.
+This artist is Gus Weinmuller and he is working on a big project called "Art for the Peoples".
+And within this project he has a small project called "Artist in Residence".
+And what he does is -- (laughter) he spends a week at a time with his family.
+And he shows up on the porch at their doorstep with a toothbrush and pajamas, ready to spend the week with them.
+And using only what was there, he built a small residential studio to work in.
+And he spent the week talking to his family about what he thought great art was.
+He talks with his family, goes over everything they have, finds materials to work with.
+And he made a piece that answered what they thought great art was.
+For this family he painted this still life.
+And everything he makes somehow refers to nests, spaces and personal possessions.
+This next project, this one by Jaochim Parisvega, is interested in that he believes art is waiting everywhere, so it just needs a little boost for it to happen.
+And he gives this impetus by harnessing the power of nature, like in a series of paintings made from rain.
+The project is called "Love Nest".
+What he did was ask wild birds to make his own creations.
+So he placed the materials where the birds would gather them, and the birds built a nest for him.
+And this is called "Lovelock's Nest".
+It's called "Mixtape Love Song Nest".
+(Laughter.) And this is called a "lovemaking nest."
+(Laughter) Next is Sylvia Slater.
+Silvia is interested in art training.
+She is a very serious Swiss artist.
+(Laughter.) And she was thinking of friends and family working in turmoil-hit places and developing countries. And I was wondering what I could make that would be of value to them in case something bad happened and they had to buy it. Cross the border or atone for the shooter?
+So she had the idea to create a pocket-sized artwork that was a portrait of someone to carry.
+And even if you carry this around and all hell goes to hell, you can still pay and buy your life.
+So this price of life is for directors of irrigation nonprofits.
+So I hope you never use it and pass it on as an heirloom.
+And she creates them so that they can either be split into payments, or they are leaves that become payments like this.
+And they are precious. These are precious metals and gems.
+And this one had to break up.
+He recently had to break off parts to leave Egypt.
+The duo of Michael Abernathy and Bud Holland.
+And they are interested in creating culture, not just tradition.
+So they migrate to an area and try to establish new traditions in a small geographical area.
+Here in East Tennessee, they decided they needed a positive tradition with death.
+So they came up with "Dig Zig".
+And Dig Zig is where, on milestone anniversaries and birthdays, all your friends and family gather to dance on top of where you are buried.
+(Laughter.) And when we did that, we got a lot of attention.
+I convinced my family to do it, but they didn't know what I was doing.
+And I said, "Get dressed for the funeral. I'm going to work."
+So we went to the graveyard and made this. It was very interesting. We got the attention.
+So what happens is you dance on the grave, and after you're done dancing, everyone toasts you and tells you how great you are.
+And in essence, there is a funeral that you attend.
+That's my mom and dad.
+This is by Jason Birdsong.
+He is interested in how we see ourselves as animals, how we are interested in imitation and camouflage.
+You know, we gaze down dark alleys and jungle trails trying to identify faces and creatures.
+We just have that natural view.
+And he's playing with this idea.
+And this piece: these aren't actually leaves.
+This is a butterfly specimen with natural camouflage.
+So he puts them together.
+There is also a pile of fallen leaves.
+In fact, they are all specimens of real butterflies.
+And he combines these with painting.
+This is a picture of a snake in a box.
+So you open the box and you think, "Oh, there's a snake in it."
+But it's actually a painting.
+There he has an interesting conversation about realism and imitation, and our urge to be fooled by great camouflage.
+(laughs) The next artist is Hazel Clausen.
+Hazel Clausen is an anthropologist who took a sabbatical and decided, "If I create a culture that doesn't exist from scratch, I'll learn a lot about culture."
+that's what she did.
+She gave birth to a Swiss called the Uvula, who had a unique yodelling song using the uvula.
+And they also mention how the uvula, or everything they say, fell apart because of the forbidden fruit.
+And it's a symbol of their culture.
+This is from the documentary Sexual Practices and Population Control among Uvulites.
+This is typical Angora embroidery for them.
+This is one of the founders, Gerd Schaeffer.
+(Laughter) And actually, this is my Aunt Irene.
+It was so funny to have fake people making fakes.
+And I was offended by this piece. Because when you look at this, you know it's French Angora, all the antique German ribbons and wool you got in the factory in Nebraska and carried around for 10 years, and the antique Chinese skirt.
+Then there is the group of artists called the Silver Dobermans. Their motto is to spread pragmatism one person at a time.
+(Laughter.) And they're very interested in how over-indulged we are.
+This is one of their comments about how we are too spoiled.
+And what they did is put warning signs on every barb on this fence.
+(Laughter) (Applause) It's called the Horse Sense Fence.
+The next artist is K.M.Yoon, a really interesting Korean artist.
+And he is reconstructing the Confucian art tradition of scholar Shi.
+Next is Maynard Sipes.
+And I love Maynard Sipes, but he's out of his own world and fortunately, he's very paranoid.
+Next is Roy Pennig. A really funny Kentucky artist and he's the nicest guy.
+He even traded government cheese blocks for artwork because he wanted them so badly.
+Next up is Australian artist Janine Jackson. This is from her project "What an Artwork Does When We're Not Watching".
+(Laughter) Next is Jurgi Petrauskas, a fortune teller from Lithuania.
+Next is Ginger Cheshire.
+This is from her short film The Last Man.
+That's my cousin and sister's dog, Gabby.
+Next is Sam Sandy's work.
+He is an Australian Aboriginal elder and an artist.
+This is from a large mobile sculpture project he is doing.
+A message from Estelle Willoughby.
+She heals with color.
+And she's one of the most prolific of these 100 artists, despite turning 90 next year.
+(Laughter) This is by Z. Zhou, who is interested in stasis.
+Next up is by Hilda Singh, who does a whole project called 'Social Outfits'.
+Vera Sokolova is next.
+And I have to say that Vera is kind of scary.
+She's kind of scared, so I can't look her in the eyes directly.
+And it's a good thing she's not real. She will get angry if I say that.
+(Laughter) She's an optometrist in St. Petersburg, and she's tinkering with optics.
+Then there is the work of Thomas Swifton.
+This is from the short film Adventures with Skinny.
+(Laughter) This is part of a series of short films by Cicely Bennett.
+This artist will be followed by 77 other artists.
+And with 77 other works you haven't seen, that's my Biennale.
+thank you. thank you.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+♫ Like the heath ♫ ♫ On the hillside ♫ ♫ As they drive us ♫ ♫ From the highlands ♫ ♫ Like ice streams ♫ ♫ From the North Pole ♫ ♫ Where we landed ♫ ♫ New In the Fundland ♫ ♫ There's color ♫ ♫ My sorrow ♫ ♫ There's a name ♫ ♫ All this sorrow ♫ ♫ Like the sea ♫ ♫ Between us ♫ ♫ I'm blue ♫ ♫ Blue A river ♫ ♫ Blue is remembered ♫ ♫ Blue water ♫ ♫ Clear stream ♫ ♫ Blue like a planet ♫ ♫ To the astronauts ♫ ♫ Blue river ♫ ♫ My tears ♫ (fiddle and synthesizer) ♫ So here I am ♫ ♫ To the city ♫ ♫ Where dreams burn ♫ ♫ Like a furnace ♫ ♫ And I was blinded ♫ ♫ Dark streets here ♫ ♫ Like diamonds ♫ ♫ In the charcoal fields ♫ ♫ Then the cold wind ♫ ♫ From the islands ♫ ♫ Storm clouds blew away ♫ ♫ Beyond the new moon ♫ ♫ Like gun smoke ♫ ♫ Over the houses ♫ ♫ Home in me ♫ ♫ Blue is the river ♫ ♫ Blue memories ♫ ♫ Blue water ♫ ♫ Clear stream ♫ ♫ Planetary blue ♫ ♫ To the astronauts ♫ ♫ Blue river ♫ Of my tears ♫ ♫ Blue river ♫ My tears ♫ (fiddle and synthesizer) (Applause)
+I am here today to start a revolution.
+Now, before you cross your arms and start singing a song or picking your favorite color, let me define what I mean by the word revolution.
+A revolution here means a dramatic and far-reaching change in the way we think and act – the way we think and act.
+Now, Steve, why do we need a revolution?
+We need a revolution because things are going wrong. they just aren't working.
+And it makes me really sad because I'm fed up with things that don't work out.
+As you know, we are tired of not living up to our potential.
+Tired of us being the last.
+And in many respects, such as social factors, we are at the bottom.
+We are last in Europe for innovation.
+As a culture that doesn't value innovation, we're right at the very end, the bottom, the bottom.
+We are last in health care, which is important for well-being.
+And not only are we last in the EU, we are also last in Europe.
+And to make matters worse, this article was only published three weeks ago, and many of you may have seen it, The Economist.
+We are the saddest place on earth compared to GDP per capita. The saddest place on earth.
+it's social. Let's turn to education.
+Where did we rank in another report by the OECD three weeks ago?
+Lastly are reading, math and science. last.
+Business: lowest recognition in the EU
+Entrepreneurs bring benefits to society.
+Why and what happens as a result?
+Lowest percentage of entrepreneurs starting their own businesses.
+And this despite the fact that we all know that small businesses are the engine of the economy.
+We employ the most people. We generate the most taxes.
+So what if the engine breaks down?
+GDP per capita is the last in Europe.
+at last.
+No wonder, then, that 62% of Bulgarians are not optimistic about the future.
+We are unhappy, we are badly educated, we are badly in business.
+And these are facts, folks.
+this is not a story. It's not cheating.
+it's not.
+That's not a conspiracy I made against Bulgaria. These are facts.
+So I think it should be really clear that our system is broken.
+Our way of thinking, our behavior, our operating system of behavior is broken.
+To change Bulgaria for the better for ourselves, our friends, our families and our future, we need to fundamentally change the way we think and act.
+How did that happen?
+Be positive now. I'm going to be positive. How did that happen?
+I think we are at the bottom because, as some of you may find this terrible, we are handicapping ourselves.
+We hold ourselves back because we don't value play.
+I said "play", ok.
+Some people may have forgotten what play is, so this is what play is like.
+Babies play, children play, adults play.
+We don't care about play.
+In fact, we underestimate the value of play.
+And devalue it in three areas.
+Let's go back to the same three areas.
+Social: What Is 45 Years?
+Communism puts society and nation above the individual and inadvertently stifles creativity, individual self-expression, and innovation.
+What do we value instead?
+That's because social and institutional contexts have been shown to influence the way we apply, generate and use knowledge. What do we know about communism?
+Seriously.
+really, really seriously.
+It was.
+(Applause.) Take it seriously.
+I don't know how many times I got scolded for letting my kids play on the ground in the park.
+Heaven forbids them to play in dirt, kal, or worse, lokvi, water, which kills them.
+I've been told by Baba and Diad that I shouldn't let my children play too much because life is serious and they need to be trained for the seriousness of life.
+Serious memes are flowing.
+It's a social gene that runs through us.
+It's a serious gene.
+Those 45 years produced what I call the 'Bubba Factor'.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And this is how it works.
+Step 1: A woman says "I want a baby. Iskam baby".
+Step 2: Have a baby. Whoa!
+But what happens in step 3?
+You want to go back to work because you need to advance your career or just want to go for coffee.
+I'm going to give Bebko to Baba.
+But we must not forget that Bubba has been infected with a serious meme for 45 years.
+So what happens?
+She passed the virus on to her baby, and it took a really, really, really long time for that serious meme to make its way out of the operating system, like a sequoia tree.
+What happens then?
+That is true even for an education that has an outdated education system that has changed little in 100 years, that emphasizes rote learning, memorization, and standardization, and disregards self-expression, self-inquiry, questioning, creativity, and play.
+It's a fucking system.
+True Story: I went looking for a school for my child.
+We go to this famous little school where we study mathematics 10 times a week, science 8 times a week, reading 5 times a day and everything else.
+So we said, "So what about play and rest?"
+And they said, "Yeah, there's not even a moment in the schedule."
+(Laughter) And we said, "He's five."
+What a crime! What a crime!
+And it's a crime that our education system is so serious, because education is so serious that we're creating unintelligent robot workers to install bolts in pre-drilled holes. is.
+But sorry, today's problem is not the industrial revolution problem.
+We need adaptability, the ability to learn how to be creative and innovative.
+No need for mechanized workers.
+But no, now our memes are used for non-playful work.
+We create a robot worker, treat it like an asset, leverage it and simply throw it away.
+What are the characteristics of Bulgarian works?
+Autocratic -- I'm a chef so listen to me.
+I am the boss and I know better than you.
+Untrustworthy -- You're clearly a criminal, so put up a camera.
+(Laughter) Control -- You're obviously an idiot, so I've got a myriad of little processes for you to follow to keep you from falling out of the box.
+So it's more restrictive. No cell phones, no laptops, no internet searches, no IMs, etc.
+It's somehow unprofessional and bad.
+And in the end, we are unfulfilled because we are controlled, limited, unappreciated, unable to enjoy anything.
+Neither in society, nor in education, nor in our business, should be about play.
+That's why we are at the bottom. Because we don't care about play.
+And you can say, "That's ridiculous, Steve. What a stupid idea."
+It can't be because of play.
+Just play around, it's stupid. "
+Serious memes exist among us.
+Well, I'm going to say no.
+And I'll prove it in the next part of my speech. Theater is a catalyst, a revolution, that it can be used to change Bulgaria for the better.
+Play: Our brains are wired for play.
+Evolution has chosen animal and human play for millions and billions of years.
+And what do you know?
+Evolution does a really, really nice job of deselecting traits that aren't in our favor and selecting traits for competitive advantage.
+Nature is not stupid, she chose to play.
+The entire animal kingdom, for example ants. ants play.
+Maybe you didn't know that.
+But when playing, they are learning social order and the dynamics of things.
+Rats play, but it may not be well known that well-played mice have larger brains and learn tasks and skills better.
+Kittens play. Everyone knows that kittens play.
+But what many may not know is that play-deprived kittens are unable to interact socially.
+They can still hunt, but they can't be social.
+bears play
+But what many may not know is that bears that play well can survive longer.
+It's not the bear that learns how to fish better.
+People who play more.
+And the last really interesting study was shown to be a correlation between play and brain size.
+The more you play, the bigger your brain becomes.
+Dolphins have very big brains and play a lot.
+But who do you think is the biggest player with the biggest brains?
+Exactly human.
+Children of all nationalities, all races, all colors, all religions play, and so do we.
+It's universal - we play.
+And it's not just kids, it's adults too.
+A very cool term: Neoteny -- the retention of playful and juvenile traits in adults.
+And who are the biggest neotenists?
+human. we play sports
+We do it as a hobby, or as Olympians, or as professionals.
+we play instruments
+We dance, we kiss, we sing, we just goof off.
+We are naturally designed to play from birth to old age.
+We are designed to do it continuously. In other words, no matter how many times you play, you will never stop.
+That's a big advantage.
+Just as animals benefit, so do humans.
+For example, it has been found to stimulate neural growth in the amygdala, which controls emotions.
+It has been shown to promote development in the prefrontal cortex, where much cognition takes place.
+What will happen as a result?
+The more we play, the more emotionally mature we become.
+The more we play, the better decision-making ability we develop.
+These guys are facts.
+It's not fiction, it's not a story, it's not a pretend play. It's a cold, hard science.
+These are the benefits of playing.
+It's a genetic inborn right we have, just like walking, talking, and seeing.
+And when you handicap yourself at play, you handicap yourself just like any other birthright you have.
+we restrain ourselves.
+Let's practice a little. Close your eyes and imagine a world without play.
+Imagine a world without theater, without art, without singing, without dancing, without football, without laughter.
+what does this world look like?
+It's pretty dark, isn't it?
+It's pretty gloomy.
+Imagine your workplace.
+is that fun? Are you playful?
+Or it could be a friend's workplace. Let's think positive here.
+is that fun? Are you playful?
+Or are you fucking? Is it autocratic, controlling, restrictive, unreliable, unfulfilling?
+We have the concept that the opposite of play is work.
+I even feel guilty when someone sees me playing at work.
+"Oh my co-workers are watching me laugh. I must be short of work" or "Oh my boss might see me so I have to hide.
+I think he thinks I'm not doing my best. "
+But we have news. Our way of thinking is backwards.
+The opposite of play is not work.
+The opposite of play is melancholy. It's depression.
+In fact, play improves our work.
+Play in the workplace has benefits, just as humans and animals benefit.
+For example, it inspires creativity.
+It increases our tolerance for change.
+It improves our learning ability.
+Through play, we provide purpose and mastery, two key motivations that increase productivity.
+So before you start thinking of play as just not being serious, play is not meant to be frivolous.
+As you know, ski-loving professional athletes take skiing seriously, but they love skiing.
+He's having fun, he's on board, he's in the flow.
+Doctors may be serious, but laughter is still great medicine.
+Our way of thinking is backwards.
+We shouldn't feel guilty.
+We should celebrate playing.
+A simple example from the corporate world.
+FedEx, a simple motto: People, Service, Profit.
+If you treat your employees as human beings and treat them well, they will be happier, more fulfilled, more in control and more purposeful.
+what happens? they provide better service. Not bad, but better.
+And how do your customers feel when they ask for service and you're dealing with happy people who can make decisions and are satisfied? They feel great.
+And what do great customers, customers with great emotions, do?
+They buy more of your services, tell more of their friends, which translates into more profits.
+People, Services, Profit.
+Play makes us more productive, not less.
+And you'll say, "It works with FedEx in the US, but it doesn't work with Bulgaria.
+no way. we are not "
+It works in Bulgaria, folks. There are two reasons.
+The first is that play is universal.
+Aside from some serious memes that have to be kicked out, there's nothing wrong with Bulgarians that we can't play.
+Second, I tried. I tried it with Cyant.
+Zero satisfied customers when I got there.
+Not a single customer referred us.
+I asked everyone.
+There was a marginal profit - I was.
+Profit was small, but stakeholders were dissatisfied.
+Through some fundamental changes, changes such as greater transparency, greater autonomy and cooperation, encouragement of collaboration rather than dictatorship, and a focus on results.
+I don't care what time I come in the morning. I don't care when you leave.
+I care about my customers and my team being happy and doing it systematically.
+Why do I care that you arrive at nine?
+It basically promotes fun.
+By promoting fun and great environments, we were able to transform Sianto. In just three short years, it sounds like a long time, but change is slow. From zero customers to all customers, all customers were able to earn above average profits. The happiness of the industry and those involved.
+And you can say, "How do you know they're happy?"
+Indeed, every time we participate in the ranking of the Best Employers for Small Businesses, we have won one of those rankings.
+Independent analysis of anonymous employee surveys.
+It really works and could work in Bulgaria.
+There is nothing to hold us back except our own way of thinking about play.
+So what are some of the steps we can take to bring about this revolution through play?
+First of all, you have to believe me.
+If you don't believe me, go home and think about it.
+Second, if you don't have a sense of play in you, you have to rediscover play.
+Whatever you used to enjoy as a kid, just six months ago you were enjoying it, but now you're getting promoted and can't enjoy it anymore. Rediscover it because you feel like you have to be serious.
+I don't care if I ride my mountain bike, read a book, or play games.
+Rediscover it. Because you are the leader, the innovation leader, the thought leader.
+You're the one who has to go back to the office, talk to your friends, and spark change in the play revolution.
+You have to, and if you don't feel it, your colleagues and employees won't feel it either.
+You have to go back and say, "Hey, I'm going to trust you."
+Weird concept: I hired you. I should believe you
+I will leave the decision to you. I am going to empower you and delegate to the lowest level, not the top.
+I'm going to encourage constructive criticism.
+Let me challenge authority.
+By challenging the usual, we can get out of the rut and create innovative solutions to today's problems.
+We are not always right as leaders.
+We will eradicate fear.
+Fear is the enemy of play.
+And we're going to do things like lift restrictions.
+As you know, it is forbidden to let people use their cell phones for personal calls.
+Publish them on the Internet.
+Let them use instant messengers.
+let them have a long lunch.
+Lunch is like a break from work.
+It's time to get out into the outside world, recharge your head, meet friends, drink beer, eat food, talk, and get the synergy of ideas you might not have thought of before.
+let them do it Give them some freedom and generally let them play. Have fun at work.
+We spend most of our lives at work, and it's supposed to be, like, a miserable job, and 20 years from now, you'll wake up and say:
+Was that all? "
+unacceptable. nepliem rib.
+(Laughter) In summary, we need a big change in the way we think and act, but we don't need a workers' revolution.
+We don't need a workers' revolution.
+What we need is a player uprising.
+What we need is a player uprising.
+What we need is a player uprising.
+Seriously, we need to unite.
+Today is the beginning of the rebellion.
+But what you have to do is fan the fire of revolution.
+We need you to go share your ideas and success stories on what has worked to bring play to life in our lives, schools, and jobs. about how play promotes a sense of commitment and self-actualization. About how play fosters innovation and productivity, and ultimately how play creates meaning.
+Because we can't do it alone. We have to do it together, and if we do this together and share these ideas while playing, we can change Bulgaria for the better.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As an artist, connection is very important to me.
+Through my work, I try to make clear that humans are not separate from nature, that everything is interconnected.
+I went to Antarctica for the first time about 10 years ago and saw icebergs there for the first time.
+I was awed.
+My heart raced and my head felt dizzy trying to make sense of what was in front of me.
+The icebergs around me were about 200 feet above the water, and I couldn't help but wonder if this was another layer of snowflakes each year.
+Icebergs are born when they break off from a glacier or break off from an ice shelf.
+Each iceberg has its own personality.
+They have a unique way of interacting with their environment and experiences.
+Some will not give up and cling to the bitter ending, while others can no longer take it and collapse in a dramatic fit of passion.
+When we look at icebergs, it's easy to think that they are isolated, isolated and lonely, much as we humans sometimes see ourselves.
+But the reality is far from that.
+As the iceberg melts, I breathe in its ancient atmosphere.
+When icebergs melt, they release mineral-rich freshwater that supports a wide variety of life.
+I work with these iceberg photos as if I were making an ancestral portrait. In each of these individual moments, we know that the iceberg has existed that way and will never exist that way again.
+Melting is not death. It is not the end, but the continuation of their path through the cycle of life.
+Some of the icebergs I photograph are very young, thousands of years old.
+Some of the ice is over 100,000 years old.
+The last picture I would like to show you is of an iceberg taken at Keketarsuaq in Greenland.
+It's a rare opportunity to actually witness an iceberg roll.
+So here it is.
+You will see a small boat on your left.
+It's about a 15 foot boat.
+And I want you to notice the shape of the iceberg and the position of the waterline.
+As you can see, the ship started to turn, the boat moved to the other side and a man was standing there.
+This is an average size iceberg in Greenland.
+Above water is approximately 120 feet, or 40 meters.
+And this video is real time.
+(music) And in that way the iceberg shows another side of its personality.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(music) Sentence: beat jazz.
+BeatJazz is 1. live loops, 2. jazz improvisation, and 3. "gesture" sound design.
+An accelerometer on each hand reads the position of the hand.
+The color of the light indicates which sound is playing.
+Red = Drums, Blue = Bass, Green = Chords, Orange = Leads, Purple = Pads The mouthpiece consists of:
+Buttons, two guitar picks, and lots of hot glue.
+A heads-up display is a smartphone that displays system parameters.
+why?
+To subdivide musical culture so that all genres, past, present and future, can be studied live and abstracted.
+And "Beat Jazzers" become as common as D.J.
+but mostly...
+Create the future instead of waiting for it.
+(applause)
+The two places where I feel most free are not really places.
+It's a moment.
+The first is inside the dance.
+It's somewhere between the feeling of standing up against gravity and the feeling of the air below drowning in the weight of your own body.
+I'm dancing and the air carries me so I may never get off.
+The second time I feel free is after scoring a goal on the football pitch.
+The chemicals they put in the EpiPen to reanimate the dead flooded my body, leaving me weightless and raceless.
+Here's my story: I'm a curator at a contemporary art center, but I don't really believe in art that doesn't cry.
+I imagine my children will live in a time when fresh water and empathy are the most valuable.
+I love beautiful dancing and majestic sculptures as much as the following guys, but give it something else to go with it.
+Elevate me with your sublime aesthetics and give me the exercises and tools to turn that inspiration into understanding and action.
+For example, I am a theater person who loves sports.
+When I was working on my latest piece /peh-LO-tah/, I often talked about football for my own immigrant family as a way to foster a sense of continuity, normalcy and community in the new context of the United States. I thought.
+At a time of heightened xenophobia and attacks on immigrant identity, I wondered how the game could serve as an affirmative tool for first-generation Americans and immigrant children, and how patterns of movement on the field could be translated into immigrant identity. I wanted to think thoroughly about how I could encourage people to think of it as something close to a pattern. Beyond social and political boundaries.
+Soccer players or not, American immigrants play on endangered grounds.
+I wanted my kids to understand that the same muscles you use to plan your next goal can also be used to move on to the next block.
+For me, freedom resides in the body.
+We talk about it in the abstract, and we even have conflicting opinions like 'defend our freedom', 'build a wall', 'they hate us because of our freedom'.
+We have all these beautifully designed systems to imprison us and deport us, but how do we design freedom?
+For these children, I want to trace ideas back to something that exists within me and that no one can take away. We have developed this curriculum that also serves as a department.
+Visit /peh-LO-tah/ research areas to create sports-based political activism for youth.
+The project name is "Move and Pass".
+It intersects curriculum development, site-specific performance, and the politics of pleasure, using football as a metaphor for the pressing issue of suffrage among immigrant youth.
+Imagine you are a 15-year-old kid from Honduras and living in Harlem, or a 13-year-old girl born in Washington DC to two Nigerian immigrants.
+you love the game
+You are on the field with your friends.
+After 15 minutes of practice dribbling past the cone, a marching band suddenly appears on the field.
+I want to combine the joy of gaming with the frenzy of culture, and place it in the same physical coordinates as it is politically influenced by art: the grassy theater of liberation. .
+We see how a midfielder describes Black Lives Matter, how a goalie describes gun control, or how a defender's style is the perfect metaphor for the limits of American exceptionalism. I spent a week thinking about
+When we study positions on the field, we also name and imagine our own freedom.
+I don't know, football seems to be the only thing on this planet that we can all agree to do together.
+Look? It's like the official sport of this spinning ball.
+I want to connect soccer players who are always on the move with the joy of the game, and connect them with immigrants who have also moved in search of better positions.
+In these kids, I want to connect their family history with the bliss of running a goalscorer, the feeling of family after the ball beats the goalie, the closest thing to freedom. I'm here.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(music) (applause) Thank you.
+When you think of a cello solo concert, many people think of Johann Sebastian Bach's unaccompanied cello suites.
+As a child studying these timeless masterpieces, the music of Bach mingled with the singing of Muslim prayers coming from the neighboring Arab village of the kibbutz in northern Israel where I grew up.
+After hours of practice, tango music crept through my parents' stereo in the middle of the night, and I was listening to Janis Joplin and Billie Holiday.
+It all became music for me.
+I didn't hear the border.
+I still practice playing Bach every day.
+His music always sounds fresh and surprising to me.
+However, when I was trying to find new ways of expressing myself musically away from the traditional classical repertoire, I realized that with today's technical resources there was no reason to limit what could be played at once from a single stringed instrument. I was.
+The power and coherence you get from hearing, recognizing and playing all voices by one person makes for a very different experience.
+The excitement of a great orchestral performance comes from the collective effort of musicians to come up with a single unified whole concept.
+The excitement of using multitracking is how I did it in the next piece I hear, building and creating entire universes made up of many diverse layers, all generated from a single source It comes from the attempt to
+My cello and my voice overlap to create this big sonic canvas.
+When composers write me songs, I ask them to forget their knowledge of the cello.
+I want to reach new territories and discover sounds never heard before.
+I want to create infinite possibilities with this cello.
+I become the medium through which the music travels, and in the process, if all goes well, the music changes, and so do I.
+(music) (applause)
+I have been involved in the automotive industry all my life by birth and choice. I have worked for the Ford Motor Company for the past 30 years.
+And for most of those years, I was worried about how I could sell more cars and trucks.
+But what worries me today is what would happen if it was all about selling more cars and trucks.
+What if the number of vehicles on the road doubled, tripled, or even quadrupled?
+My life is guided by two great passions. One is automobiles.
+I literally grew up with the Ford Motor Company.
+When I was little, I thought it would be so cool for my dad to bring home the latest Ford or Lincoln and leave it in the driveway.
+Then, around the age of ten, I decided that it would be really cool to be a test driver.
+So my parents went to dinner.
+they were sitting I was going to sneak out of the house.
+I jumped on the wheel and rode the new model around the driveway and it was a lot of fun.
+It went on for about two years, and when I was about 12 years old, my dad brought home a Lincoln Mark III.
+And it was snowing that day.
+So he and mom went to dinner and I sneaked out and thought it would be really cool to eat donuts and do figure eights in the snow.
+That night, my father finished dinner early.
+And he walked towards the hallway, and about as he was about to leave the hallway I hit the ice and met him in the car at the hallway--and nearly ended up in the hallway.
+So my test rides got a little cooler for a while.
+But from then on, I really fell in love with cars.
+My first car was a 1975 electric green Mustang.
+And even though the colors were pretty awful, I loved the car. And it really cemented my love of cars that continues to this day.
+But cars are really more than my passion. They are literally in my blood.
+My great-grandfather was Henry Ford and my maternal great-grandfather was Harvey Firestone.
+So when I was born, I would say the expectations for me were pretty high.
+But my great-grandfather, Henry Ford, truly believed that the mission of the Ford Motor Company was to improve people's lives and provide affordable cars so that everyone could own a car. .
+Because he believed that mobility entailed freedom and progress.
+And it's a belief that I also share.
+Another great passion of mine is the environment.
+And when I was younger, I used to go up north Michigan and fish in the rivers that Hemingway fished and later wrote about.
+And as the years go by, in a very negative way, it really reminds me of when I was used to going to the stream that I loved and walking through this field that was once full of fireflies and now had obis. It left an impression on me. A shopping mall or a bunch of condos above it.
+So from an early age, it resonated with me a lot, and the whole concept of environmental conservation permeated me at a very basic level.
+When I was in high school, I started reading authors like Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, and Edward Abbey, and my appreciation of the natural world really began to grow.
+But it never occurred to me that my love of cars and trucks would naturally be at odds.
+And that was true until I entered college.
+And if you can imagine my surprise when I entered college, when I went to class, many professors would say that Ford Motor and my family were all wrong in this country. think.
+They thought we were more interested in profit than progress as an industry, filling the skies with smog — and frankly, we were the enemy.
+After graduating from college, I asked myself many times whether this was the right thing to do, and then I joined Ford.
+But I decided I wanted to go out there and see if I could influence change.
+Looking back over 30 years ago, it was a little naive to think you could do that at that age. But I wanted to.
+And it really turns out that the professors weren't completely wrong.
+In fact, when I moved back to Detroit, my environmental commitment wasn't exactly well-received by people at my own company, and arguably in the industry.
+As you can imagine, we had some very interesting conversations.
+Some within Ford believed that all this environmental nonsense should go away and that I should stop hanging out with "environmentally weird people."
+I was considered an extremist.
+And I will never forget the day I was summoned by a member of the management team and told to stop associating with known or suspected environmental activists.
+(Laughter) Of course, I didn't mean it, I kept speaking out about the environment, but that's exactly what we call sustainability today.
+And over time, my views went from being controversial to being more or less consensus today.
+I mean, I think most people in the industry understand that we have to go ahead with it.
+And the good news is that we're addressing the big automotive and environmental issues today, not just for Ford, but for the industry as a whole.
+We push fuel economy to new heights.
+And with new technology, we are reducing our CO2 emissions, and we believe they will someday.
+Sales of electric cars have also started, which is great.
+We develop alternative powertrains that make cars affordable in all senses: economically, socially and environmentally.
+And indeed, we have a long way to go and a lot of work to do, but I can see the day when my two great passions – cars and the environment – ​​really come together.
+But unfortunately, we're trying to solve one huge problem, and like I said, we're not there yet. I have a lot of work to do, but I can see how far I can go. But even in the midst of that work, people don't realize there is another big problem looming.
+And the freedom of movement that my great-grandfather brought to people is now under threat, as is the environment.
+This problem is, in the simplest terms, one of mathematics.
+There are currently about 6.8 billion people in the world, and that number is expected to grow to about 9 billion in our lifetimes.
+And at that population level, our planet will face growth limits.
+And with that growth comes some serious real problems. One is that the transportation system cannot cope with it.
+It becomes even clearer when we look at population growth in terms of automobiles.
+There are currently about 800 million cars on the road worldwide.
+But as the world's population grows and becomes richer, that number will rise from 2 billion to 4 billion by mid-century.
+And this will create a global impasse the likes of which the world has never seen before.
+Now let's think about the impact this has on our daily lives.
+The average American now spends about a week a year stuck in traffic, a huge waste of time and resources.
+But this is nothing compared to what is happening in the fastest growing countries.
+Currently, the average Beijing driver's commute time is 5 hours.
+And last summer, as many of you probably saw, China experienced a 100-mile traffic jam that took 11 days to clear.
+In the next few decades, 75 percent of the world's population will live in cities, 50 of which will have over 10 million people.
+You can see the magnitude of the problem we face.
+Given population growth, it is clear that today's mobility models will not work tomorrow.
+Quite frankly, 4 billion clean cars on the road are still 4 billion cars, and traffic without emissions is still traffic.
+So if we don't change anything today, what will happen tomorrow?
+Well, you probably already have an image.
+Traffic jams are just a symptom of this challenge, really very inconvenient, but that's it.
+But the bigger problem is that the global stalemate will hamper economic growth, especially the ability to provide food and health care to people living in urban centres.
+And our quality of life will suffer greatly.
+So what solves this?
+Well, the answer won't be the same any more.
+My great-grandfather said this before he invented the Model T. "If you were to ask people what they wanted back then, they would say, 'I want a faster horse.'" So the answer to more cars is simply not more roads.
+When America began to move west, we built railroads, not freight trains.
+And after World War II, rather than building more two-lane highways to connect our nations, we built an interstate highway system.
+Today, we need that same leap of thinking to create a viable future.
+We're going to build smart cars, but we also need to build smart roads, smart parking lots, smart public transportation systems, and more.
+I don't want to waste time getting stuck in traffic, sitting at a toll booth, or looking for a parking spot.
+We need an integrated system that uses real-time data to optimize personal mobility at scale, without hassle or compromise for travelers.
+And frankly, this is the kind of system that makes the future of personal mobility sustainable.
+Well, the good news is that some of this effort has already started in different parts of the world.
+In Abu Dhabi's Masdar city, unmanned electric vehicles that can communicate with each other are used to drive under city streets.
+And above is a series of pedestrian walkways.
+On New York City's 34th Street, traffic jams will soon be replaced with a connecting system of vehicular corridors.
+Pedestrian zones and dedicated lanes will be installed, all of which will reduce the average rush hour commute across New York City from about an hour during today's rush hour to about 20 minutes. It will be.
+Now, if you look at Hong Kong, there is a very interesting system called Octopus.
+This is a system that ties all transport assets into a single payment system.
+So parking lots, buses and trains all work within the same system.
+Today, share car services are emerging all over the world, and I think these efforts are wonderful.
+They are easing congestion and frankly starting to save fuel.
+These are all really good ideas that keep us going.
+But what really inspires me is what is possible when our cars can talk to each other.
+Soon, the same systems we use today to bring music, entertainment and GPS information into our vehicles will be used to build smart vehicle networks.
+Every morning I drive about 30 miles from my home in Ann Arbor to my office in Dearborn, Michigan.
+And when I get home every night, the commute is total crap.
+And often you have to get off the highway and find another way to get home.
+But soon there will come a time when cars will essentially talk to each other.
+So when the car in front of me hits traffic on Interstate 94, it immediately alerts my car and tells it to reroute to get home in the best possible way. instruct.
+And these systems are currently in testing and, frankly, will be ready for prime time soon.
+But the possibilities for connected car networks are almost limitless.
+Please try to imagine. In the near future, you will be able to plan your trips downtown and your car will be connected to a smart parking system.
+This means that when you get in your car, it will reserve a parking space for you before you arrive. Let's face it, one of the most fuel-hungry cars on the road today, no more driving around looking for a parking space. Urban -- I'm looking for parking.
+Or imagine being in New York City and using your smartphone to track an intelligent taxi so you don't have to wait in the cold.
+Or maybe you're at a future TED conference, and everyone's calendars and cars here are talking about the best route home and departure time so everyone gets to their next destination on time. may tell you.
+This is the kind of technology that integrates millions of individual vehicles into a single system.
+So, I think it's clear that we've found a solution to this big problem.
+But as tackling the CO2 problem and fossil fuels has shown, there is no single silver bullet.
+The solution is not more cars, more roads, or a new rail system. I believe it can only be found within a global network of interconnected solutions.
+We know we can develop the technology to make this happen, but we need to be willing to go out there and look for solutions, whether that means ride-sharing or public transport or some other way that has never been done before. . I have even thought about it. Our overall transport mix and infrastructure must support all future options.
+We need the best and brightest people to start tackling this problem.
+Companies, entrepreneurs and venture capitalists all need to understand that this is both a big business opportunity and a big social problem.
+And just as these groups are embracing the green energy challenge, seeing how much brainpower, money, and serious thought has been put into the green energy field over the last three years, I I was really surprised. .
+It takes that same passion and energy to break the global deadlock.
+But we need top thinkers like you in this room.
+So, frankly, we need all of you to think about how you can contribute to solving this big problem.
+And we need people from all walks of life. Not only inventors, but also policy makers and government officials need to think about how to respond to this challenge.
+This problem cannot be solved by a single individual or group.
+Frankly, national energy policies will really be needed. This is because national solutions differ according to income levels, traffic congestion, and the degree of system integration.
+But we have to move forward, and we have to move forward today.
+And you need an infrastructure designed to support this flexible future.
+As you know we have come a long way.
+Since the Model T, most people have never traveled more than 40 miles from home in their lifetime.
+Since then, the automobile has given us the freedom to choose where we live, where we work, where we play, and frankly, when we just want to get out and about.
+We don't want to back down and lose that freedom.
+We're on our way to a solution -- like I said, we know we have a long way to go -- the big problem that threatens all of us to focus on is the environment. is. But we all believe that all our efforts, ingenuity and determination must be directed towards resolving this concept of global impasse.
+Because in doing so, we protect what we truly take for granted: the freedom to move around the world effortlessly.
+And frankly, our quality of life would be better if we could solve this.
+Because if, like me, we take for granted today, if we can envision a future with zero emissions and free movement across the country and the world, we will protect it for tomorrow. Because it's worth working hard for today.
+We believe that when we face big problems, we are at our best.
+This is a big deal and we can't wait.
+So let's get started now.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am a savant, or more precisely a high-functioning autistic savant.
+Rare condition.
+And even rarer when it involves self-awareness and language acquisition, as in my case.
+When I meet someone and they get to know me, it often feels kind of awkward.
+They can see it in their eyes.
+they want to ask me something
+And in the end, the urge is so strong that I often blurt out, "If I give you my date of birth, can you tell me what day of the week you were born?"
+(Laughter) Or mention the cube root, or ask them to recite a long number or a long sentence.
+I think you can forgive me for not showing something like a one-man show today.
+Instead, I talk about something far more interesting than birthdates and cube roots—something a little deeper and closer to my heart than work.
+I want to talk briefly about perception.
+When Anton Chekhov was writing his eponymous plays and short stories, he wrote down in his notebook what he observed of the world around him, the small details that others might miss. .
+Every time I read Chekhov and his unique vision of life, it reminds me of why I became a writer too.
+In my book, I explore the nature of perception and how different kinds of perception produce different kinds of knowledge and understanding.
+Below are three questions that have been derived from my work.
+Instead of trying to understand them, I invite you to think for a moment about the intuitions and instincts that go through your head and heart when you see them.
+Calculate, for example: Can you feel where the solution lies on the number line?
+Or can you look at a loanword and its sound and understand the range of meanings it has for you?
+And when it comes to the flow of poetry, why would a poet use the word rabbit instead of rabbit?
+I am asking you to do this because, as you know, I believe that our personal perception is central to how we acquire knowledge.
+Aesthetic judgments, not abstract reasoning, guide and shape the process by which we all come to know what we know.
+I am an extreme example of that.
+My world of words and numbers is blurred with colors, emotions and personalities.
+As Huang said, this is a condition that scientists call synaesthesia, an abnormal cross-talk between the senses.
+Here are the numbers from 1 to 12 that I have seen. Each number has its own shape and characteristics.
+One is a flash of white light.
+Six is ​​a small and very sad black hole.
+Here the sketch is in black and white, but in my head it's in color.
+3 is green.
+4 is blue.
+5 is yellow.
+I also draw pictures.
+And here is one of my drawings.
+Multiplication of two prime numbers.
+The three-dimensional shape and the space created in the center create a new shape, the answer to harmony.
+What about larger numbers?
+Well, it can't be greater than pi, which is a mathematical constant.
+It's an infinite number, literally going on forever.
+Painted in the first 20 decimal places of Pi, this painting takes color, emotion, and texture and puts them all together to create a kind of rolling number landscape.
+But numbers aren't the only things you see in color.
+For me, words also have colors, emotions, and textures.
+This is the opening phrase of the novel "Lolita".
+And Nabokov himself was a synesthesia.
+Here you can see how my perception of the L sound helps me express alliteration immediately.
+Another example: a little more mathematical.
+And does anyone notice the structure of the sentences in The Great Gatsby?
+There is a matrix of syllables -- wheat, one syllable. Meadow, two. A Swedish town has lost three - one, two, three.
+And this effect is very mentally pleasing and makes the writing feel right.
+Let's go back to the previous question.
+Multiply 64 by 75.
+Chess players know that 64 is a square number. That is why an 8-by-8 chessboard has 64 squares.
+It gives us a recognizable shape that we can imagine.
+what about 75?
+Well, if it's 100, then 75 would look like this, considering 100 as a square.
+So what we have to do now is mentally combine these two pictures. It will be as follows.
+64 becomes 6,400.
+In the right corner you don't need to calculate anything.
+4 across and 4 up and down, or 16.
+So the sum is actually 16, 16, 16.
+I think it's much easier than teaching math in school.
+16, 16, 16, 48, 4,800 -- 4,800, total answer.
+It's easy if you know how.
+(laughs) The second question was in Icelandic.
+I don't think there are many people here who speak Icelandic.
+So let's narrow it down to two options.
+Funagin: Are those words happy or sad?
+what do you say?
+have understood.
+Some say it makes them happy.
+Most people, the majority say they are sad.
+And that actually means sad.
+(Laughter) Why is it that, statistically, the majority of people say a word is sad in this case and heavy in others?
+My theory is that language evolves in such a way that sounds match and match the listener's subjective, personal, and intuitive experience.
+Let's look at the third question.
+A line from a poem by John Keats.
+Words, like numbers, represent the fundamental relationships between the objects, events and forces that make up our world.
+It is natural for us, who exist in this world, to intuitively absorb these relationships as we live.
+And poets, like other artists, play with these intuitive understandings.
+For Hare, it is an ambiguous sound in English.
+It can also mean the fibers that grow from the head.
+And when you think about it, I'm going to put a picture on it, fiber represents vulnerability.
+They succumb to the slightest movement, movement, or emotion.
+So you have an air of vulnerability and tension.
+A rabbit itself, an animal--not a cat or a dog, a rabbit--why a rabbit?
+Because think pictures, not words.
+Elongated ears and large paws help us intuitively imagine and feel what it means to limp or tremble.
+I hope that in these few minutes I can share a bit of my vision of things and show you that words have colors, emotions, numbers, shapes and personalities.
+The world is richer and wider than you think.
+I hope I have given you the desire to learn to see the world with new eyes.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As you know, what I do is write for children, and in fact I'm probably the most widely read children's author in America.
+And I always tell people I don't want to look like a scientist.
+You can make me a peasant, you can wear leather, but no one chose a peasant.
+I am here today to talk to you about Circles and Epiphany.
+And as you know, inspiration is usually finding something you dropped somewhere.
+To see it as an epiphany, you have to go around the block.
+It's a picture of a circle.
+A friend of mine, Richard Bolingbroke, did.
+It is such a complex circle that I am going to tell you about.
+My circle goes back to the '60s, high school in Stowe, Ohio, and I was the queer in my class.
+I was beaten bloody in the men's bathroom every week until one teacher saved my life.
+She saved my life by letting me go to the restroom in the staff room.
+She did it in secret.
+She did it for three years.
+And I had to leave town.
+I had my thumb, I had $85, I met my girlfriend, and I ended up in San Francisco, CA. Then I felt the need to go back to the 80's and start working for AIDS organizations.
+About three or four years ago, that teacher, Mr. Posten, called me in the middle of the night and said,
+It's a pity that we didn't get to know each other as adults.
+Could you please come to Ohio and bring me that man you just found.
+Also, I would like to mention that I have pancreatic cancer, but please hurry on this. "
+Well, the next day we were in Cleveland.
+We looked at her, laughed, cried, and knew she needed to go into hospice.
+We found her, took her there, took care of her as needed, watched over her family.
+That's what we knew how to do.
+And the moment a woman who wanted to know me as an adult found out about me, she turned into an ash box and was placed in my hands.
+And what happened is that the circle closed and became a circle. And then came that epiphany I was talking about.
+The epiphany is that death is part of life.
+She saved my life. Me and my partner saved her.
+And you know, that part of your life requires everything you do the rest of your life.
+It requires truth and beauty, and I am very happy that it is mentioned so much here today.
+It also needs dignity, love and joy, and it's our job to provide them.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Universe, we know what it's like.
+Throughout our lives, we have been surrounded by images of the universe, from the speculative imagery of science fiction, to the inspirational visions of artists, to increasingly beautiful photography made possible by complex technology.
+But while we have an overwhelmingly vivid visual understanding of space, we have no sense of what it sounds like.
+And indeed, most people associate space with silence.
+But the story of how we came to understand the universe is as much a story of seeing as it is a story of hearing.
+Nevertheless, few people have heard of the universe.
+How many of you here can explain the sound of a single planet or star?
+In case you've ever wondered, this is what the sun looks like.
+(static) (crackling) (static) (crackling) This is Jupiter.
+(soft crackle) And this is the Cassini spacecraft zipping through the icy rings of Saturn.
+(Crackling) This is a highly condensed mass of neutral matter spinning in distant space.
+(tapping) So my artistic practice is listening to the strange and wonderful noises emanating from the magnificent celestial bodies that make up our universe.
+And you may wonder how you can know what these sounds are.
+How can you tell the difference between the sound of the sun and the sound of a pulsar?
+The answer is radio astronomy.
+Radio astronomers use highly sensitive antennas and receivers to study radio waves from space, providing precise information about what a celestial object is and where it is in the night sky.
+And just like the signals we send and receive on Earth, we can convert these transmissions into sound using simple analog techniques.
+Thus, by listening, we have come to reveal some of the most important secrets of the universe: its size, what it is made of, and even its age.
+So today I'm going to talk to you while listening to a short story about the history of the universe.
+The story is punctuated by three brief anecdotes, showing how a chance encounter with a strange noise gave us the most important information we have about the universe.
+Now, this story isn't about giant telescopes or futuristic spacecraft, but rather from a much more humble technology, and indeed the very vehicle that brought about the telecommunications revolution of which we are all a part today: the telephone. to start.
+The year is 1876 and it is in Boston. He is Alexander Graham Bell, who worked with Thomas Watson on the invention of the telephone.
+A key part of their technical setup was a half-mile long wire cast across the roofs of several Boston homes.
+This line carried the telephone signals that would later make Bell famous.
+But like any long charging wire, it too accidentally ended up as an antenna.
+Thomas Watson spent hours listening to strange crackling, hissing, chirping, and whistling sounds that happened to be picked up by his antenna.
+Now, remember, this was 10 years before Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves, 15 years before Nikola Tesla's four-tuned circuit, and almost 20 years before Marconi's first broadcast.
+So Thomas Watson didn't listen to us.
+I didn't have the technology to tell.
+So what were these strange sounds?
+In fact, Watson was listening to very low frequency radio emissions caused by nature.
+Some of the crackling and crackling sounds were like lightning, but eerie whistles and strange melodious calls have rather exotic origins.
+Using the very first phone, Watson was actually dialed to Heaven.
+As he correctly surmised, some of these sounds were caused by activity on the surface of the Sun.
+What he was hearing was the solar wind interacting with the ionosphere. This phenomenon can be seen as auroras at the North and South Pole latitudes of our planet.
+So while Watson was inventing the technology that ushered in the telecommunications revolution, he discovered that the star at the center of our solar system was emitting powerful radio waves.
+He happened to be the first to go along with them.
+Fifty years later, Bell and Watson technology has completely transformed global communications.
+But starting with hanging wires from the rooftops of Boston and laying thousands of miles of cable across the Atlantic ocean floor is no small feat.
+And over time, Bell turned to new technologies to optimize the revolution.
+Radios can transmit sound without wires.
+However, this medium is lossy and susceptible to a lot of noise and interference.
+So Bell hired an engineer to study those noises and try to figure out where they were coming from. Its purpose was to build a perfect hardware codec that would remove noise so that radio could be considered for telephony purposes.
+Most of the noise that engineer Karl Jansky investigated was fairly mundane in origin.
+They turned out to be lightning bolts or power sources.
+But there was one persistent noise that Jansky was unable to identify that seemed to appear in his radio headset four minutes earlier each day.
+Now, any astronomer will tell you that this is evidence of something not originating from Earth.
+Jansky made the historic discovery that celestial bodies can emit radio waves as well as light waves.
+Fifty years after Watson's chance encounter with the Sun, the result of Jansky's careful listening ushered in a new era of space exploration: the era of radio astronomy.
+Over the next few years, astronomers hooked up their antennas to loudspeakers and listened to the radio to learn about the sky, Jupiter, and the Sun.
+Let's move forward again.
+In 1964 we returned to Bell Labs.
+And again, two scientists faced noise problems.
+Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were using Bell's Holmdel Laboratory horn antenna to study the Milky Way with amazing precision.
+They really listened to Galactic faithfully.
+There was a problem with the soundtrack.
+A mysterious persistent noise was interfering with research.
+It was within microwave range and seemed to be coming from all directions at the same time.
+Well, this made no sense. And, like any sane engineer or scientist, they figured the problem must be in the technology itself, and in the dish.
+Pigeons were roosting in the plate.
+So perhaps removing the pigeon droppings and reactivating the disk will resume normal operation.
+But the noise didn't go away.
+The mysterious noise that Penzias and Wilson were hearing turns out to be the oldest and most important sound no one has ever heard.
+It was cosmic radiation left over from the birth of the universe.
+This was the first experimental evidence that the Big Bang existed and that the universe was born at a precise moment about 14.7 billion years ago.
+So our story ends with the beginning, the beginning of all things, the Big Bang.
+This is the noise Penzias and Wilson heard. It's the oldest sound you'll ever hear, the cosmic microwave background radiation left over from the Big Bang.
+(Fuzz) Thank you.
+(applause)
+My name is Joshua Walters.
+I'm a performer
+(beatboxing) (laughter) (applause) But as far as being a performer, I'm also diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
+The crazier you get on stage, the more fun you get, so I reframed that as a positive thing.
+When I was 16 years old in San Francisco, I had a epochal manic episode where I thought I was Jesus Christ.
+Maybe you thought it was scary, but the truth is, no amount of pills will get you high enough to believe that you are Jesus Christ.
+(Laughter) I was sent to a psych ward, where everyone is doing their own one-man show.
+(Laughter) No audience can justify rehearsal time.
+Someday they will come here.
+After being discharged from the hospital, I was diagnosed by a psychiatrist and prescribed medication.
+"Okay, Josh, can I have some Zyprexa?
+have understood? hmm?
+At least that's what my pen says. "
+(Laughter.) I know some of you are in the field.
+I feel your noise
+I spent the first half of my high school years battling mania and the second half overdosing on these drugs that kept me asleep all through high school.
+In the second half, I only took one big nap during class.
+When I got out, I had a choice.
+You can either deny your mental illness or accept your mental strength.
+(Trumpet) There is a movement underway to reframe mental illness as something positive, at least the hypomanic end of it.
+Now, for those of you who don't know what hypomania is, it's like an engine that's out of control, maybe a Ferrari engine, but it's not broken.
+A lot of the speakers here, and a lot of the audience, you know what I'm saying, are creatively talented.
+You are driven by the urge to accomplish what everyone says is impossible.
+There is also a book called John Gartner.
+John Gartner wrote a book called "The Hypomanic Edge". Among them, Christopher Columbus, Ted Turner, Steve Jobs, and all these businessmen are competing with this edge.
+Not too long ago, in the mid-90s, another book by Kay Redfield Jamison, Touched With Fire, was written, in which Mozart, Beethoven, and Van Gogh all suffered from manic depression. was considered in I am suffering.
+Some of them even committed suicide.
+So it wasn't all about the positive side of the disease.
+There has been a lot of development in this area recently.
+And an article written in the New York Times in September 2010 said, "Just being manic is enough."
+If an investor looking for entrepreneurs with this kind of spectrum might not be full bipolar, but they're on the bipolar spectrum, be geeky enough. Maybe you think you're a yes, but on the other hand they're just making you a lot of money.
+(Laughter) Your phone. it's your phone
+And everyone is in between.
+Everyone is in between.
+So perhaps there is no such thing as being insane, and being diagnosed with a mental illness does not mean you are insane.
+But perhaps it just means that you are more sensitive to things that most people cannot see or feel.
+Maybe no one is really crazy.
+Everyone is just a little pissed off.
+How much depends on where you fall on the spectrum.
+How much money you get depends on how lucky you are.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Sergey Brin: I would like to address a number of your pressing questions.
+The last time we spoke to you was several years ago.
+And before we start today, I want to get that out of the way because many of you are wondering.
+The answer is boxers.
+Well, I hope you are all feeling better.
+Do you know what this is? Anyone know what it is?
+Audience: Yes.
+SB: What is it?
+Audience: People all over the world are logged into Google.
+SB: Wow, okay. When I first saw it, I had no idea what it was.
+But this helped me see it.
+This is what we're running in the office, and it's actually running in real time.
+A little bit of logging here.
+But here you can see how people around the world use Google.
+And each of those rising dots probably represents about 20-30 searches.
+And now they are labeled by color and by language.
+As you can see, this is the United States, and everything is getting red.
+This is Monterey. Hopefully it works.
+You can immediately see how lively the nights in Japan are.
+Tokyo comes in in Japanese.
+There are many activities going on in China.
+There are many activities going on in India.
+I also have a few in my little pocket in the Middle East.
+And Europe is right in the middle of it right now, doing very well with a wide variety of languages.
+Now if I turn this around, you can see that I hope I don't shake the world too much.
+But you can also see that there are places where there are not so many.
+Australia has very few people.
+And this is what we should really work on. It's Africa, basically just a little bit in South Africa and a few other cities.
+But basically, what we've found is that these queries, sent at a rate of thousands per second, are available anywhere there is power.
+And wherever there is electricity, there is the Internet.
+And even in Antarctica, at least this time of year, you'll see the question raised from time to time.
+And if it's plotted correctly, I think it's also present on the International Space Station.
+That's part of the challenge we have here. Do you find this to be a bit difficult to achieve in practice?
+This way you have to move a bit to actually get answers to people's questions.
+You can see that there is a lot of data in circulation.
+It has to be transmitted all over the world via fiber optics, satellites and all kinds of connections.
+And keeping latency as low as possible is pretty hard for us. I hope your experience will be a good one.
+But look again. So you can see that some places have way more wires than others, and all the bandwidth across the US is spread out to Asia, Europe in the other direction, and so on.
+All I want to do here is show what one second of this activity looks like.
+If you can switch to slides, then let's go.
+So this will be slow.
+This is what it looks like for 1 second.
+Where we spend a lot of time is making sure we can handle this kind of traffic load.
+Well, each of these queries has an interesting life and its own story.
+So it might be someone's health, it might be someone's career, it might be important to them.
+And it can be as important as the tomato sauce, in this case ketchup.
+This is the question we had. Perhaps this is a popular band that is more popular in some parts of the world than others.
+You can see it started here.
+It was also popular in the United States and Spain at the same time.
+But there weren't exactly the same pickups in the US.
+As it was in Spain.
+Then from Spain it spread to Italy, then Germany got excited, and maybe England is enjoying it now.
+So, finally, finally, I think the United States has come to like it too.
+And I just wanted to play it for you.
+Anyway, you guys can enjoy it yourself. Hopefully that search will work.
+As you know, one of the things we want to do to grow our company is get more searches.
+That means we want more healthy and educated people.
+More animals if they start exploring.
+But in part, we want to make the world a better place, and one of the things we're working on for that is the Google Foundation, which we're in the process of establishing.
+We also already have a program called Google Grants, which currently serves over 150 different charities around the world. These are some of the charities going on there.
+And I'm so excited to be part of it too.
+Actually a lot of the organizations that are gathered here, I think the Acumen Fund, ApproTEC that we run, I don't know if it's still up, but a lot of the people that announced here are Google Grants I am working through
+They run Google ads and we just give them ad credit so they can let the organization know.
+One of our early results is a Singaporean businessman who currently sponsors a village of 25 Vietnamese girls for their education. This was one of the earliest results. As I said earlier, there are so many stories coming in right now. Because we have hundreds of charities involved, and the Google Foundation is an even broader effort.
+Now, does anyone know who this is?
+ah!
+AUDIENCE: Orkut.
+SB: Yes! someone got it
+It's Orcto. Anyone in Orkut?
+do you have anything
+Well, not many people know about it.
+I'll explain in a second.
+This is one of our engineers.
+I've found that it works better when soaked in water and covered with leaves.
+That's how we mass produce those products.
+Orkut had a vision to build a social network.
+I'm sure you're thinking "just another social network."
+But it was his dream. Basically, when people really want to do something, we usually let them do it.
+So this is what he made.
+We just released it in the testing phase last month and it's going well.
+This is our Vice President of Engineering.
+I see red hair. I don't know if you can see the nose ring there.
+And these are all his friends.
+Here's how it works -- we just rolled it out -- people decided to send each other invitations to join the service, and at first we had people in our company send the invitations. rice field.
+And now it has grown to over 100,000 members.
+And indeed, they spread rapidly outside the United States.
+As you can see, the US is still the majority here, but by the way, from a search perspective, it's only about 30 percent of the traffic, but that traffic is already going to Japan, the UK, and Europe. all remaining countries.
+So it's a fun little project.
+Different demographics exist. This will not let you get bored.
+But it's kind of like trying it out just for fun and see how it goes.
+And -- well, I'll keep you on your toes.
+Larry, can you explain this?
+Larry Page: Thank you, Sergey.
+For one, both Sergei and I went to Montessori school, and I think for some reason that was incorporated into Google.
+And Sergey mentioned Orkut. This, you know, is what Orkut wanted to do in his time, and we call it "20 percent of the time." At Google, we embodied this as "20 percent of the time." The idea is 20 percent of the time. If you work at Google, % of your time you can do what you think is best done.
+A lot of things at Google came out of it, including Orkut and Google News.
+And I think a lot of other things in the world also came from here.
+Mendel was supposed to teach high school students, but in reality he discovered the laws of genetics basically as a hobby.
+So many useful things come out of this.
+And the News I mentioned earlier was initiated by a researcher.
+And he just got really interested in the news after 9/11.
+And he said, "Why don't you watch the news more closely?"
+So he started clustering it by category and then he started using it and then his friends started using it too.
+And not only does the baby's butt look cute, it made it Googlette. This is basically a small project at Google.
+That's why the three of us try to make a product like that.
+And I don't really know if it works.
+In the case of News, we had a few people working on it for a while, then more and more people started using it, and then when we put it on the internet, even more people started using it. .
+And now it's a full-fledged project with more people participating.
+This is how we continue to innovate.
+Usually, as a company grows, I think it becomes very difficult to launch small, innovative projects.
+We also had this problem for a while and said, "Oh, we really need a new concept."
+As you know, Googlettes -- this is a small project and I'm not sure if it will work, but I hope it works. Some of them will work really well if you do enough. news etc.
+But with over 100 projects at the time, a problem arose.
+I don't know about you, but I have a hard time keeping 100 things in my head at once.
+And when I wrote them all down and ordered them, it turned out that these were kind of hoaxes.
+don't worry too much.
+For example, "Buy Iceland" is from a media article.
+We would never go crazy like that, but anyway, we found that if you basically wrote them all down and ordered them, most people would actually agree on what the order should be.
+This was kind of a surprise to me, but I've found that if I write down 100 things and keep them in my head, I'm pretty good at deciding what to do and where to put them. your resource.
+That's basically what we've been doing since we enacted this a few years ago, so that we can stay reasonably organized while still being really innovative. I think it became
+Another thing we discovered is that people like to work on things that are important, so they naturally shift to higher priorities.
+I would like to highlight some things that are new or that you may not know.
+And in fact, the top one is the desk bar.
+This is new. How many people use Google Toolbar?
+Please raise your hand.
+How many people use Deskbar?
+Okay, do you understand? Everyone should try it.
+But if you go to our site and search for "Deskbar" you'll see this.
+The idea is that instead of the toolbar, the toolbar is always visible at the bottom of the screen, making it very easy to find.
+It's like an improved version of the toolbar.
+Thank you Sergei.
+This is another example of a project that someone at Google was really passionate about. And they just started moving. And it's a really, really great product and it's really on track.
+Google Answers is what we started and it's really great. This allows you to enter questions from $5 to $100. Then many researchers will go out to investigate. It is guaranteed. That way you can actually get very good answers to things without spending all your time on yourself.
+You can use Froogle to find shopping information and Blogger to publish information.
+But these were all innovations that we made. As you know, we try so many different things internally.
+We like to innovate in the physical space as well, and during meetings we noticed that we had to wait a long time to turn the projector on and off, and it was so noisy that people started using the projector. It will stop.
+We didn't like it, so we spent maybe two weeks building a small enclosure around the projector. That way, the projector can be left on all the time and completely silent.
+As a result, we were able to build software that could manage meetings. So when you enter the meeting room, all the meetings that are going on are listed and you can take notes very easily and you can take notes right away. It is automatically emailed to everyone who attended the meeting.
+And as we become a global company, we realize that these things really affect us. Can you effectively work with people who are not there?
+That kind of thing too. And simple things like this can really make a big difference.
+Many engineers also attend those meetings, but they don't always do as much laundry as they should.
+So we found that having a washing machine was very convenient, especially for younger employees.
+Dogs are allowed as well. I think our company has a really fun culture that helps people work and enjoy what they do.
+This is actually our "cult photo".
+I just wanted to show you quickly.
+I had this on my website for a while, but after I posted it on the website, I noticed that I stopped receiving job applications.
+Anyway, we took the whole company on a ski trip every year.
+Within companies, a lot of work is done informally among people who know each other.
+And I think we've done a good job of encouraging that.
+It will be a really fun place to work.
+As with the logo, when we change something, the logo really embodies our culture.
+In fact, early on we were advised that we should never change our logo because we need to establish our brand.
+I want it to be consistent.
+And we said, 'Well, that doesn't seem very interesting.
+Why not change it every day? "
+One of the things that we're really excited about right now is that we have something called AdSense. This is a little foreshadowing. This was before Dean dropped out.
+But the idea is the same as showing relevant ads, for example, in newspapers.
+It's hard to read, but it says "Battle of New Hampshire: The Howard Dean Election" and it's about Howard Dean.
+And these ads are automatically generated from the site's content, like the Washington Post.
+That's why we use over 150,000 advertisers and millions of ads to select the ads that are most relevant to what you're actually looking at, just like with search.
+So the idea is that ads can be beneficial as well as intrusive, right?
+The good thing about this is that it has a self-service program, thousands of websites have signed up, and you can actually make money from it. And I -- you know, I met a few -- at a party I met a man who runs a conservation site, and he said, "I'm not making any money. was not
+I'm making $10,000 a month just by putting this on my site.
+And, you know, thank you.
+I don't have to do anything else now. "
+I think this is very important for us. Because the internet works better.
+When people can make a living producing great content, better content means better search.
+So this session is supposed to be about the future, so I thought I'd at least talk about it briefly.
+The idea behind this is to perform searches perfectly, you have to be really smart.
+After all, you can type anything into Google and expect an answer, right?
+But finding things is hard, so you really need your intelligence.
+And indeed, the ultimate search engine will be smart.
+It would be artificial intelligence.
+And that's what we're working on, and there are even people who are excited and hooked enough to work on it right now, and that's their real goal.
+So we always expect Google to be smarter, but we are always surprised when others think Google is smarter.
+So I wanted to show you an interesting example of this.
+This is a blog from Iraq, not really to talk about, but to give an example.
+Maybe, Sergei, I should emphasize this.
+So we made up our minds. In fact, the highlights are right there. Oh, thank you.
+That's why "Related Search" is there. Although it doesn't look like much, we've decided that this feature, called 'Relevant Searches', needs to be built into AdSense ads.
+So we would say, "Do you mean 'search'?" Since this blog is about Iraq, what is this, in this case "Saddam Hussein". We thought this was a great idea.
+So, there's a little depressed youth blog. he said: "As you know, I sleep well."
+He was just writing about his life.
+And our algorithm, not a human of course, our algorithm, a computer read his blog and decided that related searches were "boring".
+And he read this and thought someone had labeled him boring, which was very disappointing, and he said, 'Look, what are these Google bastards? are you doing?"
+why don't they like my blog? "
+So we read his blog. The blog said it was getting worse and worse and related searches were "delayed".
+And then, you know, he got even more furious and started writing swear words and so on.
+And I made "You suck".
+And at the end, he closed with “Kiss my ass”.
+So basically he thought he was dealing with something clever, and of course, you know, we just wrote this program and tried it, and it just doesn't work. , and we don't have this feature anymore.
+So maybe we can go back to the original world.
+Finally, there are some things that really excite me about working with Google. One of them is that you can make money primarily through advertising, and one of the advantages is that I didn't. Thanks to that, it is expected that we will be able to provide services to everyone in the world without worrying about where there is no money.
+So you don't have to worry about your product being sold at a lower price in poorer areas, for example, and then re-imported back into the US, for example by the pharmaceutical industry.
+And I think we're really lucky to have that kind of business model because anyone in the world can access our searches. I think this is a huge advantage.
+Another thing I wanted to say briefly is that we have a great ability and responsibility to give people the right information, we think of ourselves like newspapers and magazines, and we are very objective. This means that you need to provide relevant information.
+Therefore, Search Results does not accept any payments for search results.
+We accept payment for advertising and mark it as such.
+And it differs from many of its competitors.
+And I think the decisions we can make like this have a huge impact on the world. I'm really proud to be working with Google.
+thank you.
+I would like to start with a thought experiment.
+Imagine the future 4000 years from now.
+Civilization as we know it no longer exists. No books, no electronics, no Facebook, no Twitter.
+All knowledge of English and the English alphabet is lost.
+Now imagine archaeologists digging up the rubble of our cities.
+what will they find?
+Perhaps it's a rectangular piece of plastic with a strange symbol on it.
+It's probably a circular piece of metal.
+It's probably a cylindrical container with some symbols on it.
+And perhaps an archaeologist will become a celebrity when he discovers giant versions of these same symbols buried in a hill somewhere in North America.
+Now let's ask ourselves. What can such relics tell people 4,000 years from now about us?
+This is not a hypothetical question.
+In fact, this is exactly the kind of question we face when trying to understand the 4,000-year-old Indus civilization.
+The Indus civilization was almost contemporaneous with the better-known Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, but was actually much larger than either of these two civilizations.
+Covering an area of ​​about 1 million square kilometers, it covered present-day Pakistan, northwestern India, Afghanistan and parts of Iran.
+Given that it was such a vast civilization, you might expect to find very powerful rulers, kings, and huge monuments praising these mighty kings.
+In fact, what archaeologists have found is nothing like that.
+They found small objects like this.
+Here is an example of one of these objects:
+Well, obviously this is a replica.
+But who is this person?
+King? God?
+Priest?
+Or just normal people like you and me?
+I do not understand.
+However, the Indus also left written relics.
+No, not plastic shards, but stone seals, copper plates, pottery and, surprisingly, a large billboard buried near a city gate.
+Now I don't even know if it says Hollywood or, for that matter, Bollywood.
+In fact, I don't even know what these objects say. That's because the Indus script has not been deciphered.
+I have no idea what these symbols mean.
+Symbols are most commonly found on seals.
+So you can see one such object above.
+It is a square object with a unicorn-like animal drawn on it.
+It's already a great work of art.
+So how big do you think it is?
+Perhaps that big?
+Or is it that big?
+Well, let me show you.
+Here is a replica of one such stamp.
+It's pretty small, only about 1 inch by 1 inch in size.
+So what were they used for?
+These are known to have been used to stamp clay tags attached to bundles of goods sent from one place to another.
+So, do you know the packing slip in the FedEx box?
+These were used to create such kind of delivery notes.
+You may wonder what the text of these objects contains.
+Perhaps they are the sender's name or some information about the goods being sent from one place to another, but we don't know.
+To answer that question, we need to decipher the script.
+Decoding a script is more than just an intellectual puzzle. In fact, it is a question deeply intertwined with the political and cultural history of South Asia.
+In fact, the script has become a kind of battlefield between three different groups.
+First, there is a group of people who believe very fervently that the Indus script represents no language at all.
+These people believe that the symbols are very similar to the emblems found on traffic signs and shields.
+There is a second group that believes that the Indus script represents the Indo-European languages.
+A map of India today shows that most of the languages ​​spoken in northern India belong to the Indo-European language family.
+As such, some believe that the Indus script represents ancient Indo-European languages ​​such as Sanskrit.
+There is a final group of people who believe that the Indus were the ancestors of the people who live in today's South India.
+These people believe that the Indus script represents an ancient form of the Dravidian language family, the language family spoken in much of southern India today.
+And proponents of this theory point out that there is a small group of Dravidian-speaking people in the north, actually near Afghanistan, and it is likely that Dravidian was spoken all over India at some point in the past. , states that this suggests the origin of the Indus civilization. It's probably also Dravidian.
+Which of these hypotheses could be true?
+I don't know, but maybe if I can decipher the script, I can answer this question.
+However, deciphering the script is a very difficult task.
+First, there is no Rosetta Stone.
+I'm not talking about software. What I mean is an ancient artifact that contains both known and unknown texts within the same text.
+Indus script has no such artifacts.
+I don't even know what language they were speaking.
+And to make matters worse, most of the texts we have are very short.
+As I showed you earlier, they are usually found on very small seals.
+Given these formidable obstacles, one might therefore wonder and worry whether the Indus script could be deciphered.
+In the rest of my talk, I will tell you how I learned to stop worrying and love the challenges presented by the Indus script.
+I have been interested in the Indus script ever since I read it in my junior high school textbook.
+And why am I fascinated?
+Well, this is the last major undeciphered script in the ancient world.
+My career path was to become a computational neuroscientist, so my day job was to create computer models of the brain to understand how the brain makes predictions, how it makes decisions, and how it behaves. Trying to understand what to learn and more.
+But in 2007, my path crossed again with the Indus script.
+When I was in India, I had the wonderful opportunity to meet Indian scientists who were trying to analyze scripts using computer models.
+It was then that I realized I had the opportunity to collaborate with these scientists and jumped at the opportunity.
+And we would like to discuss some of the results we found.
+Better yet, let's decipher it together.
+are you ready?
+If you have an undecrypted script, the first thing you need to do is figure out how to write it.
+Below are two texts with some symbols.
+Could you tell me if the writing direction is right to left or left to right?
+Please wait a few seconds.
+have understood. From right to left, how many? have understood.
+have understood. From left to right?
+Oh, it's almost 50/50. have understood.
+Here is the answer: If you look at the left side of the two documents, you can see the symbols crammed together. 4,000 years ago, when scribes were writing from right to left, the symbols seem to have disappeared. of space.
+So they had to stuff the signs.
+One of the signs is also below the top letter.
+This suggests that the character direction was probably right-to-left. So, one of the first things we know is that directionality is a very important aspect of linguistic characters.
+And the Indus script has this particular property.
+What other language properties does this script exhibit?
+Languages ​​contain patterns.
+If you were given the letter Q and asked to guess the next letter, what do you think it would be?
+Most people answered U, and that's true.
+Now, if you were asked to predict one more letter, what do you think it would be?
+I have some thoughts now. there is an E. It may be I Maybe A, but not B, C, D, right?
+A similar kind of pattern is found in the Indus script.
+I have a lot of text that starts with this diamond symbol.
+And this tends to be followed by symbols like this quote.
+This is very similar to the Q and U example.
+This symbol may be followed by a fish-like symbol or other symbols, but no other symbols below it.
+In addition, there are some symbols that are particularly favored at the end of text, such as this bottle-shaped symbol, and in fact it is the symbol that appears most often in scripts.
+Given such patterns, our ideas are:
+With the idea of ​​using the computer to learn these patterns, I gave the computer an existing text.
+The computer then learned a statistical model of which symbols tended to appear together and which symbols tended to follow each other.
+Given a computer model, you can basically test the model by doing a quiz.
+So you can intentionally erase some symbols and ask to predict the missing symbols.
+Here are some examples.
+You might think that this is probably the oldest Wheel of Fortune game.
+We found that the computer succeeded in predicting the correct symbol 75% of the time.
+In the remaining cases, the second best or third best guess was usually the correct answer.
+This particular procedure also has practical applications.
+I have a lot of corrupted text.
+Here is an example of such text:
+A computer model can then be used to complete this text and make a best guess.
+Below is an example of predicted symbols.
+This can be very useful when trying to decipher scripts that generate more data that can be analyzed.
+Now, there's one more thing you can do with computer models.
+So imagine a monkey sitting in front of a keyboard.
+I'd expect characters like this to appear randomly and jumbled up.
+Such random jumbles of characters are said to have very high entropy.
+This is a term from physics and information theory.
+But imagine it's really just a jumble of random characters.
+How many of you have ever spilled coffee on your keyboard?
+You may have run into the problem of stuck keys, basically the same symbol repeated over and over.
+This kind of sequence is said to have very low entropy because it does not change at all.
+On the other hand, languages ​​have an intermediate level of entropy. Not too strict, not too random.
+What about the Indus script?
+This is a graph that plots the entropy over a series of sequences.
+At the top we find a uniformly random array that is a random jumble of characters. And interestingly, we also find DNA sequences from the human genome and instrumental music.
+Both of these are very flexible which is why they are in such a high range.
+At the lower end of the scale are strict sequences (sequences of all A's) and, in this case, computer programs in the language Fortran, which follow very strict rules.
+Language characters occupy the middle range.
+What about the Indus script?
+It turns out that the Indus characters are actually within the range of language characters.
+When this result was first published, it was highly controversial.
+There were those who shouted and shouted, but these were the people who believed that the Indus script did not represent a language.
+I've also started getting harassing emails.
+The students said they should seriously consider getting some kind of protection.
+Who would have thought that deciphering would be a dangerous profession?
+What does this result actually indicate?
+This indicates that the Indus script shares important characteristics of language.
+So, as the old saying goes, if it looks like a language script and works like a language script, then maybe we have a language script.
+What other evidence do you have that scripts can actually encode languages?
+A language script can actually encode multiple languages.
+For example, here are the same sentence written in English and the same sentence written in Dutch using the same alphabet:
+If you don't know Dutch and only English, and I give you some words in Dutch, I would say that these words contain very unusual patterns.
+Some are incorrect and I would say that these words are probably not English words.
+The same thing happens with the Indus script.
+The computer found some text (two of which are shown here) with very unusual patterns.
+For example, the first text: This bottle-shaped sign is doubled.
+This symbol is the most frequently occurring symbol in the Indus script, and it is the only text that appears as a doubling pair.
+Why?
+When we went back to find out where these documents were found, it turned out that they were found very far from the Indus Valley.
+They were found in what is now Iraq and Iran.
+And why were they found there?
+What I didn't tell you is that the Indus were very enterprising.
+Since they traded with people so far from where they lived, in this case they traveled by sea all the way to Mesopotamia, now Iraq.
+And what seems to have happened here is that Indus traders and merchants used this script to write foreign languages.
+This is exactly the same as the English and Dutch examples.
+And that would explain why there are these strange patterns that are so different from the kinds of patterns found within the Indus Valley seen in the text.
+This suggests that the same script, the Indus script, can be used to describe different languages.
+The results obtained so far seem to point to the conclusion that the Indus script probably represents language.
+If it represents a language, how do we read the symbol?
+That's our next big challenge.
+Therefore, you will notice that many of the symbols look like drawings of humans, insects, fish and birds.
+Most ancient writing uses the rebus principle of using pictures to represent words.
+As an example, here are some words:
+Can you write using a photo?
+Please wait a few seconds.
+Did you take it?
+have understood. wonderful.
+Here is my solution.
+You can also use a leaf photo after the bee photo. That is "faith".
+There may be other solutions as well.
+For Indus characters the problem is reversed.
+I need to understand what each of these images sound like so that the entire sequence makes sense.
+So it's like a crossword puzzle, except that it's the mother of all crossword puzzles because the stakes are so high if you can solve it.
+My colleagues Iravatham Mahadevan and Asko Parpola have made some progress on this particular issue.
+I would like to present a simple example of Perpora's work.
+Here's a really short text.
+It contains seven vertical strokes followed by a fish-like symbol.
+And since these seals were used to stamp clay tags attached to bundles of goods, it is very likely that these tags, at least some, contain the name of the seller. I would also like to mention
+And it turns out that India has a long tradition of naming people based on their birth horoscope or zodiac sign.
+In Dravidian, the word for fish is "mean", which happens to sound the same as the word for star.
+The seven stars therefore represent the Dravidian word for the constellation of the Big Dipper, ermine.
+Similarly, there is another line of six stars, which translates as "Armeen". This is the old Dravidian name for the Pleiades constellation.
+And finally, there are other combinations, such as this fish sign with something like a roof over it.
+And it can be translated into "Meemin", the old Dravidian name for Saturn.
+It was very exciting.
+It seems that we have arrived somewhere.
+But does this prove that these seals contain Dravidian names based on planets and constellations?
+Well, not yet.
+So I have no way of verifying these specific readings, but if these readings start to make more and more sense and the longer sequences look correct, then I know I'm on the right track.
+Today we can write words such as TED in Egyptian hieroglyphs and cuneiform. Both were deciphered in the 19th century.
+Decoding these two characters allowed these civilizations to speak directly to us again.
+The Mayans began speaking to us in the 20th century, but the Indus civilization remains silent.
+Why should you care?
+The Indus civilization is not just for South Indians, North Indians and Pakistanis. It belongs to all of us.
+These are our ancestors - yours and mine.
+They were silenced by an unfortunate accident in history.
+If we can decipher the script, they will be able to speak to us again.
+what will they tell us?
+What do we know about them? about us?
+Can't wait to find out.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+It's great that we can talk here about a year when the number of cases is rising.
+Today you heard about a patient in control of his case who said, "Well, I know it's possible, but I'm going to look for more information."
+I'm going to define what my criteria for success are. "
+Four years ago I found out how I almost died, in fact I was already dying. And then I will tell you what I learned about the so-called e-Patient movement.
+I'll explain what the term means.
+I used to write a blog under the name "Patient Dave", but when I realized this, I renamed it to e-Patient Dave.
+About the word "patient": A few years ago, when I started getting involved in medicine and attending meetings as just a bystander, people started thinking about patients as if they were someone who wasn't here. I found myself talking. someone there
+In some of our conversations today, we still act that way.
+But my point here is that "patient" is not a third person word.
+have understood?
+You will find yourself in a hospital bed, or your mother, your child, will have someone nodding or saying, "Yes, I know what you mean."
+So if you'll hear me speak here today, first of all I want you to know that I'm here on behalf of all the patients I've met and all the patients I've never met. I would like to make a point.
+This is about empowering patients to support and take a more active role in improving care.
+Charlie Safran, one of my hospital's senior doctors, and his colleague Warner Slack have been saying for decades that the most underutilized resource in all of healthcare is the patient.
+They've been saying that since the 1970s.
+Well, let's go back in history.
+This is from July 1969.
+I was a freshman in college and this was the first time I landed on the moon.
+And it was the first time we'd seen it from another surface, that's where you and I are now, where we live.
+The world was changing.
+It was about to change in ways no one could have predicted.
+A few weeks later, Woodstock happened.
+Three days of music and fun.
+Here is a photo of me from that year for historical authenticity.
+(Laughter) Yeah, wavy hair, blue eyes, it was really special.
+In the fall of 1969, the Whole Earth Catalog was published.
+It was a self-sufficient hippie diary.
+We think of hippies as just hedonists, but there's a very strong element to that, and I was in that movement, and it's a very strong sense of responsibility. element.
+The subtitle of the book's title is Access to Tools.
+We talked about how to build your own home, how to grow your own food, all sorts of things.
+In the 1980s, this young doctor, Tom Ferguson, was the medical editor of the Whole Earth Catalog.
+He recognized that a large part of what we do in medicine and healthcare is taking care of ourselves.
+In fact, he said, it's 70 to 80 percent of how we actually take care of our bodies.
+Well, he also realized that access to information is a key factor that holds us back as medical care transitions to medical care for more serious illnesses.
+And when the web came along, everything changed. Not only can we find information, but we can now find people who gather information and bring it to us just like we do.
+And he coined the term "e-Patients". That is, one who is equipped, engaged, empowered and enabled.
+Clearly, at this stage in his life, he was somewhat more dignified than he was then.
+Well, I was an avid patient long before I heard this word.
+In 2006, I went to the doctor for a routine check-up and said, "My shoulder hurts."
+Well, I had an X-ray and the next morning, as anyone who has experienced a medical crisis may have noticed, you will understand this.
+This morning, some of the speakers gave dates when they learned of their condition.
+For me it was January 3, 2007 at 9:00 am.
+I was in my office. My desk was clean.
+I put a blue partition carpet on the wall.
+The phone rang and it was my doctor.
+He said, "Dave, I've got an X-ray on my computer screen at home."
+He said, "Your shoulder should be fine, but there's something in your lungs, Dave."
+And looking inside that red oval, that shadow shouldn't have been there.
+To make a long story short, I said, "So do you need me to take you back there?"
+He said, "Yes, I need to do a CT scan of my chest."
+As we parted, I said, "Is there anything I should do?"
+He said - think about this, this is the advice your doctor gives you, "Just go home and have a glass of wine with your wife."
+I went to the CAT inspection.
+Turns out I had 5 of these things in both my lungs.
+At that point I knew it was cancer.
+We knew it wasn't lung cancer.
+It means that it has moved from somewhere else.
+The question was where did it come from?
+So I went for an ultrasound.
+I had to do what a lot of women go through, which is jello on my stomach and yell "Jean!"
+My wife also came with me.
+She's a veterinarian, so she's seen a lot of ultrasounds.
+I mean, she knows I'm not a dog.
+(Laughter) This is an MRI image.
+This is much clearer than ultrasound.
+What we saw in that kidney was a big lump there.
+There were actually two of these, one was growing from the front and had already erupted and got stuck in my intestines.
+One was growing on my back, attached to a big muscle in my back I had never heard of called the psoas, and suddenly I noticed it.
+(laughs) I went home.
+Well, I'm looking on Google. It's been online on CompuServe since 1989.
+Now that I'm home, I know I can't read the details here. it doesn't matter.
+What I mean is that you went to WebMD, a reputable medical website, because you know how to filter junk.
+I found my wife online.
+Before meeting her, I looked up some sub-optimal search results.
+(Laughter) That's where I looked for quality information.
+Trust is very important. What sources can you trust?
+Where will my body end and where will the invaders begin?
+Cancer, a tumor, is something that develops from your own tissue.
+How does that happen?
+Where does medical competence end and where does it begin?
+Well, here's what I read on WebMD: “The prognosis for advanced renal cell carcinoma is poor.
+Almost all patients are incurable. "
+I've been online for a long time, so if I don't like the first results I get, I'll do some more searching.
+And what I found on other websites, by page three of the Google search results, was 'gloomy'.
+"The prognosis is grim."
+And I'm thinking, "What the hell?"
+I didn't feel sick at all.
+Or rather, I got tired in the evening, but I was 56 years old.
+The weight came off gradually, but for me that was what the doctor ordered.
+It really was something.
+And here's a diagram of stage 4 kidney cancer from the drugs I finally got.
+By pure coincidence, I have it in my lungs.
+There is another on the left femur, or left femur.
+i had one. I finally broke my leg.
+I fainted and landed on it and it broke.
+I had one in my skull and then, of course, other tumors, one growing out of my tongue by the time treatment began.
+I had kidney cancer growing from my tongue.
+And what I read was that my median survival was 24 weeks.
+This was no good.
+I was on my way to the grave.
+I thought, "What will my mother look like on the day of my funeral?"
+I had to sit down with my daughter and say, "Here's the situation."
+her boyfriend stayed with her.
+I said, "I don't want you to get married early. I want you to get married while your father is still alive."
+Really serious.
+If you ever wonder why patients are motivated and want to help, think about this.
+My doctor directed all the amazing things to the patient community ACOR.org, a network of cancer patients.
+They immediately told me, "Kidney cancer is a rare disease.
+Please visit a specialized center.
+There is no cure, but there are sometimes effective (usually ineffective) products called high-dose interleukins.
+Most hospitals won't even tell you it exists because they don't provide it.
+Don't let them give you anything else first.
+By the way, here are four doctors and their phone numbers who offer this treatment in your area of ​​the United States. "
+How wonderful is that?
+(Applause) Here's the problem. Four years later, here we are. I cannot find a website that provides such information for patients.
+Government-licensed American Cancer Society, but patients know what they want to know.
+That's the power of patient networks.
+This wondrous substance, again, where does my body end up?
+My oncologist and I talk a lot these days because we try to be technically accurate.
+And he said, "The immune system is great at detecting invaders, like bacteria, that come in from the outside. But when it grows in its own tissue, it's something else entirely. ."said.
+In fact, I did a brain teaser. When I launched my own patient support community on the website, one of my friends, actually one of my relatives, said, "Hey Dave, who raised this?
+Are you going to mentally attack yourself? "
+So we worked on it.
+The story of what happened is in the book.
+Anyway, the numbers unfolded like this.
+Since I am me, I entered the tumor size numbers I got from the hospital's website into a spreadsheet.
+Never mind the numbers.
+You know, that's the immune system.
+Amazingly, these two yellow lines are where I took two doses of interleukin two months apart.
+And notice how the size of the tumor plummeted during that time.
+Just unbelievable.
+Who knows what we'll be able to do once we get more out of it.
+The punch line is that a year and a half later, I was there when this wonderful young woman, my daughter, got married.
+And when she came down the stairs, I was glad she didn't say to her mom, 'I wish Dad was here,' because it was just her and me in that moment.
+This is what we are doing in improving healthcare.
+Now I would like to briefly talk about a few other patients who are doing everything in their power to improve their care.
+This is Washington DC painter Regina Holliday. Her husband died of kidney cancer a year after my illness.
+Here she paints a mural depicting his terrifying final weeks in the hospital.
+One thing she discovered was that her husband's medical records in this paper folder were simply disorganized.
+And she thought, "If you put a nutrition label on the side of your cereal box, tell every new nurse, every new doctor on duty, the basics of my husband's health, this. Why can't something as simple as "state?" "
+So she painted a mural of medical facts with something like a nutrition label on his diagram.
+And she drew this diagram last year.
+She also studied medicine like I did.
+She noticed that there were a lot of people writing patient advocacy books that you don't often hear at medical conferences.
+Patients are an underutilized resource.
+Well, as I said in my introduction, I am somewhat known for advocating that patients should have access to their data.
+In fact, I said this at a conference a few years ago. "Give me my damn data, because you guys can't be trusted to keep it clean."
+And here she has our "damn" data - this is a pun - it's starting to break, it's starting to break through - water symbolizes our data.
+And actually, I want to do a little improvisation for you.
+A friend of mine on Twitter has a medical IT guy out of Boston, and he wrote a rap about e-Patient.
+And it looks like this:
+(Laughter) (Beatbox) (Rap) Give me the fucking data I want to be an electronic patient like Dave Give me the fucking data 'cause I'm saving my life (Normal voice) I can't go no further-- (Applause) ) (cheers) Well, thank you. That was the timing.
+(Laughter) Consider the possibilities.
+Why are iPhones and iPads advancing so much faster than the health tools available to help you take care of your family?
+Here's a website I stumbled upon, VisibleBody.com.
+And I thought, "What is my psoas major?"
+So you can click on something and delete it.
+And I was like, 'Oh, these are the kidneys and the psoas major.
+I turned it in 3D and said "I understand".
+And then I realized it reminded me of Google Earth. Google Earth allows you to fly to any address.
+So I thought, "Why don't we connect this to my digital scan data and use Google Earth on my body?"
+What did Google announce this year?
+Now we have the Google Body browser.
+But you know, it's still a common thing.
+It's not my data.
+But if you can get that data out of the back of the dam and pounce on it the way software innovators like it, who knows what they'll come up with.
+One last thing.
+This is Kelly Young, a rheumatoid arthritis patient from Florida.
+This is a living story that has happened in the last few weeks.
+Rheumatoid arthritis sufferers, who her blog calls "RA Warriors," have a big problem. That's because 40 percent of patients have no visible symptoms.
+This makes it very difficult to determine how the disease is progressing, and some doctors think, "Yes, you are really in pain."
+Through online research, she discovered nuclear bone scans, which are typically used for cancer, but can also reveal inflammation.
+And without inflammation, the scan results were found to be a uniform gray.
+So she took it.
+And the radiologist's report said, 'No cancer was found.'
+Well, that wasn't what he was supposed to do.
+So she wanted to read it again, but the doctor dismissed her.
+She pulled out a CD.
+"If you don't want to follow my instructions, go away," he said.
+So she pulled out a CD of scans and looked at all the hotspots.
+And she is now actively blogging for help in getting better care.
+You see, it's an empowered patient - no medical training.
+We are, and you are, the most underutilized resource in healthcare.
+She was able to do that because she had access to the raw data.
+How big a deal was this?
+At TED2009, the inventor of the Web, Tim Berners-Lee himself, spoke and said the next big thing is not letting your browser search for other people's articles about data, but letting you search raw data. said.
+And by the end of his talk, he had them yelling, "Raw data now! Raw data now!"
+And to improve healthcare, please give us three words. Let the patient help you.
+Let your patients help you!
+Let your patients help you!
+Let your patients help you!
+thank you.
+(Applause.) God bless all patients around the world watching this webcast. Let the patient help you.
+Host: And congratulate yourself. thank you very much.
+The High Line is an old elevated railroad that runs 1.5 miles across Manhattan.
+It was originally a freight line that ran along 10th Avenue.
+And so many people were run over by trains that the road became known as "Death Avenue", and the railroad hired a man on horseback to run in front, who was called the "West Side Cowboy". became known as
+But even cowboys were run over and killed about one a month.
+So they elevated it.
+They built it 30 feet high through the middle of the city.
+However, with the rise of interstate trucking, its use has decreased.
+And by 1980 the last train was in service.
+It was a train loaded with frozen turkeys from the meat processing district—it was said to be on Thanksgiving.
+And it was abandoned.
+I live in the neighborhood and the first time I read about this building was in the New York Times article about it being demolished.
+And I thought someone was working to preserve or preserve it, and I could volunteer, but I realized nobody was doing anything.
+I attended my first community board meeting, and although I had never attended one before, I sat next to a male travel writer named Joshua David.
+At the end of the meeting, we realized that we were the only two people interested in this project. Most people wanted to demolish it.
+So we exchanged business cards, kept calling each other, and decided to start this organization, Friends of the Highline.
+My initial goal was just to protect it from demolition, but then I also wanted to think about what I could do with it.
+And it was this view from the street that first fascinated or interested me. This is this steel, kind of rusty, relic of this industry.
+But when we climbed to the top, wildflowers stretched 1.5 miles through the middle of Manhattan, with views of the Empire State Building, the Statue of Liberty, and the Hudson River.
+That was our real starting point, and we came up with the idea to turn it into a park, inspired by this wild landscape.
+At the time, there was a lot of opposition.
+Mayor Giuliani tried to demolish it.
+Fast forward through a lot of lawsuits and a lot of community engagement.
+Mayor Bloomberg took office and was very supportive, but still needed to argue the economic issue.
+This was after 9/11. The city was going through tough times.
+So we commissioned an economic feasibility study to justify that.
+And as it turns out, we got the numbers wrong.
+We thought it would cost $100 million to build.
+So far, it's cost about $150,000.
+And the most important case is that this makes economic sense for the city.
+So over 20 years, we said, the value of increased property values ​​and increased taxes would be about 250 million to the city.
+That was enough. It really boosted the city.
+Turns out we were wrong about that.
+Today, people estimate that this has generated about $500 million in tax revenue for the city, or will generate about $500 million in tax revenue in the future.
+We held a design competition and selected a design team.
+We worked with them to really create a design inspired by that wild landscape.
+It has three sections.
+In 2009 we opened the first section.
+It succeeded beyond our dreams.
+Last year it had a population of about 2 million, about 10 times more than previous estimates.
+This is one of my favorite features from Section 1.
+It's this amphitheater right above 10th Avenue.
+And the first section now ends at 20th Street.
+The other obviously creates a lot of economic value. I think I also draw inspiration from a lot of great architecture.
+You can stand here and see the architecture of Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Shigeru Ban and Neil Denali.
+And the Whitneys have moved downtown and are building a new museum at the foot of the High Line.
+And this one was designed by Renzo Piano.
+And construction is slated to begin in May.
+And construction of the second section has already started.
+This is one of my favorite features. Eight feet above the surface of the Highline, this flyover runs through the tree canopy.
+The High Line used to be covered in billboards, so instead of framing advertisements, it adopted a playful method of framing people in the city view.
+It was just installed last month.
+And the last section was scheduled to go around Manhattan's largest undeveloped area, the depot.
+And the city, for better or worse, is planning a 12-million-square-foot development encircled by the Highline.
+But I think it's the people that really make the High Line special.
+To be honest, I love the designs we were building, but I was always afraid that I wouldn't really like them. Because I fell in love with the natural scenery. And how can we recreate that magic?
+But I've found that what makes it special to me is the people and how they use it.
+To give a simple example, I noticed people holding hands on the high line shortly after opening.
+And then New Yorkers realized they weren't holding hands. I just don't do that outside.
+But seeing that happening on the High Line, I think that's the power of public spaces to change the way people experience the city and interact with each other.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+A few years ago, I was feeling stuck in a rut, so I decided to follow in the footsteps of great American philosopher Morgan Spurlock and try something new for 30 days.
+The idea is actually very simple.
+Think about what you've always wanted to add to your life and give it a try over the next 30 days.
+I've found that 30 days is a good amount of time to add new habits or remove habits like watching the news from your life.
+I learned a few things during this 30-day challenge.
+First, instead of the months flying by and being forgotten, the time was much more memorable.
+This was part of the challenge of taking pictures every day for a month.
+And I remember exactly where I was and what I was doing that day.
+I also noticed that my confidence increased as I started working on the more difficult 30-day challenges.
+I went from being a desk geek to a bike commuter.
+Just for fun!
+(laughs) Last year, I ended up climbing Mt. Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa.
+I would never have been so adventurous before starting the 30 day challenge.
+I also learned that if you really want something, you can do anything for 30 days.
+Have you ever wanted to write a novel?
+Every November, tens of thousands of people attempt to write a 50,000-word novel from scratch in 30 days.
+After all, all you have to do is write 1,667 words a day for a month.
+So I did.
+By the way, the trick is not to go to bed until you have finished writing the words for the day.
+I may be sleep deprived, but I will definitely write a novel.
+So, will my book be the next great American novel?
+No, I wrote it in a month.
+It sucks.
+(Laughter) But for the rest of your life, if you see John Hodgman at a TED party, you won't have to say, "I'm a computer scientist."
+No, you can say "I'm a novelist" if you want.
+(Laughs) Then there is one last thing I would like to touch on.
+I've found that when you make small, sustainable changes—things that can be sustained—they are more likely to stick.
+Big, crazy challenges are never a bad thing.
+It's actually a lot of fun.
+However, it is less likely to stick.
+This is what day 31 looked like when I gave up sugar for 30 days.
+(Laughter) So I have a question for you. What are you waiting for?
+Like it or not, we guarantee the next 30 days will pass. So, thinking about what you've always wanted to try, why not give it a try.
+Next 30 days.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So I want to talk a little bit about rethinking food.
+I have always been interested in food.
+I taught myself how to cook by reading a lot of thick books like this.
+I went to chef school in France.
+And there are both ways in which the world envisions food, and ways in which the world writes about food and learns about food.
+And that's mostly what you'll find in these books.
+And that's great.
+However, a few things have happened since the concept of this food was established.
+Over the last 20 years, people have realized that science has a lot to do with food.
+In fact, to understand why cooking works, you need to know the science of cooking, including chemistry and physics.
+But those books don't say that.
+There are also a huge number of techniques developed by chefs, some of which are about new aesthetics and new approaches to food.
+There is a chef in Spain called Ferran Adrià.
+He developed a very avant-garde cuisine.
+A man named Heston Blumenthal, who lives in England, has developed an avant-garde cuisine.
+The techniques these people have developed over the last 20 years are not described in any of these books.
+None of those are taught in culinary school.
+To learn them, you have to work in those restaurants.
+And finally, old ways of looking at food are old.
+So a few years ago, actually four years ago, I started saying: Is there a way to communicate science, technology, and wonder?
+Is there a way to present food to people in a way they've never seen it before?
+So we gave it a try and here are the results.
+This is a photo called a cutaway.
+This is actually the first photo I took in this book.
+The purpose here is to explain what happens when you steam broccoli.
+And with this magical view, you can see everything happening while the broccoli is being steamed.
+And each of the various little pieces around it explains some fact.
+And hope was double.
+For one, it actually describes what happens when you steam broccoli.
+But the other thing is that you might be able to entice people to something a little more technical, maybe a little more scientific, maybe a little more chef-ish than the other methods.
+With that beautiful picture, maybe I could package this little box here explaining how steaming and boiling actually take different times.
+Steaming should be faster.
+Turns out it wasn't due to something called film condensation, which explains it.
+The first cropped photo went well, so I said, "Okay, let's do some more."
+Now let me introduce you to another.
+I discovered why the wok is shaped like that.
+This form of wok does not work very well. It caught fire 3 times.
+However, we had the philosophy that we only need to look beautiful for 1/1000th of a second.
+(Laughter) And one of the canned cross-sections.
+When I start cutting things in half, I get a little carried away, so I cut the jar in half as well as the pot.
+Each of these text blocks describes something important that is happening right now.
+In this case, boiling water canning is for canning something that is already quite acidic.
+Bacterial spores cannot grow in acid, so they don't need to be as hot as pressure canning.
+This is perfect for the pickled vegetables we can here.
+Here is a cross section of the hamburger.
+One of our philosophies in this book is that no dish is inherently better than another.
+That means you can lavish the same attention, the same techniques, on your burgers as you would on a more sumptuous meal.
+And trying to make the highest quality burger with the luxury of as many techniques as possible takes a little effort.
+After the publication of my book was delayed, the New York Times ran an article titled "30 Hour Long Burger Wait Time".
+Because our burger recipe, The Ultimate Hamburger Recipe, makes the buns, marinates the meat, and does all this takes about 30 hours.
+Of course, they don't actually work all the time.
+It's like sitting there most of the time.
+The purpose of this clipping diagram is to show people a never-before-seen perspective of burgers and explain the physics of burgers and the chemistry of burgers. Because, believe it or not, there is something about physics and chemistry. Especially the flame under the burger.
+Most of the characteristic flavor of charcoal grilling does not come from the wood or charcoal.
+Buying mesquite charcoal doesn't really make that much of a difference.
+Most often it is caused by the thermal decomposition or burning of fat.
+In other words, the fat that drips and burns is responsible for the characteristic taste.
+Now you may be wondering how to create these cutouts.
+Most people think they are using Photoshop.
+The answer is "No, it's not". We use machine shops.
+And it turns out that the best way to cut things in half is to actually cut them in half.
+So we have two halves of the best kitchen in the world.
+(Laughter) I cut a $5,000 restaurant oven in half.
+The manufacturer said, "How much does it cost to cut one in half?"
+I said "should show up for free".
+And when it appeared, I used a little and cut it in half.
+Here you can see a little bit of how some of these shots were taken.
+Paste Pyrex or heat-resistant glass on the front.
+To do this, I used red, very hot silicone.
+The cool thing is that when you cut something in half, you get another half.
+So you can take a picture in exactly the same position and use Photoshop for that part, but replace just the edges.
+So it's a lot like Hollywood movies where a man is held up by wires and then flies through the air as the wires are digitally taken away.
+But most of the time there was no glass.
+Just like the hamburger, the barbecue is just cut.
+So coals kept falling off the edges and we had to put them back up.
+But again, only thousandths of a second work.
+The wok shots caught fire 3 times.
+What happens when you cut the wok in half is that the oil falls into the fire and hisses.
+One of our cooks lost an eyebrow that way.
+But hey, they grow up again.
+In addition to cross-sections, we also discuss physics.
+This is Fourier's law of heat conduction.
+It's a partial differential equation.
+We have the world's only cookbook with partial differential equations.
+But to make it tastier, I cut it out of the griddle, put it in front of the fire, and took a picture like this.
+This book contains a lot of trivia.
+We all know that various electrical appliances have wattages, right?
+But you probably don't know much about James Watt.
+But now I would. Added a biography of James Watt.
+A few paragraphs can explain why he calls that unit of heat a watt, and where he got his inspiration from.
+It turns out he was hired by a distillery in Scotland to understand why they burn so much peat to distill whiskey.
+We also did a lot of calculations.
+I personally wrote thousands of lines of code to write this cookbook.
+Below is a calculation showing how its intensity changes as you move away from a barbecue or other radiant heat source.
+Therefore, moving away from this surface vertically heats it down.
+Move it left or right to remove it.
+That angular area is called the sweet spot.
+That's where the heat evens out to within 10 percent.
+That's where you really want to cook.
+And then there's this interesting horn shape, which is also the first cookbook that I know of that does this.
+For now, this may be the last cookbook to do so.
+There are two ways to make a product.
+You can do a lot of market research and do focus groups to figure out what people really want, or you can just go for it and make the book you want and have other people You can also hope that you will like it.
+Here are step-by-step instructions on how to grind a hamburger.
+If you want a really good burger, I've found that matching the grain makes a difference.
+As you can see here, it's very simple.
+Coming out of the grinder, there is a small tray that you simply remove piece by piece, stack and slice vertically.
+Here is the last hamburger.
+This is a 30 hour hamburger.
+We make every aspect of this burger.
+Lettuce is infused with liquid smoke.
+I also post how to make bread.
+Mushrooms, ketchup, and so on.
+Observe carefully now. This is popcorn. I will explain here.
+Popcorn explains important things in physics.
+Isn't it beautiful?
+We have very high speed cameras, so we had a lot of fun in this book.
+The important physics here is that water expands 1,600 times when it boils into steam.
+That's what happens to the water in popcorn.
+This is a great example of that.
+Well, I would like to conclude with a slightly unusual video.
+There is a chapter on gels.
+People watch Mythbusters and CSI, so I thought I'd post a recipe for ballistic gelatin.
+Well, if you have a high-speed camera and blocks of ballistic gelatin lying around, someone will do this soon.
+(gasps) Now, the amazing thing here is that the ballistic gelatin is supposed to mimic what happens to the human body when you get shot -- that's when you get shot. That's why you shouldn't.
+Another amazing thing is that when this ballistic gelatin falls, it comes back as a clean block.
+Anyway, here is the book.
+here it is.
+2,438 pages.
+And those are great big pages too.
+(Applause.) A friend of mine complained that this was too big and too clean to put in the kitchen, so there's a sixth volume with washable waterproof paper.
+(applause)
+Do you know how many kinds of flowering plants there are?
+There are 250,000 species of flowering plants, at least 250,000 that we know of.
+And flowers are a real nuisance.
+They are very difficult for plants to produce.
+They require huge amounts of energy and many resources.
+Why would they bother to do that?
+And the answer, of course, is sex, like so many things in the world.
+I know what you are thinking when you look at these pictures.
+And the reason sexual reproduction is so important is that there are so many other things plants can do to reproduce.
+You can also take cuttings. They can kind of have sex with themselves. They can pollinate themselves.
+But they need to spread their genes and mix them with others so that they can adapt to their environmental niches.
+Evolution works that way.
+Now, the way plants transmit that information is through pollen.
+Some of you may have seen these pictures.
+Like I said, every home needs a scanning electron microscope to see these things.
+And there are as many types of pollen as there are flowering plants.
+And it's actually pretty useful for forensics and things like that.
+Most of the pollen that causes us hay fever comes from plants that use the wind to disperse pollen, but this is a very inefficient process, so the pollen can get very close to your nose. It is.
+Because the germ cells held in the pollen, the male germ cells, have to take out a lot of pollen in the hope that somehow it will somehow happen to reach another flower.
+So all grasses, which means all grains, and most trees have pollen that is carried by the wind.
+However, most species actually use insects to carry out their commands. In some ways, it's smarter because it doesn't need as much pollen.
+Insects and other species can receive pollen and transfer it directly to where it is needed.
+Therefore, we are naturally aware of the relationship between insects and plants.
+There is a symbiotic relationship, whether it's a fly, a bird, or a bee, they get something in return, and what they get in return is generally nectar.
+Sometimes that symbiosis makes for great adaptations. The hummingbird hawk moth is beautiful in its adaptation.
+A plant receives something, and a hawk moth scatters pollen somewhere.
+Plants have evolved to create little landing strips here and there for stray bees.
+Many plants have markings that resemble other insects.
+These are the anthers of the lily, and when an unsuspecting insect lands on them, the anthers roll up, slamming a large amount of pollen onto their backs, and with it to another plant.
+And then there are orchids that look like they have jaws, but in a way they do. It becomes covered with pollen that causes insects to crawl out and take them somewhere else.
+Orchids: With at least 20,000 species of orchids, the diversity is staggering.
+And they dabble in all sorts of tricks.
+They must try to attract pollinators to their orders.
+This orchid is known as Darwin's orchid. Because Darwin studied it and made a wonderful prediction when he saw it. You can see a very long nectar tube hanging down from the orchid.
+Basically, all the insects have to do is, we are in the middle of the flower, they have to stick their little proboscis into the middle of the flower and stick all the way down the nectar tube to get to the nectar tube. it won't work.
+And Darwin saw this flower and said, "Something must have co-evolved with it."
+And sure enough, there are insects.
+In other words, it would normally roll over, but in an upright position it would look like this.
+If nectar is very valuable to plants, expensive to produce, and it attracts many pollinators, it is conceivable that people might start deceiving, just like human sex. increase.
+You might say, "I have some honey, would you like to come get it?"
+Now this is a plant.
+This is a South African insect-loving plant that evolved with a long proboscis to obtain nectar from the bottom.
+And this is the mimic.
+So this is a plant that imitates the first plant.
+And here's a fly with long spikes that doesn't get nectar from the mimic. Because mimics don't give me nectar. I thought I would get some.
+So not only does the fly not receive nectar from the pseudoplant, but if you look closely at just the edge of its head you can see that it has some pollen attached that it would transfer to another plant. The botanist just didn't show up and just pasted it on the blue card.
+(Laughter.) Now the deception continues in the plant kingdom.
+This flower with black dots. It may look like a black dot to us, but to the male of the right kind of insect it looks like two females trotting really eagerly.
+(Laughter.) And when the insect gets there and sits there and bathes in the pollen, of course it will be carried to another plant, look at the scanning electron microscope pictures that every house has one. Looking at it, you can see that there are actually several three-dimensional patterns.
+Therefore, it is considered not only aesthetically pleasing, but also comfortable for insects.
+These electron micrographs are of insect-mimicking orchids. We can see that different parts of the structure have different colors and different textures to our eyes and quite different textures to what insects perceive.
+And this evolved to mimic the shiny metallic surfaces found on some beetles.
+If you look at it with a scanning electron microscope, you can see the surface there. It is quite unlike any other surface we have observed.
+Even for us, whole plants sometimes mimic insects.
+I mean, I think it looks like some kind of flying animal or beast.
+It's wonderful and amazing.
+This guy is smart. It is called obsidian.
+Sometimes I think it's incidium.
+To the right kind of bee, this looks like another very aggressive bee, trying to scare it off by banging its head over and over again, and of course covering itself in pollen.
+Another feature is that this plant imitates another orchid that stores excellent food for insects.
+And this is nothing for them.
+So this is deceptive on two levels. That's excellent.
+(Laughter) Here you see ylang-ylang, which is an ingredient in many perfumes.
+I actually smelled someone wearing something before.
+And flowers don't have to be so flashy.
+They deliver a wonderful scent to the insects that sniff them.
+This doesn't smell very good.
+This flower really is a pretty stinking flower, also designed to evolve and look like carrion.
+So flies love this one.
+They fly and pollinate.
+This is Helicodyceros, also called the dead horse Alm.
+I'm not sure what a dead horse actually smells like, but this one probably smells a lot like that.
+It really sucks.
+And the blowfly cannot help itself.
+They dive into this object and fly all the way down.
+They lay their eggs there. Thinking it was just a little carrion, they didn't realize that there was no food for the eggs, that the eggs would die, but the plants were benefiting from the hairs and flies that were coming in the meantime. Disappearing to pollinate the next flower - wonderful.
+This is "alm", "alm maklatum", "lord and lady" or "cuckoo pint" in this country.
+I photographed this in Dorset last week.
+This is approximately 15 degrees above ambient temperature. This is amazing.
+And if you look down, you'll find dams like this one at the end of the spadix, where flies are drawn to volatile chemicals and the heat that boils the tiny chironomid, trapping them in the vessel below.
+They get a little sticky when they drink this wonderful nectar.
+At night, the pollen rains down and the hairs you see above die off, releasing all the pollen-covered chironomids outside. That's great.
+As cool as it sounds, this is one of my favourites.
+This is Philodendron cerum.
+Anyone here from Brazil will know about this plant.
+This is the most amazing thing.
+Such phallic parts are about one foot long.
+And it does what other plants I know do not. It is the spadix in the center of the flower when it blooms. For about two days, it metabolizes in the following way: mammalian.
+So instead of starch, which is a plant food, they eat something similar to brown fat, metabolizing and burning fat as fast as a small cat.
+This is twice the energy output per body weight of a hummingbird, which is absolutely amazing.
+This does something different and unusual.
+It keeps the temperature constant as well as rising to 115 degrees Fahrenheit, 43 or 44 degrees Celsius for two days.
+It has a temperature control mechanism that keeps the temperature constant.
+"Then why would you do something like this?"
+Now, did you know that there is a beetle that loves to have sex at that temperature?
+And they go inside and start everything.
+(Laughter) And the plants go to pollinate and pollinate.
+And how wonderful it is!
+Today, most of us think of insects as pollinators, but in fact many birds and butterflies pollinate in the tropics.
+And many tropical flowers are red. We believe that's because butterflies and birds see the same way we do, and can see the color red very well.
+But when birds and we both look at the spectrum, we see red, green, and blue, and we see the spectrum.
+Insects can see green, blue, ultraviolet, and various shades of ultraviolet.
+So something is happening there.
+"And wouldn't it be great if we could somehow see what it is?"
+Yes, I can.
+So what do insects see?
+Last week I photographed Rockrose, Helianthemum, in Dorset.
+This is a small yellow flower that we often see, and small yellow flowers are blooming here and there.
+And this is what it looks like in visible light.
+This is what it looks like with the red part removed.
+Most bees don't recognize red.
+And this is what I got by putting a UV filter on the camera and taking a very long exposure at a specific frequency of UV.
+That's a really nice bull's eye.
+Now, just like you know what I see when I call this red, I don't know exactly what the bees see.
+We cannot know what is going on in the minds of other humans, let alone insects.
+But the contrast is like this, so it really stands out from the background.
+This is another small flower. Different ranges of UV frequencies, different filters tailored to pollinators are used.
+And it's looking just like that.
+No flowers were damaged in the process of this shot, in case all yellow flowers are supposed to have this property. It's not dead, just mounted on a tripod. Look at it under UV light.
+Since sunscreens work by absorbing UV light, this could be the basis for sun protection.
+So the chemicals in it might be useful.
+Lastly, one of the evening primroses sent by Mr. Bjorn Rorslett from Norway. It looks great hidden.
+And I love the idea of ​​something hidden.
+I think there is something poetic here. These photos were taken using an ultraviolet filter. The main use of that filter is for astronomers to take pictures of Venus, actually its clouds.
+That is the main use of this filter.
+Venus, of course, is the goddess of love and fertility, and the story of flowers.
+And just as flowers go to great lengths to persuade their pollinators to obey their orders, so too they somehow persuade us to plant a vast field full of flowers, We have persuaded each other to give each other flowers at birth and death, especially in autumn. Marriage, if you think about it, is a moment that encapsulates the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+There was a time in my life when everything seemed perfect.
+Everywhere I went, I felt at home.
+Everyone I met seemed to have known me for as long as I could remember.
+And I would like to share with you how I got there and what I have learned since leaving.
+This is where it all started.
+And it raises existential questions. It is, if I am having this experience of total connection and total consciousness, why am I not in the picture and where is this time and place?
+This is Los Angeles, California where I live.
+This is a police photo. It's actually my car.
+We are less than a mile from one of the largest hospitals in Los Angeles called Cedars Sinai.
+And the situation was that a car carrying paramedics on their way home from the hospital after work encountered wreckage and reported to the police that there were no survivors in the car, the driver was dead, and I was dead. That's it. death.
+And the police await the arrival of the fire department to dismantle the vehicle to retrieve the driver's body.
+Then I realized I was on the other side of the glass.
+And my skull was shattered and my collarbone was shattered. All but two of my ribs, pelvis, and arms have been crushed, and I still have a pulse.
+And they took me to nearby Cedars-Sinai Hospital. So I received 45 units of blood that night for internal bleeding. That means all the blood in me is completely displaced before they stop flowing.
+I'm on full life support, but I had a massive stroke and my brain went into a coma.
+Coma is currently measured on a scale of 15 to 3.
+The 15-year-old is in a mild coma. 3 is the deepest.
+If you look closely, you'll see that there's only one way to get 3 points.
+Basically, there are no signs of life from the outside at all.
+I spent over a month in Glasgow Coma Scale 3, and in that deepest level of coma, on the border between life and death, I experienced full connection with my inner space and full consciousness. I'm here.
+From my family's point of view, what they're trying to understand is a different kind of existential problem. It's how much of a bridge is possible from the comatose subconscious mind they see to the comatose subconscious mind. The actual mind is what I define simply as the workings of the brain that remain in my head.
+Putting this into a broader context, imagine that you are an eternal alien looking at Earth from space, and your favorite show on intergalactic satellite television is the Earth Channel, and your favorite show is The Human Show. please give me.
+And the reason I think it's so interesting to you is because consciousness is so interesting.
+It's so unpredictable and so fragile.
+Thus we began.
+We all started in Ethiopia's Awash Valley.
+Due to the devastating climate change, the show opened with amazing special effects. This seems like an interesting analogy to today.
+As the Earth tilted on its axis and caused catastrophic climate change, we had to figure out and learn how to find better food. It's Lucy. That was how we all started. We had to learn how to break animal bones, how to use tools to do it, how to eat bone marrow and grow more brains.
+So we have actually raised awareness to respond to this global threat.
+Now, you also continue to watch consciousness evolve to the discovery of one of the two oldest pieces of rock art known here in Madhya Pradesh, India.
+This is a copple created with 40 to 50,000 blows with stone tools and is the first known artistic expression on earth.
+And the reason it connects us with consciousness today is because the first shape we all still draw in childhood is a circle.
+Then put a point in the center of the circle.
+We make eyes, and those eyes evolve throughout our history.
+There is the Egyptian god Horus who symbolizes prosperity, wisdom and health.
+And it goes back to the US dollar bill with the eye of providence.
+Watching this show from space, I think you can understand that the most precious resource on the blue planet is our consciousness.
+Because that's what we draw first. We are surrounded by that image. It is probably the most common image on earth.
+But it's not. We take our consciousness for granted.
+I didn't think about it for a second when I was working in Los Angeles.
+I never even thought about it until it was stripped from me.
+And what I've learned since that event, and during my recovery, is that consciousness is being threatened on this planet like never before.
+These are just a few examples.
+And I am so honored to be here today to speak in India because it has the sad peculiarity of being the head injury capital of the world.
+That statistic is so sad.
+Nothing creates a gap between the potential mind and the actual mind more sharply and suddenly than a severe head injury.
+Each rehabilitation can take up to 10 years, meaning India has accumulated rehabilitation needs for thousands of years unless something changes.
+In the US, there's an injury every 20 seconds, 1.5 million deaths a year, a stroke every 40 seconds, Alzheimer's disease, someone dies every 70 seconds.
+All of these represent the gap between the potential mind and the actual mind.
+Here are some of the other categories when looking at the planet as a whole.
+The World Health Organization states that depression is the most common disease on the planet, measured by years lived with disability.
+Depression was found to be the second leading cause of disability in the 15-44 year old age group.
+Our children are becoming depressed at an alarming rate.
+During my recovery, I discovered that suicide was the third leading cause of death among teens.
+Focusing on another item, it is a concussion.
+Half of ER admissions by adolescents are for concussion.
+When it comes to migraines, 40 percent of the population suffers from episodic headaches.
+15% suffer from migraines for several days.
+All of this is the reason. It's a computer addiction. To cover this, what we do most often is the use of digital devices.
+The average teenager sends 3,300 text messages per [month].
+We are talking about societies retreating into depression and distancing as we potentially face the next major catastrophic climate change.
+So for those of you watching The Human Show, are we going to face and deal with the catastrophic climate change we may be headed for by raising awareness, or are we going to keep going backwards? Is it?
+And that might lead you to watch an episode of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center one day and ponder the difference between the potential mind and the actual mind.
+This is a high-density array EEG MRI that tracks 156 channels of information.
+That's not my EEG at Cedars. EEG from tonight and last night.
+It's what our minds do each night to prepare to digest the day and bridge from our subconscious mind when we sleep to our actual mind when we wake up the next morning.
+This is how I looked when I came back from the hospital after about 4 months.
+The horseshoe shape you see on my skull is where they entered and operated on my brain to perform the surgery needed to save my life.
+But when I look at the Eye of Consciousness, that one eye, and I look down, let me tell you how I felt at that point.
+I never felt empty. I felt it all at once.
+I felt empty and full, hot and cold, euphoric and depressed because the brain is the world's first fully functioning quantum computer. It can occupy multiple states at the same time.
+And because my brain's internal regulatory functions were all damaged, I felt it all at the same time.
+But let's go back and look at it from the front.
+This now flash-forwards to the point where I was discharged from the medical facility.
+Look at those eyes I can't focus my eyes.
+I can't follow a line of text in a book.
+However, as my family began to realize, the health care system has no long-term concept, and the system has allowed me to move forward.
+Nerve injury, 10-year rehabilitation requires a long-term perspective.
+But look behind my eyes.
+This is a gamma speck scan that uses gamma rays to map three-dimensional features in the brain.
+You need a laboratory to see it in 3D, but in 2D you can see the beautiful symmetry and the brilliance of the normal workings of the mind.
+Here is my brain.
+It's the result of a stroke that destroyed more than a third of my right brain.
+So my family has had to move on, realize that the health system has driven us, and try to find solutions and answers.
+And in the process – which took years – one of the doctors said my recovery and progress was miraculous given the extent of the head injury I suffered.
+That's when I started writing the book because I didn't think it was a miracle.
+I thought there was an element of miracle, but it didn't feel right to have to struggle and search for answers when this society is in a pandemic.
+So I would like to share four specific aspects of my recovery experience that have helped me grow my potential mind into the actual mind I work with every day. I call them the 4 C's of consciousness.
+The first C is cognitive training.
+Unlike the broken glass in my car, brain plasticity means there is always the potential to train the brain in a way that, if treated, it can regain and enhance its levels of awareness and consciousness.
+Plasticity means that there has always been hope for our reason, the ability to reconfigure its functioning.
+In fact, the mind can redefine itself, as demonstrated by two experts in the 1970s, Hagen and Silva.
+From a global perspective, up to 30 percent of school-going children have learning deficits that cannot be self-corrected, but they can be screened for, detected and corrected with appropriate treatment. and avoid academic failure.
+But what I have discovered is that it is nearly impossible to find someone to provide such treatment and care.
+This is what a neuropsychologist gave me when I found someone who could actually apply it.
+I'm not a doctor, so I'm not going to talk about the various subtests.
+Let's talk serious I.Q.
+Full-fledged I.Q. mental processing—how quickly you can acquire, retain, and retrieve information—is essential to succeeding in life today.
+You can see that there are three columns here.
+Untestable -- that's when I'm in a coma.
+It then creeps up until it reaches a score of 79, just below average.
+In the healthcare system, if you hit the average, you're done.
+Then I was released from the system.
+What does the average I.Q. really mean?
+In other words, if someone here is made to take a test that can be taken in 50 minutes for two and a half hours, they might get an F.
+This is a very low level to keep out of the health care system.
+Then I had cognitive training.
+And let me show you what happened in the right column when you did cognitive training over a period of time.
+This shouldn't happen.
+I.Q. is believed to stabilize and harden at age eight.
+Now, the Journal of the American Medical Association has published my memoir in full clinical review, which is highly unusual.
+i am not a doctor I have no medical background at all.
+However, they felt evidence that the book contained important and valuable information and commented on it when they gave the book a full peer review.
+But they asked one question. They said, "Is this reproducible?"
+This was a natural question, as my memoir is simply a record of how I found a solution that worked for me.
+The answer is yes. I am happy to share two examples for the first time.
+This is what one person did when they were doing cognitive training at age 7 and 11.
+And there is another person who is in high school and college.
+And this person is especially interesting.
+I won't mention the internal scattering of the subtest, but there were still neurological problems.
+However, the person may be identified as having a learning disability.
+And with accommodation, they went to college and lived a full life in terms of opportunity.
+Second aspect: I was still suffering from severe migraines.
+There are two factors that have worked for me here. First, 90 percent of head and neck pain is due to muscular and skeletal imbalances.
+The cranial mandibular system is important for this.
+And when I took it and found the solution, this is the interrelationship between the temporomandibular joint and the teeth.
+Up to 30 percent of the population has a jaw disorder, disease or malfunction that affects the whole body.
+I'm lucky enough to have a dentist who can apply the whole world of technology you're about to see and prove that if I reposition my jaw, my headaches will go away quite a bit, but my teeth won't be in the right place. was able to find
+He then put my teeth in the correct position with braces while keeping my jaw in the correct position.
+So my teeth actually hold my jaw in place.
+This affected my entire body.
+If that sounds like a very strange and rather bold statement, what effect does the jaw have on the body as a whole? If you put a grain of sand in your stool and ask him to go for a long walk, how far can you walk before you have to remove the grain of sand?
+that slight deviation.
+Be careful, teeth don't have nerves.
+So it's the same before and after it looks like this, but it's hard to tell the difference.
+Now try putting a few grains of sand between your teeth and see the difference.
+I still had migraines.
+The next problem solved was that if 90 percent of head and neck pain is caused by imbalance, the remaining 10 percent is primarily circulatory, aside from aneurysms, brain tumors and hormonal problems. It was to be.
+I was told that imagine the blood flowing through your body -- that's what I was told at UCLA Medical Center -- is a closed system.
+There are large pipes through which blood flows, and around these pipes are nerves that are nourished by the blood.
+That's basically it.
+If you push a hose pipe in a closed system, it will bulge somewhere.
+If the other place it bulges is inside the brain, which is the largest nerve in the body, a vascular migraine occurs.
+This is a level of pain known only to those who suffer from vascular migraines.
+We use this technique to map this out in three dimensions.
+This is MRI MRA MRV, or volumetric MRI.
+Using this technique, UCLA Medical Center experts were able to pinpoint where compression was occurring in the hose pipe.
+Vascular surgeons removed most of the first rib on each side of my body.
+And in the months and years that followed, neurologically I felt the flow of life itself return.
+Communication, next C. This is important.
+All consciousness is about communication.
+And fortunately, one of my father's clients was his husband, who works for the Alfred Mann Foundation for Scientific Research.
+Alfred Mann is a brilliant physicist and innovator interested in filling gaps in consciousness, such as restoring hearing to the deaf, sight to the blind, and motor skills to the paralyzed.
+Today I would like to introduce an example of transfer to a person with paralysis.
+I brought my FM equipment from Southern California.
+This is what I have in my hand.
+Weighs less than 1 gram.
+Therefore, two of them implanted in the body will weigh less than 10 cents.
+Even five of them weigh less than one rupee coin.
+where in the body does it go?
+Simulated and tested to last over 80 years without corroding in the body.
+So it goes inside and stays there.
+This is the transplant site.
+The concept they are aiming for is to have a working prototype and place it where needed across the body's kinematic points.
+Then the body enters the brain.
+FM devices in the brain's cortex, the motor cortex, send signals in real time to relevant muscle motor points. This will allow people to move their arms in real time, for example when: I lost control of my arm.
+Other FM devices implanted in fingertips also send messages back to the sensory cortex of the brain when a surface is touched, giving a person a sense of touch.
+Is this science fiction? No, because I'm wearing the first application of this technology.
+I don't have the ability to control my left leg.
+A wireless device controls every step I take, and a sensor picks up my foot every time I walk.
+Finally, I would like to share the personal reasons why this meant so much to me and changed the course of my life.
+One of the presences I felt while in a coma was the presence of someone I felt was my guardian.
+And when I woke up from my coma, I knew my family, but I didn't remember my past.
+Gradually I remembered that the guardian was my wife.
+And I whispered the good news to the night shift nurse through a broken jaw that was wired shut.
+And the next morning my mother came in and explained that I hadn't been in this bed or this room all this time, that I had been working in film and television, that I had had an accident, and yes, I had. He gave me Although married, Mercy died instantly in an accident.
+And she was buried in her hometown of Phoenix while I was in a coma.
+In the dark years that followed, I had to figure out what was left of me when everything that made today so special was gone.
+And as I learned more about these threats to consciousness and how they surround the world and embrace the lives of more and more people every day, I discovered what really remained.
+We believe we can overcome the threat to consciousness. We believe that human shows can continue to air for thousands of years to come.
+I believe we can all rise up and shine.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Lakshmi Prathuri: Just a minute. Please stay here for a moment.
+(Applause) Well, after listening to Simon, please sit down. I want to talk to him for a minute, but after reading his book, I went to Los Angeles to meet him.
+So I sat in this restaurant and waited for a man to come who was obviously having a hard time...
+I don't know what I was thinking in my heart.
+And he was walking around.
+I had no idea that the person I was about to meet was him.
+And when we met and talked, he doesn't look like someone who made it out of nothing.
+And I was amazed at how much technology played in your recovery.
+And we have his book in the bookstore outside.
+What amazed me was that he painstakingly detailed all the hospitals he had visited, all the treatments he received, all his near misses, and how he stumbled upon an innovation. Thing.
+So I think this detail quickly passed through people's minds.
+Tell us a little bit about what you're wearing on your feet.
+Simon Lewis: When we were timing this, we knew we didn't have time to do anything -- well, that's it. This is the control unit.
+And this is a record of every step I've taken over the last five or six years.
+If you do this, you probably won't be heard by the mic.
+That small chirp was followed by two chirps on.
+Press it again and you will hear 3 beeps meaning it is ready and ready to go.
+And it's my friend. So I charge it every night.
+and it works. can.
+Also, since I don't have much time, I would like to add...
+what is it for? Well, I will actually guide you here.
+If the camera underneath this can see it, it's a small antenna.
+Under the heel is a sensor that senses when the foot is off the ground. It's called a heel lift.
+It's always flashing. I will omit it, so I would appreciate it if you could see it.
+But this is blinking all the time. Sending signals in real time.
+And when you walk faster, when I walk faster, it detects something called the time interval, which is the interval between heel lifts.
+And the amount and level of stimulation accelerates.
+The other thing they've been working on is restoring functional hearing to thousands of deaf people, which I didn't have time to say in the lecture.
+I can tell you a story. This was going to be an abandoned technology, but Alfred Mann met a doctor, [Dr.], who was going to retire. Schindler. ] And he was going to retire. Because it was such a minor problem, no medical manufacturer was willing to take on it, resulting in the loss of all technology.
+However, there are millions of deaf people in the world, and cochlear implants are currently giving hearing to thousands of deaf people.
+can.
+The other is that we are working on the development of artificial retinas for the visually impaired.
+And this is the portable generation.
+Because, although I didn't mention it in my talk, this is actually an exoskeleton.
+I need to clarify that.
+The first generation is exoskeleton, so it wraps around the leg, affected limb.
+I have to say, they are great. There are 100 people working in the building at any given time, including engineers, scientists and other team members.
+Alfred Mann decided that venture capital should not be involved in such research, and established this foundation to promote this research.
+Too little audience.
+You might think there are too many paralyzed people in the world, but too little audience, too much research, too much time, too much FDA approval, too long a payback period for VCs. I'm interested.
+So he felt the need and intervened.
+He is a very, very nice person.
+He has done a lot of very cutting edge science.
+LP: So if you get the chance, spend some time with Simon.
+thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+As an elementary school teacher, my mom did everything she could to help me develop my reading skills.
+This usually consisted of reading lessons over the weekend at the kitchen table while friends played outside.
+Although my reading skills improved, these compulsory reading lessons did not fully inspire my love of reading.
+High school changed everything.
+In 10th grade, my regular English class read short stories and gave spelling tests.
+Out of sheer boredom, I asked to be transferred to another class.
+The next semester I attended Advanced English.
+(Laughter) That semester we read two novels and wrote two book reports.
+The dramatic difference and rigor of these two English classes pissed me off and made me ask questions like, "Where did this white man come from?"
+(Laughter) My high school was over 70 percent black and Latino, but in this advanced English class, there were white students everywhere.
+This personal encounter with institutionalized racism changed my relationship with reading forever.
+I have learned that I cannot rely on schools, teachers, or curriculums to tell me what I need to know.
+More rebellious than intelligent, I decided that I would no longer allow others to dictate what I read and when.
+And without realizing it, I had found the key to helping my children read.
+Identity.
+Rather than fixating on skill and moving students from one reading level to another, or having struggling readers memorize lists of unfamiliar words, we should ask ourselves: “How can we make children aware of themselves as readers?”
+Deshawn, the brilliant first grader I taught in the Bronx, helped me understand how identity shapes learning.
+One day, during math class, I walked up to DeShawn and said, "DeShawn, you're a great mathematician."
+He looked at me and replied, "I'm not a mathematician, I'm a math genius!"
+(laughs) OK, DeShawn, right?
+read?
+A completely different story.
+"Arby, I can't read.
+I will never learn to read and write," he would say.
+I taught DeShawn to read and write, but there are still countless black boys trapped in illiteracy.
+According to the U.S. Department of Education, more than 85% of black boys in fourth grade are poor readers.
+85 percent!
+The more challenges children face with reading, the more culturally competent educators need to be.
+Having been a stand-up comedian for the past eight years, I understand the importance of cultural competence. Cultural competence is defined as the ability to translate what one wants others to know and be able to do into communications and experiences they find relevant. attractive.
+Before I go on stage, I evaluate the audience.
+Are they white or Latino?
+Are they old, young, professional, conservative?
+Then pick and revise the jokes based on what you think will generate the most laughs.
+I could tell bar jokes while playing in church.
+But that may not make you laugh.
+(Laughter) As a society, we offer our children a reading experience similar to telling bar jokes at church.
+And I wonder why so many children don't read books.
+Educator and philosopher Paulo Freire believed that teaching and learning should go both ways.
+Students should be seen as co-creators of knowledge, not as empty buckets of facts.
+Routine curricula and school policies require students to sit still or study in complete silence. These environments often exclude children's personal learning needs, interests and expertise.
+especially black boys.
+Many of the children's books advertised for black boys focus on serious themes such as slavery, civil rights, and biographies.
+Less than 2 percent of black male teachers in the United States.
+And the majority of black boys are raised by single mothers.
+There are literally black boys who have never seen a black man reading a book.
+Nor was a black man encouraged to read.
+What cultural factors, what social cues exist to conclude that black boys should read?
+This is why I created Barbershop Books.
+This is a literacy nonprofit that creates kid-friendly reading spaces in barbershops.
+Our mission is simple. To help black boys be recognized as readers.
+Many black boys go to the barber once or twice a month.
+Some people see barbers more than their fathers.
+Barbershop Books connects reading to male-centric spaces and engages black men and boys in their early reading experiences.
+This identity-based reading program uses a curated list of children's books recommended by black boys.
+These are the books they actually want to read.
+According to Scholastic's 2016 Kids Family Report, children are most looking for books that make them laugh when choosing books.
+Therefore, if we are serious about helping black boys and other children to read when they don't need to, then we should build the appropriate male reading model into early literacy. It needs to be incorporated, replacing some of the children's books that adults love with books that are funny, silly, or even gross. Books like "Gross Gregg".
+(Laughter) "You call it a booger. Greg calls it a delicious little sugar."
+(Laughter) That laughter, that positive or terrible response that some of you just experienced, (Laughter) Black boys deserve it and desperately need more of it.
+To address the brutal inequalities that plague America's education, we need to create a reading experience in which every child can say three words: "I am a reader."
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Good morning everybody.
+I am dealing with truly amazing, tiny, tiny creatures called cells.
+And let me tell you what it's like to grow these cells in the lab.
+I work in a lab that takes cells out of their native environment.
+Place them on a dish called a petri dish.
+And we feed them (sterile of course) with so-called cell culture medium (like food) and grow them in an incubator.
+Why are you doing this?
+Observing the cells in the plate, they are just on the surface.
+But what I'm really trying to do in my lab is manipulate tissue from them.
+What the heck does that mean?
+That means, for example, growing an actual heart, or a piece of bone that can be inserted into the body.
+Not only that, but it can also be used in disease models.
+And for this purpose, conventional cell culture techniques are completely inadequate.
+The cells are in a kind of homesickness. I can't believe the food is their home.
+Therefore, we need to better mimic their natural environment in order for them to thrive.
+We call this the biomimetic paradigm. Mimicking nature in the lab.
+Take for example the heart, which is the subject of much of my research.
+What makes the heart unique?
+Yes, the heart beats rhythmically, tirelessly, faithfully.
+We mimic this in the lab by attaching electrodes to a cell culture system.
+These electrodes act like mini pacemakers for contracting cells in the lab.
+What else do we know about the heart?
+Well, heart cells are pretty voracious.
+Nature supplies the heart cells in the body with a very dense blood supply.
+In the lab, channels are micropatterned into biomaterials on which cells are grown, allowing cell culture media, cell nutrients, to flow to the scaffolds on which they are grown. What you can expect from the capillary bed of the heart.
+Here I go to lesson 1. Life is about doing a lot with just a little bit.
+Let's take the example of electrical stimulation.
+See how powerful you can be with just one of these essentials.
+On the left you can see a small piece of beating heart tissue that I have engineered in the lab from rat cells.
+It's about the size of a mini marshmallow.
+And after a week, my heart was pounding.
+displayed in the upper left corner.
+But don't worry if it doesn't look good.
+It's amazing that these cells are beating at all.
+But what's really amazing is that electrical stimulation, like a pacemaker, makes the cells beat even more.
+But back to lesson two here. All work is done by cells.
+In a way, tissue engineers have a bit of an identity crisis here. Because structural engineers build bridges and big things and computer engineers build computers. But what we're doing is actually building the technology that enables the cell itself.
+What does this mean for us?
+Let's do something really simple.
+Remember that cells are not abstract concepts.
+Let's remember that our cells sustain us in a very real way.
+“We are what we eat” can be simply explained as “what our cells are made of”.
+And in the case of our gut flora, these cells may not even be human.
+But it's also worth noting that cells also influence our life experiences.
+Behind every sound, sight, touch, taste and smell is a corresponding set of cells that receive this information and interpret it for us.
+A question arises here. Should we extend our awareness of environmental stewardship to the ecology of our own bodies?
+I encourage you to discuss this matter further with me. In the meantime, I wish you luck.
+Don't let your non-cancer cells become an endangered species.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+After cutting her arm with broken glass, she fell asleep exhausted on the station platform.
+Early in the morning, when the station toilet opened, she got up painfully and went to the toilet.
+When she saw herself in the mirror, she started crying.
+Her face was dirty and stained with tears. Her shirt was torn and covered in blood.
+She looked as though she had spent three months on the street instead of three days.
+She washed herself as best she could.
+Her arms and stomach hurt badly.
+She tried to clean the wound, but applying pressure only started bleeding again.
+I needed stitches, but there was no way to get to the hospital.
+They would have sent her home again.
+Let's get back to him.
+She tightened her jacket—yes, she tightened it to hide the blood.
+She looked back at herself in the mirror.
+She looked a little better than before, but it was too much to worry about.
+There was only one thing for her to do.
+She left the station and went into a nearby phone booth.
+(phone rings) (phone rings) Woman: Samaritans, can you help?
+Hello Samaritans, can i help you
+Girl: (crying) I- I don't know.
+Woman: What happened? You look very upset.
+(Girl crying) Woman: How about starting with your name?
+I'm Pam What should I call you?
+where are you talking from?
+Are you ok?
+Girl: A phone booth in London.
+Pam: You sound very young. how old you?
+Girl: 14 years old.
+Pam: So what happened that made you so upset?
+Girl: I just want to die. Every day I wake up wishing I was dead.
+If he doesn't kill me, I want to kill myself.
+Pam: I'm glad you called.
+Let's get started.
+Sophie Andrews: Pam kept asking the girl kindly about herself.
+She didn't say much. There was a lot of silence.
+But she knew she was there and was very relieved that Pam was on the phone.
+I was 14 years old when I called.
+I was in the phone booth.
+I ran away from home and was sleeping on the streets of London.
+I was sexually abused by my father and his friends.
+I was self-harming every day. I had suicidal thoughts.
+The first time I called Samaritan, I was 12 and really desperate.
+It was a few months after my mother abandoned me and left me at home.
+And the abuse I received from my father and his friends left me completely devastated.
+I was on the run, absent from school, and had arrived drunk.
+I lost hope and wanted to die.
+A Samaritan came there.
+Samaritans has been around since 1953.
+This is a 24/7 covert helpline in the UK for people who are feeling desperate or suicidal.
+I certainly did too.
+Volunteers are on call 24/7 and calls are kept confidential.
+During my most desperate teenage years, the Samaritan became my lifeline.
+They promised me complete confidentiality.
+And that made me trust them.
+I'm sure they found my story, but they never showed it, so I was worried.
+They were always by my side and listened to me without judgment.
+Most of the time they kindly encouraged me to ask for help. I never felt out of control with them. This is an interesting parallel to how I felt out of control in every other aspect of my life.
+I felt that perhaps self-harm was the only area I felt in control.
+Years later, I have some control over my life.
+And I had the right support around me to accept what happened and live with it.
+I was a victim of abuse, not a victim.
+And when I was 21, I contacted Samaritan again.
+I wanted to volunteer this time.
+I really wanted to give back to the organization that saved my life.
+I knew that the simple act of listening with empathy could go a long way.
+I knew that someone who listened to me without judgment would make the biggest difference.
+So I caught up with my education, found someone I could persuade to give me a job, and enjoyed volunteering at Samaritans.
+And when I say "it was fun" it's a strange word to use. Because no one wants to think that someone is in absolute pain or suffering.
+But I knew that in those desperate times, the deep impact of having that listening ear and someone by my side would have the greatest impact, and I, as a Samaritan, wanted to help people. I felt a great sense of fulfillment that I was able to help.
+During my time volunteering with Samaritans, I was asked to play many roles.
+But I think the peak came in 2008. At that time, I served as chairman of the organization for three years.
+So, I actually went from being a vulnerable person calling a phone booth desperately for help to being the national leader of an organization responsible for 22,000 volunteers.
+Actually, at the time, I was joking that if you really failed as the caller, you might end up running the store.
+(Laughter) That's what I did.
+But in a world dominated by specialization in everything we do, it really made me realize that the simple act of listening can have such a life-changing effect.
+I think it's a simple concept that can be applied to all areas of life.
+So when I called Samaritan in the 1980s, child abuse was a topic no one wanted to talk about.
+Victims were often blamed and victims were often brought to justice.
+And it was a shameful topic and no one wanted to talk about it.
+Judgment and shame surround another issue today.
+There is another prejudice.
+And the prejudice that exists today is talking about loneliness.
+Loneliness and isolation have a significant impact on health.
+Being lonely can have a huge impact on your own well-being.
+A recent systematic review of studies actually reported an increase in mortality or premature mortality of up to 30 percent.
+It can lead to elevated levels of hypertension and depression, which may actually be in line with mortality that may be more associated with alcohol abuse and smoking.
+In fact, loneliness is more harmful than smoking 15 cigarettes.
+one day.
+In your day, not your life.
+It is also associated with higher levels of dementia.
+So a recent study also found that lonely people have twice the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
+Of course, there are many people who live alone but are not lonely.
+But caring for a partner who may have dementia can be a very lonely place.
+And recent groundbreaking research has provided a very good and clear definition of what loneliness is.
+and described it as a subjective and unwelcome feeling of lack or loss of companionship.
+And that happens when there is a mismatch between the quality and quantity of the relationship we have and the relationship we want.
+The greatest help I have ever received in my life right now is this personal connection and being listened to.
+Professionals, and I am conscious of speaking in the expert's room, hold a very important position.
+But for me, the volunteers who took the time to listen to me without judging them were life-changing.
+And that really stuck with me.
+As you may have noticed, as a teenager I was off the rails and spent every day worrying about whether I would survive tomorrow.
+But the profound impact of the volunteers who listened to me left a lasting impression on me.
+When I finally reached a point in my life where I could live with what happened, I wanted to give something back.
+And in my experience, people who have been helped in a transformative way always want to give something back.
+So I began giving back with 25 years of volunteering to Samaritan.
+And in 2013, addressing this whole issue and the new stigma of loneliness, I launched a new national helpline for older people in the UK. It's there to support lonely and isolated seniors, called the Silver Line.
+In our short history we have received 1.5 million calls.
+And I know we are making a big impact based on the feedback we receive every day.
+Some may call for a friendly chat or information about local services.
+Some people may call because they have suicidal thoughts.
+Others may call because they reported abuse.
+And some may have just simply given up on life, as I did.
+I think it's a very simple idea to set up a helpline.
+And it reminds me of the early days when I held the lofty title of Chief Executive Officer. I still do, but in the early days I was my own CEO.
+As my own CEO, I have to say that this was the best meeting I have ever had in my career (laughs).
+But things have progressed, and as of 2017, there are over 200 staff members working 24/7 to listen to the elderly.
+In addition, over 3,000 volunteers make friendship calls from home every week.
+We also provide silver letters for those who love to write, and pen pal letters for seniors who still enjoy receiving letters.
+We also introduced something called the Silver Circle. I realize here that I own the word "silver", but put "silver" in front of it and it's ours.
+The Silver Circle is a group conference call where people actually talk about common concerns.
+My favorite group is a music group. There, we play instruments with each other on the phone every week.
+It is not always possible to play the same song at the same time.
+(laughs) But they really enjoy it.
+And the word "fun" is an interesting word. Because I have talked so much about despair, loneliness and loneliness.
+But if you come to the UK helpline, you'll also hear laughter.
+At Silverline, we want to celebrate the wonderful lives of seniors and all the experiences they bring.
+Here is an example. Here is an excerpt from one of our calls.
+(Audio) Good morning. Arrived at the Silver Line.
+My name is Alan, can I help you?
+Woman: Hello Alan. good morning.
+Alan: Hello.
+Woman: (Chipper) Hello!
+Alan: Oh, how are you doing this morning?
+Woman: Okay, thank you.
+Alan: Nice to hear that.
+Woman: What a wonderful thing a phone is!
+Alan: That's a great invention.
+Woman: Donkey I remember years ago when I was a little girl. If you wanted to call someone, you had to go to the store, use the store's phone, and pay the store to use the phone. your phone.
+I mean, I don't just call whenever I have an idea.
+Alan: Oh no.
+Woman: (coughing) Oh, I'm sorry.
+(coughing) Excuse me.
+As you know, phone calls had to be limited to essentials.
+And now here I am, still in my gown and sitting in my own house on my phone, wouldn't that be great?
+Alan: That's right. (laughter) SA: That's not uncommon for a call to our helpline.
+Someone who truly sees us as part of the family.
+So I think the Silver Line is now helping the elderly in the same way that the Samaritan helped me.
+They are there 24/7 to listen to you privately, but most of the time they don't give you advice.
+How often do we listen without giving advice?
+It's actually quite difficult.
+Older people on the phone often say, "Can I have some advice?"
+And 20 minutes later they say "thank you for your advice" and we realize we didn't give any advice.
+(Laughter) We listened to it many times and never stopped.
+But we may have given him some advice.
+We recently polled 3,000 seniors at The Silver Line to ask them what they thought of the service.
+Then someone came back quite simply and said that for the first time in her life she had what the sport of cricket calls a wicket-keeper, and what baseball calls a catcher.
+I've been here for 48 hours and I speak American.
+They wouldn't recognize me when I got home.
+(Laughter.) But for the first time in her life, she got a really, really important catcher.
+And now it has come full circle. Because, in fact, the people who called the Silver Line and needed a catcher, put something back together, volunteered, became part of our family, and are now a catcher themselves.
+So my talk ends where I started, but I'll tell you about my own personal experience.
+Because when I talk about my life, I often say I've been lucky.
+And people usually ask me why.
+It's because at every stage of my life, I've been lucky enough to have someone who believed in me at the right time. It made me believe in myself a little more. It was very important.
+And everyone needs a catcher at some point in their life.
+Here is my catcher.
+That's Pam.
+And over 30 years ago, when I was 14 and in a phone booth, she answered the phone.
+Therefore, never underestimate the power of simple relationships.
+Because it can be, and often is, a life-saving force.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So I'll start with the George Orwell-inspired ad that Apple ran in 1984.
+(Video) Big Brother: We are one human being with one will, one determination, one cause.
+Our enemies will speak to death, and we will fight them with their own confusion.
+we will win
+Narrator: On January 24th, Apple Computer will announce the Macintosh.
+And you can see why 1984 isn't like "1984".
+Rebecca McKinnon: So the underlying message of this video is still very strong.
+Technologies created by innovative companies set us all free.
+More than 20 years ago, Apple launched the iPhone in China and, at the request of the Chinese government, censored the Dalai Lama in the Chinese app store along with several other politically sensitive applications.
+American political cartoonist Marc Fiore also had his satirical applications censored in the United States because he feared some of Apple's staff would be offensive to some groups.
+His app didn't make a comeback until it won a Pulitzer Prize.
+German news magazine Stern censors the app because Apple's nannies found it a little too racy for users, even though the magazine is sold perfectly legally on newsstands across Germany. was done.
+And even more controversial, Apple recently censored a Palestinian protest app after the Israeli government expressed concern it could be used to organize violent attacks. is.
+So here comes the problem.
+There are situations where private companies apply censorship standards that are often highly arbitrary and generally narrower than the constitutional standards of free speech in democracies.
+Alternatively, they respond to censorship demands by authoritarian regimes that do not reflect the consent of their rulers.
+Alternatively, we may be responding to requests or concerns from governments that do not have jurisdiction over many or most of the users or viewers who are manipulating the content in question.
+Here is the situation.
+In the pre-Internet world, sovereignty over our physical liberties or lack thereof was controlled almost entirely by the nation-state.
+But now we have a new layer of private sovereignty in cyberspace.
+And their decisions regarding software coding, engineering, design, and terms of use all act as a kind of law that shapes what we can and cannot do in our digital lives.
+And that sovereignty, which is transversal and globally linked, can challenge the sovereignty of the nation-state in some ways in a very exciting way, but at times it can challenge what people can and cannot do with information. When you control it, it can also act to project and extend it. It has more influence than ever before on the exercise of power in our physical world.
+After all, even the leader of the free world needs a little help from the King of Facebook Istan if he wants to be re-elected next year.
+And these platforms have certainly been very useful for Tunisian and Egyptian activists since this spring.
+Wael Ghonim, an Egyptian Google executive by day and a secretive Facebook activist by night, famously told CNN after Mubarak's resignation, "If you want to liberate society, give it the internet."
+But overthrowing governments and building stable democracies is a little more complicated.
+On the left is a photo taken by an Egyptian activist who took part in an attack on Egyptian national security officials in March.
+And many investigators shredded as many documents as possible and left them in piles.
+But some of the files have been left intact, and some activists have created their own surveillance dossier, filled with transcripts of email exchanges, cell phone text messages and even Skype conversations. discovered.
+And one activist actually found a deal from a Western company to sell surveillance technology to Egyptian security forces.
+And Egyptian activists assume these surveillance techniques are still in use by the transitional authorities that run the Egyptian network.
+And while Tunisia did begin to reopen censorship in May, it was not as widespread as it was during Ben Ali's presidency.
+But here you'll see a blocked page showing what happens when you try to visit certain Facebook pages and other websites that transition authorities have determined may incite violence.
+In protest, blogger Sulim Amamou, who was imprisoned under Ben Ali and became a member of the caretaker government after the revolution, resigned from his cabinet in protest.
+However, there has been much debate in Tunisia about how to deal with this kind of problem.
+In fact, on Twitter, many supporters of the revolution said, "Actually, we want democracy and freedom of expression, but some kind of speech has to be off limits. It's violent." and can destabilize our democracy.
+But the question is, how do we determine who is in power to make these decisions, and how do we ensure that they do not abuse their power?
+A veteran digital activist from Tunisia, Riyad Guelfari, said of the incident: "Before, things were simple. There were good guys on one side and bad guys on the other.
+Today, things are even more nuanced. "
+Welcome to democracy, friends of Tunisia and Egypt.
+The reality is, even in today's democratic societies, there are no good answers to how to balance the need for security and law enforcement with the need to protect civil liberties and free speech in digital networks. .
+In fact, in the US, no matter what you think of Julian Assange, even those who aren't necessarily big fans of him are very concerned about how the US government and some companies have dealt with WikiLeaks.
+Amazon's web hosting has banned WikiLeaks from its customers after being sued by US Senator Joe Lieberman, despite the fact that WikiLeaks has not been charged, much less convicted, of any crime. removed.
+Therefore, the Internet can be considered a cross-border technology.
+This is a map of social networks around the world, and indeed Facebook has conquered most of the world. Whether this is a good thing or a bad thing depends on how you like how Facebook manages its services.
+However, some parts of cyberspace have borders.
+In Brazil and Japan it is for unique cultural and linguistic reasons.
+But when we look at China, Vietnam, and many former Soviet countries, what's happening there is even more alarming.
+The government's relationship with local social networking companies has created a situation that effectively limits the ability of companies to enhance the potential of these platforms.
+China now has a well-known “Great Firewall” that blocks Facebook and Twitter, and now Google+ and many other foreign websites.
+And it is partly done with the help of Western technology.
+But that's only half the story.
+Another part of the story is the requirement known as the self-discipline system imposed by the Chinese government on all companies operating on the Chinese Internet.
+In layman's terms, it means user censorship and surveillance.
+This is the ceremony I actually attended in 2009, when the China Internet Association awarded the top 20 Chinese enterprises with the best exercise of self-discipline, that is, content management.
+Robin Li, CEO of China's leading search engine Baidu, was also among the winners.
+Russia generally does not block the internet and censors websites directly.
+But this is an anti-corruption site called Rospil.
+And earlier this year, people who donated to the Rospil through a payment processing system called Yandex Money suddenly received threatening phone calls from members of nationalist political parties who had obtained details of donors to the Rospil through members of the security forces. There was an embarrassing incident of receiving The service somehow obtained this information from the people of Yandex Money.
+This has a chilling effect on people's ability to use the Internet to hold governments accountable.
+As such, in today's world, in an increasing number of countries, the relationship between citizens and their governments is mediated through the Internet, which consists primarily of privately owned and operated services.
+So I don't think the key question is the debate about whether the internet helps the good guys more than the bad guys.
+Of course, whoever the enemy is, it will empower those who are most adept at using technology and who understand the Internet best.
+The most pressing question we need to ask today is how do we ensure that the Internet evolves in a citizen-centric way?
+Because I think we all agree that the only legitimate purpose of government is to serve the people, and the only legitimate purpose of technology is to improve our lives and improve our lives. I would argue that it is not about manipulating or enslaving.
+The problem, then, is that we know how to hold governments accountable.
+We don't necessarily do it all the time, but we do understand what the political and institutional models are for doing it.
+How do we hold the sovereigns of cyberspace accountable to the public good when most CEOs claim their primary duty is to maximize the interests of their shareholders?
+And government regulations are often not very helpful.
+For example, in France, President Sarkozy told the CEO of an Internet company, "We are the only legitimate representatives of the public interest."
+But he has since defended laws like the infamous "Three Strikes" law that cuts citizens off the internet for file sharing, and the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression said this was an unjust violation of citizens' rights. accused of being It has raised questions among civil society groups whether some political representatives are more interested in preserving the interests of the entertainment industry than in defending the rights of the public.
+And here in the UK, too, there are concerns about a law called the Digital Economy Act that places more responsibility on private intermediaries to police the behavior of their citizens.
+So what we need to recognize is that a broader and more sustained internet freedom movement is needed if we want a citizen-centered internet in the future.
+After all, companies take it for granted that they stop polluting groundwater or hire 10-year-olds for granted just because executives wake up one day and decide it's the right thing to do. It's not that I stopped doing it.
+It was the result of decades of sustained action, shareholder advocacy and consumer advocacy.
+Likewise, just because politicians one day wake up doesn't mean governments will enact sensible environmental or labor laws.
+Appropriate regulation and good corporate conduct are the result of very continuous and long-term political activity.
+The same approach should be taken for the Internet.
+Political innovation will also be required.
+About 800 years ago, the barons of England decided that the king's divine rights were no longer working for them and forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta even recognized kings who claimed divine rule. Still, the basic rules had to be followed.
+This set off a cycle of what we might call political innovation, ultimately leading to the idea of ​​consent of the governed, first implemented in America across the pond by that radical revolutionary government.
+So now we need to figure out how to build the consent of people on the network.
+what does it look like?
+I don't know yet at this point.
+But that will require innovation that not only focuses on politics and geopolitics, but also needs to address issues of business management, investor behavior, consumer choice, and even software design and engineering. deaf.
+Each of us has a key role to play in building a world where governments and technology serve the people of the world and not the other way around.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Have you ever wondered why extremism seems to be on the rise in Muslim-majority countries over the past decade?
+Have you ever wondered how you can turn this situation around?
+Have you ever watched an Arab uprising and wondered, "How could they have predicted that?"
+Or "How could I have been better prepared?"
+Now, my personal story, my personal journey, and what brought me here on the TED stage today is what has happened in Muslim-majority countries, at least in the last few decades, and since. is a precise demonstration of what is happening.
+I would like to share some of that story with you, but also some of my thoughts on change and the role of social movements in bringing about change in Muslim-majority societies.
+So, first of all, if you don't mind, I'd like to give you a very brief history.
+In medieval society, definite loyalties existed.
+Identity was defined primarily by religion.
+Then in the 19th century we moved into the era of the rise of European nation-states, where identity and allegiance were defined by ethnicity.
+That is, identity was defined primarily by ethnicity, and the nation-state was a reflection of that.
+In the age of globalization, we have moved forward.
+I call it the age of citizenship. People can be of multiracial and multiethnic backgrounds, but all are equal citizens of the state.
+You may be American-Italian. You may be Irish American. You may be British Pakistani.
+But I believe we are now moving into a new era. The New York Times recently dubbed that era the “Age of Action.”
+How I would define the Age of Action is an age of transnational loyalty, where identities are more defined by ideas and narratives.
+And these ideas and stories that collide across borders are beginning to increasingly influence the way people behave.
+Now, this is not all good news. Because I believe that hatred is as universal as love.
+But the fact is, until now, until recently, in the last six months, the people who have truly exploited this era of action are those who have most exploited this era of action. believe. Cross-border loyalty through digital activity and other cross-border technologies, the beneficiaries of which are extremists.
+And I would like to elaborate on that.
+If you look at the Islamist and far-right fascist phenomenon, one of the things that they are so good at, really superior to, is communicating across borders and using technology to organize. is. To spread their message and create a truly global phenomenon.
+For 13 years of my life, I was involved in a radical Islamist organization.
+And indeed, I have a powerful ability to spread ideas across borders, and I have witnessed the rise of secular Islamic extremism and how it is affecting people of the same faith around the world. I witnessed it.
+And my story, my personal story, is the true testament to the era of action that I am about to elaborate here.
+By the way, I am an Essex lad born and raised in Essex, UK.
+Anyone from England knows our reputation in Essex.
+But, being born in Essex, I joined the organization at the age of 16.
+At 17, I was recruiting into this organization from the University of Cambridge.
+At 19, I was part of the national leadership of this organization in the UK.
+When I was 21, I co-founded this organization in Pakistan.
+When I was 22, I co-founded this organization in Denmark.
+By the age of 24, I had been convicted in Egypt, blacklisted by three countries around the world for attempting to overthrow a government, tortured in an Egyptian prison, and sentenced to five years as a prisoner of conscience. I was handed down.
+Now, that journey, and what took me all the way from Essex around the world – by the way, we spent our time laughing at democracy activists.
+It felt like a decade ago.
+We found them outdated.
+I learned how to use email from the extremist organization I used.
+I learned how to communicate effectively across borders without being detected.
+Of course, it was eventually found in Egypt as well.
+But I learned how to use technology to my advantage because I was in an extremist organization that forced me to think beyond the nation-state.
+The Age of Action: Ideas and stories increasingly define behavior, identity and allegiance.
+So, like I said, we looked at the status quo and mocked it.
+And it's not just Islamic extremists who have done this.
+But far-right fascism is also on the rise in recent European mood music.
+Certain anti-Islamic rhetoric is also on the rise, and it transcends borders.
+And the repercussions of this are affecting the political landscape across Europe.
+What is actually happening is that previously localized bigotry, extremist individuals or groups that were isolated from each other, are becoming or are becoming mainstream, interconnected in a globalized fashion. about it.
+Because the internet and connectivity technologies are connecting the world.
+If you look at the recent rise of far-right fascism across Europe, you'll find that although some things are happening that are affecting domestic politics, the phenomenon transcends national borders.
+Mosque minarets are banned in some countries.
+In some areas, the wearing of scarves is prohibited.
+In other regions, as we speak, kosher or halal meat is prohibited.
+And on the contrary, transnational Islamic extremists are doing the same throughout their respective societies.
+And they are pockets of parochialism, tied together in a way that makes them feel like they are mainstream.
+Now it would never have been possible before.
+They would have felt isolated until this kind of technology came along and brought people together in ways that made them feel part of a larger phenomenon.
+Where will it leave those who aspire to democracy?
+Well, I think they're pretty much left out.
+I'll give you an example at this stage.
+If anyone remembers the Christmas Day bomb plot, there is a man named Anwar Al-Awlaki.
+As an American citizen now in hiding in Yemen, ethnically Yemeni, he inspired the Nigerian son of the president of the National Bank of Nigeria.
+The Nigerian student studied in London, trained in Yemen, and boarded a plane to attack America in Amsterdam.
+Meanwhile, Old Mentality with a capital "O" fell on deaf ears when his father, a Nigerian bank president, warned the CIA that his son was about to attack.
+The old idea with the capital “O” represented by the nation-state has not yet fully entered the age of action, has not recognized the power of social movements across national borders, and has been left behind.
+And the Christmas Day bombers nearly succeeded in attacking the United States.
+Taking the far-right example again, ironically, we find chauvinistic nationalists exploiting the benefits of globalization.
+So why are they so successful?
+And why are those who aspire to democracy lag behind?
+Well, we need to understand the power of social movements to understand this.
+In my view, social movements consist of four main characteristics.
+It consists of ideas, stories, symbols and leaders.
+I'm going to go through an example, and it's an example that everyone here knows, and that's al-Qaeda.
+If you ask me to think about the idea of ​​Al-Qaeda, it immediately comes to mind.
+If I ask you to think of their stories, the West being at war with Islam, the need to defend Islam from the West, they will immediately come to your mind. prize.
+By the way, the difference between an idea and a story: an idea is a cause one believes in. And stories are a way to market the cause, you could say it's propaganda for the cause.
+Al-Qaeda ideas and stories therefore quickly come to mind.
+If you think about their symbols and leaders, they immediately come to mind.
+One of their leaders was recently killed in Pakistan.
+So these symbols and leaders immediately come to mind.
+And that is the power of social movements.
+They cross borders and bond around these ideas, stories, symbols and leaders.
+But even if I ask you to focus your minds on Pakistan right now, and think of the symbols and leaders of Pakistan's democracy today, perhaps the assassination of Benazir Bhutto It would be difficult to think beyond
+So, by definition, that particular leader no longer exists.
+I believe one of the problems we face is the lack of a globalized, youth-led, grassroots social movement advocating for a democratic culture across Muslim-majority societies. increase.
+For democracy across Muslim-majority societies, there is no equal to Al Qaeda without terrorism.
+There are no ideologies, stories, leaders or symbols on the ground to defend democratic culture.
+This raises the question:
+Islamism, whether it be the far right or the Islamic extremists, refers to those who seek to impose a certain Islam on society as a whole, but why have they been able to organize so successfully in a globalized society? Is there People who aspire to a democratic culture are lagging behind.
+I believe there are four reasons for that.
+First, I think it's self-satisfaction.
+Because people who aspire to a democratic culture are in power, or because we have a powerful globalized society, a society leading a powerful nation.
+And that level of complacency means they don't feel the need to defend their culture.
+The second, I think, is political correctness.
+We hesitate to support the universality of democratic culture because we associate it with extremism with believing in the universality of our values.
+But in fact, whenever we talk about human rights, we say they are universal.
+But actually working to spread that view is associated with either neoconservatism or Islamic extremism.
+Going around saying that we believe democratic culture as a form of political organizing is the best we've come to is tied to extremism.
+And third, democratic choices in Muslim-majority societies are being relegated to political choices. That is, many parties in these societies ask their citizens to vote as Democrats, while others ask their citizens to vote as Democrats. Military Party – wants to rule by military dictatorship.
+Then a third party says, "Vote for us. We will establish a theocracy."
+Democracy is therefore just one political option among many others available in these societies.
+And what happens as a result is that when those parties are elected and inevitably fail or inevitably make political mistakes, democracies are held accountable for their political mistakes. increase.
+And people say, 'We've tried democracy, but it doesn't really work.
+Take back your army again. "
+And the fourth reason, I believe, is what I labeled on this slide as the ideology of resistance.
+In other words, if today's world superpower was communist, democracy activists would rather see democracy as a form of resistance to colonialism than today, when the world superpower is the United States, which occupies certain lands. It would be much easier to use activities. It also supports democratic ideals.
+Broadly speaking, these four reasons make democratic culture much more difficult to spread as a civilizational choice than simply as a political choice.
+Let's break some preconceived notions when we talk about those reasons.
+Is it just about complaints?
+Am I just not studying enough?
+Statistically, the majority of those who join extremist organizations are highly educated.
+Statistically, they are educated on average above the level of education in Western societies.
+Anecdotally, if poverty is the only factor, bin Laden can prove to be from the richest family in Saudi Arabia.
+His lieutenant, Ayman al-Zawahiri, was a pediatrician, not an uneducated person.
+There have been years of international aid and development, but extremism is on the rise in many of those societies.
+And what I'm missing is international aid, education and health, as well as real grassroots action on the ground.
+In addition to these, but not limited to, there is a growing real demand for democracy on the ground.
+And this, I believe, is where the roots of neoconservatism are turned upside down.
+Neoconservatism had a philosophy of top-down imposition of democratic values ​​with a supply-driven approach.
+Meanwhile, Islamists and far-right groups have been building demand for their ideology at the grassroots for decades.
+They are building a civilized demand for their values ​​at the grassroots, and we have seen their societies slowly transition into one that increasingly seeks forms of Islamism.
+Mass movements in Pakistan, after the Arab uprising, have been represented mainly by organizations advocating some kind of theocracy rather than a democratic uprising.
+Because even before the split they built up demand for their ideology on the ground.
+And what is needed is a true cross-border, youth-led movement that actively defends a democratic culture, not necessarily just an election.
+But without free speech, we cannot have free and fair elections.
+Without human rights, we would not have the protections afforded us when campaigning.
+Without religious freedom, there is no right to join an organization.
+What is needed, therefore, is an organization that advocates a democratic culture itself and creates a local demand for this culture.
+What this could do is to address the problem I was talking about earlier, namely that democracy is currently presented as a mere political option in those societies, alongside other options such as military government and theocracy. It avoids the problem of the existence of a political party with
+On the other hand, when we begin to build this demand on the ground, not just at the political level, but at the civilizational level, i.e., at the transpolitical level, there will be movements that generate civilized demands for this democratic culture, rather than political parties. born.
+What you end up with is the ideal on the slide here. The ideal is that people should vote for existing democracies instead of asking for them.
+But to get to that stage, democracy builds the structure of society and political choices within that structure, but never theocratic, military dictatorship. So you're voting in a democracy, an existing democracy, and that democracy isn't just one of the ballot box options.
+To get to that stage, we really need to start building social demand on the ground.
+In conclusion, how does that happen?
+Well, Egypt is a good starting point.
+The Arab uprising shows that this has already begun.
+But what happened in the Arab rebellion and what happened in Egypt was especially cathartic for me.
+What happened there was a political coalition that had come together for a political goal, and that was to get rid of the leader.
+We now need to go one step further.
+How can we help these societies move from political federations, loosely based political federations, to civilized federations working for the ideals and narratives of democratic culture on the ground? You have to think about
+Because it is not enough to eliminate leaders, rulers and dictators.
+However, there is no guarantee that what will come next will be a society built on democratic values.
+In general, however, trends that began in Egypt have historically spread throughout the MENA, Middle East and North Africa regions.
+So when Arab socialism started in Egypt, it spread throughout the region.
+Islamism spread throughout the MENA region during the 80s and 90s, when Islamism began in the region.
+And the aspirations we have at the moment, as young Arabs prove today, instantly recognizing themselves as ready to die for more than just terrorism, The democratic culture could start in this region and spread across the country. to other countries that surround it.
+But to do so, we need to help these societies move from mere political coalitions to building true grassroots-based social movements that champion democratic culture.
+And we got the start for that with a movement called Kudi in Pakistan. So we are working on the ground to encourage young people to create genuine buy-in for democratic culture.
+I will end with that thought.
+Thank you for your time.
+(applause)
+Has anyone been to Aspen, Colorado?
+It's still no joke. It's no joke.
+is this off?
+I recently went to Aspen and came across this song by chance.
+♫ Black men go to Aspen ♫ ♫ rent colorful chalets. ♫ ♫ I giggle at the question ♫ ♫ Just their presence seems to lift my spirits. ♫ ♫ Let us be men ♫ ♫ We are nothing alike. ♫ "Are you...?"
+"no."
+♫ It's a winter wonderland ♫ ♫ In the belly of a wild beast. ♫ ♫ And black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black man skiing. ♫ ♫ Black man sends sushi back ♫ ♫ I despise Yakuza sense. ♫ ♫ We make postmodern art. ♫ ♫ We secretly play Beethoven ♫ ♫ in our busmobile. ♫ ♫ We can tell you how cool it looks ♫ ♫ But we can't show you how it feels when a black man skis ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ When black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black men are now students of gay sensibility ♫ ♫. ♫ ♫ We're wearing sarcastic T-shirts ♫ ♫ We're drowning in code you don't know. ♫ ♫ We are baptized in Walden Pond ♫ ♫ In the midst of the sweltering mob ♫ ♫ Because the cleansing blood of Jesus ♫ ♫ has not been able to work thoroughly. ♫ ♫ Black man skiing. ♫ ♫ Black man skiing. ♫ ♫ The Chinese can jump really high ♫ ♫ And the Germans make soul food. ♫ ♫ White boys rap and hippies take naps ♫ ♫ They are afraid to look rude. ♫ ♫ Jazz is suburban now ♫ ♫ Clean as Marsali. ♫ ♫ And now we have Viagra ♫ ♫ Everyone is a sex machine. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫ What else can you do?
+♫ Black man skiing. ♫ ♫ Black man skiing. ♫ ♫ Black man skiing. ♫ ♫ Some kids say I'm their friend ♫ ♫ They say I'm crazy about race. ♫ ♫ The extravagance of your opinion ♫ ♫ shows that you are blessed. ♫ ♫ Here's a poem about the sunset ♫ ♫ Flowers and rain. ♫ ♫ I read it to the police ♫ ♫ But it was all in vain. ♫ ♫ Black men ski. ♫ ♫ Black man skiing... ♫ Be elegant.
+♫ Black man skiing. ♫ ♫ Black man skiing. ♫
+It's World War II.
+German prisoner of war camp.
+And this man, Archie Cochrane, is a prisoner of war and a doctor, but he's got a problem.
+The problem is that the men in his care suffer from excruciating and debilitating symptoms that Archie doesn't quite understand.
+Symptoms are severe swelling of the fluid under the skin.
+But I don't know if it's an infection or something to do with malnutrition.
+He doesn't know how to fix it.
+And he operates in a hostile environment.
+And people do terrible things in war.
+German camp guards are bored.
+They are accustomed to firing indiscriminately into prison camps just for fun.
+On one particular occasion, one of the guards threw a hand grenade into a prisoner's bathroom that was full of prisoners.
+A suspicious laughter was heard.
+And Archie Cochrane, as the camp doctor, was one of the first to help clean up the mess.
+And one more thing, Archie himself suffered from this disease.
+So the situation seemed pretty hopeless.
+But Archie Cochrane was a resourceful man.
+He had already smuggled vitamin C into the camp and now managed to get Marmite supplies on the black market.
+Now, some of you may be wondering what Marmite is.
+Marmite is a British favorite breakfast spread.
+It's like crude oil.
+It tastes...
+Tangy.
+And importantly, it is rich in vitamin B12.
+So Archie divided the men in his care into two groups as similar as possible.
+He gives vitamin C to half of them.
+He gives vitamin B12 to half of them.
+He writes down his results very carefully and meticulously in his exercise book.
+And after just a few days, it becomes clear that whatever the cause of this disease, marmite is the cure.
+So Cochrane goes to the Germans who run the prisoner of war camp.
+Now you have to imagine this moment - forget about this photo and imagine this guy with this long ginger beard and this shocking redhead.
+He can't shave, he's like Billy Connolly.
+Cochrane, he starts yelling at the Germans in this Scottish accent -- fluent German, by the way, but with a Scottish accent -- and explains to them how German culture is the culture that brought Schiller and Goethe to the world. .
+And, unable to understand why this barbarity is allowed, he vents his dissatisfaction.
+He then returns to his quarters and breaks down in tears, convinced that the situation is hopeless.
+But a young German doctor picked up a set of Archie Cochrane quizzes and said to a colleague, "The evidence is incontrovertible.
+Not supplying vitamins to prisoners of war is a war crime. "
+The next morning, vitamin B12 is delivered to the camp and the prisoners begin to recover.
+Now, I'm telling this story because Archie Cochran is a man, but I think Archie Cochran is a man.
+I'm not going to talk about this because I think all aspects of public policy should have more carefully controlled randomized trials, but I think that's also great.
+I tell this story because Archie Cochrane battled a terrible disease his whole life and realized it was debilitating to the individual and devastating to society.
+And he had a name for it.
+He called it the Divine Complex.
+Now it is very easy to explain the symptoms of the God complex.
+So the symptom of complex is having an overwhelming belief that one's solution is absolutely right, no matter how complicated the problem is.
+Archie was a doctor, so he used to hang out with doctors.
+And doctors suffer from God's complex.
+Now, I am an economist, not a doctor, but I always feel that God is present among my fellow economists.
+We see it in our business leaders too.
+We see it in the politicians we vote for, people who are absolutely certain they understand how the world works, even though they face an incredibly complex world. increase.
+And you know, given the future billions of dollars we're hearing about, the world is far too complex to be understood that way.
+Let's take an example.
+Just imagine. Suppose Hans Rosling is publishing a graph instead of Tim Harford in front of you.
+You know Hans, Mick Jagger from TED.
+(Laughter) And he'll show you these amazing stats and amazing animations.
+and they are great. Great work.
+But think for a moment about what is left out in a typical Hans Rosling graph, not what is shown.
+GDP per capita, population, life expectancy, that's all.
+In other words, there are 3 data, or 3 data, for each country.
+3 data is nothing.
+So, look at this graph.
+It was created by physicist César Hidalgo.
+he is at MIT.
+You wouldn't understand anything now, but it's like this.
+Cesar explored a database of over 5,000 different products and used network analysis techniques to explore this database and graph the relationships between different products.
+And it works great, great.
+You show all these interrelationships, all interrelationships.
+And I think that's very helpful in understanding how the economy grows.
+Great work.
+Cesar and I tried to write an article for the New York Times Magazine explaining how this works.
+And what we learned is that Cesar's work is too good to be described in The New York Times Magazine.
+5,000 products - that's still nothing.
+5,000 products -- imagine counting all the product categories in Cesar Hidalgo's data.
+Imagine you had 1 second of time for each product category.
+You will have counted all 5,000 by the end of this session.
+Now imagine doing the same for all the different types of products sold at Walmart.
+There are 100,000 people there. It will take all day.
+Now imagine trying to count all the different specific products and services sold in major economies like Tokyo, London and New York.
+In Edinburgh it's even more difficult because you have to count all the whiskeys and tartans.
+If you were to count all the products and services offered in New York, there would be 10 billion and it would take 317 years.
+This is how complex the economy we have created is.
+We're just counting toasters here.
+I am not trying to solve the Middle East problem.
+The complexity here is incredible.
+And just some background, there were about 300 products and services in the society that our brains evolved into.
+You can count in 5 minutes.
+This is the complexity of the world around us.
+Perhaps this is why we find the divine complex so attractive.
+We tend to back off and say, "I can draw, I can post graphs, I get it, I get how this works."
+And we are not.
+Not at all.
+Now, I'm not trying to convey a nihilistic message here.
+I don't mean to say that complex problems cannot be solved in a complex world.
+Clearly it is possible.
+But the way we solve our problems is through humility—abandoning our God complex and using problem-solving techniques that actually work.
+And we have effective problem-solving techniques.
+Here you have shown a successful complex system. And I will show you the system that evolved through trial and error.
+Here is an example.
+This child was born after trial and error.
+I know that's an ambiguous statement.
+Maybe it's better to clarify it.
+This baby is a human body, an evolved one.
+What is Evolution?
+Millions of years of change and choice, change and choice—trial and error, trial and error.
+Biological systems aren't the only ones that create miracles through trial and error.
+Can be used in an industrial context.
+For example, let's say you want to make detergent.
+Suppose you are Unilever and want to make detergents in a factory near Liverpool.
+how do i do that?
+Well, this big tank is full of liquid detergent.
+It is pumped at high pressure through the nozzle.
+Create a detergent spray.
+Then the spray dries. It turns into powder.
+it falls to the floor.
+scoop it up. Put it in a cardboard box.
+It's sold in supermarkets.
+you make a lot of money
+How do you design that nozzle?
+It turns out to be very important.
+Now, if you believe in the complex of God, you will find yourself to be a small God.
+You find yourself a mathematician. You find yourself a physicist, someone who understands the mechanics of this fluid.
+He or she then calculates the optimal nozzle design.
+Well, Unilever did this, but it was too complicated to work.
+Even this issue is too complicated.
+But geneticist Professor Steve Jones explains how Unilever actually solved this problem: trial and error, variation, and choice.
+Take a nozzle and create 10 random variations of that nozzle.
+Try all 10. Keep what works best.
+Create 10 variations of it.
+Try all 10 and keep the one that works best.
+Try 10 variations of it.
+Can you see how this works?
+And after 45 generations, we've got this amazing nozzle.
+They look like chess pieces, but they work really well.
+I have absolutely no idea why it works.
+And the moment you step back from the divine complex, try to get a lot of things. Establish a method to systematically determine what works and what doesn't. Problem can be solved.
+Now, this trial and error process is actually much more common in successful educational institutions than we realize.
+And we've heard a lot about how the economy works.
+The US economy remains the world's largest economy.
+How did it become the world's largest economy?
+I could give you many facts and figures about the US economy, but I think this one stands out the most. That means 10 percent of US companies go out of business every year.
+That's a very high failure rate.
+This is much higher than the failure rate of Americans, for example.
+Not 10 percent of Americans disappear every year.
+This leads to the conclusion that American businesses fail faster than Americans and therefore American businesses evolve faster than Americans.
+And eventually they will evolve to such a high degree of perfection that they will make us all pets. Of course, if you haven't already (laughs).
+Sometimes I wonder.
+But it is this trial-and-error process that explains this huge discrepancy, the incredible performance of the Western economies.
+It's not because you put an incredibly smart person in charge.
+It was completed through trial and error.
+I've been talking about this for the last few months, and sometimes people tell me this. "Tim, it's kind of obvious.
+Of course trial and error is very important.
+Obviously experimentation is very important.
+Now, why are you hanging around saying such obvious things? "
+So I say, "Okay, okay."
+Think it's obvious?
+As schools begin to teach children, it is clear that some questions have no right answer.
+Stop giving them a list of questions that each have an answer.
+And in the corner behind the teacher's desk is an authoritative figure who knows all the answers.
+And if you can't find the answer, you must be lazy or stupid.
+I'll admit it's clear that trial and error is a good thing, indeed, once schools stop doing it.
+A politician runs for public office and says, "I want to fix the medical system.
+I want to fix the education system.
+I don't know how to do it.
+I have six ideas.
+I will test them. They will probably all fail.
+Now let's test some other ideas.
+Find some that work. We will build on them.
+We eliminate the ones that aren't." --When politicians campaign on that platform, and more importantly when voters like you and I are willing to vote for those kinds of politicians, I would admit it. Trial and error obviously works, and that's -- thank you.
+(Applause.) Until then, I'm going to keep hammering on trial and error and why we have to let go of the God complex.
+Because it is very difficult to admit one's own mistakes.
+Very uncomfortable.
+And Archie Cochrane understood this as well as everyone else.
+There is a trial he did many years after World War II.
+He wanted to examine the question of where a patient should recover from a heart attack.
+Should I recover in a hospital's specialized cardiology ward, or should I recover at home?
+All the cardiologists tried to stop him from seeing him.
+They had many god complexes.
+They knew that hospitals were the right place for patients and that conducting any kind of clinical trial or experiment would be highly unethical.
+Despite this, Archie was able to obtain permission to do this.
+he went to court.
+And after the trial had gone on for some time, he gathered all his colleagues around a table and said, "Ladies and gentlemen, here are some preliminary results.
+they are not statistically significant.
+But we have something.
+And it turns out you were right and I was wrong.
+Recovering from a heart attack at home is dangerous for the patient.
+they should be hospitalized. "
+And then there was this ruckus and all the doctors started banging on the table and saying, 'We always said you were unethical, Archie.
+They're killing people in clinical trials. I need to shut down now.
+Please shut down immediately. "
+And then there's this big ruckus.
+Archie makes it disappear.
+And he says, "That's very interesting, folks, you swapped two columns when you gave them the resulting table.
+They should stay at home because they found someone killed in the hospital.
+Do you want to end the trial now, or should we wait for definitive results?"
+A tumbleweed rolls around the conference room.
+But Cochrane would do something like that.
+And the reason he did it was because he understood that it felt much better to stand there and say, "Here in my little world, I am God and I understand everything." increase.
+I don't want my opinion challenged.
+I don't want my conclusions verified. "
+It's a lot easier just to enact laws.
+Cochrane understood its uncertainty, its potential for error, and its hurt when challenged.
+And sometimes it's necessary to be shocked.
+Now, I'm not going to pretend this is easy.
+It's not easy.
+It hurts unbelievably.
+And ever since I spoke on this subject and began to study it, I have been haunted by the words of Japanese mathematicians on this subject.
+So, shortly after the war, this young man, Yutaka Taniyama, developed this amazing conjecture called the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture.
+It turned out to be perfectly useful decades later in proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
+In fact, it turns out to be equivalent to proving Fermat's Last Theorem.
+If you prove one, you can prove the other.
+But it was always a guess.
+Taniyama tried many times but could not prove it to be true.
+In 1958, just before his 30th birthday, Yutaka Taniyama committed suicide.
+Decades later, Taniyama's friend Goro Shimura, who worked with him on mathematics, looked back on Taniyama's life.
+"He was not a very careful mathematician," he said.
+he made a lot of mistakes.
+But he made a mistake for the better.
+I tried to imitate him too, but found it very difficult to make a good mistake. "
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Pat Mitchell: Image from Yemen Times.
+And introduce them, introduce another Yemen.
+Nadia Al-Saqqaf: Well, I'm glad to be here.
+And I would like to share with you some of the pictures that are happening in Yemen today.
+This photo shows a revolution started by women, showing women and men leading mixed protests.
+Another situation is the popularity that change is really needed.
+There are so many people.
+rising strength.
+This photo shows that the revolution provided opportunities for training and education.
+They are learning first aid and constitutional rights.
+i love this photo
+I just wanted to show that over 60 percent of Yemen's population is under the age of 15.
+And they've been removed from decision-making, and now they're at the forefront of the news and holding the flag.
+English -- As you can see, this is jeans and tights, an English expression. The ability to share with the world what is happening in our country.
+And expressiveness also brought talent.
+Yemenis use cartoons, art, paintings and cartoons to tell the world and each other what is happening.
+Obviously there is always a dark side.
+And this is just one of the less gruesome situations that illustrate the revolution and the price we must pay.
+The unity of millions of Yemenis across the country demands only one thing.
+And finally, many say the Yemeni Revolution will bring the country to its knees.
+Are there so many different countries coming out?
+Will it be Somalia again?
+But we want to tell the world, no, under one flag, we will still be Yemenis.
+PM: Thanks for the images, Nadia.
+And in many ways they tell a different story than the Yemeni story that is often in the news.
+Yet you yourself are rebelling against all those traits.
+Now let's get a little personal.
+your father was killed
+The Yemen Times already has a strong reputation in Yemen as an independent English-language newspaper.
+So how did you make the decision and take responsibility for running the newspaper, especially in times of conflict like this?
+NA: Well, let me warn you first, I'm not a traditional Yemeni girl.
+As you may have noticed,
+(Laughter.) In Yemen, most women are veiled, sitting behind doors and not very involved in public life.
+But there are so many possibilities.
+I wish I could show you my Yemen.
+I hope you can see Yemen through my eyes.
+Then you will find that it has many meanings.
+And I was born into a privileged family. My father always encouraged the boys and girls.
+He will say we are equal.
+And he was such an extraordinary man.
+And even my mother, I owe my family.
+Story: I studied abroad in India.
+And in my junior year, I started to get confused because not only was I Yemeni, but I was also confused with many of my friends in college.
+Then he went home and said, "Dad, I don't know who I am.
+I am not Yemeni. i am not indian "
+And he said, "You are the bridge."
+And it's something I will forever hold in my heart.
+Since then, I have become a bridge and many people have walked over me.
+Prime Minister: I don't think so. (Laughter) NA: But it only helps convey that some people are agents of social change.
+And when I actually became editor-in-chief after my brother, my father died in 1999, and then my brother died until 2005, and everyone was betting that I could be editor-in-chief. rice field.
+"It's a family business, so what's this young girl coming in to brag about?"
+It was very difficult at first.
+I didn't want to run into people.
+But with all due respect to all the men, especially the older men, they didn't want me around.
+It was very hard to impose my authority.
+But women have to do what women have to do.
+(Applause.) And in the first year, I had to lay off half the men.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) We brought in more women.
+I brought you a young man.
+And today we have a more gender-balanced newsroom.
+Another thing is about professionalism.
+It's about proving who you are and what you can do.
+I don't know if I should be bragging now, but in 2006 alone, our company won three international awards.
+One of them is the IPI Free Media Pioneer Award.
+That was the answer for all Yemenis.
+My husband is in the room over there, so I want to score here.
+Please stand up, [unintelligible].
+he was very supportive of me.
+(Applause) Prime Minister: And I should point out that he also works with you at the newspaper.
+But by taking on this responsibility and doing what you've always done, you've become a bridge between the old and traditional societies and the society we're building today.
+So, in addition to changing the people who work there, we must have faced another positioning that we always encounter, especially regarding women. It has to do with external image, dress and veiled women.
+So how did you deal with this issue on a personal level and as the women who worked for you?
+NA: You know, the image of many Yemeni women is black, often veiled women.
+And this is true.
+And much of it is because women are not free to show their faces.
+There are many traditional dignified things by men and authoritative figures such as grandparents.
+And it's financial empowerment, the ability for women to say, "I contribute as much or more to this family as you do."
+And the more empowered women are, the more they can, for example, remove the veil, drive their own cars, have jobs, and travel.
+So Yemen's other face is really what lies behind the veil, and it is largely through economic advancement that women can reveal it.
+And I have practiced this through my work.
+I tried to encourage the young girls.
+It started from the point that you can take it off in the office.
+You can then remove it for the assignment.
+Because I didn't believe that a journalist could be a journalist. Hiding your face, how can you talk to people? - and so on; it's just a move.
+And I am a role model in Yemen.
+Many people respect me.
+Many young girls admire me.
+And I told them, yes you can still get married, you can still be a mother, you can still be respected in society, but at the same time, it's just that you should. You have to prove that you don't mean that. Be part of the crowd.
+You can be yourself and have your face.
+Prime Minister: But by presenting yourself as an individual, you not only project a different image of Yemeni women, but you also put yourself at personal risk, including what you have made possible for the women who work for the paper. Do you have any
+NA: Well, the Yemen Times has been through a lot over the last 20 years.
+We were prosecuted. The paper has been out of print more than three times.
+It's an independent newspaper, but please tell that to the person in charge.
+They think we are the opposition newspaper if there is anything against them.
+And it's a very, very difficult time.
+Some of my reporters have been arrested.
+There have been several trials.
+my father was assassinated.
+Today we are in a much better position.
+We have built credibility.
+And in times of revolution and change like today, it is very important that the independent media have a voice.
+It is very important that you visit YemenTimes.com, and it is very important that you listen to us.
+And this is probably what I'm going to tell you in the Western media - and how there are so many stereotypes - to think of Yemen in a single frame, that's what Yemen is all about.
+that's unfair.
+that's unfair to me. It's unfair for my country.
+Many journalists come to Yemen and they want to write articles about Al-Qaeda and terrorism.
+And I want to share with you, a reporter came.
+He wanted the documentary to do what the editor wanted.
+And he ended up writing about hip-hop, a story that surprised even me, about a young Yemeni man who expresses himself through dance and puchupchu.
+(laughs) That. (PM: Rap. Breakdance.) Yes, breakdance.
+I'm not that old
+I just can't get in touch with you.
+(laughter) (applause) Prime Minister: Yes, that's right.
+In fact, this is a documentary published online. Video is online.
+NA: ShaketheDust.org。
+PM: "Shake the Dust." (NA: "Shake the Dust") PM: ShaketheDust.org.
+And it definitely gives a different image of Yemen.
+We talked about journalistic responsibility.
+And indeed, what do you think of the Western press, especially when you see how we have cut ourselves off from others and created fear and danger, often out of a lack of knowledge and a lack of real understanding? Do you cover this and all other articles outside your region, especially those in your country?
+NA: Well, there's a saying, "Fear what you don't know and hate what you fear."
+So basically there is a lack of research.
+It's almost like "do your homework" with some degree of involvement.
+And you can't report with a parachute. Just think you've flew into the country for two days, done your homework, and done your story.
+So I want the world to know my Yemen, my country, my people.
+I am an example and there are others like me.
+Others, although our numbers may not be large, who could eventually bridge the gap between Yemen and Yemen if we were touted as a good, positive example, Both men and women will appear. We will be building bridges again. First about recognition, then about communication and compassion.
+I think Yemen will be in a very bad situation in the next couple of years.
+It's natural.
+But after two years, a price we are willing to pay, we intend to get back on our feet again, but in a new Yemen with a younger and more empowered people, a democratic people. There is
+(Applause) Prime Minister: Nadia, I think you have expressed a completely different view on Yemen.
+And indeed, you and your actions have given us a vision of the future that we accept and appreciate.
+And good luck to you.
+Yemen Times.com.
+NA: Even on Twitter.
+PM: You're connected.
+(applause)
+i love the internet
+That's true.
+Think about all that it has brought us.
+Think about every service we use, every connection, every entertainment, every business, every commerce.
+And it happens while we are alive.
+I am convinced that one day we will be writing history books hundreds of years from now. This time our generation will be remembered as the generation that went online, the generation that built something truly truly global.
+But yes, it's also true that the Internet has some very serious issues, security issues, and privacy issues.
+I have spent my career struggling with these issues.
+So let me show you something.
+Here is Blaine.
+This is a floppy disk. 5 and 4 inch floppy disks infected with Brain.A.
+This is the first virus found on PC computers.
+And we actually know where Brain came from.
+I know that because it's written that way in the code.
+Let's see.
+have understood.
+It's the boot sector of an infected floppy, and if you look inside, you'll see that it says "Welcome to the Dungeon".
+Then in 1986, Basit and Amjad followed.
+And Basit and Amjad are first names and Pakistani first names.
+In fact, Pakistan has phone numbers and addresses.
+(Laughter) Well, it's 1986.
+It's 2011 now.
+That was 25 years ago.
+PC virus problems have been around for 25 years.
+So half a year ago I decided to go to Pakistan.
+So here are some pictures I took while I was in Pakistan.
+This is from the city of Lahore, about 300 kilometers south of Abbottabad, where bin Laden was captured.
+Here is a typical street view.
+This is the street that leads to this building. Located at 730 Nizam Block in Arama Iqbal Town.
+And I knocked on the door.
+(Laughter) Want to guess who opened the door?
+Basit and Amjad. they are still there.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Basit is standing here.
+Sitting is his brother Amjad.
+They are the ones who created the first PC viruses.
+Of course, we had a very interesting discussion.
+I asked them why.
+I asked him how he felt about starting.
+And it was kind of satisfying to learn that both Basit and Amjad had infected their computers dozens of times with completely unrelated viruses over the years.
+After all, there is some kind of justice in the world.
+Now, the viruses we saw in the 1980s and 1990s are clearly no longer a problem.
+So let me give you some examples of what it used to be like.
+What I'm running here is a system that allows old programs to run on modern computers.
+Now let's mount some drives. please go over there
+Here is a list of old viruses.
+Now let's run the virus on your computer.
+For example, first consider the centipede virus.
+Once infected, you will see centipedes scrolling across your computer at the top of your screen.
+You know you're infected because you're actually showing symptoms.
+There is one more thing. This is a virus called crash that was invented in Russia in 1992.
+Let's take a look at what actually makes a sound.
+(Sirens sound) And one last example, imagine what the Walker virus would do.
+Yes, a man will appear across the screen when infected.
+So if the virus was created by a hobbyist or a teen, it was very easy to know that you had it.
+Today they are no longer written by enthusiasts and teens.
+Viruses are a global problem today.
+In the background here is an example of a system running in a lab that tracks viral infections around the world.
+So you can see in real time that you have blocked viruses in Sweden, Taiwan, Russia, etc.
+In fact, just by connecting to our lab systems over the web, we can see in real time how many viruses and new malware examples are discovered each day.
+This is the latest virus we found in a file called Server.exe.
+And we found it here 3 seconds ago. The last time was 6 seconds ago.
+Scroll down and you'll see a huge amount of information.
+You can find tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands.
+This is malware for the last 20 minutes of each day.
+So where did all this come from?
+Well, today these viruses are created by organized criminal gangs who make money from them.
+It's like gangs -- go to GangstaBucks.com.
+This is a Moscow-based website where they buy infected computers.
+So, if you're a virus writer and you have the ability to infect a Windows computer, but you don't know what to do, you can sell infected computers (other people's computers) to them.
+And they actually pay for those computers.
+So how do they monetize infected computers?
+There are various methods such as banking Trojans and keyloggers that steal money from your online banking account when you do online banking.
+A keylogger sits silently on your computer, invisible, and records everything you type.
+You are sitting at your computer doing a Google search.
+All Google searches you enter are saved and sent to criminals.
+Any emails you write will be saved and sent to criminals.
+Same for all passwords etc.
+But what they really want most is a session where they go online and make an online purchase at an online store.
+Because when you shop online, you enter your name, shipping address, credit card number, and credit card security code.
+Here's an example of a file found on the server a few weeks ago.
+That's the credit card number, that's the expiration date, that's the security code, and that's the name of the cardholder.
+Once you have access to someone else's credit card information, you can go online and use that information to buy anything you want.
+And that's clearly a problem.
+We are currently building an underground marketplace and business ecosystem built around online crime.
+An example of how they can actually monetize their activities. We look at the Interpol page to find a wanted person.
+There are men like Björn Sundin from Sweden and his accomplice on Interpol's wanted page, Shaileshkumar Jain, a US citizen.
+They were running a cybercriminal operation called I.M.U., through which they made millions of dollars.
+Both are currently on the run.
+no one knows where they are.
+Only a few weeks ago, US authorities froze a Swiss bank account owned by Jain, which held $14.9 million.
+Therefore, the amount of money generated by online crime is enormous.
+This means that online criminals can actually afford to invest in attacks.
+We know that online criminals hire programmers, hire testers, test code, and have backend systems with SQL databases.
+And they can afford to monitor how we do our job, including the performance of our security guys, and try to circumvent any security precautions we can build.
+They also use the global nature of the Internet to their advantage.
+In short, the Internet is international.
+That's why we call it the Internet.
+To see what's happening in the online world, watch a video created by Clarified Networks. This shows how a single malware family can travel around the world.
+The activity is believed to have originated in Estonia and moves from one country to another as soon as the website is about to be shut down.
+Therefore, these people cannot be silenced.
+They move around the world, switching from one country to another and from one jurisdiction to another, taking advantage of the fact that we are incapable of policing such activity on a global scale. I guess.
+So the internet is as if someone is giving free airline tickets to all the online criminals in the world.
+Criminals who previously could not reach us can now reach us.
+So how do you actually spot online criminals?
+How do you actually track them?
+Let's take an example.
+Here is one exploit file.
+Here we are looking at a hexdump of the image file containing the exploit.
+This basically means that if you try to view this image file on your Windows computer, it will actually hijack your computer and execute your code.
+Now, if you look at this image file, you'll see the image header, and that's where the actual attack code begins.
+That code is encrypted, so let's decrypt it.
+Encrypted with the XOR function 97.
+Just trust me, yes, yes.
+Now we can actually start the decryption.
+The yellow part of the code has been decrypted.
+And it doesn't look too different from the original.
+But just keep looking at it.
+In fact, here's the web address: Unionseek.com/d/ioo.exe And when you view this image on your computer, it actually downloads and runs that program.
+And it's a backdoor that hijacks your computer.
+But what's even more interesting is that further decryption reveals the mysterious string O600KO78RUS.
+That code exists under encryption as a signature of sorts.
+It's not used for anything.
+And I was looking at it and trying to understand what it meant.
+So of course I googled it.
+There were zero hits. it wasn't there.
+So I talked to people in the lab.
+We have some Russians in our lab, and one of them said, "Like Russia, it ends with RUS."
+And 78 is the area code for the city of St. Petersburg.
+For example, you can find it by phone number or car license plate.
+So I went looking for contacts in St. Petersburg and after a long road finally found this particular website.
+This Russian man has been online for many years, runs his own website and blogs at the popular Live Journal.
+And in this blog, he blogs about his life, his life in St. Petersburg, he's in his early 20s, his cat, his girlfriend.
+And he drives a very nice car.
+In fact, this guy drives a Mercedes-Benz S600 V12 with a 6-liter engine that makes over 400 horsepower.
+For a twenty-something kid in St. Petersburg, it's a great car.
+How can I find out about this car?
+Because he was blogging about cars.
+He actually had a car accident.
+In downtown St. Petersburg, he actually crashed his car into another car.
+And he posted an image on his blog about the car accident - it's his Mercedes - right here is the Lada Samara he crashed into.
+And indeed, it turns out that Samara's license plate ends with 78RUS.
+And if you actually look at the site photo, you can see that the Mercedes plate is O600KO78RUS.
+Now, I'm not a lawyer, but if I were a lawyer, I'd say 'I'm going to stop the lawsuit' here.
+(Laughter) So what happens when an online criminal is caught?
+Well, most of the time it doesn't get that far.
+In the majority of online crime incidents, we don't even know which continent the attacks are coming from.
+And even if you can find an online criminal, it often doesn't pay off.
+The local police may not act, or they may act but there is insufficient evidence, or for some reason they cannot crack down.
+I wish it was easier. Unfortunately not.
+But things are changing at a very fast pace.
+You've probably heard of Stuxnet and the like.
+If you look at what Stuxnet did, you'll see that you've been infected with these.
+It's a Siemens S7-400 PLC, programmable logic [controller].
+And this is what drives our infrastructure.
+This is what drives everything around us.
+A PLC, a small programmed box without a display or keyboard, is put in place and works.
+For example, the elevator in this building is probably controlled by one of these.
+And when Stuxnet is infected with one of these, the kinds of risks we have to worry about change drastically.
+Because everything around us is driven by them.
+That means we have the critical infrastructure in place.
+Go to any factory, any power plant, any chemical plant, any food processing plant, look around and it's all run by computers.
+Everything is run by computers.
+Everything depends on what these computers do.
+We have become very dependent on basic things like the internet, electricity, and obviously computers to work.
+And this actually poses a whole new set of problems for us.
+We have to have some way of continuing our work even if our computer breaks down.
+(Laughter) (Applause.) So preparedness means being able to do something even when what we take for granted isn't there.
+It's actually very basic - thinking about continuity, thinking about backups, thinking about what actually matters.
+Well, I told you -- (Laughter) I love the Internet. that's right.
+Think about all the services we offer online.
+Think about if they were taken from you, or if one day for some reason you really don't have them anymore.
+I think there's beauty in the future of the Internet, but I'm afraid it's going to disappear.
+I'm worried that I'm having problems with online crime.
+Online crime is one of those things that can rob us of these things.
+(Laughter) I've spent my life protecting the internet, but I feel I risk losing everything if I don't fight online crime.
+We must do this globally and we must do it now.
+What we need is more global and international law enforcement action to find online criminal gangs, the organized organizations that make millions of dollars from their attacks.
+This is much more important than running antivirus or firewall.
+What really matters is finding the people who are actually behind these attacks, and more importantly, the people who are trying to get into this world of online crime but haven't yet. .
+We must find under-opportunities who have the skills and give them the opportunity to put those skills to good use.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Accepting otherness.
+When I first heard this theme, I thought that to accept others is to accept myself.
+And the journey to that place of understanding and acceptance was interesting to me, and it gave me insight into the whole concept of self. I think it's worth sharing with you today.
+Each of us has a self, but I don't think we are born with a self.
+You know that newborn babies believe they are part of everything. Aren't they separate?
+Well, that basic togetherness is quickly lost.
+It's like the first stage is over - Oneness: infancy, unformed, primitive.
+It is no longer valid or real.
+The real thing is separation, and at some point in early childhood the concept of self begins to form.
+A small part of our Oneness is given a name, all sorts of things are said about itself, and these details, opinions and ideas become facts that help us build our selves, our identities. increase.
+And that self becomes the means by which we live in our social world.
+But self is a projection based on the projection of others.
+Is it who we really are?
+Or who do we really want to be, or should we be?
+So this whole interaction of self and identity has been very difficult for me growing up.
+I was rejected over and over again when I tried to bring it out into the world.
+And the panic of not being the right person, and the confusion of being rejected, created the anxiety, embarrassment, and hopelessness that defined me for so long.
+But in retrospect, my self-destruction was so repetitive that I began to see a pattern.
+Self is changed, affected, broken and destroyed, while another self evolves. Sometimes you get stronger, sometimes you hate, sometimes you don't want to be there at all.
+Self was not constant.
+And how many times must you die before you realize you weren't alive in the first place?
+I grew up on the English coast in the 70's.
+My father is white from Cornwall and my mother is black from Zimbabwe.
+Even the idea of ​​us as family was a challenge for most people.
+But nature had an evil way and gave birth to a brown baby.
+But from about the age of 5, I knew it wasn't for me.
+I was a black atheist kid in an all-white Catholic school run by nuns.
+I was an anomaly, trying to root for a definition myself.
+Because the Self likes to fit, to be replicated, to belong.
+It confirms its existence and its importance.
+And it matters.
+It has very important functions.
+Without it, we literally cannot interface with others.
+We cannot plan and climb the ladder of popularity and success.
+But my skin tone didn't match.
+My hair wasn't right.
+My biography was incorrect.
+My self became defined by others, which meant I didn't really exist in that social world.
+And I was the "other" before I was anything else, even before I was a girl.
+I was an unremarkable person.
+Around this time, another world opened up: performance and dance.
+When I was dancing, my nagging fear of myself was non-existent.
+You will literally lose yourself.
+And I was a really good dancer.
+I put every emotion expression into the dance.
+I was able to participate in the movement in a way that I couldn't be in real life or myself.
+Then at 16, I got my chance again and landed my first acting role in a movie.
+I can hardly find words to describe the peace I felt while performing.
+It felt so good to be able to connect my dysfunctional self to someone else who wasn't really me.
+It was the first time I existed in my fully functioning self. That is, it existed within the Self that I controlled, steered, and gave life to.
+But when the shoot day is over, I'm back to being awkward and awkward.
+By the age of 19, I was a full-fledged movie actor, but I'm still trying to find a definition.
+I volunteered to read anthropology in college.
+Phyllis Lee agreed to my interview. And she asked me, "How do you define race?"
+Well, I thought I had an answer to that and said "skin color."
+"So biology, genetics?" she said.
+"Because, Tandy, that's not accurate.
+Because there are actually more genetic differences between black Kenyans and black Ugandans than there are, for example, between black Kenyans and white Norwegians.
+Because we are all from Africa.
+So Africa has more time to create genetic diversity. "
+In other words, race has no biological or scientific factual basis.
+On the one hand, the result.
+right?
+On the other hand, my self-definition has only lost a large part of its credibility.
+But the reliable thing, the biological and scientific fact, is that we all come from Africa. In fact, it comes from a woman called Mitochondrial Eve who lived 160,000 years ago.
+And race is an unjust concept that we ourselves have created based on fear and ignorance.
+Oddly enough, these revelations did not cure my low self-esteem, my sense of being the other.
+My desire to disappear was still very strong.
+I got my degree from Cambridge. I had a successful career until I was in a car accident, bulimic and ended up on the therapist's couch.
+And of course I did.
+I still believed myself to be all I was.
+I still valued self-esteem above all other values, but what could have suggested otherwise?
+We have created entire value systems and physical realities to support our self-worth.
+Look at the industry's self-image, the jobs it creates, and the revenue it generates.
+We would be right to assume that the Self is an actual creature.
+But it's not. It is a projection that our wise brain creates to deceive ourselves from the reality of death.
+But there is something that can give the Self an ultimate and infinite connection. And that is Oneness, our essence.
+The self's struggle for authenticity and definition never ends until it is connected to its creators: you and me.
+And it happens through consciousness, the recognition of the reality of oneness and the projection of selfhood.
+First, think about a time when you lost yourself.
+It happens when you're dancing or acting.
+I am grounded firmly in my essence and I am suspended in space.
+In that moment, I am connected to everything: the ground, the air, the sound, the energy from the audience.
+All my senses are as alert and alive as an infant feels. It's that sense of togetherness.
+And when I'm playing a role, I live in my other self and give it life for a while. Because when the self is suspended, there is division and judgment.
+And he's played everything from a slave-era avenger to 2004's Secretary of State.
+And no matter how different those selves are, they are all related in me.
+And I honestly believe that the key to my success as an actor and progress as a person was the very lack of self that made me feel so insecure and insecure.
+I always wondered how I could feel someone else's pain so deeply, how I could recognize someone in nobody.
+Because there was no one to interfere.
+I thought I had no substance, and being able to feel other people's feelings meant that I couldn't feel anything myself.
+What was a source of shame was actually a source of enlightenment.
+And when I realized that I was a projection and that it had a function, and I really understood it, something interesting happened.
+I stopped giving too much power.
+I think it's a matter of course.
+I will take you to therapy.
+I know a lot about that dysfunctional behavior.
+But I am not ashamed of myself.
+In fact, I respect myself and my role.
+And with practice over time, I have tried more and more to live from my essence.
+And when you do, incredible things happen.
+I was in Congo in February, dancing and celebrating with women who survived being self-destructed in literally unthinkable ways. Destroyed because other brutal, psychopathic selves throughout that beautiful land fuel our own iPod and pad addiction. And glittering, more detached from feeling their pain, suffering, and death.
+For if we all live within ourselves and mistake it for life, we devalue life and desensitize it. .
+And in that detached state, yes, we can build windowless factory farms, destroy marine life, and use rape as a weapon of war.
+Here is a note to myself. Cracks are beginning to appear in the world we have built, seas will rush through the cracks and rivers of oil and blood will continue to rush.
+The point is that we have not yet found a way to live in unity with the earth and all other living beings.
+We've been trying like crazy to figure out how billions of people can coexist with each other.
+We just don't live together. Our insane selves coexist with each other, perpetuating the epidemic of disconnection.
+Let each other live and breathe at once.
+If only we could get under that heavy self and light the torch of consciousness and find our true nature, our connection with infinity and all other living beings.
+We have known it since we were born.
+Let us not be surprised by our abundant nothingness.
+It is more real than anything we have created ourselves.
+Imagine what we could become if we honored the inevitable death of our selves, appreciated the privileges of life, and marveled at what happened next.
+It starts with a simple realization.
+Thank you for listening.
+(applause)
+This is a photo by artist Michael Najjar and is authentic in the sense that he went to Argentina to take the picture.
+But it is also fiction. A lot of work has been done since then.
+And what he did was actually reshape the contours of the mountain, all digitally, as the Dow Jones index fluctuated.
+So what you're seeing is that cliff, that valley and that high cliff, that's the 2008 financial crisis.
+This photo was taken when we were deep in the valley over there.
+I don't know where we are now.
+This is the Hang Seng Index for Hong Kong.
+and similar terrain.
+Why.
+And this is art. This is a metaphor.
+But I think the point is that this is a metaphor with teeth. And what I want to propose today is to use those teeth to rethink a little bit about the role of modern mathematics, not just financial mathematics, but mathematics in general.
+It is the transition from what we extract and derive from the world to what really begins to shape it: the world around us and the world within us.
+And it's specifically an algorithm, basically the math that computers use to decide things.
+As it repeats itself over and over, ossifies, calcifies and becomes real, they acquire a sense of truth.
+Among other things, I was thinking about this. A few years ago, on a transatlantic plane, I happened to be sitting next to a Hungarian physicist my age, and we were discussing what life was like for a physicist during the Cold War. in Hungary.
+And I said, "So what were you doing?"
+And he said, "Well, we were almost out of stealth."
+And I said, "That's good work. Interesting."
+how does that work? "
+To understand it, you need to understand a little bit of how stealth works.
+So this is an oversimplification, but basically you can't just pass a radar signal through 156 tons of steel in the sky.
+It doesn't just disappear.
+But if this big, gigantic thing can be turned into millions of tiny things, like a flock of birds, then the radar looking for it must be able to see all the flocks of birds. must be Sky.
+If you're a radar, it's a really bad job.
+And he said, "Yes." He said, "But that's if you're a radar.
+Therefore, no radar was used. We built a black box to look for electrical signals, electronic communications.
+And every time I saw a flock of birds communicating electronically, I thought, 'Maybe it has something to do with the Americans. ' And I said, 'Yes.
+that's good.
+That effectively nullified 60 years of aeronautical research.
+What is the second act?
+what will you do when you grow up? "
+And he said, "Well, financial services."
+And I said, "Oh."
+Because it was in the news recently.
+And I said, "How does it work?"
+And he said, "There are 2,000 physicists on Wall Street right now, and I'm one of them."
+So I said, "What is a Wall Street black box?"
+And he said, "It's actually called black-box trading, so it's crazy to ask such a question.
+Also called algo trading, algorithmic trading. "
+And one of the reasons algorithmic trading has evolved is that institutional traders have the same problem as the US Air Force. Whether it's gambling or Accenture or whatever, they're moving millions of shares of something through the market.
+Doing it all at once is like playing poker and going all-in right away.
+Just tilt your hand.
+So they have to find a way to split the big one into a million smaller transactions. Algorithms are used for that.
+And what's magical, and scary, is that the same math you use to split a big thing into a million little things can be used to find a million little things and piece them together so you know what's really going on in the market. It can also be used to figure out what is going on. .
+So if you need to have a picture of what's going on in the stock market right now, what you can picture is a bunch of algorithms programmed to basically hide and programs to find them and act on them. A number of algorithms that have been
+And that's all great and that's fine.
+And that's 70 percent of the US stock market and 70 percent of the operating system that was formerly known as pensions and mortgages.
+And what could be the problem?
+What matters is that a year ago, 9 percent of the entire market was gone within five minutes, calling it the 2:45 flash crash.
+All of a sudden, the nine percent disappeared, and to this day no one can even agree that it happened because no one ordered it, no one asked for it.
+No one had control over what was really going on.
+All they had was a monitor with numbers in front of them and a red button that said "stop".
+That's what we're writing, writing what we can't read anymore.
+And we've made something illegible, unable to see what's really going on in the world we've created.
+And we are starting our way.
+There is a company called Nanex in Boston. They use math and magic. I don't know what it is, but I reach for all the market data and actually find some of these algorithms from time to time.
+And when they find them, they pull them out and nail them to the wall like butterflies.
+And they do what we've always done when faced with vast amounts of data we can't comprehend: give them a name and a story.
+This is what they found, called Knife, Carnival, Boston Schaller and Twilight.
+And, of course, these aren't just circulating on the market.
+You can find these things anywhere if you know how to look for them.
+You can find it here: This book about flies you may have seen on Amazon.
+You may have noticed when the price started at $1.7 million.
+Out of print, but still...
+(Laughs) If I bought it at 1.7, it would have been a bargain.
+A few hours later, plus shipping and handling, the total amounted to $23.6 million.
+And the problem is, no one was buying or selling anything. what was going on?
+And this behavior is sure to be seen on Amazon just as it is seen on Wall Street.
+And when you look at this kind of behavior, what you see is evidence of algorithms colliding, no human oversight, no adult oversight saying, "Actually, 1.7 million is enough." It's that the algorithms are looping and locking onto each other.
+(Laughter) And just like Amazon, so does Netflix.
+As such, Netflix has considered several different algorithms over the years.
+They started with Cinematch and have tried many others. There is also Dinosaur Planet. There is gravity.
+They are now using Pragmatic Chaos.
+Pragmatic Chaos, like other Netflix algorithms, is trying to do the same thing.
+It's trying to keep track of you with the firmware in your human skull so it can recommend the movie you want to see next, which is a very, very difficult problem.
+But the difficulty of the problem, and the fact that we haven't really solved it completely, doesn't detract from the effectiveness that Pragmatic Chaos has.
+Like all Netflix algorithms, pragmatic chaos determines 60% of movies that end up being rented.
+So one code with one idea about you is responsible for 60% of those movies.
+But what if those movies could be evaluated before they were made?
+Isn't that convenient?
+Well, there are some data scientists from the UK in Hollywood, and they have a "story algorithm" - a company called Epagogix.
+So if you run the script, you know quantitatively that it's either a $30 million movie or a $200 million movie.
+And the problem is, this is not Google.
+This is not information.
+These are not financial statistics. This is culture.
+What you see here, or what you don't see very often, is that these are the physics of culture.
+And if these algorithms, like Wall Street's algorithms, suddenly crash one day and go insane, how would you know?
+what would that look like?
+And they are in your house too. they are at your house
+These two algorithms compete in the living room.
+These are two different cleaning robots with completely different ideas about what cleaning means.
+Slow down and turn on the lights and you'll see it. It's like the secret architect of your bedroom.
+And the idea that the architecture itself is somehow subject to algorithmic optimization is not far-fetched.
+It's surreal and what's happening around you.
+You feel it most when you're inside a sealed metal box, a new style elevator. They are called destination control elevators.
+These are the ones you have to press which floor you want to go to before getting on the elevator.
+And then use what's called a bin-packing algorithm.
+So there is no mischega about letting everyone get into the car they want.
+If you want to go to the 10th floor, take car 2, and if you want to go to the 3rd floor, take car 5.
+And the problem is people panic.
+People panic.
+I can see why. I can see why.
+That's because the elevator lacks important instruments such as buttons.
+(Laughs) Something people use.
+There is only a number that moves up and down and a red button that says "stop".
+And this is what we are designing.
+We are designing for this machine dialect.
+And how far can we go? How long can you endure?
+It can take you really, really far.
+Now let's get back to Wall Street.
+Because Wall Street's algorithm relies above all on the quality of speed.
+And they work in milliseconds and microseconds.
+Just to give you an idea of ​​what microseconds are, a mouse click takes 500,000 microseconds.
+But if you're Wall Street's algorithm and you're 5 microseconds behind, you're a loser.
+If you were an algorithm, you would look for architects like the one I met in Frankfurt. He hollowed out skyscrapers, dumped all the furniture and all the infrastructure for human use, and just put steel on the floor. To prepare for deploying a stack of servers. All because the algorithm is closer to the Internet.
+And you think of the Internet as this kind of distributed system.
+And of course it does, but it's distributed from different places.
+In New York, it is distributed from the Career Hotel on Hudson Street.
+And this is where the wires actually pull into the city.
+And the reality is that the farther you go from there, the more microseconds you'll be delayed each time.
+Wall Street, Marco Polo, and the Cherokee Nation are 8 microseconds behind the guys entering the hollowed-out empty buildings around the Career Hotel.
+And it will continue to happen.
+We will continue to hollow them out. Because no one can squeeze revenue from that space inch by inch, pound by pound, dollar by dollar, like the Boston Shuffler.
+But if you zoom out, you can see the 825-mile chasm between New York City and Chicago that a company called Spread Networks has spent the last few years building.
+This is a fiber optic cable laid between these two cities to allow a single signal to travel 37 times faster than a mouse click. Because of these algorithms, they were laid just for carnivals and knives.
+And with this in mind, we run across the United States with dynamite and stone saws to help our algorithms complete transactions 3 microseconds faster. It's all because of a communication framework that humans will never know, it's kind of manifest destiny; and we're always looking for new frontiers.
+Unfortunately, we have jobs.
+This is only theoretical.
+These are MIT mathematicians.
+And I really don't understand what they're saying.
+It has something to do with cones of light and quantum entanglement, which I don't understand at all.
+But I can read this map, and what this map shows is that if you're going to make money in a market that has a red dot, that's where people are and where cities are It means that it is. The blue dots are the servers that run most effectively.
+And what you may have noticed about these blue dots is that many of them are in the middle of the ocean.
+that's what we do. Build a bubble or something or a platform.
+It actually separates water and pulls money out of the air. Algorithms have a bright future.
+(Laughter) And it's not really the money that's very interesting.
+It is money that motivates us to actually use the efficiency of these kinds of algorithms to terraform the Earth itself.
+And in that light, when you go back and look at Michael Najar's photos, you see that they're not metaphors, they're prophecies.
+They predict how the math we do will affect earthquakes and the Earth.
+And landscapes were always made by this kind of strange and unsettling collaboration between nature and humans.
+But now this third co-evolutionary force exists. Algorithm: Boston Shuffler, Carnival.
+And we will need to understand them as natural, and in some sense as natural.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+It's a human dream to fly like a bird.
+Birds are very agile.
+It flies by flapping its wings without using rotating parts.
+So we turned to birds and wanted to create a powerful, ultra-lightweight, aerodynamic model that could fly on its own with just a flap of its wings.
+So what could be better than following the example of the Herring Gull, which circles and swoops freely over the ocean?
+So we unite the team.
+There are generalists, and there are specialists in the field of aerodynamics in the field of glider construction.
+And the challenge was to build an ultralight indoor flight model that could fly overhead.
+So be careful later.
+(Laughter) And that was one problem. It should be light enough that if it falls, it won't hurt anyone.
+So why do we do this?
+We are a company in the automation sector and we want to achieve very light constructions due to their high energy efficiency. I also want to learn more about the phenomena of air pressure and air flow.
+Therefore, I would like you to wear your seatbelt and wear a hat.
+So give it a try - fly SmartBird.
+thank you.
+(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause) (End of applause) (Applause) Let's take a look at SmartBird.
+So here it is without the skin.
+Our wingspan is about 2 meters.
+It is 1 meter 6 long and weighs only 450 grams.
+And it's all made of carbon fiber.
+There is a motor and a gear in the middle, and the gear is used to convey the circulation of the motor.
+There are 3 Hall sensors inside the motor so it knows exactly where the wings are.
+And now if we beat up and down -- (machine noise) we could fly like birds.
+In other words, if you go down, the propulsion area will increase, and if you go up, the wings will not be so large, so it will be easier to get up.
+So the next thing we did, or the challenge we had, was to coordinate this movement.
+We have to turn it and go up and down.
+We have split wings.
+When the wings are split, the top wing provides lift and the bottom wing provides propulsion.
+It also explains how to measure aerodynamic efficiency.
+Now that you have knowledge of electromechanical efficiency, you can calculate aerodynamic efficiency.
+So from passive to active torsion, it goes up from 30 percent up to 80 percent.
+The next thing we have to do is control and regulate the whole structure.
+Aerodynamic efficiency can only be achieved when controlled and tuned.
+So the overall energy consumption is about 25 watts during takeoff and 16-18 watts during flight.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: Marcus, you should fly again.
+Marcus Fischer: Oh, sure.
+(audience) Yes!
+(laughter) (gasps) (cheers) (applause)
+The question today is not "Why did we invade Afghanistan?"
+The question is why, ten years later, are we still in Afghanistan?
+Why spend $135 billion?
+Why are you deploying 130,000 troops on the ground?
+Why were more people killed last month than the month before this conflict?
+How did this happen?
+The last two decades have been a time of intervention, and Afghanistan is just one act in a five-act tragedy.
+We met the end of the Cold War in despair.
+We played Rwanda. We regained confidence in the match against Bosnia.
+In the third act, they expanded into Bosnia and Kosovo and seemed to succeed.
+In the fourth act, our arrogance and overconfidence increased to invade Iraq and Afghanistan, and in the fifth act we plunged into humiliating chaos.
+So the question is, "What are we doing?"
+Why are we still trapped in Afghanistan?
+And, of course, the answer we keep being given is: We are told that we went to Afghanistan because of 9/11 and that we are staying there because the Taliban pose an existential threat to global security.
+In the words of President Obama, "When the Taliban come back to power, they will invite al Qaeda back in and try to kill as many people as possible."
+The story we are told is that there were "light footprints" in the beginning. In other words, there are not enough troops, not enough resources, Afghans feel they are dissatisfied, not enough progress, economic development and security, which is why the Taliban are back. We responded by sending troops in 2005 and 2006, but we still didn't have enough troops on the ground.
+And it wasn't until 2009, when President Obama signed the surge, that we finally had, in Clinton's words, "strategy, leadership and resources."
+So, as the President has reassured us now, we are well on our way to achieving our goals.
+These are all wrong.
+All those statements are wrong.
+Afghanistan poses no existential threat to world security.
+It is highly unlikely that the Taliban will be able to take over the country, and it is extremely unlikely that they will be able to take over Kabul.
+They just don't have traditional military options.
+And even if it did, even if I was wrong, it would be extremely unlikely that the Taliban would bring back Al Qaeda again.
+From the Taliban's point of view, that was the biggest mistake last time.
+If they hadn't recalled Al-Qaeda, they would still be in power.
+And even if I was wrong on those two points, even if they could take the country back, even if they could bring back al Qaeda, the ability of al Qaeda to harm the United States. is very unlikely to be significantly enhanced. Protect the nation or harm Europe.
+Because it's not the 1990s anymore.
+If Al-Qaeda bases were to be established near Ghazni, we would hit them very hard and it would be very difficult for the Taliban to defend them.
+Moreover, it is not entirely true that what has gone wrong in Afghanistan is a light footprint.
+In fact, in my experience, the light footprint has been very helpful.
+And these armies that we brought with us are great pictures of David Beckham with submachine guns – making things worse instead of better.
+When I walked across Afghanistan in the winter of 2001-2002, this is what I saw.
+If you're lucky, there's a girl in the corner of the dark room. I am lucky to see the Quran.
+But in those early days, when there were said to be not enough troops and resources, we made a lot of progress in Afghanistan.
+Within months, 2.5 million more girls were enrolled in school.
+In 2002, when I fell ill at Sun Inn, the nearest clinic was within three days' walk.
+There are currently 14 clinics in the area alone.
+There have been amazing improvements.
+During the Taliban era, few Afghans had mobile phones, but almost overnight, three million Afghans now have mobile phones.
+And there have been advances in free media as well.
+We made progress in elections, but all these were so-called light achievements.
+But when we started having more money and investing more resources, things got worse instead of better. how?
+First, look, if you put $125 billion a year into a country like Afghanistan that has $1 billion in annual national revenues, it all boils down to nothing.
+What you create is not just corruption and waste. That is, replacing the priorities of the Afghan government, the elected government of Afghanistan, with a tendency to micromanage foreigners on short tours with their own priorities.
+And that applies to the military as well.
+I spent time with people like this when I walked across Afghanistan.
+This is Commander Haji Malem Mohsin Khan of Carmenji.
+Commander Haji Malem Mohsin Khan of Kamenji was a wonderful host.
+Like many Afghans I have stayed with, he has been very generous.
+But he was also a lot more conservative, a lot more anti-foreign, and a lot more Islamist than we'd like to admit.
+This man, like Mullah Mustafa, tried to shoot me.
+And the reason I look a little embarrassed in this picture is because I was a little scared, and I was too scared to ask him after an hour's drive through the desert to find refuge in this house. It was. He showed up and said he wanted to take a picture with me.
+But 18 months later I asked him why he tried to shoot me.
+Then Mullah Mustafa - he is the man with pen and paper - explained that he was betting that Nadir Shah, the man sitting to the immediate left of the photo, would not hit me.
+This is not to say that Afghanistan is a place full of people like Mullah Mustafa.
+It's not; it's an amazing place full of incredible energy and intelligence.
+However, it is a place where violence has increased rather than decreased with the deployment of the military.
+In 2005, agricultural engineer Anthony Fitzherbert traveled to Helmand and was able to stay in Nad Ali, Sangin and Ghoresh, which gives the name to the villages where the fighting is currently taking place.
+Now he can never do that.
+Therefore, the idea of ​​sending troops to respond to the Taliban insurgency is false.
+The Taliban did not precede the insurgency, but rather followed the deployment of troops, which, as far as I know, caused their return.
+Now, is this a new idea?
+No, there have been many people who have said this in the last seven years.
+I ran a center at Harvard University from 2008 to 2010, and there were people like Michael Semple who spoke the Afghan language fluently and had visited nearly every district in the country. bottom.
+For example, Andrew Wilder was born on the border of Pakistan and Iran and spent his entire life in Pakistan and Afghanistan.
+Paul Fischstein, who started working there in 1978, worked for Save the Children, running the Afghan research and evaluation department.
+These people consistently say that increased development aid has made Afghanistan less secure, not more secure, that counterinsurgency strategies have not worked and will not work. people who could say
+Yet no one listened to them.
+Instead, a startling optimism followed.
+After 2004, every general said, ``I inherited a miserable situation, but now I have the right resources and the right strategy, and it will pay off.'' These are the words of General Barno in 2004, the "decisive year."
+Well what do you think? It wasn't.
+But it wasn't enough to stop General Abu Zaid from saying he had the strategy and resources to make 2005 a "definitive year."
+Or General David Richards would come in 2006 and say he had the strategy and resources to get through the "year of crisis."
+Or in 2007, Norway's Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs Espen Eide said it would bring a "decisive year".
+Or in 2008, Maj. Gen. Shampoo will come and say it will be a "decisive year."
+Or in 2009, my great friend General Stanley McChrystal said, "I was on my knees in a decisive year."
+Or in 2010, British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said we would finally have a "decisive year".
+And you will be pleased to hear that today in 2011, German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle declared that we are in a "decisive year".
+(Applause.) How can we allow this to happen?
+The answer, of course, is that if you spend $125 billion or $130 billion a year in a country, you're getting almost everyone.
+Even aid agencies, which are beginning to receive huge sums of money from American and European governments to build schools and clinics, are somewhat reluctant to challenge the idea that Afghanistan is an existential threat to global security. target.
+In other words, they worry that Oxfam and Save the Children will never get the money to build hospitals and schools if anyone believes it wasn't that much of a threat. It is.
+It's also very difficult to face a general who carries a medal on his chest.
+It is very difficult for politicians because they worry that many lives have been wasted.
+You feel deep, deep guilt.
+You exaggerate your fears and are horrified by the humiliation of defeat.
+What is the solution for this?
+The solution to this problem is that Michael Semple and others need to find a way to tell the truth, to know this country, and to be understood by those who have spent 30 years on the ground -- and Most importantly, the missing element in this, the Afghans themselves who understand what is happening.
+We need to get their message to policy makers somehow.
+And this is very difficult due to our structure.
+The first thing we need to change is the structure of government.
+Very, very sadly the diplomatic agencies, the UN and the military of these countries know very little about what is going on.
+The average British soldier's expedition lasts only six months. Italian soldiers during a four-month expedition. American troops on a 12-month expedition.
+Diplomats are trapped inside the embassy grounds.
+When they go out, they travel in strange armored vehicles with a slightly intimidating security team that sets up 24 hours in advance and says they can only stay on the ground for an hour.
+Of the 350 British embassies in Afghanistan in 2008, only three could speak Dari, Afghanistan's main language, at a decent level.
+And none of them spoke Pashto.
+The London Afghanistan department, which is responsible for overseeing Afghanistan policy on the ground, was told last year that none of its foreign ministry officials had been posted to Afghanistan.
+Therefore, we need to change that organizational culture.
+And the same is true of the United States and the United Nations.
+Second, we must aim to betray the generals' optimism.
+We need to make sure we have a little bit of skepticism, that we understand that optimism is in the military's DNA, and that we don't react too quickly to optimism. I have.
+And third, we need to have a certain amount of humility.
+We must begin with the position that our knowledge, power and legitimacy are limited.
+This does not mean that the intervention will be a catastrophe around the world.
+it's not.
+Bosnia and Kosovo have achieved great success.
+If you go to Bosnia today, it's hard to believe what we saw happened in the early 1990s.
+The progress we have made since 1994 is almost unbelievable.
+The return of the refugees, which the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees thought was highly unlikely, has almost come true.
+One million properties have been returned.
+The borders between Bosniak and Bosnian-Serb territories have calmed down.
+The military has been reduced.
+Bosnia's current crime rate is lower than Sweden's.
+This was done through an incredible principled effort by the international community and, of course, above all by the Bosnians themselves.
+But you should check the context.
+And this is what we lost in Afghanistan and Iraq.
+What really mattered in those places was first the role of Tudman and Milosevic in reaching the deal, then the fact that they left, the improvement in the regional situation, the European Union's specialness to Bosnia. It is necessary to understand whether it is possible to provide : A chance to join something new, a new club, something bigger.
+And finally, we need to understand that much of the secret of what we have done in Bosnia and Kosovo, much of the secret of our success, has been our humility and the tentative nature of our involvement. there is.
+We have repeatedly criticized the Bosnian people for being so slow in cracking down on war criminals.
+We criticized them for returning refugees very slowly.
+But its slowness, its cautiousness, and the fact that President Clinton had originally said that the US would only be there for one year turned out to be an advantage and helped us get our priorities right.
+One of the saddest things about our involvement in Afghanistan is our mismatched priorities.
+We are not prioritizing our resources.
+Because if terrorism is what we are interested in, Pakistan is much more important than Afghanistan.
+If we care about regional stability, Egypt is much more important.
+If poverty and development are what we are concerned about, sub-Saharan Africa is far more important.
+This does not mean that Afghanistan is not important, it is just that Afghanistan is one of the 40 countries in the world that we need to engage with.
+If we end with the metaphor of intervention, what we have to think about is like mountain rescue.
+Why Mountain Rescue?
+Because when people talk about interventions, they imagine some scientific theory. The RAND Corporation counted 43 past rebellions to come up with a formula that says you need one trained counterinsurgency for every 20 population.
+This is the wrong view.
+You have to think of it like you would mountain rescue.
+When you do mountain rescue, look for someone who knows the terrain rather than get a PhD in mountain rescue.
+It's a matter of context.
+We understand that we can prepare, but we are limited in how much we can prepare. You can carry water, you can carry a map, you can carry a backpack.
+But there are two kinds of problems that really matter. In other words, unforeseen problems that occur in mountains (eg, ice on slopes) can be avoided. Another problem was something we didn't anticipate. Unavoidable situations occur, such as sudden snowstorms, avalanches, and weather changes.
+And the key is a guide who has visited the mountain in all temperatures and at all times. Above all, a guide who knows when to turn back and who is relentless and unrelenting when things go wrong.
+What we look for in firefighters, climbers, and police officers, and what we should look for in interventions, is smart risk takers. Not the one who blindly jumps off a cliff, not the one who jumps into a burning room, but the one who measures his life. Consider risks and consider responsibilities.
+Because the worst thing we've done in Afghanistan is the idea that failure is unacceptable.
+It makes failure invisible, unimaginable, and inevitable.
+And if we can resist this insane slogan, Egypt, Syria, Libya, and wherever we go in the world, we can do more, if far less than deceit You will discover that Than we fear.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you very much.
+thank you. thank you very much.
+thank you. thank you. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+thank you. thank you.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: Rory, you mentioned Libya at the end.
+Briefly, what are your thoughts on current events and interventions there?
+Rory Stewart: Well, I think Libya poses a classic problem.
+The problem with Libya is that we are always black and white.
+We imagine there are only two options. Either fully engage and deploy your army, or be completely isolated.
+And we are constantly tempted up to the neck.
+Insert your toes and go up to your neck.
+What we should have done in Libya is that we should have followed the UN resolution.
+We should have been very strictly limited to the protection of civilians in Benghazi.
+I could have done so.
+Gaddafi set a no-fly zone within 48 hours because there were no planes within 48 hours.
+Instead, we have given ourselves up to the lure of regime change.
+In doing so, we have undermined confidence in the Security Council. So it will be very difficult to get a solution on Syria, and we will be exposed to failure again.
+Again, with humility, limits, honesty and realistic expectations, we could have achieved something we are proud of.
+BG: Thank you, Rory.
+RS: Thank you. (BG: Thank you.)
+Cities are crucibles of civilization.
+Urbanization has expanded at an exponential rate over the past 200 years, and by the second half of this century the planet will be completely dominated by cities.
+Cities are the source of global warming, environmental impact, health, pollution, disease, finance, economy and energy, all of which are problems faced by having a city.
+That's where all these problems come from.
+And the tsunami of problems we feel we are facing when it comes to sustainability issues actually reflect the exponential increase in urbanization across the globe.
+Here are some numbers.
+Two hundred years ago, the rate of urbanization in the United States was less than a few percent.
+It is now over 82 percent.
+Earth crossed the halfway point a few years ago.
+China will build 300 new cities in the next 20 years.
+Now listen to this. Over 1 million people will be added to our cities every week in the near future by 2050.
+This affects everything.
+Everyone in this room, if you were alive, would be affected by what was happening in the city with this anomalous phenomenon.
+But cities, despite all these downsides, are also the solution.
+Because cities are vacuum cleaners and magnets for creative people, generating ideas, innovation and wealth.
+So we have this kind of duality.
+A scientific theory about cities is therefore urgently needed.
+They are my comrades-in-arms now.
+This work has been done by an extraordinary group of people, they've done all the work, and I'm a great bullshit trying to put it all together.
+(Laughter) Here's the problem. This is what we all want.
+Ten billion people on Earth in 2050 will live in places like this, have things like this, do things like this, without realizing that entropy creates this, this, this, this, etc. , wants an economy that grows like this.
+And the question is, what will Edinburgh, London, and New York look like in 2050, or will they look like this?
+That's the problem.
+I have to say that many indicators look like this, but let's talk about it.
+So my provocative remark is that we desperately need a serious scientific theory about cities.
+And scientific theories are quantifiable, meaning they rely on underlying general principles that can be framed into predictions.
+That's the quest.
+Is it conceivable?
+Do universal laws exist?
+There are two questions that come to my mind when I think about this problem.
+First, are cities part of biology?
+Is London a big big whale?
+Is Edinburgh a horse?
+Is Microsoft a big anthill?
+What can we learn from it?
+The DNA of a company, the metabolism of a city, we use them figuratively, but is it just bullshit, metaphorical bullshit, or does it have any serious substance?
+If so, why is it so difficult to destroy cities?
+If you drop an atomic bomb on a city, the city may still be alive 30 years later.
+Few cities fail.
+All companies die, all companies.
+And if you have a serious theory, you should be able to predict when Google will go bankrupt.
+So is this just another version?
+Well, we understand this all too well.
+So I'm going to ask a general question about this. How many trees of a given size are there, how many branches a tree of given size has, how many leaves, how much energy flows through each branch, how big are the branches, and so on. What is the crown, what is its growth, what is its mortality?
+We have a mathematical framework based on general universal principles that can answer these questions.
+And the idea is, can we do the same for this?
+So, recognizing one of life's most extraordinary points is the root-in. That is, it is scalable and works to an extraordinary extent.
+This is really only a small area. It's us mammals. We are one of them.
+All of them, including us, work with the same principles, the same dynamics, the same organization, and can scale into the 100 million range.
+And that's one of the main reasons Life is so resilient and robust: scalability.
+More on that later.
+But as you know, the scale is bigger at the local level. Everyone in this room is scaled.
+We call it growth.
+This is how you grew up.
+A mouse, that's a mouse - it could have been you.
+We are all pretty much the same.
+See, you know all too well about this.
+It grows very quickly and grows quickly.
+And that line contains predictions that explain the forest, from the same theory based on the same principles.
+And this is about rat growth, those points there are data points.
+It's all about weight and age.
+And as you can see, it stops growing.
+Very good for biology. This is also one of the reasons for its excellent resilience.
+Our current paradigm is very bad for economies, businesses and cities.
+This is what we believe.
+This is what our entire economy imposes on us, especially shown in the left corner is the hockey stick.
+This is a bunch of software companies - and that's revenue for its age - all booming and everyone making millions and billions of dollars.
+So how do we make sense of this?
+So let's talk biology first.
+It clearly shows how things scale and this is a really remarkable graph.
+Plotted here is the metabolic rate of all of us—the amount of energy we need each day to stay alive versus our weight and mass.
+And it's plotted in an interesting way that it increases by a factor of 10. Otherwise, the chart cannot display everything.
+Plotting in this slightly strange way, you can see that everyone is on the same line.
+Despite the fact that this is the most complex and diverse system in the universe, this represents an extraordinary simplicity.
+This is especially surprising. This is because each of these organisms, each subsystem, each cell type, each gene, has evolved in its own environmental niche with its own history.
+But despite Darwinian evolution and natural selection, they have been aligned.
+Something else is happening.
+Before talking about it, I wrote the slope of this curve, this straight line, at the bottom.
+Roughly three quarters, which is less than one. This is called sublinear.
+And here is the gist of it.
+It states that if it were the steepest slope in a straight line, doubling the size would require twice the energy.
+But it's sublinear, which translates to doubling the size of the organism, which actually only increases the required energy by 75%.
+So the great thing about biology as a whole is that it represents extraordinary economies of scale.
+The bigger you are systematically according to very well defined rules, the less energy you have per capita.
+Now, every physiological variable you can think of, every life history event you can think of, plotted like this:
+It has amazing regularity.
+If you tell us the size of a mammal, we can tell you everything, including its physiology and life history, at a 90 percent level.
+The reason is the network.
+All life is controlled by networks, from intracellular to multicellular to ecosystem level.
+And you know a lot about these networks.
+It's a little one that lives inside an elephant.
+And here's the summary of what I'm saying:
+If we take these networks, the idea of ​​this network, and apply universal principles, mathematically universal principles, all these scalings and constraints, including forest descriptions, circulatory systems descriptions, internal descriptions, etc. Continue. cell.
+One thing I didn't emphasize in that introduction is that, systematically, the pace of life slows down as you get bigger.
+Heart rate slows down. you will live long Such as slower diffusion of oxygen and resources through membranes.
+The question is, does this also apply to cities and businesses?
+So is London an enlargement of Birmingham, an enlargement of Brighton, etc.?
+Is New York an extension of San Francisco and an extension of Santa Fe?
+don't understand. We will discuss it.
+But they are networks, and the city's most important network is you.
+Cities are nothing more than physical representations of your interactions, our interactions, and collections and groupings of individuals.
+Below is the iconic photo.
+And here is the expansion of the city.
+This shows that this very simple example (the trivial example of the number of gas stations as a function of size, plotted in the same way as biology) tells us exactly the same sort of things.
+There is scaling.
+It now shows the number of petrol stations in the city, if you tell me the size of it.
+Its slope is not linear.
+Economies of scale exist.
+It is not surprising that the larger the scale, the fewer gas stations there are per capita.
+But here's the surprise.
+Scales the same everywhere.
+This is limited to European countries, but whether it's Japan, China or Colombia, economies of the same size are always doing the same thing.
+And no matter what infrastructure you look at, whether it's a length of road or a length of power line, you get the same economies of scale.
+It is an integrated system that has evolved through planning.
+But even more amazing is to see socioeconomic quantities unique to biology that evolved when we began forming communities 8 to 10,000 years ago.
+The top panel is wages as a function of scale plotted in the same way.
+And at the bottom are you guys - similarly plotted supercreatives.
+And what you're seeing is a scaling phenomenon.
+But most importantly, the index corresponding to three-quarters of the metabolic rate is greater than 1, about 1.15 to 1.2.
+This is different from biology, the bigger the body, the more wealth per person. As bodies get bigger, wages rise, there are more super-creative people per capita, more patents per capita, and more crimes per capita.
+And we've looked at the rise in AIDS cases, the flu, everything.
+And here they are all plotted together.
+To show what we've plotted, here's Income, GDP, City GDP, Crime, and Patents all in one graph.
+And as you can see they all follow the same line.
+And here is the statement.
+It doesn't matter if cities double in size from 100,000 to 200,000, from 1 million to 2 million, from 10 million to 20 million. That would systematically increase wages, wealth, AIDS cases and patients by 15%. Police, anything you can think of.
+15% more and 15% infrastructure savings.
+No doubt this is why millions of people flock to cities every week.
+It's because they think creative people, wealth, income, and all the great things are what attracts them, and they forget the ugly and the bad.
+What is the reason?
+I don't have time to talk about all the mathematics, but it's a universal phenomenon, so social networks are at the root of it.
+This 15 percent rule applies everywhere on the planet. Japan, Chile, Portugal, Scotland doesn't matter.
+All the data show that despite the fact that these cities have evolved independently of each other, they have always been the same.
+Something universal is happening.
+Again, universality is us, that is, we are the city.
+And it's our interactions and the clustering of those interactions.
+That's right, I said it again.
+In other words, these networks and their mathematical structures slow the pace of life as bodies grow, unlike biology, which has sublinear scaling, economies of scale.
+If it's a social network with super-linear scaling (rate of growth per capita), the theory is that the pace of life gets faster.
+The bigger you get, the faster life goes.
+On the left is the heart rate showing biology.
+The right side shows the increase in walking speed in many European cities.
+Finally, I would like to talk about growth.
+Again, this is what we have experienced in biology.
+Economies of scale created this sigmoid behavior.
+It grows and stops quickly, but that's part of our resilience.
+It is bad for economies and cities.
+And indeed, one of the great things about this theory is that with superlinear scaling by wealth creation and innovation, you actually get a beautiful ascending exponential curve from the same theory.
+And indeed, when you compare this to the data, it matches very well with urban and economic development.
+But there is a terrible catch to this, and the catch is that this system is doomed to collapse.
+And it is destined to collapse for various reasons (Malthusian reasons) as it runs out of resources.
+And how do you get around it? Well, we've done it before.
+What we're doing is, as we grow and get closer to collapse, there's a big innovation and we start over, and then as we get closer to the next innovation, we start over again.
+In short, we need a continuous cycle of innovation to sustain growth and avoid collapse.
+However, there is a problem with this. That means we have to innovate faster and faster.
+In other words, it is an image that you have to change the speed of the treadmill more and more, not just increase the speed of the treadmill and run.
+We have to continuously accelerate.
+And the question is, can we, as socioeconomic beings, avoid heart attacks?
+Finally, I would like to ask you to finish the questions about companies in this one or two minutes.
+Look at companies, they scale.
+In fact, the top is Walmart on the right.
+It's the same plot.
+This is the relationship of income and assets to the size of the company represented by the number of employees.
+It doesn't matter if it's sales or whatever.
+There was some volatility at first, but as companies innovated, they scaled up beautifully.
+And we've surveyed 23,000 companies in the US.
+And I'll show you just a little bit of this.
+The amazing thing about corporations is that they scale sublinearly like biology, which shows that corporations are not dominated by hyperlinear innovations and ideas, but rather. . Economies of scale become a priority.
+In that interpretation, would you say that by the bureaucracy and the administration, and they are doing it brilliantly?
+So if you gave me the size of a company, a small company, I could have predicted the size of Walmart.
+With this quasi-linear scaling, according to theory, we should get sigmoidal growth.
+There is a Walmart. It doesn't look very S-shaped.
+That's what we like, hockey sticks.
+But, as you've probably noticed, I've only been to '94, so I cheated.
+Let's go back to 2008.
+That red line is from theory.
+In other words, if we had done this in 1994, we could have predicted where Walmart would be today.
+And this is repeated throughout the enterprise.
+there you are The number is 23,000 companies.
+They all start looking like hockey sticks, they all bend, and they all die like you and me.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Now I want to tell you how I got my super powers as a father.
+I had a job I hated, okay?
+And I don't know if anyone here has ever had a job they didn't like.
+Has anyone here ever had a job they didn't like?
+(laughter) Okay, okay, because I'm not alone and I have something to confess. I don't want you to judge me.
+It feels like a safe space here, is it a safe space?
+Audience: Yes.
+Glenn Henry: Okay, I had a job I hated and my manager and I weren't getting along.
+I was sitting in my car, looking in the rearview mirror, wondering which friends I could call a bomb threat so I wouldn't have to go back to the building.
+(Laughter.) Well, this had a lot of problems for me. I had a lot of problems at work and every day when I got home from work my wife would ask me the same question.
+This is the worst question anyone can ask when you hate your job.
+She said, "Hey baby, how was your day?"
+(Laughter) And I say, 'Why bring up the old?
+(laughter) I just left, I don't want to think about that place again.
+I spent about 40% of my income on childcare.
+We had one child.
+Then we got pregnant with our second child.
+And we were wondering how to solve this whole money situation, and she said, "Hey baby, I have a great idea."
+"What's wrong?" I said.
+She said, "I think you'd make a great stay-at-home husband."
+(Laughs) I thought, "Why are you saying that?"
+(Laughter) She said, "Because baby likes you."
+(Laughter) I was like, 'No, not really.'
+She said, "No, they like you.
+And I think it would be great for our children to know what love is like from a father. "
+I was like "OK".
+(Laughter) So I had a problem with this. Because I haven't seen many stay-at-home dads before, and I thought men would judge me, so understand this, I said this-- Don't be offended-- I said, "Hmm, that's boring.
+So what do stay-at-home moms do all day? "
+Audience: Oh!
+She smiled at me with the kind of smile only knowledgeable women smile (laughs) and said, "Well, it will be easy for you.
+And it will save us some money, which seems like a no-brainer. "
+(laughs) About half a year later, I was a stay-at-home husband for about a week.
+(Laughter) I was standing in the bathroom, looking in the mirror (Laughter) crying, tears running down - (Laughter) all over my face.
+(Laughter) My one-and-a-half-year-old son was banging on the bathroom door -- because I locked him out -- (Laughter) crying, with tears running down his face.
+And my newborn baby was crying in the basket with tears running down his face.
+I looked at myself in the mirror and said...
+"Which friend can call a bomb threat?
+we have to get out of here "
+(Laughter) Look, I traded managers for my kids.
+I didn't know what I was getting myself into.
+I thought I knew everything about being a stay-at-home mom, but I really didn't.
+Because my manager—well, at least my kids were much prettier than my manager, yet just as strict.
+(Video) Child: Please wipe your butt.
+Daddy, wipe your butt.
+(laughs) Wipe your butt.
+(laughter) GH: What the hell was I into?
+I thought I knew everything about being a stay-at-home mom, but I really didn't.
+I thought it would be fine if I gave him food and changed his diaper.
+Oh, I really thought so.
+Distract the kids with "Sesame Street" on TV, put applesauce in a bowl and milk in a jar and you're good to go.
+But if you leave your child alone, he or she will play a little prank.
+(Video) Child: Hello.
+GH: Where is the powder?
+Child: I don't know.
+GH: Well, where did you put it, where did you put it -- who did it?
+Child 1: No, you did it! Child 2: No, you did!
+Child 1: No, you did it! Child 2: No, you did!
+(laughter) GH: What else do you know about stay-at-home moms that you thought I knew?
+I thought if I took him to the park once a week he would be fine.
+In fact, I knew nothing at all.
+OK。
+Taking your child to the park every day means that your child gets dirty every day.
+If you get dirty every day, you need a bath every day. If you take a bath every day, I don't think you will understand. Look, if you have two kids under 2, you're changing over 20 dirty diapers a day. .
+And if you put them in the bath, it just strips them naked.
+(Laughter) And you're more likely to be peeed on. No one likes being peeed on, even if it's from a baby.
+(Laughter) But I read this article by Father Lee. The article cites research conducted by two detergent companies, Omo and Persil.
+When they did this study, they found that at two hours a day, prisoners spent more time outdoors than children.
+It convicted me, so we went out.
+(video) (music) (laughter) GH: Well, I didn't know anything about being a stay-at-home mom. And once I accepted the fact that I knew nothing, I started learning from my new manager.
+And I've always been told that being a stay-at-home mom makes it hard to sleep.
+Or, as a parent in general, you can't sleep.
+But that's not true. Because if you sleep when they are asleep, you can actually get some sleep.
+(Laughter.) You know what else I thought about as a stay-at-home mom?
+I thought I knew that the best way to teach children right and wrong was to discipline them, but by doing so I would be able to make sure they understood and taught right and wrong, pain and fear. is.
+But really, the best way to teach children what is right and wrong is to teach them yourself.
+Get out your whiteboard and draw a picture to make a connection you can understand.
+That was the best way.
+Many of these images you are seeing are from my YouTube channel Beleaf in Fatherhood.
+It chronicles the misfortunes of being a stay-at-home husband.
+It's not perfect, it just shows what I'm trying to do.
+And I'm not trying to be an example, just proving to others doing this that it's possible.
+Did you know that I also knew about being a stay-at-home mom?
+I knew that children needed love, but I didn't know what love looked like.
+(video) (music) GH: I've found that having diapers on my head and fighting and playing until the kids fall asleep is a great way to love them.
+So I was learning a lot, and it wasn't all fun, it wasn't all boogers.
+(Laughter) When I asked a group of stay-at-home moms what was the hardest thing about being a stay-at-home mom, and what they most underestimated, they said loneliness was one of them.
+They feel inadequate and selfishly want their own time, with no one else to talk to.
+And nursery rhymes are the worst.
+(Laughter) Well, "Mary Had Lambs" is cool the first few times, but after years of repeating it, I wonder why Mary doesn't wear a woolen skirt and eat lamb chops. You would think what am i saying
+(Laughter) The thing I underestimated the most was mental exhaustion.
+See, I was an artist, so I was writing songs for other artists.
+Because that's how I make money from home.
+However, being with children all day can be mentally exhausting.
+So all your creativity is born from emotion, so tap it and you're done.
+So it will end with time.
+Use all sorts of times: nap time, timetables, time outs, time to cook, etc. to finish quickly.
+I didn't have time to do anything.
+And some spouses ended up as stay-at-home husbands.
+Because your spouse doesn't understand it.
+When I was talking to a friend, he said, "When you come home from work, the drawers are open, the clothes are hanging outside the drawers, and the kids are still in their pajamas.. .
+Besides, it shouldn't be that hard to prepare dinner when you get home, right? "
+(Laughter) I'm starting to get freaked out, do you know what I'm talking about?
+(Laughter) He was trying to tell me -- (Laughter) I said, "I have no idea what you're talking about."
+(Laughter) She woke up every morning, tired from the night before, with a baby on her chest, and sent this kid to school and took this kid to the park.
+Laundry piles up to the point of being empty, he talks on the phone with your mom for an hour about god only knows, takes the dog for a walk you wanted...
+(laughter) And no one died, brother.
+She kept your kids alive all day, that's a big deal. "
+(Laughter.) I became an advocate for stay-at-home moms.
+why?
+For at last I stood in their shoes.
+Because when you put yourself in someone else's shoes, you can see the world from a different perspective.
+But then they turn into stomp.
+And start making footprints for the next generation to walk.
+You see, as parents, we are on a certain path.
+We are all working on this together.
+No one can deny that family is one of the greatest foundations of life.
+And we're all walking this path, clearing out the bushes and thorns that get in the way and make it easier for those who come after us.
+It turns out that parenting has a lot more to do with landscaping, after all.
+and learning.
+It is more than teaching.
+And the best thing is to attend classes.
+Being a stay-at-home dad is what I've learned.
+And make your presence a gift.
+(Video) Shih.
+(unlocks the door) Hello!
+(kids giggling) (laughter) GH: This is me coming back from tour one day.
+I thought the father should chase the child.
+However, it turned out that the father appeared on the spot.
+And children run after him.
+And that's exactly where superpowers are.
+And that's all there is.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today we will talk about the pleasures of everyday life.
+But I want to start with the story of an extraordinary and frightening man.
+It's Hermann Göring.
+Göring was Hitler's deputy commander-in-chief in World War II and had been named as his successor.
+And like Hitler, Goering considered himself an art collector.
+He traveled through Europe, through World War II, stealing, robbing, and sometimes buying various paintings for his collection.
+And what he really wanted was Vermeer's work.
+Hitler had two of them, he didn't have one.
+There he finally found a Dutch art dealer named Han van Meegeren, who sold him a fine Vermeer for what is now $10 million.
+And it was his favorite artwork.
+At the end of World War II, Göring was captured, tried in Nuremberg, and eventually sentenced to death.
+The Allies then searched his collection, found the painting, and followed the people who sold it to him.
+And at some point Dutch police entered Amsterdam and arrested van Meegeren.
+Van Meegeren was charged with treason, which itself deserves the death penalty.
+Six weeks after being imprisoned, van Meegeren confessed.
+But he did not confess to treason.
+"I didn't sell my great masterpiece to the Nazis," he said.
+I drew it myself. i am a counterfeiter "
+No one believed him now.
+And he said, "I will prove it.
+Bring me a canvas and paints and I'll paint Vermeer better than I sold that damned Nazi.
+I also need alcohol and morphine, because that's the only way I work. "
+(Laughter) So they brought him in.
+He painted a beautiful Vermeer.
+and the treason charge was dropped.
+He was sentenced to a year in prison on a minor charge for forgery and died a national hero in the Netherlands.
+There is still much more to say about Van Meegeren, but let me turn to Göring. The photo shows him being interrogated in Nuremberg.
+Now, Goering was a terrible man by all appearances.
+Even to the Nazis, he was a terrible man.
+An American investigator described him as a friendly psychopath.
+However, one might sympathize with his reaction when he was told that his favorite painting was actually a forgery.
+According to his biographer, "He looked as if he had discovered for the first time that evil existed in the world."
+(laughter) And soon after that he committed suicide.
+The picture I thought was this turned out to be that one after all.
+Although they look the same, they had different origins and were different works of art.
+He wasn't the only one shocked.
+Van Meegeren couldn't stop talking when he was put on trial.
+And he boasted of all the great masterpieces he painted that were attributed to other artists.
+In particular, Vermeer's masterpiece, "The Supper at Emmaus," which was regarded as his masterpiece that people from all over the world came to see, was actually a forgery.
+It wasn't that picture, it was that picture.
+And when it was discovered, it lost all value and was taken away from the museum.
+Why is this important?
+I am a psychologist. Why is provenance so important?
+Why are we so reactive to knowledge of where something came from?
+Well, there is an answer that many will answer.
+Many sociologists, like Veblen and Wolfe, would argue that the reason we take origins so seriously is because we are snobs, that is, we focus on status.
+Especially if you want to show off how rich you are or how powerful you are, it's always better to own an original than a counterfeit. Because the original is always less than the counterfeit.
+No doubt it plays a role, but what I want to convince you today is that something else is going on.
+I want to convince you that humans are, to some degree, essentialists by nature.
+What this means is that we don't just react to what we see, feel, and hear.
+Rather, our responses are conditioned on our beliefs about what they really are, what they come from, what they are made of, and what their hidden qualities are. will be
+I would like to suggest that this is not only true of how we think about things, but also how we react to things.
+What I mean, then, is that pleasure is deep, and that this is not only true of higher pleasures such as art, but that even the simplest-looking pleasures have a hidden essence in our beliefs. is affected by
+So get some food.
+do you eat this?
+Well, the proper answer is "It depends. What is it?"
+Some people may eat pork but not beef.
+Some people may eat beef but not pork.
+If it were a mouse or a human, few people would eat it.
+Some people will only eat tofu when it's a strange color.
+It's not that surprising.
+But what's even more interesting is that how you feel about the taste depends a lot on what you think you're eating.
+So this demonstration was done for young children.
+How can we make children not only more likely to eat carrots and drink milk, but also to find eating carrots and drinking milk more enjoyable and tastier?
+It's easy, just tell them you're from McDonald's.
+They believe McDonald's food is tastier, which leads them to experience McDonald's as tastier.
+How can adults really enjoy wine?
+It's very easy. Just pour from an expensive bottle.
+There are now dozens, perhaps hundreds, of studies that show that if you believe you are drinking something expensive, it tastes better to you.
+This has recently been done with a neuroscientific twist.
+They bring people into fMRI scanners and have them drink wine through a tube while lying there.
+A screen in front of them displays information about the wine.
+Of course, everyone drinks exactly the same wine.
+But if you believe you're drinking something expensive, the parts of your brain associated with pleasure and rewards light up like a Christmas tree.
+It's not just fun, you say you like it more, you're actually experiencing it in a different way.
+Or have sex.
+These are the stimuli I have used in some studies.
+And if you just show people these pictures, they'll say that these people are pretty attractive people.
+But how attractive you find them, how sexually or romantically impressed you are with them, depends on who you think you're looking at.
+You would probably think that the photo on the left is a man and the photo on the right is a woman.
+If that belief turns out to be false, it will bring about change.
+(Laughter.) It makes a difference if they turn out to be much younger or much older than you think.
+It will make a difference if you discover that the person you are looking at with lustful eyes is actually a disguised version of your son or daughter, your mother or father.
+Knowing that someone is your relative usually kills your libido.
+Perhaps one of the most encouraging findings from the psychology of pleasure is that looking good is about more than just physical appearance.
+If you like someone, that person looks better to you.
+This is why happily married spouses tend to think their husbands and wives are much better than others think they are.
+(Laughter) A particularly dramatic example of this stems from a neurological disorder known as Capgras syndrome.
+Capgras Syndrome is a disease in which certain delusions occur.
+People with Capgras syndrome believe that the people they love most in the world have been replaced with perfect duplicates.
+The consequences of Capgras syndrome are often tragic.
+People have murdered their loved ones believing they were killing crooks.
+But there is at least one case where Capgras syndrome has a happy ending.
+This was recorded in 1931.
+“One study reported on a woman with Capgras syndrome who complained of an underprivileged, sexually inadequate lover.”
+But that was before she had Capgras syndrome.
+After obtaining it, "she was happy to report that she had discovered that it was possessed by a rich, masculine, handsome, aristocratic body double."
+Of course it was the same man, but she saw him in a different way.
+As a third example, consider consumer products.
+So one of the reasons we love something is its practicality.
+You can wear shoes on your feet. You can play golf with a golf club. Chewing bubble gum does nothing.
+But each of these three objects is worth more than it can be based on its history.
+The golf club belonged to John F. Kennedy and sold for $550,000 at auction.
+The bubblegum was chewed up by pop star Britney Spears and sold for hundreds of dollars.
+And indeed, the market for your loved ones' half-eaten food is booming.
+(laughs) Shoes are probably the most valuable thing of all.
+According to unconfirmed reports, a Saudi billionaire offered the shoes $10 million.
+They were thrown at George Bush at an Iraqi press conference a few years ago.
+(Applause.) Now, this fascination with objects doesn't just work with celebrity objects.
+Each of us, most people, has something literally irreplaceable in life. It may be your wedding ring, perhaps your child's baby shoes, etc., in that they are valuable by their history. don't take it back.
+You can get something that looks and feels like it, but you can't get the same thing back.
+With my colleagues George Newman and Gil Diesendruk, I've been looking at what factors and what history is important to what people like.
+So, in one of our experiments, we asked people to name a celebrity they worshiped, a living person they worshiped.
+So one of the answers was George Clooney.
+Then we asked them, "How much would you pay for a George Clooney sweater?"
+The answer is a substantial amount. That's more than you'd pay for a brand new sweater or a sweater owned by someone you don't respect.
+We then asked other groups of subjects and gave them different restrictions and different conditions.
+For example, we told some people, "You can buy that sweater, but you can't tell anyone you own it, and you can't resell it."
+It devalues ​​it, suggesting it's one of the reasons we like it.
+But what really causes the effect is telling people, "Hey, you can resell it, you can show it off, but before it gets to you, it's thoroughly washed." That's it.
+It causes a significant drop in value.
+As my wife says, "You washed away Clooney's wolves."
+(laughs) So let's get back to talking about art.
+i like chagall I love Chagall's work.
+If people ask me for something at the end of the conference, I can buy them a Chagall.
+But even if I couldn't tell the difference, I don't want duplicates.
+It's not just because I'm a snob and I want to brag about having the original.
+Because I want something with history.
+For works of art, their history is certainly special.
+Philosopher Dennis Dutton, in his excellent book The Art Instinct, argues that "the value of a work of art is rooted in the assumptions about human performance that underlie its creation."
+And that might explain the difference between the original and the counterfeit.
+Although they look similar, they have different histories.
+Originals are usually the product of a creative act, whereas counterfeits are not.
+I think this approach can explain the difference in people's tastes in art.
+The work of Jackson Pollock.
+Who likes Jackson Pollock's work?
+have understood. Who are you here for?
+They just don't like it.
+I'm not making an argument about who's right, but I'd like to make an empirical argument about people's intuition. That means that people who like Jackson Pollock's work are more likely to do so than those who don't. I like to believe that these works are difficult to make and require a lot of time, energy and creative energy.
+I deliberately used Jackson Pollock as an example because there was a young American artist who painted in Jackson Pollock's style, and her work was worth tens of thousands of dollars. Mainly because she is a very young artist.
+This is Marla Olmsted, who did most of the work for me when I was three years old.
+What's interesting about Marla Olmsted is that her family made the mistake of inviting the TV show 60 Minutes II to their home to film her painting.
+And they reported that her father was tutoring her.
+The value of her art dropped to zero when this was released on television.
+Physically it was the same art, but the history changed.
+We've focused on visual arts here, but I'd like to give two examples of music.
+This is Joshua Bell, a very famous violinist.
+And Washington Post reporter Gene Weingarten enlisted him in a daring experiment.
+The question is, how much would people like Joshua Bell and Joshua Bell's music if they didn't know they were listening to Joshua Bell?
+So he had Joshua Bell bring a $1 million violin to a Washington, D.C. subway station and stand in a corner to see how much he could make.
+And here is that short clip.
+(violin music) After being there for 3/15 of an hour, he made $32.
+not bad. It's not good either.
+Apparently, to really enjoy Joshua Bell's music, you have to recognize that you're listening to Joshua Bell.
+I actually made $20 more than that, but I didn't count it.
+Because this woman makes an appearance - as you can see at the end of the video, she makes an appearance.
+She had heard him talk about this gorgeous black-tie affair a few weeks earlier at the Library of Congress.
+So she's surprised he's standing in a subway station.
+That is why pity seized her.
+She reached into her purse and gave him twenty.
+(Laughter) (Applause) A second example of music is John Cage's modernist piece 4'33. "
+As many of you know, this is a song called Silent Time, where a pianist sits on a bench, opens the piano, and sits doing nothing for 4 minutes and 33 seconds.
+And people have different opinions about this.
+However, I would like to point out that this is available for purchase through iTunes.
+(Laughter) For $99, you can hear that silence unlike any other form of silence.
+(Laughter) So far I've been talking about pleasure, but what I'm trying to say is that everything I've said also applies to pain.
+And how you think about what you're experiencing, and your beliefs about the nature of what you're experiencing, affects the degree of pain.
+A nice experiment was done by Kurt Gray and Dan Wegner.
+What they did was hook up a Harvard undergraduate to an electroshock device.
+And they gave them a series of painful electric shocks.
+So it was a series of five painful shocks.
+Half of them are said to be shocked by someone in another room, but the person in the other room is unaware that they are in shock.
+No offense, just pushing a button.
+The initial shock was recorded as very painful.
+The second impact will feel less painful as you get used to it.
+3rd drops, 4th drops, 5th drops.
+less pain.
+Another condition is that the person in the next room is deliberately shocking, that is, they know they are shocking.
+The first impact is deadly painful.
+The second impact is just as painful, and so are the third, fourth, and fifth impacts.
+It hurts even more if you believe someone is doing it to you on purpose.
+The most extreme example of this is that in some cases, pain turns into pleasure under the right circumstances.
+Humans have a very interesting trait of seeking and enjoying low levels of pain in controlled situations, like eating chili peppers or riding a roller coaster.
+This point is nicely summarized by the poet John Milton, who writes: "The mind is its own place and can make itself a heaven on hell, a heaven on hell."
+Here's the end. thank you.
+(applause)
+Now, after many years of working in trade and economics, four years ago I found myself working at the forefront of human vulnerability.
+And I was in a place where people were fighting every day to live and they couldn't even get food.
+This red cup was received by a child named Fabian from Rwanda.
+And I carry it with me as a symbol of both challenge and hope.
+Because one meal a day completely changed Fabian's life.
+But what I want to talk about today is the fact that about a billion people on the planet, or one in seven, woke up this morning without even knowing how to fill this cup.
+1 in 7 people.
+I'll ask first. Why should I care?
+Why should you care?
+For most people, when thinking about hunger, they don't have to go far back in their own family history: their own life, the lives of their parents, the lives of their grandparents. Hunger.
+I rarely find an audience that can go all the way back without that experience.
+Some feel that they are driven by compassion, perhaps one of the basic acts of humanity.
+Gandhi said, "To a hungry man, a piece of bread is the face of God."
+Some people worry about the peace, security and stability of the world.
+We witnessed food riots in 2008. After food prices doubled overnight and what I call a "quiet hunger tsunami" swept the globe.
+The destabilizing effects of hunger have been known throughout human history.
+One of the most basic acts of civilization is to ensure that people have enough food.
+Some think of Malthus' nightmare.
+Can we feed a population of nine billion in just a few decades?
+This is not negotiable, hunger.
+people have to eat
+there will be a lot of people
+This is all jobs and opportunities from upstream to downstream in the value chain.
+But I actually got to this problem in a different way.
+This is a photo of me and my three children.
+In 1987, I was a new mother of my first child, and I was holding and nursing my child when a video very similar to this was shown on television.
+And this was further famine in Ethiopia.
+Two years ago, more than a million people died.
+But it never struck me like that moment. Because the image showed a woman trying to feed her baby, but she didn't have milk to feed.
+And the baby's cries really touched me as a mother.
+And I thought that nothing is more haunting than the cry of a child who has not been given back food, and that this is the most basic expectation of all human beings.
+And at that moment I was filled with challenge and anger that I actually know how to solve this problem.
+This is not one of those rare ailments that we don't have a cure for.
+We know how to cure hunger.
+100 years ago it wasn't.
+We actually have the technology and the system.
+And I felt this was out of place.
+These images are out of place in our history.
+Well what do you think?
+This was in northern Kenya last week.
+Faced with yet another mass famine, more than 9 million people are worried about whether they will survive the next day.
+In fact, what we now know is that every ten seconds a child dies from hunger.
+This is more than HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined.
+And we know that food production is not the only problem.
+One of my life mentors was my hero, Norman Borlaug.
+But today we will talk about access to food. Because, in fact, this year, last year, and during the 2008 food crisis, there was enough food on the planet to feed everyone 2,700 calories.
+So why are there a billion people who can't find food?
+And I also want to talk about what I call the burden of new knowledge.
+In 2008, the Lancet summarized all the studies and provided compelling evidence that the deprivation of proper nutrition in 1,000-day-old children from conception to age 2 is irreversible. .
+Their brains and bodies become stunted.
+And here are brain scans of two children. One was properly nourished, while the other was neglected and severely malnourished.
+And we find that the brain volume of these children is reduced by up to 40%.
+In this slide you can see that the neurons in the brain have not formed synapses.
+And what we do know now is that this will have a big impact on the economy, which I'll talk about later.
+However, the income potential of these children is also cut in half during their lifetime due to stunting that occurs at an early age.
+This burden of knowledge drives me.
+Because in fact we know how to fix it very easily.
+However, in many regions, one-third of children already face a difficult life because of this at the age of three.
+I would like to talk about what I have seen on the front lines of hunger and what I have learned using my knowledge of economics and trade and my experience in the private sector.
+I would like to talk about where the knowledge gaps are.
+First, I would like to talk about the oldest feeding method on the planet - breastfeeding.
+You may be surprised to learn that every 22 seconds you have a chance to save your child if you breastfeed in the first six months of life.
+However, in Niger, for example, less than 7 per cent of children are exclusively breastfed during the first six months of life.
+In Mauritania it is less than 3%.
+This is something that knowledge can change.
+This message, this word, means that this is not the old fashioned way of doing business. It's a great way to save your child's life.
+So today, our focus is not just on handing out food, but on ensuring mothers are well nourished and teaching them about breastfeeding.
+Secondly, if you live in some remote village with a limping child and a drought or a flood or nothing. With enough dietary diversity, what would you do?
+Do you think you can go to a store and pick out a powerbar and pick a match like we do?
+Well, parents on the front line know all too well that their children are on the back foot.
+And if there is one, they go to the shops or go to the fields to see what they can get, but they don't get nutrition.
+I know what I have to do, but I can't do it.
+i am very excited about this. Because one of the things we are working on is translating technology that is very available in the food industry so that it can also be used in traditional crops.
+It's made with chickpeas, powdered milk, and a host of vitamins that are perfect for your brain's needs.
+It costs 17 cents to produce this so-called human food.
+We have done this in collaboration with food technologists from India and Pakistan. There were actually about three of them.
+But this changes 99 percent of the children who receive it.
+1 package, 17 cents a day -- their malnutrition is overcome.
+Therefore, I believe that food can be transformed if we can liberate the technology that has become so commonplace in the world of abundance.
+And this one is climate tolerant.
+No need for refrigeration and no need for scarce water.
+And I believe this kind of technology has the potential to transform the frontline hunger, nutrition and malnutrition landscape.
+The next thing I would like to talk about is school lunches.
+80% of the world's people have no food safety net.
+When the economy is devastated, people are out of work, floods, wars, conflicts, bad governments, and other disasters strike, there is nothing to turn to.
+And usually churches, temples, and other institutions don't have the resources to provide a safety net.
+What we've learned from working with the World Bank is that school feeding is the best investment for a safety net for the poor.
+And when the local farming of smallholders fills up, it can have a transformative effect.
+Many children around the world cannot go to school because they have to beg and find food.
+But with that food, that changes.
+It costs less than 25 cents a day to change a child's life.
+But the most surprising thing is the effect on girls.
+In countries where girls do not attend school and where the school feeds girls, enrollment rates are around 50 per cent for girls and boys.
+There is also a change in the participation of female students.
+There was no discussion as it is an incentive.
+Families need help.
+And I found that if I let the girls go to school late, they would go to school until they were 16 and not get married if there was food in the school.
+Alternatively, if additional food rations were distributed at the end of the week (which cost about 50 cents), malnutrition would be passed from generation to generation, so girls would go to school and have healthier children. .
+We know that hunger has cycles of boom and bust.
+we know this
+Now in the Horn of Africa, we have seen this before.
+So is this a cause for despair?
+Absolutely not.
+I want to talk about what I call the warehouse of hope.
+Cameroon and northern Cameroon have been experiencing yearly booms and busts of hunger for decades.
+Food aid is provided each year during famine season when people go hungry.
+Two years ago, we decided to change our model of fighting hunger, donating to food banks instead of giving food aid.
+And we said, "Listen, let's remove the food during the lean season."
+The village, which you manage, manages these warehouses.
+And when harvesting, return with interest, interest in food.
+So add food 5 percent, 10 percent.
+Over the past two years, 500 of these villages have become self-sufficient without needing food aid.
+And food banks are growing.
+And we have started a school feeding program for children by villagers.
+However, they lacked the ability to build even basic infrastructure and resources.
+I love this idea that came from village level. Three keys to unlock the warehouse.
+Food is golden there.
+And a simple idea can change the face of a large rather than a small part of the world.
+I want to talk about the so-called digital food.
+In regions of classic hunger, technology is changing the face of food vulnerability.
+Amartya Sen was awarded the Nobel Prize for the words ``Food causes hunger because people are not able to afford it''.
+2008 certainly saw that.
+In the Horn of Africa, we are now seeing food prices rise 240 percent in some areas compared to last year.
+Food may be there, but people cannot buy it.
+Now this picture -- I was in a little shop in Hebron. Instead of bringing in food, this store offers digital food, or cards.
+In Arabic it is called "Bon Appetit".
+The ladies can go inside and swipe to get 9 food items.
+It should be nutritious and locally produced.
+And what has happened in the past year alone is the dairy industry. The card is used for milk, yogurt, eggs and hummus, while the dairy industry has seen a 30% rise.
+The owner is hiring more people.
+It's a win-win-win situation that kicks off the food economy.
+We are now delivering food to over 30 countries via mobile phones and even changing the refugee presence in each country.
+Perhaps the most inspiring to me are the ideas that Bill Gates, Howard Buffett, and others have boldly championed. Instead of viewing starving people as victims, it asks what if most of them were small farmers who could not farm. What if we looked at providing and selling enough food to feed our families as a solution, a value chain, to combat hunger?
+What if we provided an environment where we could provide food to women in Africa who have no roads, no warehouses, and no tarps to receive their food? Where are the hungry children?
+And now Purchasing for Progress is in 21 countries.
+And what do you think?
+In almost all cases, when a poor farmer is given a guaranteed market, he says, "I will buy 300 tons of this.
+I will come pick it up. Make sure it is stored properly. - Their yields have doubled, tripled, quadrupled and they know it. Because this is the first guaranteed opportunity in their lives.
+And we see people change their lives.
+Today food aid, our food aid, huge engines, 80 percent of which is bought in developing countries.
+A complete transformation can actually transform the very life that needs food.
+Now you might be wondering if this can be done at scale.
+These are great ideas, village level ideas.
+Now I would like to talk about Brazil. Because I have traveled to Brazil in the last few years. There, I read that Brazil is currently overcoming hunger faster than any other country on the planet.
+And what I discovered is that instead of investing money in food subsidies and such, they invested in school feeding programs.
+And they demand that one-third of their food comes from small farmers without opportunities.
+And they're doing this on a massive scale after President Lula declared the goal of ensuring everyone had three meals a day.
+And this Zero Hunger Program has lifted millions out of hunger and poverty at a cost of 0.5 percent of GDP.
+It is transforming the hunger landscape in Brazil, the scale is massive, and the opportunity is created.
+I went out there. I have met smallholder farmers who make a living from the opportunities and platforms this provides.
+Turning now to financial imperatives, this is not just a matter of compassion.
+In fact, studies show that the cost of malnutrition and hunger – the cost society must bear – averages 6 percent of GDP annually, and up to 11 percent in some countries.
+And if you look at the 36 countries with the highest burden of malnutrition, $260 billion is lost from productive economies each year.
+The World Bank estimates that it will cost about $10 billion ($10.3) to address malnutrition in these countries.
+See our cost-benefit analysis. My dream is to bring this issue not just into a compassionate debate, but to finance ministers around the world telling them they cannot afford not to invest in access to adequate and affordable nutrition. for all mankind.
+The amazing thing I have discovered is that without a leader's determination, nothing can change on a large scale.
+Everything starts to change when the leader says, "Not under my supervision."
+And the environment and opportunities that make this possible can come to the world.
+And the fact that France has put food at the center of the G20 is very important.
+This is because food is a problem that cannot be solved by each person or country.
+We must unite and stand up.
+And we are looking at African countries.
+WFP was able to withdraw from 30 countries because it changed the hunger situation in each country.
+What I would like to suggest here is a challenge.
+I think we live in a time in human history where it is totally unacceptable for children to wake up and not know where their food is.
+Not only that, changing hunger is an opportunity, but I think we need to change the way we think.
+I am very honored to be here with some of the world's top innovators and thinkers.
+And I want you to work with all of humanity to draw a line in the sand and say, "No more."
+We are not going to accept this any further. "
+And we will tell our grandchildren that there was a terrible time in history when up to a third of our children had stunted brains and bodies, but that time no longer exists. I want to
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am a writer and director who tells stories of social change. Because we believe stories move and inspire us.
+Stories humanize us and teach us to empathize.
+Stories change us.
+When I write and direct my plays, I amplify the voices of disadvantaged groups and have kept many Ugandan artists away from social and political theater since the persecution of artists by former Ugandan President Idi Amin. fighting censorship.
+And most importantly, I am breaking the silence and sparking meaningful conversations about taboo issues. "Silence is golden" is often the rule of thumb there.
+Conversation is important because it informs our minds and prompts us to think, and change starts with thinking.
+One of my struggles with activism is its often one-sided nature. Its nature blinds us to alternative perspectives, numbs our empathy, and makes those who see problems differently appear ignorant, self-loathing, brainwashed, prostitutes, or just plain stupid. I'm going to let you see it.
+I don't think anyone is ignorant.
+We are all experts, just in different fields.
+This is why the phrase "stay true" is misleading to me.
+Because if you stay true to yourself, isn't it logical that those who believe you are wrong should also stay true?
+So there are two extremes that cut off any possibility of conversation.
+I make provocative plays and films that move dissenting parties, humanize them, and bring them to the conversation table to bridge misunderstandings.
+We know that listening to each other doesn't magically solve all problems.
+But it will give us the opportunity to create a path to start working together to solve many of humanity's problems.
+My first play, Silent Voice, was based on interviews with victims of the war in northern Uganda between the Ugandan government and the LRA rebels led by Joseph Kony. We brought together leaders, cultural leaders, amnesty commissions, transitional justice. Leadership of a significant dialogue on the issue of justice for war crime victims - a first of its kind in Uganda's history.
+And so many powerful events have happened that I can't even cover them all right now.
+Victims were given the opportunity to sit down at the table with leaders of the Amnesty International Commission and express the great injustice suffered by the Commission for ignoring them and instead promoting the resettlement of war perpetrators. .
+And the Amnesty International Commission acknowledged the victims' distress and explained the thinking behind their flawed approach.
+But one of the things that stuck with me was when I went to see a play in northern Uganda and a man approached me and identified himself as a former Joseph Kony rebel soldier. .
+He said he didn't want me to leave disappointed because of the laughter I thought was inappropriate.
+He explained that it was laughter out of embarrassment and recognition of his own embarrassment.
+He found himself among the actors on stage and realized the meaninglessness of his past actions.
+So I say: Share your truth.
+Let's hear each other's truth.
+You will discover truths that bind stronger at the midpoint.
+When I lived in the US, many American friends were shocked by my ignorance of fancy Western food, such as lasagna.
+(Laughter.) And my question to them is, "So, do you know Malakwan?"
+I then told them about Malakwan, the haute veggie dish of my culture.
+And they taught me about lasagna.
+And we will be left with richer, more fulfilled individuals.
+So please share the truth of the recipe.
+Makes for a better meal.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+thank you. I am truly honored and honored to spend the last days of my teenage years here.
+Today I want to talk about the future, but before that I want to talk a little bit about the past.
+My story begins long before I was born.
+My grandmother was on the train to Auschwitz, the death camp.
+And she was going along the tracks, and the tracks parted.
+And somehow - I don't know exactly how - the train got on the wrong track and went to the labor camp instead of the death camp.
+My grandmother survived and married my grandfather.
+They live in Hungary, where my mother was born.
+When my mother was two years old, the Hungarian Revolution raged and the family decided to flee Hungary.
+They took a boat, but there was yet another fork. The boat was either going to Canada or Australia.
+They rode without knowing where they were going, but they ended up in Canada.
+So, in short, they came to Canada.
+My grandmother was a chemist. She worked at the Banting Institute in Toronto and died of stomach cancer at the age of 44. I never met my grandmother, but I'd like to think that I inherited her name, exact name, Eva Berthez, and also my grandmother's scientific passion.
+I actually felt this passion not far from here when I was 9 years old.
+My family was traveling and was at the Grand Canyon.
+And I was never a reader when I was younger. My father tried me on the Hardy Boys. I tried Nancy Drew. I tried it all, but I didn't like reading books.
+And when I went to the Grand Canyon, my mother bought me a book called "Hot Zone". It was all about the Ebola virus outbreak.
+And something in there drew me to it.
+There was something like a big bumpy virus on the cover and I just wanted to read it. I picked up the book and read it as I drove from the edge of the Grand Canyon to Big Sur and actually here in Monterey where we are today. And ever since I read that book, I knew I wanted to live in the medical world.
+I wanted to be like the explorers I read in this book. They went into the jungles of Africa, entered laboratories, and tried to figure out what this terrifying virus was. From that moment on, I read every medical book I could get my hands on, and I really fell in love with it.
+I was just sitting on the sidelines of the medical world.
+Until I entered high school, I thought, "Maybe now that I'm in high school, I might be able to play an active role in this big medical world."
+I was 14 and emailed a professor at a local university asking if I could work in their lab. And almost no one responded.
+But anyway, why would they react to a 14-year-old?
+Then I went to talk to Dr. Jacobs, the professor who had accepted me into the lab.
+At that time, I was very interested in neuroscience and wanted to do a neurological research project, specifically the effects of heavy metals on the development of the nervous system.
+So I got it started and worked in his lab for a year and saw the results one would expect to give fruit flies heavy metals. It was really, really damaging to the nervous system.
+There was an injury to the spinal cord. Neurons crisscrossed in all directions.
+Since then, I wanted to focus on disability prevention rather than disability.
+That's what led me to Alzheimer's. I started reading about Alzheimer's disease and trying to become familiar with the research, but at the same time I was reading in the medical library one day when I read this article about something called a "purine derivative."
+And they appear to have properties that promote cell growth.
+And being naive about the whole field, I was like, 'Oh, in Alzheimer's there is cell death, which causes memory impairment, and then there are compounds, purine derivatives, that promote cell growth.' I thought.
+Therefore, I thought, "If we can promote cell proliferation, we can also suppress cell death."
+That was my project that year and is still ongoing. They found that a specific purine derivative called 'guanidine' inhibited cell proliferation by about 60%.
+So I presented the results at an international science fair. It was truly one of the greatest experiences of my life.
+It was there that I won the "World's Best Medicine Award" and was able to enter, or at least step through the doors of, the great medical community.
+Since then, I've been in this vast and exciting world and wanted to explore it all. I wanted them all at once, but I knew I wouldn't get them.
+Then I came across something called “cancer stem cells”.
+And this is what I want to talk to you about today: cancer.
+When I first heard about cancer stem cells, I wasn't sure how to combine the two. I had heard about stem cells and that they were the panacea of ​​the future, perhaps the cure for many diseases that would arise in the future.
+But I heard that cancer is the most feared disease of our time, so how did the good and the bad come together?
+Last summer, I was working at Stanford University, researching cancer stem cells.
+And while I was doing this, I was reading the cancer literature and once again trying to familiarize myself with this new field of medicine.
+And tumors actually seemed to start with stem cells.
+This fascinated me. The more I read, the more my perspective on cancer changed, and my fear of cancer almost disappeared.
+Cancer appears to be a direct result of injury.
+Smoking damages lung tissue and causes lung cancer.
+Drinking alcohol damages the liver and can lead to liver cancer.
+And it was really interesting. There was an article that correlated bone cancer with bone fractures.
+That's because stem cells are truly amazing cells with the ability to differentiate into all kinds of tissues.
+Therefore, when the body senses that an organ is damaged and then cancer develops, it is as if it were a repair response.
+And the cancer says the lung tissue is damaged, we need to repair the lungs. And cancer arises from the lungs that are trying to repair. That's because there's an overgrowth of these amazing cells that have the potential to become lung tissue.
+But it's as if the body is producing this ingenious response, yet we can't fully control it.
+It's not tweaked enough to finish what it started.
+So this really, really fascinated me.
+And I truly believe that we cannot think of cancer, much less of any disease, in such black and white terms.
+If we use chemotherapy and radiation to eliminate cancer the way we are doing it now, then we are bombarding the body and cancer with toxins and radiation to kill it. is the same as
+It's like trying to get back to the basics.
+While we are removing cancer cells, we are revealing previous damage that the body has tried to repair.
+Shouldn't we think of manipulation instead of exclusion?
+By somehow differentiating these cells, bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, whatever the purpose of the cancer originated, it would be a repair process. Eventually you will be better off than you were before you had cancer.
+So this really changed my perspective on cancer.
+And when I was reading all these articles about cancer, a lot of them seemed to focus on breast cancer genetics, breast cancer development and progression, and cancer tracking. Track where it is and where it goes through your body.
+But then I realized I had never heard of heart cancer or, for that matter, skeletal muscle cancer.
+And skeletal muscle makes up 50%, or more than 50%, of our body. So at first I thought, "There might be some obvious explanation for why skeletal muscle doesn't get cancer—at least not to my knowledge."
+So I dug further and found as many articles as I could. And it was amazing. Because it turned out to be very unusual.
+Some papers say that skeletal muscle tissue is resistant to cancer and even metastasis to skeletal muscle.
+Metastasis is when a tumor sloughs off and travels through the bloodstream to another organ. That is the transference.
+It is the most dangerous part of cancer.
+If the cancer is localized, it can probably be removed or controlled in some way. very restrained.
+But once it starts moving all over the body, it becomes deadly.
+So there seems to be something about the fact that not only does cancer not appear to originate in skeletal muscle, but cancer also does not spread to skeletal muscle.
+So these articles were saying that metastasis to the skeleton, or skeletal muscle, is very rare.
+But it was left as is. No one seemed to ask why.
+So I decided to ask him why. First, the first thing I did was email some professors who specialize in skeletal muscle physiology and they pretty much said, "Apparently, cancer doesn't actually start in skeletal muscle. .
+Is there a reason for this? ’ And a lot of the answers I got were that muscle is a terminally differentiated tissue.
+So there are muscle cells, but they aren't dividing, so they don't seem like good targets for cancer to take over.
+But again, this fact that the metastasis had not reached skeletal muscle made that unlikely.
+In addition, that nervous tissue, the brain, also becomes cancerous, and the brain cells also undergo terminal differentiation.
+So I decided to ask him why. And that's probably part of my hypothesis that we'll start investigating this May at the Sylvester Cancer Institute in Miami.
+And I think I'll keep investigating until I find an answer.
+But I know that in science, once the answers are given, more questions inevitably arise.
+So I think I can probably say that I will be doing this for the rest of my life.
+Some of my hypotheses, when I first think about skeletal muscle, are that skeletal muscle has many blood vessels.
+And my first thought is that blood vessels are like highways for tumor cells.
+Tumor cells can travel through blood vessels.
+And I think the more highways there are in an organization, the more likely cancer or metastasis will occur.
+Therefore, I first thought, "Isn't it advantageous for cancer to reach skeletal muscle?" And similarly, cancer tumors require a process called angiogenesis. This is actually the replenishment of blood vessels to supply itself with nutrients so that the tumor can grow.
+Without angiogenesis, tumors remain pinpoint sized and are not harmful.
+Therefore, angiogenesis is actually a central process in cancer development.
+And one of the articles that really struck me when I was reading about it trying to understand why cancer doesn't metastasize to skeletal muscle was that autopsies showed 16 micrometastases to skeletal muscle. It was that the percentage was reported.
+Sixteen percent! This means that although there were these pinpoint tumors in skeletal muscle, only 0.16 percent of actual metastases were present, suggesting that skeletal muscle can control angiogenesis and recruit these blood vessels. It suggests that tumors can be controlled.
+We use skeletal muscle a lot. It is part of our body and our heart is beating all the time. We are working our muscles all the time.
+Is it possible that the muscle somehow intuitively knows that it needs this blood supply? It's almost selfish because it needs to contract all the time. You're grabbing your own veins.
+Therefore, when a tumor invades skeletal muscle tissue, it is deprived of a blood supply and unable to grow.
+So, perhaps if skeletal muscle has an anti-angiogenic factor, or even more, an angiogenic pathway factor that can actually direct where blood vessels grow, this could be a future cancer treatment. suggesting that it is possible.
+And another thing that's really interesting is how tumors move around the body, it's a very complex system, and there's this thing called the chemokine network.
+And chemokines are essentially chemoattractants and signals to stop and stop cancer.
+Thus, a tumor expresses chemokine receptors, another organ (somewhere in the distant body) has corresponding chemokines, and the tumor finds these chemokines and migrates towards them.
+Is it possible that skeletal muscle does not express this type of molecule?
+And another really interesting thing is that there are some reports that when skeletal muscle is injured, it correlates with metastasis to skeletal muscle.
+In addition, chemokines are produced when skeletal muscle is injured. This is a signal that says, “Cancer, you can come,” and is the tumor’s “go-ahead.” Increased expression of chemokines.
+So there's a lot of interaction here.
+So there are so many possibilities as to why tumors don't reach skeletal muscle.
+But by investigating, by attacking the cancer, by looking for places where there is no cancer, there must be something, there must be something that makes this tissue resistant to tumors. , it seems that
+And could this property, this compound, this receptor, whatever is controlling these anti-tumor properties be harnessed and applied to general cancer treatment?
+Now, one of the things related to the resistance of skeletal muscle to cancer, that is, cancer as an out-of-control repair response in the body, is that skeletal muscle contains a factor called “MyoD.” is to be
+And what MyoD essentially does is cause the cells to differentiate into muscle cells. Therefore, this compound MyoD has been tested in many different cell types and has indeed been shown to convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.
+So if tumor cells target skeletal muscle tissue, but contact within skeletal muscle tissue, is it possible that MyoD acts on these tumor cells, making them skeletal muscle cells?
+Perhaps that is why tumor cells are disguised as skeletal muscle cells, which seems to be so rare.
+it is not harmful. I just repaired my muscles.
+Muscles are being used all the time, and they're always getting damaged.
+If you had cancer every time you tore a muscle, stretched a muscle, or made the wrong move, most of us would have cancer.
+And I hate to say it. But muscle cells, perhaps thanks to all their uses, adapt faster than other body tissues to respond to injury, fine-tune this repair response, and actually allow the body to complete the processes it wants to end. It seems to me that I believe the human body is very smart and can't compete with what it demands.
+It is different when bacteria enter the body. It's a foreign object. we want to eliminate it.
+But when the body is actually starting some process and calling it a disease, I doubt elimination is the right solution. Therefore, even if we go further from there, it is almost conceivable that cancer will be used as a treatment in the future.
+If you need to restore new brain cells, new functional brain cells, in diseases that degrade tissues, such as Alzheimer's, where the brain and brain cells die, what if cancer could be harnessed in the future? Tumors - - Place a tumor in the brain and let it differentiate into brain cells?
+It's a very wild idea, but I really believe it might be possible.
+These cells are very versatile and so are these cancer cells. It is enough for us to operate them in the right way.
+Again, some of these may be outlandish, but if there's a place where you can present your outrageous ideas, it's here at TED. I'm really thankful to you.
+(applause)
+We are losing our hearing.
+We spend roughly 60% of our communication time listening, and we're not very good at it.
+We only keep 25% of what we hear.
+Well, not you, not this story, but it's generally true.
+(Laughter) Let's define listening as making sense from sounds.
+It is both a spiritual process and a process of extraction.
+We use some very good techniques to do this.
+One of them is pattern recognition.
+(crowd murmurs) So, at a cocktail party like this, when I said, "David, Sarah, take care," some people got up.
+We recognize patterns to distinguish between noise and signal, especially our own names.
+Diff is also a technique we use.
+If you leave this pink noise on for more than a few minutes, it literally becomes inaudible.
+We listen to the difference. Ignore sounds that stay the same.
+And there are various filters.
+These filters guide us from any sound to what we pay attention to.
+Most people are completely unaware of these filters.
+But they actually create our reality in a way because they tell us what we are paying attention to right now.
+Here is an example.
+Intention is very important in sound and listening.
+When I married my wife, I promised to listen to her every day like it was the first time.
+(Laughter.) But it's a great intention to have a romantic relationship.
+(Laughter) But that's not all.
+If you close your eyes in this room now, you can tell how big the room is from the reflections and reflections from the surfaces of the sound. I know how many people are around me thanks to the micronoise I am receiving.
+And sound puts us in time because sound is always embedded with time.
+In fact, I believe that listening is the main way we experience the passage of time from the past to the future.
+In other words, it's a great saying, "Sonority is time and it's meaning."
+As I said at the beginning, we are losing our ears.
+why did i say that?
+First of all, we invented the recording method. First we could write, then we could record audio, and now we could record video.
+The premium for accurate and attentive listening is gone.
+Second, the world is so noisy now. (Noise) This cacophony continues visually and aurally, making it difficult to hear. I'm tired of hearing it.
+Many people take refuge in headphones, which transform these large public spaces, shared soundscapes, into millions of tiny, personal sound bubbles.
+No one is listening to anyone in this scenario.
+we are starting to get impatient.
+We don't want arguments anymore. I need a sound bite.
+And the art of conversation is being — dangerously — being replaced by private broadcasts.
+I don't know how much this conversation has been heard, but sadly it's very common, especially in the UK.
+we are desensitized.
+Our media has to shout at us with headlines like this to get our attention.
+That means it becomes harder for us to pay attention to the quiet, the subtle, the understated.
+This is a serious problem that we are losing our hearing.
+This is not an easy task because listening is the shortcut to understanding.
+Conscious listening always leads to understanding, but this only happens when we are not consciously listening.
+A world where we don't listen to each other at all is truly terrifying.
+So here are 5 easy exercises, portable tools to improve your conscious listening.
+Audience: Yes!
+good. The first is silence.
+Silence for just 3 minutes a day is a great exercise to reset and recalibrate your ears to hear quiet sounds again.
+If you can't get complete silence, choose to be quiet. That's perfectly fine.
+Second, I call it a "mixer".
+(Noise) So, even in a noisy environment like this, and we all spend a lot of time in places like this, if you listen in a coffee bar, how many channels can you hear? can you?
+How many individual channels in that mix are you listening to?
+It can also be done in beautiful places such as lakes.
+How many birds can you hear?
+where are they? Where are those ripples?
+It's a great practice to improve your listening quality.
+Third, I call this exercise "taste," and it is a beautiful exercise.
+Enjoying mundane sounds.
+For example, this is my tumble dryer.
+(dryer) It's a waltz -- 1, 2, 3; 1 2 3; 1 2 3.
+I love it!
+Or try this on to check your size.
+(Coffee grinder) Wow!
+So if you pay attention, even mundane sounds can be very interesting.
+I call it a "hidden choir". it is all around us all the time.
+To pick just one, the next exercise is probably the most important of all.
+This is the listening position. The idea is that you can move your listening position to a position that is more appropriate for what you are listening to.
+This is playing with those filters.
+Remember when we gave you these filters?
+Using them as leverage, we are starting to become aware of them and move them elsewhere.
+These are just a few of the possible listening positions, or scale of listening positions.
+there are many.
+Enjoy it. It's very exciting.
+And finally the abbreviations.
+This can be used for listening and communication.
+If you are in one of these roles, and probably everyone listening to this talk, the acronym is RASA. It means "juice" or "essence" in Sanskrit.
+And RASA stands for "Receive", which means pay attention to the person. Make small noises such as "hmm" "ah" "okay" and say "thank you". "Summary" -- The word "so" is very important in communication. And "Ask" asks later.
+Sound is now my passion and my life.
+I wrote a book about it. So I live to hear
+For most people, that's asking too much.
+But I believe that every human being needs to listen consciously in order to live fully. All the spiritual ones I know are connected to the physical world around us, both spatially and temporally, connected in mutual understanding, not to mention spiritually connected. because it is the road. At the heart of is listening and contemplation.
+That's why schools need to teach listening as a skill.
+why can't you teach? it's crazy.
+If we can teach listening in schools, it will take us off that slippery slope and into that dangerous and terrifying world I spoke of, where everyone is consciously listening all the time, or at least can. You can transfer your listening to are doing.
+I don't know how you do it, but I think this is TED and the TED community can do anything.
+So connect with me, connect with each other, and work on this mission.
+And let the schools teach us to listen, and in one generation transform the world into a world of conscious listening: a world of connection, a world of understanding, and a world of peace.
+Thank you for listening today.
+(applause)
+By the end of this year, there will be nearly a billion people on the planet actively using social networking sites.
+What they all have in common is that they all die.
+It may be a somewhat morbid idea, but I think it has a very deep meaning worth exploring.
+The first thing that got me thinking about this was a blog post written by science and technology journalist Derek K. Miller, who died of cancer earlier this year.
+And what Miller did was get family and friends to write posts that would go out soon after his death.
+Here's what he wrote when he started it.
+He said, "This is it. I'm dead and this is my last post on my blog."
+In advance, once my body has completely shut down from the punishment of cancer, I have asked family and friends to publish this prepared message I have written. This is the first part of the process of turning this from an active website into an archive. "
+Now, as a journalist, Miller's archives may have been better written and more carefully curated than many others, but the fact of the matter is that all of us today have been You are creating an archive of something completely different from what was done.
+Let's consider some statistics for a moment.
+Currently, 48 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute.
+200 million tweets are posted every day.
+And the average Facebook user creates 90 pieces of content each month.
+So when you think of your parents and grandparents, they may at most be making photos, home videos, or keeping a diary in a box somewhere.
+But today we are all creating this incredibly rich digital archive. This digital archive will live indefinitely in the cloud for years after we're gone.
+And I think that's going to create very interesting opportunities for techies.
+Just to clarify, I am a journalist, not a techie. So what I want to briefly explain is to paint a picture of what the present and the future will be like.
+Today, we are already seeing several services designed to let us decide what to do with our online profiles and social media accounts after we die.
+In fact, one of them found me when I checked into the deli at a restaurant in Foursquare, New York.
+(Recorded) Adam Ostrow: Hello.
+Shinigami: Adam?
+Ao: Right.
+Death: Death can get you anywhere, anytime, even organically.
+Ao: Who is this?
+Death: Visit ifidie.net before it's too late.
+(Laughter) Adam Ostrow: Kind of creepy, isn't it?
+So what the service does, very simply, is that you can create messages and videos that can be posted to Facebook after your death.
+Another service is now offered called 1,000 Memories.
+This allows you to create online tributes to your loved ones and complete photos, videos and stories that can be posted posthumously.
+But I think what comes next is more interesting.
+Well, many of you are familiar with DeVroy, who demonstrated how he was able to analyze over 90,000 hours of home video in March.
+As machines' ability to understand human language and process vast amounts of data continues to improve, I believe we will be able to analyze a life's worth of content (tweets, photos, videos, blog posts). I'm here. We produce this much.
+And when that happens, I think it will be possible for our digital personas to continue interacting in the real world long after we're gone, thanks to the vast amount of content we're creating and our ability to understand technology. will do it all.
+Some experiments have already started here.
+One service called My Next Tweet analyzes your entire Twitter stream, everything you post on Twitter, to predict what you might say next.
+Well, at this point, as you can see, the results can be somewhat ludicrous.
+You can imagine what this stuff will look like in 5, 10, or 20 years as our technological prowess improves.
+Taking things one step further, MIT's Media Lab is working to develop robots that can interact more like humans.
+But what if these robots could interact based on a person's unique traits, based on the hundreds of thousands of pieces of content that person has created in their lifetime?
+Finally, remember this famous scene from US Election Night 2008. CNN sent a live hologram of hip-hop artist will.i.am into the studio for an interview with Anderson Cooper.
+What if you could use the same kind of technology to send the expressions of your loved ones into your living room and interact with them in a very authentic way, based on all the content they created while they were alive? do you want?
+I think it's entirely possible as both the amount of data we generate and the technology's ability to make sense of it expands exponentially.
+Finally, what we all need to consider is whether we want it to become a reality and, if so, what it means for the definition of life and all that follows. I think.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Did you know that there are 1.4 million mobile radio masts deployed worldwide?
+And these are base stations.
+And there are over 5 billion of these devices here.
+These are mobile phones.
+And with these mobile phones, we transmit over 600 terabytes of data each month.
+That's 6 with 14 zeros, which is a very large number.
+And wireless communication has become available in the same way as electricity and water.
+we use it every day. We now use it in our daily life, both privately and in business.
+And at such events, we are often asked to turn off our phones for good reasons, sometimes very kindly.
+It is because of this importance that I decided to investigate the problems with this technology, as it is so fundamental to our lives.
+And one of the issues is capacity.
+Wireless data transmission methods use electromagnetic waves, especially radio waves.
+And radio waves have their limits.
+they are scarce. They are expensive; and we only have a certain range of it.
+This limitation, in turn, prevents us from meeting the demands of wireless data transmission and the number of bytes and data transmitted each month.
+And we are simply running out of spectrum.
+I have another problem.
+That's efficiency.
+These 1.4 million cellular radio masts, or base stations, consume a lot of energy.
+Note that most of the energy is not used to transmit radio waves, it is used to cool the base station.
+The efficiency of such base stations is only about 5%.
+And it causes big problems.
+Then there is another problem that you all know.
+Mobile phones must be turned off during the flight.
+It's a security issue in hospitals.
+And security is another matter.
+These radio waves penetrate walls.
+These can be intercepted and someone with malicious intent could take advantage of your network.
+These are the four main issues.
+But on the other hand, we have 14 billion light bulbs and lights.
+And light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
+Now let's put this in the context of the entire electromagnetic spectrum where gamma rays exist.
+Gamma rays are dangerous, so please stay away from them.
+An X-ray that will help you when you go to the hospital.
+Next is ultraviolet rays.
+Good for sunburn, otherwise dangerous for the human body.
+Infrared -- Only available at low power due to eye safety regulations.
+And then there are radio waves, which have the problems I mentioned earlier.
+And in the middle of that is the spectrum of visible light.
+It is light, and light has been around for millions of years.
+And indeed it created us, it created life, it created everything in life.
+So it's inherently safe to use.
+Wouldn't it be great if it could be used for wireless communication?
+Not only that, but we compared it with the entire spectrum.
+I compared the size of the spectrum of radio waves and the size of the spectrum of visible light.
+And what do you think?
+We have 10,000 times that spectrum and we can use that.
+Not only do we have this huge amount of spectrum, let's compare that to the numbers I just mentioned.
+We have 1.4 million expensively deployed and inefficient wireless cellular base stations.
+Multiply that by 10,000 and you end up with 14 billion.
+14 billion is the number of light bulbs already installed.
+So we have the infrastructure there.
+If you look at the ceiling, you will see many light bulbs.
+Go to the main floor and you'll see these bulbs.
+Can I use it for communication?
+yes.
+what do i have to do?
+What we have to do is replace these inefficient incandescent and fluorescent bulbs with this new technology, LEDs, LED light bulbs.
+LEDs are semiconductors. It's an electronic device.
+And it has very good acute properties.
+Its intensity can be adjusted very fast and switched off very quickly.
+And this is the basic basic property that we leverage in technology.
+Now let's show how to do it.
+Let's go to the one closest to the visible light spectrum -- let's go to the remote control.
+We all know that the remote control has an infrared LED. Basically it switches the LED on and if it is off it switches it off.
+It also creates a simple slow data stream of 10,000 bits/second, 20,000 bits/second.
+Not available for YouTube videos.
+What we've done is we've developed technology that can even replace remote controls for light bulbs.
+Our technology not only sends a single data stream, but thousands of them in parallel at even higher speeds.
+And the technology we developed is called SIM OFDM.
+And it's spatial modulation. I won't go into details as this is the only terminology, but this is how we enabled the light source to send data.
+You'll say, "Wow, that's cool. These slides were made in 10 minutes."
+But that's not all.
+What we did is we also developed a demonstrator.
+And this visible light demonstrator will be unveiled to the public for the first time.
+And what you have here is no ordinary desk lamp.
+It incorporates signal processing technology into a $3 worth of LED bulb.
+And here is a small hole.
+And the light goes through the hole.
+I have a receiver.
+The receiver converts the small, subtle changes in amplitude that occur there into electrical signals.
+The signal is then converted back into a high speed data stream.
+We hope that in the future we can integrate this little hole into these smartphones.
+In addition to incorporating a photodetector here, an internal camera may also be used.
+So what happens when you turn on that light?
+As is expected, it is a light, a desk lamp.
+If you put a book under it, you can read the book.
+It illuminates the space.
+But at the same time, this video is shown here.
+And it's video, high-definition video transmitted through that ray.
+you are critical
+You think
+This is a clever scholar, and he's doing a little trick here. "
+But let me do this.
+(Applause) Again.
+Still can't believe it?
+It is this light that transmits this high resolution video in split streams.
+And looking at the lights, they are bright as expected.
+The human eye cannot perceive it.
+You won't notice the subtle changes in amplitude you give this bulb.
+It serves a lighting purpose, but it can also transmit this data at the same time.
+And even the light from the ceiling falls on the receiver from here.
+That constant light can be ignored because the receiver is only interested in small changes.
+Also, I have an important question now. "Okay, do I have to keep the lights on all the time for this to work?"
+The answer is yes.
+However, you can dim the lighting to a level where the lighting appears to be off.
+And you can still send data. It is possible.
+So far, I have talked about four issues.
+Capacity: 10,000x more spectrum and 10,000x more LEDs are already installed in the infrastructure.
+You will agree with me too. Hopefully no more capacity issues.
+Efficiency: This is the lighting data. First of all, it is a lighting device.
+Also, if you save energy, data transmission is free, which makes it very energy efficient.
+We're not talking about the energy efficiency of these LED bulbs.
+Hundreds of power plants would be saved if the whole world adopted them.
+That aside.
+I also mentioned availability.
+You will agree that hospitals have lights.
+have to see what to do.
+Airplanes have lights.
+That is, during the day, wherever there is light.
+look around. wherever. Look at your smart phone.
+It has a flashlight and an LED flashlight.
+These are potential sources of high-speed data transmission.
+And then there's security.
+I bet you would agree that light doesn't penetrate walls.
+So if you have a light here and you have secure data, no one across this room can read that data.
+And only where there is light there is data.
+So if I don't want that receiver to receive data, what I can do is to prevent it from receiving data.
+So the data goes in that direction and isn't there anymore.
+Now you can actually see where the data is going.
+So for me, its application is beyond imagination at this point.
+We have had a century of very good and smart application developers.
+And we have to be aware that wherever there is light, there are potential ways to transmit data.
+But I can give some examples.
+Well, you may already be seeing the effects.
+This is a remotely operated vehicle on the ocean floor.
+And they use light to illuminate the space below.
+And this light can be used to transmit the radio data that these things use to communicate with each other.
+In an intrinsically safe environment like this petrochemical plant, RF is not allowed and antenna sparks are possible, but light is. I see a lot of light there.
+In hospitals, for new medical equipment. On the street for traffic control.
+Cars are equipped with LED-based headlights, LED-based backlights, and vehicles can communicate and exchange information to prevent accidents.
+Traffic lights can communicate with cars and so on.
+And millions of street lights are installed all over the world.
+And every streetlight could be a free access point.
+In fact, we call this Li-Fi, optical fidelity.
+And then there are the cabins of these aircraft.
+There are hundreds of lights in the aircraft cabin, and each of these lights can be a transmitter of wireless data.
+Now you can enjoy your favorite TED videos on the long flight back home.
+life online. I mean, I think it's a vision that it's possible.
+So all we need to do is attach a tiny microchip to every potential lighting device.
+It combines two basic functions: illumination and wireless data transmission.
+And I personally believe that this symbiosis can solve four essential problems we face in wireless communications today.
+And in the future, not only will there be 14 billion light bulbs, but 14 billion Li-Fi could be deployed around the world for a cleaner, greener, and brighter future. .
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Each of you possesses the most powerful, dangerous, and destructive traits natural selection has ever devised.
+This is part of neural audio technology for rewiring the minds of others.
+Of course, I'm talking about your language because language allows you to implant the thoughts of your mind directly into the minds of others, and without either of you having to do the surgery, they can do the same to you. because you can try
+Instead, when you speak, you're actually using a form of telemetry not too different from a TV remote control.
+It's just that the device relies on pulses of infrared light, while your language relies on pulses of sound, discrete pulses.
+And just as you use your remote control to change the internal settings of your TV to suit your mood, you use language to change other people's mental settings to suit your interests.
+Language is what your genes speak and get what you want.
+And imagine your baby's amazement when he or she discovers for the first time that just by making a sound, an object can magically move around the room and even enter its mouth.
+Now, the destructive power of language has been recognized throughout the ages: censorship, books you shouldn't read, phrases you shouldn't use, words you shouldn't say.
+In fact, the story of the Tower of Babel in the Bible is an allegory and a warning about the power of language.
+According to the story, early humans had the vanity that by working together through language they could build a tower that would take them to heaven.
+Now God, enraged by this attempt to usurp His power, destroyed the tower and confused the people by giving them different languages ​​so that it would never be rebuilt.
+And this leads to the wonderful irony that our language exists to hinder communication.
+Even today, we know that there are certain words and phrases that should not be used. Because if you do, you can be accused, imprisoned, and even killed.
+And all this is caused by a puff of air emanating from our mouth.
+Now, this fuss about one of our properties shows that there is something worth explaining.
+And that's how and why this remarkable trait evolved, and why it evolved only in our species?
+Now, it's a little surprising that we have to go to tool use in chimpanzees to get an answer to that question.
+These chimpanzees now use tools, which we believe is a sign of their intelligence.
+But if they're really smart, why use sticks instead of shovels to pick termites out of the ground?
+And if they're really smart, why split the nuts with stones?
+Why don't they go to the store and buy a bag of nuts that someone has already cracked for them?
+why not? I mean, that's what we do.
+Now, the reason chimpanzees don't is because they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call social learning.
+They seem to lack the ability to imitate, imitate, or learn by simply watching others.
+As a result, we are unable to improve on other people's ideas, learn from their mistakes, and benefit from their wisdom.
+And they just repeat the same thing over and over again.
+In fact, if we came back a million years away, chimpanzees would be doing the same thing, using the same sticks for termites and the same rocks to crack nuts.
+Now, this may sound arrogant, or full of arrogance.
+How do we know this?
+Because this is exactly what our ancestor Homo erectus did.
+The upright apes that evolved in the African savannah about 2 million years ago created wonderful hatchets that fit snugly in the hand.
+But the fossil record shows that they made the same hatchet over and over again for a million years.
+We can trace it through the fossil record.
+Now, guessing how long Homo erectus lived and how many generations it was, we can say that the hatchet did not change for about 40,000 generations, from parents to descendants and other individuals who watched it. Become.
+It's not even clear whether our very close genetic relatives, the Neanderthals, had social learning.
+Not surprisingly, their tools were more complex than those of Homo erectus, but they also showed little change over the nearly 300,000 years that their species, the Neanderthals, lived in Eurasia.
+Now, what this tells us is that contrary to the old adage that "monkeys see, monkeys do," what is actually astonishing is that all other animals can't really do it, or at least most can't. That's it.
+And even this photo has the dubious smudge of manipulation, which is from something of Barnum & Bailey Circus.
+But by comparison, we can learn.
+We can learn by watching others and imitating or copying what they can do.
+And you can choose the best one among various options.
+We can benefit from other people's ideas.
+We can build on their wisdom.
+As a result, ideas accumulate and technology advances.
+And as anthropologists call it the accumulation of ideas, this cumulative cultural adaptation is responsible for everything around us in our busy and vibrant everyday life.
+In other words, the world has changed more than it did 1,000 or 2,000 years ago.
+All of this is due to the accumulation of cultural adaptations.
+The chair you're sitting in, the lights in this auditorium, my microphone, the iPads and iPods you carry around are all the result of cumulative cultural adaptation.
+Now, for many commentators, cultural adaptation, or social learning stacking, is the end of the job, the end of the story.
+Because our species can make things, it has prospered in a way that no other species has.
+In fact, we can even make “what we need to live”, or, as I said, everything around us.
+But it turns out that when our species first emerged and acquired social learning about 200,000 years ago, this was actually the beginning, not the end, of our story. bottom.
+Because as we acquire social learning, social and evolutionary dilemmas arise, the resolution of which will determine not only the future course of our psychology, but the future course of the world as a whole. It is no exaggeration to say that
+And most importantly for this, it will tell us why we have language.
+And the reason the dilemma arose was that social learning turned out to be visual theft.
+If I can watch and learn from you, I can steal your best ideas and benefit from your efforts without spending the time and energy you spent developing them.
+If you can see what lures you use to catch fish, or how you strip a hatchet for better, or if you can sneak down to a mushroom patch, I'll share your knowledge, wisdom , can benefit from the skill. Maybe I can catch that fish before you.
+Social learning is just visual theft.
+And it is the duty of any species that acquires it to hide its best ideas so that no one can steal them.
+And about 200,000 years ago, our species faced this crisis.
+And there really were only two options for dealing with the conflict visual theft posed.
+One of those options was to evacuate in small family groups.
+For then the benefits of our ideas and knowledge will flow only to our relatives.
+If we had chosen this option, about 200,000 years ago, we would probably still be living like Neanderthals when they first entered Europe 40,000 years ago.
+Small groups have fewer ideas and fewer innovations.
+And small groups are more prone to accidents and bad luck.
+So if we had chosen that path, our evolutionary path would have led to the forest - and would have been a short one indeed.
+Another option we could choose was to develop a communication system that would allow us to share ideas and collaborate with others.
+Choosing this option means that far more accumulated knowledge and wisdom funds will be available to the individual than any individual family or individual could produce on its own.
+Well, we chose the second option and the result is language.
+Language has evolved to solve the visual theft crisis.
+Language is part of social technology to enhance the benefits of cooperation, such as reaching agreements, concluding deals and coordinating our activities.
+And in developing societies that have begun to acquire language, not having one turns out to be like a bird without wings.
+Just as wings have pioneered this atmospheric realm for birds, language has pioneered this realm of human cooperation.
+We are a language-savvy species, so we take this for granted, but we recognize that even the simplest exchanges we engage in are entirely dependent on language. is needed.
+To see why, consider two scenarios early in our evolution.
+Let's say you're very good at making arrowheads, but you're no good at making wooden shafts with flight feathers.
+The other two you know are very good at making wooden shafts, but are terrible at making arrowheads.
+So what you do is one of them hasn't really learned the language yet.
+And let's assume that the other one is linguistically proficient.
+So what you do one day is take a pile of arrowheads and walk up to a man who can't speak very well, put the arrowhead in front of him and let him understand your thoughts. I hope you will. I want to exchange the arrowhead for a finished arrow.
+But when he saw the pile of arrowheads, he thought it was a gift, picked it up, smiled and walked away.
+Now you go chasing this guy, gesticulating.
+A brawl breaks out and you get stabbed with your own arrowhead.
+Now play this scene again. Then you are closer to the person with the language.
+You put the arrowhead down and said, "I'd like to exchange this arrowhead for a finished arrow, but I'll split it 50/50."
+Another said, "Okay, looks good to me."
+we'll do it. "
+Job done.
+Once we master a language, we can organize our thoughts and achieve prosperity that was not possible before we acquired the language together.
+And this is why our species thrives around the world while other animals sit behind cages in zoos and decline.
+That's why we're building space shuttles and cathedrals while the rest of the world is getting rid of termites by sticking them in the ground.
+got it. If this view of language and its value in solving the visual theft crisis is true, then any species that acquires language should explode with creativity and prosperity.
+And this is exactly what the archaeological record shows.
+When we look at our immediate ancestors, Neanderthals and Homo erectus, they are confined to a small region of the world.
+However, when our species emerged about 200,000 years ago, it quickly emerged from Africa and spread across the globe, occupying nearly every habitat on Earth.
+Other species are restricted to where their genes fit, but with social learning and language, we could change our environment to suit our needs.
+And we thrived in ways no other animal did.
+Language is truly the most powerful property that has ever evolved.
+This is the most valuable trait that natural selection has ever devised that we have for transforming new lands and resources into more people and their genes.
+Language is just the voice of our genes.
+But now that languages ​​have evolved, we've done something strange, even strange.
+We have developed thousands of different languages ​​as we spread around the world.
+About 7 to 8,000 different languages ​​are spoken on the planet today.
+Now, you might say this is a given.
+As we diverge, so do our languages.
+But the real perplexity and irony is that the places on earth with the highest density of different languages ​​are the places with the highest density of people.
+If you go to the island of Papua New Guinea, you can find about 800 to 1,000 different human languages ​​spoken on that island alone.
+There's a place on that island where you can meet a new language every few miles.
+As unbelievable as it may sound, I once met a Papuan man and asked him if this could be true.
+And he said to me,
+They are much more closely related than that. "
+That's true. There's a place on that island where you can meet a new language within a mile.
+And this also applies to some oceanic outlying islands.
+So we use language not just to cooperate, but to form circles around cooperative groups to establish identity, and perhaps to protect knowledge, wisdom, and skills from outside eavesdropping. It seems that
+And we know this because when we study different language groups and associate them with their cultures, we find that different languages ​​slow the flow of ideas between groups.
+They slow down technology.
+And it can even slow down the flow of genes.
+I can't talk about it now, but it seems that the current situation is that I don't have sex with someone I can't talk to.
+(Laughter.) But now we have to refute the evidence we've heard that we may have had a rather unpleasant genetic relationship with Neanderthals and Denisovans.
+(Laughter) Well, this tendency we have, this seemingly natural tendency to isolate and protect ourselves, runs headlong into our modern world.
+This remarkable image is not a world map.
+In fact, this is a map of Facebook friendship links.
+And plotting those friendship links by latitude and longitude literally draws a map of the world.
+Our modern world communicates with itself and with other worlds more than at any time in the past.
+And that communication, connectivity around the world, and globalization are now increasing the burden.
+Because, as we have seen, these different languages ​​impose barriers to the transmission of goods, ideas, technology and wisdom.
+And they impose barriers to cooperation.
+And nowhere is this more evident than in the European Union, where 27 member states speak 23 official languages.
+The European Union currently spends over €1 billion annually on translation between its 23 official languages.
+This equates to an order of US$1.45 billion in translation costs alone.
+Now consider the absurdity of this situation.
+If 27 people from these 27 Member States sat around a table and spoke 23 languages, then with very simple math it would take an army of 253 translators to predict the likelihood of every pair. is required.
+In the European Union, we employ a permanent staff of approximately 2,500 translators.
+And in 2007 alone -- and I think there are more recent figures -- 1.3 million pages were translated into English.
+And if language really is the solution to the visual theft crisis, then language really is the conduit of our cooperation, the technology our species has devised to facilitate the free flow and exchange of ideas. If there is, in our modern world we are faced with a question. .
+And the question is, can we really afford to use all these different languages ​​in this modern globalized world?
+In this way, nature knows no other situation in which functionally equivalent traits coexist.
+One of them always annihilates the other.
+And this is seen in the relentless progress towards standardization.
+There are many ways to weigh, measure length, and measure things, but the metric system is the predominant one.
+There are many ways to measure time, but the very strange sexagesimal system known as hours, minutes, and seconds is almost universal around the world.
+There are numerous ways to imprint on CDs and DVDs, all of which are becoming standardized.
+And you can probably think of a lot more in your own daily life.
+And our modern world now faces a dilemma.
+And the dilemma facing this Chinese man is that even though the language is spoken by more people around the world than any other, he sits at a blackboard and repeats Chinese phrases. It means that you are converting to English phrases.
+And what this means is that in a world where we want to foster cooperation and exchange, and may rely more than ever on cooperation to maintain and improve levels of prosperity. In the world, his actions suggest to us that we may inevitably have to face the idea that our destiny is one world, one language.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Matt Ridley: Mark, one question.
+Svante found that the FOXP2 gene, which is thought to be associated with language, is shared in the same way by Neanderthals like us.
+If Neanderthals also had language, how could they have beaten the Neanderthals?
+Mark Pagel: This is a very good question.
+Many of you are familiar with the idea that there is a gene called FOXP2 that appears to be involved in some way in fine motor control associated with language.
+The reason I don't believe this tells us that Neanderthals had language is a simple analogy. A Ferrari is a car with an engine.
+My car has an engine, but it's not a Ferrari.
+Well, the short answer is that genes alone do not by themselves determine the outcome of something as highly complex as language.
+What we do know about FOXP2 and the Neanderthals is that they may have mastered mouth motor control — who knows.
+But that doesn't mean they necessarily had language.
+MR: Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Humans in developed countries spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors, where they breathe and interact with trillions of invisible organisms, or microbes.
+Buildings are complex ecosystems and important sources of both beneficial and harmful microorganisms for us.
+What determines the type and distribution of microorganisms in a room?
+Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes that enter through windows and mechanical ventilation systems.
+And they are brought indoors by humans and other creatures.
+The fate of indoor microorganisms depends on complex interactions with humans and the human-built environment.
+And now, architects and biologists are working together to explore smart building designs that create healthy buildings for us.
+We spend an extraordinary amount of time in buildings with extremely controlled environments, such as this building here, environments with mechanical ventilation systems, including filters, heating and air conditioning.
+Given the amount of time we spend indoors, it's important to understand how this affects our health.
+The Center for Biology and the Built Environment conducted a study to sample air in a hospital and extract DNA from airborne microorganisms.
+Then we looked at three different types of rooms.
+A mechanically ventilated room was examined. Data points in blue.
+We observed a room with natural ventilation. There, the hospital shut down a mechanical ventilation system in a wing of the building and was allowed to pry open a window that had become inoperable, but allowed it to operate for research purposes.
+And we also sampled the air outside.
+Looking at the x-axis of this graph, we can see that mechanical ventilation accomplishes what we generally want to do: block out the outdoors.
+So when you look at the green data points, which are outdoor air, you can see that there is a large amount of microbial diversity, or different types of microbes.
+However, if you look at the blue data points, which are mechanically ventilated air, they are less diverse.
+But less variety isn't necessarily better for your health.
+Looking at the Y-axis of this graph, you can see that you are more likely to encounter potential pathogens or bacteria in mechanically ventilated air than you are outdoors.
+To understand why, we took the data and turned it into a sequence diagram. This is a statistical map showing how the microbial communities within different samples are related.
+Data points that are close together have more similar microbial communities than data points that are far apart.
+The first thing to notice from this graph is that when you look at the blue data points that are mechanically ventilated air, they are not just a subset of the green data points that are outdoor air.
+What we discovered is that mechanically ventilated air looks like humans.
+It has microbes that are commonly associated with our skin, mouth and saliva.
+And this is because we are all constantly shedding microbes.
+So you are now sharing microbes with each other.
+And if you are outdoors, such air will have microbes commonly associated with plant leaves and dirt.
+Why is this important?
+This is important because the healthcare industry is the second largest consumer of energy in the United States.
+Hospitals use 2.5 times more energy than office buildings.
+And the model that we're working with in hospitals and many different buildings is blocking the outdoors.
+And this model is not always the best for our health.
+And given the unusual amount of hospital-acquired infections, or nosocomial infections, this is a good time to rethink current practices.
+So, just as we manage our national parks, encouraging the growth of some species and inhibiting the growth of others, we should use an ecosystem framework that can promote the types of microbes we want to keep indoors. I am working on thinking about the building. .
+I heard someone say that you are as healthy as your gut.
+For this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt to promote a healthy gut flora.
+And what we ultimately want to do is take advantage of this concept so that we can keep groups of microbes in our bodies healthy.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+For a long time there was me and my body.
+I was made up of stories, cravings, strivings, and future aspirations.
+I was trying to avoid the consequences of my violent past, but the separation that had already occurred between me and my body was a pretty significant one.
+I was always trying to be something or someone.
+I existed only in the midst of my efforts.
+My body often got in the way.
+I was in a daze.
+For years I practically wore nothing but hats.
+It was my way of keeping my head.
+It was a way of finding myself.
+I was afraid that if I took my hat off, I wouldn't be here anymore.
+In fact, one therapist told me: "Eve, you've been here for two years, and to be honest, I never thought you had a physical body."
+To be honest, I used to live in the city because I was afraid of trees.
+I have never had a child because the head cannot give birth.
+Babies don't actually come out of their mouths.
+I had no standards for my body, so I started asking other women about their bodies, especially their vaginas. Because I thought the vagina was important in a way.
+This inspired me to write “The Vagina Monologues,” a relentless and incessant conversation about the vagina wherever possible.
+I have done this in front of a large group of strangers.
+One night on stage, I actually got vaginal.
+It was an ecstatic experience.
+It scared me, it energized me, and I became a driven human, a driven vagina.
+I began to think of my body like an object, like something that could move quickly, something that could accomplish other things and many things at once.
+I started seeing my body like an iPad or a car.
+I drove it and demanded something from it.
+It had no limits. It was invincible.
+It was to be conquered and mastered like the earth itself.
+I didn't listen to it. No, I designed and directed it.
+I had no patience for my body. Snapped and shaped.
+I was greedy.
+I ingested more than my body could provide.
+I drank more espresso when I was tired.
+If I was scared, I went to a more dangerous place.
+Oh sure, sure, I've had moments of gratitude for my body. It's a moment when an abusive parent sometimes finds tenderness.
+For example, on my 16th birthday, my father was really nice to me.
+I heard people mutter sometimes that they should love their bodies, so I learned how to do so.
+I was vegetarian, sober, and didn't smoke.
+But it was all just more sophisticated ways to manipulate my body. More separation, like planting a vegetable patch on a highway.
+As a result of my talking so much about my vagina, many women started telling me stories about their vaginas and therefore their bodies.
+In fact, my interest in these stories has led me to travel around the world and visit over 60 countries.
+I have heard thousands of stories and I must say there was always this moment where women shared that particular moment with me when they left their bodies, when they left their homes. must be
+I heard stories of women being sexually abused in bed, whipped with burqas, left for dead in parking lots, and burned with acid in kitchens.
+Some women disappeared in silence.
+There are women who, like me, are crazy and driven by machines.
+Halfway through the journey I turned 40 and started loathing my body. It was actually progress. Because at least my body was present enough to hate it.
+Well, my stomach was my stomach that I hated.
+It was proof that I was not yet fit, that I was old and not great, not perfect, physically incapable of fitting the prescribed corporate image.
+My stomach was proof that I had failed, failed, broken.
+My life became obsessed with getting rid of it and getting rid of it.
+In fact, it got so extreme that I wrote a play about it.
+But the more I talked about it, the more objectified and fragmented my body became.
+It became entertainment. It became a new kind of commodity, the one I used to sell.
+Then I went somewhere else.
+I went outside what I thought I knew.
+I have been to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
+And I heard a story that shatters all other stories.
+I've heard stories about what goes into your body.
+I heard of a girl who couldn't stop peeing on herself because so many adult soldiers had their bodies pushed inside her.
+I heard an 80-year-old woman had her legs broken, pulled out of sockets, and had her head twisted when she was raped like that by soldiers.
+There are thousands of stories like this, many of the women had holes, holes and fistulas in their bodies, which was a violation of war and holes in the fabric of their souls.
+These stories saturate my cells and nerves and, to be honest, have kept me from sleeping for three years.
+All the stories started to get mixed up.
+The raping of the earth, the looting of minerals, the destruction of vaginas, they were no longer separate from each other and from me.
+Militia raped six-month-old infants to help countries far away obtain gold and coltan for iPhones and computers.
+Not only did my body become a machine to be driven, but I was also responsible for destroying the bodies of other women in a mad quest to build more machines to support my machine's speed and efficiency. rice field.
+Then I got, or was found to have, cancer.
+It arrived like a bird smashing into a window glass at breakneck speed.
+All of a sudden, I had a body, a body that had been stabbed and poked and punctured, a body that had been severely mutilated, a body that had had its organs removed and transported and relocated and reconstructed, a body that had been scanned and ducted. Bodies pushed in, bodies scorched with chemicals.
+Cancer has destroyed my wall of disconnection.
+I suddenly understood that the crisis in my body was the crisis in the world and that it was happening now, not what happened later.
+Suddenly my cancer became a ubiquitous cancer, a cancer of cruelty, a cancer of greed, a cancer that invades people who live downstream from chemical plants--and they are usually poor--in coal. Cancer in a miner's lungs, cancer from underperforming stress, cancer from buried trauma, cancer in caged chickens and contaminated fish, cancer in a woman's womb from rape. Cancer, cancer that arises everywhere due to our carelessness.
+In his new visionary book, New Self, New World, author Philip Shepard says: Stay away from you, not the living continuum to which you belong. "
+Before cancer, the world was a different place.
+It was as if I lived in a stagnant pool and cancer dynamite the rocks that separated me from the great ocean.
+I'm swimming in it now.
+Now I lie on the grass, rub my body in it, and love the mud on my legs and feet.
+Now I make daily pilgrimages to visit certain weeping willows along the Seine, hungry for green fields in the bushes outside Bukavu.
+And when it rains heavily, I scream and run in circles.
+I know everything is connected, and the scars that spread across my torso are the scars of the earthquake.
+And I am with three million people on the streets of Port-au-Prince.
+And the fire that kindled in me on days three to six of chemotherapy is the fire that burns in forests all over the world.
+I know that the abscess around my wound after surgery, 16 ounces of pus, was contaminated Gulf of Mexico, and I had oily pelicans and dead floating fish inside me.
+And because of the catheter they pushed into me without proper medication, I screamed the same way the earth screams in drilling.
+During the second round of chemotherapy, my mother became very ill and I went to visit her.
+And in the name of connection, the only thing she wanted before she died was to take her home to her beloved Gulf of Mexico.
+So we took her home and prayed that the oil wouldn't wash up on the shore before she died.
+And thankfully, it wasn't.
+She died peacefully in her favorite place.
+And a few weeks later, while I was in New Orleans, this beautiful spiritual friend asked me to heal.
+And I was honored.
+And I went to her house and it was morning and the morning New Orleans sun was shining through the curtains.
+And my friend was preparing this big bowl and I said, "What's that?"
+And she said, 'It's for you.
+Flowers make it beautiful, honey makes it sweet. "
+"But what about the water part?" I said.
+And in the name of the connection, she said, "Oh, this is the Gulf of Mexico."
+And I said, "Of course I do."
+Then other women arrived and sat in a circle while Michaela washed my head with holy water.
+And she sang - that is, her whole body sang.
+And other women sang and prayed for me and my mother.
+And as the warm bay washed over my bare head, I realized it held the best and worst parts of us.
+Greed and recklessness caused the drilling explosion.
+Everything before and after was a lie.
+It was the honey in the water that made it sweet, and the oil that made it sick.
+It was my head that used to be bald, but now I'm comfortable without a hat.
+It was my whole body melting into Michaela's lap.
+Tears streamed down my cheeks indistinguishable from the Gulf.
+It finally entered my body.
+It was a grief that took a very long time.
+It was about finding my place and the great responsibility that comes with being connected.
+It was the devastating war going on in Congo and the apathy of the world.
+Congolese women are standing up now.
+My mother left just as I was born.
+It was the realization that I was dying, just as our mother Earth was barely holding on, just as 75 percent of it was about to be scraped away. I have a recipe for survival.
+What I have learned is that it has to do with the attention and resources that everyone deserves.
+It was defending a friend and a doting sister.
+Wise doctors, advanced medicine, and surgeons knew what to do with their hands.
+She was an underpaid and really loving nurse.
+It was a magical healer and aromatic oils.
+It was people who came with spells and rituals.
+It was about having a vision of the future and having something to fight for. Because I know this struggle is not mine.
+It was a million prayers.
+It was a thousand hallelujahs and a million oms.
+It was a lot of anger, insane humor, a lot of attention, and anger.
+It was energy, love and joy.
+it was all.
+it was all.
+There was all this in the water, in the world, in my body.
+(applause)
+So today, I would like to think about the end of humanity.
+Men are on fire with their studies. They are wiping out social relationships with girls and sexual relationships with women.
+Other than that, there are no particular problems.
+So what is the data?
+So the dropout data is amazing.
+Boys are 30 percent more likely to drop out of school than girls.
+In Canada, five boys drop out for every three girls.
+Girls now outnumber boys at every level, from elementary school to graduate school.
+Boys lag behind girls with a 10 percent gap between getting a bachelor's degree and all graduate programs.
+Two-thirds of all students receive special education. The correction program is male.
+And, as you all know, boys are five times more likely to be labeled with attention deficit disorder than girls, so we put them on the drug Ritalin.
+What is the evidence of annihilation?
+First, the new fear of intimacy.
+Intimacy means a physical and emotional connection with someone else. Specifically, it signifies a connection with the opposite sex that emits ambiguous and inconsistent phosphorescent signals.
+(Laughter) And every year there's a survey about self-reported shyness among college students.
+And there is a steady increase among men as well.
+And here are 2 types.
+It's a social embarrassment.
+The old shyness was the fear of rejection.
+It's a social awkwardness, like being a stranger in a foreign land.
+They don't know what to say or do, especially one-on-one with the opposite sex.
+They don't know the term face-to-face contact or the set of non-verbal and verbal rules for comfortably talking to and listening to others.
+There's something called social intensity syndrome that I'm developing here. This tries to explain why males really prefer male bonding over female mating.
+It turns out that from an early age, boys, and men, prefer the company of men, that is, physical contact.
+And then there's actually the cortical excitement that we're focusing on. Because guys were with guys in teams, clubs, gangs, fraternities, especially the military, and in pubs.
+And it peaks at Sunday's Super Bowl, just as men would rather see Aaron Rodgers of the Green Bay Packers in a bar with strangers than stark-naked Jennifer Lopez in his bedroom. Become.
+The problem is that they now prefer the asynchronous internet world to spontaneous interactions in social relationships.
+What caused it? Well, it's an unintended consequence.
+I think it's the overuse of the internet, the overuse of video games, the overabundance of new access to pornography.
+The problem is that these are arousal addictions.
+A drug addict just wants more.
+Arousal addiction, you want something different.
+Drugs, you want more of the same, but different.
+Therefore, novelty is necessary to sustain the excitement.
+And the problem is, it's the industry that supplies it.
+Jane McGonigal said last year that a boy had played 10,000 hours of video games by the time he turned 21, most of them alone.
+As you remember, Cindy Gallop said that men can't tell the difference between having sex and doing porn.
+Today, the average boy watches 50 porn video clips per week.
+And obviously there are people watching 100 people.
+(Laughter.) And the porn industry is America's fastest growing industry, $15 billion a year.
+For every 400 movies made in Hollywood, there are now 11,000 porn videos made.
+The result, very quickly, is a new kind of awakening.
+Boys' brains are digitally rewired in whole new ways for change, novelty, excitement, and constant alertness.
+That is, they are completely out of sync with traditional classes that are analog, static, and interactively passive.
+Nor are they completely out of sync in their romantic relationship, which builds slowly and subtly.
+So what is the solution? that's not my job.
+I am here to warn you. It's your job to solve.
+(Laughter) (Applause) But who cares? We should care about this for parents of boys and girls, educators, gamers, filmmakers, and anyone who wants real men who can talk, dance, love slowly, and contribute to the evolutionary pressures on society. Only women who are Please protect our seeds from banana slugs.
+Banana slug owners are not guilty of anything. thank you.
+(applause)
+I've never been arrested, spent a night in jail, had my loved ones thrown behind police cars or bars, at the mercy of a terrifyingly confused system that at best seems indifferent. Not even. At worst, like a monster.
+The United States holds more people in captivity than any other country on earth, with Louisiana being the largest.
+Most of you are probably like me - lucky.
+The closest thing we have to Crime and Punishment is probably what we see on television.
+During the making of Unprisoned, we met Sheila Phipps, a woman who was once like us.
+(Recorded) Sheila Phipps: Before my son went to jail, I used to watch people fight on TV saying, "Oh, this guy didn't do it, this guy is innocent."
+And you either snub them or ignore them and say, "Oh, whatever."
+Don't get me wrong, there are many people who deserve to be in prison.
+There are many criminals here.
+But prisons are full of innocent people.
+EA: Sheila's son McKinley is one of those innocent people.
+He served 17 of the 30 years in prison for manslaughter.
+He had no criminal record and there was no forensic evidence in the case.
+He was convicted based solely on eyewitness testimony, but decades of research have shown that eyewitness testimony is not as reliable as we once believed.
+Scientists say memory is not accurate.
+It's more like putting together a puzzle than playing a video.
+Since 1989, when DNA testing was first used to free innocent people, more than 70% of overturned convictions have been based on eyewitness testimony.
+Last year, the district attorney in McKinley's case was convicted on unrelated corruption charges.
+When the district attorney resigned after serving for 30 years, witnesses to the McKinley case came forward and said they were under pressure from the district attorney to testify, including threats of prison terms. .
+Despite this, McKinley is still in prison.
+(Recording) SP: Until this happened, I had no idea.
+Well, I find it hard to imagine anything like this happening until it happens to my son.
+It really opened my eyes.
+It really opened my eyes.
+I'm not going to lie to you
+EA: Estimates of the number of innocent people trapped are in the range of 1-4 percent, which may not seem like much, but the number reaches about 87,000. Mothers, fathers and sons are often trapped for decades. a crime they didn't commit.
+It includes the approximately half a million people who have been convicted without charge, presumed innocent but unable to bail out of prison, and so have spent weeks and months in prison. It does not include those awaiting prosecution. It is highly likely that he is waiting for a trial—or rather, just a petition to be released.
+All those people have families outside.
+(Recording) Courtney Williams: My brother missed my high school graduation because he went to jail the night before.
+My brother actually went to jail that day, so he couldn't come to my birthday dinner.
+My brother missed his own birthday dinner because he was in the wrong place at the wrong time.
+(Recorded) EA: So when he ended up in jail, was he always accused, or was he just in jail?
+KW: Charges will be filed, bail will be posted, and then the charges will be dropped...
+Because there was no proof.
+EA: I met Courtney Williams when I went to a college classroom to talk about "Unprisoned."
+She ended up interviewing her aunt, Troilyn Robertson, for the episode.
+(Recording) KW: Based on what you've experienced with children, do you have any advice for me if I had children?
+(Recording) Troilyn Roberston: I tell you when you have them, I know the first thing that comes to mind is love and protection, but I tell you, justice -- You know, we teach our kids all the time about boogeymen and bad guys and who to watch out for, but the judicial I am not teaching you how to pay attention to the system.
+EA: Our criminal justice system disproportionately targets people of color, so it's not uncommon for young people like Courtney to find out.
+When I went to high school and started talking to students about "immortality," I found that about a third of the young people I spoke to had a loved one in prison.
+(Recording) Girl: The hardest part is finding out where he is or when the trial date is.
+Girl: Yeah, he went to jail on my first birthday.
+Girl: My father works as a security guard.
+He saw my uncle in prison.
+he's been there all his life.
+EA: According to the Annie E. Casey Foundation, the number of young people whose fathers are incarcerated increased by 500% between 1980 and 2000.
+More than 5 million children today will see their parents imprisoned at some point in their childhood.
+However, this figure disproportionately affects African-American children.
+By the time they turn 14, one in four black children will have seen their father go to prison.
+This equates to 1 in 30 white children.
+One of the key determinants of the future success of inmates and their children is their ability to maintain parent-child ties during their parent's incarceration, whereas when inmates call home, regular phone calls It costs 20 to 30 times more, so many families keep in touch by letter.
+(Recorded: letter spread out) Anissa Christmas: Dear Brother, I'm going to be in the Big 16 this year (laughs).
+I don't think I'm a baby anymore
+Will you still take me to prom?
+i really miss you.
+You are the only one who kept telling me the truth.
+I wish you were here to vent your feelings.
+A lot has happened since we last met.
+(voice breaks) I have good news.
+I won first prize at the science fair.
+I'm an otaku.
+We're going to a local convention, can you believe it?
+High school life goes by very quickly.
+Hopefully in two years you'll see me walking on stage.
+I know it's boring, so I thought I'd write you a letter.
+I want to put a smile on your face
+Anissa wrote these letters to her brother during her sophomore year of high school.
+She keeps the letters he writes to her in the frame of her bedroom mirror and reads them over and over.
+I'd like to think that Anissa's brother is being confined for some reason.
+We all want the wheels of justice to turn properly, but we are beginning to understand that the lofty ideals we learn in school look very different in the prisons, jails and courts of this country. increase.
+(Recording) Danny Engelberg: Coming into that courtroom, just- I've been doing this work for quite some time, and it still takes my breath away.
+You think, “There are a lot of people of color here,” but you know that 90 percent of this city isn't African American. So why are 90 percent of people wearing orange African American? ?
+(Recording) EA: Public defender Danny Engelberg isn't the only one who notices how many black people there are in a district court, or any court.
+Hard to miss.
+Who is sitting in court waiting to see a judge?
+what do they look like?
+Men: Mostly, I would say 85 percent black.
+It's the only one that sees an orange person trapped inside a box in the back.
+Man: Who are you waiting for? Mostly black.
+I mean, there were a few white people there.
+W: I think the people sitting there were about 85 percent African American.
+EA: How did young black people growing up in America today come to understand justice?
+Another "Unprisoned" story was that a troupe of dancers who had choreographed a piece called "Hoods Up" performed in front of City Council.
+Dawonta White was in seventh grade at the performance.
+(Recording) Dawonta White: We wore black in our hoodies because Trayvon Martin was killed while wearing them.
+So we looked it up and said let's wear a hoodie like Trayvon Martin.
+(Recorded) EA: Who came up with that idea?
+DW: Group. we all agreed with that.
+I was a little nervous, but I still made it through, but I felt it was a good thing to let them know what we were doing.
+(Recording) EA: Schleibel Braun was also a choreographer and dancer on "Hoods Up."
+Police criticize people who look like him, he says.
+He feels judged based on what other black people might have done.
+How do you want the police to see you, what do you want them to think of you?
+SB: I'm not a threat.
+EA: Why would they think you're threatening?
+I'm 14, what did you say?
+SB: Yes, I'm 14, because he says a lot of black men are thugs and gangsters and whatever, but I don't want them to think of me that way. .
+EA: The easiest and most comfortable way for people like me is to not pay attention, to assume that the criminal justice system works.
+But if it's not our responsibility to question those assumptions, whose responsibility is it?
+There is a synagogue here to learn about mass incarceration, and many believers conclude that mass incarceration throws so many lives into chaos that it actually creates more crime and makes people less safe. increase.
+Believers Terry Hunter says the first step to action is understanding.
+She says it's important for all of us to understand the connection to this issue, even if it's not immediately obvious.
+(Recording) Terry Hunter: It's up to us to make sure we don't just close the door and say, "Well, that's not us."
+And as Jews, we've lived that history, I think, 'It's not us.
+So we have seen what happens when society turns its back on certain sections.
+It is therefore our responsibility as Jews and as members of this community to educate our community, or at least our congregation, as much as possible.
+EA: I've used the pronouns "we" and "us." Because this is our criminal law system and our children.
+We elect the District Attorneys, Judges and Members of Parliament who operate these systems for our people.
+As a society, we would rather risk imprisoning the innocent than releasing the guilty.
+We elect politicians who fear being labeled “crime-friendly” and encourage them to pass tough legislation and allocate vast resources to keep people locked up.
+Our thirst for quick retribution when a crime occurs has fostered a police culture eager to find the perpetrator quickly, but often with a thorough investigation and rigorous investigation of the investigation. lack sufficient resources for
+We don't check prosecutors.
+Over the past few decades, the number of prosecutors recruited and the number of cases prosecuted have increased as property and violent crimes declined nationwide.
+Prosecutors decide whether to take legal action against those police arrest, determine what charges are brought against them, and have a direct impact on how long defendants can be held in prison. increase.
+One of the checks we do with prosecutors is defense.
+Imagine the Statue of Liberty. A blindfolded woman holding scales to symbolize the balance of our justice system.
+Unfortunately, the scale is tilted.
+The majority of defendants in our country are represented by government-appointed attorneys.
+These public defenders receive about 30 percent less funding than district attorneys and often have caseloads well in excess of those recommended by the American Bar Association.
+As Sheila Phipps said, some people end up in jail, but when everyone ends up with similar results, it's hard to separate the guilty from the innocent.
+We all want justice.
+But justice is hard to come by because this process weighs so heavily on defendants.
+Our criminal justice system works for our people.
+If we don't like the status quo, it's up to us to change it.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Consider the following statement: Humans only use 10% of their brain capacity.
+As a neuroscientist, Morgan Freeman delivered this line with the weight of being a great actor, and I can say that this statement is completely false.
+(Laughter) The truth is that humans use 100% of their brain capacity.
+The brain is a highly efficient and energy-hungry organ that, despite being fully utilized, suffers from information overload problems.
+There's just too much in the environment, far more than it can handle entirely.
+So, to solve this overload problem, evolution has come up with a solution: the brain's attention system.
+Attention allows us to notice, select, and direct our brain's computational resources to subsets of everything available.
+Attention can be thought of as a leader in the brain.
+Wherever your attention goes, the rest of your brain follows.
+In a way, it's your brain's boss.
+For the past 15 years, I have studied the attention system of the human brain.
+In my research so far, I've been very interested in one question.
+If it really is true that our attention is the brain's boss, is it a good boss?
+Does it actually lead us well?
+To explore this big question, I wanted to know three things.
+First, how does attention control our perception?
+Second, why does it fail us, often foggy and distracting?
+And third, is there anything we can do about this fog, can we train our brains to pay more attention?
+A stronger and more stable attention to the work we do in life.
+So I'd like to briefly explain how to look at this.
+A very poignant example of how our attention can be exploited.
+I would like to do it using the example of someone I know well.
+He ends up being part of a very large group of people we work with, for whom attention is a matter of life and death.
+Think medical professionals, firefighters, soldiers and Marines.
+This is the story of Marine Corps Captain Jeff Davis.
+And the scene I'm about to share with you isn't about his time on the battlefield, as you can see.
+He was actually on a bridge in Florida.
+But instead of admiring the surrounding scenery, the beautiful scenery, and noticing the cool sea breeze, he was thinking of driving fast and driving off that bridge.
+And he told me later that all he had to do was necessary.
+You see, he had just returned from Iraq.
+And though his body was on the bridge, his mind and attention were thousands of miles away.
+he was in pain.
+His mind was preoccupied with worry, carrying stressful memories and, indeed, fear for his future.
+And I'm so glad he didn't lose his life.
+Because, as a leader, he knew he probably wasn't the only one suffering. So were many of his fellow Marines.
+And in 2008, he worked with me on the first project of its kind that allowed us to test and deliver what we call mindfulness training to active-duty military personnel.
+But before I talk about mindfulness training and the results of that research, I think it's important to understand how attention works in the brain.
+So what we do in the lab is that a lot of the research that we're looking at involves EEG recordings.
+In these EEG recordings, people wear funny-looking caps with embedded electrodes, like swimming caps.
+These electrodes detect ongoing electrical activity in the brain.
+And do it with millisecond time precision.
+Therefore, we can see these small but detectable voltage fluctuations over time.
+This allows us to plot the timing of brain activity very accurately.
+A highly reliable and detectable brain signature appears approximately 170 milliseconds after the study participants were presented with an on-screen face.
+It occurs on the back of the scalp, above the areas of the brain involved in facial processing.
+Well, it does this so reliably as does the face detector in the brain that it even got a name for this EEG component.
+We call this the N170 component.
+And we use this component in many studies.
+This allows us to see the impact of attention on our perception.
+We will introduce what kind of experiments are actually being conducted in the laboratory.
+Show the participants an image like this.
+You should see the face and scene overlap.
+And what we do is ask participants looking at this kind of series of superimposed images to do something with their attention.
+In some trials, we ask you to focus on your face.
+And to make sure they're doing it, they press a button to tell them if the face looks male or female.
+In other trials, we asked them to tell us what the scene was, was it indoors or outdoors?
+In this way, we can manipulate attention and ensure that participants are actually doing what we say.
+Our hypotheses regarding attention are: If attention is actually working and affecting perception, it could act like an amplifier.
+What this means is that when you focus your attention on your face, it becomes clearer, more pronounced, and easier to see.
+But when you point it at the scene, the face becomes almost unrecognizable as it processes the scene's information.
+So what we wanted to do was look at this EEG component of face detection, N170, and see if it changed depending on where the participants were paying attention (scene or face). bottom.
+And this is what we found.
+Focusing on the face, I found that the N170 is larger.
+And when they focused on the scene, it got smaller as seen in red.
+And the gap you see between the blue and red lines is very powerful.
+What that tells us is that the images they saw were the same in both cases, so the only thing that really changed was their attention. In other words, attention changes perception.
+And it's done very quickly.
+Within 170 milliseconds of seeing the actual face.
+In our follow-up, we wanted to know what would happen and how this effect could be disrupted or mitigated.
+And our hunch is that if we put people in a very stressful environment and distract them with disturbing, negative images, images of suffering and violence, unfortunately the kind of things we see in the news, this It was said that doing so could be dangerous. It actually affects their attention span.
+And that's actually what we found.
+When we present stressful images while they are conducting this experiment, this attentional gap closes and its power diminishes.
+Therefore, in some of our other studies, we wanted to know the bad news that stress has this kind of effect on the brain, and how stress can have such a powerful effect on attention through the outside world. If so, what if you don't need distractions, outside distractions, what if you distract yourself?
+To do this, I basically had to come up with an experiment that could make people generate their own mind wanderings.
+This is having off-task thoughts while you are engaged in some ongoing task.
+And the trick to letting your thoughts wander is, essentially, to bore you.
+So I hope that there hasn't been too much going on that makes my thoughts wander for now.
+When a person gets bored, they happily generate all sorts of internal content to occupy themselves.
+So we devised what we consider to be one of the most boring experiments in the world.
+All the participants saw was a series of faces one after another on the screen.
+They pressed the button every time they saw a face.
+That was pretty much it.
+Well, one of the tricks is to turn your face upside down from time to time, but that was a very rare occurrence.
+At those trials, I was told only to refrain from answering.
+It soon became apparent that they were successful in mind wandering. Because they pressed the button while its face was upside down.
+It's obvious that it's upside down.
+So we wanted to know what happens when people let their thoughts wander.
+And what we found was that internal distraction—our own mind wandering—much like external stress or environmental distraction, also narrowed the attention gap. bottom.
+It weakens the power of attention.
+So what do these studies tell us?
+They tell us that attention is very powerful in influencing our perceptions.
+Although it is very powerful, it is also fragile and vulnerable.
+And stress and hesitation of mind weaken the power.
+But it's all within these highly controlled laboratory environments.
+What about in the real world?
+What about in our actual daily life?
+how are you now?
+Where is your attention now?
+Coming back, I would like to anticipate your interest in the rest of my talk.
+Are you ready?
+Here is the forecast.
+For four out of the next eight minutes, you won't know what I'm talking about.
+(Laughs) It's a big challenge, so please pay attention.
+Now why am I saying this?
+I hope that you will remain seated and kindly watch over me while I speak.
+However, a growing body of literature suggests that we spend about 50 percent of our waking hours wandering and distracted from the task at hand.
+These may be the little little trips we take home, the personal thoughts we hold on to.
+And when this kind of mind wandering happens, problems can arise.
+Now, I don't think it's going to be dire for all of you sitting here today, but imagine a military leader missing four minutes from a military briefing, or a judge missing four minutes of testimony. please look.
+Or a surgeon or a firefighter may go missing.
+Doing so can have dire consequences.
+Then you may be wondering why we do this.
+Why do we let our thoughts wander so much?
+Well, part of the answer is that our minds are exquisite time travel masters.
+Time travel is actually very easy.
+If we think of the mind as a metaphor for the music player, we can see that:
+We can rewind our minds and look back at events that have already happened, right?
+Alternatively, you can look to the future to plan what you want to do next.
+And we often land in this mental time travel mode to the past or the future.
+And we often land there unknowingly, and most of the time unknowingly, even though we want to pay attention to it.
+Remember the last time you tried to read a book and you read all the way to the bottom of the page and still didn't know what it was talking about?
+This happens to us too.
+And when this happens, there are consequences if we let our minds wander without realizing we are doing it.
+we make mistakes.
+We can miss important information.
+And we have a hard time making decisions.
+Even worse is when you're stressed.
+in an overwhelming moment.
+When we rewind, we don't just look back, we go back and ruminate, relive, and regret what has already happened.
+Or under stress, we fast-forward our thoughts.
+Don't just plan productively.
+But we end up wreaking havoc or worrying about events that haven't happened yet and, frankly, may never happen.
+So at this point, you may be thinking in your mind, "OK, mind wandering happens a lot."
+Often it happens without us even realizing it.
+And under stress, things get even worse. We let our thoughts wander more powerfully and more often.
+Is there anything we can do about this?
+I am happy to say that the answer is yes.
+Our research shows that the opposite of a stressed, wandering mind is a mindful mind.
+Mindfulness is about paying attention to your experience of the present moment with awareness.
+And there is no emotional reaction to what is happening.
+It's about holding down a button and experiencing life's moment-to-moment unfolding.
+And mindfulness is more than just a concept.
+It's more like a practice, and you need to embody this mindful way of life in order to get any benefit.
+And many of the initiatives we do offer programs for people that provide a set of exercises that participants should do each day to cultivate more moments of mindfulness in their lives. .
+And for a lot of the groups that we work with, high stress groups like I said, soldiers and medical professionals, as we know, it's really disastrous to let your thoughts wander. could be something.
+Therefore, we want to provide a highly accessible and less time-sensitive way to optimize your training so that you can reap the benefits of your training.
+When we do this, what we can do is track what happened not only in their normal lives, but in the toughest situations they face.
+Why should we do this?
+Well, for example, we want to offer it to students just before finals season.
+Alternatively, you want to provide training to your accountants during the tax season.
+Or soldiers and marines on deployment.
+why is that?
+Because that's when their attention is at its weakest due to stress or distraction.
+And those are also the moments when you want to keep their attention at peak so that they can perform well.
+So what we do in our study is have them take a battery of attention tests.
+We want to track their attention at the onset of some kind of high-stress period, then track them again two months later, and see if there is a difference.
+Is there any benefit to offering them mindfulness training?
+Can we protect ourselves from the attention deficits that high stress can cause?
+So here's what we found:
+Unfortunately, the reality is that if we do nothing during periods of high stress, our alertness will decline and we will end up feeling worse off than we did before.
+But you can prevent this by offering mindfulness training.
+Despite being under high stress like the rest of the group, they remained stable.
+And perhaps even more impressively, when people take our training program for, say, eight weeks and commit to daily mindfulness exercises to learn how to be in the present moment, they actually do well. It means that Over time, even if they were under high stress.
+And this last point is really important to recognize. Because what this point suggests to us is that mindfulness exercise is very similar to physical exercise. In other words, if you don't do it, there is no advantage.
+But the more you commit to practicing mindfulness, the greater the benefits.
+I would like to bring it back to Captain Jeff Davis.
+As I mentioned at the beginning, his Marines were part of the first project we did to provide mindfulness training.
+And they showed exactly this pattern, which was very encouraging.
+We gave them mindfulness training just before they were sent to Iraq.
+After returning home, Captain Davis told us that he sees the benefits of this program.
+He said that unlike last time, he has more presence after this deployment.
+They had insight.
+They weren't that responsive.
+And in some cases, they were really more considerate of the people involved and each other.
+The mindfulness training program we provided gave them a very important tool to prevent the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and even prevent post-traumatic stress disorder from developing. , he said, in many ways.
+For us this was very compelling.
+And in the end, Captain Davis and I—you see, this was about ten years ago in 2008—we kept in touch for years.
+And he himself continues to practice mindfulness every day.
+He was promoted to Major, but actually retired from the Marine Corps.
+He divorced, remarried, had children, and earned an MBA.
+And through all these challenges, changes and joys of life, he continued to practice mindfulness.
+And by a stroke of fate, just a few months ago, at the age of 46, Captain Davis suffered a severe heart attack.
+And eventually he called me a few weeks ago.
+And he said, "I have one thing to say.
+I know the doctors who worked on me saved my heart, but mindfulness saved my life.
+Thanks to my mental stability, I had to stop the ambulance that ended up in the hospital," he said, noticing fear and anxiety when they were happening but not letting them get him down. With a clear mind to do, he said: “For me, these were the gifts of mindfulness.”
+And I was so relieved to hear he was okay.
+But it was really encouraging to see him change his attention to himself.
+He went from being a really bad boss with an attention system that nearly knocked him off a bridge to being a great leader and guide and saved his life.
+So, I would like to conclude by sharing my call to action with you.
+And here it is.
+Watch your attentiveness.
+are you OK?
+Pay attention to your attention span and incorporate mindfulness training as part of your daily wellness toolkit. In doing so, you will be able to tame your own wandering mind and make your attention a reliable guide for your life.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Climate change is already a heavy topic, but it has become even more so because we understand that we need to do more than we do now.
+Indeed, those of us living in developed countries know that we need to get serious about reducing emissions.
+To say the least, it's not what's currently on the table.
+And I tend to get a little overwhelmed when I see what really exists today and the scale of the problems we face.
+And when we have overwhelming problems in front of us, we tend to look for simple answers.
+I think this is what we have been doing to climate change.
+We look at where the emissions are coming from -- exhaust pipes, chimneys, etc., and we say, okay, the problem is coming from the fossil fuels we're burning. So the answer must be to replace fossil fuels with clean energy sources.
+Of course, we need clean energy, but I would like to say that by viewing climate change as a problem of clean energy generation, we may actually be preventing climate change from being solved. increase.
+The reason is that we live in a rapidly urbanizing planet.
+It shouldn't be new to any of us.
+But sometimes it's hard to remember the extent of that urbanization.
+By mid-century, about 8 billion people, or more, will live in cities or within a day's drive of them.
+We will be an overwhelmingly urban race.
+An absolutely staggering amount of energy would have to be generated to supply the energy needs of the eight billion people who live in cities remotely similar to those in the Global North today.
+Maybe we can't even build that much clean energy.
+So if you're serious about tackling climate change on an increasingly urbanized planet, you'll need to look elsewhere for solutions.
+In fact, every city we build is an opportunity, so the solution may be closer than we think.
+Any city largely determines the amount of energy its residents use.
+We tend to think of energy use as behavioral, but I decided to turn on this electrical switch. But in reality, the vast amount of energy we use is doomed by the types of communities and cities in which we live.
+I'm not going to show you too many graphs today, but if you could just focus on this graph a little bit, it shows a lot of what we need to know. For example, in transportation, a major category of climate change emissions, there is a direct relationship between the density of a city and the climate change emissions that its inhabitants put into the atmosphere.
+And, of course, the correlation is that denser locations tend to emit less. If you think about it, this is not that difficult to understand.
+Basically, we live our lives in exchange for accessing what we want.
+We get out there, jump in the car and drive from place to place.
+And we basically use mobility to get the access we need.
+But when you live in a denser community, of course you suddenly realize that what you need is nearby.
+And our lives suddenly become more sustainable because the most sustainable trips are the trips we didn't have to go in the first place.
+And, of course, it is also possible to increase the density of the communities around us.
+In some locations, we are implementing this in new eco-districts and developing entirely new sustainable districts. It would be a great job if it could happen, but for the most part what we are talking about is really reorganizing the urban fabric that has already been built. Have.
+So we're talking about things like infill development. That means really abrupt small changes to where the building is or is in development.
+Urban Renovation: Creating different types of spaces and uses in existing locations.
+We are increasingly realizing that we don't even need to densify entire cities.
+What you need instead is something like increasing the average density to a level where you don't drive much.
+And that can be achieved by significantly increasing the density in very specific locations.
+So you can think of it as a tent pole that actually densifies the entire city.
+And when you do that, you'll find that there can actually be some super-high-density locations within the structure of a larger location that's more comfortable and can achieve the same results.
+Now, you may find that there are places that are really, really dense and still have cars parked, but the reality is that what you see when you get a lot of people together in the right conditions is generally the threshold. It's an effect. There, people have simply stopped driving, and more and more are giving up their cars entirely if they are surrounded by places that make them feel at home.
+And this is a huge energy savings. Because what comes out of our exhaust pipes is really just the beginning of the story about climate change from cars.
+We do everything from car manufacturing to junk cars, parking lots and highways.
+It turns out that if someone could get rid of everything they didn't actually use, they could actually reduce their transportation emissions by as much as 90%.
+And people accept this.
+All over the world, more and more people are embracing this walkshed life.
+People say we're moving from the idea of ​​a dream home to a dream neighborhood.
+And when you superimpose this with the kind of ubiquitous communication that we're starting to see, you can actually see even more access permeating the space.
+Part of it is transportation access.
+Here's a Mapnificent map showing how far you can go from your home in 30 minutes, in this case by public transport.
+Some of them are about walking. Not everything is perfect yet.
+Here is a Google walking map.
+When I asked how to get to the Greater Ridgeway, I was told to go via Guernsey.
+However, we do know that there may not be sidewalks or pedestrian paths on this route.
+(Laughter) But technology is moving forward, and we're really starting to crowdsource this navigation.
+And, as you heard earlier, of course, we're also learning how to put information in dumb objects.
+We're learning how to incorporate completely unwired into our notation and navigation systems.
+One of the things this tells us is that what we thought was the primary point of production and consumption, obtaining large amounts of things, is actually not what we do in a dense environment. is not really the best way to live.
+What we are discovering is that what we want is access to the power of things.
+My favorite example is drills. Who owns a drill here, a home power drill?
+have understood. me too.
+The average usage time for a household power drill is 6-20 minutes over its lifetime, depending on the person.
+So what we do is buy a drill that has the potential to drill for thousands of hours, use it once or twice, drill a hole in the wall, and leave it alone.
+We can say that our cities are stockpiles of these surplus capacities.
+And while we could explore new ways to harness that ability, such as cooking, ice sculptures, or even mafia hits, in practice we'll probably find turning those products into services we can access. right. It is much smarter to receive when you need it.
+And indeed, spaces themselves are becoming services.
+We realized that people could share the same space or do something with the empty space.
+Buildings are becoming aggregates of services.
+So there are new designs that help turn energy-consuming mechanical things like heating and cooling into energy-avoidable things.
+Therefore, we illuminate the building with sunlight.
+We cool them with a breeze. We warm them in the sun.
+In fact, all of these have been found to reduce energy use in buildings by as much as 90% in some cases.
+This creates another threshold effect that I call furnace damping. This, put very simply, saves you a lot of money upfront if you have a building that doesn't need to be heated in a furnace.
+These things are actually cheaper to build than alternatives.
+It's all great considering we can use less product, use less transportation, and use less energy in buildings, but there's still something left.
+And if we're going to be really, really sustainable cities, we have to think a little bit differently.
+This is one way to do it.
+This advertises how Vancouver is a green city.
+And certainly many people have taken to heart the idea that sustainable cities are green.
+That's why we have this vision.
+We have this vision. We have this vision.
+These are all great projects, but they really miss the point. That is, it's not about the upper leaves, it's about the lower system.
+For example, is it capturing rainwater to reduce water usage?
+Water consumes a lot of energy.
+Perhaps they include green infrastructure that can pump, purify, filter, and grow trees lining cities' streets, as well as wastewater from homes?
+For example, by connecting us to rivers and enabling their restoration, will they bring us back into the ecosystem around us?
+Do they enable pollination, pollinator pathways for bees, butterflies, etc. to return to our cities?
+Do they even take the very waste that we emit from food, fiber, etc. and put it back into the soil to sequester carbon, i.e. remove carbon from the air in the process of using our cities? are you there?
+I would like to tell you that all of this is not only possible, it is being done now and it is a very good thing.
+Because today our economy largely works, as Paul Hawken put it, "by stealing the future, selling it in the present, and calling it GDP."
+And if there were another 8 billion, 7 billion, 6 billion more people living on a planet whose cities would steal the future, we would quickly run out of the future.
+However, if we change our way of thinking, I believe that we can create not only zero-emission cities, but also cities with infinite possibilities.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+For as long as I can remember, I have felt a very deep connection with animals and the sea.
+And my personal idol of this age was Dolphin Flipper.
+And when I first learned about endangered species, I was deeply saddened by the fact that animals are disappearing forever from this planet every day.
+And I always wanted to help, but always wondered. What can one person do to bring about change?
+And it will take 30 years, but we will finally have an answer to that question.
+When heartbreaking pictures of oiled birds finally began to emerge from the Gulf of Mexico during last year's horrific BP oil spill, a German biologist named Silvia Gauss said, "All oiled birds are euthanized. should be allowed," he reportedly said. Less than 1 percent have been found to survive after liberation. "
+I couldn't agree more either.
+Moreover, I believe that every anointed animal deserves a second chance at life.
+And I want to tell you why I feel so strongly about it.
+On June 23, 2000, a ship named Treasure sank off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa, spilling 1,300 tons of fuel and polluting the habitat of nearly half of the world's total African penguin population. .
+Well, the ship sank between two of Robben Island in the south and Dassen Island in the north, the penguin's main breeding islands.
+And just six years and three days ago, on June 20, 1994, a ship named Apollo Sea sank near Dassen Island, anointing 10,000 penguins, half of them dead.
+When the Treasure sank in 2000, it was the height of the best breeding season for African penguins scientists had ever recorded, and it was listed as an endangered species at the time.
+And soon, nearly 20,000 penguins were covered in this toxic oil.
+A local seabird rescue center named SANCCOB soon launched a large-scale rescue operation, which would soon become the largest animal rescue operation ever undertaken.
+At that time, I was working on the street.
+I was a keeper at the Penguin Aquarium at the New England Aquarium.
+And exactly 11 years ago yesterday, the phone rang in Penguin's office.
+And that call changed my life forever.
+It was Esther van der Merwe who called from SANCCOB and said, 'Come and help me.
+We have thousands of oiled penguins and thousands of motivated but totally inexperienced volunteers.
+And we need penguin experts to come and train and supervise. "
+So two days later I was on a plane to Cape Town with a team of penguin experts.
+And the sights inside this building were devastating and surreal.
+In fact, many likened it to a war zone.
+A 10-year-old girl asked me last week. “How did you feel the first time you entered the building and saw a bunch of oiled penguins?”
+And so this happened.
+In an instant, I was transported back in time to that moment.
+Penguins are very vocal birds and really noisy, so I expected to encounter a cacophony of horns, screeches and screeches upon entering this building.
+But instead, when we entered the building through those doors, it was eerily quiet.
+So it was clear that these birds were stressed, sick and traumatized.
+Another thing that impressed me was the large number of volunteers.
+Up to 1,000 people came to the rescue center a day.
+Ultimately, over 125,000 volunteers from all over the world came to Cape Town to save these birds during the rescue process.
+And the amazing thing is that one of them didn't have to be there.
+And yet they were.
+So for some of us who were there in a professional capacity, this extraordinary volunteer response to this animal crisis was very moving and awe-inspiring.
+So the day after we arrived, the two of us from the aquarium were assigned room 2.
+Room 2 had over 4,000 oily penguins.
+Now, just in case you missed it, three days ago we had 60 penguins in our care. So we were definitely overwhelmed and a little frightened. At least I did.
+Personally, I really didn't know if I could handle such a tremendous task.
+And all in all, we really weren't sure if we could make this happen.
+Because everyone knew that just six years ago, half the penguins were anointed and rescued, but only half survived.
+So, is it possible for humanity to save so many oily penguins?
+we just didn't know.
+But what gives us hope are the incredibly dedicated and brave volunteers, three of whom are force-feeding the penguins here.
+You may notice that they are wearing very thick gloves.
+And what you should know about African penguins is that they have razor-sharp beaks.
+And before long, our bodies were covered from head to toe with horrific wounds inflicted by frightened penguins.
+Now, the day after we arrived, a new crisis began to unfold.
+The oil slick was now heading north towards Dassen Island, and the rescuers despaired, knowing that if the oil fell they would not be able to rescue any more oil-soaked birds.
+And there really weren't any good solutions.
+But finally, one of the researchers abandoned this crazy idea.
+He said, "Okay, why don't we gather the birds at the risk of getting covered in oil?" Let's transport this wild bird to Port Elizabeth, where it is." Are you going to take an air truck and release it into the clear waters there so that it can swim home? "
+(Laughter) So three of these penguins, Peter, Pamela, and Percy, have a satellite tag and the researchers know that by the time they get home, their island will be cleared of oil. I hoped and hoped.
+And luckily the day they arrived, it was.
+So it was a big gamble, but it paid off.
+And they now know they can use this strategy during future oil spills.
+So in wildlife rescue, just like in life, we learn from each of our previous experiences, both our successes and our failures.
+And the main thing we learned from the 1994 Apollo rescue was that most of those penguins died from the unknowing use of poorly ventilated crates and trucks. Because I wasn't prepared to deal with many oily penguins at once. .
+So, in the six years between these two oil spills, they built thousands of such ventilated boxes.
+As a result, Treasure Rescue lost 5,000 penguins during the transport process, while only 160 penguins died.
+So this alone was a big win.
+Another thing I learned during the Apollo rescue was how to use these training boxes to train penguins to take fish freely from their hands.
+And we used this technique again during our treasure rescue.
+However, I noticed something interesting during the training process.
+The first penguins to transition to free feeding were those who had metal bands attached to their wings in the Apollo Sea spill six years ago.
+Therefore, penguins also learn from previous experiences.
+So all these penguins had to carefully remove the oil from their bodies.
+It takes two people at least an hour to clean just one penguin.
+When cleaning the penguin, it must first be sprayed with a degreaser.
+Now back to my favorite treasure rescue story.
+About a year before the oil spill, a 17-year-old student had invented a degreaser.
+And they started using it during Treasure Rescue because they had been using it in SANCCOB with great success.
+But on the way they ran away.
+In a panic, Estelle from SANCCOB called the student and said, "Please, I have to earn more!"
+So he rushed to the lab and made enough to clean up the rest of the birds.
+So I think it's the coolest thing that a teenager invented a product that saved the lives of thousands of animals.
+So what happened to the 20,000 oiled penguins?
+And was Sylvia Gauss right?
+Should all oiled birds be routinely euthanized as most of them will die anyway?
+Well, she couldn't be more wrong.
+After 500,000 hours of grueling volunteer work, more than 90 percent of the oiled penguins were safely released into the wild.
+And follow-up studies show that they lived just as long and reproduced almost as successfully as non-oiled penguins.
+In addition, about 3,000 penguin chicks have been rescued and hand-reared.
+And we also know from long-term monitoring that hand-fed chicks survive to adulthood and breeding age more than parent-fed chicks.
+With this knowledge, SANCCOB conducts a chick enhancement project, rescuing and rearing abandoned chicks every year with an impressive success rate of 80%.
+This is very important because African penguins were declared endangered a year ago.
+And if we don't protect them now, they could be extinct within a decade.
+So what did I learn from this intense and unforgettable experience?
+Personally, I have found that I can handle a lot more than I ever dreamed possible.
+And I learned that one person can make a big difference.
+Look at that 17 year old.
+And when we unite and work together, we can achieve amazing things.
+And really, being part of something much bigger than yourself is the most rewarding experience you can get.
+So, I would like to leave you with one last thought and challenge.
+My mission as Penguin Lady is to raise awareness and fund the conservation of penguins.
+But why should we care about penguins?
+Well, it's an indicator species, so you have to be careful.
+Simply put, dead penguins mean our oceans are dead.
+And because, as Sylvia Earle puts it, “the ocean is our life support system,” we will eventually be affected too.
+And the two main threats to penguins today are overfishing and global warming.
+And these two are the things that each of us actually has the power to do.
+So if each of us does our part, together we can make a difference and prevent penguins from going extinct.
+Humans have always been the greatest threat to penguins, but now we are their only hope.
+(applause)
+I was basically worried about what was going on in the world.
+I didn't understand the hunger, the destruction, the killing of innocent people.
+They are very difficult to understand.
+And when I was 12 years old, I became an actor.
+I was last in my class. I don't have any qualifications.
+I was told I was dyslexic.
+I am actually qualified.
+I got a D in pottery and that was the only thing I got. This obviously helped.
+And the question is where did all this come from?
+And while I was doing various things as an actor, I felt that the content of the work I was involved in was really inadequate and that there should be something more.
+Then I read a book by a great nuclear physicist named Frank Barnaby. He was saying that the media has a responsibility and that all sectors of society have a responsibility to move things forward and try to move things forward.
+I spent most of my life working with cameras, so that fascinated me.
+And then I thought maybe I could do something.
+Maybe you can become a movie director.
+Maybe we can use the film format constructively to make a difference in some way.
+Maybe there is a small change that I can participate in.
+So I started thinking about peace. And, as I said to you, I was obviously very moved by these images and was trying to make sense of them.
+Could you go see some older, wiser people and tell me how you figured out what was going on?
+Because it's obviously incredibly scary.
+But as I played around with the structure as an actor, I realized that just a series of soundbites wasn't enough, I needed mountains to climb, I had to travel.
+And if I make that journey, it doesn't matter at all whether it fails or succeeds.
+The point was that there was something about it that piqued the question: Are humans fundamentally evil?
+Is the destruction of the world inevitable? Should You Have Children?
+Is it responsible behavior? etc
+So I was thinking about peace, and I wondered where peace started.
+Then I had an idea.
+There was no starting point for peace.
+There was never a day when the world would come together.
+There was no cross-cultural cooperation day.
+There has never been a day when humanity came together and fell apart in all of it and just shared it. We are working on this issue together, and if we can unite and work together across cultures, it may be the key to human survival.
+Doing it for just one day might shift the level of consciousness around a fundamental problem facing humanity.
+So obviously we had no money.
+I lived in my mother's house.
+And we started writing letters to everyone.
+You quickly figure out what you have to do to figure it out.
+How will all the world's heads of state vote to enact September 21st, the first-ever Truce Non-Violence Day?
+I wanted it to be September 21st because that was my grandfather's favorite number.
+he was a prisoner of war
+He saw the atomic bomb explode in Nagasaki.
+It poisoned his blood. He died when I was 11.
+So he was like my hero.
+And the reason for the number 21 is that 700 remained, 23 returned, 2 died on the boat, and 21 crashed to the ground.
+That is why we wanted to make September 21st a day of peace.
+So we started this journey and launched it in 1999.
+And we have written to heads of state, their ambassadors, Nobel Peace Prize winners, NGOs, religious organizations, and various groups. I literally wrote to everyone.
+And soon some letters came back.
+And we started making this case.
+And I remember my first letter.
+One of the first letters was from the Dalai Lama.
+And of course we had no money. We were playing guitar and earning money for stamps to send all to [this email].
+I received a letter from His Holiness the Dalai Lama saying, "This is amazing. Please come and see me."
+I would love to talk about the first Peace Day in history. "
+And I didn't have the money to fly.
+And I called Sir Bob Eyring, who was the CEO of BA at the time, and said, 'Lady, I have received this invitation.
+Can you take me on the plane? because we are going to see him. "
+And of course we went to see him and it was great.
+And Dr. Oscar Arias came forward.
+Actually, let's go back to that slide. Because when we launched this plan in 1999, thousands of people were invited to the idea of ​​creating the first ever ceasefire and day of non-violence.
+Thousands, hundreds, lots of people, not all the press. Because we were going to create the first ever World Day of Peace, the Day of Peace.
+And I invited everyone, but none of the press came.
+There were 114 people there, mostly my friends and family.
+That was kind of the launch of this product.
+But we were documenting, so it didn't matter.
+For me, it was just the process itself.
+It wasn't about the end result.
+And that's the great thing about cameras.
+In ancient times it was said that the pen is mightier than the sword. I think the camera does.
+And just being in the moment was beautiful and actually really empowering.
+Anyway, we started our journey.
+And here are people like Mary Robinson, whom I went to see in Geneva.
+I was cutting my hair and it was getting shorter and shorter. Because every time I saw Kofi Annan, I was afraid he thought I was a hippie, so I cut my hair. That was kind of what happened.
+(Laughter) Yes, I'm not worried now.
+So Mary Robinson, she said to me, "Listen, this is an idea whose time has come. This must be created."
+"This would be beneficial for ground forces," Kofi Annan said.
+The then OAU, led by Salim Ahmed Salim, said, "We need to involve African countries."
+Dr. Oscar Arias, a Nobel Peace Prize winner and current President of Costa Rica, said:
+So I went to the Arab League to see Amr Musa.
+I was building the case to prove whether this idea made sense, such as meeting Mandela at the peace talks in Arusha.
+And we listened to people. We were recording everywhere.
+In the last 12 years, I have visited 76 countries.
+And I have always spoken to women and children wherever I went.
+Recorded 44,000 young people.
+I recorded about 900 hours of their thoughts.
+When I talk to young people about this idea of ​​having a starting point for action towards a more peaceful world, through poetry, art, literature, music, sports and everything else, I can really see how they feel. Be.
+And we were listening to everyone.
+And working with the United Nations has been incredible.
+And we are working with NGOs to build this case.
+I felt I was presenting a case for building this day on behalf of the international community.
+And the stronger and more detailed the claims, the more likely this day will come true.
+And it was this, this was actually my first thought was that whatever happens, it doesn't really matter.
+Even if it didn't create a peaceful day, it didn't matter.
+In fact, even if I had tried and failed, I could have demonstrated how reluctant the international community was to unite - until I picked up a girl in Somalia.
+And this little kid who cut off about an inch and a half of his leg without even using disinfectant, and the boy soldier boy who said he killed someone - he was about 12 - these things can be easily stopped I just realized it's not a movie.
+And in fact, something happened to me at that moment that clearly made me think, 'I'm going to record it.
+If this is the only movie I make, I'm going to document it until it becomes a reality. "
+We have to stop, so we have to do something in unity, away from any politics or religion that confuses me as a young man.
+I don't know how to participate in that process.
+And on September 7th, I was invited to New York.
+The Costa Rican and British governments, together with 54 co-sponsors, submitted a proposal to the United Nations General Assembly, which was unanimously adopted, to make September 21, the first day of ceasefire non-violence, a fixed calendar date. . by all heads of state around the world.
+(Applause.) Yes, but obviously there were hundreds of people who made it happen.
+And thanks to all of them.
+It was an incredible moment.
+I was at the top of the general meeting and just watched it happen.
+As I said, when it started we were at the Globe and there was no press.
+And now I thought, 'The press is going to really hear this story.'
+And suddenly we started to institutionalize this day.
+Kofi Annan invited me to a press conference on the morning of September 11th.
+And it was 8:00 am when I stood there.
+And I was waiting for him to come down and I knew he was on his way.
+And obviously he didn't come down. That statement was never issued.
+The world was not informed that there was a global ceasefire and a day of non-violence.
+And it was clearly a tragic moment for the thousands who lost their lives there and then around the world.
+That never happened.
+And I remember thinking, 'That's why we actually have to try harder.
+And we have to make this day work.
+it was created. no one knows
+But we have to continue this journey, tell people and prove it works. "
+And I left New York horrified, but actually empowered.
+And I was inspired by the possibility that if it did, it probably wouldn't happen.
+I remember releasing that movie and going to the cynic.
+I was showing this movie and I remember being thoroughly slaughtered by some people who saw it when I was in Israel. Today is just a day of peace and it means nothing.
+It doesn't work. I have no intention of stopping the fighting in Afghanistan. The Taliban don't listen, and so on.
+It's just a symbol.
+And it was in many ways even worse than what actually happened. Because it wasn't supposed to work.
+Somalia, Burundi, Gaza, West Bank, India, Sri Lanka, Congo, wherever I have said this. You can vaccinate your child.
+Children can lead their own projects.
+they can unite. they can get together. If people stopped, lives would be saved. "
+That's what I heard.
+And I've heard that from people who really understand what conflict is.
+So I went back to the United Nations.
+I decided to continue shooting and make another movie.
+And I returned to the United Nations for several more years.
+We worked our way through the UN system, governments and NGOs, desperately looking for anyone willing to step up and take on the challenge, to see if it was possible.
+And obviously after many meetings, I am happy that one of my heroes and mentors, Ahmad Fawzi, managed to get UNICEF involved.
+And UNICEF, God bless them, they said, "Okay, let's try."
+And UNAMA became involved in Afghanistan.
+It was historic. Could it work in Afghanistan in collaboration with UNAMA, WHO, civil society, etc.?
+And I was filming and recording it all, and I thought, 'This is it. This could probably work.'
+But even if it doesn't, at least the door is open and you have a chance. "
+So I went back to London to see a guy named Jude Law.
+And I met him because he was an actor. Because I'm an actor and I had a connection with him. Because we needed to appeal to the media. Because we needed this attraction and we needed the involvement of the press.
+Because if we start pumping it up a little more, maybe more people will listen, and maybe more people will -- when we get to certain areas, maybe more of people would be interested.
+And maybe a little more help financially, which was hopelessly difficult.
+I won't go into that.
+So Jude said, "Okay, I'll make some statements for you."
+While I was filming these remarks, he said to me, "Where are you going next?"
+I said, "I'm going to Afghanistan." He said, "Really?"
+And I could see a little interest in his eyes.
+So I said to him, "Would you like to go with me?
+It will be really interesting if you come.
+It will help and attract attention.
+And that attentiveness will help you take advantage of all the other aspects of the situation as well. "
+I believe there are several pillars to success.
+One is that you have to have a great idea.
+The other must be able to raise constituencies, finances, and awareness.
+And indeed, whatever I have achieved, I have never been able to raise consciousness alone.
+So these guys were absolutely critical.
+So he said yes and we found ourselves in Afghanistan.
+I was talking to different people when we landed there and they said to me, it was really unbelievable, 'You have to get everyone involved here .
+You can't just expect results. I have to go out and work. "
+And then we act, we travel, we talk to elders, we talk to doctors, we talk to nurses, we hold press conferences, we go out with soldiers, we talk to ISAF, we talk to NATO, we sit down. It is at odds with the British government.
+So we basically sat down with everyone and had press conferences in and out of school with the minister of education and of course now it was full of press and everyone was there.
+I was curious as to what was going on.
+This wonderful woman, Fatima Gailani, absolutely contributed to the events that followed as spokesperson for the resistance movement against Russia.
+And her Afghan network was just about everywhere.
+And she was very important in getting the message across.
+and went home. I managed.
+We now had to wait and see what would happen.
+And when I got home, I remember one of the team delivering me a letter from the Taliban.
+And the letter basically said, "We will protect this day.
+I'll take a look at it today.
+We see it as a window of opportunity.
+and we are not involved. we are not going to get involved. "
+And that meant no humanitarian workers were kidnapped or killed.
+And suddenly, at this point, I knew I had an opportunity.
+And a few days later, 1.6 million children were vaccinated against polio as a result of everyone quitting polio.
+(Applause.) And just like the General Assembly, it's clearly the most wonderful moment.
+So I wound up the film and assembled it because I had to go back.
+Put it in Dari and Pashto. expressed in the local dialect.
+We are back in Afghanistan. It's almost next year, so I wanted to help.
+But more importantly, the Afghan people were heroes.
+They were people who believed in peace and its possibilities and made it a reality.
+And we wanted to go back and show them the film and say, 'Look, you guys made this possible.
+And we passed the film.
+Obviously it was shown and it was great.
+And that year, that year, 2008, on September 17, this ISAF statement from Kabul, Afghanistan read, "General Stanley McChrystal, commander of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, announced today that the ISAF had launched an offensive on September 21. announced that it would not conduct military operations.”
+they said they would stop.
+And another statement from the United Nations Department of Security said the effort had reduced violence in Afghanistan by 70 percent.
+Violence dropped by at least 70 percent that day.
+And it completely blew my mind more than anything else.
+And I remember being stranded in New York, this time because of the volcano, which obviously did less harm.
+And I was thinking what was going on there.
+And I kept thinking about this 70 percent.
+Reducing violence by 70 percent is something everyone says is completely impossible and impossible.
+So I thought, if we can get 70 percent in Afghanistan, we can cut 70 percent everywhere.
+We must go for a global ceasefire.
+We must use this day of ceasefire and non-violence to aim for a global ceasefire, the largest ceasefire in history, at home and abroad.
+That's exactly what we have to do.
+And on September 21st of this year, we are launching that campaign at the O2 Arena, moving the process forward and bringing about the largest cessation of hostilities ever recorded.
+And we use all sorts of things - dancing and social media, going to Facebook and websites, signing petitions.
+And it is used in the six official languages ​​of the United Nations.
+And we will work with governments, intergovernmental, non-governmental, education, trade unions and sports globally.
+And you will see an education box there.
+We now have resources in 174 countries trying to make young people the driving force behind the vision of a global ceasefire.
+And obviously the survival rate improves, and the concept helps.
+Linked to the Olympics -- I went to see Seb Ko. I said, 'London in 2012 is a time of truce.
+Ultimately, that's the problem. "
+Why don't we form a team together? Why not make a truce?
+Why not support the largest global ceasefire process in history?
+We plan to make a new film about this process.
+Take advantage of sports and soccer.
+Thousands of football matches are held on Peace Days, from the shanty towns of Brazil to everywhere.
+So utilize all these methods to stimulate individual behavior.
+And finally, you have to try it.
+we must work together.
+And as I stand here in front of you and those who watch these events, on behalf of everyone I have ever met, the possibility that our world can come together, the possibility that we can come together Excited to have sex. We believe that together we can raise the level of awareness of the underlying issues posed by individuals.
+I was with Ambassador Brahimi.
+I think he is one of the nicest people in international politics, Afghanistan and Iraq.
+he is a wonderful person
+And I sat with him a few weeks ago.
+So I said to him, "Mr. Brahimi, are you insane to seek a global ceasefire?"
+Is this possible? Is it really possible? "
+“It is absolutely possible,” he said.
+I said, "What would you do?
+Why not go to the government and lobby and use this system? "
+He said, "No, I will speak to an individual."
+Everything is a personal matter.
+It's all about you and me.
+It's all about partnership.
+It's about your constituency. It's about your business.
+Because we truly believe that together, together, we can start to change things.
+There is a wonderful man sitting in this audience, and I don't know where he is, but he said to me a few days ago--because I had a little rehearsal--and he said, Imagine a day with 365 squares, one of which is white. "
+And then it got me thinking about a clear glass of water.
+If you put anything in that water, drop by drop, that water will change forever.
+Together, we can make peace someday.
+Thank you, TED. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you very much.
+(Thank you for applause. thank you.
+The immersive ugliness of America's everyday environment is visualized by entropy.
+The amount of despair we are creating in a place like this cannot be overestimated.
+And most of all, I want to convince you that if the civilization project in America is to continue, it needs to do better.
+By the way, this doesn't help.
+No one has a better day here because of that.
+There are many ways to describe this.
+I call it the "nationwide car slum".
+You could call it suburban sprawl.
+I think it's fair to call this the greatest misallocation of resources in world history.
+We can call this the technosys externality clusterfuck.
+And that's a huge problem for us.
+The notable problem with this issue for us is that these are not places worth caring about.
+I'll tell you more about that.
+Sense of place: the ability to create meaningful places, places of quality and character, using architectural vocabulary, grammar, syntax, rhythm and patterns to define and inform us of space in buildings completely depends on your ability to who are we
+The American public sphere has two roles. It is the abode of our civilization and civil life, the other is the physical manifestation of the common good.
+And when you degrade the public realm, you automatically degrade the quality of your civic life and the nature of all public and communal life that takes place there.
+Since America does not have 1,000-year-old cathedral squares or old culture market squares, public areas appear mainly in the form of streets.
+And the ability to define spaces and create places worthy of consideration all come from a set of cultures called the culture of civic design.
+This is the set of knowledge, methods, skills and principles that we discarded after World War II and decided we didn't need them anymore. we don't use it
+And as a result, we can see the results all around us.
+The public sphere needs to let us know not just where we are geographically, but where we are culturally.
+A glimpse into where we came from, who we are, and in doing so, where we are going so that we can live in the hopeful present must be able to
+And if there's one colossal catastrophe about the place, the human environment we've built for ourselves over the last 50 years, it's taken away our ability to live. A gift full of hope.
+The environment we live in is more generally like this:
+As you know, this is an asteroid belt of architectural junk that happens to be two miles north of my town.
+And remember, to create a place of character and quality, you must be able to define the space.
+So how is that accomplished here?
+If I were to stand in this Walmart apron and look at this Target store, I would not be able to see it because of the curvature of the earth. (Laughter) That's how nature tells you that you're not good at defining space.
+So these become places that no one wants to enter.
+These become places that are not worth bothering with.
+There are currently about 38,000 places in the United States that aren't worth worrying about.
+If they increase enough, it will become a country not worth defending.
+And when you think of the young men and women who died bleeding in the sand in places like Iraq and ask yourself, "What was their last thought about their homeland?", think about that. It is.
+Hopefully it's not the curb between Chuck E. Cheese and Target, because that's not enough for Americans to shed blood. (Applause.) This country needs a better place.
+public space. This is a nice public space.
+I want to take care of it. it is well defined.
+It's more of an outdoor public room than anything else.
+There is something very important about it. Around the edge is what is called an active, permeable membrane.
+It's a fancy way of saying that there are shops, bars, bistros, destinations, and things coming and going. It is permeable.
+Beers coming and going and waitresses coming and going revitalize the heart of this place and make it a place where people want to hang out.
+In other cultures these places people just go there voluntarily because they like it.
+You don't need to have a craft fair here to get people here. (Laughter.) You know, we don't have to have a Kwanzaa Festival.
+People just go there because they enjoy being there.
+But this is how it is done in the US.
+Perhaps America's most significant public space failure, Boston City Hall Square, designed by leading architects of the time, Harry Cobb and I.M. Pei.
+It's such a gruesome public place that Wino doesn't want to go there. (Laughter.) And we can't fix it, because I.M. Pei is still alive, and Harvard and M.I.T. hold a joint committee every year to fix it.
+And every year they fail because they don't want to hurt I.M. Pei's feelings.
+This is the other side of the building.
+This was in 1966, I believe, and won such an international design award.
+It wasn't designed by Pei and Cobb, it was another company, but there isn't enough Prozac in the world to make people think it's okay to go down this block.
+This is the back of Boston City Hall. As you know, it is the most important city hall in Albany, Boston. Excuse me.
+And what would be the message coming from this building, what would be the vocabulary and grammar, and how would it inform us of who we are?
+In fact, the building would be better off with mosaic portraits of Joseph Stalin, Pol Pot, Saddam Hussein, and other great 20th-century tyrants flanking its sides. What the building really tells us.
+As you know, this is a tyrannical building. It wants us to feel like termites. (Laughter) This is on a smaller scale. Behind the civic center in my town, Saratoga Springs, NY.
+By the way, when I showed this slide to a group of Kiwanians in my town, they all ate cream chicken and got upset (laughs), yelling at me and saying, 'It was raining the day you took that picture. It was raining!" "
+This was thought to be a weather issue. (Laughter) Look, this is a building designed like a DVD player. (Laughter) You know audio jacks, power supplies, and, you know, these are important architectural jobs for a company, right?
+You know, we hire companies to design these things.
+You can see exactly what happened at the 3am design meeting.
+Eight hours before the deadline, four architects are trying to finish this building on time, right?
+And they were sitting at a long table in the conference room, with all the drawings and renderings, and all the little boxes of Chinese food lying on the table. And what was the conversation going on there? (Laughter.) Because you know what the last words were in that meeting, what the last sentence was.
+It was "Fuck". (Laughter) (Applause) That's the message of this architectural form.
+Here is the message: "We don't care!" We don't care.
+So I went back to do the reality test on the nicest day of the year. Actually he didn't go there. Because it's not interesting enough for the client. , robbery, robbery.
+They are not civilly wealthy enough to go there.
+OK。
+The Main Street USA Pattern -- In fact, this pattern of building downtown blocks is fairly universal around the world.
+It's not that complicated. All kinds of people can enter the building, as the one-story building is built to the end of the sidewalk.
+Other activities are allowed on upper floors such as apartments and offices.
+Prepare for this activity called shopping on the ground floor.
+They didn't learn it in Monterey.
+When you come to the corner of the large intersection in front of this conference center, you will see an intersection with four empty walls on all four corners.
+It's really incredible.
+Anyway, this is how a downtown business building is constructed and put together. This is what happened when we tried to do it again in Glens Falls, NY and it was missing, right?
+So the first thing they do is make the retail store pop up half a floor above ground level and sporty.
+OK. This completely destroys the relationship between the company and the sidewalk with its theoretical pedestrians. (Laughter) Of course, as long as they're in this state, they won't be there.
+And since my relationship with the retail store was broken, I installed a disabled ramp on top of it and put a natural band-aid in front of it to make me feel better.
+That's how we do it.
+I call them "Natural Band-Aids" because in America there is a common belief that nature is the solution to undermined urbanism.
+And indeed, it is good urbanism, good buildings, that cures wounded and damaged urbanism.
+It's not just flower beds, it's not just Sierra Nevada cartoons.
+it's not enough.
+We have to build good buildings.
+Street trees actually have four roles. That's all. Spatial marking of pedestrian areas, protection of pedestrians from vehicles on the roadway, filtering of sunlight onto the sidewalk, softening of the building's hard landscape, street-facing ceilings, vaulted ceilings, the highest State.
+that's all. These are the four tasks of street trees.
+These shouldn't be Northwoods cartoons. They shouldn't be the "last Mohican" set.
+As you know, one of the problems with the suburban fiasco is that it destroyed our understanding of the distinction between country and town, city and country.
+they are not the same thing.
+And as many of us always try to do, we are not going to solve urban problems by dragging the countryside into the city.
+Here it is shown on a small scale. The mothership has landed and R2-D2 and C-3PO have come out to test bark mulch to see if they can inhabit this planet. (Laughter) A lot of it comes down to the fact that the industrial cities of America have been a huge trauma, and that we've developed an extreme aversion to them, to city life, and all the concepts associated with it. is derived from
+And what we saw very early in the mid-nineteenth century was the idea that everyone had to have an antidote to the industrial city that they were going to live in in the countryside.
+And it begins to be offered in the form of railroad suburbs. Rural villas along the railroad allow people to enjoy the comforts of the city while returning to the countryside each night.
+Believe me, there were no Walmarts or convenience stores back then, so it was just a kind of country life.
+But, of course, over the next 80 years it mutated and turned into something much more insidious.
+It will be a rural cartoon within a rural cartoon.
+And that is the great unspeakable affliction of suburbia, one of the reasons it lends itself to ridicule.
+This is because it has failed to deliver on what it has promised for half a century.
+And these are the typical kind of dwellings we find there.
+It's basically a house with nothing on either side. Because this house emphasizes "I am a little hut in the woods. There is nothing on either side."
+There are no eyes on the side of the head. I can not see it. "
+This is the final facade of the house, the front. This is actually a cartoonized facade of a house.
+Because, pay attention to the porch here.
+Unless the people who live here are munchkins, no one will use it.
+It's actually a TV show called "We're Normal" 24/7.
+We are normal, we are normal, we are normal, we are normal, we are normal.
+Please respect us, we are normal, we are normal, we are normal.
+But we know what goes on in these houses.
+We know little Skippy is here loading up Uzi and getting ready for homeroom. (Laughter) I know Heather, his sister Heather, 14, is doing tricks here to support her drug habit.
+This is because these places and habitats cause a lot of anxiety and depression in children, and children are less experienced with medication.
+So we often take the one that comes first.
+These are not enough for Americans.
+The school we send them to is Hannibal Lecter Central School in Las Vegas, Nevada.
+This is a real school!
+You know, there's clearly an idea that if we let the prisoners out of this case, they'll snatch the driver on the street and eat his liver.
+Therefore, every effort is made to keep them within the building.
+Notice that nature exists. (Laughter.) Like it or not, we're going to have to change this behavior.
+We are in a period of epoch-making transformation in the world, and arguably in America, marked by the end of the era of cheap oil.
+It would completely change everything.
+Chris asked me not to say too long on the subject, but he will say nothing other than that there is no hydrogen economy.
+forget it. It won't happen.
+You have to do something else instead.
+Virtually everything we do in this country needs to be downscaled, rescaled, and rescaled, but we can't start fast enough to do it.
+We're going to -- (applause) -- have to live closer to work.
+we have to live close to each other.
+We will need to grow more food near where we live.
+The days of the 3,000 mile Caesar salad are over.
+We must -- we have a rail system that Bulgarians would be ashamed of.
+We have to do better than that!
+And it should have started two days before yesterday.
+Luckily for us, the new urban scholars have been out there in the last decade, unearthing all the information our parents' generation threw in the trash after World War II.
+Because you'll need it to learn how to rebuild the town.
+We seek this set of methodologies, principles and skills in order to relearn how to make sense of the place, the place that is essential and the place that makes it possible, the organism in the sense of all that is inclusive. will need to be retrieved. The organs of our civic life and communal life are unfolding in unison.
+So it makes sense that housing should be placed in relation to places of business, culture and government.
+We need to relearn what these things are made of. How streets, blocks, public spaces large and small, courtyards and civic squares are organized and how they are put to practical use. property.
+You can see some of the first ideas for renovating some of America's most devastating assets.
+Dead malls: what are you going to do with them?
+Well, as a matter of fact, most of them will not succeed.
+I don't plan on installing it later. They will be the salvage yards of the future.
+However, we plan to fix some of them.
+And we intend to fix them by reimposing the system of streets and blocks and returning them to building sites as a normal increment of development.
+And with any luck, the result will be a revitalization of existing town and city centers and neighborhood centers.
+By the way, our towns and cities are where they are now and have grown back to where they were, because they occupy all the important places.
+And most of them will continue to exist, although their size will likely shrink.
+There is much to be done.
+Hypercars will not save us. Alternative fuels will not save us.
+No matter how many alternative fuels we use, or in any combination, we can't continue what we do now, how we do it.
+We would have to do everything in a completely different way.
+And America is not ready for it.
+We are sleepwalking into the future.
+We are not ready for what is to come.
+So please do what you can.
+Life in the mid-21st century will be living locally.
+Be prepared to be a good neighbor.
+Be prepared to find a job that will be useful to your neighbors and fellow countrymen.
+One last thing -- I've been very annoyed about this over the years, but I think it's especially important for this audience.
+Stop calling yourself a "consumer". OK?
+Consumers are different from citizens.
+Consumers have no obligations, responsibilities or obligations to the same human beings.
+And as long as you use the word consumer in public discussions, you're degrading the quality of the discussions we're having.
+And we will continue to move in ignorance towards this very difficult future that we face.
+Thank you very much.
+I urge you to go out and do what you can to make this land rich and worth protecting. (applause)
+Our outer planetary system is like a distant city where you can see the lights twinkle but you can't walk through the streets.
+But by studying their twinkling lights, we can learn how stars and planets interact to form unique ecosystems and create habitable habitats for life.
+This image of the Tokyo skyline hides data from the Kepler mission, the newest planetary exploration space telescope on this block.
+can you see it?
+Let's go.
+This is just a fraction of the sky that Kepler looks at, and Kepler searches for planets by measuring the light from more than 150,000 stars at once every 30 minutes with great precision.
+And what we're looking for is a small dimming of light caused by a planet passing in front of one of these stars, blocking some of that star's light from reaching us.
+In just over two years of activity, we have discovered more than 1,200 possible new planetary systems around other stars.
+To give some perspective, the last 20 years of searching have only known about 400 prior to Kepler.
+Looking at these little dips in the light can tell a lot.
+First, we can determine not only that the planet is there, but also how big it is and how far it is from its parent star.
+This distance is very important as it indicates how much light the entire planet receives.
+And knowing that distance and amount of light is important. Because it's a bit like you and me sitting around a campfire. You want to get close enough to the campfire to get warm, but don't get too close to the heat and you'll get burned.
+However, there's a lot more to know about a parent star than how much light it receives overall.
+I'll tell you why.
+This is our star. This is our sun.
+Visible light is shown here.
+It is the light that the human eye can see.
+You will notice that this is very similar to the iconic yellow ball we drew as a child - the sun.
+But you'll notice something else. It means that the face of the sun has freckles.
+These freckles are called sunspots and are just one manifestation of the Sun's magnetic field.
+It also changes the light from the stars.
+And with Kepler, we can measure this very precisely and track its impact.
+However, these are just the tip of the iceberg.
+If we had ultraviolet eyes or x-ray eyes, we would actually see the dynamic and dramatic effects of the Sun's magnetic activity. This is what happens on other stars as well.
+Consider that these types of events are always happening in the sky above you, even if it's cloudy outside.
+So when we want to know if a planet is habitable and habitable for life, we not only want to know the total amount of light it receives and its warmth, but we also want to know its space weather. . High-energy radiation, that is, ultraviolet and X-rays produced by stars and exposed to this high-energy radiation.
+Therefore, we cannot observe the planets around other stars in the same detail as we can observe the planets in our solar system.
+Here we show Venus, Earth and Mars. The three planets in our solar system are roughly the same size, but only one of them is actually habitable.
+But until then, all we can do is measure the light from stars, learn the relationships between planets and their parent stars, and get clues about which planets in the universe are good places to look for life. to explore.
+Kepler cannot find planets around every star it observes.
+But really, every measurement it makes is priceless. Because it teaches us about the relationship between stars and planets, and how in fact it is starlight that sets the stage for the formation of life in the universe.
+It's Kepler, the telescope, that stares, but we're looking for life.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So my favorite type of magic is magic that uses technology to create illusions.
+So I would like to introduce what I have been working on.
+This is an application that may be useful for artists, especially multimedia artists.
+Synchronize your video across multiple screens on your mobile device.
+I borrowed these three iPods from the audience to illustrate what I mean.
+With these, I'd like to say a few words about one of my favorite subjects: deception.
+(music) One of my favorite magicians is Karl Germain.
+He had the wonderful trick of having a rose bush bloom right in front of him.
+But the most beautiful were the butterflies he painted.
+(Recording) Announcer: Gentlemen, the creation of life.
+(Applause) (music) Marco Tempest: When asked about deception, he said: Announcer: Magic is the only honest profession.
+The sorcerer promises to trick you, and he does.
+MT: I like to think of myself as an honest magician.
+I use a lot of tricks, so sometimes I have to lie.
+It's a pity now.
+But people lie every day.
+(rings) Hold on.
+Phone: Hey, where are you?
+MT: I got stuck in traffic. I will go soon
+You did it too.
+(laughter) (music) Right: Ready soon, darling.
+Center: That's exactly what I wanted all along.
+Left: You were great.
+MT: Deception, it's a fundamental part of life.
+Current polls show that men are twice as likely to lie as women, assuming the woman who asked the question told the truth.
+(Laughter) We cheat to profit and to hide our weaknesses.
+Chinese General Sun Tzu said all wars are based on deception.
+Oscar Wilde used to say the same thing about romance.
+Some people cheat for money.
+Let's play games.
+3 cards, 3 chances.
+Announcer: 1 5 gives 10, 10 gives 20.
+Well, where are the women?
+where is the mistress
+MT: What is this?
+sorry. you lose
+Well, I didn't cheat you.
+you cheated yourself
+Deceive yourself.
+Then we take the lie to be the truth.
+Sometimes it can be difficult to distinguish between the two.
+Compulsive gamblers are experts in self-deception.
+(slot machine) They believe they can win.
+They forget when they lost.
+The brain is very good at forgetting.
+Bad experiences are quickly forgotten.
+Bad experiences fade quickly.
+That's why we are so incredibly optimistic in this vast and lonely universe.
+Our self-deception becomes a positive illusion. Why do movies take us on extraordinary adventures? Why do we believe Romeo loves Juliet? And why, when played together, single notes become sonatas and evoke meaning.
+That is "Moonlight".
+The composer called Debussy said that art is the greatest deception of all.
+Art is a deception that creates real feelings, a lie that creates truth.
+And when you surrender to that deception, it becomes magic.
+[Magic] (Music slowly fades away) (Applause) Thank you. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So I was hospitalized for a long time.
+And when I came back a few years after I retired, the head of the burn department was so excited to see me and said, "Dan, I have prepared a wonderful new treatment for you."
+I was so excited. I walked with him to his office.
+And he said that when he shaved his beard, there would be small black spots on the left side of his face where there was hair, but the right side of his face was so badly burned that he had no hair on it, and that caused the hair to fall off. He explained. of symmetry.
+And what were the great ideas he had?
+He intended to make me look very symmetrical by getting a small black dot tattoo on the right side of my face.
+I thought it would be interesting. He told me to go shave.
+Let me tell you, this was a weird shave. Because when I thought about it, I realized that the way I shaved at that time would be the way I shaved for the rest of my life. Because you have to keep the width. same.
+When I got back to his office, I wasn't really sure.
+I said, "Could you show me the evidence for this?"
+So he showed me some pictures with little black dots on my little cheeks, but they weren't very informative.
+I said, "What happens when you get old and your hair turns gray?"
+What happens then? "
+"Oh, don't worry," he said.
+"We have a laser so we can make it white."
+But I was still worried, so I said, "You know, I'm not going to do that."
+Then came the biggest guilt trip of my life.
+This is from a Jewish man, so it makes a lot of sense.
+(laughter) And he said, 'Dan, what's wrong?
+Do you like to look asymmetrical?
+Is there some kind of perverted pleasure in this?
+Do women sympathize with you and have sex with you more often? "
+None of them happened.
+This was a big surprise for me. I have had many treatments in my life, many I have decided not to have, but I have never felt so guilty.
+However, I decided not to undergo this treatment.
+And I went to his deputy and asked, "What was going on?"
+Where did this guilt trip come from? "
+He then explained that he had already had the procedure on two patients and needed a third for a manuscript he was writing.
+(Laughter) You probably think this guy is an asshole.
+Well, he is like that.
+But let's look at the same story from a different perspective.
+A few years ago I was doing some original experiments in my lab.
+And when conducting experiments, we usually expect one group to behave differently than another.
+That is, there was one group that expected to perform very well and one group that expected to perform very poorly, and when they received their results, that was what they got. All but one were very happy. .
+There was one person in the group who was supposed to be a very high performer who was actually performing poorly.
+And he lowered the overall mean, destroying the test's statistical significance.
+So I watched this man carefully.
+He was twenty years older than everyone else in the sample.
+Then I remembered that one day a drunken old man came to the lab looking for some quick money.
+"Great!" I thought. "Let's get him out.
+Who would include a drunken man in the sample? "
+But a few days later we thought about this with our students and said, "What if this drunken man wasn't in that state?"
+What if he was in another group?
+Would we have kicked him out then? "
+We probably didn't look at the data at all, and if we did, we would probably be like, "Wow! What a smart guy for performing so poorly." The group is lower, which gives us even stronger statistical results than we can.
+So instead of throwing him out, we decided to redo the experiment.
+But you know, these stories, and many other conflict-of-interest experiments we've done, basically highlight two things to me.
+The first is that we will come across many people in our lives who would like to have some form of tattoo on our face.
+They just have an incentive to turn a blind eye and give us inherently biased advice.
+And that's what we're all aware of, and we're seeing it happen.
+I may not be aware of it every time, but I understand it happens.
+The hardest thing, of course, is to recognize that we, too, are sometimes blind to our own motivations.
+And that's a much harder lesson to take into account.
+Because we don't know how a conflict of interest will affect us.
+When I was doing these experiments, I was helping science in my heart.
+We were removing data to reveal true patterns in the data.
+I wasn't doing anything wrong.
+In my mind, I was actually a knight trying to help advance science.
+But it wasn't.
+In fact, I was interfering in the process with many good intentions.
+And the real challenge is figuring out where in our lives there are cases where conflicts of interest affect us, and instead of relying on our own intuition to overcome them, we need to be more aware of conflicts of interest. I think it's about trying not to fall prey. Because we can create many undesirable situations.
+I would like to leave you with one positive thought.
+I mean, this is very depressing, isn't it? People have conflicts of interest and we are not aware of them.
+I think the positive aspect of all this is that if we understand when we go wrong and understand the deep mechanics of why and where we fail, we can actually solve the problem. increase.
+And I think that's hope. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+What I want to talk to you about is what we can learn by studying the genomes of living and extinct humans.
+But before I do that, I want to give you a quick reminder of what you already know. Our genome, or genetic material, is stored in the form of DNA in the chromosomes of almost every cell in our body. This is the famous double helix structure. molecule.
+And the genetic information is contained in the form of sequences of four bases abbreviated by the letters A, T, C, G.
+And that information is present twice (one on each chain). This is important. This is because when a new cell is formed, these chains break apart and a new cell is synthesized using the old strands as a template in a near-perfect process.
+But of course, nothing in nature is completely perfect. Therefore, in some cases errors may occur or incorrect characters may be included.
+And if we compare our DNA sequences, for example in this room, we see the consequences of such mutations.
+If you compare my genome with yours, there are roughly every 1,200 to 1,300 letters that differ.
+And these mutations accumulate approximately as a function of time.
+So add chimpanzees here and you'll see even more differences.
+About 1 in 100 letters differ from chimpanzees.
+And if you're interested in the history of a piece of DNA or the entire genome, you can use the differences you observe to reconstruct the history of DNA.
+And generally we express this idea of ​​history in the form of a tree like this.
+In this case it's very simple.
+The two human DNA sequences date back to a common ancestor very recently.
+Furthermore, there is something shared with the chimpanzee in the back.
+And since these mutations occur roughly as a function of time, we can translate these differences into time estimates. In this case, the two humans typically share a common ancestor some 500,000 years ago, whereas for chimpanzees, it's on the order of 5 million years ago.
+What has happened in the last few years is the advent of account technology that allows us to quickly identify a very large number of DNA fragments.
+So we can now determine the entire human genome within hours.
+Of course, each of us has two human genomes. one from the mother and one from the father.
+And the length of such characters is about 3 billion.
+And it turns out that the two genomes in me, or the one I want to use, have about 3 million differences on that order.
+And the next thing we can do is ask, "How are these genetic differences distributed around the world?"
+Then you will know that Africa has some degree of genetic variation.
+And if you look outside of Africa, you'll find that there's actually less genetic diversity.
+Of course, this is amazing. Because six to eight times fewer people live in Africa than in the rest of the world.
+But people within Africa have more genetic diversity.
+Moreover, almost all of these genetic variants found outside Africa are closely related to DNA sequences found within Africa.
+But if you look to Africa, there are elements of genetic variation that have no close relatives outside.
+So the model to explain this is that some but not all of the African variations went out and colonized the rest of the world.
+And in conjunction with the way these genetic differences are dated, modern humans, essentially indistinguishable from you and me, have only recently emerged between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. led to the insight that it evolved in Africa.
+Then, about 100,000 to 50,000 years ago, they left Africa and colonized the rest of the world.
+I like to say that from a genomic point of view, we are all Africans.
+We are either currently living within Africa or have been living in exile very recently.
+Another consequence of this recent origin of modern humans is that genetic mutations are generally widely distributed in many locations around the world, and that, at least from a bird's-eye view, they tend to change as gradients. That's it.
+And because there are many genetic variations, and they have different gradients, determining the DNA sequence of an individual, the genome, is a very accurate estimate of where that person's parents or grandparents came from. It means you can. Not moving around much.
+But does this mean that there are, for example, large genetic differences between groups of people on different continents, as many tend to think?
+Well, let's get started with these questions too.
+For example, a project is underway to sequence the genomes of 1,000 individuals from around the world.
+They sequenced 185 Africans from two populations in Africa.
+[They] sequenced much the same as many people in Europe and China.
+Then we can start saying how many variances we find, how many characters change in at least one of those individual sequences.
+And it's a lot, with 38 million variable positions.
+But we can ask: Are there absolute differences between Africans and non-Africans?
+Perhaps the biggest difference most of us imagine exists.
+And the absolute difference is that people in a particular position within Africa all individuals - 100 percent - have one letter, while everyone outside Africa has another. The difference is that they have characters.
+And the answer is that among those millions of differences, there is no such position.
+This may surprise you.
+Perhaps one individual has been misclassified.
+So we can relax our criteria a bit and say: How many positions can you find where 95 percent of people in Africa have one variant and 95 percent have another, and the number is 12?
+So this is very surprising.
+It means that when we look at people and we look at someone from Africa or someone from Europe or Asia, for a single position in the genome, we can say with 100% accuracy what that person has. means that it cannot be predicted by
+And only 12 positions can be expected to be 95% correct.
+Of course, this may come as a surprise, as by looking at these people you can very easily tell where they or their ancestors came from.
+What this means, then, is that the traits we see then and now—facial features, skin color, hair structure, etc.—are determined by a single gene that has a big impact. rather, it is determined by many different genetic variations. Different regions of the world have different frequencies.
+There is another thing about these traits that we can easily observe in each other that I think is worth considering. That is, in a very literal sense, they are actually on the surface of our bodies.
+They are what we just mentioned - facial features, hair structure, skin color.
+There are also many continent-specific features, such as those related to how the food we eat are metabolized and how the immune system responds to microorganisms that try to invade the body.
+But these are all parts of our bodies that we interact with and are in direct conflict with our environment very directly.
+It is easy to imagine that these parts of our body in particular were rapidly affected by selection from the environment, altering the frequencies of the genes involved.
+But when we look at other parts of the body that are not directly related to the environment, namely the kidneys, the liver, and the heart, we cannot tell where they are in the world just by looking at these organs. they will come from
+So there's another interesting takeaway from the recognition that humanity's recent common origin is in Africa. That is, when those humans emerged about 100,000 years ago, they were not alone on Earth.
+There were other forms of humans around, but Neanderthals are perhaps the most famous. These robust forms of humans, here a skeleton of modern humans on the left and on the right, have existed in Western Asia and Europe for hundreds of thousands of years.
+An interesting question is what happened when we met.
+What Happened to Neanderthals?
+And to begin answering such questions, my research group has been working for more than 25 years on how to extract DNA from the remains of Neanderthals and other extinct animals that are tens of thousands of years old.
+This therefore involves many technical issues, such as how to extract the DNA and how to convert it into a sequenceable format.
+You have to be very careful not to contaminate your experiments with your own DNA.
+And this, combined with these methods that allow very large numbers of DNA molecules to be sequenced very quickly, allowed us to present the first version of the Neanderthal genome last year, which is now open to anyone on the internet. can now be viewed in The Neanderthal genome, or at least 55% of it so far reconstructed.
+Then we can start comparing it to the genomes of people alive today.
+And one of the questions you might want to ask is what happened when we met.
+Mixed or not mixed?
+And the way to ask that question is to look at Neanderthals from southern Europe and compare that to the genomes of people alive today.
+So we start with two Africans, look at the genomes of two Africans, find where they differ from each other, and in each case ask, "What are Neanderthals like?"
+Does it match either African? Does it match the other African?
+Neanderthals have never existed in Africa, so we would expect no difference.
+They should be equal and there is no reason to get closer to one African than another.
+And it really is.
+Statistically speaking, there is no difference in how often Neanderthals match Africans.
+But if you look at Europeans and Africans, this is different.
+And Neanderthals are much more likely to match Europeans than Africans.
+Similarly, when comparing Chinese and Africans, Neanderthals often match Chinese.
+This may come as a surprise, as Neanderthals were never in China.
+Therefore, the model we propose to explain this is that modern humans met Neanderthals when they emerged from Africa sometime after 100,000 years ago.
+They probably did so first in the Middle East, where Neanderthals lived.
+If they mixed with each other there, modern humans, the progenitors of all peoples outside Africa, would have carried this Neanderthal component of their genome to other parts of the world.
+So today, people living outside Africa have about 2.5 percent of Neanderthal DNA.
+So with the Neanderthal genome in hand as a reference point and the technology to examine ancient sites and extract DNA, we can start applying it to other parts of the world.
+And the first place we did it is in a place called Denisova in the Altai Mountains of Southern Siberia. It's a cave in the mountains here. In 2008, archaeologists found tiny little bone fragments there. This is a copy of it--they realized it came from the last phalanx of the human little finger.
+And it was well-preserved to allow us to identify this individual's DNA even more extensively than the actual Neanderthal, and link it to the Neanderthal genome and people today.
+They found that the origin of this person's DNA sequence was shared with that of Neanderthals about 640,000 years ago.
+And even further back, 800,000 years ago, we have a common origin with modern humans.
+So this person is from a group that shares origins with Neanderthals, but goes way back and has a long independent history.
+We call this group of humans first described from this tiny little bone fragment the Denisovans, after the place where they were first described.
+So you can ask the Denisovans the same thing as the Neanderthals. That is, did they intermingle with the ancestors of modern humans?
+When asking this question and comparing Denisovan genomes to people around the world, surprisingly, no evidence of Denisovan DNA is found among people living even near Siberia today.
+However, it is also found in Papua New Guinea, Melanesia and other Pacific islands.
+Therefore, this probably means that these Denisovans were more widespread in the past, as the ancestors of the Melanesians are not believed to have existed in Siberia.
+Thus, by studying the genomes of extinct humans, we are beginning to understand what the world was like when modern humans first emerged from Africa.
+There were Neanderthals in the West. In the Orient there were Denisovans. Perhaps there are other forms of humans that have yet to be explained.
+We are not quite sure where the boundaries of these peoples were, but we do know that both Neanderthals and Denisovans were present in Southern Siberia at least at some point in the past.
+Then modern humans emerged somewhere in Africa and from Africa, possibly in the Middle East.
+They meet Neanderthals, mix, and continue to spread around the world, meet Denisovans somewhere in Southeast Asia, mix, and continue on to the Pacific Ocean.
+And while these early forms of humanity perish, they still live a little bit in us today. People outside Africa have 2.5 percent of Neanderthal DNA, and Melanesian people actually have an additional 5 percent. From the Denisovans about a percent.
+So this boils down to the difference between peoples outside Africa and Africans in that people outside Africa have this ancient component in their genomes from extinct humans, whereas Africans don't. Does it mean that there is an absolute difference between the inner people?
+Well, I don't think so.
+Modern humans probably originated somewhere in Africa.
+Of course, they also spread throughout Africa, where there were older, more primitive forms of humanity.
+And since we interbred elsewhere, I am confident that one day when we also have the genomes of these early forms of Africa, we will find that they also interbred with early modern humans in Africa. doing.
+In summary, what have we learned from studying the genomes of modern and extinct humans?
+We probably learn a lot, but one of the important things to mention is that I think it's a lesson that we've always mixed.
+We mixed with these early forms of humans wherever we met, and have mixed with each other ever since.
+Thank you for your attention.
+(applause)
+i am a filmmaker.
+For the past eight years, I have dedicated my life to documenting the efforts of Israelis and Palestinians to end their conflict through peaceful means.
+One question always comes to my mind when I travel around Europe and America for work. "Where is Gandhi in Palestine?"
+Why don't Palestinians resist non-violently?
+The challenge I face when asked this question is that I have often just returned from the Middle East. In the Middle East, he spent time filming dozens of Palestinians using non-violence to defend their land and water resources from Israeli soldiers and settlers.
+These leaders seek to launch a large-scale nationwide non-violent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region.
+But most people have probably never heard of them.
+This gap between what is happening on the ground and perceptions abroad is one of the main reasons why the Palestinian peaceful resistance movement has not yet succeeded.
+So I am here today to talk about the power of attention, the power of your attention, and the emergence and development of non-violent movements in the West Bank, Gaza and elsewhere. But my case study today is Palestine.
+I believe that what is most lacking in the development of nonviolence is not for Palestinians to start embracing nonviolence, but for us to start paying attention to those who are already embracing nonviolence.
+I would like to explain this point by taking you to the village of Budrus.
+About seven years ago, they were threatened with extinction when Israel announced it would build a separation barrier, part of which would be built over a village.
+They will lose 40 percent of their land and will be besieged, thus losing free access to the rest of the West Bank.
+Through inspired local leaders, they launched a peaceful resistance movement to stop it.
+I will show you some short clips. That way you can see what it actually looks like on the ground.
+(music) Palestinian woman: We were told that a wall would separate Palestine and Israel.
+Here in Budrus we realized that the wall would take our land.
+Israeli Man: In fact, fences have created the solution to terrorism.
+Man: You are invited to a peaceful march today.
+You have dozens of Israeli brothers and sisters participating.
+Israeli activist: Nothing scares the military more than non-violent opposition.
+Woman: I saw men trying to push the soldiers, but no one could do it.
+But I think girls can do it.
+Fatah: We must empty our minds of traditional thinking.
+Hamas: We are in perfect agreement and wanted to spread it throughout Palestine.
+Chant: One United Nations.
+Fatah, Hamas, Popular Front!
+Newscaster: Clashes over the fence continue.
+Reporter: Israeli border police have been dispatched to disperse the crowd.
+They were allowed to use whatever force was necessary.
+(gunshot) Man: This is a live bullet.
+It looks like Fallujah. Filming here and there.
+Israeli Activist: I was sure we would all die.
+But there were people around me who didn't even shrink.
+Israeli Soldier: Non-violent protests cannot stop [unclear].
+Protesters: This is a peaceful march.
+No need to resort to violence.
+Chant: We can do it! I can do it!
+I can do it!
+Julia Bacha: When I first heard about Budrus, I was surprised that the international media had not reported on the extraordinary series of events that took place seven years ago in 2003.
+Even more surprising was the fact that Budrus was a success.
+After 10 months of peaceful resistance, residents were asked to leave the route of the barrier off their land and move to the Green Line, the internationally recognized demarcation line between Israel and the Palestinian Territories. Persuaded the Israeli government.
+Resistance in Budrus then spread to villages throughout the West Bank and to Palestinian enclaves in Jerusalem.
+However, the media has largely remained silent on these stories.
+This silence has profound implications for the potential for non-violence to grow and even survive in Palestine.
+Violent and non-violent resistance have one very important thing in common. Both are forms of theater that seek an audience that fulfills its purpose.
+If violent actors are the only ones who are constantly on the front page and the international spotlight on the Palestinian question, then nonviolent leaders should see civil disobedience as a viable option in coping with their plight. It becomes very difficult to advocate to the community.
+Perhaps the power of attention should come as no surprise to the parents present.
+The surest way to make a child's tantrums escalate is to give them attention when they first have a seizure.
+Tantrums become what child psychologists call functional behavior because children learn from tantrums that they can get the attention of their parents.
+Parents can encourage or discourage behavior simply by giving or receiving attention from their children.
+But it also applies to adults.
+Indeed, where the international community focuses its attention can influence the behavior of entire communities and nations.
+I believe that the key to ending the conflict in the Middle East and bringing about peace is to turn nonviolence into functional action by paying more attention to the nonviolent leaders on the ground today.
+In taking my films to villages in the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem, I have seen how a single documentary film can make a difference.
+In a village called Walage, located very near Jerusalem, the community faced a plight very similar to that of Budrus.
+They will be besieged, will lose much of their land, and will not have free access to the West Bank or Jerusalem.
+They had practiced nonviolence for about two years, but were disillusioned because no one was paying attention.
+I planned a screening there.
+A week later, they held their most attended and disciplined demonstration ever.
+Organizers said villagers saw the story of Budrus documented on film and felt that there were people who followed what they were doing and that people cared.
+So they continued.
+On the Israeli side, there is a new peace movement called "Solidarriot," which means solidarity in Hebrew.
+Leaders of this movement have used Budrus as one of their primary recruitment tools.
+They reported that Israelis who had never been active before saw the film and began to understand the power of non-violence and to participate in activism.
+The example of Walaje and the solidarity movement shows that even low-budget independent films can play a role in turning non-violence into functional action.
+Now, what impact could the mainstream media have if they started reporting weekly on the non-violent demonstrations taking place in villages such as Bilin, Nilin and Warajeh, and near Jerusalem such as Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan? Please try to imagine. The presence of non-violent leaders will become more prominent. Evaluated and effective at work.
+I think the most important thing is to understand that these efforts are invisible if we don't pay attention and they go on as if nothing happened.
+But I've seen firsthand that if we do, they'll be even more.
+As they increase, so will their influence in the overall Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
+And it is their influence that can finally unblock the situation.
+These leaders proved that non-violence works in places like Budrus.
+Let's pay attention to them so we can prove it works everywhere.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today, I would like to introduce the future of our manufacturing.
+I believe that soon our buildings and machines will self-assemble, replicate and repair themselves.
+So I'll show you what I think the current state of manufacturing is, and compare it to some natural systems.
+In the current state of manufacturing, skyscrapers are being built. [Assembly time] two and a half years, 500,000 to 1,000,000 parts, pretty complex new and exciting technology in steel, concrete and glass.
+We have exciting machines that take us into space. [Assembly time] 5 years, 2.5 million parts.
+On the other hand, however, if we look at natural systems, there are two million types of proteins that can fold in 10,000 nanoseconds, and three billion base pairs of DNA that can be replicated in about an hour.
+We have these complexities in our natural systems, but they are very efficient, far more efficient than anything we can build, far more complex than anything we can build. is.
+Much more efficient in terms of energy.
+They rarely make mistakes.
+And they can repair themselves and live longer.
+So there is something very interesting about natural systems.
+And if we can translate that into a build environment, it opens up some exciting possibilities for how we build things.
+And I think the key to that is self-organization.
+So if we want to take advantage of self-organization in the physical environment, I think there are four key factors.
+The first is that you have to decipher all the intricacies of what you want to build: buildings and machines.
+And then you have to decode it into a simple sequence, the DNA of how the building works.
+Then you need a programmable part that can take that sequence and use it to fold and reconfigure.
+Energy is required to activate it and allow parts to be folded programmatically.
+And you need some kind of error correction redundancy to reliably build what you want.
+So here are some projects my MIT colleagues and I are working on to make this self-organizing future a reality.
+The first two are MacroBot and DeciBot.
+In short, these projects are large-scale reconfigurable robots: 8-foot-long, 12-foot proteins.
+They have embedded mechano-electrical devices and sensors.
+Decode what you want to fold into a series of angles like minus 120, minus 120, 0, 0, 120, minus 120. Sends a series of angles and rotations through a string.
+Each unit receives that message (i.e. minus 120), rotates towards it, sees if it got there, then passes the message to its neighbors.
+The talented scientists, engineers and designers who worked on this project include:
+And I think it becomes clear that this is really scalable?
+So thousands of dollars and tons of man-hours went into building this 8-foot robot.
+Can we really scale this up? Can we really build robotics into every part?
+The next question it and focus on its passive nature, the passive desire to have reconfigurable programmability.
+But let's go one step further and try to do the actual calculation.
+Essentially, it embeds digital logic gates, the most basic building blocks of computing, directly into the part.
+This is a NAND gate.
+There is one tetrahedron that is a gate to do the computation, and there are two input tetrahedra.
+One of them is input from the user when building bricks.
+Another is from previously laid bricks.
+And then you get the output in 3D space.
+What this means is that users can start plugging in what they want the brick to do.
+It's calculated based on what you've been doing before and what you want it done.
+And now it starts moving in three-dimensional space, that is, up and down.
+So on the left the [1,1] input equals the 0 output and goes down.
+On the right, a [0,0] input becomes a 1 output and goes up.
+What this really means is that our structure contains the blueprint of what we want to build.
+That is, it embeds all the information about what was built.
+This means that it is capable of some form of self-replication.
+In this case, we call this self-guided replication because the structure contains an exact blueprint.
+If there is an error, the part can be replaced.
+It embeds all the local information that tells you how to fix it.
+So you might want to have something that can read along and output one-to-one.
+it is embedded directly. No instructions from outside.
+The final project I want to show you is called Biased Chains and is probably the most exciting example of passive self-organizing systems to date.
+Therefore, it adopts reconfigurability and programmability and becomes a completely passive system.
+So basically we have a chain of elements.
+Each element is exactly the same and biased.
+So each chain, or each element, wants to rotate right or left.
+So when you build a chain, you're basically programming it.
+Tell each unit to turn right or left.
+So when you shake the chain it will fold into whatever configuration you have programmed. So in this case it's a spiral, or two side-by-side cubes.
+So basically any 3D shape or 1D or 2D can be programmed into this chain completely passively.
+So what does this tell us about the future?
+I believe this tells us that our physical structures, buildings and machines have new possibilities for self-assembly, replication and repair.
+These parts may be new programs.
+From there, new possibilities for computing emerge.
+Spatial computing becomes a reality.
+Imagine if all our buildings, bridges, machines and bricks could actually be calculated.
+This is amazing parallel distributed computing power and new design possibilities.
+So this has exciting potential.
+So I think these projects that we have shown here are just small steps towards this future if we implement these new technologies for the new self-assembled world.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I want to address the issue of compassion.
+Compassion has many facets.
+Some are ferocious. Some of them are furious. Some of them are even softer. Some of them are smart.
+As His Holiness the Dalai Lama once said, "Love and compassion are necessities.
+They are not luxuries.
+Humanity cannot survive without them. "
+And what I would like to suggest is that, as we heard today, it is not only humanity that will not survive, but all species on earth.
+It is a large feline and plankton.
+Two weeks ago I was in Bangalore, India.
+It was a great honor to teach at a hospice outside Bangalore.
+And I went to the ward early in the morning.
+The hospice had 31 men and women actively dying.
+And I walked over to the old lady's bedside. The old lady was breathing very quickly and weakly, and was clearly in the late stages of death.
+I peered into her face.
+I looked into the face of my son sitting next to her, and his face was just torn with grief and confusion.
+Then I remembered a passage from the great Indian epic, Mahabharata. "What is the most wonderful thing in the world, Yudhishthira?"
+"The strangest thing in the world is that people are dying all around us and we don't realize it can happen to us," Yudhisthira said. rice field.
+i looked up.
+Young women from villages around Bangalore took care of the 31 dying people.
+I peered into the face of one of these women. And in her face you could see the strength that comes when natural compassion is really present.
+I saw her hands as she was bathing the old man.
+My gaze turned to another young woman wiping the face of another dying person.
+And it reminded me that I was just there.
+Nearly every year I have the privilege of taking clinicians to the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.
+And we run clinics in remote areas where there is no access to medical care.
+And on the first day in Simikot, Humla, Nepal's poorest area, far west of Nepal, an old man came clutching a bundle of rags.
+And when he came in, someone said something to him. We realized he was deaf, so we looked into the rags and there were two eyes.
+The rags of a girl who suffered severe burns all over her body were torn off.
+Again, the eyes and hands of Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva.
+It was the young women paramedics who washed and cared for the baby's wounds.
+I know the hands and the eyes They touched me too.
+Then they touched me.
+They inspired me throughout my 68 years.
+They touched me when I was four years old and left me blind and paralyzed.
+And my family brought in a woman whose mother was a slave to take care of me.
+And the woman had no emotional sympathy.
+She possessed tremendous strength.
+And I believe it was just her strength, a kind of mudra and imprimatur that became a guiding light in my life.
+So we can ask, "What is compassion made up of?"
+and various aspects.
+And then there is referential compassion and non-referential compassion.
+But first, compassion consists of the ability to see clearly the nature of suffering.
+It is the ability to stand really strong, and the ability to recognize that you are not separate from this suffering.
+But that's not enough. Because compassion, which activates the motor cortex, means that we want and do want our suffering to change.
+And if we are so blessed, we engage in activities that transform suffering.
+But there is another element to compassion, and that element is really essential.
+That element is the inability to get attached to the outcome.
+I have been working with dying people for over 40 years now.
+I had the privilege of serving six years on death row in a top security [prison].
+And as I bring in my own life experiences, such as dealing with dying people and training caregivers, I realize clearly that my obsession with consequences greatly distorts my own ability to fully face the whole catastrophe. I realized.
+And this became clear to me when I worked in prison. The thing is that many of us in this room, and almost all the people I worked with on death row, have never watered the seeds of their own compassion. .
+That kindness is actually a natural human quality.
+It exists in every human being.
+But the conditions for compassion to be activated and awakened are certain conditions.
+To some extent, I was in that state because of my own childhood illness.
+Eve Ensler, who we will hear later, through the various seas of suffering she experienced, that state was remarkably activated within her.
+And the interesting thing is that compassion has enemies, and those enemies are pity, moral anger, and fear.
+And as you know, our society, the world, is paralyzed by fear.
+And in that paralysis, of course, our capacity for compassion is also paralyzed.
+The word terrorism itself is global.
+The fear itself is global.
+So our task is, in a way, to deal with this imago, this kind of archetype that permeates the minds of the entire planet.
+Now, we know from neuroscience that compassion has some very powerful qualities.
+Example: People who develop compassion suffer more than most people when faced with suffering.
+However, it returns to baseline fairly quickly.
+This is called resilience.
+Many of us think compassion drains us, but it promises to be really uplifting for us.
+Another thing about compassion is that it really enhances so-called neural integration.
+It connects every part of the brain.
+Another, discovered by various researchers, including Emory University and Davis University, is that compassion strengthens our immune system.
+Hey, we live in a very toxic world.
+(Laughter) Most of us cringe in the face of psychosocial and physical poisons, toxins in the world.
+But compassion, the generation of compassion actually mobilizes our immunity.
+I have a question if compassion is so good for us.
+Do you want to nurture compassion in your children?
+(Applause.) If compassion is so good for us, why don't we train our health workers in compassion so that they can do what they're supposed to do: truly transform suffering? ?
+And if compassion is so good for us, why not vote for compassion?
+Why not vote for people in government based on compassion for a more compassionate world?
+In Buddhism, it is said that the back is strong and the front is soft.
+It takes a lot of strength in your back to support yourself in the middle of a situation.
+And that is the mental quality of equanimity.
+But it also needs a soft side. That is, the ability to be truly open to the world as it is, the ability to have an open mind.
+And the archetype of this in Buddhism is Avalokiteshvara, Guanyin.
+It is the female archetype. She is the one who perceives the cries of suffering in the world.
+She stands with ten thousand arms, in every hand an instrument of liberation, in every palm an eye, and it is the eye of wisdom.
+For thousands of years, I say, women have lived, embodied, and encountered intimate relationships with the archetype of Avalokiteshvara, the archetype of Avalokiteshvara, who perceives the cries of suffering in this world.
+For thousands of years, women have expressed the unfiltered, unmediated strength of compassion in acknowledging suffering as it is.
+They have injected kindness into society. We realized that over the course of the day and a half, one woman after another stood on this stage.
+And they achieved compassion through direct action.
+Jody Williams called it "it's good to meditate".
+I'm sorry, Jody, you should try a little harder too.
+Take a step back and let mom rest.
+(Laughter) But the other side of the equation is that you have to come out of the cave.
+Like Asanga, who tried to realize Maitreya Buddha after sitting in a cave for 12 years, you too must come to this world.
+He said, "I'm getting out of here."
+he's on his way.
+he found something on the road
+He looked, it was a dog, and knelt down.
+He noticed a large wound on the dog's leg.
+There are only maggots in the wound.
+He removes the maggots by sticking his tongue out so as not to damage them.
+At that moment, the dog transformed into a Buddha of love and kindness.
+I believe that women and girls today must work together in powerful ways with men, including fathers, sons, brothers, plumbers, road builders, caregivers, doctors, lawyers, and presidents. and with all beings.
+The women in this room are the lotuses of the sea of ​​fire.
+May women everywhere realize their potential.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I didn't always like the unexpected results, but I've come to really appreciate them.
+I've learned that even if it looks terrible, that's the essence of what makes progress.
+And I want to see what role the unintended consequences play.
+Travel 40,000 years ago to the cultural explosion that gave birth to many of the things we enjoy today, including music, art, and technology, and much of which is demonstrated at TED.
+And anthropologist Randall White makes a very interesting observation. Even if our ancestors 40,000 years ago could see what they did, they wouldn't really understand it.
+They were responsive to immediate concerns.
+They were allowing us to do what we were doing, and yet they didn't really understand how they were doing it.
+Now let's move forward 10,000 years from now.
+This is where things get really interesting.
+What about cereal domestication?
+What about agricultural origins?
+What would our ancestors 10,000 years ago have said if they really had technology appraisals?
+And I could imagine the Commission reporting on how agriculture will lead humanity, at least for the next few hundred years.
+It was really bad news.
+First of all, it can lead to poor nutrition and a shortened lifespan.
+It was simply awful for women.
+From the bones of those days, we can see that the grain was milled morning, noon, and night.
+It was also politically terrible.
+It was the beginning of even greater inequality among people.
+If there had been a reasonable technical evaluation at the time, I think they might have said, "Let's stop it all."
+Our choices still have unintended consequences.
+For example, historically, according to a Japanese anthropologist who wrote a paper on chopsticks at the University of Michigan, chopsticks have caused long-lasting changes in Japanese dentition and teeth.
+And we are changing our teeth now too.
+There is evidence that the human mouth and teeth are getting smaller all the time.
+It's not necessarily a bad unintended consequence.
+But I think from a Neanderthal perspective there would have been a lot of complaints about the wimpy helicopters we have now.
+So these things are relative to where you or your ancestors happen to be standing.
+In the ancient world there was much respect for unintended consequences and a very healthy sense of caution. This is reflected in the myth of the Tree of Knowledge, Pandora's Box, and especially Prometheus, which has become very important in modern tropes. technology.
+And it's all true.
+Physicians in the ancient world, especially the Egyptians who started medicine as we know it, were very conscious of what they could and could not treat.
+And the surviving translation of the document reads: "This does not cure. This cannot be cured."
+they were very conscious.
+So did the followers of Hippocrates.
+Recent research shows that the Hippocratic manuscript repeatedly shows how important it is to do no harm.
+More recently, Harvey Cushing, who really advanced neurosurgery as we know it, moved from a field of medicine where the majority of deaths were due to surgery to a field of medicine with promising prospects. changed, but he was very conscious that he was not. I will always do the right thing.
+But he did his best and left a meticulous record that could change the field of medicine.
+Now, if we look a little further into the 19th century, we see a new style of technology.
+What we have found is no longer a simple tool, but a system.
+I've found that machine deployments are getting more and more complicated and it's getting harder and harder to diagnose what's going on.
+And the first to see it were the telegraphers of the mid-19th century, who were the original hackers.
+Thomas Edison would have been very comfortable in today's software company climate.
+And these hackers had a word for cryptic bugs in the telegraph system called bugs.
+That's where the word "bug" comes from.
+But this awareness has been a little slow to penetrate the general public, even very well-informed people.
+Until at least 1918, Samuel Clemens, aka Mark Twain, was a major investor in the most complicated machine ever registered with the United States Patent Office.
+It was the Page typesetting machine.
+The Page typesetting machine had 18,000 parts.
+The patent contained 64 pages of text and 271 illustrations.
+It was such a beautiful machine. Because this machine did everything a human does in setting type. This included putting the type back in place, which was very difficult.
+And Mark Twain, who knew a lot about typesetting, was really fascinated by this machine.
+Unfortunately, it broke him and he had to lecture around the world to get his money back, which devastated him in many ways.
+And this was a big deal for 19th century technology. All these relationships between parts can make even the most expertly judged ideas fall apart.
+But something else happened in the early 20th century that made things even more complicated.
+And it was that safety technology itself could be a source of danger.
+For many of her contemporaries, the lesson of the Titanic was that there must be enough lifeboats for everyone on board.
+And this was the result of the tragic loss of life of those who could not get there.
+However, there was another incident in 1915, the Eastland, which capsized in Chicago Harbor, killing 841 people. This was 14 more passengers than the Titanic.
+Part of the reason is that the additional lifeboats have made this already unstable ship even more unstable.
+And this proves once again that it's not so easy to know the right lessons to draw when talking about unintended consequences.
+It's really a system, how the ship is loaded, ballast and many other issues.
+The 20th century saw how complex reality can be, but it also saw its bright side.
+I realized that the invention could actually be of benefit in emergency situations.
+You may benefit from tragedy.
+My favorite example is not widely known as a technical miracle, but it may be one of the greatest miracles of all time. It was the expansion of penicillin during World War II.
+Penicillin was discovered in 1928, but by 1940 it was still not being produced in commercially or medically useful quantities.
+Many pharmaceutical companies were working on it.
+They worked on their own, but got nowhere.
+And the Government Investigations Service got its representatives together and said this had to be done.
+And they not only did it, but within two years they scaled up their penicillin preparation from a one-liter flask to a 10,000-gallon vat.
+Penicillin was thus rapidly produced and became one of the greatest medical advances of all time.
+The existence of solar radiation was also demonstrated in World War II by studies of interference detected by British radar stations.
+So disasters have benefits, not only pure sciences but also applied sciences and medicines.
+Now, in the post-World War II era, the unintended consequences become even more interesting.
+My favorite example started in 1976. At this time, the bacteria that cause Legionnaires' disease were always present in natural waters, but it was the exact temperature of the water in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems that enhanced its effect. The temperature at which Legionella grows maximally.
+Well, technology can help.
+So chemists did their research and developed disinfectants that became widely used in those systems.
+But something else happened in the early 1980s. Across the United States, tape drive failures were rife with mysteries.
+And IBM, who made them, didn't know what to do.
+They hired a group of brilliant scientists to investigate, and found that all of these tape drives were located near ventilation ducts.
+What happened was that the disinfectant had a trace amount of tin in it.
+These tin particles then accumulated on the tape head, causing it to crash.
+So they reformulated the fungicide.
+What is interesting to me, however, is that this is the first case of a mechanical device contracting a human disease, at least indirectly.
+So it shows that we are all really working together.
+(Laughter) Actually, this also shows something interesting. Our capabilities and technologies are expanding geometrically, but unfortunately our ability to model their long-term behavior is increasing as well, only arithmetically. about it.
+So one of the defining questions of our time is how to bridge this gap between competence and foresight.
+But another very positive result of 20th-century technology was that other kinds of calamities can lead to positive progress.
+There are two business historians at the University of Maryland, Brent Goldfarb and David Kirsch, who have done some very interesting work on the history of major innovations, much of it as yet unpublished.
+They consolidated a list of major innovations and, as reflected in all the lists made by others (many lists they consolidated), the largest number of fundamental innovations, in the largest decade I discovered something. It was the Great Depression.
+No one knows why that happened, but one story may reflect it.
+This is the origin of the Xerox copier, which celebrated its 50th anniversary last year.
+And the inventor, Chester Carlson, was a patent attorney.
+He didn't really want to work in patent research, but he couldn't find a replacement tech job.
+So this was the best job he could get.
+Frustrated by the low quality and high cost of existing patent reproductions, he set out to develop a system for dry copying, which he patented in the late 1930s. This became the first commercially available dry copier in 1960.
+So sometimes, as a result of these disruptions, people leave their originally intended careers and take other jobs where creativity can make the difference, resulting in depression and all sorts of other unhappiness. It turns out that events can have paradoxically stimulating effects. Impact on creativity.
+What does this mean?
+I think it means that we live in a time of unexpected possibilities.
+For example, consider the world of finance.
+Warren Buffett's mentor, Benjamin Graham, developed a system of value investing after suffering losses in the 1929 crash.
+He published the book in the early 1930s, and it remains a basic textbook in many editions.
+So many important and creative things can happen as people learn from disasters.
+Think about the plagues big and small we have right now: bed bugs, killer bees, and spam. The solutions to these are very likely to extend far beyond the immediate problem.
+Consider, for example, Louis Pasteur, who was commissioned to study silkworm diseases for the silk industry in the 1860s, and his discovery was just the beginning of the germ theory of disease.
+Very often, a disaster of some sort, for example the result of the over-cultivation of silkworms, which was a problem in Europe at the time, could be the key to a larger event.
+This means we need to look at unintended consequences differently.
+We really need to have a positive outlook.
+We need to see what they can do for us.
+We need to learn from the numbers I mentioned earlier.
+For example, we should learn from Dr. Cushing, who murdered a patient during an early operation.
+He must have made some mistakes. He must have made some mistakes.
+And he carefully learned from his mistakes.
+As a result, when we say, "This is not brain surgery," it's how difficult it was for anyone to learn from their mistakes in a field of medicine that was thought to have a very low future. is represented.
+It also reminds me of how pharma companies were trying to pool and share knowledge in the face of emergencies unlike anything they had seen in years.
+They could have done it sooner.
+So for me, the message about unintended consequences is confusion. Make better use of it.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+What I'm going to do in the next 15 minutes or so is talk about ideas about how to bring matter to life.
+This may be a little ambitious, but when you look at yourself and look at your hands, you find yourself alive.
+This is the beginning.
+Well, this quest began on Earth 4 billion years ago.
+Organic and biological life has existed for 4 billion years.
+And as inorganic chemists, my friends and colleagues distinguish between the organic, living world and the inorganic, dead world.
+And what I try to do is plant ideas about how inorganic dead matter can be transformed into living matter, inorganic biology.
+Before that, I'd like to put biology in its place.
+And I am totally fascinated by biology.
+I love doing synthetic biology.
+I love living things.
+I love working with biology infrastructure.
+But within that infrastructure, we have to remember that the driving force of biology actually comes from evolution.
+Although the theory of evolution was established by Charles Darwin and numerous others over 100 years ago, it is still a bit futile.
+And when I talk about Darwinian evolution, I mean only one thing: survival of the fittest.
+So forget about evolution in some kind of metaphysical sense.
+Think of evolution in terms of descendants competing and some winning.
+With that in mind, as a chemist, I wanted to ask myself a question that has frustrated biology. "What is the smallest unit of matter that can undergo Darwinian evolution?"
+And this seems like a pretty deep question.
+And as chemists, we are not used to probing questions every day.
+So when I thought about it, I suddenly realized that biology had given me the answer.
+And indeed, the smallest unit of matter that can evolve independently is actually a single cell: a bacterium.
+So this raises three very important questions: What is life?
+Is biology special?
+Biologists seem to think so.
+Can matter evolve?
+Now, answering these questions in reverse order, the third question is, is matter evolveable? So perhaps, perhaps, we can gain some insight into what life really is.
+There is an inorganic life form here.
+It's a dead crystal, but when I do something to it, it comes back to life.
+As you can see, it's like pollinating, sprouting, and growing.
+Inorganic tube.
+Here under the microscope, all these crystals look alive, even though they were dead minutes ago.
+Of course they are not alive.
+It's a chemistry experiment that made a crystal garden.
+But when I saw this, I was really fascinated because it looked like the real thing.
+Then pause for a few seconds and look at the screen.
+You can see the architecture growing and filling the gaps.
+And this is dead.
+So I decided that if I could make things more like life in some way, I would go a step further.
+Let's see if we can actually create life.
+But there is a problem. Perhaps ten years ago we were told that life was impossible and that we were the most incredible miracle in the universe.
+In fact, we were the only ones in the universe.
+Okay, it's a little boring.
+So as a chemist, I wanted to say, "Wait a minute, what's going on here?"
+Could life be that improbable? "
+And this is really the question.
+I think that the appearance of the first cells was probably as likely as the appearance of stars.
+And in fact, let's take it one step further.
+Consider that if the physics of nuclear fusion is encoded in the universe, perhaps so is the physics of life.
+So the chemist's problem, which is also a big advantage, is that we like to focus on the elements.
+Carbon plays a central role in biology.
+And in a universe where carbon exists and organic biology exists, there is an amazing diversity of life.
+In fact, we have wonderful lifeforms that we can manipulate.
+In the lab, we take great care to avoid various biohazards.
+Now what about matter?
+If we could make matter into a living thing, would there be a material disaster?
+So consider this a serious question.
+If your pen could replicate, that would be a bit of a problem.
+So you have to think differently to bring things to life.
+And we also have to recognize the problem.
+But before we make a life, let's take a moment to think about what life really is.
+Please excuse the complicated diagrams.
+This is just a collection of intracellular pathways.
+And cells are obviously fascinating to us.
+Synthetic biologists are manipulating it.
+Chemists are trying to study molecules to study disease.
+And all these paths are going on simultaneously.
+There are regulations. Information is transcribed. a catalyst is made. things are happening.
+But what do cells do?
+Yes, it divides, competes, and survives.
+And I think you have to start there in terms of thinking about building from your own ideas in life.
+But what other features does life have?
+Well, I like to think of it as flames in a bottle.
+What we have here is a description of a single cell that replicates, metabolizes, and burns via chemical reactions.
+So in order to make artificial life or understand the origin of life, we need to understand that we need to power it in some way.
+So before you actually start creating life, you have to seriously consider where it came from.
+And Darwin himself, in a letter to a colleague, thought that life probably originated in a small warm pond somewhere, perhaps not in Scotland, perhaps in Africa, or elsewhere. I wondered if it might be the place.
+But I don't know the real honest answer, because it has a problem with origin.
+Imagine a long time ago, 4.5 billion years ago, when there was a huge amount of chemical soup.
+And from this we came.
+So when you think of the improbable properties I'm going to talk about in the next few minutes, remember that we came from earthly matter.
+And we experienced different worlds.
+The RNA guys were talking about the RNA world.
+Somehow we got to proteins and DNA.
+And we have reached the final ancestor.
+Evolution has begun -- that's the cool part.
+And here we are.
+But there are insurmountable obstacles.
+We can decipher our genomes, we can go back in time, and we can all be linked by mitochondrial DNA, but we can't go beyond our last ancestors, the last visible cells that we can sequence and look back in history. you can't.
+So we don't know how we got here.
+So you have two options. Intelligent design, direct and indirect. That is, God or a friend.
+Now let's talk about ET. Putting us out there or in another life only pushes the matter further.
+I'm not a politician, I'm a scientist.
+Another thing we need to consider is the emergence of chemical complexity.
+This seems most likely.
+So we got some kind of primitive soup.
+And this happens to be a great source of all 20 amino acids.
+And when these amino acids combine in some way, life begins.
+But life begins, what does that mean?
+what is life What is this life?
+So in the 1950s, Miller Urey did the great Chemistry Frankenstein Experiment, and the equivalent in the world of chemistry.
+They took the basic ingredients, put them in a jar, ignited it, and applied a large amount of voltage.
+And when I checked the contents of the soup, I found amino acids, but nothing came out, and there were no cells.
+The whole field was stagnant for a while, but reignited in the 80s with the advent of analytical and computer technology.
+In my own lab, I try to create inorganic life using different reaction formats.
+So what we're trying to do is not in one flask, but dozens of flasks, and connect them together as you can see in this flow system and all the pipes.
+You can do it with microfluidics, you can do it with lithography, you can do it with a 3D printer, you can do it with droplets for your colleagues.
+And the important thing is that many complex chemical reactions spring up.
+But it will probably fail, so I need to concentrate a little more.
+And, of course, the answer lies in mice.
+This is how I remember what I need as a chemist.
+I said, "I want molecules."
+But you need metabolism, you need energy.
+I need information, I need a container.
+Because if you want evolution, you need competing containers.
+So if you have a container, it's like getting into a car.
+"This is my car. I'm going to drive around and show off my car."
+And I suspect that something similar is happening with the emergence of life in cell biology.
+So maybe these together bring us evolution.
+And the way we test it in the lab is to minimize it.
+So what we're trying to do is come up with a molecular inorganic Lego kit.
+Please excuse the molecules on the screen. These are very simple kits.
+There are probably only 3-4 different components.
+And you can assemble them into literally thousands of very large nanomolecules the size of DNA and proteins, but you can't see the carbon.
+Carbon is prohibited.
+This LEGO kit has the versatility needed to store complex information without the use of DNA.
+But I need to create some containers.
+And just a few months ago, in my lab, I was able to take these exact same molecules and use them to make cells.
+And you can see the cells being created on the screen.
+Here, we put chemical substances inside and carry out chemical reactions in this cell.
+And what I wanted to show you is that you can build molecules into membranes and into actual cells. Then a kind of molecular Darwinism, molecular survival of the fittest, is established.
+And this movie shows this competition between molecules.
+Molecules compete for things.
+They're all made of the same material, but they want the shape to win.
+They want their shape to last.
+That's the key.
+If these molecules could somehow be encouraged to interact with each other, form the appropriate shape, and compete, they would begin to replicate and form competing cells.
+Once you do that, forget about molecular details.
+Let's zoom out on what that means.
+So we have a special theory of evolution that applies only to organic biology.
+If we are to achieve evolution into the material world, I propose that we need a general theory of evolution.
+And it's really worth thinking about.
+Does evolution control the sophistication of matter in the universe?
+Is there some driving force that enables the competition of matter through evolution?
+This means we can start developing different platforms to explore this evolution.
+Please try to imagine. If we can build self-sustaining artificial life forms, not only will we learn about the origin of life, but the universe may not need carbon to survive. You can use anything. Software control for evolution is available to the code, so you can go a step further and develop new technologies.
+So imagine making a tiny cell.
+We want to release it into the environment and we want it to be powered by the sun.
+What we do is evolve it in a box with the lights on.
+And we don't use designs anymore. we find out what works.
+We should take inspiration from biology.
+In biology, we don't care about design unless it works.
+This will lead to a reorganization of how we design things.
+But more than that, we start thinking about how we can build a symbiotic relationship with biology.
+Wouldn't it be great if we could fuse these artificial biological cells with biological cells to solve problems that we can't really address?
+The real problem with cell biology is that we can never understand everything. Because cell biology is an evolutionary multidimensional problem.
+Evolution cannot be separated.
+I need to find the fitness function somehow.
+And the deep realization for me is that if this works, the concept of the selfish gene will be taken to a whole new level and a real discussion about the selfish issue will begin.
+And what does that mean for the universe in which we are currently in its highest form?
+you are sitting in a chair
+They are inanimate and non-living.
+But you are made of things, you use things, you enslave things.
+So the use of evolutionary theory in biology, and inorganic biology, is very attractive to me and very exciting.
+And we are very close to understanding the key steps in bringing the dead back to life.
+And again, when you think about how improbable this is, remember that five billion years ago we weren't here and there was no life. .
+So what does it tell us about the origin of life and the meaning of life?
+But perhaps I, as a chemist, want to avoid generic terms. I would like to think about it concretely.
+So what does it mean to define life?
+We are having a really hard time doing this.
+And I think that if we can make inorganic biology and make matter evolveable, that will actually define life.
+I propose that matter that can evolve is alive. This gives us the idea of ​​creating evolveable matter.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Just a quick question on the timeline.
+Do you believe this project will succeed?
+when?
+Lee Cronin: So many people think it took millions of years for life to emerge.
+We suggest setting up the right chemistry and doing it in just a few hours.
+CA: So when do you think that will happen?
+LC: Hopefully within the next two years.
+CA: That's a big story.
+(Laughter) In your own mind, how likely are you to find non-carbon-based life roaming on other planets?
+LC: I would say 100 percent.
+The problem is that we are so chauvinistic about biology that when we remove carbon, other things can happen.
+So if we can create life that isn't based on carbon, we might be able to tell NASA what to really look for.
+Don't go looking for carbon, go look for something that can evolve.
+CA: Good luck Lee Cronin. (LC: Thank you.) (Applause)
+Hey, guys.
+I am an artist and a father.
+thank you.
+And I would like to share my latest art project with you.
+Children's books for iPad.
+It's a little quirky and silly.
+It's called "Pop It" and it's about things little kids do with their parents.
+(music) This is about potty training - which I think most of you know.
+You can tickle the rug.
+You can make your baby poop.
+You can do all those fun things.
+You can break bubbles.
+You can paint like everyone else.
+But there is a problem with children's books. I think there is a lot of propaganda.
+Forget about that, at least if you're an Indian trying to buy American books at Park Slope.
+I wasn't raised that way.
+So I said, "I'm going to counter this with my own propaganda."
+If you notice well, a homosexual couple is raising a child.
+don't you like that?
+Shake it up and you have a lesbian couple.
+(Laughter) Shake it up and you have a heterosexual couple.
+Well, I don't even believe in the concept of an ideal family.
+I have to talk about my childhood.
+I attended this very decent Christian school taught by nuns, fathers, brothers and sisters.
+Basically, I was raised to be a Good Samaritan and still am.
+And at the end of the day we went to a traditional Hindu house. It was probably the only Hindu house in the heavily Muslim area.
+Basically, I celebrated every religious event.
+In fact, when there was a wedding in our neighborhood, we would all paint the house for the wedding.
+I remember crying when the baby goat I played with in the summer turned into biryani.
+(laughter) We all had to fast during Ramadan.
+It was such a beautiful time.
+But I must say I will never forget, this happened when I was 13 years old.
+The Babri Masjid - one of India's most beautiful mosques, built by King Babur in the 16th century I believe - has been demolished by Hindu activists.
+This caused massive riots in my city.
+And for the first time I was affected by this social unrest.
+A little 5-year-old kid from my neighborhood comes running and says, "Bro, rag."
+You know Hindus are killing us Muslims. take care. "
+Like, "Hey, I'm Hindu."
+[Laughs] He was like, "Wow!"
+My work is inspired by such events.
+In my gallery exhibitions, I try to revisit historical events like the Babri Masjid, extracting only their emotional remnants to imagine my own life.
+Imagine history being taught differently.
+Remember those children's books where a parent's sexuality changes when you shiver?
+I have another idea.
+This is a children's book about Indian independence and is very patriotic.
+But rocking it gives you a Pakistani perspective.
+Another shake gives you the British perspective.
+(Applause.) We need to distinguish between facts and prejudices.
+My children's books also feature cute, fluffy animals.
+But they are doing geopolitics.
+They are fighting Israel against Palestine, India against Pakistan.
+You know, I have a very important discussion.
+My argument is that the only way to teach creativity is to teach perspective to children early on.
+After all, children's books are parenting manuals, so it's better to give children's books that teach perspective.
+Conversely, only when perspective is taught can children be able to imagine and put themselves in the shoes of someone different from themselves.
+I argue that art and creativity are very important tools in empathy.
+As you know, I cannot promise my child a life without prejudice. We all have prejudices. But I promise to prejudice my child from multiple perspectives.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+There's been a lot of exciting things happening in the world of design and at IDEO this past year, and I'm happy to have the opportunity to share some of them with you.
+I didn't attend the first TED in 1984, but I have attended many since.
+I thought it might be kind of interesting to reminisce about when Richard started it all. Thank you very much, Richard. Coming here has been such a fun part of my life.
+So in retrospect, I thought that those of us who live in Silicon Valley are really focused on products and objects, technical objects for sure.
+So it was a lot of fun at the time, and my clients were in the audience.
+We brought the prototype under the black cloth, put it on the conference table, pulled the black cloth off, and everyone was like, 'Wow' or 'Ah.'
+It was a really good time.
+Therefore, we remain as focused on our products as ever.
+And if you were here last year, I probably would have wrestled you to the floor to show you my new EyeModule 2 (a camera attached to a handspring).
+I took a lot of pictures last year. Few people knew what I was doing, but I took a lot of pictures.
+This year -- if I may show you the slides -- I'll be carrying this Treo. We contributed a lot to this and helped design Handspring.
+And although we designed it a few years ago, and it's only been around for the past year or so, this Heartstream defibrillator is saving lives.
+You may have seen it at the airport. They seem to be everywhere now.
+Many lives have been saved by them.
+And we are about to launch the Zinio Reader product, which we believe will make reading magazines even more enjoyable.
+Therefore, we will continue to focus on products.
+But something has happened in the last 18 years since Richard started doing TED, and it's that there are people like us -- I know people elsewhere have noticed this for a long time. but for us, we're really just getting started... sort of climbed a little bit up Maslow's hierarchy, and we're now more and more human-centered design, human-centered in our approach to design. Emphasis.
+This actually involves incorporating behaviors and personalities into the product.
+And I think you're starting to understand that, too, and it makes our job even more fun.
+Interestingly, I used to mainly build 3D models (you've seen some today) and 3D renderings.
+Then we went and showed them as conveying our ideas.
+But companies like ours need to move to the stage of taking the object they are designing, moving it, and showing how it will be used.
+To that end, we've formed an internal video production group to prototype this kind of experience that shows what we mean by human-machine relationships.
+And it's a much better view.
+It's like an architect showing the people inside the house instead of the house without people.
+So I thought I'd show you some videos to showcase this new, broader definition of design in products, services and environments.
+I have a few too, but they're only a minute or a minute and a half each. But I thought you might be interested in seeing what we've been working on over the past year and how it has responded. on video.
+So it's Prada New York. We were approached by Rem Koolhaas and OMA to help envision the technology being implemented in New York retail stores.
+He wanted a new kind of store, a new store, one that had a cultural role as well as a retail business.
+And that meant actually designing custom technology rather than just buying and using an off-the-shelf product.
+So, there are many things. Everything has an RF tag. There are RF tags on user, card and staff devices throughout the store.
+When you pick them up and find something that interests you, our staff can scan it and display it on any screen in the store.
+You can check the color, size, how it looks on the runway, and more.
+Then you can scan objects (items of interest). It is brought into the changing room, where there is a scanner to know exactly what clothes you have in the changing room.
+When you display it on your touch screen, you can play with it and get more information about the clothes you are interested in while trying them on.
+It is used in many places, but I especially like the liquid crystal display in the dressing room here.
+The last time I went to see this store, there was a big fuss with people standing outside asking, "Can we see people changing clothes here?"
+But pressing the button naturally darkens the entire wall.
+Therefore, you can strive for approval no matter what you wear.
+And one of my favorite features of this technology is the magic mirror for getting dressed.
+The mirror has a large display and you can turn around, but there is a 3 second delay.
+So you can see how it looks from the back and from the outside.
+(Applause.) About a year and a half ago, we were asked to design an installation in a museum. This is the new building of the Science Museum in London, mainly dealing with digital and biomedical issues.
+And Itch's group, now part of IDEO, designed this interactive wall that's about four stories high.
+I don't know if anyone has seen this, but it's pretty spectacular in the room.
+Anyway, it's based on the London Underground system.
+So you can see that the goal is to collect some of the feedback that people who have been to the museum have given and stick it on the wall for everyone to see. just for everyone to see.
+Enter your information there. And like the London Underground system, little trains move with your thoughts.
+And when you arrive at the station, it will be expanded so that you can actually read it.
+And when you exit the IMAX theater on the 4th floor - mostly teenagers coming out of it - there's a big open space with tables and some really fun interactive games. prepared. It was also designed by Darrell [Bishop] and Andrew. Itch's [Hilniak].
+And that topic includes the museum's themes such as male fertility, baby gender selection, and what self-driving cars are like.
+There's a lot of room, so people can figure out what it's all about before joining.
+And although it is not shown in the video, it is very beautiful.
+They reach the top of the wall, and when they reach the top, they bounce off and then disperse into pieces and fly away into the atmosphere.
+The following videos are not made by us.
+This is CBS Sunday Morning, which aired about two weeks ago.
+Scott Adams bumped into us and asked if we could help design the ultimate cubicle for Dilbert. It looked fun, so we couldn't ignore it.
+He was always interested in futuristic technology.
+(Video: Scott Adams: At some point I realized I could be the world's expert on cubicle problems.
+So we thought it would be fun to get together with some of the smartest designers in the world and see if we could make cubicles better.
+Narrator: They work in a sprawling office space nicely set up under San Francisco's Oakland Bay Bridge, but they've built their own little cubicle to fully experience the problem.
+Woman: It's a magic mirror. You can look outside. you can look at yourself.
+Narrator: They took a picture.
+Woman: When someone comes up to you and you feel like you're stuck there for a minute, you feel very trapped.
+SA: It's chaotic right now, but that's good because a lot of people are doing things.
+Let's see what happens.
+Narrator: The first group creates a small room where the walls are screens for computers and family photos.
+In the second group scenario, the wall is alive and actually hugs Dilbert in the group.
+(laughter) The idea behind the humor is to make the cubicle more human. ) David Kelley: So this is the last one. Orange lighting tracks the sun across the sky, following the path of the sun.
+So you feel it in your private room.
+And my favorite feature is the flowers in the vase, which wilt when you leave in disappointment, but when you come back they are happy to see you and greet you. increase.
+(SA: The storage is embedded directly into the wall.) DK: Well, it has a homey feel, like a water tank embedded in the wall, or something that you actively incorporate to relieve tension. I have.
+(SA: It's customizable for your preferred boss.) DK: And, of course, the hammock for afternoon naps in the cubicle.
+(SA: Life would be fun in a small room like this.) DK: For my next project, I was asked to design a pavilion celebrating water recycling for the Millennium Dome in London.
+An incredible amount of water washes into the dome and wastewater flows into it.
+So this building really celebrates the water that goes into the reedbeds for the final filtration of the water coming out of the recycling plant.
+The pavilion's design goal was to be quiet and peaceful.
+Once inside the dome, it's wild and crazy, in contrast to everyone learning all sorts of things, goofing around, and doing other things.
+But it was meant to be very quiet.
+And then walk around and gather information about the recycling process and what's going on, and how the water that goes through the factory is reused, in a candid way.
+And as you can see, the panel actually rotates. So you get the information from the front, but when you turn it around you see the actual recycling plant in the back with all the machines that are actually processing the water.
+As you can see, there are plants there.
+These are all very low budget videos that look like quick prototypes.
+And tonight we're announcing a new product here, and this is the first time it's been shown publicly.
+It's called Spyfish, a company called H2Eye that Nigel Jagger started in London.
+And the company is a company trying to provide that experience. Many people own or enjoy being in a boat, but very few have the ability or interest to actually go underwater and see what's out there and enjoy it. is. What scuba divers do.
+This product has two cameras.
+If you throw it on the side of the boat, you can basically scuba dive without getting wet.
+For us -- with a purpose -- for us it was two projects. One is to design the interface so that it doesn't get in your way.
+You can have such an immersive experience of being underwater and feeling like you are underwater and seeing what is happening.
+And another was to design the object and make sure it was a consumer product, not a research tool.
+So we've spent a lot of time -- this has been going on for about seven or eight years, this project -- and [we're] ready to start building them.
+(Narrator: Spyfish is an innovative underwater video camera.
+It can dive to depths of 500 feet where sunlight cannot reach and is equipped with powerful lights.
+When you step into the depths, it becomes your eyes and your ears.
+The battery-powered Spyfish transmits a live video feed through a thin cable. ) DK: This thin cable is a huge technological breakthrough that allowed the whole thing to be this size.
+(Narrator: And this central box connects the whole system.
+Operating Spyfish is easy with the wireless remote control.
+Watch a video overlaid with graphics showing depth and compass heading.
+The combination of fluid graphics and ambient sounds will make you completely forget yourself underwater. ) (Applause) DK: And the last thing I want to talk about is ApproTEC. This is a project that I am very excited about.
+ApproTEC is a company founded by my friend Dr. Martin Fischer. he has a Ph.D. Originally from Stanford.
+He found himself in Kenya aboard Fulbright and had some very interesting insights. That is to say, "There must be entrepreneurs in Kenya. There must be entrepreneurs everywhere."
+And he realized that he would find enough money there to hold a wedding and a funeral.
+So he decided to start manufacturing his products in Kenya with a Kenyan manufacturer. The design was done by people like us, but they took us to Kenya.
+And to this day — just a few years after he passed away — he has founded 19,000 companies.
+He created 30,000 new jobs.
+And the product sales alone, which is non-profit, now account for 0.6% of Kenya's GDP.
+One man is doing this. This is pretty spectacular.
+So we're helping people with quarter acres of land design low-cost manual pumps for deep wells so they can grow crops in the off-season.
+They are now able to grow crops during the rainy season, but not during the low season.
+So the first woman I saw, she's a school teacher, she's always wanted to send her kids to college, and these things will allow her to do that.
+For the very simple things we are designing, such as seed squeezers, pumps, hay balers, our students are doing this as a class project and IDEO has the time to do this kind of work. You are donating, which is really great. Look at his success, Martin's.
+We were also thinking about Richard's experience, so (laughs) we designed this hat. Because that day would be my last and I had to deal with him. So I have one more thing to say.
+(laughs) Can you read?
+(Laughter) Well, it's always kind of funny when he comes over and hovers.
+I don't want to be rude to him and I don't want to feel guilty, so I sat here and thought that was enough.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Well, in this session today, we saw a lot of interesting things being designed by all the different presenters.
+And in my own practice, from products to ApproTEC, taking a more human-centered approach to design and embedding behavior and personality into what we do is really exciting, I think this is great.
+Designers are more trusted and more embedded in companies' business strategies. First of all, I have to say that I feel very lucky with the progress in design since my first TED. Thank you very much.
+My theme is economic growth in China and India.
+And the question I want to explore with you is whether democracy has helped or hindered economic growth.
+You might say this is unfair because I am picking two countries to make a claim against democracy.
+Actually what I'm trying to do is quite the opposite.
+I will use these two countries to make economic arguments in favor of democracy, not against it.
+The first question is why has China grown so much faster than India?
+Over the past 30 years, China has grown twice as fast as India in terms of GDP growth.
+Over the past five years, the two countries have begun to converge to some degree in economic growth.
+But over the past three decades, China has arguably fared much better than India.
+One simple answer is that China has Shanghai and India has Mumbai.
+Look at the skyline of Shanghai.
+This is the Pudong area.
+India photo shows Dharavi slums in Mumbai, India.
+The idea behind these two pictures is that the Chinese government can act above the rule of law.
+You can plan for the long-term interests of your country, displacing millions of people in the process, but it's just a small technical problem.
+On the other hand, we cannot do that in India because we have to listen to the voice of the people.
+You are bound by public opinion.
+Prime Minister Manmohan Singh agrees with that view.
+In an interview published in an Indian financial newspaper, he said he wanted Mumbai to become the next Shanghai.
+He is an Oxford-trained economist steeped in humanistic values, but still agrees with Shanghai's heavy-handed tactics.
+So let's call this the Shanghai model of economic growth. It focuses on infrastructure, airports, highways, bridges and other features to promote economic development.
+Private property rights cannot be respected, so we need a strong government for that.
+You can't be bound by public opinion.
+It also requires state ownership, especially of land assets, to rapidly build and deploy infrastructure.
+The implication of this model is that democracy hinders economic growth, not promotes it.
+Here is the important question.
+How important is infrastructure to economic growth?
+This is an important issue.
+If you believe that infrastructure is so important to economic growth, you will argue that strong government is needed to foster growth.
+If you believe infrastructure isn't as important as many believe, then you're going to give less importance to strong government.
+Let's take two countries to illustrate this question.
+For brevity, we will refer to one country as country 1 and the other as country 2.
+Country 1 has a systematic advantage over Country 2 in infrastructure.
+Country 1 has more telephones and Country 1 has a longer rail system.
+So if you ask, "Which is China, which is India, which is growing faster?"
+If you believe the infrastructure perspective, you would say, "Country 1 must be China."
+In terms of economic growth, they could have done better.
+And country 2 is probably India. "
+In fact, the country with the most phones is the USSR, and the data refer to 1989.
+The country fell apart after it reported some very impressive statistics on phone calls.
+that's not very good.
+Khrushchev is depicted there.
+I know he no longer ruled the USSR in 1989, but that's the best picture I can find.
+(Laughter) Telephones and infrastructure do not guarantee economic growth.
+The second country with the fewest number of calls is China.
+Since 1989, the country has maintained a double-digit annual growth rate for the past two decades.
+If you don't know anything about China and the Soviet Union other than the facts about the phone, you're making inadequate predictions about economic growth over the next 20 years.
+Country 1 with the longer rail network is actually India.
+And country 2 is China.
+This is a little known fact about both countries.
+Yes, China currently has a huge advantage over India in terms of infrastructure.
+However, for many years until the late 1990s, China was at an infrastructural disadvantage to India.
+Railways are the most common mode of transport in developing countries, and the British have built many railways in India.
+India, the smaller of the two countries, had a longer rail network until the late 1990s.
+Clearly, infrastructure does not explain why China was better before the late 1990s compared to India.
+In fact, looking at evidence from around the world, there is more evidence to support the view that infrastructure is actually a result of economic growth.
+The economy will grow, the government will accumulate more resources, and the government will be able to invest in infrastructure rather than having it cause economic growth.
+And this is clearly the story of China's economic growth.
+Let's look at this question more directly.
+Does democracy hurt economic growth?
+Now let's look at two countries, Country A and Country B.
+In 1990, country A's per capita GDP was about $300, while country B's per capita GDP was $460.
+By 2008, country A had a GDP per capita of $650, while country B surpassed country B with $700.
+Both countries are in Asia.
+If I ask you, "Where are the two countries in Asia?"
+So which one is democracy? "
+"Well, country A might be China and country B might be India," you might argue.
+In fact, country A is democratic India and country B is Pakistan, which has a long military regime.
+And it is common to compare India and China.
+This is because the population size of the two countries is almost the same.
+But a more natural comparison is actually between India and Pakistan.
+These two countries are geographically similar.
+They have a complicated but common history.
+By comparison, democracy looks very good in terms of economic growth.
+So why do economists fall in love with authoritarian governments?
+One of the reasons is the East Asian model.
+In East Asia, there are successful examples of economic growth such as South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore.
+Some of these economies were ruled by authoritarian governments in the 60's, 70's and 1980's.
+The problem with that view is like asking all lottery winners, "Did you win the lottery?"
+And they all say, "Yes, we won the lottery."
+We then conclude that the probability of winning the lottery is 100%.
+The reason is that you would never go out of your way to ask a loser who also bought a lottery ticket and ended up not winning.
+Every successful authoritarian government in East Asia has its fair share of failures.
+South Korea succeeded, North Korea failed.
+Taiwan succeeded, but Mao Zedong's China did not.
+Burma did not succeed.
+Philippines did not succeed.
+Statistical evidence from around the world does not really support the idea that authoritarian governments have an organizational advantage over democracies in terms of economic growth.
+Therefore, this large selection bias exists in the East Asian model. This is known as selection based on the dependent variable and is something we always teach our students to avoid.
+So why has China grown so rapidly?
+China takes you to the crazed Cultural Revolution and compares the country's performance to India under Indira Gandhi.
+The question then becomes, which country did better, China or India?
+China was in the midst of the Cultural Revolution.
+It turns out that even during the Cultural Revolution, China outperformed India in GDP growth, averaging about 2.2% per capita GDP each year.
+China was outraged.
+The whole country went crazy.
+In terms of economic growth that overcame the evils of the Cultural Revolution, this country probably had an advantage.
+The advantage of this country was human capital, nothing less than human capital.
+This is World Development Index indicator data from the early 1990s.
+And this is the oldest data I found.
+China's adult literacy rate is 77 percent, while India's is 48 percent.
+Differences in literacy rates are particularly pronounced between Chinese and Indian women.
+We haven't talked about the definition of literacy yet.
+In China, the definition of literacy is the ability to read and write 1,500 Chinese characters.
+In India, the definition of literacy, or the definitive definition of literacy, is the ability to write one's name in whatever language one speaks, and the ability to magnify.
+The literacy gap between the two countries is much larger than the data presented here.
+Accessing other data sources, such as the Human Development Index, whose data series date back to the early 1970s, reveals exactly the same contrast.
+China had a huge advantage over India in terms of human capital.
+Life expectancy: In 1965, China had a significant advantage in life expectancy.
+In 1965, the average Chinese lived ten years longer than the average Indian.
+So if you had to choose between being Chinese or Indian, you would want to be Chinese to live 10 years longer.
+The downside is that if you make that decision in 1965, the next year will be the Cultural Revolution.
+Therefore, these decisions should always be carefully considered.
+If you can't choose your nationality, you'll want to be an Indian man.
+Because Indian men have about two years life expectancy advantage over Indian women.
+This is a very strange fact.
+Countries with such patterns are very rare.
+This shows the systemic discrimination and prejudice against women in Indian society.
+The good news is that by 2006 India had closed the gender gap in life expectancy.
+Today, Indian women have a considerable advantage in life expectancy over Indian men.
+So India is getting back to normal.
+But India still has a lot to do when it comes to gender equality.
+These are two photos of a garment factory in Guangdong and a garment factory in India.
+In China, everyone is female.
+In coastal China, 60-80 percent of the workforce is female, while in India it is all male.
+The Financial Times published a photo of Indian textile factories under the title 'India poised to overtake China in textile sector'.
+Looking at these two pictures, I would say that it will not overtake China anytime soon.
+Looking to other East Asian countries, women are playing a very important role in terms of economic take-off when it comes to creating manufacturing miracles related to East Asia.
+India still has a long way to go to catch up with China.
+The question, then, is what is going on with China's political system?
+You talk about human capital, you talk about education and public health.
+What about the political system?
+Isn't it true that the one-party political system promoted China's economic growth?
+In reality, the answer is even more nuanced and subtle than that.
+It depends on distinguishing between the static of the political system and the dynamic of the political system.
+Statistically, there is no question that China is a one-party dictatorship and authoritarian.
+It changed dynamically over time, becoming less authoritarian and more democratic.
+When we talk about change, we talk about economic growth, for example. Economic growth is about change. When describing change, instead of using constants to describe change, we use other changes to describe change.
+Fixed effects can explain change in some cases, but fixed effects only explain change in interactions with changers.
+Regarding the political change, village elections were introduced.
+They have enhanced security for management.
+Long-term land leasing increased security.
+Financial reforms are also taking place in rural China.
+China is also witnessing a rural entrepreneurial revolution.
+For me, the pace of political change is too slow, too slow.
+And, in my own view, the country is going to face some serious challenges as it does not move faster on political reforms.
+But nevertheless, the system moved in a more liberal, more democratic direction.
+Exactly the same dynamic perspective can be applied to India.
+In fact, when India was growing at Hindu growth rates (about 1 or 2 percent per year), it was the least democratic time in India.
+Indira Gandhi declared an emergency rule in 1975.
+The Indian government owned and operated all television stations.
+A little-known fact about India in the 1990s is that the country not only underwent economic reforms, but also political reforms such as village autonomy, media privatization and the introduction of the Freedom of Information Act.
+So the dynamic perspective applies to both China and India in terms of direction.
+Why do many people believe that India is still in crisis of growth?
+One reason is that they constantly compare India and China.
+But China is a superstar when it comes to economic growth.
+If you were an NBA player and you were constantly being compared to Michael Jordan, you would look less impressive.
+But that doesn't mean you're a bad basketball player.
+Comparing to superstars is the wrong standard.
+In fact, when comparing India to the average developing country, even before the beginning of the recent period of accelerated growth in India (where India is currently growing between 8 and 9 percent), India was ranked 4th in economic terms. was ranked first. Growth in emerging countries.
+This is indeed a very impressive record.
+Think about the future. A dragon against an elephant.
+Which countries have the fastest growth?
+I believe there are still some good raw foundations left in China that are not found in India. Mostly social capital, public health, and a sense of egalitarianism.
+But I believe India has momentum.
+There is a basis for improvement.
+Governments have invested in basic education and basic health.
+I think the government should do more, but the direction the government is taking is still right.
+While India has the institutional conditions for economic growth, China is still struggling with political reforms.
+I believe that political reform is essential for China to sustain growth.
+And political reform is extremely important in order to share the benefits of economic growth widely.
+I don't know if it will happen, but I'm an optimist.
+If possible, I would like to report to TEDGlobal that political reform will occur in China in five years.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Well, this is very un-TED, but let's start the afternoon with a message from a mysterious sponsor.
+Anonymous: Dear Fox News, We regret to inform you that both the name and nature of Anonymous have fallen into disrepair.
+we are all We are nothing.
+we are anonymous. we are legion
+we will not allow we will not forget
+We are nothing but the foundation of chaos.
+Misha Glennie: Dear Anonymous, A group of sophisticated politically motivated hackers emerged in 2011.
+And they are pretty scary.
+You never know when the next attack will be, who it will be, or what the consequences will be.
+Interestingly, they have a sense of humor.
+They hacked the Fox News Twitter account to announce the assassination of President Obama.
+You can imagine the panic that must have erupted in Fox's newsroom.
+"Now what shall we do?
+Wear a black armband or open a glass of champagne? "
+(Laughter) And, of course, no one can escape the irony of the members of Rupert Murdoch's The News Corporation.
+Become a victim of hacks for a change of pace.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Sometimes I turn on the news and say, "Is there anyone left who can hack it?"
+The Sony PlayStation Network is over, the Turkish government is ticking, the British Serious Organized Crime Agency is easy, the CIA has fallen off the log.
+In fact, a friend in the security industry told me the other day that there are two kinds of companies in the world: those who know they've been hacked, and those who know they haven't. I was.
+Three companies that provide cybersecurity services to the FBI have been hacked.
+Please, is there nothing more sacred?
+Anyway, this mysterious group, Anonymous, is doing its service by demonstrating, as they would say themselves, how powerless corporations are at protecting our data.
+But Anonymous also has a very serious side. They are ideologically driven.
+They claim to be fighting a vile conspiracy.
+They say governments are trying to hijack and control the internet, and they are anonymous, whether it's against dictatorships in the Middle East, global media corporations, or intelligence agencies. Whoever they are, they claim to be the true voice of resistance. .
+And their politics are not entirely unattractive.
+Well, they are a little imperfect.
+They have the smell of half-baked anarchism.
+But one thing is true: we are at the beginning of a fierce battle for control of the Internet.
+The web connects everything and will soon be the vehicle for most human activity.
+Because the Internet has created a new and complex environment for solving the old age dilemma that pits the need for security against the desire for freedom.
+Now, this is a very complicated battle.
+And unfortunately for mortals like you and me, it probably doesn't make much sense.
+Nevertheless, a few years ago, an unexpected arrogance struck me and I decided to give it a go.
+And somehow I understood.
+These were different things I was observing trying to make sense of it.
+But trying to explain everything takes another 18 minutes or so. Therefore, you must trust me to explain on this occasion. And let me assure you of all things. These issues are somehow related to cybersecurity and internet control, but in a configuration that would probably be difficult even for Stephen Hawking to comprehend.
+So there you are.
+As you can see, in the middle is our old friend, the hacker.
+Hackers are at the center of many political, social and economic issues affecting the net.
+So I thought, "Oh, these people are the ones I want to talk to."
+And, you know, no one else talks to hackers.
+They are completely anonymous, so to speak.
+So despite the fact that we're starting to pour billions and hundreds of billions of dollars into cybersecurity, we're talking to hackers doing everything they can for the most extraordinary technological solutions. no one is trying.
+Instead, we prefer these truly dazzling technical solutions that cost a fortune.
+So hackers get nothing.
+Well, I won't say anything, but there is actually one tiny little research unit in Turin, Italy called the Hacker Profiling Project.
+And they are doing great research on hacker traits, abilities, and socialization.
+However, since they are UN activities, governments and companies may not be so interested.
+Since it is a UN activity, it naturally lacks funding.
+But I think they do a very important job.
+Because while the cybersecurity industry has a surplus of technology, it desperately lacks human intelligence.
+So far, we've talked about Hacker Anonymous, a politically motivated hacker collective.
+Of course, the criminal justice system treats them as common old yard criminals.
+Interestingly, however, Anonymous does not use the hacked information for financial gain.
+But what about real cybercriminals?
+Real organized crime on the Internet dates back almost a decade, when a group of talented Ukrainian hackers developed a website that led to the industrialization of cybercrime.
+Welcome to the forgotten world of CarderPlanet.
+This was how they advertised themselves on the internet ten years ago.
+Well, CarderPlanet was very interesting.
+Cybercriminals go there to buy and sell stolen credit card details and exchange information about new malware in the wild.
+And remember, we're in an era where so-called off-the-shelf malware is making its first appearance.
+It's out-of-the-box, out-of-the-box, and doesn't require a very sophisticated hacker to deploy.
+As such, CarderPlanet has become a kind of supermarket for cybercriminals.
+And its creator was incredibly smart and entrepreneurial. Because they faced one big challenge as cybercriminals.
+The challenge is how do you do business, how do you trust anyone you want to do business with on the web if you know they are criminals.
+(laughter) It's a truism that they are dangerous and want to trick you.
+So this family known as the core of CarderPlanet came up with this brilliant idea called the Escrow System.
+They appointed officials to mediate between sellers and buyers.
+Vendors say they stole credit card details. Buyers wanted to get them.
+The buyer would send a few dollars digitally to the magistrate, and the seller would sell the stolen credit card details.
+Then the police will check if the stolen credit card works.
+And if they did, he gave the money to the seller and gave the stolen credit card details to the buyer.
+It has completely revolutionized cybercrime on the web.
+And after that, it just rampaged.
+We spent 10 years champagne for those known as carders.
+Well, I spoke with one of the Carders (I'll call him the Red Brigade), who promised not to reveal who he was, even though it wasn't even his official nickname.
+And he explained how in 2003 and 2004 he used a cloned credit card to withdraw $10,000 from an ATM in New York and $30,000 from an ATM over there in 2003 and 2004. .
+He averaged $150,000 a week—no taxes, of course.
+And he said there was a time when he hid so much money in his Upper East Side apartment that he didn't know what to do with it, and actually went into a recession.
+But that's a bit of a different story, so I won't go into it here.
+Now, what's interesting about RedBrigade is that he wasn't an advanced hacker.
+He had some understanding of technology and knew that security was very important to be a carder, but he spent his days and nights hunkered down at his computer, eating pizza, drinking coke, and all that stuff. I didn't spend time on it.
+He was out in the city and having a great time enjoying the life of the upper classes.
+This is because hackers are just one component of cybercriminal enterprises.
+And often they are the most vulnerable of all.
+I would like to illustrate this by introducing six characters I met during this research.
+Dmitry Gorbov, aka SCRIPT -- Born 1982 in Odessa, Ukraine.
+Now he has developed a social and moral compass in the Black Sea ports in the 1990s.
+This was a high-stakes environment where engaging in criminal and corrupt practices was absolutely necessary for survival.
+As a seasoned computer user, what Dimitri did was transfer his hometown gang capitalism to the World Wide Web.
+And he did a great job in it.
+However, it should be understood that since his ninth birthday, the only environment he has known has been the gang.
+He didn't know how else to make a living and make money.
+Next is DarkMarket founder Renukanth Subramaniam, aka JiLsi, who was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
+At the age of eight, he fled the Sri Lankan capital with his parents after a Sinhala mob roamed the city and targeted Tamils ​​like Renu for murder.
+At the age of 11, he was interrogated by the Sri Lankan military on terrorism charges and his parents sent him alone to the UK as a refugee seeking political asylum.
+At the age of 13, barely speaking English and being bullied at school, he escaped into the world of computers, where he showed great technical prowess, but soon found himself seduced by people on the Internet. became.
+He was convicted of mortgage and credit card fraud and is due to be released from London's Wormwood Scrubs prison in 2012.
+Matrix001 was DarkMarket's administrator.
+Born into a stable and reputable middle-class family in Southern Germany, his obsession with gaming as a teenager led him to hacking.
+And soon he was controlling huge servers around the world that stored cracked and pirated games.
+His fall into crime was gradual.
+And when he finally woke up to his situation and understood its implications, he was already in the depths.
+Max Vision, aka The Iceman -- the mastermind behind CardersMarket.
+Born in Meridian, Idaho.
+Max Vision was one of the best penetration testers in Santa Clara, California in the late 90's, volunteering for private companies and the FBI.
+In the late 1990s, he discovered vulnerabilities in all of the U.S. government's networks, including nuclear research facilities, thus avoiding a major security embarrassment for the U.S. government.
+But he was also an avid hacker, leaving a small digital wormhole that only he could crawl through.
+However, this was discovered by a sharp-eyed investigator and he was convicted.
+In a public prison, he came under the influence of financial scammers, who persuaded him to work for them for his release.
+And this man with a planet-sized brain is currently serving a 13-year sentence in California.
+Adewale Taiwo aka FreddyBB -- A master bank account cracker from Abuja, Nigeria.
+He founded the vulgarly titled newsgroup bankfrauds@yahoo.co.uk before arriving in the UK in 2005 to pursue a master's degree in chemical engineering from the University of Manchester.
+He was influential in the private sector, developing chemical applications for the oil industry while also conducting a global bank and credit card fraud operation worth millions of dollars before being arrested in 2008.
+And finally, Cagatay Evyapan aka Cha0, one of the most notable hackers of all time from Ankara, Turkey.
+He combines the prodigious skills of a geek with the sophisticated social engineering skills of a master criminal.
+One of the smartest people I've ever met.
+He also established the most effective virtual private network security posture police had ever encountered against global cybercriminals.
+Now, the important thing about all of these people is that they share certain traits even though they come from very different environments.
+All of them learned their hacking skills in their early to mid-teens.
+They are all highly competent people in mathematics and science.
+Remember, when they developed these hacking skills, their moral compass had not yet developed.
+And, with the exception of SCRIPT and Cha0, most of them did not display their real social skills in the outside world, only on the web.
+Second, there is a high prevalence of hackers with characteristics consistent with Asperger Syndrome.
+I discussed this with Professor Simon Baron Cohen, Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at the University of Cambridge.
+And he has done groundbreaking research on autism, and that Gary McKinnon, wanted by the United States on charges of hacking the Pentagon, has Asperger's disorder and secondary depression. was also confirmed by the authorities here.
+And Baron Cohen argues that certain disabilities can manifest themselves as phenomenal skills in the world of hacking and computing, making people with such disabilities or skills socially lost or swindled. He explained that they shouldn't be thrown in jail because they were abused.
+I think we are missing a trick here. Because I don't think people like Max Vision should be in prison.
+And let me be frank about this.
+China, Russia, and many other countries developing cyberattack capabilities are doing just that.
+They have recruited hackers both before and after their involvement in criminal and industrial espionage, and they mobilize hackers on behalf of the state.
+We need to find ways to engage and provide guidance to these young people because they are a superior race.
+And if we rely, as we do, only on the criminal justice system and the threat of punitive sentencing, we will be breeding monsters that cannot be tamed.
+Thank you for your attention.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: So your idea worth spreading is to hire a hacker.
+How would one get over that kind of fear that the hackers they hired might save that little wormhole?
+MG: I think you have to have some understanding that it's normal for hackers to do things like that.
+They're just relentless and obsessed with what they're doing.
+But every lawbreaker I've talked to has said, "Please, give me a chance to work in a legitimate industry."
+We had no idea how to get there or what we were doing.
+we would love to work with you "
+Chris Anderson: Well, of course. Thank you, Misha.
+(applause)
+My name is Kate Hartman.
+And I like making devices that test relationships and ways of communicating.
+As humans, I am therefore particularly interested in how we relate to ourselves, each other, and the world around us.
+(Laughter) So to put it in a little context, as June said, I'm an artist, an engineer, an educator.
+I teach courses in Physical Computing and Wearable Electronics.
+And a lot of what I do is either wearable or related to the human form in some way.
+So whenever I talk about what I do, I want to immediately bring up why the body matters.
+And it's so easy.
+Everyone has - all of you.
+I assure you, everyone in this room, over there, in a comfy chair, on the top floor with a laptop, we all have bodies. increase.
+don't be shy.
+It's what we have in common and they serve as our primary interface to the world.
+So when you work as an interaction designer, or as an artist who deals with participation, when you create things that live in or around the human form, it's really powerful to work in that. It's a space.
+Therefore, in my own work, I use a wide range of materials and tools.
+So they communicate through everything from radio transceivers to funnels and plastic tubes.
+To talk a little bit about what I make, hats are the easiest place to start a story.
+And it all started a few years ago when I was sitting on the subway home late one night thinking.
+And I tend to be someone who thinks too much and doesn't talk much.
+So I can also physically take all these noises out, like the sounds of thoughts in my head, and share them with others.
+So I went home and made a prototype of this hat.
+And I called it "murmur hat". Because this hat emits a mumbling sound like it's tied to you, but you can detach it and share it with others.
+(Laughter) So I'm going to make another hat.
+This is called "Talk to Yourself Hat".
+(Laughter) It's pretty self-explanatory.
+Physically carve out a conversation space for one person.
+And when you speak out loud, the voice actually goes back to your ears.
+(Laughter) So when I make these things, it's not really the object itself that matters, but rather the negative space around the object.
+So what happens when a person wears this?
+what are their experiences?
+And how does wearing it change you?
+Many of these devices focus on how we relate to ourselves.
+So this particular device is called Gut Listener.
+And it's a tool that actually allows you to listen to your inner self.
+(Laughter) Some of these things are really specific to expression and communication.
+An inflatable heart is therefore an external organ that the wearer can use to express themselves.
+So you can actually inflate or deflate it depending on your emotions.
+As such, they can express everything from admiration and desire to fear and anxiety.
+(Laughter) And some of these are really meant to mediate the experience.
+In short, a discommunicator is a tool for discussion.
+(Laughter.) And really, it allows for intense emotional exchanges, but helps absorb the idiosyncrasies of the words being conveyed.
+(Laughter) And at the end of the day, some of these things just act as invitations.
+So the Ear Bender literally puts something out there so someone can grab your ear and say what they want.
+So I'm very interested in relationships between people, but I'm also thinking about how we relate to the world around us.
+So a few years ago, when I was first living in New York City, I was thinking a lot about the familiar architectural forms that surrounded me and how I wanted to better relate to them.
+And so I thought.
+If you want to interact better with walls, you may need to be more wall-like yourself. "
+So I made a wearable wall that can be worn as a backpack.
+So I put it on and physically changed myself so that I could contribute to or critique the space around me.
+(Laughter) So I'm jumping out of there and thinking beyond the built environment to the natural world and working on an ongoing project called Botanicalls. This actually allows houseplants to take advantage of human communication protocols.
+So when a plant is thirsty, it can actually make a phone call or post a message on a service like Twitter.
+This is going to change the relationship between humans and plants, as a single houseplant can actually represent its needs to thousands of people at the same time.
+When it comes to scale, what I'm obsessed with these days are, of course, glaciers.
+Glaciers are such an amazing thing, and there are many reasons to be fascinated by glaciers, but what interests me most is the relationship between humans and glaciers.
+(Laughter) I think there is a problem.
+Glaciers are actually leaving us.
+They are both shrinking and receding, some of them completely gone.
+So, I live in Canada now and am visiting one of the local glaciers.
+And here it is especially interesting. This is because it has the highest annual human traffic of any of North America's glaciers.
+They actually have buses that drop people over the side moraine and onto the glacier surface.
+And this got me really thinking about the experience of first encounters.
+What should I do when I encounter a glacier for the first time?
+There is no such thing as a social protocol for this.
+I don't even know how to say hello.
+Why not carve a message into the snow?
+Alternatively, you might be able to build one out of Dot and Dash ice cubes. Morse code for ice cubes.
+Or maybe you need to make yourself a speaking tool, like an ice megaphone that you can use to raise your voice to the ice.
+But really the most satisfying experience I have had is the act of listening, which is necessary for a good relationship.
+And I was really struck by how much it affected me.
+A very basic change in my physical orientation helped change my perspective on the glacier.
+So we use devices these days to think about how we relate to the world, so we actually made a device called the Glacier Embracing Suite.
+(Laughter) So this is made of a heat reflective material that acts as a mediator for the temperature difference between the human body and the glacial ice.
+And again, the invitation invites people to lie down on the glacier and hug it.
+Yes this is really just the beginning.
+These are the first thoughts on this project.
+In the same way that I wanted to be more Wall-like with Walls, I really want this project to have a more glacial pace.
+So my intention is actually over the next 10 years to work with people from different disciplines (artists, engineers, scientists) on a series of joint projects to work on how we can improve. is. The relationship between humans and glaciers.
+Beyond that, the last thing I want to say is that we are in an age of communication and device proliferation. It's a really amazing, exciting and sexy time, but I think what's really important is thinking about how we can sustain it all at the same time. A sense of amazement and criticism of the tools we use and the way we interact with the world.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Ladies and gentlemen, I introduce you to the human genome.
+(Applause) Chromosome 1 -- top left and bottom right -- are sex chromosomes.
+Females have two copies of that large X chromosome. Men have X and, of course, a small copy of Y.
+I'm sorry, but it's the little things that make you different.
+Therefore, if we zoom in on this genome, it is this double helix structure that we see. This is the code of life spelled out with these four biochemical letters, or A, C, G, and T, called bases. .
+How many are there in the human genome? 3 billion.
+is that a big number?
+Well, anyone can throw big numbers.
+But in practice, if you put one base in each pixel of this 1280x800 resolution screen, you would need 3,000 screens to look at the genome.
+So it's really big.
+And perhaps because of its size, a group of people—who, incidentally, all have a Y chromosome—decided to sequence it.
+(Laughter) So actually 15 years later, about $4 billion, the genome was sequenced and released.
+The final version was released in 2003 and is still under development.
+It was all done on a machine like this.
+It costs about $1 per location, but it is a very slow method.
+Now, dear ones, I am here because the world has changed completely, and none of you know it.
+So what we do now is take the genome, make maybe 50 copies of it, split all those copies into small 50-base reads, and sequence them in massively parallel fashion.
+Then we take it down in software and reconstruct it to tell what the story is.
+To describe what this looks like, Human Genome Project: 3 gigabases, right?
+One run on one of these modern machines is 200 gigabases in a week.
+And with plans to change that 200 to 600 this summer, the pace shows no signs of slowing down.
+The price of bases for sequencing has dropped by a factor of 100 million.
+It's the equivalent of filling up your car in 1998, waiting until 2011, and now making two round trips to Jupiter.
+(Laughter) We have the world's population, the PC placement, all the medical literature archives, Moore's Law, the old methods of sequencing, and all the new stuff here.
+Folks, this is a long scale. You don't usually see a rising line like this.
+In other words, the global capacity to decode the human genome will be around 50,000 to 100,000 this year.
+You'll know this based on the machine you're on.
+This is expected to double, triple and even quadruple year-on-year in the near future.
+In fact, there is one special lab with 20% of its total capacity. It is called the Beijing Genomics Institute.
+By the way, the Chinese are definitely winning the race to this New Moon.
+What does this mean for medicine?
+A 37-year-old woman has stage 2 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
+She has undergone surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
+she goes home
+Two years later she unfortunately had stage 3C ovarian cancer. It is treated again with surgery and chemotherapy.
+Three years later, at age 42, she had ovarian cancer again and underwent more chemotherapy.
+Six months later, she has a relapse with acute myeloid leukemia.
+She developed respiratory failure and died eight days later.
+For starters, the treatment this woman underwent would look like phlebotomy in just 10 years.
+It's thanks to people like my colleague at the University of Washington Genomics Institute, Rick Wilson, who decided to look into this woman's postmortem.
+He then took skin cells, healthy skin and cancerous bone marrow, and spent weeks sequencing the entire genomes of both. This was no big deal.
+The software then compared the two genomes and found, among other things, a deletion: a 2,000-base deletion spanning 3 billion bases in a specific gene called TP53.
+If you have this deleterious mutation in this gene, you have a 90% chance of getting cancer in your lifetime.
+Unfortunately, this doesn't help this woman, but it has serious, if you like, serious consequences for her family.
+So if they carry the same mutation and understand it by taking this genetic test, they could be tested regularly to catch cancer early and potentially live much longer. I have.
+Meet the Beery twins who were diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the age of two.
+Their mother, a very brave woman, did not believe it. The symptoms were inconsistent.
+And through some heroic efforts and many Internet searches, she was able to convince the medical community that there was in fact something else.
+They had dopa-responsive dystonia.
+When they were given L-dopa, their symptoms did improve, but they were not completely asymptomatic.
+A serious problem remained.
+The gentleman in the photo turned out to be a man named Joe Beery, who had the good fortune to become the CIO of a company called Life Technologies.
+The company is one of two companies producing these large-scale whole-genome sequencing tools.
+So he had the children's arrays examined.
+What they discovered was a series of mutations in a gene called SPR, which is involved in, among other things, the production of serotonin.
+So they gave these children a serotonin precursor drug, in addition to L-dopa, and they are now virtually normal.
+Without whole-genome sequencing, this could never have happened.
+At the time, this was a few years ago, the price was $100,000.
+$10,000 today, $1,000 next year, $100 the year after, a little different in a year.
+That's how fast it moves.
+Well, little Nick likes Batman and water guns.
+And it turned out that Nick turned up at the children's hospital with a bloated belly like a starvation victim.
+And it's not that he hasn't eaten. It basically means that when he eats, his intestines open up and the stool spills into it.
+So after 100 surgeries, he looked at his mother and said, "Mother, please pray for me.
+It hurts so much. "
+His pediatrician, who happens to have a background in clinical genetics and had no idea what was going on, said, "Let's sequence this kid's genome."
+What they discovered was a single-point mutation in a gene involved in the regulation of programmed cell death.
+So, in theory, he's having some sort of immune response to what's going on—the food.
+This is a natural response that causes programmed cell death, but the gene that controls it is broken.
+And this, of course, informs, among other things, the bone marrow transplant treatment he undertakes.
+After nine months of grueling recovery, he now eats steak with A1 sauce.
+(Laughter) The possibility of using the genome as a universal diagnostic approaches us today.
+today. here.
+And what that means for all of us is that everyone in this room could live another 5, 10, 20 more years because of this one thing.
+This is a great story, unless you think about humanity's footprint on the planet and our ability to sustain food production.
+It turns out that exactly the same technology is being used to grow new varieties of corn, wheat, soybeans and other crops that are highly resistant to drought, floods, pests and pesticides.
+Now, look, as long as we keep growing our population, we have to keep growing and eating genetically modified food.
+And that's the only position I take today.
+Unless someone in the audience voluntarily wants to stop eating?
+Not even one.
+This is the typewriter that has been a staple of every desktop for decades.
+And indeed, the typewriter was essentially eliminated by this.
+And then came the more popular versions of word processors.
+But in the end, it was chaos after chaos.
+It was the connection of all these computers that Bob Metcalf invented Ethernet that fundamentally changed everything.
+Suddenly there was Netscape, and then there was Yahoo.
+And in fact, we went through the entire dotcom bubble.
+(Laughter) But don't worry. It was quickly rescued by iPods, Facebook, and indeed Angry Birds.
+(Laughter.) See, this is where we are today.
+This is today's genomic revolution. this is where we are
+I ask you to think, what does it mean when these dots are connected to the genome of the entire planet instead of representing individual bases of the genome?
+I recently had to take out a life insurance policy and had to answer: A. I have never had a genetic test. B. I've eaten it before, please. Or C. I've had one too, but I don't know that.
+Thankfully, I was able to answer A. I'll be honest because the life insurance salesman might be listening.
+But what if I said C?
+Consumer applications of genomics will flourish.
+Want to know if you are genetically compatible with your girlfriend?
+Do you want to do DNA sequencing on your iPhone? We have an app for that.
+(laughs) Personalized genome massage, anyone?
+Currently, laboratories already exist that test for allele 334 of the AVPR1 gene, the so-called rogue gene.
+(Laughter) So if you're here today with your significant other, please turn to them, wipe your mouth, and send it off to the lab. Then you will know for sure.
+(Laughter) Do you really want to elect a president whose genome suggests cardiomyopathy?
+please think about it. The time is 2016, and the frontrunner will not only release four years of tax returns, but also his personal genome.
+It looks great too.
+She then challenges all of her competitors to do the same.
+Don't you think that will happen?
+Do you think it helped John McCain?
+(Laughter) How many people in the audience have the same last name as me, Resnick?
+Please raise your hand.
+who? nobody
+There are usually one or two.
+So my father's father was one of the 10 Resnik brothers.
+They all hated each other and moved to different parts of the planet.
+So maybe I have something to do with every Resnik I've ever met, but I'm not sure.
+Imagine there. Suppose my genome was anonymized and existed in software, and my cousin's genome was also there, and there was software that could compare the two and make these associations.
+It's not hard to imagine. My company currently has software that does this.
+Imagine another. The software can ask both sides for mutual consent, "Would you like to meet your third cousin?"
+And if we both say yes, voila!
+Welcome to Chromosome LinkedIn.
+(Laughter) This is probably a good thing, right?
+Such as larger clan gatherings.
+But it can also be bad.
+How many fathers are there in that room? Please raise your hand.
+Experts believe that between 1 and 3 percent of you are not actually fathers of children.
+(Laughter) Look -- (Laughter) These genomes, these 23 chromosomes, by no means represent the quality of our relationships or the nature of our society -- at least not yet.
+And, like any new technology, it is really up to humanity to use it for its betterment.
+Therefore, I urge all of you to wake up and pay attention to and influence the genomic revolution that is happening all around you.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+What I really mean to say is that after all these great speeches and ideas going viral, I'm in the awkward position of being here today to talk about television.
+So most people watch TV.
+we like it We like some parts of it.
+Here in America, people actually love TV.
+The average American watches TV for almost five hours a day.
+have understood?
+I happen to make my living from television these days, so that's good for me.
+However, many people do not love it very much.
+In fact, they condemn it.
+They say it's stupid and worse, believe me.
+My mother used to call it the "stupid box" when I was a kid.
+But my thoughts today are not to argue whether there is good TV or bad TV. My thoughts today are that I believe television has a conscience.
+So why do I believe television has a conscience? I do believe that television directly reflects the state of our nation's moral, political, social and emotional needs. It's from In other words, television is the vehicle through which our entire value system really spreads.
+So all these things are peculiar to humans, and they all fit into our conception of conscience.
+Now, we're not talking about good or bad TV today.
+We are talking about popular TV.
+We're talking about Nielsen's Top 10 shows for 50 years.
+How do these Nielsen ratings reflect what you've heard: our social and collective unconscious thinking? And how do the shows that have ranked in the top 10 Nielsen ratings for 50 years reflect our social conscience?
+How has television evolved over time and what does this tell us about our society?
+Now, speaking of evolution from basic biology, you probably remember that the animal kingdom, including humans, has four basic instincts.
+you feel hungry you have sex you have power And you want to earn.
+The important thing to remember as humans is that we have developed and evolved over time to temper and tame these basic animal instincts.
+We have the capacity to laugh and cry.
+We feel awe and pity.
+It is separate from the animal kingdom.
+Another characteristic of humans is that we love to entertain.
+we love watching tv
+This is what clearly separates us from the animal kingdom.
+Animals may like to play, but they don't like to be seen.
+So I had the ambition to discover what could be understood from this unique relationship between television programs and human consciousness.
+Why has television entertainment evolved so far?
+I think of it like the devil or angel in this cartoon sitting on your shoulder.
+Is television literally acting as our conscience, seducing and rewarding us at the same time?
+So, to answer these questions, we conducted a research study.
+We go back 50 years to the 1959/1960 television season.
+We surveyed the top 20 Nielsen shows for 50 years, 1,000 times each year.
+We spoke to over 3,000 people aged 18 to 70, or about 3,600, and asked them how they were feeling emotionally.
+What did you think after watching all these shows?
+Did you feel moral ambiguity?
+Did you feel resentment? Did you laugh?
+What does this mean for you?
+So I want to tell TED audiences around the world that this was the US sample.
+But as you can see, these emotional need states are truly universal.
+And in fact, more than 80% of the most popular shows in the US are exported worldwide.
+So I sincerely hope that viewers around the world will sympathize.
+Two acknowledgments before the first data slide. Thank you to the legendary Rabbi Jack Stern for inspiring me to think about the concept of conscience and the tricks that conscience plays against us on a daily basis.
+And I would like to thank TED community superstar Hans Rosling for the way he presents the data. He may have seen it now.
+Okay, let's go.
+Here is our research for 50 years from 1960 to 2010.
+We start with two things: the inspiration state and the moral ambiguity state. To this end, I've defined inspiration as TV shows that lift me up and make me feel more positive about the world.
+Moral Ambiguity is a TV show that doesn't understand the difference between right and wrong.
+Once you start, you'll find the 1960s inspiration to be steady.
+That's why we watch TV.
+Moral ambiguity begins to rise.
+It was the very end of the 60s, moral ambiguity was growing and inspiration was waning.
+why?
+Cuban Missile Crisis, JFK shooting, civil rights movement, race riots, Vietnam War, MLK shooting, Bobby Kennedy shooting, Watergate.
+See what happens.
+In 1970, inspiration plummets.
+A moral ambiguity arises.
+Although they pass each other, Telegenic President Ronald Reagan is inaugurated as president.
+I am trying to recover.
+But you see, you can't do that. AIDS, Iran-Contra, Challenger disaster, Chernobyl.
+Moral ambiguity became a dominant meme in television from 1990 onwards for the next two decades.
+take a look at this
+This graph shows a very similar trend.
+But in this case, we stand for solace—red bubbles, and blue and green for social comment and irreverence.
+Well, now TV has "Bonanza" and, let's not forget, there is "Gunsmoke" and there is "Andy Griffith", all domestic shows about comfort.
+This is rising. Comfort lasts forever.
+Feelings of irreverence begin to rise.
+There is a sudden surge of social commentary.
+Let's get to 1969 and see what happens.
+Not only do you have comfort and irreverence, and social critique, and struggle in our society, but you literally had two established shows in 1969: Gunsmoke and Gommer Pile. It's number 2 and number 3-rated TV shows.
+what's number 1?
+The socially irreverent hippie show Rowan and Martin's Laughin'.
+We all live together.
+Viewers responded dramatically.
+Look at these green spikes that first appeared in 1966 at an informational show.
+What does it mean when you hear this industry term "blockbuster"?
+That meant that in the 1966 TV season, "The Smathers Brothers" came out of nowhere.
+It was the first show where viewers could say, "Oh my God, can you comment on television how you feel about the Vietnam War and your presidency?"
+That's what I mean by breakout show.
+Now, as with the last graph, see what happens.
+The dam broke in 1970. the dam breaks.
+Comfort is no longer the reason we watch TV.
+Social criticism and irreverence increased throughout the 70s.
+Now look at this.
+Who are you talking about in the 70's? Norman Lear.
+"All in the Family," "Sanford and Son," and by far the top 10 favorite of the entire '70s, "M<i>A</i>S*H." I have.
+Of all the 50 years of TV programming we studied, seven of the ten highest-ranked programs for blasphemy were broadcast during the Vietnam War, and five of the top ten were during the Nixon administration. aired in time.
+After just one generation and 20 years, we discovered, wow! Can TV do that?
+Can you make me feel like this?
+Can it change us?
+So to this very intelligent crowd, I'd also like to note that the digital guy didn't invent anything disruptive.
+Archie Bunker was pushed out of his easy chair with us 40 years ago.
+This is a simple chart. Another attribute is fantasy and imagination. These are shows that are defined as those that "take me out of the realm of the mundane" and "make me feel good."
+This is mapped against a simple statistic from the Department of Labor, the red dot, the unemployment rate.
+Every time a show of fantasy or imagination rises, we find it leads to a spike in unemployment.
+Want to watch a show about people saving money or losing their jobs?
+No, the '70s had the billboard show "Bionic Woman" soaring into the Top 10 in 1973, followed by "The Six Million Dollar Man" and "Charlie's Angels."
+The 1980s saw another surge in programming about control and power.
+what were those shows?
+Glamorous and rich.
+"Dallas" "Fantasy Island"
+An amazing mapping of our national psyche in the face of the hard facts of unemployment.
+This is my favorite chart. Because this is our last 20 years.
+Whether you work with me or not, you've probably heard or read about the decline of so-called three-camera sitcoms and the rise of reality TV.
+As is often said in business, the X marks the location.
+The 90's -- big bubbles of humor -- we're watching "Friends," "Frasier," "Cheers," and "Seinfeld."
+All is well and unemployment is low.
+But look. The X marks its location.
+In the September 2001 TV season, humor bowed to judgment once and for all.
+why not?
+The 2000 presidential election was decided by the Supreme Court.
+There was the bursting of the tech bubble.
+There was 9/11.
+Anthrax becomes part of social parlance.
+Let's see what happens if we keep going.
+At the turn of the century, the internet took off and reality television took hold.
+So what do people want from TV?
+I would have felt either revenge or nostalgia.
+Please comfort me. My world is crumbling.
+No, they want judgment.
+I can vote for you from the island.
+You can keep Sarah Palin's daughter dancing.
+I can choose the next American Idol. You are fired.
+That's great, right?
+Just like these TV shows, pure entertainment has changed dramatically over the last 50 years. Where did I start? -- One basic instinct remains.
+We are animals, so we need mothers.
+There hasn't been a decade in the TV industry without a determined and dominant TV mom.
+1950s: June Cleaver in the original comfort show "Leave it to Beaver."
+Lucille Ball kept us laughing throughout the rise of social consciousness in the '60s.
+Maud Findlay is an irreverent 1970s icon who tackled abortion, divorce and even menopause on television.
+In the 1980s, our first Cougar was given to us in the form of Alexis Carrington.
+Murphy Brown ran into Vice President with the idea of ​​becoming a single parent.
+Mother of this era, Brie van de Camp.
+I don't know if this is a devil or an angel sitting on our TV's shoulder in our conscience, but I know for sure that I love this image dearly.
+TEDWomen women, TEDWomen men, TEDWomen viewers around the world, thank you for sharing my thoughts on the conscience of television.
+But I would also like to thank the wonderful creators who, throughout the entire era of television, wake up every day to bring their ideas to life on the TV screen.
+Sure they give it life on television, but whether or not you give it life, longevity and power is up to you, the viewer, through your collective social conscience.
+I appreciate it very much.
+(applause)
+Let's talk billions.
+Let's talk about past and future billions.
+We know that about 106 billion people have lived so far.
+And we know most of them are dead.
+And we know that most of them live or have lived in Asia.
+And we also know that most of them were very poor, or could not live very long now.
+Let's talk billions.
+Let's talk about the $195 trillion in wealth in the world today.
+We know that most of that wealth was built after 1800.
+And we know that most of them are now owned by what we call Westerners, Europeans, North Americans, Australians.
+Westerners, who make up 19 percent of the world's population, now own two-thirds of that wealth.
+Economic historians call this the “Great Divergence.”
+And this slide here is the simplest abbreviation of the big branching story I can offer.
+It's basically a ratio of two things: GDP per capita and Gross Domestic Product per capita, or average income.
+One red line is the per capita income ratio for the UK and India.
+And the blue line is the ratio of Americans to Chinese.
+And this chart goes back to 1500.
+Here we can see that there is an exponential large divergence.
+They start pretty close.
+In fact, in 1500 the average Chinese was richer than the average North American.
+By the time this graph ends in the 1970s, the average British person will be more than ten times wealthier than the average Indian.
+And that allows for the difference in cost of living.
+It is based on purchasing power parity.
+By the 1970s, the average American was nearly twenty times wealthier than the average Chinese.
+why?
+This was not just a matter of economics.
+Take the ten countries that later became Western empires, and in 1500 they were very small, 5 percent of the world's land area, 16 percent of its population, and perhaps 20 percent of its income.
+By 1913, these ten nations and the United States controlled a vast world empire with a very large share of 58 percent of the world's territory, about the same proportion of the population, and almost three-quarters of the world's economic output. bottom.
+And notice that most of them were sent to their homeland, to the imperial metropolis, not to the colonial possessions.
+Now, we cannot simply blame imperialism for this, but many have tried to do so, for two reasons.
+The first is that Empire was the least original thing the West has done since 1500.
+Everyone was empire.
+They defeated existing Eastern empires such as the Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire.
+So I don't think Empire can explain the Great Divergence very well.
+In any case, as you may remember, the Great Divergence culminated in the 1970s, long after decolonization.
+This is not a new question.
+The great lexicographer Samuel Johnson [posed] this idea through the character Rassellas in his 1759 novel Rassellas, Prince of Abyssinia.
+“By what means are the Europeans so powerful? Can't we invade, plant colonies in our harbors, and give laws to our natural monarchs?"
+Will the same winds that bring them back take us there? "
+Great question.
+And, as you know, this question was also being asked at about the same time by the Restorians, people from other countries of the world, like the Ottoman official Ibrahim Muteferika. He was the one who introduced printing technology to Turkey very late. The Ottoman Empire -- In a book published in 1731, he wrote, "Why did the Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared to the Islamic nations, now began to rule so much land and were once Has it come to defeat even the victorious Ottoman army?"
+Unlike Russellus, Muteferika had an answer to that question, and she was right.
+"They have laws and rules made by reason," he said.
+It's not geography.
+You might think that the Great Divergence can be explained in terms of geography.
+we know it's wrong. Because we did two great natural experiments in the 20th century to see if geography was more important than institution.
+We took all the Germans, split them roughly in two, gave them to the communists in the East, and you see the result.
+In an incredibly short amount of time, people in the German Democratic Republic built Trabants and Travis, one of the worst cars in the history of the world, while people in the West built Mercedes-Benz.
+Believe it or not, we also tested on the Korean Peninsula.
+And we decided to accept the Koreans in about the same geographical location, with the same basic traditional culture, split them in two, and gave communism to the northerners.
+And the result was an even greater divergence in a very short period of time than in Germany.
+Granted, the design of the Border Patrol uniforms isn't all that different, but in almost every other way they are.
+So I don't think the geography or nationality that is commonly described for this sort of thing really matters.
+that's an idea.
+it's an institution.
+Said by a Scotsman, this must be true.
+I think I'm the only Scottish person at TED in Edinburgh.
+So let me explain that the smartest man ever was a Scotsman.
+He wasn't Billy Connolly or Sean Connery, he was Adam Smith, but he's certainly very smart.
+(Laughter) Smith -- And I want you to go and bow before his statue on the Royal Mile. It's a wonderful statue -- Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776 -- that was the most important event that happened that year...
+(Laughter) That's right.
+Some of our smaller colonies had a bit of a problem locally...
+(Laughter) "China seems to have stood still for a long time, but probably long ago attained perfect wealth commensurate with the nature of its laws and institutions.
+However, this complement may well be far inferior to what is permitted by other laws and institutions due to the nature of the soil, climate and circumstances. "
+It's so right and so cool.
+And he said long ago:
+But you know, this is a TED audience, and if I keep talking about organizations, you'll be offended.
+So let's translate this into words you can understand.
+Let's call them killer apps.
+I would like to explain that there were 6 killer apps that set the West apart.
+It resembles a mobile phone app in the sense that it looks very simple.
+They are just icons. Click them.
+But there is a complex code behind icons.
+The same goes for institutions.
+There are six things that I think explain the great divergence.
+One is competition.
+The second is the scientific revolution.
+3. PROPERTY RIGHTS.
+Fourth, modern medicine.
+The fifth is the consumer society.
+And the sixth is work ethics.
+You can play the game and try to remember the games I failed at, or try to put the games together to just 4 and still lose.
+(Laughter) Let me put together the work of many economic historians on the process and very briefly explain what this means.
+Competition means that Europe in 1500 not only had 100 different political units, but within each of these units there was competition not only among sovereigns but also among firms.
+The ancestor of modern corporations, the City of London Corporation, existed in the 12th century.
+Nothing like this existed in China. China had one monolithic nation covering one-fifth of mankind, and anyone with any ambition had to pass one unified test. The exam took three days and was extremely difficult, requiring a huge number of characters and very complex Confucian memorization. composition.
+The Scientific Revolution differed in many important ways from the science achieved in the Eastern world. Most importantly, through experimental methods, humans have been able to control nature in ways never before possible.
+Example: Benjamin Robbins' extraordinary application of Newtonian physics to ballistics.
+Doing that will improve the accuracy of your cannon.
+Consider what that means.
+It really was a killer application.
+(Laughter) On the other hand, there is no scientific revolution elsewhere.
+The Ottoman Empire is not far from Europe, but there is no scientific revolution there.
+In fact, they destroyed Taki al-Din's observatory. Because searching the heart of God is considered blasphemy.
+Property Rights: It's not a democracy, folks. There is a rule of law based on private property rights.
+That's the difference between North America and South America.
+You may come to North America and sign a contract that says, "I will work for you for five years."
+Just let me eat. "
+But in the end you can get 100 acres of land.
+That's land subsidies in the bottom half of the slide.
+That is not possible in Latin America, where land is held by a small elite descended from conquerors.
+Here you can see that there is a big difference in property ownership between the north and the south.
+Most people in rural North America owned some land by 1900.
+Few people in South America would do that.
+This is also a killer app.
+Modern medicine in the late 19th century began to make great strides against the infectious diseases that claimed many lives.
+And this was another killer app. It's the exact opposite of a killer because it doubled human life expectancy and more than doubled it.
+European empires did it too.
+Even in places like Senegal, life expectancy began to rise as a result of major advances in public health since the early 20th century.
+It will not rise any further after these countries become independent.
+The empire wasn't all bad either.
+A consumer society is necessary for the industrial revolution to have meaning.
+We need people who want to wear a lot of clothes.
+You bought clothes last month. I guarantee
+It is a consumer society, driving economic growth more than technological change itself.
+Japan was the first non-Western society to accept it.
+The alternative proposed by Mahatma Gandhi was to institutionalize and perpetuate poverty.
+Few Indians today want India to follow in the footsteps of Mahatma Gandhi.
+Finally, work ethics.
+Max Weber considered it particularly Protestant.
+he was wrong
+Any culture can develop a work ethic if it has a system that creates incentives to work.
+We know this because today work ethic is no longer a Protestant Western phenomenon.
+In fact, the West has lost its work ethic.
+The average Korean now works 1,000 more hours a year than the average German.
+And this is part of the truly extraordinary phenomenon, and that's where the Great Divergence ends.
+Who has a work ethic now?
+Let's take a look at a 15-year-old's mathematical attainment.
+China's Shanghai district tops the international standings, according to the latest PISA survey.
+The gap between Shanghai and the UK and the US is as wide as the gap between the UK and the US.
+And Albania and Tunisia.
+Perhaps the iPhone was designed in California and assembled in China, so the West still leads the way when it comes to innovation.
+you are wrong
+There is no doubt that the East is ahead when it comes to patents.
+Not only has Japan held the top spot for some time, South Korea has moved into third place, and China is about to overtake Germany.
+why?
+Because killer apps are available for download.
+It's open source.
+Any society can adopt these institutions, and if they do, they will sooner achieve what the West has achieved since 1500.
+This is the Great Reconvergence, the greatest story of your life.
+Because it is under your control that this is happening.
+It is our generation that is witnessing the end of Western supremacy.
+The average American was once 20 times richer than the average Chinese.
+Right now it's exactly 5x, but it's going to be 2.5x soon.
+So I'd like to end with three questions for the future billions of people who are on the cusp of 2016, when China will overtake the United States as the number one economy.
+The first is, can these apps be deleted? Western countries are currently preparing for removal.
+My second question is, does the order of downloads matter?
+And will Africa get that order wrong?
+One obvious implication of modern economic history is that it is very difficult to transition to democracy before establishing secure private property rights.
+WARNING: This may not work.
+And third, can China survive without a third killer app?
+This is what John Locke codified when he said that freedom is rooted in the protection of private property and the law.
+That is the basis of the Western model of representative government.
+Now, this photo shows the demolition of Chinese artist Ai Weiwei's studio in Shanghai earlier this year.
+As you know, he was detained for some time, but now he is released again.
+But I don't think his studio has been rebuilt.
+Winston Churchill once defined civilization in a speech he gave in the fateful year of 1938.
+And I think these words do exactly that. "It means a society based on private opinion.
+It allows violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chieftains, camps and conditions of war, riots and oppression to give place to a parliament, where laws are made, and an independent judicial court, where those laws are maintained over time. means
+That is civilization, on whose soil freedom, comfort and culture continually grow. ” This is what all TEDsters value most.
+“Civilization rule in any country gives the masses a wider and less harassed life.”
+That's true.
+I do not believe that the decline of Western civilization is inevitable. Because I don't think history operates in this sort of life cycle model, as beautifully illustrated by Thomas Cole's "Road of Empires" painting.
+That's not how history works.
+That's not how the West has risen, and I don't think that's how the West will decline.
+The West may suddenly collapse.
+This happens because complex civilizations operate mostly on the edge of chaos.
+This is one of the deepest insights that can be gleaned from the historical study of complex institutions such as civilization.
+No, we may be holding on despite the enormous debt burdens we have accumulated, despite the evidence of a loss of work ethic and other pieces of historical virtue.
+But one thing is certain, folks, the Great Divergence is over.
+Thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Bruno Giussani: Niall, I'm interested in your views on another part of the world: Latin America.
+what do you think about that?
+Niall Ferguson: Well, I'm not really talking about the rise of the East. I'm talking about the rise of the rest of the country, and that includes South America.
+I once asked a Harvard colleague, "Is South America part of the West?"
+He was an expert in Latin American history.
+He said, "I don't know. I'll have to think about that."
+It tells us what really matters.
+Especially when you look at what's happening in Brazil, and what's happening in Chile, which in many ways has spearheaded the transformation of the economic life system, I think it certainly has a very bright future.
+So my story is a story of convergence in Eurasia as well as a story of convergence in the Americas.
+BG: And I get the impression that North America and Europe aren't paying much attention to these trends.
+Most of the time they worry about each other.
+Americans think the European model will collapse tomorrow.
+Europeans think the US budget will explode tomorrow.
+And that's all we care about these days.
+NF: I think the financial crisis that we're seeing now in developed countries, on both sides of the Atlantic, is essentially the same thing, but in different forms in terms of political culture.
+And this is a crisis that has a structural dimension, partly related to demographics.
+But it is, of course, also associated with the massive crisis associated with excessive leverage and excessive borrowing in the private sector.
+I think this crisis, which has received so much attention, myself included, is a coincidence.
+The financial crisis is really a relatively minor historical phenomenon that has only accelerated this major shift that has ended 5000 years of Western dominance.
+I think that's the real importance.
+BG: Thank you, Niall. (NF: Thank you very much, Bruno.) (Applause)
+Elles Lieberman Aiden: We all know that a picture is worth a thousand words.
+But we at Harvard University have been wondering if this is really true.
+(Laughter.) So we assembled a team of experts that spanned Harvard University, MIT, the American Heritage Dictionary, Encyclopedia Britannica, and our proud sponsor, Google.
+And we thought about this for about four years.
+And we came to a surprising conclusion.
+Ladies and gentlemen, seeing is believing.
+In fact, we found some pictures worth 500 billion words.
+Jean-Baptiste Michel: So how did you come to this conclusion?
+So Erez and I were thinking about how to get an overview of human culture and human history as it changes over time.
+In fact, so many books have been written over the years.
+So we thought the best way to learn from them was to read all their millions of books.
+Of course, if there were to be any measure of how great it is, it would have to rank very, very high.
+The problem here is that we have a real axis, the X axis.
+This is very low.
+(Applause.) Now people tend to take a different approach. It's about taking a few sources and reading them carefully.
+It's very practical, but not that great.
+What you really want to do is get to the nice and practical part of this space.
+It turns out that there is a company across the river called Google, which several years ago started a digitization project that made this approach possible.
+They have digitized millions of books.
+In other words, using computational methods, you can read all the books with the click of a button.
+It's very practical and very nice.
+ELA: Let me tell you a little bit about where the book came from.
+Writers have existed since time immemorial.
+These authors have endeavored to write books.
+And the development of the printing press a few centuries ago made this fairly easy.
+Since then, the authors have won and published books on 129 million different occasions.
+Now, if these books aren't buried in history, they're somewhere in the library, and many of those books have been salvaged from the library and digitized by Google, which has so far sold 15 million I've been scanning books.
+Now, when Google digitizes books, it converts them into very good formats.
+Now we have data and metadata.
+It has information such as where it was published, who the author was, and when it was published.
+And what we do is go through all those records and filter out anything that isn't the highest quality data.
+We are left with 5 million books, 500 billion words, strings 1,000 times longer than the human genome -- enough strings to write down from here to the moon and back 10 years. . It's just a fragment of our cultural genome.
+Of course, what we did when faced with such outrageous hyperbole...
+(Laughter.) That's what any self-respecting researcher would do.
+We pulled a page out of the XKCD and said, 'Come on down.
+We try science. "
+(Laughter) JM: Of course, we thought first of all to put the data out there so people could do science on it.
+What I'm thinking about now is what kind of data can be made public.
+Of course, you want to pick up the books and publish the full text of these 5 million books.
+Well, Google, and John Owant in particular, gave us a little equation to learn.
+So it's a massive lawsuit with 5 million authors and 5 million plaintiffs.
+So it's really, really nice, but again, it's very, very unreal.
+(Laughter) Well, again, we kind of gave in and took a not-so-great, but very practical approach.
+We said we would publish statistics about the books instead of publishing the full text.
+Take, for example, the "Glow of Happiness".
+That's four words. Call it 4 grams.
+Describes how many times a particular 4-gram appeared in books from 1801, 1802, 1803 to 2008.
+This will give you a timeline of how often this particular sentence was used over time.
+If you do this for every word or phrase in those books, you'll get a big table with 2 billion rows of cultural transitions.
+ELA: So these 2 billion rows, we call 2 billion n-grams.
+what are they telling us?
+Well, each N-gram measures cultural tendencies.
+Let's take an example.
+Assuming I'm growing well, tomorrow I'll tell you how well I did.
+So I might say, "I had a good time yesterday."
+Alternatively, you can say, "Yesterday I grew up."
+So which one should I use?
+how do i know
+As of half a year ago, on the cutting edge of the field, you would go to a great hair psychologist who would say, "Steve, you're an expert on irregular problems" verbs.
+what should i do? "
+And he says, "Most people say they prospered, but some people say they prospered."
+And you more or less knew that if you could go back 200 years and ask the next politician with the same great hair (laughter), "Tom, what can I say? ”
+he said: "In my time, most people were prosperous, but some were prosperous."
+Now, what I'm going to show you is the raw data.
+Two rows in this table contain 2 billion entries.
+What we are looking at here is the year-to-year frequency of 'prosperity' and 'prosperity' over time.
+That's just 2 out of 2 billion rows.
+So the entire dataset is a billion times better than this slide.
+(Laughter) (Applause) JM: There are many more photographs worth 500 billion words.
+For example this.
+If you take the flu alone, you'd see the peak at a time when we knew people were dying all over the world from flu pandemics.
+ELA: For those who are still not convinced, sea levels are rising, so is atmospheric CO2 and global temperature.
+JM: You might want to look at this particular N-gram. To tell Nietzsche that God is not dead. However, we might agree that he might need a better publicist.
+(Laughter) ELA: You get a pretty abstract conception with this kind of thing.
+Let's take the history of 1950, for example.
+For most of history, no one cared about 1950.
+In 1700, 1800, 1900 nobody cared.
+In the 30's and 40's nobody cared.
+Suddenly, in the mid-40s, a commotion began.
+People knew 1950 was going to happen, and it could be a big deal.
+(Laughter) But nothing really grabbed people's interest in 1950 as much as 1950.
+(Laughter.) People were walking around crazy.
+They couldn't stop talking about what they did in 1950, all the things they planned for 1950, all the dreams they wanted to achieve in 1950.
+In fact, 1950 was so fascinating that for years afterward people kept talking about all the amazing things that happened in '51, '52, and '53.
+Finally, in 1954, someone woke up and realized that 1950 was somewhat outdated.
+(Laughter) And just like that the bubble burst.
+(Laughter) And the 1950 story is the story we keep on record every year, with a little twist. Because now we have great charts like this.
+With great charts like this, you can measure things.
+You can say, "How fast will the bubble burst?"
+And I've found that I can measure it very accurately.
+An equation was derived, a graph was drawn, and the end result was that the bubble was bursting faster and faster each year.
+We are rapidly losing interest in the past.
+JM: Now, a little career advice.
+For those who want to be famous, learn from 25 of the most famous politicians, writers, actors and more.
+So if you want to be famous early on, you should become an actor. Because then, by the end of your 20s, you'll start to see a rise in fame. You're still young, so that's really great.
+Now, if you could wait a minute, you should be a writer. Because then you can reach very famous heights, like Mark Twain, for example.
+But if you want to rise to the top, put off gratification and, of course, become a politician.
+So you'll be famous by the end of your fifties, and you'll be very famous after that.
+Therefore, scientists also tend to become famous later in life.
+For example, biologists and physicists tend to be as famous as actors.
+One mistake you should never make is becoming a mathematician.
+(Laughs) Then you might think, "Wow, I'll do my best in my 20s."
+But guess who?
+(laughter) ELA: There's a more solemn note in the N-gram.
+For example, this is the trajectory of Marc Chagall, an artist born in 1887.
+And this seems like the normal trajectory of celebrities.
+He becomes more and more famous, except when seen in German.
+If you look at it in German, you'll find that it's quite strange, almost unseen. That is, after he became very famous, he suddenly plummeted, experienced a rock bottom from 1933 to 1945, and then bounced back.
+And of course what we see is the fact that Marc Chagall was a Jewish artist in Nazi Germany.
+Now these signals are actually so strong that you don't need to know someone has been censored.
+You can actually figure it out using very basic signal processing.
+Here's an easy way:
+Well, a reasonable expectation is that someone's fame over a period of time should be roughly the average of their previous and subsequent fame.
+That's what we expect.
+And we compare that to the fame we observe.
+And then just divide one by the other to produce what's called the inhibition index.
+If the suppression index is very, very small, you are probably being suppressed.
+If it's very large, it may be benefiting from propaganda.
+JM: Now you can really see the distribution of the inhibition index across the population.
+For example, here this suppression index is for 5,000 people sampled with English books for which no known suppression exists. Basically one solid focus.
+What you expect is basically what you observe.
+This is the distribution seen in Germany. Very different and shifted to the left.
+People talk about it twice less than they should.
+But more importantly, the distribution is much broader.
+Many of the people on the extreme left of this distribution are talked about ten times less than they should be.
+But there are also many people on the far right who seem to benefit from propaganda.
+This photograph is characteristic of censorship in the book record.
+ELA: So you call this method culturomics?
+It's like genomics.
+Except that genomics is a lens through which biology is viewed through the window of the human genome sequence.
+Carthromics is no different.
+It applies large-scale data collection and analysis to the study of human culture.
+Here, not through the lens of the genome, but through the lens of the digitized portion of the historical record.
+The great thing about culturomics is that anyone can do it.
+Why can anyone do it?
+Google's John Owant, Matt Gray, and Will Brockman saw the Ngram Viewer prototype and said, "This is so much fun.
+We have to make this available to people. "
+So, two weeks in a row, two weeks before our paper was published, they coded a public Ngram Viewer version.
+So you too can enter a word or phrase of interest and see its N-grams instantly. You can also refer to various book examples where your n-grams appear.
+JM: This was used over a million times on day one, and it's really the best of all queries.
+So people want to do their best and be their best.
+But it turns out that in the 18th century, people didn't care about that at all.
+They didn't want to be their best, they wanted to be their best.
+So what happened is, of course, this is just a mistake.
+It wasn't about mediocrity, it was just that the S was written differently, like the F.
+Of course, Google didn't pick this up at the time, so we reported it in a scientific article we wrote.
+However, while this is a lot of fun, I have found that it only serves as a reminder that you need to be very careful when interpreting these graphs and that you should adopt the basic standards of science.
+ELA: People use this for all sorts of fun purposes.
+(Laughter) Actually, we don't have to talk. Just show them all the slides and shut up.
+This person was interested in the history of setbacks.
+There are also different types of irritants.
+If you bump your toe, it's a one word "ahh".
+If the Earth were destroyed by the Vogons to make room for an interstellar bypass, it would be 8 A's.
+This person is studying all the ``arghs'' from 1 to 8.
+And the less frequent "urg", of course, turned out to correspond to the more irritating things. Oddly enough, the early 80's were an exception.
+We suspect it has something to do with Reagan.
+(Laughter) JM: There are many uses for this data, but the bottom line is that the historical record is being digitized.
+Google has begun digitizing 15 million books.
+This represents 12 percent of all books ever published.
+It is a significant part of human culture.
+Culture is much more than that. There are manuscripts, there are newspapers, and there are non-literal things like art and painting.
+All of these happen to be on our computers, on computers around the world.
+And when that happens, it will change the way we understand the past, present, and human culture.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I'm a reformed marketer and currently working in international development.
+In October I spent some time in the [second] largest country in Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
+In fact, it's as big as Western Europe, but with only 300 miles of paved roads.
+The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a dangerous place.
+Over the past decade, wars in the East have killed 5 million people.
+But war is not the only reason life in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is difficult.
+There are also many health problems.
+In fact, the adult HIV prevalence is 1.3 percent.
+This may not sound like much, but in a country of 76 million people, 930,000 people are infected.
+And because of poor infrastructure, only 25 percent receive the life-saving drugs they need.
+This is part of the reason donor agencies offer condoms at low or no cost.
+So while I was in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, I spent a lot of time talking about condoms with people, including Damian.
+Damian runs a hotel in the outskirts of Kinshasa.
+Not a place to stay as the hotel only opens until midnight.
+But that is where sex workers and their clients come.
+Damien knows a lot about condoms, but he doesn't sell condoms.
+He said there was just no demand.
+This is not surprising given that only 3 percent of people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo use condoms.
+Joseph and Christine, who own pharmacies that sell many of these condoms, say their customers don't buy condoms, even though donor agencies offer condoms at low or no cost and have accompanying marketing campaigns. rice field. brand version.
+They like generic drugs.
+As a marketer, I found it interesting.
+So I started looking into what marketing is like.
+It turns out that the three main messages donor agencies are using with these condoms are fear, fundraising, and loyalty.
+They give condoms names like 'Vive' and 'Trust' which means 'to live'.
+They package items with red ribbons that remind them of HIV, put them in boxes that remind them of who paid for them, show them pictures of their wives or husbands, and tell them to protect them or to act cautiously. increase.
+Now, these aren't the sort of things you think about right before you go shopping for condoms.
+(Laughter) What is the last thing you think about before you get a condom?
+Sex!
+And the private companies that sell condoms in these places understand this.
+Their marketing is a little different.
+The name may not change much, but the image is certainly different.
+Some brands are ambitious and certainly the packaging is incredibly provocative.
+And this made me wonder if maybe the donor agency was missing an important aspect of marketing: understanding the audience.
+And for donor agencies, unfortunately, audiences tend to be people who are not even in the countries in which they operate.
+These are the people who have returned to their hometowns, the people who support their work.
+But if what we're really trying to do is stop the spread of HIV, we need to think about our customers, the people who need to change their behavior: couples, young women, young men. there is. their lives depend on them. that.
+So the lesson is: It doesn't really matter what you sell. All you have to think about is who your customers are and what the message is that will change their behavior.
+It may save their lives.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+We all know much about cancer, but we usually don't think of it as a contagious disease.
+The Tasmanian devil showed us that cancer is not just an epidemic, it can endanger entire species.
+So first, what is the Tasmanian Devil?
+Many of you may be familiar with Taz, the spinning cartoon character.
+However, it is not well known that the world's largest carnivorous marsupial, the Tasmanian devil, actually exists.
+Marsupials are mammals with pouches like kangaroos.
+The Tasmanian Devil gets its name from the terrifying scream it makes at night.
+(shouting) (laughter) Tasmanian devils are primarily scavengers, using their powerful jaws and sharp teeth to munch on rotting, dead animal bones.
+The Tasmanian devil lives only on the island of Tasmania, a small island just south of mainland Australia.
+Tasmanian devils, despite their ferocious appearance, are actually very cute little animals.
+In fact, growing up in Tasmania, we were always incredibly excited when we got the chance to see Tasmanian Devils in the wild.
+However, the Tasmanian Devil population is declining very quickly.
+And indeed, there are fears that the species could be extinct in the wild within 20 to 30 years.
+The reason is the emergence of a new disease: contagious cancer.
+The story began in 1996, when a wildlife photographer took pictures here of a Tasmanian devil with a large tumor on its face.
+At the time, this was thought to be a one-time thing.
+Animals, like humans, sometimes get strange tumors.
+However, it is now believed to be the first sighting of the new disease, an epidemic currently raging across Tasmania.
+The disease was first identified in northeastern Tasmania in 1996 and spread across Tasmania in a giant wave.
+Currently, only a small portion of the population remains unaffected.
+The disease first appears as a tumor, usually on the face or mouth of an affected Tasmanian devil.
+These tumors inevitably grow into large tumors like the one here.
+And the following image is quite terrifying.
+But inevitably, these tumors progress to giant ulcerative tumors like the one here.
+This is especially memorable to me as this is the first case I have seen of the disease myself.
+And I remember my horror when I saw this little female demon with a huge ulcerative fetid tumor in her mouth. It was actually cracking the entire lower jaw.
+She hadn't eaten in days.
+Parasites swam in her guts.
+Her body was riddled with secondary tumors.
+Yet she was feeding three tiny Tasmanian devil babies in a pouch.
+Of course my mother died with me.
+They were too young to live without their mother.
+In fact, over 90 percent of the Tasmanian devil population has already died from the disease in her region.
+Scientists around the world were intrigued by this cancer, this infectious cancer, that was rife in Tasmanian devil populations.
+Our attention soon shifted to the viral spread of cervical cancer in women and the AIDS epidemic associated with various types of cancer.
+All evidence suggested that this satanic cancer was spread by a virus.
+But we now know that this cancer is not spread by a virus. And now I will tell you.
+In fact, the infectious agents of this disease in cancer are much more sinister than we've really thought of before.
+But to explain what it is, we need to spend a few more minutes on cancer itself.
+Cancer is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide each year.
+One in three people in this room will develop cancer at some point in their lives.
+I myself had a colon tumor removed when I was 14.
+Cancer occurs when a single cell in the body acquires a series of random mutations in key genes and that cell begins to make more and more copies of itself.
+Paradoxically, once established, natural selection actually drives the continued growth of cancer.
+Natural selection is survival of the fittest.
+And when there is a population of rapidly dividing cancer cells, one of them acquires a new mutation that allows the cell to grow faster, get nutrients better, and invade the body. , will be selected by evolution.
+That is why cancer is such a difficult disease to treat.
+it evolves.
+Throw a drug there and the resistant cells grow again.
+The surprising fact is that given the right environment and the right nutrients, cancer cells can continue to grow indefinitely.
+However, cancer is constrained by the fact that it exists within our bodies, and if it continues to grow, spread throughout the body, and continue to erode tissues, it will lead to the death of the cancer patient and even the death of the cancer itself.
+Cancer can therefore be thought of as a strange, short-lived, self-destructive life form—a dead end in evolution.
+But that's where the Tasmanian devil cancer has acquired some pretty amazing evolutionary adaptations.
+And the answer came from studying the DNA of the Tasmanian Devil Gun.
+This is due to the contributions of many people, but I will explain it through a confirmatory experiment that I did a few years ago.
+The next slide is going to be horrifying.
+I'm Jonas.
+He was a Tasmanian devil and was found with a large tumor on his face.
+And as a geneticist, I've always been interested in looking at DNA and mutations.
+So I took this opportunity to collect some samples from Jonas' tumor and also some from other parts of his body.
+I took them back to the lab.
+I extracted DNA from them.
+And when they sequenced the DNA and compared the sequence of Jonas' tumor to that of the rest of his body, they found they had completely different genetic profiles.
+In fact, Jonas and his tumor were as different from each other as you and the person sitting next to you.
+What this tells us is that Jonas' tumor did not arise from his own body cells.
+In fact, after more detailed genetic profiling, Jonas' tumor probably arose from the cells of a female Tasmanian devil. And Jonas was clearly male.
+So why is a tumor growing from someone else's cells growing on Jonas' face?
+Now, the next breakthrough came from studying cancer in hundreds of Tasmanian devils collected from all over Tasmania.
+It turns out that these cancers all share the same DNA.
+This means that all of these cancers are the same cancers that once originated from one devil, released from the original devil's body, and spread throughout the Tasmanian devil population.
+But how does cancer spread within a population?
+Well, the final piece of the puzzle came when we remembered how demons act when they meet in the wild.
+They tend to bite each other, often very hard, usually in the face.
+We believe that cancer cells actually detach from the tumor and enter saliva.
+When a demon bites another demon, it actually physically implants live cancer cells into the next demon, so the tumor continues to grow.
+So this Tasmanian devil cancer is probably the ultimate cancer.
+It is not constrained to live in the body that produced it.
+It is the only cancer we know that has spread throughout the population, has mutations that allow it to evade the immune system, and has put an entire species at risk of extinction.
+But if this can happen with Tasmanian devils, why hasn't it happened with other animals and even humans?
+The answer is yes.
+Kimbo.
+This is a dog owned by a family in Mombasa, Kenya.
+Last year the owner noticed blood dripping from his pubic area.
+She took him to the vet and the vet discovered something very disgusting.
+And if you're picky, look away now.
+He discovers this, a huge bleeding tumor at the base of Kimbo's penis.
+A veterinarian diagnosed it as a contagious venereal tumour, a sexually transmitted disease that affects dogs.
+And just as Tasmanian devil cancer is transmitted by the spread of live cancer cells, so is this dog cancer.
+However, cancer in this dog is spreading all over the world, so it is very noteworthy.
+And indeed, the same cells that affect Kimbo here have been found to affect dogs in New York City, Himalayan mountain villages, and the Australian outback.
+We also believe that this cancer may be very old.
+In fact, genetic profiling suggests that the cancer may be tens of thousands of years old, which means the cancer may have first arisen from the cells of wolves that coexisted with Neanderthals. To do.
+This cancer is remarkable.
+As far as we know, they are the oldest mammalian life forms.
+It is a living relic of the distant past.
+So it turns out that this can also happen in animals.
+Can cancer be contagious between humans?
+Now, this is the question that fascinated cancer doctor Chester Southam in the 1950s.
+Ad He decided to test this by intentionally vaccinating people who actually had cancer from others.
+Here is a picture of Dr. Southam injecting a volunteer with cancer in 1957. In this case, the volunteers were inmates at the Ohio State Penitentiary.
+Most of the people Dr. Southam injected did not develop cancer from the injected cells.
+However, such people were few, most of them suffering from some disease, possibly with a compromised immune system.
+Ethical issues aside, what all this means is...
+(Laughter) Cancer is probably extremely rare to pass from person to person.
+However, in some circumstances it can happen.
+And I think this is something that oncologists and epidemiologists should be aware of in the future.
+Finally, cancer is an inevitable consequence of our cells' ability to divide and adapt to their environment.
+But that doesn't mean you should give up hope in your fight against cancer.
+In fact, I believe we can beat cancer if we know more about the complex evolutionary processes that drive cancer growth.
+My personal goal is to beat the Tasmanian Devil Gun.
+Don't let the Tasmanian Devil be the first animal to go extinct from cancer.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Basically, there's a big demographic event going on.
+And more than 50 percent of urban areas may be the tipping point for the economy. So the world is now a map of connectivity.
+Paris, London and New York were once the largest cities.
+What we have now is the end of the rise of the West. Is the end.
+The numbers tallied are staggering.
+So what's really going on? Well, villages around the world are becoming empty houses.
+The question is why?
+And this is the unromantic truth - and the city air sets you free, it was said in Renaissance Germany. So some go to places like Shanghai, but most go to squatter cities where aesthetics reign.
+And they are not really poverty-stricken people.
+They are people trying to get out of poverty as soon as possible.
+They are the dominant builders and to a large extent also the dominant designers.
+They have homegrown infrastructure and vibrant city life.
+One-sixth of India's GDP comes from Mumbai.
+They are constantly upgrading, and in some cases government-sponsored.
+Education is a major event that can happen in a city.
+What is happening on the streets of Mumbai?
+Al Gore knows. That's basically all.
+There are no unemployed people in squatter cities. everyone is working
+One-sixth of humanity is there. There will be more than that soon.
+Here's the first punchline: The city has defused its population bomb.
+And this is the second punch line.
+News from downtown. Here it is shown in perspective.
+Stars have illuminated life on Earth for billions of years.
+Now we are shining again.
+thank you.
+So let me tell you my story.
+I spend a lot of time teaching adults how to use visual language and doodling at work.
+And naturally I encounter a lot of resistance. Because it is considered anti-intellectual and against serious learning.
+But I have a problem with that idea. Because I know that doodling has a huge impact on how we process information and how we solve problems.
+So I was interested in why there is a gap between the perception of graffiti in our society and the reality.
+There I discovered some very interesting things.
+For example, there is no flattery definition of Doodle.
+In the 17th century, a doodle meant a simple person or a fool, like the Yankee Doodle.
+In the 18th century it became a verb meaning to deceive, ridicule, or make fun of someone.
+In the 19th century, he was a corrupt politician.
+And today we have perhaps the most offensive definition, at least for me. It is: Graffiti, formally, means hanging out, hanging out, hanging out, hanging out, making meaningless marks, doing something worthless. No substances, no imports, and my personal preference is to do nothing.
+No wonder some people don't like doodling at work.
+Doing nothing at work is like masturbating at work. It's totally inappropriate.
+(Laughs) I also heard a scary story about a teacher scolding me for writing graffiti in a classroom.
+And some bosses scold you for graffiti in the boardroom.
+In the environment in which we are supposed to learn something, there are strong cultural norms that prohibit graffiti.
+And unfortunately, the media tends to reinforce this norm when reporting graffiti scenes of key figures at approval hearings and the like, usually "found" or "caught" or "discovered". Use words such as 'ta'. ', as if some kind of criminal activity was taking place.
+Plus, there's a psychological aversion to doodling -- thank you, Freud.
+In the 1930s, Freud said he could analyze people's psychology based on their graffiti.
+This is not exact, but the same thing happened to Tony Blair at the 2005 Davos conference. Then his graffiti was rightly "discovered" and labeled as:
+It turned out to be Bill Gates' graffiti.
+(Laughter.) And Bill, if you were here, no one would think you were a megalomaniac.
+But that's one reason people don't want to share their doodles.
+And here is the real deal. This is what I believe.
+I think our culture places so much emphasis on verbal information that it makes the value of graffiti almost invisible.
+And I'm not happy with that.
+And I think that belief needs to be shattered, so I'm here to bring us all back to the truth.
+And this is the truth. Doodling is an incredibly powerful tool, one that we need to learn and relearn.
+So we introduce a new definition of graffiti.
+I hope someone from the Oxford English Dictionary is here because I want to talk about it later.
+Here's the real definition: Scribbling is actually voluntary marking to help you think for yourself.
+That's why millions of people graffiti.
+There is another interesting truth about doodles. People who doodle when exposed to language information retain more of that information than people who do not doodle.
+Doodling is supposed to be something you do when you lose your focus, but it's actually a preemptive measure to keep you focused.
+In addition, it greatly influences creative problem-solving and deep information processing.
+There are four ways learners consume information to make decisions.
+Visual, auditory, literate, and kinesthetic.
+Now, in order for us to really crunch information and do something with it, we have to do at least two of these modalities, or one of them in combination with emotional experience. Must run.
+Doodle's amazing contribution is that it incorporates all four learning styles simultaneously with the potential for emotional experience.
+This is a pretty solid contribution to action equivalent to doing nothing.
+It's very geeky, but I cried when I found this.
+Therefore, they conducted anthropological research on the development of children's artistic activities, and found that all children show the same evolution in visual logic as they grow up, regardless of time and space.
+In other words, they are shared in visual language, increasing complexity in predictable order.
+I think it's unbelievable.
+I think that means that scribbling is innate to us and we simply deny ourselves that instinct.
+Finally, many people don't know this, but this graffiti is the predecessor of some of our greatest cultural assets.
+This is just one. This is Frank Gehry, the pioneering architect of Abu Dhabi's Guggenheim Museum.
+My point here is that under no circumstances should graffiti be eradicated from classrooms, boardrooms, or even war rooms.
+On the contrary, in situations where information density is very high and the need to process that information is very high, you should take advantage of Doodling.
+And then go one step further.
+Graffiti is so universally accessible and unintimidating as an art form that it can be leveraged as a portal to bring people to higher levels of visual literacy.
+Dear friends, scribbling has never been the enemy of intellectual thought.
+In fact, it is one of its greatest allies.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I grew up white, secular, middle class in 1950s America.
+That meant watching fireworks on Independence Day, trick-or-treating on Halloween, and putting presents under the tree on Christmas.
+But by the time those traditions reached me, they were empty commercial ventures that left me feeling empty.
+So from a relatively young age, I wanted to fill the void in my existence and connect with something bigger than myself.
+My family hadn't had a bar mitzvah in over 100 years, so I thought I'd give it a try (laughs), but once I met a rabbi, I was devastated. He was really tall and god-like. With flowing gray hair, he asked for my middle name to fill out a form.
+Yes, that was it.
+(Laughter) So I got a fountain pen, but it didn't give me the sense of belonging or the confidence I was looking for.
+It's been so many years and I couldn't stand the thought of my son turning 13 without some kind of rite of passage.
+So I came up with the idea of ​​a 13th birthday trip and offered to take him anywhere in the world that was meaningful to Murphy.
+An up-and-coming young naturalist with a love for turtles, he soon settled in the Galapagos.
+Then, when my daughter Katie turned 13, my daughter and I spent two weeks at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. Katie found herself strong and brave for the first time there.
+Since then, many of my friends and relatives, including my partner Ashton, have taken their children on their 13th birthday trips, and we all feel it makes a difference for both children and parents.
+I didn't grow up saying grace.
+But for the last 20 years, we've held hands before every meal.
+It is the sharing of beautiful silence that unites us all in this moment.
+Ashton tells everyone to "pass the squeeze", but she assures it's not religious.
+(Laughter) So recently, when a family member asked me if I could do something with the 250+ boxes they'd collected over a lifetime, the urge to create my own ritual came to me.
+I started wondering if I could do more than simple death sweeping.
+"Death cleaning" is the Swedish word for cleaning out closets, basements and attics before you die so your kids won't have to do it later.
+(Laughter.) I imagined children opening box after box and wondering why I kept them.
+(Laughter.) And I imagined them looking at a picture of me and a beautiful young woman and asking, "Who the hell is that with your dad?"
+(Laughter) And that was the moment when I thought, "I see."
+It wasn't what I saved that mattered. It was the story that happened with them that gave them meaning.
+Will storytelling through objects become the seeds of new rituals and rites of passage, not just for 13-year-olds, but for someone far beyond?
+So I started experimenting.
+I took dozens of things out of the box, put them in the room, and invited people over to ask whatever they were interested in.
+The results were fantastic.
+Good stories became the starting point for deeper discussions, and visitors made meaningful connections with their own lives.
+Delias [Quarles] asked me about the Leonard Peltier T-shirt I used to wear in the 80s, and unfortunately it still makes sense.
+Our conversation quickly shifted from the many political prisoners in America's prisons to the legacy of the black liberation movement in the '60s to how my life would have been different if I had grown up. I passed on to Delias, who was thinking. 30 years later.
+At the end of our conversation, Delias asked me if I could have that T-shirt.
+And when I gave it to him, it felt almost perfect.
+I find that these conversations open up more space for people to discuss what really matters to them, especially as they establish common ground across generations.
+And I began to look at myself with a new sense of purpose. Not as an old man aiming to retreat, but as a person with a role to play in the future.
+When I was a kid, most people ended their lives in their 70s.
+People are now living much longer, and for the first time in human history, it is common for four generations to live side by side.
+I am 71 years old, and with any luck, I have 20 or 30 years left.
+Letting go of what I own now and sharing it with friends, family, and hopefully strangers seems like the perfect way to enter the next stage of my life.
+It turned out to be exactly what I was looking for. It's not so much a ritual of dying as it is of opening the door to what happens next.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Next!
+(applause)
+A few months ago, a 40-year-old woman came into the emergency room of a hospital near where I live and was brought in in a confused state.
+Her blood pressure was an amazing 230 over 170.
+Within minutes she had a heart failure.
+Concerned about blood clots in her lungs, she was resuscitated, stabilized, and taken to the CAT scan room right next to the emergency room.
+And a CAT scan showed no thrombi in the lungs, but bilateral visible and palpable breast masses — breast tumors that had spread throughout the body.
+And the real tragedy is, looking at her records, she had been to 4-5 other clinics in the last two years.
+I had four or five chances to see and touch her breast lumps much earlier than when we saw her.
+Folks, it's not an uncommon story.
+Unfortunately it happens all the time.
+Half joking, if you come to our hospital with an amputee, no one will believe you until you have a CAT scan, an MRI, or an orthopedic consultation.
+I am not a Luddite.
+I teach at Stanford.
+I am a doctor with cutting edge technology.
+But what I want to argue in the next 17 minutes is that omission of the physical examination, or bias toward ordering the examination instead of talking to the patient and examining him, simply overlooks the simple diagnosis that the hospital can make. It is not. It's a treatable early stage, but what we're missing is so much more.
+We are losing our rituals.
+We are losing the ritual that I believe is transformative, transcendent and central to the patient-physician relationship.
+It may actually be heresy to say this at TED, but I want to share with you the most important innovations in medicine that will happen in the next decade. It's the power of the human hand. To touch, to comfort, to diagnose, to bring healing.
+First of all, I would like to introduce this person. This person may or may not be familiar to you.
+This is Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
+Being in Edinburgh, I'm a huge Conan Doyle fan.
+In case you didn't know, Conan Doyle attended medical school here in Edinburgh and his character Sherlock Holmes was inspired by Sir Joseph Bell.
+Joseph Bell was by all accounts an extraordinary teacher.
+And Conan Doyle wrote about Bell, describing the following exchange between Bell and his students:
+Imagine Bell sitting in the outpatient department, the students around him, the patients who register in the emergency room, and who are registered and brought in.
+A woman with a child came there, and Conan Doyle wrote the following exchange:
+The woman said, "Good morning."
+Bell says, "What kind of crossing did you do on the ferry from Burntisland?"
+“Good,” she says.
+And he said, "What have you done to the other child?"
+"I left him at Leith with his sister," she says.
+And he said, "So you took the shortcut to Inverlys Row to get here to the infirmary?"
+She said, "I did it."
+And he says, "Will you still work in the linoleum factory?"
+And she says, "I am."
+And Bell continues to explain to the students.
+He says, "I caught her Fife accent when she said 'good morning.
+The closest ferry from Fife is from Burntisland.
+So she must have taken the ferry.
+You realize that the coat she has is too small for the child she is with. So she started the journey with her two children, but lost one along the way.
+You can see the clay on the soles of her feet.
+Red clay like this is not found within a few hundred miles of Edinburgh, except in the botanical gardens.
+So she took a shortcut through Inverleith Row to get here.
+And finally, she has dermatitis on the fingers of her right hand, a dermatitis peculiar to linoleum factory workers in Burntisland. "
+And once Bell actually undresses his patients and begins examining them, we can only imagine how much more he will identify.
+And as a medical teacher and as a student myself, I was very inspired by that story.
+But what you may not know is that it's only recently that we've been able to observe the body in such a simple way using our five senses.
+The photo I show you is of Leopold Auenbrugger, who discovered percussion instruments in the late 1700s.
+And the story is that Leopold Auenbrugger was the son of an innkeeper.
+And his father used to go to the basement and tap the sides of wine barrels to determine how much wine was left and whether to reorder.
+And when Auenbrugger became a doctor, he started doing the same.
+He started hitting the patient's chest and abdomen.
+And basically everything we know about percussion instruments can be thought of as ultrasound at the time - the organ enlargement, the fluid around the heart, the fluid in the lungs, the changes in the abdomen - all this he did. I explained it in this wonderful manuscript "Inventum Novum". This "new invention" reflects the fact that this doctor Corvisart, a famous French physician--who was famous only for being the gentleman's personal physician--corvisart re-populated and re-introduced this research. otherwise it would have disappeared into the darkness.
+A year or two later, Laennec discovered the stethoscope.
+Laennec is said to have seen two children playing with sticks while walking the streets of Paris.
+One was scratching at the end of the stick and the other child was listening at the other end.
+And Laennek thought this would be a great way to listen to chest sounds using what he called a "cylinder," or to listen to abdominal sounds.
+He later renamed it the stethoscope.
+Thus was born the stethoscope and the stethoscope.
+So within a few years, in the late 1800s and early 1900s, barber surgeons were suddenly being replaced by doctors trying to make a diagnosis.
+If you recall, before that, for any illness, you would go to see a barber surgeon, who would eventually cup you, bleed, and cleanse you.
+And oh yeah, if you want, he'll give you a haircut -- short on the sides, long in the back -- and pull out your teeth in the meantime.
+He made no attempt to diagnose.
+In fact, some of you may be familiar with the barber pole, the red and white stripes representing the blood bandages of the barber surgeon, and the containers on either end representing the pots from which the blood was drawn.
+But the advent of auscultation and percussion represented a major shift, the moment doctors began to look inside the body.
+And this particular painting, I think, represents the pinnacle, the pinnacle of that clinical era.
+This is a very famous painting: "The Doctor" by Luke Fildes.
+Luke Fildes was commissioned by the Tate to paint this work, after which the Tate Gallery was founded.
+And Tate asked Fildes to paint a picture of social significance.
+And it is interesting that Fildes chose this theme.
+Fildes' eldest son Philip died on Christmas Eve at the age of nine after a brief illness.
+And Fildes was so fascinated by the doctor who stayed up all night at his bedside for a few nights that he decided to paint the modern doctor--it was almost an homage to him.
+And so the very famous painting "Doctor" was born.
+It is used in calendars and stamps of various countries.
+I often wonder what Fildes would have done if he had been asked to paint this painting in the present day, in 2011?
+Has he replaced the place where he sees his patients with a computer screen?
+I once got into a bit of trouble in Silicon Valley when a patient in bed became an icon for a real patient in a computer.
+In fact, I coined the term for its presence in the computer.
+I call it iPatient.
+iPatient has great care across America.
+Real patients often wonder, "Where are they all?"
+When will they come and explain to me?
+Who is the contact person?
+There is a real disconnect between what patients perceive and how we perceive ourselves as physicians to provide the best care.
+I would like to show you some pictures of the round when I was practicing.
+The focus was around the patient.
+We went from bed to bed. The attending physician was in charge.
+In recent rounds, this situation is so common that the discussion takes place in a room away from the patient.
+All discussions are about computer images and data.
+And there's one key piece missing. it's a patient.
+Now, I'd like to share with you two anecdotes that inspired this line of thinking.
+One involved a friend of mine with breast cancer who was found to have a small breast and had a lumpectomy in my town.
+This was when I was in Texas.
+And she spent a lot of time researching to find the best cancer centers in the world for follow-up care.
+And she found the place, decided to go there, and went there.
+That's why I was surprised to see her come back to our town a few months later for further treatment with a private oncologist.
+So I asked her, "Why did you come back and seek treatment here?"
+And she was reluctant to tell me.
+“The cancer center was amazing,” she said.
+There was a beautiful facility, a huge atrium, valet parking, a piano that played automatically, and a concierge to guide you from here to there.
+But," she said, "but they didn't touch my breasts."
+Now I can argue that neither you nor I probably had to touch her breasts.
+They scanned her inside out.
+They understood her breast cancer at the molecular level. They didn't have to touch her breasts.
+But for her it was very important.
+It was enough for her to make the decision to refer her to a private oncologist for further treatment. Every time I went, the doctor examined both breasts, including the axillary tail, carefully examined the axilla, examined the neck and groin, and did a thorough examination. test.
+And for her, it spoke of the kind of attention she needed.
+I was very influenced by that anecdote.
+I was also influenced by another experience I had while in Texas before moving to Stanford.
+I had a reputation for being interested in chronic fatigue patients.
+This is not the kind of reputation you want against your worst enemy.
+I say that because they are difficult patients.
+They are often rejected by their families, have bad experiences with medical care, and come to you knowing that you will join a long list of people trying to disappoint them.
+And I knew very early on in my first patient visit that all the records brought into the 45 minute new patient visit could not do justice to this very complex patient. .
+I had no choice.
+And I would disappoint them if I tried.
+So I came up with this method of having the patient tell the story throughout the first visit and try not to get in the way.
+The average American doctor has been found to stop talking to a patient at 14 seconds.
+And if I go to Heaven, it's because I held my piece for 45 minutes and didn't disturb my patient.
+I then scheduled a checkup two weeks later and when the patient came in for the checkup, I had nothing else to do so I was able to do a thorough checkup.
+I'd like to think I'm doing a thorough physical exam, but since this visit was all about physical exams, I was able to do a very thorough exam.
+And I remember the first patient in that series continuing to give a more detailed history during a visit that was meant to be a physical examination.
+And so I started the ritual.
+I always started with my pulse, then examined my hand, then looked at the nail bed, then slid my hand up to the nodule, and I immersed myself in my ritual.
+And as my ritual began, this very talkative patient began to quiet down.
+And I remember it feeling very eerie, like the patient and I were back in the primitive ritual of having a role for me and a role for the patient.
+And when my examination was over, the patient said to me with a bit of awe: "It's the first time I've ever been tested like this."
+If that's true, it would be a real blame on our healthcare system, as we've seen similar symptoms elsewhere.
+And after the patient was dressed, I said the standard thing that patient would have heard at other institutions: "This is not in your head.
+This is real.
+Good news. This is not cancer, tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis, or some unknown fungal infection.
+The bad news is that we don't know exactly what's causing it, but this is what you should do and this is what we should do. "
+And I listed all the standard treatment options patients had heard about elsewhere.
+And if my patients give up on their quest to become a magical doctor, or give up on magical cures, and start on the road to health with me, it's my right to tell them these things thanks to the tests. I always felt that it was because I had won
+Something significant happened in that exchange.
+I took this to an anthropology colleague at Stanford University and told him the same story.
+They immediately said, "You are describing a classical ritual."
+And it helped them understand that ritual is all about transformation.
+For example, we marry with great pomp and ceremony and expense to mark the departure from a life of solitude, misery and solitude to a life of eternal bliss.
+I don't know why you are laughing.
+That was the original purpose.
+We signal the transition of power by ritual.
+We inform the passage of life through rituals.
+Rituals are very important.
+They are all about transformation.
+Well, I've had one person come to another person, say something they wouldn't say to a preacher or a rabbi, and then, incredibly, take off their clothes and allow contact. I will submit to you about the ritual. It is a very important ritual.
+And if the ritual is short-circuited by not undressing the patient, listening to the sound with a stethoscope over the nightgown, or performing a complete examination, there is an opportunity to seal the patient-physician relationship. will be avoided.
+I am a writer. I would like to finish by reading a short sentence that I wrote that has a lot to do with this scene.
+I'm an infectious disease physician, and I worked on many of these situations in the early days of HIV, before drugs were widely available.
+Every time I go to a patient's deathbed, whether in the hospital or at home, I remember my feeling of frustration, of not knowing what to talk about. I don't know what to say. I don't know what to do.
+And because of that frustration, I remember seeing patients all the time.
+I pull my eyelids down.
+I look at the tongue.
+I tap my chest. I listen to the voice of my heart.
+Feel the abdomen.
+The names of many patients are still vivid in my tongue, and I also remember their faces clearly.
+I remember many huge, hollowed-out ghostly eyes staring at me while performing this ritual.
+And the next day I come and do the same thing again.
+And I wanted to read this last passage about a patient.
+"I remember one patient, who at the time was just a skeleton covered in shriveled skin, unable to speak, and a mouth crusted with candida that was resistant to the usual medicines.
+His hands moved in slow motion when he looked at me in his last hours on earth.
+And as I wondered what he was doing, his stick fingers reached up to his pajama shirt and fiddled with the buttons.
+I noticed that he wanted to show me the chest in the wicker basket.
+It was an offering, an invitation.
+I didn't say no.
+I played percussion. I palpated it. I listened to my chest.
+I'm sure he knew by then that it was as essential to me as it was to him.
+Neither of us could skip this ritual. It had nothing to do with the detection of rales in the lungs or the finding of Gallop prism in heart failure.
+No, this ritual was about the only message the doctor needed to convey to the patient.
+But, God knows, these days we seem to be arrogant and shy.
+We seem to have forgotten - as if an explosion of knowledge has mapped the entire human genome at our feet, inadvertently leading us to forget that the ritual is a catharsis for the doctor and a necessary ritual for the patient. as if they were—they forgot about it. This ritual has meaning and a unique message to convey to the patient.
+And the message, which at the time I could not fully understand even if I conveyed it, is much more understandable now. It is: "I am always, always, always there".
+See you in this.
+I will never abandon you
+I will be with you until the end. "
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+What I want to talk about today is one way of thinking.
+This is a new kind of school idea that upends the way we think about what schools are for and how they work.
+And it may come to you in the near future.
+It comes from an organization called the Young Foundation, which over the decades has sponsored many initiatives in education, including the Open University, the Extended School, the School for Social Entrepreneurship, the Summer University, and the School of Everything. I have devised an innovation.
+And about five years ago, we asked what the most important need for innovation in schools here in the UK is.
+And I thought the most important priority was to bring the two issues together.
+First, there were many bored teens who hated school and saw no connection between what they learned in school and their future careers.
+And employers who kept complaining that their kids out of school weren't really ready for real work, they didn't have the right attitude or experience.
+So we try to ask: What kind of school would teens struggle to get into instead of struggling not to get into it?
+And after hundreds of conversations with teens, teachers, parents, employers and schools from Paraguay to Australia, and looking at some of the academic research, we found that what we now call non-cognitive skills: The importance of motivation and resilience skills is shown. - And about these being as important as cognitive skills, formal academic achievement, we found a very simple answer in some ways, and we named it Studio School.
+Then, we returned to the origin of the Renaissance studio, where work and learning were united, and named it Studio School.
+Work by learning, learn by working.
+The design we came up with had the following features:
+First of all, we are a small school, about 300, 400 students, ages 14 to 19, and importantly, about 80 percent of the curriculum is practical, not sitting in a classroom. I hoped to complete it through meaningful projects and work. Outsourced to companies, NGOs, and others.
+Every student will have a coach as well as a teacher and will be able to set up a timetable that closely resembles a business work environment.
+And all this within the public system, funded by public funds, but operated independently.
+And with no extra cost or screening, it allows students to go to college, even if many of them want to be entrepreneurs and do manual labor.
+Underlying it was the very simple idea that many teenagers learn best by doing things, learn best in teams, and learn best by actually doing things. This is all the opposite of what mainstream schooling actually does.
+This sounded like a good idea, so we moved on to the rapid prototyping stage.
+We tried it first in Luton (famous for the airport, but I suspect it's not as well known elsewhere) and then in Blackpool, famous for its beaches and leisure.
+And what we found, which had quite a few mistakes, improved it, but found that the youngsters liked it.
+They found it much more motivating and much more stimulating than traditional education.
+And perhaps most importantly, when the results of the exams came out two years later, the lowest performing group of students who were sent to these field exams jumped to the top. . In fact, I was almost at the top. Decile of performance based on the UK scoring system GCSE.
+Naturally, that has influenced some people to think we are onto something.
+The education minister for South London described himself as a "huge fan".
+And the business community thought we were on to something as to how to better prepare today's kids for real work.
+And in fact, the president of the Chamber of Commerce is now president of the Studio Schools Trust, helping small businesses across the country as well as large corporations.
+I started with two schools.
+This year the number has increased to 10.
+And about 35 schools are expected to open across England next year, with another 40 regions wanting to open their own schools. This idea spreads pretty quickly.
+Interestingly, the incident happened with little media coverage.
+It happens almost entirely with no big money behind it.
+It has gone viral among teachers, parents and educators almost entirely through word of mouth.
+And it spread by the power of ideas. So the very simple idea is to turn education upside down and take the fringes of working in teams, doing hands-on projects, and putting those things at the center of it all. Of learning, not of edge.
+New schools are opening one after another this fall.
+This is from Yorkshire and in fact I hope my nephew can attend.
+And this is focused on the creative and media industries.
+Some focus on healthcare, tourism, engineering, and other areas.
+I think we've picked something up.
+It's not perfect yet, but we think it's one of those ideas that could change the lives of thousands, maybe millions, of teenagers who are really bored with schooling.
+It doesn't enliven them.
+They're not like you guys who can sit in line and listen to what's being said for hours.
+They want to do something, they want their hands dirty, they want their education to be real.
+And my hope is that some of you may be able to help us.
+We are on a journey of experimentation and refinement to make the idea of ​​Studio School not exist as a universal answer for all children, but at least as an answer for some children in all parts of society. I feel that I am at the beginning of world.
+And I hope that at least some of you will help make that happen.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I was born in Switzerland and raised in Ghana, West Africa.
+Ghana felt safe to me as a kid.
+I was free and happy.
+The early 70's were a time of prominence for Ghanaian music and art.
+By the end of the decade, however, the country had reverted to political instability and misgovernment.
+In 1979, I witnessed my first military coup.
+We children were at a friend's house.
+It was a dark hut.
+A battered black-and-white TV flickered in the background, and a former head of state and general was blindfolded and tied to a telephone pole.
+The firing squad took aim and opened fire—the general was dead.
+This was now being broadcast live.
+And soon we left the country and returned to Switzerland.
+Well, I think Europe has been a shocker to me and I'm starting to feel like I need to molt to adapt.
+I wanted to blend in like a chameleon.
+I think it was a strategy for survival.
+And it worked, or so I believed.
+So in 2008, I was wondering where I was in life.
+And I felt stereotyped as an actor.
+I always played exotic Africans.
+I was playing a violent African, an African terrorist.
+And I was thinking, how many terrorists can I play before I become a terrorist myself?
+And I was ashamed of my other self, the African inside me.
+And fortunately, in 2008, I decided to return to Ghana for the first time in 28 years.
+I wanted to document the 2008 presidential election on film.
+So I started by looking for my childhood footprints.
+And suddenly I found myself on a stage surrounded by thousands of cheering people in the middle of a political rally.
+And when I left my country, I realized that free and fair elections in a democratic environment were a dream.
+And now that I'm back, that dream, albeit a fleeting reality, has become a reality.
+And I thought, just as I was searching for my own identity, Ghana was also searching for its own identity.
+Was what was happening in Ghana a metaphor for what was happening in me?
+And it was as if by the standards of my Western life, I wasn't living up to my full potential.
+So did Ghana, even though we tried so hard.
+In 1957, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan country to become independent.
+In the late 50s, Ghana and Singapore had the same GDP.
+So today Singapore is a first world country whereas Ghana is not.
+But maybe it's time to prove to ourselves that understanding the past is important, and that it's important to look at it in a different light. But perhaps we should look to the strengths of our culture and build on that foundation in the present.
+I was here on December 7, 2008.
+Polling stations opened for voters at 7 a.m., but voters who wanted to take control of their political destinies began lining up at 4 a.m.
+And they came from near and far to make their voices heard.
+And I asked one of the voters, "Who are you voting for?"
+Then he said, "Sorry, I can't tell you."
+He said his vote was on his mind.
+And I understood, this was their election and they weren't going to let anyone take it away.
+Well, the first round of voting didn't have a clear winner, and no one had an absolute majority, so the votes moved on to the second round three weeks later.
+Candidates started on their way again. they were campaigning.
+Of course, the candidates' statements have also changed.
+I had a fever.
+And this cliche has come to haunt us.
+There were also allegations of intimidation at polling stations and theft of ballot boxes.
+Inflated results began to arrive and the mob began to spiral out of control.
+We have seen violence erupt in the streets.
+People were brutally beaten.
+Troops started firing their guns. People were panicking.
+It was a complete mess.
+And my heart sank at the thought that I had come again.
+Here is another proof that Africans are incapable of governing themselves.
+Not only that, I'm documenting it. I also document my own cultural shortcomings.
+So, after a long reverberation of gunshots, quickly drowned out by the screams of the mob, I couldn't believe what I was hearing.
+"We want peace," they said.
+we want peace "
+And then I realized it had to be from people.
+After all, they decided, they decided.
+In other words, what had been a distorted and loud sound suddenly became a melody.
+The tone of voice was harmonious.
+So it can happen.
+Democracy can be peacefully maintained.
+It may be due to the will of the masses who are now desperately seeking peace with all their hearts and wills.
+Let's make an interesting comparison here.
+We Westerners preach the values ​​that are the golden light of democracy and claim to be the shining example of how it is done.
+Ultimately, however, Ghana found itself in the same situation that stalled the US election in the 2000 presidential election: Bush vs. Gore.
+But instead of the candidates wanting to promote institutions and let the people decide, Ghana respected democracy and the people.
+It was not left to the judgment of the Supreme Court. people did.
+Well, there was no clear winner in the second ballot either.
+I mean, it was incredibly close.
+The Electoral Commission declared that it would hold an unprecedented second re-election with the consent of the parties.
+So people went back to voting to decide their president, not the legal system.
+And hey, it worked.
+The defeated candidate abdicated power, paving the way for Ghana's transition into a new democratic cycle.
+That is, they did not abuse their power when democracy was absolutely necessary.
+True democracy and faith in the people run deep, proving that Africans can govern themselves.
+The battle is not over for Ghana and Africa, but I have proof that there is a flip side to democracy and that we should not take it for granted.
+Now I know that my place is not only in the West or Africa, and I am still searching for my identity, but I have seen Ghana create a better democracy.
+Ghana has taught me to see people differently and see myself differently.
+And yes we Africans can do that.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm a doctor, but I slipped into research and am now an epidemiologist.
+And no one really knows what epidemiology is.
+Epidemiology is the science of how you know if something is good or bad for you in the real world.
+And it's best understood through examples as the science of crazy and quirky newspaper headlines.
+These are just a few examples.
+These are from the Daily Mail.
+Every country in the world has such newspapers.
+There is a strange, ongoing philosophical project out there to divide all inanimate objects in the world into those that cause cancer and those that prevent cancer.
+Here are some of the things that are said to cause cancer: divorce, Wi-Fi, toiletries, and coffee.
+Foods that are said to prevent cancer include scabs, chili peppers, licorice, and coffee.
+So we see that there is a contradiction.
+Coffee can both cause and prevent cancer.
+As you read on, you'll probably find that there's a political motive behind this.
+For women, housework prevents breast cancer, but for men, shopping can lead to impotence.
+(Laughter) So it turns out that we need to start figuring out the science behind this.
+And what I want to show is that revealing the evidence behind dubious claims is not a kind of repulsive act. It is socially useful.
+But it is also a very valuable explanatory tool, since real science is one that critically evaluates evidence for the position of others.
+The same is true for academic journals and academic societies. The question-and-answer session after a postdoc presents data is often a disaster.
+and nobody cares about that. We welcome it positively.
+It's like a consensual intellectual SM activity.
+(Laughter) So what I'm going to show you is all the major things, all the major features of my specialty, evidence-based medicine.
+And I'll explain all of this and how they work using only examples of people getting things wrong.
+Let's start with the absolute weakest evidence mankind knows: authority.
+Science doesn't care how many letters there are after a name. We want to know why you believe something.
+How do we know if something is good or bad for us?
+But we are not impressed with authority because it is so easily fabricated.
+This person is Dr. Gillian McKeith, or, given the full medical title, Dr. Gillian McKeith.
+(laughter) Again, there are people like this in every country.
+She has five series on primetime television and offers some very extravagant and exotic health advice.
+It turns out that she has a non-accredited correspondence course PhD somewhere in America.
+She also boasts that she is a certified professional member of the Association of Nutritional Consultants of America, which sounds very appealing. You can get your certificate.
+This belongs to my dead cat, Hetty. She was a terrible cat.
+Go to the website, fill out the form, hand in $60 and it will be mailed to you.
+That's not the only reason we think this person is stupid.
+She also mentions eating lots of dark green leaves, which contain chlorophyll, which oxygenates the blood.
+And anyone who's ever done school biology will remember that chlorophyll and chloroplasts only produce oxygen in sunlight, and that the gut is pretty dark after eating spinach. .
+Then you need good science and good evidence.
+This means that red wine can help prevent breast cancer.
+This is a headline from the British Daily Telegraph.
+"A glass of red wine a day may help prevent breast cancer."
+You find this paper there and you know it's real science.
+This describes the change in behavior of an enzyme when a chemical extracted from the skin of red grapes was dropped onto cancer cells in a dish on a laboratory bench.
+And that's a very useful thing to explain in a scientific paper.
+But the individual risk of breast cancer from drinking red wine turns out to be downright troubling.
+In fact, every increase in alcohol consumption has been found to slightly increase the risk of breast cancer.
+So what we want is research with real people.
+And here is another example.
+This is from the UK's 'leading edge' dietitian and published in our second best-selling newspaper, the Daily Mirror.
+"A 2001 Australian study found that olive oil combined with fruits, vegetables and legumes had a measurable protective effect against skin wrinkles," he said. If you eat, you will have less wrinkles,” advises.
+They kindly tell you how to find the papers and what you find are observational studies.
+Clearly, back in 1930, all people were born in one maternity ward, half of them ate lots of fruits and vegetables and olive oil, the other half ate McDonald's, and how many wrinkles could they get? I know how much. There will be later
+We have to take a snapshot of how people are now.
+And, unsurprisingly, we find that those who eat vegetables and olive oil have fewer wrinkles.
+But that's because people who eat fruits, vegetables, and olive oil are deranged. They are not normal, just like you. They come to events like this.
+(Laughter) They're upper class, they're wealthier, they're less likely to have outdoor jobs, they're less likely to engage in physical labor, they have better social support, they're less likely to smoke. It is wrinkle resistant for many fascinating and intertwined social, political and cultural reasons.
+Vegetables and olive oil are not to blame.
+(Laughter) Ideally, what you want to do is a trial.
+I think people are familiar with the concept of a trial.
+Courts are old. The first was in the Bible at Daniel 1:12.
+It's easy. Gather a large group of people and divide them in half, treating one group in one direction and the other in the other direction.
+After a while, you'll know what happened to each of them.
+I'm going to tell you about a trial. This is probably the most highly covered trial in the UK news media in the last decade.
+This is a test of fish oil tablets.
+Claim: Fish oil pills improve school performance and behavior in mainstream children.
+They said, 'We went to court.
+Everything so far has been positive and this time will be positive again. "
+This should ring alarm bells. If you know the answer to your challenge, you shouldn't try it.
+Either you deliberately rigged it, or you have enough data that you no longer need to randomize people.
+So this is what they were trying to do in the exam. They took 3,000 children, gave them 6 tablets of this giant fish oil a day, measured their performance on school exams a year later, and measured their performance on exams if they hadn't taken the drug. Compare your performance with what you predicted would have happened.
+Now, can anyone spot the flaw in this design?
+(Laughter) And clinical trial methodology professors aren't allowed to answer this question.
+Therefore there is no control group.
+But it's really technical, don't you think? It's a jargon.
+The children got their medicine and their grades improved.
+If it's not a pill, what else could it be?
+they got old. We all grow over time.
+And, of course, there's one of the most fascinating things in all of medicine: the placebo effect.
+It's not just about taking medicine to improve performance or pain. It is about our beliefs, our expectations, and the cultural meaning of treatment.
+And this has been demonstrated in a number of interesting studies comparing one type of placebo to another.
+So, for example, two sugar pills a day have been found to be more effective in treating stomach ulcers than one sugar pill.
+It's a ridiculous discovery, but it's true.
+Three different studies of three different types of pain found that saline injections were a more effective treatment than sugar pills or blank dummy pills. The injection feels more like a dramatic intervention, not because the injection or pill physically does something to the body.
+So we know that our beliefs and expectations can be manipulated. That's why we do placebo-controlled studies. There, half the people receive the real treatment and the other half the placebo.
+But that's not enough.
+What I have just shown is a very simple and straightforward example of how journalists, nutritional pill peddlers, and naturopathic doctors distort evidence to their own ends.
+What I find really interesting is that the pharmaceutical industry uses the exact same kinds of tricks and devices, but with slightly more sophisticated versions of them, to distort the evidence they provide to doctors and patients. and we use it to make very important decisions. .
+The first is a placebo study. Everyone thinks a trial should compare a new drug to a placebo.
+But most of the time it's wrong. In many cases, there are already good treatments available today.
+So we don't want to know that your new alternative treatment is better than nothing, we want to know that it's better than the best treatment available to us. I want to
+Yet, I repeatedly see people still in clinical trials against placebos.
+And while data alone that is better than nothing can get a drug to market, it doesn't help doctors like me trying to make a decision.
+But that's not the only way data can be manipulated.
+Data can also be manipulated by making the comparison to the new drug really silly.
+People may not be treated properly if the dose of a competing drug is too low.
+High doses of competing drugs can cause side effects.
+And this is exactly what happened with antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
+Twenty years ago, a new generation of antipsychotic drugs was introduced. It promised less side effects.
+So people started trials comparing the old and new drugs.
+But they administered the old drug at ridiculously high doses: Haloperidol at 20 milligrams per day.
+And it's a foregone conclusion that administering drugs at such high doses would result in more side effects and better looking new drugs.
+Ten years ago, history repeated itself when Risperidone, the first new-generation antipsychotic, was de-copyrighted and made available for anyone to copy.
+Everyone wanted to show that their drug was better than risperidone, so a trial was conducted comparing a new antipsychotic drug with risperidone at 8 milligrams per day.
+Again, not an insane or illegal dose, but the upper limit of normal.
+So it's no surprise that, overall, industry-funded trials are four times more likely to produce positive results than independent trials.
+But this is a big question, but (laughter) when you look at the methods used in industry-funded trials, they're actually better than independent trials.
+Yet they always get the results they want.
+So how does this work?
+(Laughter) How can this strange phenomenon be explained?
+Well, what actually happened is that during the operation it turns out that the negative data is lost. It is withheld from doctors and patients.
+And this is the most important aspect of this whole story.
+It sits at the top of the pyramid of evidence.
+We need all the data on a particular treatment to know if it really works.
+There are two different ways to check if some data is lost.
+You can use stats, you can use stories.
+I prefer statistics, so I'll do that first.
+This is a funnel plot.
+A funnel plot is a very clever way to identify whether a small negative trial has disappeared or has indeed disappeared.
+Here is a graph of all trials done for a particular treatment.
+As you move up towards the top of the graph, you can see that each point is a trial.
+As the level increases, it becomes a larger trial and therefore less error. Less chance of random false positives and false positives.
+So they all come together.
+Great trials bring us closer to the true answer.
+If you go further down, you'll see false false negatives on this side and false positives on this side.
+If there is publication bias, if small negative trials have not actually been done, one of these graphs can confirm it.
+Here you can see that the small negative trial that should have been in the bottom left has disappeared.
+Here is a graph showing the presence of publication bias in a study of publication bias.
+I think this is the funniest epidemiological joke I've ever heard.
+(laughs) That's how you can prove it statistically.
+Well, they are heinous, they really are.
+This is a drug called reboxetine.
+This is the medicine that I have prescribed for my patients.
+And I'm a very geeky doctor.
+I want to do my best to read and understand all the literature.
+They were all positive and well behaved.
+No defects found.
+Unfortunately, many of these trials turned out to be pending.
+In fact, 76% of all trials involving this drug were withheld by doctors and patients.
+Now, come to think of it, if I could toss a coin 100 times and withhold an answer half the time, I could convince you that I have a coin with two heads. can.
+If you remove half the data, you will never know the true effect size of these drugs.
+And this is not an isolated story.
+About half of the trial data on antidepressants is withheld, but far more than that.
+Nordic Cochrane Group wanted to get that data to put it all together.
+The Cochrane Group is an international non-profit collaboration producing a systematic review of all data presented to date.
+And you need access to all trial data.
+The European Medicines Agency did the same for three years.
+This is a problem for which no solution is currently found.
+And to show how big it is, this is a drug called Tamiflu that governments around the world have spent billions of dollars on.
+And they spend that money on the promise that this is a drug that will reduce the incidence of flu complications.
+There is already data showing that the flu lasts hours less.
+But I don't care about that, and neither does the government.
+Sorry if you have the flu, I know it sucks, but I'm not going to spend billions of dollars trying to shorten the duration of flu symptoms by half a day.
+Our hospital prescribes these drugs.
+We stockpile them for emergencies, knowing they will reduce the number of complications that mean pneumonia and death.
+The Cochrane Group of Infectious Diseases, based in Italy, is seeking complete data from pharmaceutical companies in an accessible form so that they can make a full decision about whether the drug works. I couldn't get that information.
+This is arguably the biggest ethical problem facing medicine today.
+No decision can be made without all the information.
+So it's a bit difficult to draw any positive conclusions from it.
+But I just want to say this. I think sunlight is the best disinfectant.
+All these things are happening visibly, and they are all protected by boring force fields.
+And given all the problems in science, I think one of the best things we can do is open the lid, finger the mechanism, and peek inside.
+(applause)
+The history of civilization is, in a sense, the history of maps. How did we come to understand the world around us?
+One of the most famous maps works because it's not really a map.
+[Small things. Great idea. ] [Michael Beerroute on the London Underground Map] The London Underground was founded in 1908, when eight different independent railways merged to create one system.
+They needed a map that represented that system so people knew where to ride.
+The map they made is complicated.
+You can see rivers, bodies of water, trees and parks. All the stations were crowded together in the center of the map, and there were also stations in the peripheral area that could not fit on the map.
+So while this map was geographically accurate, it may not have been very useful.
+Enter Harry Beck.
+Harry Beck was a 29-year-old engineering draftsman who worked intermittently on the London Underground.
+And he had an important insight. It was that people on underground trains didn't care much about what was going on above ground.
+They just want to move from station to station - "Where can I get on? Where can I get off?"
+It's the system that matters, not the geography.
+He took the complex mess of spaghetti and simplified it.
+Lines only go in three directions. horizontal, vertical, or 45 degrees.
+Likewise, he evenly spaced the stations, made the colors of all the stations correspond to the colors of the lines, and fixed them all so that they were not really maps.
+It's the same diagram as the circuit. However, the circuit here is not a wire that conducts electrons, but a tube containing a train that conducts people from place to place.
+In 1933, the Underground finally decided to give Harry Beck's map a try.
+The Underground ran a test run of 1,000 of these pocket-sized maps.
+They were gone within an hour.
+They realized they had come up with something and printed another 750,000. This is the map you see today.
+Beck's design served as a template for how we think about subway maps today.
+Tokyo, Paris, Berlin, Sao Paulo, Sydney, Washington DC -- all transform complex geographies into crisp geometries.
+Both use different colors to distinguish lines and simple symbols to distinguish station types.
+They all appear to be part of the universal language.
+Harry Beck must not have known what a user interface was, but that's exactly what he designed, and he took the challenge to heart and applied it to almost any design problem. I've broken it down into three principles that I think you can do.
+The first is concentration.
+Focus on who you are doing this for.
+The second principle is simplicity.
+What is the shortest way to fulfill that need?
+Finally, think cross-sectorally.
+Who would have thought that an electrician would be the key to unlocking what was, at the time, one of the most complex systems in the world? It all started with one man with a pencil and an idea.
+A hoodie is a great object.
+It's one of those timeless objects that we don't think about much. Because they work so well the more they are a part of our lives.
+We call them "sober masterpieces."
+[Small things. ] [Big idea. ] [Paola Antonelli in a hoodie] The hoodie, even if it's not called that, has been an icon throughout history, for good and bad reasons.
+The earliest we can trace is from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
+In the Middle Ages, monks often wore a cloak-like garment with a hood. Hence the name "parker".
+Women in the 17th century wore hoodies to cover themselves when meeting their lovers.
+And, of course, there are legends and there are fantasies.
+There is an image of a hoodie that has something to do with the Grim Reaper.
+There is an image of Parker being connected to the Executioner.
+So there's the darker side of Parker.
+A modern version of Parker. A garment, usually made of cotton jersey, with a drawstring attached to the hood. Some may have marsupial pockets. Introduced in the 1930s by the Knickerbocker Knitting Company.
+They are now called champions.
+It was meant to keep athletes warm.
+Of course, it was a highly functional and comfortable garment, so it was rapidly adopted by workers around the world.
+Around the 1980s, hip-hop, B-boys, and skateboarders also adopted it, and it became established as a street culture for young people.
+At the same time, it had the added value of being extremely comfortable and perfect for the street, and giving you anonymity when you need it.
+And Mark Zuckerberg defies the conventions of well-dressed businessmen.
+But interestingly, it's also a way of showing how power has changed.
+If you wear a two-piece suit, you may be a bodyguard.
+Real powerhouses wear hoodies, T-shirts, and jeans.
+It's easy to think of the physical side of the hoodie.
+You can feel its warmth and protection as soon as you put on the hood, but you can also feel its psychological side at the same time.
+When you put on a hoodie, suddenly you feel protected, you feel like you're in your own shell.
+We know all too well what hoodies have come to mean in the United States over the last few years.
+When Trayvon Martin, a 17-year-old African-American boy, was shot dead by neighborhood vigilantes, millions of people wore hooded hoodies and marched through the streets against criminals of this kind. Parker marches happened all over the United States. of prejudice.
+Few garments have so much symbolism and history, and encompass so many different worlds, as the hoodie.
+Therefore, like all clothing, especially all truly utilitarian clothing, its design is very basic.
+But at the same time, it carries with it the possibilities of the entire universe.
+I think sound is a huge part of the experience of using a pencil. This sound has a scratching sound that you can really hear.
+(scratching) [Small things. Great idea. ] [Caroline Weaver on a pencil] A pencil is a very simple object.
+It is made of wood, several layers of paint, an eraser, and a core made of graphite, clay and water.
+Yes, it took hundreds of people and centuries to arrive at this design.
+And what makes it such a perfect object for me is its long history of collaboration.
+The history of pencils begins with graphite.
+People have begun to find really useful uses for this new substance.
+They cut it into small sticks, wrapped it in string, sheepskin or paper and sold it for writing or painting on the streets of London, or often used as an animal marker by farmers and shepherds. was .
+In France, Nicolas Jacques Comte devised a method of crushing graphite and mixing it with powdered clay and water to make a paste.
+From there, this paste was filled into molds and fired in a kiln. The result is a very strong graphite core that is unbreakable, smooth and usable. It was far superior to anything else that existed at the time. And to this day it is still used to make pencils.
+Meanwhile, in America, in Concord, Massachusetts, it was Henry David Thoreau who devised a grading scale for different hardnesses of pencils.
+It has grades from 1 to 4, with 2 being the ideal hardness for general use.
+The softer the pencil, the more graphite it contains and the darker and smoother the line.
+The harder the pencil, the more clay it contains and the lighter and thinner it is.
+Originally, when making pencils by hand, they were made round.
+There was no easy way to make them, and it was the Americans who actually mechanized them.
+Many credit Joseph Dixon as one of the first to begin developing actual machines for cutting wood slats, grooving wood, and applying glue. doing.
+And using a hexagonal pencil was considered easier and less wasteful, and it became the norm.
+Since the early days of pencils, people have loved their erasability.
+Bread crumbs were originally used to erase pencil marks, but later rubber and pumice stones were used.
+Attached Eraser In 1858, American stationer Hymen Lippmann patented the first pencil with an attached eraser, revolutionizing the pencil game.
+The world's first yellow pencil was the KOH-I-NOOR 1500.
+KOH-I-NOOR did something crazy by putting 14 coats of yellow paint on this pencil and dipping the tip in 14 karat gold.
+Everyone has a pencil and every pencil has a story.
+The Blackwing 602 is famous for being used by many writers, notably John Steinbeck and Vladimir Nabokov.
+And then there's the Dixon Pencil Company.
+They are in charge of Dixon Ticonderoga.
+It's an icon, what people think of when they think of a pencil, what they think of when they think of school.
+And I think pencils are really something the average user has never thought about how they're made or why they're made the way they are. Because it always is.
+In my opinion, nothing can be done to make the pencil better than it currently is.
+It's perfect.
+How many hours a day, days a week, weeks a year, how many years in your life are you bored at your desk?
+[Small things. Great idea. ] [Daniel Ember on progress bars] A progress bar is just an indicator on your computer that something is happening inside your device.
+A classic that has been used for many years is the horizontal bar.
+So this predates the computer version of the ledger. There, people filled in horizontal bars from left to right to indicate the amount of tasks completed in the factory.
+The same is true on screen.
+Something happened in the 70's that is sometimes called the "software crisis". From a design standpoint, computers suddenly became more complex than anyone was prepared for.
+People used the achievement rate indicator in different ways.
+So you might have a graphical countdown clock, or you might see a row of asterisks filling in from left to right on your screen.
+But no one has systematically researched these things to figure out how they really affect the experience of users sitting at their computers.
+This graduate student named Brad Meyers decided to study this in 1985.
+He found that it didn't really matter if the percent complete indicator showed an accurate percent complete.
+The point is that it was actually there.
+What surprised me the most was that just looking at it made people feel better.
+He has a lot of different ideas on what you can do with this.
+Perhaps it can effectively relax people.
+Perhaps it will allow people to step away from their machines and do other things in just the right amount of time.
+They looked at it and said, 'Oh, the progress bar is halfway through.
+It took 5 minutes.
+So I'm going to send this fax in five minutes from now" or what people were doing in 1985.
+Both of those things are wrong.
+For example, looking at that progress bar changes the experience of having your attention fixed on the tractor beam, waiting for this exciting story to unfold before your eyes. Waiting impatiently for the computer to do something was reconceptualized as "Progress! Oh! Great things are happening!"
+[Progress...] But when you start thinking of it as something to ease the pain of waiting for progress bars, you can start messing around with the psychology.
+So if you have a progress bar moving at a constant speed, which is what is actually happening in your computer, people will perceive it to be slowing down.
+we get bored
+Now you can enhance it to make it appear to be moving faster than it actually is. At first, it moves faster, like explosive speed.
+It's so exciting and people feel like, "Oh! Something is really happening!"
+You can then revert to a more natural progress bar growth as you progress.
+You're assuming people focus on the passage of time. They're trying to watch the grass grow, or they're putting water in a pot and waiting for it to boil, and you're just trying to make it happen. Less boredom, less pain and less frustration than before.
+So the progress bar at least gives you a vision of the beginning and the end, showing that you are working toward your goals.
+In a way, I think it reduces the fear of death.
+too much?
+(music) ♫ I don't know myself, ♫ ♫ Why they keep talking about love, ♫ ♫ When they come to me, ♫ ♫ If they look me in the eye and kiss my hand. ♫ ♫ I don't understand myself, ♫ ♫ Why do they talk about magic, ♫ ♫ That no one can resist, ♫ ♫ If he sees me, even if he passes by . ♫ ♫ But when the red lights ♫ ♫ midnight ♫ ♫ And when everybody hears me sing ♫ ♫ then it's obvious. ♫ ♫ Kiss my lips so fiery. ♫ ♫ My limbs, they are supple and soft. ♫ ♫ It's written for me in the stars, ♫ ♫ Kiss you, let you love. ♫ ♫ My feet slip and float, ♫ ♫ My eyes seduce and shine. ♫ ♫ And I dance like I'm enraptured, 'cause I know ♫ ♫ My lips kiss so fiery. ♫ ♫ Dancer's blood runs ♫ ♫ in my veins. ♫ ♫ Because my beautiful mother ♫ ♫ was the Queen of Dance ♫ ♫ at the Golden Alcázar. ♫ ♫ She was very, very beautiful, ♫ ♫ I used to see her in my dreams. ♫ ♫ Everyone's eyes lit up with admiration as she banged her tambourine to a mesmerizing dance ♫ ♫. ♫ ♫ She reawakened in me, ♫ ♫ Mine too. ♫ ♫ I dance like her in the middle of the night ♫ ♫ And deep inside I feel: ♫ ♫ My lips kiss you so fiery, ♫ ♫ My limbs they lithe and soft. ♫ ♫ It's written for me in the stars, ♫ ♫ Kiss you, let you love. ♫ ♫ And I dance like I'm enraptured, 'cause I know ♫ ♫ My lips kiss so fiery. ♫ (applause)
+If you do it right, it should sound like "TICK-tat, TICK-tat, TICK-tat, TICK-tat, TICK-tat, TICK-tat".
+If you do it the wrong way, it sounds like "tickat" "tickat" "tickat".
+[Small things. Great idea. ] [Kyla Gaunt jumping rope] A jump rope is a very simple object.
+It can be made from rope, clothesline, twine, etc.
+There are things that go round and round. (laughs) I don't know how to explain that.
+The important thing is that it has some weight and that whip sound.
+The origin of jump rope is not clear.
+There is some evidence that it likely originated in ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, and then spread to North America with Dutch settlers.
+As women's clothing became more form-fitting and pantaloons were born, the rope became a big deal.
+So the girls were able to jump rope because the skirt didn't get caught in the rope.
+Governors used this to train jump ropes in the wards.
+African children who were formerly enslaved in the antebellum South also jumped rope.
+In the 1950s, Harlem, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens saw many girls playing rope on the sidewalks.
+Sometimes two ropes are spun together as one rope, but they can also be separated and spun around each other like bashing eggs.
+A skipping rope is like a fixed timeline that ticks, ticks, ticks, ticks, on top of which you can add rhymes, rhythms, and chants.
+These ropes have created spaces in which we can contribute much more than our neighborhoods.
+The double dutch jump rope remains a powerful symbol of black women's culture and identity.
+From the 1950s to the 1970s, girls weren't supposed to play sports.
+Boys played baseball, basketball and football, girls were not allowed.
+A lot has changed, but in those days girls ruled the playground.
+They kept the boys out of it.
+It's their space, it's a girl power space.
+That's where they shine.
+But I also think this is for boys. Because boys hear it. So I think a lot of hip-hop artists sampled what they heard in black girl game songs.
+(chanting) ... cold, thick shake, act like you know how to flip, filet-o-fish, quarter pounder, fries, ice-cold, thick shake, like you know how to jump behave.
+The reason why Nelly's "Country Glamor" became a Grammy-winning single is because people are already saying, ``I'm going down the street baby yours in a Range Rover...'' That's ``Down Down, Because I knew it was the beginning of Baby, Down Down the Down Down the Baby Your Street. Roller coaster, sweet, sweet baby, I'll never let you go "
+Anyone who grew up in an urban black community would know that music.
+So it was a ready-made hit.
+Double Dutch rope playing helped sustain these songs, and the chants and gestures that accompanied them. This is very natural for what I call "motor verbality": mouth and body language.
+It is something that is passed down from generation to generation.
+In a way, the rope is what helps you carry it.
+You need some kind of object to transmit the memory.
+This means that the jump rope can be used for many different purposes.
+It transcends culture.
+And I think the reason it lasted is because people need to move.
+And I think sometimes the simplest objects can have the most creative uses.
+There are no bad buttons, only bad people.
+how does that sound? OK?
+[Small things. ] [Big idea. ] [Isaac Mizrahi on Buttons] No one knows who invented the button.
+It may have appeared as early as 2000 BC.
+At first it was decorative, just sewing beautiful things on clothes.
+Some 3,000 years later, someone finally invented the buttonhole, and buttons suddenly became useful.
+Buttons and buttonholes are such a wonderful invention.
+Not only does it slip through the buttonhole, but it stays in place so completely secure it's like it's never going to open.
+Button design has changed little since the Middle Ages.
+One of the most enduring designs in history.
+For me, the best buttons are usually round.
+There are domed buttons with a small shank, or round ones of this kind with two or four holes, with or without a rim.
+Buttonholes are more important than buttons.
+The way to calculate it is to add the width of the button to the diameter of the button, plus a little ease.
+Before buttons, clothes were bigger, more amorphous, and people squirmed and wrapped themselves in them.
+But then, when the use of buttons was discovered, fashion moved closer to the body.
+It used to be the only way to get clothes to fit.
+I think the reason buttons have existed historically for so long is that they actually serve to close our clothes.
+The zipper will break. Velcro is loud and wears out after a while.
+If a button comes off, you literally just have to sew that button back on.
+Buttons will be around for the long term.
+Not only is it the simplest design ever, it's also a pretty crazy fashion statement.
+My mother knit me this beautiful sweater when I was a child.
+I didn't like that.
+And then I found these buttons. The minute I put that button on my sweater, I fell in love with it.
+If you have no taste and can't pick a button, get someone else to do it.
+What I mean is
+Stairs are probably one of the most emotionally malleable physical elements an architect has to deal with.
+[Small things. Great idea. ] [David Rockwell on Stairs] At its most basic, a stair is a means of getting from point A to point B at different elevations.
+Stairs have a common language.
+The tread, that is, what you walk on.
+riser. A vertical element that separates two treads.
+Many stairs have nosings that form a kind of edge.
+And the connected part is the stringer.
+These pieces of various shapes make up all the stairs.
+I suspect that the word stair comes from the first time someone said, "I want to go from the rock below to this high rock."
+People climbed using whatever was available: stepped logs, ladders, natural paths worn over time.
+Some of the earliest steps, such as the pyramids of Chichen Itza and the trail to Mount Tai in China, were a means of reaching higher elevations, where people sought worship and protection.
+As engineering evolved, so did the practical.
+Stairs can be made from all kinds of materials.
+There are straight staircases and spiral staircases.
+Stairs can be indoors or outdoors.
+They obviously help us out in an emergency.
+But they are also a form of art in their own right.
+As we traverse a staircase, its form determines our pace, our sense of safety, our relationship and engagement with the space around us.
+So for a moment, think about descending a gigantic staircase, like the one in front of the New York Public Library.
+Its steps offer views of the street and people around, and the paths are very wide, making for a slow and steady walk.
+It's a completely different experience than walking down a narrow staircase and spilling into a room in, say, an old pub.
+There you will encounter tall risers, so move faster.
+Stairs add a lot of drama.
+Consider that the staircase was the cue for the grand entrance and the protagonist of the moment.
+Stairs are also heroic.
+Remaining after the attacks on September 11th and the World Trade Center, this staircase is called the "Survivor's Stairs" because it played a central role in guiding hundreds of people to safety.
+But even small stairs can have a big impact.
+A stoop is a place where neighbors can gather to play music and watch the city go by.
+It's interesting to me to see people wanting to hang out on the stairs.
+I believe that these things satisfy a deep human need to live in a space that is not just on the ground.
+So if you can sit halfway there, you're in a kind of magical place.
+I remember thinking, 'This is going to change the way we all communicate.
+[Small things. ] [Big idea. ] [Margaret Gould Stewart on hyperlinks] Hyperlinks are interface elements. This means that there are many different factors when using software on your mobile phone or computer. The code behind the interface gives the computer all the instructions on how to manage it, but that interface is human-operated, and when you press it, something happens.
+When they first came out, they were very simple and not particularly attractive.
+Designers today have a wide range of choices.
+Hyperlinks use a so-called markup language, or HTML.
+I have a small string of code.
+Then enter the address where you want to send the person.
+In fact, it's very easy to learn how to do it.
+Therefore, all references to information elsewhere on the Internet are the realm of hyperlinks.
+This was when I was a student, before people had widespread access to the Internet. If I wanted to write a research paper, I had to physically walk to the library. If the book you need is there, great.
+In some cases, the process took weeks, as it had to be shipped.
+And like all great innovations, it doesn't take long before we have access to something and start to take it for granted.
+Back in 1945, there was a man named Vannevar Bush.
+He worked for the U.S. government, and one of his ideas was that "humans create so much information that it's impossible to keep track of all the books you read and the connections between important books. I could not do it. idea. "
+And he came up with an idea called "Memex" that allows you to create a personal library of all the books and articles you have access to.
+And the idea of ​​connecting sources captivated people's imaginations.
+Then in the 1960s Ted Nelson launched Project Xanadu and he said, "What if it wasn't limited to just what I had?
+What if we could connect ideas across a larger work?”
+In 1982, researchers at the University of Maryland developed a system called HyperTIES.
+They were the first to use the text itself as a link marker.
+They thought this blue link on a gray background would work really well in terms of contrast and people would be able to see it.
+Apple invented HyperCard in 1987.
+I have a bunch of these cards and I was able to create links between them.
+In fact, HyperCard has created the ability to fly through stories.
+The advent of hyperlinks gave a huge boost to this kind of non-linear storytelling concept, as it gave people the opportunity to influence the story.
+These ideas and inventions inspired, among other things, the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee.
+Hyperlinks almost feel like Lego blocks. It is the very basic building block into the very complex web of connections that exist around the world.
+From the way hyperlinks were first constructed, they were meant to be created by many people, not just used by many people.
+To me, this is one of the most democratic designs ever created.
+That's why people say I'm a good person...
+It's so much that it's part of my personal and professional identity that I'm so kind and get along with everyone, even the most vehement opponents.
+It's like my "thing", what I'm known for.
+(Laughter) But what no one knows...
+It means I was a bully.
+To be honest, I didn't think much of it myself.
+I've buried memories over the years, many of which are still really vague.
+By the way, denying seems to be one of my hobbies.
+(Laughter.) But the more people started praising me for being a liberal who could get along with conservatives, and the more I wrote articles about being kind and gave lectures about being kind, the more I realized this hypocrisy. I felt it creeping up inside.
+What if I'm really mean?
+When I was ten years old, there was a girl in my class at school named Vicky.
+(sigh) And I tormented her...
+Mercilessly.
+I mean, everyone did.
+Even the teachers bullied her.
+It doesn't get any better than that, right?
+Vicky was clearly a problem child.
+She used to hit herself, get nosebleeds, and had hygiene issues. She had major hygiene issues.
+But instead of helping this girl who was clearly struggling with life's hardships...
+We called her "Sticky Vicky".
+I called her "Sticky Vicky".
+My most vivid memory is standing in the empty hallway outside my 5th grade classroom, waiting for Vicky to come out of the bathroom. I had a clipboard and a pen, and a questionnaire I created to ask about shampoo preferences like I did. I'm in science class or studying something.
+And when Vicky came out of the bathroom, I jumped on her and asked what shampoo she was using.
+Now, looking at this objectively, I can't even remember the teacher's name, I can't remember the name of the book I read that year, I remember very little from 5th grade. Remember Vicky said she uses White Rain Shampoo?
+It's sunny like yesterday, as if something happened by chance.
+And as the class roared, I ran down the hallway and shouted to all the other kids, "Sticky Vicky uses White Rain Shampoo.
+Do not use White Rain shampoo. Otherwise, it will smell like Sticky Vicky. "
+I forgot this memory for a long time.
+When I finally started to remember it, I immediately wanted to know more.
+I contacted friends and eventually social media and did everything I could to find Vicky.
+I needed to know she was okay and that I hadn't ruined her life.
+(sighs) But I quickly realized that I wasn't just trying to figure out what happened to Vicky.
+I was trying to understand what happened to me.
+At age 10, I was treating others like they were worthless strangers...
+Like I was better than her and she was trash.
+What kind of good person would do that?
+I mean, I know I was still a kid, but not all kids do.
+Most kids don't do that, right?
+So what if I'm not nice after all?
+I was really just a hateful monster.
+Then I began to find myself having nasty impulses, thinking nasty thoughts and wanting to say them.
+Admittedly, most of my spiteful thoughts were about conservatives.
+(Laughter) But it's not just conservatives.
+I also found myself thinking mean things about dull centrist liberals and greedy Wall Street bankers and Islamophobes and slow drivers. Because I hate slow drivers.
+(Laughter.) And I catch myself in moments of hypocrisy, either I'm just noticing it, or the hypocrisy has gotten worse, especially in the last few years.
+And as I got more and more hateful, I realized that the world around me seemed to be getting even more hateful, because I felt really angry.
+It's as if an undercurrent of hatred is steadily rising around us and overflowing more and more.
+On the plus side, I think it made me realize that hatred wasn't just my problem. This is kind of the most selfish positive thing ever -- (laughter) because now I'm trying to understand, not just understand my hate and cruelty. , I had a world of hate that I wanted to unravel and understand and fix.
+So I did what overly intelligent people do when they have a problem they want to understand, and wrote a book.
+(Laughter) I wrote a book about hate.
+Spoiler alert: I'm against it.
+(Laughter) Now, at this point, you might be thinking, "Why is everyone so worried about hate?"
+You didn't hate Vicki.
+Bullying is not hate. "
+isn't it?
+Gordon Allport, a psychologist who pioneered the study of hate in the early 1900s, developed what he called the Prejudice Scale.
+On one end, there is genocide and other prejudice-based violence.
+On the other end of the spectrum, however, there is the belief that one's inner group is inherently superior to the outer group, and the avoidance of social interaction with other groups.
+Isn't it all hate?
+So it wasn't a coincidence that I was a rich kid bullying a poor kid, or that Vicki ended up being gay.
+Poor children and gay children are more likely to be bullied by children who end up being gay as well.
+I know a lot was going on in my 10 year old mind.
+I'm not saying that hate was the only reason I bullied Vicki, or that I was consciously harboring hate, but the fact is that we discriminate in public policy and culture. Those who are are probably also the most likely group of people. being bullied at school.
+It's not just a coincidence.
+It's hate.
+I define hate broadly because I think we have a big problem.
+And everything should be solved, not just extreme problems.
+For example, we can probably all agree that marching through the streets yelling that a group of people should be disenfranchised because of their skin color or gender is hateful. ? OK.
+What if you believe that group of people are inferior, but don't say it?
+is it hate?
+Or what if people in that group believe they are inferior, but they are unaware that they believe it, what is called an implicit bias?
+is it hate?
+So they all have the same roots, right?
+In the historical patterns of racism and sexism that shaped our history and still affect our society today.
+Isn't it all hate?
+I'm not saying they are the same. Just as I'm not saying that being a bully is as bad as being a Nazi, just like I'm not saying that being a Nazi is the same thing as hitting a Nazi. is. ..
+(Laughter.) But hating the Nazis is still hate, right?
+How is it that you hate someone who is not as enlightened as you are?
+What I have learned is that we are all against hate and think hate is a problem.
+We think it's their problem, not ours.
+they are disgusting
+I mean, if you think people like me who didn't vote are stupid racist monsters who don't deserve to call themselves American, okay, okay, I'm not kind, I understands.
+(laughs) It's not sarcastic, it's just right, right?
+(laughs) No.
+we all hate
+And I don't mean it in an abstract, general sense.
+I mean, we all...
+me and you.
+The sacred pedestal of superiority on which we all put ourselves, they are hateful, and we are not, is a manifestation of the essential roots of hate. So we are fundamentally good, they are not and that needs to change.
+So, in an attempt to understand and solve hatred, I read all kinds of books and all kinds of research, but I also met and listened to ex-Nazis, ex-terrorists, ex-genocides. I'm sure all of us can do it to get away from hate.
+Let me give you just one example of a former terrorist I spent time with in the West Bank.
+When Bassam Aramin was 16, he tried to blow up an Israeli convoy with a hand grenade.
+Luckily he failed, but was still sentenced to seven years in prison.
+When he was in prison they showed a film about the Holocaust.
+Up until that point, Bassam thought the Holocaust was mostly a myth.
+He went to see the film thinking it would be fun to see Jews killed.
+But when he saw what really happened, he broke down in tears.
+Eventually, after getting out of prison, Bassam earned a master's degree in Holocaust studies and founded an organization that brings together former Palestinian and Israeli combatants to work together and find common ground.
+According to Bassam's own story, he once hated Israelis, but overcame that hatred by getting to know them, learning their stories, and working together for peace.
+Bassam says he still doesn't hate Israelis, even after Israeli soldiers shot and killed his 10-year-old daughter Abil as she walked to school.
+(sigh) Bassam even forgave the soldier who killed his daughter.
+He told me that the soldier was just a product of the same system of hate as he was.
+If you're a former terrorist...
+If terrorists can learn how to stop hating and not hate when their own children are killed, then surely the rest of us can stop the habit of demeaning and dehumanizing each other.
+And I will tell you that there are stories like Bassam all over the world. Furthermore, study after study states, "No, as human beings we are neither designed nor destined to hate, but rather we are taught to hate by the world around us." It is."
+I promise you, none of us hates blacks and Republicans from outside the womb.
+There is nothing in our DNA to hate Muslims or Mexicans.
+For better or worse, we are all products of the culture around us.
+And the good news is that we are also shapers of that culture, and we can change it.
+The first step is to start recognizing the hate within yourself.
+We need to capture all forms of ourselves and hateful thoughts within us all...
+We strive to challenge our ideas and assumptions.
+It doesn't happen overnight. Let me tell you, this is the journey of a lifetime, but one that we all have to take.
+And second, if we want to combat hatred in our societies, we need to promote the policies, institutions and practices that bind us together as a community.
+It's literally like an integrated community and school.
+By the way, this is why we support integration.
+Not just because it's the right thing to do, but because it systematically fights hate.
+Studies show that teenagers who participate in racially integrated classes and activities reduce racial prejudice.
+And when young children attend racially integrated kindergartens and primary schools, there is less prejudice in the first place.
+But the reality is that in so many places around the world, in one way or another, we are isolated from each other.
+For example, in the United States, three-quarters of white people have no non-white friends.
+Therefore, in addition to promoting these positive solutions, another thing we must do is dehumanize and differentiate, It is about overthrowing hatred in the institutions and policies that perpetuate corruption and hatred. A highly racially imbalanced and highly racially biased criminal "justice" system.
+need to change that.
+Again, it won't happen overnight.
+it has to happen.
+after that ...
+As we connect in these connection spaces facilitated by connection systems, we need to change the way we talk to each other, connect with each other, and relate with generosity and tolerance instead of hate, kindness and compassion.
+that's all.
+that's it.
+(Applause.) We've got it all figured out, right?
+that's it.
+That's pretty much it. There are some details, but this is all we have to do.
+It's not that complicated, right?
+But it is difficult.
+The hatred we hold towards certain groups of people for who they are and what they believe is so ingrained in our minds and societies that it cannot be changed. It can feel impossible.
+Changes are possible.
+Look at the terrorist turned peace activist.
+Or look at bullies who have learned to apologize to their victims.
+As I traveled through the Middle East, Rwanda, and across the United States, listening to incredible stories of people in communities who left behind entire histories of hate, I was looking for Vicky all the time.
+It was very difficult to find her, so she hired a private investigator and he found her.
+So he seems to have found her.
+The truth is, it turns out that someone I call Vicky went to great lengths to hide his identity.
+But anyway, a year after starting my journey, I wrote Vicky an apology letter.
+And months later she wrote back.
+(sighs) I'm not going to lie, I just wanted you to forgive me.
+It wasn't.
+(sighs) She gave me conditional forgiveness.
+she wrote...
+"Messages like yours do not absolve you of your past deeds.
+The only way to do that is to improve the world, prevent others from doing the same, and cultivate compassion. "
+And Vicky is right.
+That's why I am here.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The night before I left for Scotland, I was invited to host the final of the China's Got Talent show in Shanghai, broadcast live in front of a stadium of 80,000 spectators.
+Who do you think was the guest?
+Susan Boyle.
+And I said to her, "I'm going to Scotland the next day."
+She sang beautifully and could even say a few words in Chinese.
+It means "free onion".
+why did she say that?
+Because it was Susan Boyle, our Chinese version. Susan Boyle is a vegetable vendor in Shanghai, about 50 years old. . Write the name of the vegetable in Chinese in the lyrics.
+(Laughter) And the last line of Nesun Dolma she was singing in the stadium was "Legs for free."
+The 80,000 live audience sang along as Susan Boyle said so.
+That was interesting.
+So both Susan Boyle and this vegetable vendor in Shanghai belonged to the Other.
+They were least expected to succeed in the business called entertainment, but their courage and talent made them successful.
+And the show and platform gave them the stage to make their dreams come true.
+Well, being different is not that difficult.
+We are all different from different points of view.
+But I think it's good to be different because it presents a different point of view.
+You may have a chance to make a difference.
+My generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate in the historic transformation of China that has brought about so many changes over the last 20, 30 years.
+In 1990, upon graduating from college, I remember applying for a job in the sales department at Beijing's first five-star hotel, the Great Wall Sheraton. That hotel still stands.
+So after being interrogated by this Japanese manager for 30 minutes, I finally said: "So, Mr. Yang, do you have any questions?"
+I mustered all my courage and composure and said, "Yes, but can you tell me what you're actually selling?"
+I had no idea what a 5 star hotel sales department was like.
+That was the day I first set foot in a five-star hotel.
+Around the same time, I was auditioning with another 1,000 female college students—the first-ever public audition on Chinese state television.
+The producer said he was looking for a sweet, innocent, beautiful and fresh face.
+So when it was my turn, I stood up and said, 'Why must the female personalities on television always be beautiful, kind, innocent and, you know, supportive? mosquito?"
+Why can't they have their own thoughts and opinions? "
+I thought I had somehow pissed them off.
+But actually they were impressed by my words.
+So I entered the 2nd round of the contest, then the 3rd and 4th rounds.
+After seven rounds of competition, I was the last one alive.
+So I was on a prime time show on national television.
+Believe it or not, this was the first show on Chinese television to allow the host to speak his mind without reading the approved script.
+(Applause.) And my weekly viewers at the time were 200-300 million.
+A few years later, I decided to go to Columbia University in the United States for my graduate studies and then to start my own media company. This was unthinkable when I started my career.
+So we do a lot.
+I have interviewed over 1000 people so far.
+And sometimes young people come up to me and say, 'Lan, you changed my life,' and I'm proud of that.
+But at the same time, we are very fortunate to witness the transformation of an entire country.
+I was participating in the Beijing Olympic bid.
+I was representing the Shanghai World Expo.
+We saw China embrace the world and vice versa.
+But sometimes I wonder, what are the younger generation doing now?
+How do they differ, and what difference do they make in shaping the future of China, or the world at large?
+So today I would like to talk about youth through social media platforms.
+First of all, who are they? [What do they look like?
+Well, this is a girl named Guo Meimei. 20 years old and beautiful.
+She showed off her expensive bags, clothes and cars on her microblog, China's version of Twitter.
+And she claimed to be the general manager of the Red Cross Society of the Chamber of Commerce.
+She didn't realize that she had trampled a sensitive nerve and caused national doubts, almost confusion, over the credibility of the Red Cross.
+The controversy was so heated that the Red Cross had to hold a press conference to clarify it and an investigation is underway.
+So far, as of today, we know she made that title herself — perhaps because she prides herself on being involved in charity work.
+All of these expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend, who was an officer in the Red Cross Division of the Chamber of Commerce.
+It's very complicated to explain.
+But in any case, the general public has not yet bought it.
+It's still boiling.
+This demonstrates a general distrust of governments and government-backed institutions that have historically lacked transparency.
+It also demonstrated the power and influence of social media as a microblog.
+In 2010, microblogging boomed, with visitors doubling and staying time trebling.
+Leading news portal Sina.com alone has over 140 million microbloggers.
+200 million for Tencent.
+The most popular blogger, not me, is a movie star with over 9.5 million followers, or fans.
+About 80% of microbloggers are young people under the age of 30.
+And, as you know, traditional media is still tightly controlled by governments, so social media offers a chance to vent a little bit of that stress.
+However, since there are not many other openings, the heat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong, vigorous, even violent.
+Therefore, through microblogging, we can better understand Chinese youth.
+So how do they differ?
+First, most of them were born under the one-child policy in the 80's and 90's.
+And there are now 30 million more young men than women because of selective abortion by families that prioritize boys over girls.
+It could pose a potential danger to society, but who knows. Since we are in a globalized world, they can look for girlfriends from other countries.
+Most of them have a pretty good education.
+The illiteracy rate of this generation in China is less than 1 percent.
+In urban areas, 80 percent of children attend college.
+However, they are facing an aging population in China, where the proportion of the population over 65 years old will reach 7.5% this year and about 15% by 2030.
+And, you know, we have a tradition of younger generations supporting their elders financially and taking care of them when they are sick.
+That means a young couple has to support four parents with a life expectancy of 73 years.
+Therefore, it is not so easy for young people to earn a living.
+There is no shortage of graduates.
+In urban areas, starting salaries for college graduates are around $400 per month, while average rents are over $500.
+So what do they do? They have to share space, are squeezed into very confined spaces to save money, and call themselves the "Ant Tribe."
+And those who are ready to get married and buy an apartment understand that they will have to work 30-40 years to get the funds to buy their first apartment.
+In the United States, it takes only about five years to earn at this rate, but in China it takes 30 to 40 years due to soaring real estate prices.
+Sixty percent of the 200 million migrant workers are young.
+They are caught between urban and rural areas.
+Most of them don't want to go back to the countryside, but they have no sense of belonging.
+They work long hours with less income and less social benefits.
+And they become more vulnerable to job losses as a result of inflation, tightening of bank lending, an appreciation of the renminbi, or declining demand from Europe and the United States for the products they produce.
+But last year, a horrific incident happened at an OEM manufacturing plant in southern China. Thirteen young workers in their late teens to early twenties committed suicide one after another as if to cause an epidemic.
+However, they died for various personal reasons.
+However, the whole incident provoked a huge public outcry about the isolation of migrant workers, both physically and mentally.
+Those who have returned to the countryside can apply the knowledge, skills and networks they have learned in the city, and with the help of the Internet, create more jobs and upgrade their local societies. you will find that you are welcomed by Develop agriculture and create new businesses in untapped markets.
+So in the last few years, we have noticed a labor shortage in the coastal areas.
+These figures show a more general social background.
+The first is the Engels coefficient. This explains why the share of household income spent on daily necessities has fallen to around 37-odd percent over the past decade.
+However, in the past two years the percentage has risen again to 39%, indicating a rising cost of living.
+The Gini coefficient is already above the danger line of 0.4.
+It is now at 0.5, even worse than in the US, where income inequality has become more pronounced.
+And it turns out that this whole society is frustrated by losing some of its mobility.
+Bitter feelings and even resentment towards the wealthy and powerful are very widespread.
+As such, accusations of corruption and backroom deals between authorities and companies will likely provoke social backlash and even anxiety.
+Therefore, through some of the hottest topics on microblogging, we can see that young people are most interested.
+Their primary demands are social justice and government accountability.
+Over the past decade or so, we have seen many reports of forced demolition of private property due to massive urbanization and development.
+And it has caused great anger and dissatisfaction among our younger generation.
+Sometimes people are killed, sometimes they set themselves on fire in protest.
+So when these incidents are reported more and more frequently on the internet, people cry for the government to take steps to stop this.
+So the good news is that earlier this year, state legislatures passed new regulations on home requisitions and demolition, giving courts the power to order local governments to force demolition.
+Similarly, many other public safety issues are being discussed on the Internet.
+We've heard of polluted air, polluted water, and poisoned food.
+Oh my God, there was fake beef.
+Chicken and fish are smeared with different ingredients to make them look like beef.
+And these days, people are very concerned about cooking oil, as thousands of people have been found [refining] cooking oil from restaurant residue.
+So all these things caused a huge outcry from the internet.
+And fortunately, we have seen governments respond to public concerns more timely and more often.
+Young people seem very confident about their participation in public policy making, but they can be a little unsure about what they want out of their private lives.
+China will soon overtake the United States.
+Although the number one market for luxury brands, this does not include Chinese spending in Europe and elsewhere.
+But as you know, half of our consumers make less than $2,000.
+They are by no means rich.
+They see those bags and clothes as a sense of identity and social status.
+And this is the girl on a TV dating show who made it clear that she'd rather cry on her BMW than laugh on her bike.
+But, of course, some young people still like to smile, whether they're in a BMW or on a bike.
+In the following photo, we see a very popular phenomenon called "naked" weddings, or "naked" marriages.
+That doesn't mean they won't wear anything to their wedding, but it shows their determination for true love by showing that this young couple is ready to get married without a house, a car, a diamond ring, or a reception. increase.
+Also, people are doing good through social media.
+And the first photo shows a truck containing 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs caged for food processing was found and stopped on a medium highway monitored by the whole country via microblogging. rice field.
+People donated money, dog food and offered to volunteer to stop the truck.
+After hours of negotiation, 500 dogs were rescued.
+And here too people are helping in the search for missing children.
+A father posted a picture of his son on the Internet.
+After thousands of live retransmissions, the child was found and we witnessed a family reunion through microblogging.
+Happiness is the most popular word we've heard in the last two years.
+Happiness is related not only to personal experiences and personal values, but also to the environment.
+People are thinking about questions like: Are we willing to sacrifice more for the environment to generate a higher GDP?
+How will we implement social and political reforms to keep pace with economic growth and maintain sustainability and stability?
+And to what extent is the self-righteous system capable of keeping more people happy in the face of all kinds of friction going on at the same time?
+I think these are questions people will answer.
+And our younger generation will change themselves as they change this country.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So I have a strange background.
+I know it because people come to me like co-workers and say, 'Chris, you have a weird background.
+(Laughter) And I started my career as a theoretical nuclear physicist, so I understand what they're saying.
+And I was thinking about colliding quarks, gluons, and heavy ions, and I was only 14 years old. No, no, I wasn't 14.
+But then I actually had my own lab in the Department of Computational Neuroscience, but I didn't do any neuroscience research.
+After that, I worked on evolutionary genetics and systems biology.
+But today we will talk about something else.
+I will tell you about how I learned something about life.
+And I was actually a rocket scientist.
+I wasn't really a rocket scientist, but I worked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in sunny, warm California. On the other hand, I'm in the Midwest now and it's cold.
+But it was an exciting experience.
+One day a NASA manager came into my office and sat down and said, "Tell me how to find extraterrestrial life forms."
+This came as a surprise to me because I was actually hired to work on quantum computing.
+Still, I got a very good answer.
+(Laughter) And he said to me, 'Bio-signatures, we need to look for bio-signatures.'
+And I said, "What is it?"
+And he said, "Any measurable phenomenon that makes it possible to indicate the existence of life."
+And I said, "Really?
+'Cause it's easy, isn't it?
+In other words, we have life.
+Can't we apply, for example, the Supreme Court's definition of life?"
+Then I thought for a moment and said, "Wow, is that really that easy?"
+Because yes, if you see something like this, okay, okay, I'm going to call it life – no doubt about it.
+But here's something. "
+And he said, "Yes, that's life too. I know it."
+However, if you think life is also defined by what dies, this is not lucky. Because it's actually a very strange creature.
+So it grows to the adult stage, then goes through the Benjamin Button stage, then actually recedes until it's like a little fetus again, and then it actually grows and grows again, then descends again, then ascends again. To do. -yo-- and it never dies.
+I mean, it's really life, but life really isn't what we think it is.
+And we see something like that.
+And he said, "Oh my God, what kind of organism is that?"
+Anyone know?
+So when he started looking at smaller and smaller things, this person wrote a whole article and said, "Hey, this is bacteria."
+However, if you look a little closer, you'll see that it's actually too small to be like that.
+So he was convinced, but the truth is most people aren't.
+And of course NASA made a big announcement, President Clinton gave a press conference announcing the amazing discovery of life in a meteorite on Mars.
+However, it is hotly debated today.
+If you learn from all these pictures, you'll realize that, in practice, it's probably not that easy.
+Perhaps we need a definition of life to make such a distinction.
+Can life be defined?
+Well, what do you do?
+Of course, go to Encyclopedia Britannica and open it with L.
+No, of course not. Put it somewhere on Google.
+And you might get something.
+(Laughter) And anything that you might get, and actually refers to what we're used to, you throw away.
+And then you might come up with something like:
+And it says a complicated thing with so many concepts.
+Who would write something this complicated, complicated, stupid?
+Ah, this is actually a set of concepts that are really, really important.
+So I would like to emphasize just a few words and say that such definitions are not based on amino acids, leaves, or anything else we are familiar with, but really only on processes.
+Looking at it, this was actually in a book I wrote that dealt with artificial life.
+And that explains why that NASA manager was actually in my office in the first place.
+The idea was that with such a concept, we might actually be able to manufacture life forms.
+If you ask yourself, "What exactly is artificial life?" let's take a quick look at how all this came about.
+And it started a long time ago when someone created one of the first successful computer viruses.
+And people who aren't old enough have no idea how this infection came about, via a floppy disk.
+But what's interesting about these computer virus infections is that when you look at the rate at which they progress, you see the familiar spiky behavior of influenza viruses.
+And in fact, things are going back and forth because of an arms race between hackers and operating system designers.
+And the result is a kind of tree of life for these viruses, a phylogeny that, at least at the viral level, is very similar to the kind of organisms we are used to.
+So is it life?
+Not as far as I know.
+In fact, hackers wrote them.
+But the idea quickly materialized when a scientist working at the Santa Fe Institute thought, "Why don't we package these little viruses into an artificial world inside a computer and let them evolve?" bottom.
+And this was Steen Rasmussen.
+He designed this system, but it didn't really work. Because his viruses were constantly destroying each other.
+But there was another scientist, an ecologist, who was observing this.
+And he went home and said, "I know how to fix this."
+And he wrote the Tierra system. And according to my book, this is actually one of the first true artificial life systems. Except for the fact that these programs weren't overly complicated.
+So looking at this piece, working on this for a bit, this is where I came in.
+And so I decided to create a system that had all the characteristics necessary to actually see the evolution of complexity, the ever-evolving ever-evolving problem of ever-increasing complexity.
+And of course I have no idea how to code, so I needed help with this.
+At Caltech, I had two undergraduates who worked with me.
+In fact, they are great professors at Michigan State University now, but I swear we weren't a great team back then.
+And I'm really happy that there aren't any photos left of the three of us up close.
+But what about this system?
+I can't tell you the details, but here is part of the internal organs.
+But what I want to focus on is this demographic structure.
+About 10,000 programs are located here.
+And the different strains are all colored with different colors.
+As you can see here, there are groups growing on top of each other as they spread out.
+Whenever there is a program that excels at surviving in this world, with the mutations it acquires, it will spread to other programs and drive them to extinction.
+So, I will introduce a movie where you can see such a dynamic state.
+And this kind of experimentation starts with programs we write ourselves.
+We write our own work, we reproduce it, and we are very proud of ourselves.
+And when you put them in, what you see immediately is waves of innovation coming and going.
+By the way, this has been sped up so much that it's about 1000 generations per second.
+But soon the system is like, "What kind of stupid code was this?"
+This can be immediately improved in so many ways. "
+So we see new types of waves taking over the others.
+And this kind of activity goes on for quite some time until the major simple things are mastered by these programs.
+And we see the system in a kind of stagnation, essentially waiting for this new type of innovation. This extends to all other previous innovations and seeks to erase genes that previously had until a new type of higher level of complexity was achieved.
+And this process goes on and on.
+So what we're seeing here is a system that's very similar to how we're used to living.
+But what the NASA guys actually asked me was, "Do they have biometric signatures?"
+Can we measure this kind of life?
+Because, if possible, we might actually have a chance to find life elsewhere, without being biased toward things like amino acids. "
+So I said, "Well, maybe we should build a biosignature based on life as a universal process.
+In fact, you may need to take advantage of the concepts I have developed to capture what simple life systems look like. "
+And I came up with -- I have to introduce the idea first, but it's probably more of a meaning detector than a life detector.
+And how we do it -- we would like to know how we can distinguish the text written by a million monkeys as opposed to the text that appears in our book. increase.
+And I want to do it in a way that doesn't require me to actually be able to read the language. Because I can't read it.
+As long as you know there is some sort of alphabet.
+Here is a frequency plot showing how often each of the 26 letters of the alphabet is found in text written by random monkeys.
+And obviously, each of these letters appears about the same frequency.
+But if you look at the same distribution in English sentences, it looks like that.
+Let me tell you, this is very powerful across English sentences.
+If you look at French text, it looks a little different than Italian or German.
+They all have their own type of frequency distribution, which is robust.
+It doesn't matter if it's a poem or a mathematical sentence.
+It's a strong signature and very stable.
+As long as our books are written in English, it will continue to exist because people are rewriting and copying them.
+So I wondered what would happen if we used this idea to detect the fact that the biomolecules that make up life have meaning, instead of detecting random text from meaningful text. I started thinking.
+But you have to ask first. What are these building blocks that I have shown, the alphabet-like elements?
+After all, it turns out that there are various alternatives for such a set of components.
+You can use amino acids, you can use nucleic acids, carboxylic acids and fatty acids.
+In fact, chemistries are very rich and our bodies use them in large quantities.
+So, to actually test this idea, we first looked at amino acids and other carboxylic acids.
+And here is the result.
+In fact, this is what you get, for example, when observing the distribution of amino acids in comets, interstellar space, or indeed in the laboratory. There are no living things there.
+Most of what you'll find is glycine, then alanine, and a few other trace elements.
+It is also very robust. Amino acids are found in star systems like Earth where life exists but no life exists.
+But suppose you take dirt, dig it up, and put it in the spectrometer. Because there are bacteria out there. Alternatively, ingest water anywhere on Earth. Because it is associated with life. And you make the same analysis. The spectrum looks completely different.
+Of course, glycine and alanine are still present, but in fact these heavy elements, these heavy amino acids, are produced because they are valuable to living organisms.
+Some others not used in the set of 20 do not appear at all in any type of density.
+So you can see that this is also very robust.
+It doesn't matter what kind of sediment you use to grind, whether it's bacteria or other plants or animals.
+Wherever there is life, this distribution will exist as opposed to that distribution.
+And it's not just detectable with amino acids.
+Now you can ask, "So what about these Avidians?"
+Abidian lives in this computer world and is perfectly happy to replicate and add complexity to it.
+This is the distribution we would get if there were no life in reality.
+There are about 28 of these instructions.
+And if there is a system in which they are replaced one after another, it is like a monkey writing letters on a typewriter.
+Each of these instructions appears with approximately the same frequency.
+But if we take a series of duplicative guys, like the video you saw, it looks like this:
+So there are some very valuable instructions for these creatures, and the frequency will be high.
+And, in fact, there are some instructions that are used even once.
+So they are either toxic or really should be used at a lower level than random.
+In this case the frequency will be lower.
+Here you can see that it is a really robust signature.
+I can say that for sure. Because this type of spectrum is the same as what you see in books, the same as what you see with amino acids, and it doesn't really matter how you change your environment. Robust, so it reflects the environment.
+So here's a little experiment we did.
+I have to explain, but the top of this graph shows the frequency distribution I was talking about earlier.
+Here we have a dead environment where each instruction occurs with equal frequency.
+And below that is actually the mutation rate in the environment.
+And I'm starting this with a very high mutation rate. So even if you drop a replicating program that would otherwise grow steadily until it fills the entire world, dropping it will quickly mutate and kill you.
+Therefore, life would not exist at such mutation rates.
+But then, as it were, the heat is slowly lowered until there is a viability threshold at which replicators can actually survive.
+And in fact, we're going to drop them into that soup all the time.
+So let's see what it's like.
+too hot, too hot
+Now that the viability threshold has been reached, the frequency distribution has changed dramatically and is indeed stable.
+So all I did was be mean and raise the temperature over and over again.
+And, of course, the viability threshold is reached.
+I will show you again because it is very nice.
+Survivability threshold reached.
+The delivery will change to "alive!".
+And when the mutation rate reaches a threshold so high that it cannot self-replicate, it can no longer copy information to its offspring without making so many mistakes that its replicative capacity disappears.
+And the signature is lost.
+What can we learn from it?
+Well, I think you can learn a lot from that.
+One is if we could think of life in abstract terms. We're not talking about plants or amino acids or bacteria or anything like that, but we think of life in terms of processes that aren't all that special to Earth and could actually exist anywhere. You will be able to.
+Because all that really matters is the concept of information storing it in any physical substrate such as bits, nucleic acids, alphabets, etc., and that there is some process that allows this information to be stored for long periods of time. because you need to check Longer than expected, information degradation takes time scales.
+And if you can do that, you have life.
+So the first thing we learn is that as far as the types of life on Earth are concerned, it is possible to define life in terms of processes only, without any mention of the types of things we care about. There is.
+And in a way, like all scientific discoveries and many of them, it again takes away the idea that we are special because we are alive. This is the constant dethronement of humans.
+Well, we can make a life We can create life in computers.
+Sure it's limited, but I've learned what it takes to actually build it.
+And once you have that, you can say, ``Once you understand the basic processes that don't refer to a particular substrate, you can go out and try the other worlds and understand what kind of chemical alphabet.'' is no longer a difficult task. Familiarize yourself with the Earth's normal chemistry, geochemistry, which may exist, to see what this distribution would look like without life, and look for major deviations from it. This stick out says, "This chemical really shouldn't exist."
+Now, we don't know if life existed then, but we can say, "At least we would have to look very precisely at this chemical to see where it came from." increase.
+And it may be a chance to actually discover invisible life.
+This is my only takeaway message for you.
+Life can be less mysterious than we think when we think about what it would be like on other planets.
+And I think once we remove the mysteries of life, it becomes a little easier to think about how we live, and perhaps why we're not as special as we always think.
+Here's the end.
+And thank you very much.
+(applause)
+what's in the box?
+Whatever it is, I've traveled with it and moved from apartment to apartment, so it must be pretty important.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Sound familiar?
+Did you know that we Americans have about three times as much space as we did 50 years ago?
+3 times.
+With all this extra space, you'd think you'd have enough room for everything.
+no.
+The city has a new $22 billion, 2.2 billion square foot industry: personal storage.
+So we tripled the space, but we got better shoppers, so we needed more space.
+So where does this lead?
+High credit card debt, huge environmental footprint, and perhaps not coincidentally, our well-being has leveled off over the same 50 years.
+I am here to suggest that there is a better way to do more with less.
+I think most of us have experienced less joy at some point. College, dorms, travel, hotel rooms, camping, basically nothing and probably a boat.
+Whatever it is for you, I am sure this has given you a little more freedom and a little more time, among other things.
+Therefore, I would like to propose that if the number of objects and space is reduced, the footprint will also be reduced.
+In fact, it's a great way to save money.
+And it will give your life a little more peace.
+So I started a project called Life Edited at lifeedited.org to take this conversation further and find better solutions in this area.
+First, I'm crowdsourcing my 420-square-foot apartment in Manhattan with partners Mutopo and Jovoto.com.
+I wanted a home office, a dinner for ten, a guest room, and all the kitesurf gear.
+With over 300 submissions from all over the world, my own little jewelry box has been completed.
+By purchasing 420 square feet of space,
+Instead of 600 rand, you will save 200 rand immediately.
+Smaller spaces mean smaller public facilities, which saves you more money, but also a smaller footprint.
+And I'm really excited to be on there because it's designed around real edited possessions—my favorite things—and really designed for me.
+So how can we live even a little?
+There are three main approaches.
+First of all, it should be thoroughly edited.
+We have to clear the arteries of life.
+And the shirt you haven't worn in years?
+It's time to let go.
+We must weed out the extraneous from our lives and learn how to stem the influx.
+You should think before you buy.
+Ask yourself, "Will it really make me happy? Really?"
+By all means, you should buy and own a good one.
+But we want something more than just a thing, we want it to last for years.
+Second, our new mantra, small is sexy.
+I want to focus on space efficiency.
+We want something that is designed to be used the majority of the time, rather than an infrequent occurrence.
+Why use a 6-burner stove when you rarely use a 3-burner stove?
+So we want to nest, stack, and digitize it.
+You can also take out a document, book, or movie and erase it. It's magic.
+Finally, you need multifunctional spaces and household items. The washbasin and toilet are combined, the dining table becomes a bed, and there is the same space, with a small side table that can be extended to seat 10 people.
+The winning Life Edited scheme in this rendering combines moving walls and transformer furniture to make the most of the space.
+Look at the coffee table The height and width are increased to accommodate 10 people.
+My office can be folded and easily hidden.
+My bed pops off the wall with two fingers.
+The guests? Move the moving walls and set up some folding guest beds.
+And, of course, my own cinema.
+So I'm not saying we all have to live in 420 square feet.
+But consider the advantages of an edited life.
+3,000 to 2,000, 1,500 to 1,000.
+Most of us, probably all of us, are pretty happy here for a few days, probably in a small space, a hotel room, with a few bags.
+So as you walk home and walk through the front door, take a moment to ask yourself, "Can I edit my life for a moment?"
+Will that give me a little more freedom?
+Could it take a little longer? "
+what's in the box?
+It doesn't matter much.
+I know it's not necessary.
+what's inside you
+Maybe, maybe, less is the same as more.
+So make room for the good stuff.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm a garbage person
+And you might find it funny that I became a trash person too. Because I hate waste.
+I hope that within the next 10 minutes, you will change the way you think about many things in life.
+And I would like to start from the very beginning.
+Remember when you were still a child.
+How do you see things in your life?
+Perhaps it was something of a toddler rule. "The first thing I saw was mine."
+If I'm building something, the whole mountain is mine.
+Mine the more the better.
+And of course, even if it breaks, it's yours.
+(Laughter) After spending about 20 years in the recycling industry, I'm well aware that as we grow older, we don't necessarily forget the toddler rules.
+And let me tell you why I take that view.
+Because we handle about a million pounds of what people throw away every day at our recycling plants around the world.
+£1 million a day sounds like a lot of money, but it's a tiny fraction of the durable consumer goods thrown away each year around the world, less than 1%.
+In fact, the United Nations estimates that around 85 billion pounds of electronic waste is discarded annually worldwide. It is one of the fastest growing parts of the waste stream.
+Add in other consumer durables, such as automobiles, and the number more than doubles.
+And of course, the more developed the country, the bigger these mountains.
+Now, when most people see these mountains, they think of garbage.
+You can see mines on the ground.
+And the reason we see mines is because there are so many precious raw materials that were used to make all this stuff in the first place.
+And it's becoming increasingly important to find ways to extract these raw materials from these highly complex waste streams.
+Because, as we've heard all week at TED, the world is becoming a smaller place and more people want more.
+And, of course, they want toys and gadgets that many of us take for granted.
+How are the toys and tools we use every day made?
+It's mainly different kinds of plastics and different kinds of metals.
+And metals are usually obtained from ores mined in ever-expanding and deepening mines around the world.
+And while plastic is obtained from oil, we go to more remote areas and drill deeper wells to extract it.
+And these practices have significant economic and environmental impacts that we are already beginning to see today.
+The good news is that we are starting to recover materials from used products and start recycling used products. Especially in regions like here in Europe where recycling policies are needed, recycling policies have been introduced. Items are recycled in a responsible way.
+When our used products go to recyclers, most of what is extracted is metal.
+To put it into perspective, we're using steel as a substitute for metal here. Because iron is the most common metal. If your stuff goes to a recycler, you'll probably get more than 90 percent of the metal back. reused for another purpose.
+It's a whole different story with plastic, which is less than 10% recovered.
+It's actually about 5 percent.
+Most of it is incinerated or landfilled.
+Most people now think that it is because plastic is a disposable material and has little value.
+But in reality, plastic is several times more valuable than steel.
+And more plastic is produced and consumed in volume than iron worldwide each year.
+So why is something so abundant and valuable not recovered at a rate approaching that of less valuable material?
+That's mainly because metals are very easy to recycle from and from other materials.
+They have very different densities.
+They have different electrical and magnetic properties.
+And there are also different colors.
+Therefore, it is very easy for both humans and machines to separate these metals from each other and from other materials.
+Plastics have densities that overlap in a very narrow range.
+They have identical or very similar electrical and magnetic properties.
+And, as you probably know, plastic can be any color.
+Therefore, traditional methods of material separation are completely useless for plastics.
+Another implication of metals being so easily recycled by humans is that many of our products come from developed countries and, sadly, especially from the United States, where recycling policies like here in Europe have not been put in place. It means that it belongs to -- Find your way to developing countries for low-cost recycling.
+People are looking for us for just $1 a day.
+What they can extract is mostly metal (like circuit boards), but what they can't recover is mostly left behind, which is also mostly plastic.
+Alternatively, burning plastic in a burning house to extract metal, as seen here.
+And they extract the metal by hand.
+This may be a low economic cost solution, but it is certainly not a solution that impacts the environment or human health and safety.
+I call this environmental arbitrage.
+And it's unfair, unsafe, and unsustainable.
+Plastic is so plentiful that, by the way, people try to collect it, even though these other methods obviously don't lead to plastic collection.
+This is just one example.
+This is a photo I took standing on the roof of one of the world's largest slums in Mumbai, India.
+They store plastic on the roof.
+Bringing plastics to these small workshops under the roof, people struggle to sort them by color, shape, feel, and all the other techniques.
+They also rely on the so-called "burn and sniff" technique, which involves burning plastic and smelling the smoke to identify the type of plastic.
+None of these technologies lead to significant amounts of recycling.
+By the way, do not try this technique at home.
+So what should we do with these space age materials, or at least what we call space age materials, with these plastics?
+Well, I believe it's too precious, too abundant, to keep returning to the earth, and certainly to wind up in smoke.
+So about 20 years ago, I literally started tinkering in my garage trying to figure out how to separate these very similar materials from each other, and ended up working with many of my friends in the mining and plastics industries. I got it. And I started touring mining laboratories around the world.
+After all, we are mining above ground.
+And finally I cracked the code.
+This is the final frontier of recycling.
+It is the last major material to be recovered in large quantities on Earth.
+And we finally found a way to do it.
+Along the way, the plastics industry began replicating the way plastics are made.
+The traditional method of manufacturing plastics is using petroleum or petrochemicals.
+It breaks down molecules and recombines them in a very specific way to create the amazing plastics we enjoy every day.
+We said there must be a more sustainable way to make plastic.
+Not only is it sustainable from an environmental point of view, it is also sustainable from an economic point of view.
+A good place to start is with waste.
+As you can see from the photo, it is certainly not as expensive as petroleum, and it is plentiful.
+We also use a mining approach to extract the material, as we don't break the plastic into molecules and recombine them.
+The capital cost of our plant equipment is significantly reduced.
+Significant energy savings are possible.
+I don't know how many other projects on earth can save 80-90% of the energy compared to making something the traditional way.
+And instead of spending hundreds of millions of dollars building a chemical factory that only makes one kind of plastic for the rest of its life, our factory can make any kind of plastic that we supply.
+And we manufacture drop-in replacements for plastics made from petrochemicals.
+Our customers save a lot of CO2.
+They can close the loop with their products.
+And we will be able to create more sustainable products.
+I'd like to take a moment to show you a little bit about how this is done.
+It starts with metal recyclers shredding our stuff into very small pieces.
+They salvage the metal and leave so-called shredder residue. This is their waste. A very complex mixture of materials, but mostly plastic.
+We remove non-plastic items such as missing metal, carpet, foam, rubber, wood, glass, and paper.
+Unfortunately, there are also animal carcasses from time to time.
+And this is done in the first part of the process here, which is similar to traditional recycling.
+We screen materials, use magnets, and use air classification.
+It looks like Willy Wonka's factory at this point.
+At the end of this process is a plastic composite, which is a mixture of different types of plastics and different grades of plastics.
+This enters the more sophisticated part of the process, where a multi-step decoupling process begins which is really hard work.
+Crush the plastic to the size of your little fingernail.
+We use a highly automated process to classify plastics not only by type, but by grade.
+And at the end of that part of the process comes one type, one grade of small plastic shards.
+This material is then color sorted using optical sorting.
+Blend at 50,000 lbs. mixed silo.
+We push that material into an extruder where it melts and is forced through tiny die holes to create spaghetti-like strands of plastic.
+And chop those strands into what's called pellets.
+And this will be the currency of the plastics industry.
+This is the same substance that is obtained from petroleum.
+And today we are producing it from your old one and it will soon be back to your new one.
+(Applause.) Now, instead of your belongings falling on the hillside of the developing world or literally disappearing in smoke, you can bring your old stuff back into your office or workplace into a new product. You can put it back on your desk. at your home.
+These are just a few examples of companies that buy our plastics instead of virgin plastics to create new products.
+So I hope that your outlook on at least some things in your life has changed.
+We took our cues from Mother Nature.
+Mother Nature has very little waste and reuses practically everything.
+And please stop seeing yourself as a consumer -- that's a label I've hated all my life -- and don't use resources until they're converted to another format for another use. Think of it as just using the in some form. later.
+Finally, I hope you agree to slightly change the last infant rule to "If it breaks, it's mine."
+Thank you for your time.
+(applause)
+I am a conductor and I am here today to talk about trust.
+My job depends on it.
+There must be an unshakable bond of trust between me and the orchestra, born of mutual respect, so that we can tell the musical story we all believe in.
+Now, in the old days, conducting and making music was more about coercion than trust, frankly.
+Before and after World War II, the conductor was always a dictator, a domineering figure who would rehearse not only the orchestra as a whole, but the individual within it within a fraction of a second of their lives.
+But I'm happy to say now that the world has moved on and music has moved on with it.
+We now have a more democratic perspective and way of making music, a two-way street.
+As a conductor, I have to approach rehearsals with a cast-iron sense of the outer structure of the music. In it, there is immense personal freedom for orchestra members to shine.
+Of course, when it comes to myself, I have to trust my body language completely.
+This is all I have at the time of sale.
+It's a gesture of silence.
+You can hardly give out loud commands while playing.
+(music) Ladies and gentlemen, this is the Scottish Ensemble.
+(Applause.) So for all of this to work, I obviously have to be in a position of trust.
+I have to trust the orchestra, but more importantly I have to trust myself.
+please think about it. What do you do when you are in an unreliable position?
+you overcompensate.
+In my game, that means too many gestures.
+You end up like some kind of crazy windmill.
+And the louder the gesture, the more obscure and obscure that gesture becomes, frankly, the less useful it is for the orchestra.
+you become a fun person. No more trust, only ridicule.
+And I remember, early in my career, at a disastrous performance with an orchestra, I went completely mad on the podium, trying to turn up a crescendo on a really small scale, just a little bit louder. increase.
+Unfortunately, they didn't give it to me.
+In the early days, I spent a lot of time quietly crying in the dressing room.
+And Sir Colin Davis, the great veteran British conductor, said, "Charles, conducting is like holding a bird in your hand.
+If you hold it too tightly, it will collapse.
+If you hold it loosely, it will fly. "
+I have to say I couldn't even find a bird at that time.
+Now, with music, a fundamental and really intuitively important experience for me is my adventure in South Africa. In my opinion, the most dizzying musical country on earth, this country has taught me one thing through its musical culture. Fundamental lesson: Through making music, you gain a deep level of fundamental trust that gives you life.
+In 2000, I had the opportunity to go to South Africa to found a new opera company.
+So I went on set and auditioned mostly in rural towns across the country.
+I listened to about 2,000 singers and formed a company of 40 amazing young performers. Most of them were black, but there were also a few white performers.
+Well, early in the first rehearsal period, it became clear that one of these white performers was a member of the South African Police in a previous life.
+And during the last few years of the old regime, he was routinely instructed to enter towns and invade communities.
+You can imagine how this knowledge affected the temperature and general atmosphere of the room.
+Let's not have illusions.
+South Africa's greatest lack of trust is the relationship between white police officers and the black community.
+So how do you guys recover from that?
+just through singing.
+We sang, we sang, we sang, and surprisingly, a new trust and indeed a friendship was born.
+And it taught me a fundamental truth: music making and other forms of creativity can very often reach places that mere words cannot express.
+So we did some shows on the ground. We started their overseas tour.
+One of them was "Carmen".
+So we decided to make a film about 'Carmen', which we recorded and shot outdoors in a town called Khayelitsha, just outside Cape Town.
+This song is sung entirely in Xhosa, and if you don't know it, Xhosa is a beautiful musical language.
+It is called "U-Carmen e-Khayelitsha", literally "Carmen of Khayelitsha".
+The only reason I want to play that little clip now is to give you proof that nothing is trivial about South African music making.
+(Music) (Applause) What I find very appealing about South African music production is that it's very free.
+South Africans are really free to make music.
+And I think it's due in no small part to one basic fact. It means that you are not bound by notation.
+They don't read sheet music.
+they trust their ears.
+I can teach a lot of South Africans a song in 5 seconds.
+And, as if by magic, they spontaneously improvise copious amounts of harmonies around the song.
+Now, I think that we humans who live in the West have a much more hidden attitude and feeling towards music, if we can use this term. Somehow it's all about skills and systems.
+It is therefore the exclusive preserve of elite and talented bodies.
+Yet, folks, each and every one of us on this planet probably interacts with music on a daily basis.
+And if I could expand on this a little, I'd bet that all of you sitting in this room would be willing to talk about cinema, perhaps about literature, with keenness and complete confidence. .
+But how many of us can say that confidently about classical music?
+why is this?
+And what I want to tell you now is to overcome this extreme lack of self-confidence and take the plunge and trust your ears to believe that you can hear some of the basic sounds. Muscle tissue, fibers, DNA, what makes great music great.
+I have a little experiment I would like to try with you all.
+Did you know there is a song called TED?
+It's a very simple song based on the three notes T, E, and D.
+wait a minute.
+You would say, "There is no such thing as a T in music."
+Folks, there's a time-honored system that composers have been using for hundreds of years, and it's proven to work in practice.
+If I were to sing you a scale: A, B, C, D, E, F, G -- and I would continue with the following letters of the alphabet in the same scale: H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T -- Yes.
+T, you see, it's the same as F in music.
+So T is F.
+So T, E, D are the same as F, E, D.
+Now, that music we played at the beginning of this session had the theme of TED engraved in its heart.
+Please try to hear.
+(music) Can you hear me?
+Or does the room smell weird?
+Now play it again and highlight the T, E, D.
+Please excuse my expression.
+(music) Wow, it sure was big and clear there.
+I think you should make this more clear.
+Ladies and gentlemen, it's almost time for tea.
+Do you think it is necessary to sing over a cup of tea?
+I think you need to sing while drinking tea.
+We sing those three wonderful notes, T, E and D.
+Why don't you try it?
+Audience: T, E, D.
+Charles Hazlewood: Well, you really do look more like a cow than a human.
+Shall we try again?
+If you're feeling adventurous, go up an octave.
+T、E、D.
+Audience: T, E, D.
+CH: In vim again. (Audience: T, E, D.) So I'm like a bloody pinwheel again.
+Now let's put that in the context of music.
+The music starts and on my cue you sing it.
+(music) Once again, with all my heart, everyone.
+Otherwise the key cannot be generated.
+Ladies and gentlemen, you did a great job.
+It wasn't a bad debut for the TED choir, nor was it a bad debut.
+I have a project I'm starting right now. I am really looking forward to it and would love to share it with you all. Because it's all about changing perceptions and actually building new levels of trust.
+The youngest of my children was born with cerebral palsy. If you haven't experienced it yourself, as you can imagine, this is a big deal to accept.
+But the gift my beautiful daughter has given me, apart from her very existence, has opened my eyes to a hitherto hidden community, a whole disabled community. .
+And I was looking at the Paralympics and thinking how amazing how technology has been harnessed to prove beyond a doubt that disability is not an obstacle to achieving the highest levels of sport. .
+Of course, that truth has a harsh side. That is, it actually took decades for the whole world to truly believe that disability and sport could be combined in a compelling and interesting way, and to reach a credible position.
+So I started wondering, where is the music in this?
+In the UK alone there are millions of disabled people with great musical potential.
+So I decided to create a platform that unlocks that potential.
+The UK's first National Disabled Orchestra.
+It's called a paraorchestra.
+I'm going to show you a clip of our very first improvisational session right now.
+It was a really great moment.
+Just me and four amazingly talented disabled musicians.
+Normally, when improvising, which I do all the time around the world, there is an initial period of dread. It's that awful pregnant silence that everyone is too scared to throw their hats into the ring.
+Then suddenly, as if by magic, there was a bang! We are all there, complete havoc. I can't hear anything.
+no one is listening. I don't trust anyone.
+No one reacts to each other.
+Now, there are four disabled musicians in this room. In less than 5 minutes, I was hooked listening, hooked reacting, really insanely beautiful music.
+(video) (music) Nicholas:: My name is Nicholas McCarthy.
+I am 22 years old and a left-handed pianist.
+And I was born without a left hand, that is, without a right hand.
+can i try again?
+(Music) Lyn: When I'm making music, I feel like a pilot in the cockpit.
+I will be alive
+(music) Clarence: I'd rather be able to play an instrument again than walk.
+There are so many joys and benefits that come from playing and playing an instrument.
+Part of my paralysis has been removed.
+(music) (applause) CH: I wish some of these musicians were here with us today to see firsthand how extraordinary they are.
+Paraorchestra is the name of the project.
+If anyone wants to help me in any way to achieve a dream that is still pretty impossible at this point, let me know.
+Well, my farewell photo is courtesy of the great Joseph Haydn, the great Austrian composer of the late 18th century. He spent most of his life in the employ of Prince Nikolaus Esterhazy and his orchestra.
+Now, this prince loved his music, but he also loved the country castle where he lived most of the time. It's a place called Esterházy, right on the Austrian-Hungarian border, far from the big city of Vienna. .
+Now, one day in 1772, the Prince issued a decree that he would no longer welcome families of musicians and orchestral musicians to the castle.
+They were no longer allowed to stay there. They had to return to Vienna. As I say, those days were impossibly far away.
+As you can imagine, the musicians were disappointed.
+Haydn remonstrated with the prince, but in vain.
+So, given the Prince's love of his music, Haydn decided to write a symphony to make that point.
+And now I will play only the last part of this symphony.
+And you'll see the orchestra in a sort of sullen rebellion.
+Happily, the prince received a tip from the orchestra's performance and the musicians were reunited with their families.
+But I think this sums up my story pretty well. This means that where there is trust, there is music, and thus life.
+Without trust, music can easily wither.
+(music) (applause)
+What is going on in this baby's mind?
+If you were asking people this 30 years ago, most people, including psychologists, would say that this baby is irrational, illogical, self-centered, unable to take on others' perspectives, and unable to understand cause and effect. You would have answered that you cannot.
+In the last 20 years, developmental science has completely turned that situation upside down.
+So, in some ways, we think this baby's thinking resembles that of the brightest scientists.
+Let's take just one example of this.
+One of the things this baby is thinking, going on in her mind, is trying to understand what's going on in other babies' minds.
+After all, one of the hardest things for all of us is understanding what other people are thinking and feeling.
+And perhaps the most difficult thing is to realize that what other people think and feel is not actually exactly what we think and feel.
+Anyone who has watched politics can attest to how difficult it is for some people.
+We wanted to know if babies and toddlers could understand this really profound thing about other people.
+Now the question is, how do you ask them?
+After all, babies cannot speak. When you ask a 3-year-old to share his thoughts, what you get is a beautiful stream-of-consciousness monologue about ponies, birthdays, and more.
+So how do you actually ask?
+It turned out that the secret was in the broccoli.
+What we did was one of my students, Betty Rapacholi, and myself. In fact, it was to give the babies two bowls of food. One is raw broccoli and the other is delicious goldfish rice crackers.
+Now, even at Berkeley, every baby loves crackers and hates raw broccoli.
+(Laughter.) But what Betty did was taste a little bit of food from each bowl.
+And she acted as if she liked it or hated it.
+So half the time she acted as if she liked crackers and hated broccoli - just like babies and other sane humans.
+But half the time she took a little bit of broccoli and said, "Hmm, broccoli.
+I tried the broccoli flavor. Hmm. "
+Then she ate some crackers and said, "Wow, crackers.
+I tasted crackers. Hmm, that was crazy. "
+So she acted as if what she wanted was the exact opposite of what the babies wanted.
+We did this with our 15 and 18 month old babies.
+And she just holds out her hand and says, "Give me a minute."
+So the question is, what do babies give her, what do they like, or what does she like?
+And the point to note was that if an 18 month old baby can barely walk and talk, if he likes crackers give him crackers but if he likes broccoli give him broccoli.
+On the other hand, when a 15-month-old baby acts like he likes broccoli, he stares at her for a long time as if he doesn't understand it.
+However, after staring at them for a long time, they only give her the crackers they thought everyone must like.
+There are two really notable things about this.
+First, a little 18-month-old baby has already discovered a very deep truth about human nature: we don't always want the same thing.
+Moreover, they felt that they should actually act to help others get what they want.
+But even more remarkable, the fact that 15-month-old children did not do such a thing suggests that these 18-month-old children were It suggests that you have learned deep and profound facts about human nature.
+So children know more and learn more than we ever imagined.
+And this is just one of hundreds of studies over the past 20 years that have actually proven it.
+However, you may have questions such as: Why do children learn so much?
+And how can you learn so much in such a short time?
+After all, if you look at babies superficially, they look pretty useless.
+And in fact, in many ways, they are worse than useless. Because we have to spend so much time and energy to keep them alive.
+But if we turn to evolution for the answer to this riddle of why we spend so much time caring for useless babies, we see that there actually is an answer.
+Examining so many different species of animals, not only us primates, but also other mammals, birds, and even marsupials such as kangaroos and wombats, reveals the length and length of the species' childhood. It can be seen that there is a relationship between the sizes. Their brains are compared to their bodies to assess how smart and flexible they are.
+And the representative existence of this idea is the birds there.
+On one side is a New Caledonian crow.
+And crows and other corvids, ravens, rooks, etc. are incredibly smart birds.
+They are in some ways as smart as chimpanzees.
+This is the bird that has graced the covers of scientific journals and has learned how to use tools to get food.
+Our friend, on the other hand, has a domestic chicken.
+And chickens and ducks, geese and turkeys are basically as stupid as garbage dumps.
+So they are very good at picking grain and not very good at anything else.
+Well, it turns out that the baby, a New Caledonian crow, has left the nest.
+For two years, a really long time in a bird's life, it relies on its mother to drop worms into its small, open mouth.
+Chickens, on the other hand, actually mature within a few months.
+Childhood causes crows to grace the cover of Science magazine and chickens to get into soup pots.
+There is something about that long childhood that seems to be associated with knowledge and learning.
+Now, what is the explanation for this?
+Well, some animals, like chickens, seem admirably suited to doing just one thing very well.
+They therefore seem admirably suited to pecking grain in the same environment.
+Other creatures, such as crows, are not particularly good at doing anything, but they are very good at learning about the laws of different environments.
+And of course, we humans, like crows, are at the end of the distribution chain.
+We have a much larger brain compared to our body than any other animal.
+We have become smarter, more flexible, able to learn more, survive in more diverse environments, migrate to cover the world, and even go into space.
+And our babies and children depend on us for far longer than babies of any other species.
+my son is 23 years old.
+(Laughter) And we still keep throwing bugs into that little open mouth, at least until they're 23.
+So why do we see such a correlation?
+There's this idea that that strategy, that learning strategy, is a very powerful and brilliant strategy for getting by in the world, but it has one big drawback.
+And one of its big drawbacks is that it's powerless until you've actually done all the learning.
+So when a mastodon charges at you, you don't want to mutter to yourself, "I could use a slingshot or a spear, but which one is really better?"
+You'll want to know all of this before Mastodon actually shows up.
+And the way evolution seems to have solved that problem is a sort of division of labor.
+So the idea is that we have this early period where we are completely protected.
+No action is required. All we have to do is learn.
+And as adults, we can actually use everything we learned as babies and children to do something in the world.
+So one way of thinking about this is that babies and toddlers are like humanity's research and development arm.
+So they're protected blue-sky people who have to go out and learn and have good ideas, and we're in charge of production and marketing.
+We must take all these ideas we learned as children and put them into practice.
+Another way to think about it is that instead of thinking of babies and children as something like defective adults, we should think of them as different developmental stages of the same species. It's like caterpillars and butterflies. In reality, we are the gorgeous butterflies that fly and explore the garden, and we are the caterpillars that are slowly making their way down the narrow, adult, adult path.
+If this is true, if these babies are designed to learn, and in this evolutionary narrative, we can say that children exist to learn and that is their purpose. , we might expect them to have very strong learning mechanisms.
+And indeed, a baby's brain seems to be the most powerful learning computer on the planet.
+But real computers are actually much better.
+And recently, there has been a revolution in our understanding of machine learning.
+And it all hinges on the thinking of the eighteenth-century statistician and mathematician Reverend Thomas Bayes.
+And essentially what Bayes did was provide a mathematical method that used probability theory to characterize and explain the way scientists know about the world.
+So what scientists do is make hypotheses that seem likely from the start.
+They go out and test it against the evidence.
+Evidence changes that hypothesis.
+We then test the new hypothesis.
+And what Bayes showed was a mathematical way to do that.
+And that math is at the core of the best machine learning programs we have today.
+And about ten years ago I suggested that babies might be doing the same.
+If you want to know what's going on under those beautiful brown eyes, I think it actually looks like this.
+This is Reverend Bayes' notebook.
+So I think these babies are actually doing complex calculations using conditional probabilities and modifying it to understand how the world works.
+Now, it might seem like an even tougher order to demonstrate this in practice.
+Because even adults look really stupid when they hear about statistics.
+Why do children do statistics?
+So, to test this, we used a machine called the Bricket Detector.
+This is a box that lights up and plays music when you place an object on it.
+And with this very simple machine, my lab and others have done dozens of studies showing how good babies are at learning about the world.
+Let me just mention one thing I did with my student Tumar Kushner.
+If you show them this detector, they will first think that the way to move the detector is to put a block on top of it.
+But in practice this detector works in a slightly strange way.
+Because when you hover a block over a detector, the detector actually works two out of three times, which you might not think at first.
+On the other hand, if you do the probable thing of putting a block on top of a detector, it will only work 2 out of 6 times.
+So there is actually stronger evidence for this unlikely hypothesis.
+Waving appears to be a more effective strategy than others.
+So we did exactly this. We gave 4-year-olds evidence of this pattern and asked them to do it.
+And sure enough, the 4-year-olds used the evidence to wave an object on top of the detector.
+Now, there are two very interesting things about this.
+The first is, again, that these are four-year-olds.
+They are just learning how to count.
+But they subconsciously perform very complex calculations that give a measure of conditional probability.
+And the other interesting thing is that they're using that evidence to derive ideas and derive hypotheses about the world, which is improbable in the first place.
+And a recent study in my lab, a similar study, found that 4-year-olds were actually better at spotting improbable hypotheses than adults when given the exact same task. got it.
+In this situation, children are using statistics to find out about the world, but after all, scientists are also conducting experiments, and they wanted to know if the children were experimenting.
+When children do an experiment, we call it "do whatever" or "play."
+And recently there have been a number of interesting studies showing that this play is actually a kind of experimental research program.
+This is from Christine Legare's lab.
+What Cristine did was use a briquette detector.
+And what she did was show the children that the yellow ones worked and the red ones didn't, and then showed the anomaly.
+And you can see that this little boy has 5 hypotheses in 2 minutes.
+(Video) Boy: How about this?
+The same goes for the other side.
+Alison Gopnik: So, his original hypothesis was disproved.
+(laughter) BOY: There was a glow here, but there was nothing there.
+AG: Well, he pulled out his lab notebook.
+Boy: What makes this bright?
+(laughs) I don't know.
+AG: Every scientist will notice that look of despair.
+(laughter) Boy: Oh, because this has to be like this and this has to be like this.
+AG: Okay, hypothesis two.
+Boy: That's why.
+oh.
+(laughs) AG: Well, here's his next idea.
+He told the experimenter to do this and put it out in another location.
+neither works.
+Boy: Ah, the light only reaches here.
+Oh, there's electricity in the bottom of this box, but there's no electricity here.
+AG: Well, that's the fourth hypothesis.
+Boy: It's glowing.
+Then put in four.
+So put 4 on this to light it, and 2 on it to light it.
+AG: Well, here's his fifth hypothesis.
+Now, it's a particularly adorable and distinct boy, but what Christine discovers is that this is actually very typical.
+If you look at how children play, when you ask them to explain something, what they are actually doing is a series of experiments.
+This is actually a common symptom in 4-year-olds.
+Now, what does it feel like to be this kind of creature?
+What is it like to be one of those amazing butterflies who can test 5 hypotheses in 2 minutes?
+Well, going back to psychologists and philosophers, many say that babies and young children are conscious, if at all.
+And I think the opposite is true.
+Babies and children are actually more conscious than us adults.
+Well, here's what we know about how adult consciousness works.
+And the attention and awareness of adults looks like some kind of spotlight.
+Adults decide that something is relevant or important and deserves attention.
+Our awareness of what we pay attention to becomes very bright and vivid, and everything else becomes dark in a way.
+And we also have some knowledge of how the brain does this.
+So what happens when we pay attention is that the prefrontal cortex, a type of executive part of the brain, sends signals to make parts of the brain more flexible, more plastic, more capable of learning, Stop all activity. the rest of our brain.
+That's why we have a very focused and purposeful attention.
+When we look at babies and toddlers, we see something completely different.
+Babies and young children are more like lights of consciousness than spotlights of consciousness.
+Therefore, babies and toddlers are very bad at narrowing down to one thing.
+However, they are good at taking in a lot of information from many different sources at once.
+If you actually look inside their brains, you'll find that they're filled with neurotransmitters that are great at inducing learning and plasticity, and the inhibitory parts aren't working yet.
+So when we say babies and toddlers are bad at paying attention, what we really mean is that they are bad at not paying attention.
+As such, they are not good at seeing only what is important, eliminating anything interesting that might tell them something.
+That is the kind of attention and awareness we expect from butterflies designed to learn.
+If you want to think about how to experience that kind of infant consciousness as an adult, I think it's best to think about what it would be like if you were put in a new situation that you haven't experienced before -- falling in love with someone new. or when you first come to a new city.
+What happens then is that our consciousness expands, not shrinks, so that those three days in Paris were the number of people walking, talking, and attending faculty meetings zombies in their hometown. It seems more conscious and experienced than a month.
+By the way, that coffee, the wonderful coffee you have downstairs, actually mimics the effects of neurotransmitters in babies.
+So what does it feel like to be a baby?
+It's like falling in love for the first time after three double espressos in Paris.
+(Laughter) That's great, but I tend to wake up crying at 3 in the morning.
+(Laughs) I'm glad I'm an adult now.
+I don't want to say too much about how beautiful babies are.
+Growing up is good.
+You can also tie your shoelaces and cross the road by yourself.
+And it's only natural that we put a lot of effort into making babies think like adults.
+But if we want to be like those butterflies, to be open-minded, to be open to learning, to be imaginative, to be creative, to be innovative, perhaps at least sometimes we encourage adults to think more like children. You may have to become
+(applause)
+I am here to talk to you about a new way of journalism.
+Some call it 'citizen journalism', others call it 'collaborative journalism'.
+But actually it means something like this: For journalists and people like me, it means accepting that you can't know everything and allowing others to be your eyes and ears through technology.
+And for people like you and others in general, that can mean co-creating news rather than just being passive consumers of news.
+And I believe this can be a really empowering process.
+This allows ordinary people to hold powerful organizations accountable.
+So today I'm going to illustrate this with two cases, two stories that I've investigated.
+And they both come with controversial deaths.
+And in both cases, the authorities released the official version of events, which was somewhat misleading.
+We have taken advantage of new technologies, social media, especially Twitter, to tell another truth.
+Essentially, what I'm talking about here is citizen journalism, as I said earlier.
+Take the first case. This is the man in the foreground, Ian Tomlinson.
+He was a newsman from London who died on 1 April 2009 during the G20 protests in London.
+Well he was. He was not a protester, he was trying to find a way home from work through a demonstration.
+But he didn't go home.
+He ran into the man behind him. As you can see, the man behind him has a balaclava covering his face.
+And in fact he didn't show his badge number.
+But I can now tell you that he was a police officer from the Metropolitan Police, Simon Harwood PC.
+In fact, he belonged to an elite territorial support group.
+Now, shortly after this image was taken, Harwood hit Tomlinson with a baton and he pushed him to the ground, Tomlinson died moments later.
+But that wasn't the story the police wanted to tell us.
+Initially, they said through official statements and off-the-record press conferences that Ian Tomlinson had died of natural causes.
+There was no contact with the police and there were no marks on the body.
+In fact, when police tried to resuscitate him, the demonstrators were throwing missiles, believed to be bottles, at police, which prevented a police medic from reviving him, they said.
+And as a result, a story like this was born.
+I show you this slide because this is the newspaper that Ian Tomlinson sold for 20 years of his life.
+And if any news organization had an obligation to do a proper forensic analysis of what was going on, it was the Evening Standard.
+But they, like everyone else, including my press, were misled by the official events released by the police.
+But as you can see, the bottle that was allegedly thrown at the police turned into bricks by the time it reached this paper.
+So we had our doubts and wanted to know if there was more to this story.
+We needed to find the protesters in the images, but of course they were gone by the time we started investigating.
+So how do you find eyewitnesses?
+For me, this is where it gets really interesting.
+We turned to the internet.
+This is Twitter. You've heard a lot about it today.
+Basically, I was a complete novice at this when I started investigating this case. I had signed up two days ago.
+I learned that Twitter is a microblogging site.
+This allows you to send short messages of 140 characters.
+Also a great search function.
+But it was a social gathering place where other people came together with a common cause.
+And in this case, independent of journalists, people themselves were interrogating exactly what happened in the last half hour of Ian Tomlinson's life.
+People like these two.
+They went to help Ian Tomlinson after he fell down.
+They called an ambulance.
+They saw neither bottles nor bricks.
+So they feared the story wasn't as accurate as the police claimed.
+Also, through social media, I started meeting people with documents such as photos and evidence.
+Now, this doesn't show any attack on Ian Tomlinson, but he seems to be in some sort of pain.
+was he drunk? did he fall?
+Did this have anything to do with the police officer who was next to him?
+Here he seems to be talking to them.
+For us, this was enough to investigate further and dig deeper.
+As a result, we decided to present the story ourselves.
+One of the most amazing things about the Internet, as we all know, is that information that people put out is freely available to everyone.
+This doesn't just apply to citizen journalists and those who message on Facebook and Twitter.
+That goes for journalists themselves and people like me.
+Anyone can access it as long as your news is on the right side of the paywall, which means it's free.
+And skeptical articles like this, questioning official events, made people realize that we were questioning ourselves.
+They were online magnets.
+People with substances that can help us have been drawn towards us by a kind of gravity.
+And after 6 days we managed to track down about 20 witnesses.
+I've plotted them on a map here.
+This is the scene of the death of Ian Tomlinson, Bank of England, London.
+And for each of these witnesses that we have plotted on the map, by clicking on these little bullet points, you can hear what they have to say and see photographic images and sometimes even video images.
+At this stage, however, the police refused to accept it, despite eyewitnesses who said they saw police raid Ian Tomlinson before he died.
+There was no formal inquiry into his death.
+And something changed.
+I received an email from an investment fund manager in New York.
+The day Ian Tomlinson died, he was in London on business and had his digital camera out to record this.
+(Video) Narrator: This is the G20 protest crowd on April 1st around 7:20pm.
+They were in Cornhill near the Bank of England.
+The footage will form the basis of a police investigation into the man's death.
+Ian Tomlinson was walking through this area on his way home from work.
+(People screaming) We slowed down the footage to show how we're seriously questioning the actions of the police.
+Ian Tomlinson had turned his back on the riot police and dog herders and was about to leave them.
+he had his hands in his pockets.
+Here riot police appear to be hitting Tomlinson in the leg with a baton.
+And he lunged at Tomlinson from behind.
+Tomlinson was propelled forward and hit the floor.
+(People shouting) Paul Lewis: Okay. So, what a shocking thing.
+That video didn't play very well, but the first time I saw the video myself, I was in touch with this investment fund manager in New York and I remember being hooked on the story.
+I've spoken to so many people who say they've seen this happening, and the guy on the other end of the phone was like, "Look, the video shows it."
+I didn't want to believe his words until I saw it with my own eyes.
+At 2am I was there with my IT guy and the video hadn't come.
+And I realized that this is really very important.
+We had it on our website within 15 hours.
+The first thing the police did was they came to our office and asked a senior police officer to come to our office and take down the video.
+we said no.
+It would have been too late anyway, as I was flying around the world.
+And the police officers featured in the film will appear before a London coroner jury two days later, and they will have the power to determine that Ian Tomlinson was unlawfully murdered.
+This is the first case. I mentioned two cases today.
+The second case is this man.
+Like Ian Tomlinson now, he was a father and lived in London.
+But he was a political refugee from Angola.
+Six months ago, the British government decided to return him to Angola. He was a failed asylum seeker.
+So they booked him a seat on the plane from Heathrow.
+Well, the official version, the official explanation, of the events of Jimmy Mbenga's death was simply that he fell ill.
+He became ill on the flight and the plane returned to Heathrow Airport where he was taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead.
+Well, the story my colleague Matthew Taylor and I were able to tell about what actually happened to Jimmy Mbenga is that three security guards actually started trying to restrain him in his seat. bottom. They held him in a seat as he resisted deportation.
+They put him in dangerous confinement.
+It kept the detainee quiet, but he was making a fuss.
+But it can also cause postural asphyxiation, a form of asphyxiation.
+Please try to imagine. There were other passengers on the plane, and I heard him say, "I can't breathe! I can't breathe! I'm going to be killed!"
+and he stopped breathing.
+So how did we find these passengers?
+In the case of Ian Tomlinson, the witness was still in London.
+However, many of these passengers returned to Angola.
+How were you going to find them?
+Again, we turned to the Internet.
+As I said before, we wrote the story. It's an online magnet.
+The tone of some of these articles may raise eyebrows because journalism professors are skeptical. They were asking the kind of questions journalists shouldn't be asking, probably speculative.
+But we had to do it, and we had to use Twitter as well.
+Here I am saying that an Angolan man died on the plane.
+This story could be big. speculation level.
+The next tweet is "Please RT".
+It means "please retweet" and tell the chain.
+And one of the fascinating things about Twitter is that the patterns of information flow are unlike anything you've seen before.
+We don't really know, but once you let go, information travels like the wind.
+I can't decide where it ends.
+But strangely enough, tweets have the uncanny ability to reach their intended destination.
+And in this case, it was this guy.
+"I was also there on BA77," he said -- that's the flight number -- "and the guy was asking for help. Now I feel so guilty that I didn't do anything." rice field.
+That was Michael.
+He was in the Angola oil fields when he sent me this tweet.
+I was in my office in London.
+He was worried about what had happened on board.
+He turned to his laptop and entered his flight number.
+He stumbled upon that tweet, and he stumbled across our story.
+He realized that we were meant to tell another version of what happened. We were skeptical.
+and he contacted me.
+And Michael said,
+(Audio) Michael: I'm sure I'll suffocate.
+The last thing the man said was that he couldn't breathe.
+And there were three security guards, each of whom seemed to weigh over 100 kilos, but were holding him down, as far as I could see, under the seat.
+I saw three men trying to drag him under the seat.
+And all I could see was his head sticking out over the seat and yelling "Help me!"
+He just kept saying "Help! Help!"
+Then he disappeared under the seat.
+From there I could see three guards sitting over him.
+For the rest of my life, I will always keep that in the back of my mind.
+What happened?
+From now on, every time I lie down to sleep, I will be worried about it.
+Oh; I didn't get involved because I was afraid I would be taken off the plane and lose my job.
+If it takes three people to hold a man down and put him on a plane for civilians, that's too much.
+OK？
+If the man died, it would have gone too far.
+PL: So that was his interpretation of what happened on board.
+And Michael was actually one of the five witnesses we were ultimately able to trace, mostly through the internet and social media, as I said earlier.
+I could actually put it on the plane so I could see exactly where I was sitting.
+And I have to say at this stage that for journalists who use social media and who use citizen journalism, one of the really important aspects of all this is getting the facts right.
+Validation is absolutely necessary.
+So, in the case of Ian Tomlinson's witnesses, I had them go back to the scene of the death and actually show them around the scene and tell them exactly what they saw.
+It was absolutely necessary.
+Mbenga couldn't do that, but he sent me a boarding pass.
+They were also able to interrogate their statements and confirm that they were consistent with what other passengers had said.
+For journalists, and for all of us, the danger in all this is that we become victims of hoaxes, or that deliberately false information is released into the public domain.
+So we have to be careful.
+But no one can deny the power of citizen journalism.
+Two years ago, when the plane crashed into the Hudson River, the world knew about it because a man on a nearby ferry pulled out his iPhone and took an image of the plane and sent it around the world. Most people first learned of the plane's existence on the Hudson River.
+Now, consider the two biggest news stories of the year.
+There was an earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
+Look back at the image on your TV screen.
+They were boats left eight miles inland.
+Houses were moving, as if they were moving through the sea.
+Water rose in people's living rooms, supermarkets shook -- these were images captured by citizen journalists and instantly shared online.
+And another big topic this year is the political crisis in the Middle East, the political earthquake.
+And whether it's Egypt, Libya, Syria or Yemen, it doesn't matter.
+Individuals have managed to overcome these regime's repressive restrictions by documenting their surroundings and telling their stories on the Internet.
+Again, it's always very difficult to verify, but potentially very accountable.
+This image could have shown you anything, really. YouTube has a lot of them -- this image is of an apparently unarmed protester in Bahrain.
+He is then shot dead by security forces.
+It doesn't matter if the person being abused or even murdered is in Bahrain or London.
+But citizen journalism and this technology have inserted a new layer of responsibility into our world. I think that's a good thing.
+In conclusion, the theme of the conference is "Why not?". -- I think it's really simple for a journalist.
+So why not accept that much of what is happening in the world is being recorded and made available through social media with this technology that greatly pushes the boundaries of what is possible?
+That's new for journalists.
+I don't think the story I showed you could have been investigated ten years ago, maybe even five years ago.
+I think it's a very valid argument that, even today, we don't know exactly what happened in those cases, the death of Ian Tomlinson and the death of Jimmy Mbenga. increase.
+And "why not?" for people like you?
+Well, I think it's pretty simple too.
+If you come across something that you think is problematic, disturbing, concerning, kind of injustice, or just not right at all, why not witness it, record it, and share it.
+Journalism is the process of witnessing, recording and sharing.
+And we can all do it. thank you.
+When I was little, and when I was little, my father told me a story about an 18th-century watchmaker.
+And what was this guy doing? He used to make these wonderfully beautiful watches.
+Then one day, one of his customers came to his workshop and asked him to clean the watch he had purchased.
+Then the man took it apart and one of the things he took out was one of the balance wheels.
+While doing so, the customer noticed that the back of the balance was engraved with letters.
+And he said to the man, "Why did you put something on your back that no one could see?"
+Then the watchmaker turned and said, "God can see it."
+I'm not religious at all now, nor was my father, but at that point I knew something was going on here.
+I felt something in this plexus of blood vessels and nerves, but I'm sure there must be muscles somewhere too.
+But I felt something.
+And it was a physiological response.
+And from that point, my age at the time made me think about things in a different way.
+And as I began my career as a designer, I started asking myself simple questions. “Do we actually think beauty, or do we feel it?”
+Well, you probably already know the answer to this.
+You're probably thinking, well, I don't know which one, but I think it's about feeling beautiful.
+So I moved on to a design career and started finding some exciting things.
+One of the earliest works was in automotive design. Some very exciting work was done there.
+And in a lot of this work, I found something, or I found something that really fascinated me, and you probably remember it.
+Remember when you closed your car door and the lights "clicked" "clicked" on and off?
+And someone, I think it was a BMW, introduced lights that slowly go out.
+Remember that?
+I remember it clearly.
+Do you remember the first time you rode in a car?
+I remember sitting there and thinking, this is great.
+In fact, I've never met anyone who doesn't like the slowly fading light.
+what the hell is that? I thought.
+So I started asking myself about it.
+And at first I asked others, "Do you like it?" "yes."
+'Why?
+Well, that's not enough, I thought.
+Can you reduce it a little more? Because as a designer I need a vocabulary and a keyboard of how this works in practice.
+So I did some experiments.
+And suddenly I realized that there is something that does just that. Brightens and darkens in 6 seconds. That's exactly it.
+do you know what that is? Who?
+You see, using this part of the brain, the thinking part, the slow part, you're using it.
+And this is not a thought, but a feeling.
+So, would you please do me a favor?
+How do you feel in the next 14 minutes or whatever it is?
+You don't have to think about it too much, so I want you to feel it.
+I felt relaxed and relaxed at the same time.
+And what I found was a cinema or theater.
+Actually it just happened here - going from light to dark in 6 seconds.
+When that happens, are you going to sit there and say, "No, the movie's about to start," or are you going to say, "That's great, I'm looking forward to it?"
+Do you have expectations? "
+Now I am not a neuroscientist.
+I don't even know if there is such a thing as a conditioned reflex.
+But maybe.
+Because the movie-goers in the northern hemisphere I spoke to understand that too.
+And some of the people I talk to who have never seen a movie or been to a theater just don't understand.
+Everyone likes it, but some people like it more than others.
+So it made me think of this differently.
+we don't feel it. We believe that beauty lies in the limbic system. Even if it's not an outdated idea.
+These are fragments, centers of pleasure, and perhaps what I see, feel, and feel bypasses my thoughts.
+The wires from the sensory organs to those bits are shorter than the thinking bits, the bits that have to go through the cortex.
+they arrive first.
+So how do we make it actually work?
+And how much of that reactive aspect is due to what we already know or are about to learn about something?
+This is one of the most beautiful I know.
+It's a plastic bag.
+When I first saw it, I thought, "No, there's no beauty there."
+And after exposure, if you put this plastic bag in a filthy puddle or river filled with coliform bacteria and all sorts of nasty things, the filthy water will move through the walls of the bag by percolation, eventually contaminating it. I understand that it will be done. It contains pure drinking water.
+And suddenly this plastic bag seemed so beautiful to me.
+Here again, I'm going to have you turn on the switch of emotions.
+May I take your brain out, I want you to feel something.
+Look at that how do you feel about that?
+is it beautiful? Exciting?
+I watch your face carefully.
+There are some dull-looking gentlemen and some ladies who seem a little too eager to sense something from them.
+Maybe there is an innocence there.
+I will now explain what it is. are you ready?
+This is the last act left on this earth before a five-year-old girl named Heidi dies of spinal cancer.
+It was the last thing she did, the last physical act.
+Look at that photo.
+Look at the innocence. Look at that beauty.
+are you beautiful now?
+stop. stop. how do you feel?
+where do you feel that?
+I feel it here. I feel it here.
+And I watch your face because your face tells me something.
+By the way, that woman is really crying.
+But what are you doing?
+I see what people do.
+I watch the face
+I'm watching the reaction
+Because you have to know how people react to things.
+And one of the most commonly seen faces in beauty-faced, incredibly delicious things is what I call OMG.
+By the way, there is no fun in that face.
+It's not "This is great!"
+The eyebrows are like this, the eyes are defocused and the mouth is left open.
+It is not an expression of joy.
+There is something else there.
+Something strange is happening.
+That is, the pleasure seems to be tempered by a series of different things coming in.
+“Bitterness” is my favorite word as a designer.
+It means something that causes a big emotional response, often a very sad one, but it's part of what we do.
+Not just nice.
+And this is the beauty dilemma, the paradox.
+Sensually, we take in all sorts of things, good, bad, exciting and terrifying mixtures to come up with sensory exposure, a sense of what is happening.
+Pathos clearly appears as part of the painting of the girl you just saw.
+And again the victory, this sense of transcendence, this "I didn't know. Oh, this is new."
+And it's packed there too.
+And when we put these tools together, from a design standpoint, it's really exciting. Because these appear to be the ones we reach in the brain before recognition, as we have already said. You can manipulate them -- electrochemical party tricks.
+Now, I'm curious, is it possible to separate intrinsic beauty from extrinsic beauty?
+What I mean here is something that is inherently beautiful, something that is exquisitely beautiful, something that is universally beautiful.
+Very hard to find. Maybe there are some examples of that.
+It's very difficult for anyone to find something very beautiful unless it's packed with some information.
+So much of it tends to be external.
+It is mediated by pre-understanding information.
+Or, like that picture of the little girl I showed you, it has information added to the back.
+Now, when we talk about beauty, we can't get away from the fact that so many experiments have been done on the face and it.
+And I think one of the most boring things was that beauty is symmetry.
+Well, apparently not.
+It's more interesting to show some people half faces and then add them to a list of the most beautiful to the least beautiful before revealing the full face.
+And it turned out to be almost pure coincidence.
+So it wasn't a symmetry issue.
+In fact, this woman's face is particularly asymmetrical, and both are beautiful.
+But they are both different.
+As a designer, I can't help but mess with this, so I broke it down into pieces and did something like this, trying to figure out what the individual elements were, but I felt it while doing it.
+Now when I look into those eyes, I feel joy and beauty.
+I can't remove it from my eyebrows.
+And ear holes don't affect me at all.
+I'm not sure how much this helps, but it does help guide me to places where the signal breaks.
+And again, I'm not a neuroscientist, but I'm hoping to figure out how to bypass this thinking part right away and start putting things together to get to the fun precognitive element .
+Anais Nin and the Talmud have taught us many times that we do not see things as they are, but as they are.
+So I shamelessly reveal to you what is beautiful to me.
+And here is the F1 MV Agusta.
+oh oh
+It really, I mean, can't put into words how elaborate this object is.
+But I also see why it's great for me. Because it is the palinest of things.
+That's a ton of layers.
+This is only a small part of what is beyond our physical dimensions.
+it's a bigger one.
+Layering legends, sports and resonant details.
+I mean, let's look at some of them now -- I know about laminar flow when it comes to bodies through air, and it works perfectly well, you know it can.
+That's why I'm so excited.
+And I feel it here.
+This is the big secret of automotive design: reflex management.
+It's not the shape that matters, it's how the shape reflects light.
+Now, that object is a dynamic object, governed by how well it's done with reflections, even if it's stationary, because the light flickers when you move.
+By the way, for the rider, this little relief on the footplate means something is happening underneath. In this case, it's probably a drive chain taking power from the engine and going 300mph.
+My heart and my eyes are terribly excited over these things.
+Titanium lacquer coating.
+Words cannot describe how wonderful this is.
+This will prevent the wheel nuts from coming off at high speeds.
+I'm really into this now.
+And of course, racing bikes don't have prop stands, but since this is a road bike, everything goes away and folds into this little crevice.
+Then it disappears.
+And the radiator is crooked, so I don't know how difficult it would be to do that.
+why would you do that?
+Because we know the wheels need to be even closer to aerodynamics.
+So the price is higher, but it's great.
+And to top it all off is brand loyalty, Agusta, Count Agusta from the great history of this thing.
+The invisible part is the genius who created this.
+Massimo Tamburini.
+In Italy we call him a "plumber", but he was actually an engineer, a craftsman and a sculptor, so he is also called a "maestro".
+There are few compromises in this and they are invisible.
+But unfortunately I and people like me have to compromise all the time when it comes to beauty.
+we have to deal with it.
+So you have to constantly work with your supply chain, technology and everything else, and that starts to compromise.
+So look at her
+We had to make some compromises there.
+I had to move that part to the side, but only by a millimeter.
+No one has noticed yet, right?
+did you see what i did?
+I moved 3 things by 1mm.
+cute? yes.
+beautiful? Maybe even less.
+But, of course, consumers say it doesn't matter much.
+That's okay, right?
+A few millimeters left?
+No one notices those dividing lines or changes.
+Beauty is so easy to lose, because beauty is incredibly hard to achieve.
+And only a handful of people can do that.
+And focus groups can't do that.
+And teams rarely manage to do that.
+To be able to coordinate all these elements simultaneously, we need the central cortex as needed.
+This is a beautiful water bottle - as you may know - by designer Ross Lovegrove.
+This is pretty close to intrinsic beauty. You can experience this if you know what water is like.
+It's nice to embody something refreshing and delicious.
+I know how hard it is to do it, so maybe I like it more than you.
+It's surprisingly difficult to make something that refracts light like this, exits the tool with precision, and moves without tipping over.
+Underlying this is a myriad of very difficult things, like the swan story.
+So everyone welcomes it.
+This is a great example, a simple object.
+And what I showed you before was, of course, very complicated.
+So they approach beauty in a slightly different way.
+Like me, you probably like watching ballet dancers dance.
+And knowing how difficult it is is part of the fun.
+You might also be factoring in the fact that it hurts incredibly.
+Has anyone seen a ballet dancer's toes as they break out of a point?
+While she's doing these graceful arabesques and plies and all that, something terrible is going on here.
+Understanding it leads us to a greater, higher sense of the beauty of what is really happening.
+The use of microseconds is wrong here, so ignore it.
+But I feel again that what I have to do now is to supply enough of these enzymes and triggers early in the process so that I can pick them up not by thought. rice field. , but through your feelings.
+So let's do a little experiment.
+yes, are you ready? It's a very, very short time, but I'll show you something.
+are you ready? have understood.
+Did you think it was a bicycle when you showed it in the first flash?
+it's not.
+Tell me, did you think it was fast when you first saw it? Yes it was.
+did you think it was modern? Yes it was.
+Before that, that sound, that information jumped into you.
+And the brain's starter motor took off from there, and now we have to deal with it.
+And what's great is that the bike is specifically styled this way to create the feeling that it's green technology, skinny, light and all part of the future. .
+So is it wrong?
+Not in this case. Because it is a very green technology.
+But you are a slave to that first flash.
+We are slaves to the first fraction of a second. And that's where a lot of my work on store shelves wins or loses.
+Winning or losing will be decided at that point.
+As you walk through the shelves, you might see 50, 100, 200 things on the shelf, but you need to work within that area so you can get there first.
+And finally, my favorite layer of knowledge.
+I'm sure some of you know.
+What's cool about this is that I love coming back to this story. This is the thing you don't like or are bored with: folding your clothes. If this could actually be done, who could?
+yes?
+It is wonderful.
+Look at that do you want to see it again?
+no time. You can't do this because it says you have two minutes left.
+But go to the web and YouTube and pull down your "folding t-shirt."
+This is how low-paid young people have to fold their T-shirts.
+you may not have known that.
+But what do you think about it?
+It feels great doing it and I look forward to doing it. And when you tell other people about it, and you probably do, you look really smart.
+The knowledge bubble on the outside, that knowledge is free so it costs nothing, bundle it up, where does it come from?
+Does form follow function?
+Only sometimes. Only sometimes.
+Form is function. Form is function.
+It informs us, teaches us, and provides answers before we think.
+So I stopped using words like 'form' as a designer, and I stopped using words like 'function'.
+What I'm trying to pursue now is the emotional function of things.
+Because if you do it right, you can make great things, and you can make great things over and over again.
+And you own some of those products and services, so you know what those products and services are.
+It's like being robbed if your house catches fire.
+Forming an emotional bond between this object and you is an electrochemical party trick that happens before you think.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+We all know the World Wide Web has completely changed publishing, broadcasting, commerce, and social connectivity, but where did it all come from?
+I quote Vannevar Bush, Doug Engelbart and Tim Berners-Lee.
+Now let's talk briefly about these guys.
+Vannevar Bush.
+Vannevar Bush served as the US government's Chief Scientific Advisor during the war.
+In 1945, he published an article in the Atlantic Monthly magazine.
+And the article was called "As We May Think."
+And what Vannevar Bush was saying was that the way we use information is broken.
+We don't work in terms of libraries or cataloging systems or anything like that.
+The brain works by associations.
+When I'm thinking about one item, I quickly move on to the next item.
+And the way information is structured simply cannot keep up with this process.
+So he proposed a machine and named it memex.
+And memex links information, such as linking one piece of information to related information.
+Well, this was in 1945.
+Computers back then were used by secret agencies for code breaking.
+And nobody knew anything about it.
+That was before computers were invented.
+And he suggested this machine called memex.
+And he had a platform where he could link information to other information and call it freely.
+By the way, among those who read this article was a man named Doug Engelbart, who was a United States Air Force officer.
+And he was reading it in a Far Eastern library.
+And he was so inspired by this article that it would guide him for the rest of his life.
+And by the mid-'60s, while working at the Stanford Research Institute in California, I was able to put this into action.
+he built the system.
+The system was designed to augment human intelligence, so it was called.
+And in anticipation of today's world of cloud computing and service software, his system was called NLS for oN-Line System.
+And this is Doug Engelbart.
+He was presenting at the Fall 1968 Joint Computer Conference.
+What he showed -- he sat on a stage like this to demonstrate the system.
+He had a head mic like I did.
+And he runs this system.
+As you can see, he works between documents and graphics and so on.
+And he's driving it all on this platform with a five-finger keyboard and the world's first computer mouse specifically designed to run this system.
+So that's where the mouse came from, too.
+So this is Doug Engelbart.
+The problem with Doug Engelbart's system was that computers cost millions of pounds at the time.
+So for personal computers, millions of pounds is like owning a personal jet. It really wasn't very practical.
+But let's go back to the 80's when personal computers came along. At that time, personal computers had room for this type of system.
+My company, OWL, built a system called Guide for the Apple Macintosh.
+And we provided the world's first hypertext system.
+And this started to gain momentum.
+Apple introduced something called HyperCard and made a bit of a fuss about it.
+They published a 12-page supplement on the launch day of The Wall Street Journal.
+Magazines started picking it up.
+Byte magazine and ACM's Communications had special issues on hypertext.
+This product has developed a PC version as well as a Macintosh version.
+And the PC version has matured quite a bit.
+These are examples of this system working in the late 80's.
+Documents could be delivered or delivered over a network.
+We have developed a system equipped with a markup language based on html.
+We called it hml (Hypertext Markup Language).
+And this system was able to run very large documentation systems over computer networks.
+So I brought this system to the trade fair held in Versailles near Paris at the end of November 1990.
+Then a nice young man named Tim Berners-Lee came up to me and said, "Are you Ian Ritchie?" And I said, "Yes."
+And he said, "I want to talk to you."
+And he told me about his proposed system called the World Wide Web.
+And I thought it had a pretentious name, especially since the whole system was running on his office computer.
+But he was fully convinced that his World Wide Web would one day conquer the world.
+And he tried to persuade me to write a browser for it. Because his system had no graphics, no fonts, no layout, nothing. It was just plain text.
+I thought it would be interesting, but no one at CERN is going to do this.
+So we didn't do it.
+For the next few years, he was not even recognized by the hypertext community.
+In 1992 his paper was rejected at the Hypertext Conference.
+In 1993 there was a table at a conference in Seattle where a guy named Marc Andreessen was demonstrating a tiny browser for the World Wide Web.
+And when I saw it, I thought, yes, this is it.
+And the next year, in 1994, we had a conference here in Edinburgh, and I had no objection to having Tim Berners-Lee as the keynote speaker.
+Therefore, I belong to a fairly well-known company.
+There was a guy named Dick Lowe who was at Decca Records, but he turned down The Beatles.
+A man named Gary Kildall was piloting the plane when IBM came looking for an operating system for the IBM PC, but he wasn't there, so they went back to see Bill Gates.
+And 12 publishers who turned down JK. Rolling's Harry Potter.
+On the other hand, there is Marc Andreessen, who created the world's first browser for the World Wide Web.
+According to Fortune magazine, he is worth $700 million.
+But is he happy?
+(laughter) (applause)
+(Guitar music starts) I've been looking for a few days Where did they go?
+where did they go
+Mama told me a long time ago I lost a lot of precious things I know I know they're never coming back Where did they go?
+Mama told me so long ago No one ever told me to leave an old friend Happy days walking on the beach Happy days walking on the beach Happy days walking on the beach Leave no one to me I have no good memories of me I've seen so many beautiful things Now they mean nothing Listen to the song My mama told me a long time ago No one Don't tell me to doubt my good old days Happy days keep walking on the shore Happy days walking on the shore Happy days walking on the shore No one abandons my good memories I'm not going to tell you to give up all my good memories, give up all my good memories (music ends) (Applause) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you for giving me the opportunity to perform tonight at TED New York.
+I'm an avid TED fan and viewer, and actually lived in Manhattan when I was younger, so New York is like a second home to me and I'm so happy to be back. is.
+The song I played earlier is called "my mama" and the next song is my original song "BLACK BANANA".
+I wrote this song about the importance of holding on to your dreams.
+Because I believe that hard work always pays off.
+Just like a fruit ripens when the time comes.
+That is my interpretation of building the future.
+(Guitar music begins) Clap your hands.
+one!
+two!
+1、2、1、2、3、4。
+I've been sitting here killing time and doing it all day I was always smart when I ran away Soda was hissing in my empty head When it's time it's okay I'll move I'll stop I'm too nervous No, stupid girls in bathing suits cleaning their cars on Sundays They live by lying Don't fool yourself right away Arrange the bananas on the window sill to ripen When the time comes, I will work fine so don't get too nervous Banananananasekasanaide Banananananariyukimakase Banananananananana Until it's just a little more ripe Black banana Black banana bananananana I remember when I went to buy pizza last December curfew I was a kid who was running in a hurry to get home by then I'm stupid I stumbled and was almost killed by a horn When the time comes it'll be okay so don't be nervous Until it's a little ripe Black banana Black banana Banana nanana Banana nanana Don' press me Baby Banana nanana All I want is room to spare Banana nanana I have to endure until the fruit ripens Black banana Black banana Banana nanana Until Wagamama ripens Black Banana Black Banana Bananananana Banananananananana Bananananana (end of music) Thank you.
+(applause) (guitar music) (end of music) (applause)
+Now, I don't want to surprise anyone in this room, but I just realized that the person to your right is a liar.
+(laughs) Also, the person to your left is a liar.
+Also, the person sitting in your seat is a liar.
+we are all liars.
+What I'm going to do today is publish research on why we're all liars, how we can become lie detectors, and why we need to take the extra step from lie detector to truth. It is about referrals that seek to build and ultimately build trust.
+Now, speaking of trust, since I wrote this book, Lie Detector, no one wants to meet me in person.
+They say, "Okay, I'll email you."
+(laughs) I can't go on a coffee date at Starbucks either.
+My husband said, "Honey, deception?
+Maybe I could concentrate on cooking. how about French food? "
+So before I start, let me be clear about my goal: it's not about teaching the Gotcha game.
+Lie detectors aren't the little kids in the back of the room yelling "Gotcha! Gotcha!"
+Your eyebrows twitched. You dilated your nostrils.
+I'm watching the TV show "Lie To Me". I know you are lying. "
+No, lie detectors have the scientific knowledge of how to detect lies.
+They are using it to find out the truth, doing what mature leaders do on a daily basis. They have difficult conversations with difficult people, sometimes in very difficult times.
+And they start down that path by accepting a core proposition, and that proposition is: Lying is a cooperative act.
+Think about it, a lie just said has no power.
+Its power manifests itself when someone else agrees to believe a lie.
+So I know it might sound like tough love, but hey, if you were lied to at some point, it's because you agreed to be lied to.
+Truth about lies #1: Lying is a cooperative act.
+Now, not all lies are harmful.
+Sometimes we willingly participate in deception for the sake of social dignity, perhaps to keep secrets that should be kept secret.
+We say, "That's a good song."
+"Honey, that doesn't make you look fat."
+Or, like Desiratti's favorite, "I just found that email in my spam folder.
+sorry. "
+However, sometimes we are unwillingly complicit in deception.
+And that can come at a dramatic cost to us.
+Last year, there was $997 billion in corporate fraud in the United States alone.
+That's less than a trillion dollar lashes.
+That's 7 percent of your income.
+Deception can cost billions of dollars.
+Think Enron, Madoff, the mortgage crisis.
+Or in the case of double spies and traitors like Robert Hansen and Aldrich Ames, lies can betray countries, threaten security, undermine democracy, and bring death to those who protect us.
+Deception is actually a serious problem.
+This crook, Henry Overlander, was such a talented crook that British officials say he could have undermined the entire Western world banking system.
+And this guy can't be found on Google. he is nowhere to be found.
+He was interviewed once and said:
+He said, "Look, I have one rule."
+And this was Henry's rule, he said, "Look, everyone will be happy to give you something.
+They are ready to give you something whatever you are hungry for. "
+And that's the point.
+If you don't want to be fooled, you have to know what you're hungry for.
+And we all hate to admit it.
+I wish I was a better husband, a better wife, smarter, stronger, taller, richer, and the list goes on.
+Lying is an attempt to bridge that gap, to connect your desires and fantasies of who you want to be and what you want to be with who you really are.
+And are we going to fill the gaps in our lives with lies?
+Studies show that you can be lied to 10 to 200 times a day.
+Of course, many of them are outright lies.
+However, another study showed that strangers lied three times within the first 10 minutes of meeting.
+(Laughter) Now, when we first hear this data, we cringe.
+I can't believe the lies are so prevalent.
+We are basically against lying.
+But upon closer inspection, the plot actually thickens.
+We lie to strangers more than our colleagues.
+Extroverts lie more than introverts.
+Men lie eight times more about themselves than other people.
+Women often lie to protect others.
+The average couple will lie to their spouse 1 out of every 10 interactions.
+Now, you might think that's a bad thing.
+If unmarried, that number is reduced to three.
+Liar complex.
+It is woven into our daily and business lives.
+We are very vague about the truth.
+We parse it as needed. Sometimes it's for very good reasons, sometimes it's just because you don't understand the gaps in your life.
+That's truth number two about lies.
+We are against lying, but we quietly approve of it in ways our society has acknowledged for centuries.
+It's as old as it breathes.
+It's part of our culture, part of our history.
+Think Dante, Shakespeare, the Bible, world news.
+(Laughter) Lying has an evolutionary value to us as a species.
+Researchers have long known that the more intelligent a species and the larger its neocortex, the more likely it is to be deceptive.
+Now you may remember Coco.
+Anyone remember Koko the gorilla being taught sign language?
+Koko was taught to communicate in sign language.
+This is Coco and Kitten.
+It's her little fluffy pet kitten.
+Coco once blamed her pet kitten for tearing the sink off the wall.
+(Laughter) We're hardwired to be pack leaders.
+It starts really, really early.
+how early?
+Well, the baby will pretend to cry, stop, wait for someone to come, and immediately start crying.
+A 1 year old learns to hide.
+(laughs) Two-year-old bluff.
+5 year olds tell blatant lies.
+They manipulate by flattery.
+A 9-year-old, a master of cover-ups.
+By the time you hit college, you'll have lied to your mom one in five times.
+By the time we enter the world of this work and become the mainstay, we find ourselves in a world rife with spam, fake digital friends, partisan media, clever identity thieves, world-class rat lecturers, and an epidemic of fraud. I'm in. One author calls it a post-truth society.
+It's been a long time and I'm very confused.
+What is your occupation?
+Now, there are steps we can take to get through the quagmire.
+A trained lie detector will arrive at the truth 90% of the time.
+The rest of us are only 54% accurate.
+Why is it so easy to learn?
+There are good liars and bad liars.
+The real original liar does not exist.
+So what I'm trying to do is show you two patterns of deception.
+Then explore the hotspots to see if we can find them ourselves.
+(Video) Bill Clinton: Listen to me.
+I will say it again.
+I never had a sexual relationship with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.
+I never told anyone to lie.
+And these claims are false.
+And I need to get back to work for the American people.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Pamela Meyer: Okay, what were the telltale signs?
+Well, first we heard the so-called out-of-contract refusal.
+Studies show that people who are overly determined to deny themselves tend to rely on formal rather than informal language.
+I also heard the distant word "that woman."
+We know that liars use language as a tool to unconsciously distance themselves from the subject.
+Now, if Bill Clinton had said, "Well, to tell you the truth..."
+Or Richard Nixon's favorite "Frankly..."
+He would have been a deadly gift to a lie-detector who knows that limiting words, so-called such limiting words, further discredit the subject.
+If he had repeated the question verbatim, or had sprinkled his explanation with a little too much detail—and we're all so glad he didn't do that—he would have gone even further. I would have lost faith in myself.
+Freud's judgment was correct.
+Freud said, you know, words mean more than words, "No man can keep a secret.
+Talk with your fingertips even when your lips are silent. "
+And we all do that no matter how powerful you are.
+We all chatter at our fingertips.
+I show Dominique Strauss-Kahn and President Obama chatting with their fingertips.
+(Laughter) Now we move on to the next pattern, body language.
+Here's what you should do with body language:
+You have to completely let go of your preconceptions.
+Science enhances your knowledge a little.
+Because we think liars are always fidgeting.
+Well, they are known to freeze their upper body when lying down.
+We think liars don't look you in the eye.
+Well, to make up for that myth, they stare into your eyes a little too much.
+We believe that warmth and smiles convey sincerity and sincerity.
+But a trained lie detector can spot a smirk from a mile away.
+Can you see the smirk here?
+You can consciously contract your cheek muscles.
+But the real smile is in the eyes, at the corners of the eyes.
+You can't consciously contract, especially if you overdosed on Botox.
+Don't overdo Botox. No one will think you are honest.
+Now let's look at hotspots.
+Can you see what's going on in the conversation?
+Can you start finding hotspots to find discrepancies between someone's words and actions?
+Now, I think it's pretty obvious, but demeanor is the most overlooked but tell-tale indicator when you're conversing with someone who suspects deception.
+Honest people are cooperative.
+They are going to show that they are on your side.
+they will be enthusiastic.
+They will be happy to help guide you to the truth.
+They would be happy to brainstorm, name suspects, and provide details.
+They'll say, "Hey, maybe it was the payroll guys who forged that check."
+They will be outraged if they feel that they have been unfairly accused throughout the entire interview process, not just momentarily. They will rage throughout the interview.
+And if you ask an honest person what happens to someone who forges a check, the honest person is more likely to recommend harsh rather than lenient punishment.
+Now let's say you have the exact same conversation with someone who is deceitful.
+The person may be withdrawn, look down, lower their voice, stop, or be slightly jerky.
+Let a deceitful person tell their story, and they'll sprinkle too many details in all sorts of irrelevant places.
+And they tell their stories in strict chronological order.
+And what a trained interrogator does is come in a very subtle way over a few hours and have the person tell the story backwards and then watch them squirm and see what questions they have. The trick is to track which generated the most questions of deceptive stories.
+why would they do that? Well, we all do the same.
+We rehearse words, but we rarely rehearse gestures.
+We say 'yes' and we shake our heads 'no'.
+We shrug and tell a very compelling story.
+We commit a terrible crime and smile with joy that we have escaped it.
+Now, that smile is known in the industry as "Deceived Joy."
+We'll see that in a few upcoming videos, but let's start -- for those who don't know him, this is John the presidential candidate who shocked America by giving birth to a child out of wedlock.・This is Edwards. .
+We're going to see him talk about getting a paternity test.
+See if you can catch him shaking his head "no" and shrugging slightly while saying "yes".
+(Video) John Edwards: I would be delighted to participate.
+Given the timing of events, I know it's unlikely that this child will be mine.
+So I know it's not possible.
+I am happy to have a paternity test, and I hope that it will happen.
+Interviewer: Are you going to do that soon? Anyone else -- JE: Well, I'm just one side. I'm just one side of the test.
+But I am happy to participate.
+PM: Okay. Finding a neck shake is much easier if you know how to look for it.
+Sometimes someone hides another expression and it leaks out in an instant.
+Murderers have been known to vent their grief.
+Your new joint venture partner may shake hands, congratulate, and let out an angry look after going out to dinner together.
+And while we're all not going to be facial expression experts here overnight, there's one thing I can teach you, and it's very dangerous, but easy to learn, it's an expression of contempt. .
+Now that you're angry, you're putting two people on a level playing field.
+We still have some healthy relationships.
+But when anger turns to contempt, you've been fired.
+It is associated with moral superiority.
+And because of that, it is very difficult to recover.
+Here's what it looks like:
+It is characterized by one corner of the lip being raised and inward.
+It is the only asymmetric representation.
+And in the presence of contempt, whether or not the deception persists, and it doesn't always, you turn a blind eye, go the other way, reconsider the deal, and say, "No. Thank you. I'm not coming." Just one more nightcap. thank you. "
+Science reveals even more indicators.
+For example, we know that liars change their blink rate or point their feet toward the exit.
+They pick up a barrier and place it between themselves and the interviewer.
+They change their tone of voice, often making it much lower.
+This is the deal.
+These actions are just actions.
+They are not proof of deception.
+Those are red flags.
+we are human
+We make deceptive epiphany gestures here and there all day long.
+They have no meaning by themselves.
+But when you see those blobs, that's your signal.
+Look, listen, research, ask tough questions, get out of your very comfortable knowledge mode, go into curiosity mode, ask more questions, be a little more dignified, and be intimate with the person you're talking to. please give me.
+Don't try to be like the people on "LAW & ORDER" or other TV shows who beat subjects into submission.
+Now, we've talked a little bit about how to talk to a liar and how to spot a lie.
+And as promised, we'll see what the truth is.
+But I'll show you two videos, two mothers. One is lying and one is telling the truth.
+And these were revealed by California researcher David Matsumoto.
+And I think those are excellent examples of what the truth looks like.
+The mother, Diane Downs, blamed the unruly-haired stranger who shot her children at point-blank range and took them to the hospital while they were bleeding in a car.
+And as you can see from the video, she can't even pretend to be a distressed mother.
+Notice the incredible contradiction between the horrifying events she describes and her very, very cool demeanor.
+And if you take a closer look, you can see that they are happy to be cheated throughout this video.
+(Video) Diane Downs: At night, when I close my eyes, I can see Christie reaching out to me while driving, but her mouth was still bleeding.
+That may fade over time, but I don't think so.
+That's what bothers me the most.
+PM: So I'm going to show you a video of an actual grieving mother, Erin Lanyon, facing her daughter's murderer and torturer in court.
+There are no false feelings here, only genuine expressions of the mother's suffering.
+(Video) Erin Lannion: I wrote this statement on the night of the third anniversary of the night you took my baby in and hurt, crushed, and scared her until her heart stopped.
+And she fought, and I know she fought you.
+But I know she was staring at you with those amazing brown eyes and you still wanted to kill her.
+And I can't and never will understand it.
+PM: Well, there is no question that the sentiment is true.
+Now the technology, or science, of what the truth looks like is advancing.
+For example, we now know that we have specialized eye trackers, infrared brain scans, and MRIs that can decode the signals our bodies give out when trying to deceive.
+And these technologies will be pitched to all of us as the elixir of deception that will one day prove incredibly useful.
+But in the meantime you have to ask yourself. Which side of the meeting would you like to be on, the one trained to get to the truth, or the one who's going to drag a £400 electroencephalograph through the door?
+Lie detectors rely on human tools.
+As someone once said, they know "who the characters are in the dark."
+And the interesting thing is that we have very little darkness today.
+Our world is bright and shining 24 hours a day.
+It's evident from blogs and social networks talking about a whole new generation of people who have chosen to live their lives in public.
+It's a much louder world.
+So one of the challenges we have is to remember that over-sharing is not honest.
+Our enthusiastic tweets and text messages can blind us to the subtleties of human decency—the honesty of character—the fact that it still matters and always will.
+So in this very noisy world, it might make sense for us to be a little more clear about our moral code.
+Combining the science of detecting deception with the art of seeing and hearing eliminates the need to cooperate with lies.
+You start down the path of being a little more clear as you signal to everyone around you, "Hey my world, our world, it's going to be honest."
+My world will be one in which truth is reinforced and falsehood is recognized and marginalized. "
+Then the ground around you begins to move little by little.
+that is the truth. thank you.
+(applause)
+So I am here to explain why I am wearing these ninja pajamas.
+To that end, I would first like to talk about environmental toxins in our bodies.
+Some of you may be familiar with the chemical Bisphenol A, BPA.
+It is a material hardener and synthetic estrogen found in canned foods and some plastic linings.
+As such, BPA mimics the body's own hormones, causing neurological and reproductive problems.
+And it's everywhere.
+A recent study found BPA in 93% of people over the age of 6.
+But it's just chemicals.
+U.S. Centers for Disease Control
+It states that there are 219 toxic pollutants in our bodies, including preservatives, pesticides, and heavy metals such as lead and mercury.
+For me, this says three things.
+First, don't be a cannibal.
+Second, we are both responsible and victims of our own pollution.
+And third, our bodies are filters and reservoirs of environmental toxins.
+So what happens to these toxins when we die?
+Simply put, they somehow return to the environment and continue the cycle of toxicity.
+But current funeral practices make the situation even worse.
+When you are cremated, all the toxins I mentioned are released into the atmosphere.
+That's 5,000 pounds of mercury each year in dental fillings alone.
+And in traditional American funerals, the corpse is covered with fillers and cosmetics to make it look alive.
+It is then injected with toxic formaldehyde to slow its decomposition, a practice that causes respiratory disease and cancer in funeral workers.
+So trying to preserve our corpses is denying death, poisoning the living, and further harming the environment.
+Unembalized green burials or natural burials are a step in the right direction, but they do not address the toxins present in our bodies.
+I think there are better solutions.
+As an artist, I would like to make modest proposals at the intersection of art, science, and culture.
+The Infinity Burial Project is an alternative burial system that uses mushrooms to break down and cleanse your body of toxins.
+The Infinity Burial Project started years ago with a fantasy of creating an Infinity Mushroom. Infinity Mushroom is a new hybrid mushroom that decomposes dead bodies, removes toxins, feeds plant roots with nutrients, and leaves clean compost.
+However, it turned out to be nearly impossible to create new hybrid mushrooms.
+We also learned that some of our tastiest mushrooms can cleanse the soil of environmental toxins.
+So I thought maybe I could train an army of edible mushrooms to cleanse my body and feed on it.
+So today I am collecting my own shedding, hair, skin, nails, etc., to feed my edible mushrooms.
+As the mushroom grows, I choose the best feeder to become an Infinity Mushroom.
+It is a sort of imprinting and breeding process for the afterlife.
+So when I die, the Infinity Mushroom will be able to recognize my body and eat it.
+Now, for some of you, this may indeed be the reality.
+(laughs) Just a little.
+We know this is not the relationship with food that we normally want.
+We want to eat food, but we cannot eat it.
+But as I watched the mushroom grow and digest my body, I imagined the Infinity Mushroom to be a symbol of a new way of thinking about death and the relationship between my body and the environment.
+For me, growing Infinity Mushrooms is more than just a scientific experiment, gardening, or pet-keeping, it's a step towards accepting the fact that one day I'll die and rot.
+It is also a step towards taking responsibility for my own burden on the planet.
+Mushroom cultivation is also part of a larger practice of cultivating decomposing organisms called decompiculture, a concept developed by entomologist Timothy Miles.
+Infinity mushrooms are a subset of what I call the body's degradative culture and toxin repair, a culture of microbes that break down and cleanse the body of toxins.
+Now, let's talk about these ninja pajamas.
+Once completed, I plan to integrate the Infinity Mushrooms into various objects.
+First, the Mushroom Death Suit, a burial suit infused with mushroom spores.
+(Laughter) I'm wearing the second prototype of this burial suit.
+It is covered with a crocheted net with embedded mushroom spores.
+The pattern of dendrites mimics the growth of mushroom mycelium, which is the equivalent of plant roots.
+We also create Decomposition Culture Kits, a cocktail of capsules containing infinity mushroom spores and other elements that promote decomposition and toxin repair.
+These capsules are embedded in a nutrient-rich jelly like a second skin that quickly dissolves into a growing mushroom baby food.
+So, I plan to complete the mushroom and compost culture kit in the next year or two, and then want to start testing, first with expired meat from the market, and then with human subjects. thinking about.
+And believe it or not, some people have offered to donate their bodies to the mushroom-eaten project.
+(Laughter) What I learned from talking to these people is that we share a common desire to understand and accept death and to minimize its impact on the environment.
+I want to cultivate this perspective as well as mushrooms, a group of people called decompinauts who actively explore options after death, seek acceptance of death, and cultivate decomposing organisms like the Infinity Mushroom. Founded the Decompicculture Association.
+The Decompiculture Society shares a vision of a cultural shift from the current culture of death denial and preservation of corpses to a culture of decompiculture that fundamentally embraces death and decay.
+As research on environmental toxins proves, accepting death means accepting that we are physical beings inextricably linked to our environment.
+And there is a saying that we are born of dust and return to dust.
+And when we understand that we are connected to our environment, we see that the survival of our species depends on the survival of the planet.
+I believe this is the beginning of true environmental responsibility.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I want to take you to another world.
+And I want to share a 45-year love story with the poor who live on less than $1 a day.
+I had a very elitist, snob and expensive education in India that almost broke me.
+I was all set to become a diplomat, a teacher, a doctor.
+Then, although it doesn't look like it, I was the Indian National Squash Champion for three years.
+(Laughter) The whole world was ready for me.
+Everything was at my feet.
+I couldn't do anything wrong.
+And out of curiosity, I wanted to go and live and work in the village and see what it was like.
+So in 1965, I went to the worst of India called the Bihar famine and saw for the first time starvation, death and people starving to death.
+It changed my life.
+I went home and told my mother that I wanted to live and work in the village.
+Mother slipped into a coma.
+(laughs) "What is this?
+The whole world is ready for you and the best jobs are ready for you, but would you like to go and work in the village?
+I mean, did something go wrong? "
+I said, 'No, I have the best education.
+It made me think.
+And I wanted to give something back in my own way. "
+"What do you want in the village?
+No job, no money, no security, no future. "
+I said, "I want to live for five years and dig a well."
+"Digging a well for five years?
+Are you attending the most expensive schools and colleges in India and still want to dig a well for 5 years? "
+She didn't talk to me for a long time because she thought I would let her family down.
+But then I was exposed to the most extraordinary knowledge and skills possessed by the destitute, never brought into the mainstream, unspecified, respected and applied on a large scale.
+And I thought about starting a Barefoot College, a college for the poor only.
+What the poor think is important will be reflected in the university.
+I went to this village for the first time.
+The elders came to me and said, "Are you running away from the police?"
+I said no. "
+(laughs) "Did you fail the exam?"
+I said no. "
+"Didn't you get a government job?" I said no. "
+"what are you doing here?
+why are you here
+The Indian education system reminds us of Paris, New Delhi and Zurich. what are you doing in this village?
+Is there something wrong that you haven't told us? "
+I said, 'No, I really want to start a college just for the poor.
+What the poor think is important will be reflected in the university. "
+There the elders gave me very precise and profound advice.
+"Don't bring people with degrees or credentials to your college," they said.
+So, this university is the only one in India if you need to pursue a PhD. Or if you have a master's degree, you are not eligible to come.
+To come to our college, you have to be a cop or a dropout or a dropout.
+I have to work with my own hands.
+Work must have dignity.
+You must demonstrate that you have the skills to offer the community and serve the community.
+So we founded Barefoot College and redefined professionalism.
+Who are Professionals?
+A professional is someone who has competence, confidence, and conviction.
+The fortune teller is a professional.
+Traditional midwives are professionals.
+Traditional osteopaths are professionals.
+They are professionals all over the world.
+You can find them in inaccessible villages all over the world.
+And we thought these people needed to go mainstream and show that the knowledge and skills they possessed were universal.
+These knowledge and skills are still valid today and need to be used, applied and demonstrated to the outside world.
+As such, the university is run according to Mahatma Gandhi's lifestyle and way of working.
+Eat on the floor, sleep on the floor, work on the floor.
+No contract, no written contract.
+You can be together for 20 years, go tomorrow.
+And no one can receive more than $100 a month.
+You're here for the money, you're not in Barefoot College.
+You come to Barefoot College in search of a job and a challenge.
+So I want you to try your crazy ideas.
+Whatever ideas you have, feel free to give them a try.
+It doesn't matter if you fail.
+I'm going to fall apart, get hurt, and start all over again.
+The only university where teachers are learners and learners are teachers.
+And it is the only university that does not issue certificates.
+You are certified by the community you serve.
+You don't have to put a piece of paper on your wall to show you're an engineer.
+So when I said yes, they said, "Show me what's possible. What are you doing?"
+All this is meaningless if it cannot be demonstrated on the ground. "
+So we founded the first Barefoot College in 1986.
+The building was built by 12 barefoot illiterate architects for $1.50 per square foot.
+150 people lived and worked there.
+They won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2002.
+But then they suspected that there was an architect behind it.
+I said, "Yes, they did the blueprints, but it was the Barefoot architects who actually built the college."
+We were the only ones who actually returned $50,000. For we thought that they did not believe us and that they were, in fact, blaming the Tylonian barefoot architects.
+I asked a forester, a highly qualified and qualified professional in paperwork. "What can we build in this place?"
+He took one look at the dirt and said, "Forget it. I can't."
+Not even worth it.
+No water, rocky soil. "
+I was in a bit of a predicament.
+And I said, "Okay, I'll go to the old man in the village and say, 'What should I grow in this place?'" He looked at me quietly and said, "You build this, you build this, you plant" This works. "
+This is how I feel today.
+When we went up to the roof, all the women said, 'Get out.
+I don't want to share this technology with men, so they should go away.
+Roof waterproofing work. "
+(Laughter) It's a little jaggery, a little urene, and a few other things that I don't know.
+But it doesn't actually leak.
+It hasn't been leaked since 1986.
+Women don't share this technology with men.
+(Laughter) It's the only university with solar power.
+All power comes from the sun.
+45 kilowatt panels on the roof.
+And everything will work under the sun for the next 25 years.
+Power is fine as long as the sun is shining.
+But what's great is that it was installed by a Hindu priest who had only eight years of primary education and never went to school or college.
+He knows more about solar power than anyone I know in the world.
+Come to Barefoot College for a solar-cooked meal.
+But that solar cooker was built by a woman, an illiterate woman, who actually builds the most sophisticated solar cooker.
+It is a parabolic Schaeffler solar cooker.
+Unfortunately they are almost half German and very accurate.
+(Laughter) I don't think any other Indian woman is as methodical.
+You can make your cooker perfect down to the last inch.
+And I eat 60 meals twice a day with solar cooking.
+We have a dentist, and she is a grandma, and although she is illiterate, she is a dentist.
+She actually cares for the teeth of 7,000 children.
+Barefoot Technology: This was 1986 and no engineer or architect could have dreamed of it. But we collect rainwater from the roof.
+Very little water is wasted.
+All roofs are connected underground to 400,000 liter tanks so no water is wasted.
+After four years of drought, the campus still has water because it collects rainwater.
+Sixty percent of children do not go to school because they have to look after animals such as sheep and goats and do household chores.
+So we thought of starting a night school for the children.
+Over 75,000 children attend night school as Tylonia has night schools.
+Because it is for the convenience of the child. It is not convenient for the teacher.
+And what do these schools teach?
+Democracy, citizenship, how the land is measured, what to do when you are arrested, what to do when an animal is sick.
+This is what we teach in night school.
+But all schools have sunlight.
+There are elections every five years.
+Children aged 6 to 14 participate in the democratic process and elect the prime minister.
+Prime Minister is 12 years old.
+In the morning she looks after 20 goats, but at night she is the prime minister.
+She has a Cabinet, Minister of Education, Minister of Energy and Minister of Health.
+And they actually monitor and supervise 7,000 children in 150 schools.
+Five years ago she won the World Children's Award and went to Sweden.
+Going outside the village for the first time in my life.
+I have never seen Sweden.
+I was totally blinded by what was happening.
+The Queen of Sweden, who was there, turned to me and said, "May I ask where this kid got his confidence from?"
+She's only 12 years old and nothing has fooled her. "
+Then the girl on my left turned to me, looked straight at the Queen and said, "Tell me I'm Prime Minister."
+(Laughter) (Applause) Puppet shows are used in areas with very high illiteracy rates.
+Dolls are our means of communication.
+There is Jokim Chacha who is 300 years old.
+He is my psychoanalyst. he is my teacher
+he is my doctor he is my lawyer
+he is my donor
+He actually raises money and settles my dispute.
+He solves my problems in the village.
+When there is tension in the village, school attendance is low, and there is friction between teachers and parents, the puppet calls the teachers and parents in front of the whole village and says, "Please shake hands." I was.
+Attendance should not be reduced. "
+These dolls are made from recycled World Bank reports.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So, with this decentralized and demystified approach to solar villages, we're covering all solar villages with trained people across India, from Ladakh to Bhutan. I've been
+And then we went to Ladakh and asked this lady. It's minus 40 degrees and you have to come out of the roof. Because there is no place. There was snow on both sides. And we asked this woman. ”What are the benefits from solar power? "
+Then she thought for a moment and said, "This is the first time I've seen my husband's face in winter."
+(Laughter) I went to Afghanistan.
+One of the lessons we learned in India is that men cannot be trained.
+(Laughter) Men are restless, ambitious, impulsive, and they all want certificates.
+(Laughter) Men tend to ask for certificates all over the world.
+why? Because they want to leave the village and go to the city to find a job.
+So we came up with a great solution: training granny.
+What is the best way to communicate in today's world?
+tv set? no.
+Telegraph? no.
+phone? no.
+tell the woman
+(Laughter) (Applause) So we went to Afghanistan for the first time, and we picked three women and said, 'I want to bring them to India.'
+They said, "No, you can't leave your room, do you want to take me to India?"
+I said, "I will give in. I will take my husbands with me."
+So I took my husband with me.
+Women, of course, were much more intelligent than men.
+How can these women be trained in half a year?
+sign language.
+We do not choose the written word.
+You don't choose the words you speak.
+you use sign language
+And within 6 months you can become a solar engineer.
+They go back and make solar power in their village.
+The woman returned to install solar power in her first village and set up a workshop. The first solar village in Afghanistan was built by three women.
+This woman is a great grandma.
+The 55-year-old has solar-powered 200 homes for me in Afghanistan.
+and they haven't collapsed.
+She actually went to the engineering department in Afghanistan and told the head of the department the difference between AC and DC.
+he didn't know
+These three women have trained another 27 women to install solar power in 100 villages in Afghanistan.
+We went to Africa and did the same thing.
+Women from eight or nine countries are sitting at the same table and chatting without understanding the language. Because they all speak different languages.
+But their body language is great.
+They talk to each other and actually become solar engineers.
+I went to Sierra Leone and in the middle of the night a pastor drove up and ran into this village.
+He came back, went into the village, and said, "So what was the story?"
+They said, 'These two grannies...' 'Grandma?' The minister couldn't believe what was going on.
+"Where did they go?" "We went to India and came back."
+I went straight to the president.
+“Did you know there is a solar village in Sierra Leone?” he said.
+he said no. The next day half the ministers went to see their grandmothers.
+"What are you talking about?"
+So he called me over and said, "Can you train 150 grannies?"
+I said, 'I can't do that, Mr. President.
+But they will. So do grandmas. "
+So he built me ​​the first barefoot training center in Sierra Leone.
+And 150 grandmothers are trained in Sierra Leone.
+Gambia: We went to pick a Gambian grandma.
+I went to this village.
+I knew which woman I wanted to take.
+The community got together and said, "Let's take these two women."
+I said, "No, I want to take this woman."
+They said, "Why? She doesn't know the language. You don't know her."
+I said, "I like her body language. I like the way she speaks."
+"I'm a difficult husband, I can't."
+When my husband was called, he swaggered over as a politician with a mobile phone in his hand. "Impossible."
+"Why not?" "Look at that woman, how beautiful she is."
+I said, "Yes, she is very beautiful."
+"What if she runs off with an Indian man?"
+That was his greatest fear.
+I said, "She will be happy. She will call me on her cell phone."
+She left like a grandmother and came back like a tiger.
+She stepped off the plane and addressed the entire press as if she were a veteran.
+She covered national newspapers and was a star.
+And when I came back six months later, I said, "Where is your husband?"
+"Oh, somewhere. It doesn't matter."
+(Laughter) It's a success story.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Finally, let me say that I don't think we need to look outside for solutions.
+Look for solutions in it.
+and listen to people. They have the solution in front of you.
+they are all over the world.
+No need to worry.
+Don't listen to the World Bank, listen to the people on the ground.
+They have all the solutions in the world.
+I will end by quoting the words of Mahatma Gandhi.
+"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win."
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Why can't we solve these problems?
+we know what they are.
+It always seems like something is stopping us.
+why?
+I remember March 15th, 2000.
+The B15 iceberg destroyed the Ross Ice Shelf.
+"It was all part of the normal process," the newspaper said.
+A little further in the article, it said, "The loss of ice shelf replacement typically takes 50 to 100 years."
+The same word "ordinary" had two different, almost diametrically opposed meanings.
+If we were to enter the B15 iceberg as we leave today, we would hit something 1,000 feet high, 110 kilometers long, 17 miles wide and weighing 2 gigatons.
+Sorry, this is out of the ordinary.
+But I believe that the way we humans see the world through our normal lenses is one of the things that prevents us from developing real solutions.
+Just 90 days later, perhaps the greatest discovery of the last century happened.
+It was the first human genome sequence.
+It's the code in every one of our 50 trillion cells that shapes who we are and who we are.
+And if you take a cell of this code and solve it, it's 1 meter long and 2 nanometers thick.
+2 nanometers is 20 atoms thick.
+And I believe that the answers to some of our biggest problems are in the smallest places where the difference between what is worth and what is worthless is but the addition or subtraction of a few atoms. I wondered what would happen if they were found.
+And what would happen if we could exquisitely control electrons, the essence of energy?
+So I started going around the world finding the brightest scientists I could at universities whose collective discoveries could get us there. and founded a company to develop their extraordinary ideas.
+Six and a half years later, 180 researchers are doing amazing developments in the lab. I'm going to show you three of them today. This will allow the Earth to stop burning down and generate all of its energy instead. We need it where we are, clean, safe and cheap.
+Think about the spaces in which we spend most of our time.
+A huge amount of energy is coming towards us from the sun.
+We like the light that shines into our rooms, but in the middle of summer heat enters the room we want to keep cool.
+Quite the opposite happens in winter.
+We are trying to warm the space we are in and everything is trying to get out the window.
+Wouldn't it be great if windows could bring heat back into the room when needed, or shun it before it entered?
+One of the materials that makes this possible is carbon, an amazing material. Shape change with this amazing and beautiful reaction. In this reaction, graphite is blown away by steam, and when the evaporated carbon condenses, it condenses back into a different shape. It's a rolled wire mesh. Up.
+But this wire-mesh carbon, called a carbon nanotube, is 1/100,000 the width of a human hair.
+It is 1000 times more conductive than copper.
+Is there such a thing?
+One thing that can be said about working at the nanoscale is that things look and behave very differently.
+When you think of carbon, you think black.
+Nanoscale carbon is actually transparent and flexible.
+In this form, when combined with a polymer and applied to a window in its tinted state, it reflects all heat and light, while in its bleached state, it transmits all light and light. Heat passage and any combination in between.
+By the way, it takes 2 volts from a millisecond pulse to change that state.
+And once you change the state, it stays in that state until you change the state again.
+When we were working on this amazing discovery at the University of Florida, I was asked to go down the hallway to visit another scientist, and he was working on something pretty amazing.
+Imagine if we no longer had to rely on artificial lighting to navigate at night.
+You have to see it at night, right?
+Now that is possible.
+It's one nanomaterial, two nanomaterials, a detector and an imager.
+The overall width is 1/600th the width of the decimal places.
+It then takes all the infrared radiation available at night and converts it into electrons in two small film spaces so that we can reproduce images that we see through it.
+I'm going to show the TEDsters this in action for the first time.
+First, let's talk about transparency.
+Transparency is key.
+It is a movie that can be watched slowly.
+Then turn off the light.
+Even from a small film, you can see with incredible clarity.
+As we worked on this, we realized that this takes infrared radiation, wavelengths, and converts it into electrons.
+What would happen if we combined it with this?
+All of a sudden, the energy is converted into electrons on the surface of the plastic, and you can stick it to your window.
+But it's flexible, so you can stick it to any surface.
+The power plant of tomorrow will not be a power plant.
+We talked about producing and using.
+We would like to talk about energy storage, but unfortunately the best way we are going is the lead-acid battery, which was developed in France 150 years ago.
+In terms of money per saved, it's simply the best.
+We knew we weren't going to have 50 of these in our basement to store power, so we went to a group at the University of Texas at Dallas and gave them this diagram.
+It was actually in a diner outside the Dallas/Fort Worth airport.
+We said, "Can you make this for me?"
+And the scientists, instead of laughing at us, said, "Yeah."
+And what they built was the eBox.
+EBox is testing new nanomaterials that can pin electrons outside, hold them until they are needed, and then release them to pass.
+Being able to do that means you can generate energy where you are, cleanly, efficiently and cheaply.
+It's my energy.
+If you don't need it, you can put it back in the window and convert it into energy or light and beam it from your premises to your location.
+We don't need a power grid between us for that.
+Tomorrow's grid will be non-grid and energy, clean and efficient energy will one day be free.
+Once you do this, the final puzzle piece will be water.
+We are human, so drinking 8 cups of this every day is enough.
+When we run out of water, we will run out of water in some parts of the world, and soon others, so we need to pump water out of the ocean, and for that we need to build desalination plants. will be .
+We have $19 trillion to spend.
+They also require enormous amounts of energy.
+In fact, it would take twice as much as the world's oil supply to run the pumps that produce water.
+we don't mean that.
+But in a world where energy is free and easily and cheaply transmitted, we can draw water from anywhere and turn it into anything we need.
+It's a pleasure to work with these incredibly talented and kind scientists. Not as kind as many people in the world, they have a magical view of the world.
+And I'm happy to see their discoveries come out of the lab and out into the world.
+It's been a long time for me.
+18 years ago I saw a picture in a newspaper.
+This photo was taken by Kevin Carter who went to Sudan to document the famine in Sudan.
+Since then, I carry this photo with me every day.
+It is a picture of a girl who is dying of thirst.
+By any standard, this is wrong.
+that's wrong.
+You should be able to do more than this.
+We should do better than this.
+And every time I go to someone, I say, 'You're working too hard.
+That will never happen. I don't have enough money.
+I don't have enough time.
+More interesting things are just around the corner,' I said. "Try telling her that."
+I say so in my heart. Then just say "thank you" and move on to the next task.
+This is why we have to solve the problem, and I know the answer how to exquisitely control the simple electrons, the building blocks of nature, the elements of life.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I consider myself an artist as well as a designer.
+I work in an artificial intelligence lab.
+We are creating technology that you will want to touch in the distant future.
+Try it not only half a year from now, but also several years and decades from now.
+And we're taking the moonshot of wanting to interact with computers in deep, emotional ways.
+So to make it happen, technology has to be as human as it is artificial.
+It should fascinate you.
+It's like an inside joke where you and your best friend sit on the floor and have a blast.
+Or that look of disappointment that you can smell from miles away.
+I see art as a gateway to bridging this gap between humans and machines. To understand what it means for humans and machines to understand each other so that we can train AI to understand us.
+For me, art is a way of transposing intangible ideas, feelings and emotions into tangible experiences.
+And I think that's one of the most human things for us.
+See, we are a complex, complex collective.
+We have limitless emotions and besides, we are all different.
+We have different family backgrounds, different experiences, and different psychology.
+And this is what makes life really interesting.
+But it's also what makes tackling intelligent technology so difficult.
+And now, AI research is a little skewed in terms of technology.
+And it makes a lot of sense.
+Any qualitative thing about us, the emotional, dynamic, subjective part, we need to translate it into a quantitative measure, something that can be expressed in facts, numbers, computer code. .
+The problem is that there are many qualitative things that we cannot identify.
+So think about the first time you heard your favorite song.
+what were you doing
+how did you feel?
+Got goosebumps?
+Or are you in the mood?
+Hard to explain, right?
+See, some of us feel so simple, but underneath the surface it's actually very complicated.
+And translating that complexity into machines is what makes machines the modern moonshot.
+And I'm not sure I can answer these deeper questions with just 1's and 0's.
+So, in my lab, I've been creating art as a way to help design better experiences for cutting edge technology.
+And it has served as a catalyst for enhancing the way computers interact with us in a more human way.
+Through art, we address the most difficult questions of what it really means to feel.
+Or how do we relate and know how to exist with each other?
+And how does intuition influence the way we relate?
+For example, consider human emotions.
+Computers can now understand the most basic characteristics of joy, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust by translating them into mathematics.
+But what about more complex emotions?
+You know those feelings that we find difficult to explain to each other?
+like nostalgia.
+So, to explore this, I created a work of art, an experience that invites people to share their memories. We also worked with data scientists to find ways to translate highly subjective emotions into something mathematical. correct.
+So we created what we call the Nostalgia Score. This is the heart of this installation.
+To that end, the installation asks you to share a story, which the computer analyzes for simpler emotions, checks for a tendency to use past tense language, and also for the use of words such as "home" that we associate with nostalgia. Look for words that tend to be combined. 'Childhood' 'Past'.
+Then create a nostalgia score that shows how nostalgic your story is.
+And that score powers these light-based sculptures that physically embody your contributions.
+The higher the score, the rosier the shade.
+It's like looking at the world through rose-tinted glasses.
+So when you look at the score and its physical representation, you may or may not agree.
+It's as if you really understood how the experience made you feel.
+But sometimes we stumble and think we don't understand ourselves at all.
+But this work helps show how we can make computers understand our feelings when it's hard to describe the feelings we have for each other.
+Therefore, it is difficult to explain even the more objective part of being human.
+like a conversation.
+Have you ever actually broken down the steps?
+So think about sitting in a coffee shop with a friend and just making small talk.
+How do you know when to change the order?
+How do you know when to change the subject?
+And how do we know what topics to discuss?
+See, most of us don't really think about it because it's pretty much second nature.
+And as you get to know someone, you learn more about what excites them, and then what topics you can discuss.
+But when it comes to teaching an AI system how to interact with humans, it must be taught step-by-step what to do.
+And now it feels awkward.
+If you've ever tried to talk to Alexa, Siri, or the Google Assistant, you know that, but it can still sound cold.
+Also, have you ever been frustrated when someone couldn't understand what you were saying and you had to repeat yourself 20 times just to play a song?
+To the designer's credit, realistic communication is really hard.
+And then there's a whole branch of sociology called conversation analysis that tries to create blueprints for different kinds of conversations.
+Types such as customer service, counseling, and education.
+I've been working with speech analysts in my lab to help AI systems have more human-like conversations.
+That way, when interacting with a chatbot on your phone or a voice-based system in your car, your interactions will sound a little more human, less cold and incoherent.
+So I created an art piece that focuses on clumsy robotic interactions. This will help you as a designer understand why it's still inhuman and what you can do about it.
+The work is called Bot to Bot, and it combines one conversation system with another and makes it available to the public.
+And what ends up happening is, you get something that tries to mimic human speech, but falls short.
+Sometimes it works, sometimes you get stuck in a loop of misunderstandings.
+So even if a machine-to-machine conversation makes sense grammatically and colloquially, it can end up feeling cold and robotic.
+And despite ticking all the boxes, the conversation lacks soul, lacks that one-off quirk that shapes each of us.
+So even if it's grammatically correct and all the right hashtags and emojis are used, it can end up sounding mechanical and a little creepy.
+And we call it the uncanny valley.
+The eerie element of technology that's close to humans, but just a little bit different.
+And this work begins to be a way to test the humanity of dialogue and the lost parts of translation.
+So some things are lost during translation, such as human intuition.
+Computers are now gaining even more autonomy.
+They take care of things for us like changing the temperature of the house based on our preferences and helping us drive on the highway.
+But some things you and I do directly are very difficult to translate to AI.
+So think about the last time you saw an old classmate or colleague.
+Did you give them a hug or ask for a handshake?
+You've had so much experience doing one or the other that you probably didn't think twice.
+And as an artist, I find that accessing my intuition and unconscious knowledge helps me create great things.
+Big ideas spring from the abstract, non-linear locus of consciousness, the culmination of all our experiences.
+And I feel that if we want computers to engage with us and help us enhance our creativity, we need to start thinking about how to make them intuitive.
+So I wanted to explore how something like human intuition could be directly translated into artificial intelligence.
+He has created works that explore computer-based intuition in physical space.
+The piece is called Wayfinding and is set as an iconic compass with four kinetic sculptures.
+They represent the north, east, south, and west directions, respectively.
+And each sculpture has a sensor on top that captures how far you are from the sculpture.
+And the collected data will change the way the sculpture moves and the direction of the compass.
+The problem is that this piece doesn't work like an automatic door sensor that opens just by walking in front of it.
+Your contribution is only part of our collection of real-world experiences.
+And all those experiences influence how they move.
+So when you walk in front of it, it automatically starts responding based on what you've learned from others, using all the data you've gathered through your exhibit history, or your intuition.
+And what ultimately happens is that, as participants, we begin to learn the level of detail needed to deal with expectations from both humans and machines.
+We can almost see our intuition running on a computer while imagining all the data being processed in our minds.
+My hope is that this kind of art helps people think differently about intuition and how it can be applied to AI in the future.
+These are just a few examples of how I incorporate art into my work as an artificial intelligence designer and researcher.
+And I think that's an important way to drive innovation forward.
+Because there are a lot of extremes with AI right now.
+Popular movies show this destructive power, and commercials show it as a savior solving some of the world's most complex problems.
+But no matter where you stand, it's hard to deny that we live in a world that goes digital by the second.
+Our lives revolve around devices and smart home appliances.
+And I don't think this situation will subside any time soon.
+So I try to embed more humanity from the beginning.
+And I feel that bringing art into the AI ​​research process is exactly the way to do it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I do two things. Designing mobile computers and studying the brain.
+Today's story is the brain -- (audience cheers) Yay! I have a brain fan.
+(Laughter) If you look at the first slide, you can see the title of my talk and my two affiliations.
+So what I am going to talk about is why there is no good brain theory, why it is important to develop a brain theory, and what can be done about it.
+I try to do everything within 20 minutes.
+I have two affiliations.
+Most people know me from my palm and handspring days, but I also run a non-profit scientific research institute in Menlo Park called the Redwood Neuroscience Institute.
+We study theoretical neuroscience and how the neocortex works.
+talk about it all.
+I have one slide about my other life, my computer life. That's this slide.
+These are some of the products I've been working on over the last 20 years. From the very early laptops, to the early tablet computers, and more recently to the Treo. And we keep doing this. .
+I'm doing this because I believe mobile computing is the future of personal computing, and I'm trying to make the world a little better by working on these things.
+However, I admit that this was all a coincidence.
+I really didn't want to make these products.
+Very early in my career, I decided not to go into the computer industry.
+Before that, I have to tell you about this graffiti photo I picked up from the web the other day.
+I was looking for an image for graffiti that would be a text input language.
+I found a website dedicated to teachers who want to write on the chalkboard. Graffiti was added there. Sorry about that.
+(Laughter) So what happened was, when I was young, in 1979, when I graduated from Cornell engineering school, I got a job at Intel and I was in the computer industry, and three months later I was doing something else. I fell in love with .
+“I made the wrong career choice here,” I said, but I was captivated by my brain.
+This is not a real brain.
+I don't remember exactly how it happened, but there is one memory that sticks very strongly in my mind.
+In September 1979, Scientific American published a single-topic problem about the brain.
+It was one of the best problems ever for them.
+They talked about neurons, development, disease, vision and everything else they wanted to know about the brain.
+It was really impressive.
+But the last article in that issue was written by Francis Crick of DNA fame.
+Today marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of DNA.
+And he basically wrote a story that said, All this is good, but as you know, we are ignorant about the brain and no one knows how it works. So don't believe what anyone says.
+This is a quote from that article, where he says: "What is sorely lacking"--he is a very polite English gentleman--"is sorely lacking a broad framework of ideas for interpreting these different approaches."
+I thought the word "framework" was great.
+He didn't say there were no theories.
+He says he doesn't even know how to start thinking about it.
+It doesn't even have a framework.
+So I fell in love with this one.
+I said, look, we have this much knowledge about the brain, how hard would that be?
+It's something we can work on in our lifetime. I could make a difference.
+So I tried to get out of the computer business and into the brain business.
+First, I went to MIT. There was an AI lab there.
+I said I also wanted to build intelligent machines, but first I wanted to study how the brain works.
+And they said, "Oh, you don't have to do that.
+Just program your computer. That's all.
+I said you should really study the brain.
+I said "no, no" but didn't go in.
+(Laughter) I was a little disappointed -- I was quite young -- but a few years later, I went back to California, to Berkeley.
+So I enrolled in a doctoral program in biophysics.
+I feel like I'm studying the brain now. Well, I want to study theory.
+They said, "You can't study theory about the brain.
+You can't raise money for that.
+And as a graduate student you can't do that. "
+I was depressed. Having said that, I can make a difference in this area.
+I said I had to go back to the computer industry and work here for a while.
+It was then that I designed all these computer products.
+(laughter) I said, “I want to do this for four years and make some money.
+Well, it's been over four years. It's been about 16 years.
+But I'm doing it now, so I'll tell you about it.
+So why should we have good brain theory?
+Well, there are many reasons why people do science.
+The most basic thing is that people want to know things.
+We are curious and go out to get knowledge.
+Why study ants? It's interesting.
+You'll probably learn something useful, but it's interesting and engaging.
+But sometimes science has other properties that make it really interesting.
+Science can also tell us something about ourselves. It will tell us who we are.
+Evolution does this, Copernicus does this, and we have a new understanding of who we are.
+And after all, we are our brains. My brain is talking to your brain.
+Our bodies hang with the ride, but my brain is talking to your brain.
+And if we want to understand who we are and how we feel and perceive, we need to understand the brain.
+Second, science can lead to great social benefits, technology, business, etc.
+This is one of them. Understanding how the brain works will allow us to build intelligent machines.
+It's a good thing overall, and it will bring as much benefit to society as the underlying technology.
+So why are there no good theories about the brain?
+People have been working on it for 100 years.
+First, let's see what normal science looks like.
+This is normal science.
+Ordinary science is balanced between theory and experimentalism.
+The theoretician man says, "I think this is what's going on," and the experimentalist says, "You're wrong."
+It goes back and forth, this works in physics, this works in geology.
+But if this is normal science, what is neuroscience like?
+This is what neuroscience looks like.
+You have no idea how much we know about the brain.
+28,000 people attended this year's neuroscience conference, all doing brain research.
+We have a lot of data, but no theory.
+And theory does not play any grand role in neuroscience.
+And that's really unfortunate.
+If you ask any neuroscientist why this is the case, they will admit it.
+But if you ask them, they say there are various reasons why we don't have a proper brain theory.
+Some say we don't have enough data yet, we need more information, there's so much we don't know.
+Well, you said that data comes out of your ears.
+There is so much information that I don't even know how to organize it.
+What could be better than this?
+Maybe with some luck you'll find something magical, but I don't think so.
+This is a manifestation of the fact that theory does not exist.
+No more data needed. What you need is a good theory.
+Another is that people say, "The brain is so complex that it will take another 50 years."
+I even think yesterday Chris said something like, it's one of the most complicated things in the universe.
+that's not true. Humans are more complex than brains.
+you have a brain
+The brain seems very complicated, and things seem complicated until you understand it.
+it always was.
+So I would say that my neocortex, the part of the brain that interests me, has 30 billion cells.
+But did you know? Very, very regular.
+In fact, the same thing seems to be repeated over and over again.
+It's not as complicated as it looks. it doesn't matter.
+Some people say that the brain cannot understand the brain.
+Very zen. Hmm.
+(Laughter) Sounds good, but why?
+It's just a collection of cells. You know your liver.
+You have a lot of cells, right?
+So I guess it's nothing.
+And finally, some people say, "I don't feel like a clump of cells, I'm conscious."
+I have this experience, I am in the world.
+I cannot be just a mass of cells. "
+Well, people used to believe that being alive had vitality, but now we know that's not true at all.
+And there really isn't any evidence other than that people simply don't believe that cells can do things like that.
+I mean, some people have fallen into the trap of metaphysical dualism, some people are really smart, but we can reject them all.
+(Laughter) No, there's something else. It's really fundamental. That's another reason why we don't have good brain theories is because we have false assumptions that we intuitively believe strongly, but for which we don't see answers.
+We sometimes believe that it is, but we are wrong.
+Well, this has a scientific history. Before I explain what it is, let's talk about the history of this in science.
+Look at other scientific revolutions. The solar system, i.e. Copernicus, Darwin's theory of evolution, and the crustal plate, i.e. Wegener.
+All of these have much in common with brain science.
+First, they had a lot of unexplained data. We have a lot.
+However, after the theory was established, it became easier to handle.
+The brightest minds, the really smart people, were puzzled.
+We are no smarter now than they were then. It turns out that things are really hard to think about, but once you think about them, they are easy to understand.
+In kindergarten my daughters understood these three theories as their basic framework.
+It's not that hard. Apples here, oranges here, the earth turns, things like that.
+The other is that the answer has existed all along, but we ignored it because of this obviousness.
+It was an intuitive and strongly held belief that it was wrong.
+In the case of our solar system, the idea that the earth is spinning, that the surface is moving at 1000 miles per hour, and that we are passing through the solar system at 100 million miles per hour is insane. We all know that the earth does not move.
+Feel like you're going 1000 miles an hour?
+If the Earth was spinning in space and you said it was huge, they would lock you in, that was their way back then.
+So it was intuitive and obvious. Now, what about evolution?
+Same thing with evolution.
+We have taught our children that God created all these species and that cats are cats. A dog is a dog. Each person; a plant is a plant. they don't change.
+In fact, if we believe in evolution, we all have a common ancestor.
+We all have a common ancestor with the plants in our lobby.
+This is what evolution teaches us. That's true. It's hard to believe.
+The same is true for tectonic plates.
+All mountains and continents are like floating above the earth.
+So what are the intuitive but wrong assumptions that block our brains from understanding?
+i'll tell you It would seem obvious that it is correct. That's the point.
+We then discuss why you are wrong about the other assumptions.
+What is intuitive but obvious is that somehow intelligence is defined by behavior. We are smart by how we do things and how we behave intelligently.
+Intelligence is defined by prediction.
+I'll explain this in a few slides and give an example of what this means.
+Engineers and scientists love to observe such systems.
+They say, we have things in boxes. We have its inputs and outputs.
+The AI ​​guys say what's in the box is a programmable computer because it's the equivalent of the brain.
+Give it some input, make it do something, make it do something.
+Alan Turing defined the Turing test. It essentially tells us whether an object is intelligent if it behaves like a human being. I'm here.
+But the reality - I call it true intelligence.
+Real intelligence is built on top of others.
+We experience the world through a series of patterns, remember and recall them.
+When we recall them, we compare them to reality and constantly make predictions.
+This is an internal indicator. We have internal metrics about who we are, whether we understand the world, whether we make predictions, and so on.
+You are smart now, but you are not doing anything.
+Maybe you are hurting yourself, but you are not doing anything.
+But you are smart. you understand what i'm saying
+You are intelligent and speak English, so you know the last word in this sentence.
+What I mean is that internal predictions are output in the neocortex, and somehow predictions lead to intelligent actions.
+Here's how it happens. Start with an unintelligent brain.
+And we can say that it is a reptile, a non-mammal like a crocodile for example. we have a crocodile
+And alligators have very sophisticated senses.
+It has strong eyes, ears, and sense of touch, as well as a mouth and nose.
+You can run or hide. It contains fear and emotion. it could eat you.
+it can attack. You can do all sorts of things.
+However, we do not believe that alligators have human-like intelligence.
+But all this complex behavior is already there.
+What happened to evolution now?
+The first thing that happened in the evolution of mammals was that they began to develop something called the neocortex.
+This box on top of the old brain represents the neocortex.
+Neocortex means "new layer". It's a new layer above the brain.
+The wrinkled part on the top of the head was pushed in and didn't fit and became wrinkled.
+(Laughs) It's literally the size of a table napkin, and it's wrinkled because it doesn't fit.
+The old brain is still there.
+You still have that alligator brain. you do. It's your emotional brain.
+It's all your instinctive reaction.
+Above it is a memory system called the neocortex.
+And the memory system is located above the sensory part of the brain.
+So when sensory input comes in and is sourced from the old brain, it also goes up to the neocortex.
+It's going to sit there and remember everything that's going on, saying where I've been, people I've seen, things I've heard.
+And in the future, when we see something like it again, in a similar setting, or exactly the same, we'll start playing it back. "Oh, I've been here before," and when you've been here before, then this happened.
+It literally feeds signals back to your brain. They'll show me what happens next, and they'll let me hear the word "sentence" before I say it.
+And it is this old brain feedback that allows us to make smarter decisions.
+This is the most important slide of my talk, so I'll go into a little more detail.
+And you always say, "Oh, I can predict things," so even if you went through a maze with a rat and learned the maze, you'd do the same thing the next time you enter the maze.
+But suddenly you are smart. you say "I know this maze. I know which way to go. I've been here before. I can envision the future."
+That's what it's doing.
+This is true for all mammals, but it was even worse for humans.
+In fact, humans have developed an anterior part of the neocortex called the anterior neocortex.
+I copied the sensible back part and put it in the front.
+Humans have a similar mechanism on the front, and it is used to control the motor.
+Therefore, it is now possible to perform very advanced exercise plans.
+I don't have time to explain, but to understand how the brain works, it's important to understand how the first part of the mammalian neocortex works and how it stores patterns and makes predictions. It is necessary to understand.
+The word "sentence" has already been said.
+In music, if you've heard a song before, when you listen to it, the next note is already in your head and you're expecting it.
+For albums, when a song ends, the next song comes to mind.
+It happens all the time, you make predictions.
+I have a thought experiment called "Altered Doors".
+It says that your house has a door. If you come here, I'll change that -- now there's a man back in your house, moving the door, moving the doorknob two inches or more.
+When you get home tonight, you'll put your hand out and reach for the doorknob, realize it's in the wrong place, and say, "Oops, something happened."
+It may take a while, but something happened.
+You can change your doorknobs in other ways. You can make it bigger, smaller, change brass to silver, turn it into a lever, change the door. Add color or add windows.
+I can change a thousand things about your door. And within the two seconds it takes you to open the door, you'll notice something has changed.
+An engineering, or AI, approach to this would be to build a door database containing all the attributes of a door.
+And every time you go up to the door, check the door, door, color... one by one.
+we don't do that. Your brain doesn't do that.
+Your brain is constantly predicting what will happen in your environment.
+If you put your hand on this table, you will feel your hand stop.
+When you walk, if every step is off by an eighth of an inch, you know something has changed.
+You are constantly making predictions about your environment.
+I will briefly talk about the vision.
+When we look at a person, our eyes move 2-3 times per second.
+We are not conscious of it, but our eyes are constantly moving.
+When we look at a face, we usually go from eye to eye to nose to mouth.
+As the eyes move from one to the next, if there's something like a nose there, you'll see a nose where the eyes should be and you'll be like, "Oh shit!"
+(Laughter) "There's something wrong with this person."
+Because it makes predictions.
+We don't just look and say, "What are you looking at? Nose? OK."
+No, you have an expectation of what you will see.
+every moment.
+Test by prediction. What is the next word after this ...?
+This to this, this to this. What is the next number in this sentence?
+Here are three visions of objects: what is the fourth?
+So what is the recipe for Brain Theory?
+First of all, you have to have the right framework.
+And that framework is a memory framework, not a computational or behavioral framework, but a memory framework.
+It's a spatio-temporal pattern.
+Second, if we take a lot of theorists in that framework, biologists are generally not good theorists.
+I've found that the best people to work with are physicists, engineers, and mathematicians who tend to think algorithmically.
+Then you have to learn anatomy and physiology.
+We need to make these theories very realistic from an anatomical point of view.
+A person who tells his theory about how the brain works but does not explain exactly how it works and how the wiring works is not a theory.
+We would love to tell you that we are making great progress in this area. I also hope to be able to return to this stage in the not too distant future and talk about it.
+What would brain theory look like?
+First of all, it becomes about memory.
+It's different from your computer's memory -- it's completely different from your computer's memory.
+It's so different.
+Memories of very high-dimensional patterns, like those coming in through the eyes.
+It is also the memory of sequences. You can't learn or remember anything other than sequences.
+Songs should be listened to in order over time, and played in order over time.
+These sequences are automatically recalled associatively, so when you see something or hear something, it will remember it and play it automatically.
+And, as I said earlier, the theory must be biologically accurate, testable, and buildable.
+You can't understand it until you make it.
+one more slide.
+Are we really going to build intelligent machines?
+In my mind, I have no doubt that it will.
+First of all, we build this out of silicon.
+The same techniques used to build silicon computer memory can be used here.
+But they are completely different kinds of memories.
+And when you connect these memories to sensors, the sensors experience real, real-world data and learn about their environment.
+Well, it's highly unlikely that the first thing you see is some sort of robot.
+It's not that robots are useless. Humans can make robots.
+But the robotics part is the hardest part. It's an old brain. It's really hard.
+The new brain is easier than the old brain.
+So do things that don't require much robotics in the first place.
+In other words, you will not meet C-3PO.
+We are going to see some kind of intelligent car that really understands what traffic is and what driving is and has learned that a car that keeps turning on for half an hour probably can't turn. prize.
+(Laughter) You can also have an intelligent security system.
+Whenever we are basically using our heads but not using many mechanics, those things come first.
+But after all, the world has its limits.
+I don't know how this will turn out.
+I know many people who invented microprocessors.
+Talking to them, they knew what they were doing was very important, but they didn't really know what was going to happen.
+They couldn't anticipate all this stuff like mobile phones and the internet.
+They just knew that they were going to build a calculator and a traffic light controller.
+But it will grow! "
+Likewise, brain science and memory will become very fundamental technologies that will bring about incredible changes in the next 100 years.
+And I am most excited about how they will be used in science.
+So I guess that's all for my time. It's over. I will end my story here.
+Hello.
+If you've been following the diplomatic news in recent weeks, you may have heard of some sort of crisis between China and the United States.
+About the cyber attack on Google in the United States.
+Much has been said about this.
+Some people call cyber warfare, which may in fact be just espionage, a cyber warfare, and it's clearly a pretty bad response.
+However, this episode reveals growing fears in the West about these emerging cyberweapons.
+As it happens, these weapons are dangerous.
+These are of a new nature and could lead the world into digital conflicts and escalate into armed conflicts.
+These virtual weapons can also destroy the physical world.
+In 1982, during the Cold War in Siberia of the Soviet Union, a pipeline exploded with a 3-kiloton explosion. This is equivalent to a quarter of the Hiroshima-type atomic bomb.
+We know today that the explosion, revealed by former U.S. Air Force Secretary Thomas Reed in the Ronald Reagan administration, was actually the result of a CIA sabotage operation, in which the CIA Successfully infiltrated the IT management system of the line.
+Most recently, the US government revealed that in September 2008, more than 3 million people fell victim to cyber-pirate extortion in Brazil's Espirito Santo state.
+Even more worrisome for Americans, in December 2008, the most sacred IT system of Centcom, the central command that controls the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, was compromised by hackers using a simple but infected USB key. It is possible that
+And with these keys, they could have gotten inside CENTCOM's system and could see and hear everything, and perhaps even infect parts of it.
+As a result, Americans take this threat very seriously.
+Here's what Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff James Cartwright said in his report to Congress that cyberattacks could become as powerful as weapons of mass destruction.
+Additionally, the United States has decided to spend more than $30 billion over the next five years to strengthen its cyberwarfare capabilities.
+And today, we see a sort of cyber arms race around the world, with countries like North Korea and Iran establishing cyber warfare units.
+But what you never hear from the Pentagon or French Defense Ministry spokespersons is that the question isn't really who the enemy is, but really the nature of the cyberweapon itself.
+And to understand why, we have to look at how military technology has maintained or destroyed world peace throughout the ages.
+For example, if TEDxParis had been held 350 years ago, we could have talked about the military innovations of the time, the Vauban-style giant fortifications, and predicted a period of stability for the world and Europe.
+This was indeed the case in Europe between 1650 and 1750.
+Similarly, if we were having this talk 30 or 40 years ago, how the advent of nuclear weapons and the threat of mutually assured destruction it implies would prevent direct war between two superpowers. would have understood
+But if we were telling this story 60 years ago, how the emergence of new aircraft and tank technology in favor of the attacker would make the doctrine of Blitzkrieg more credible, and thus the possibility of war in Europe. I would have known. .
+Military technology can therefore influence the course of the world and make or break world peace. That's where the problem of cyberweapons lies.
+First problem: imagine that a potential adversary has announced that it is building a cyber warfare force solely for the defense of its own country.
+Well, but what distinguishes it from attacking units?
+Things get more complicated when the usage principle becomes ambiguous.
+Just three years ago, the United States and France claimed to be investing in cyberspace strictly to protect their IT systems.
+Today, however, both countries argue that attack is the best defense.
+And they join China in its 15-year doctrine of both defensive and offensive use.
+Second problem: your country could be under a cyberattack, plunging the entire region into total darkness and you may not even know who is attacking you.
+Cyberweapons have the unique feature of being able to be used without leaving a trace.
+This gives the attacker a huge advantage, as the defender doesn't know who to counterattack.
+And if the defenders retaliate against the wrong enemy, they risk creating more enemies and becoming diplomatically isolated.
+This problem is not just a theoretical one.
+In May 2007, Estonia fell victim to a cyberattack that damaged its telecommunications and banking systems.
+Estonia blames Russia.
+But NATO, despite defending Estonia, reacted very cautiously. why?
+Because NATO wasn't 100% sure that the Kremlin was really behind these attacks.
+So, on the one hand, even if a potential enemy country announces that it is building a cyber warfare force, we cannot tell whether it is for offense or defense.
+On the other hand, we also know that these weapons have an advantage in attack.
+In a major paper published in 1978, Professor Robert Jarvis of Columbia University in New York described a model for understanding how conflict arises.
+In this context, this environment is most likely to cause conflict if a potential adversary does not know whether they are preparing to defend or to attack, and their weapons give them an advantage in attack. higher.
+This is the environment being created by today's cyberweapons, and historically that of Europe at the outbreak of World War I.
+Cyberweapons are therefore inherently dangerous, but also emerge in more volatile environments.
+If you remember the Cold War, it was a very difficult game, but it was a stable game that could only be played with two players and allowed some coordination between the two superpowers.
+Today we are moving into a multipolar world where coordination is much more complex, as we saw in Copenhagen.
+And the introduction of cyberweapons could make this adjustment even more difficult.
+why? Because no country knows exactly if its neighbor is about to attack.
+So nations may live under the threat of what Nobel laureate Thomas Schelling called "mutual terror of surprise attacks." For I don't know if my neighbor is going to attack me - I may never know - so I may have the upper hand and attack first.
+Just last week, in a January 26, 2010, New York Times article, it was the first time National Security Agency officials were considering the possibility of a preemptive strike if the United States were threatened with a cyberattack. It was revealed.
+And these preemptive strikes may extend beyond cyberspace.
+In May 2009, US Nuclear Forces Commander General Kevin Chilton said that all options would be considered in the event of a cyberattack against the United States.
+Cyberweapons do not replace conventional or nuclear weapons, they just add another layer to existing terrorism systems.
+But in doing so, they also add the risk of causing conflict themselves. This is a very significant risk, as we have just seen. And it also adds the risks we may have to face with a collective security solution that includes all of us. Our allies, our NATO members, our friends and allies, our other Western allies, and maybe even our partners in Russia and China, if that's the case.
+The information technology that Joël de Rosnay was talking about has historically emerged from military research, but today it is developing destructive strike capabilities and, if we are not careful, tomorrow there will be world peace. can be completely destroyed.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Recently, the impact of cyberattacks on the business world has been visible.
+Data breaches at companies such as JP Morgan, Yahoo, Home Depot, and Target have caused hundreds of millions and sometimes billions of dollars in losses.
+It doesn't take many large-scale attacks to destroy the global economy.
+And the public sector is no exception.
+Between 2012 and 2014, the U.S. Office of Personnel Administration experienced a major data breach.
+Security clearances and fingerprint data compromised, affecting 22 million employees.
+You may also have heard of state-sponsored hackers attempting to influence election results in many countries using stolen data.
+Two recent examples are the mass data breach from the German Bundestag and the theft of email from the US Democratic National Committee.
+Cyber ​​threats are currently affecting our democratic processes.
+And it can get even worse.
+As computer technology becomes more powerful, the systems we use to protect our data are becoming more vulnerable.
+Further adding to the concerns is a new type of computing technology called quantum computing. It takes advantage of nature's microscopic properties to achieve unimaginable increases in computing power.
+It is so strong that it can break many of the encryption systems in use today.
+So is the situation hopeless?
+Should you start prepping your digital survival gear for the coming data apocalypse?
+I don't think so yet.
+Quantum computing is still in the research stage and will be years away from practical use.
+More importantly, there have been great strides in the field of cryptography.
+For me, this is a particularly exciting time in the history of secure communications.
+About 15 years ago, I was thrilled to learn of the newly discovered human ability to create quantum effects that do not exist in nature.
+I was very intrigued by the idea of ​​applying basic laws of physics to strengthen encryption.
+Currently, a handful of companies and research institutes around the world, including myself, are maturing this technology for practical use.
+That is correct.
+We are now preparing to fight quantum and quantum.
+So how does this work?
+First, let's take a quick look at the world of cryptography.
+For that, you need a briefcase, some important documents you want to send to your friend James Bond, and a key to keep them all safe.
+The document is top secret, so we use a sophisticated briefcase.
+It has a special dial lock that converts all text in the document into random numbers when closed.
+There, he puts the papers inside and locks it, at which point the papers are converted into random numbers and he sends the briefcase to James.
+Call him during delivery and give him the code.
+After receiving the briefcase, he enters the code, which unscrambles the document and, voila, sends an encrypted message to James Bond.
+(Laughter) It's an interesting example, but it shows three things that are important to cryptography.
+Code -- This is called an encryption key.
+You can think of this as a password.
+A phone giving James the code for the combination lock.
+This is called key exchange.
+This is a secure way to get your encryption keys in place.
+And a lock that encodes and decodes documents.
+This is called an encryption algorithm.
+Encode the text in the document into a random number using the key.
+A good algorithm encodes in a way that is very difficult to unscramble without the key.
+Encryption is so important because even if someone grabbed your briefcase and cut it open without your encryption key and encryption algorithm, they would not be able to read your document.
+They just look like random numbers.
+Most security systems rely on secure key exchange methods to convey cryptographic keys to the right place.
+However, the rapid increase in computing power is jeopardizing many of the key exchange methods currently in use.
+Consider one of the most widely used systems today, RSA.
+When this key was invented in 1977, it was estimated that it would take 40 quintillion years to crack a 426-bit RSA key.
+Only 17 years later, in 1994, the code was broken.
+As computers became more and more powerful, they had to use larger and larger codes.
+Today we routinely use 2048 or 4096 bits.
+As you can see, coders and breakers are in an ongoing battle to outsmart each other.
+And with the advent of quantum computers in the next 10-15 years, we will be able to crack even more rapidly the complex mathematics that underlie many of today's cryptographic systems.
+In fact, quantum computers could turn our current security castles into mere castles of cards.
+We have to find a way to defend our castle.
+In recent years, an increasing number of studies have explored the use of quantum effects to enhance cryptography.
+And there have been some exciting advances as well.
+Remember the three essential ingredients for cryptography: high-quality keys, secure key exchange, and strong algorithms?
+Advances in science and engineering are jeopardizing two of these three factors.
+The keys first.
+Random numbers are the basic building blocks of cryptographic keys.
+But nowadays they are not really random.
+Currently, we construct cryptographic keys from a series of software-generated random numbers, so-called pseudo-random numbers.
+Subtle patterns probably exist in numbers generated by programs and mathematical recipes.
+The less random a number is, or in scientific terms, the less entropy it contains, the easier it is to predict.
+Recently, several casinos have been the victims of creative attacks.
+Slot machine outputs were recorded and analyzed over a period of time.
+This allowed cybercriminals to reverse engineer the pseudo-random number generator behind the spinning wheel.
+And we were able to predict the rotation of the wheels with a high degree of accuracy, and we were able to obtain a large economic benefit.
+Similar risks apply to encryption keys.
+Therefore, a true random number generator is essential for secure cryptography.
+Researchers have been looking at building true random number generators for years.
+But most designs to date are either not random enough, not fast enough, or not easily reproducible.
+But the quantum world is really random.
+So it makes sense to take advantage of this inherent randomness.
+Devices that can measure quantum effects can generate fast, infinite streams of random numbers.
+Stop all potential casino criminals.
+A select group of universities and companies around the world are dedicated to building true random number generators.
+At my company, the quantum random number generator started running on a 2m x 1m optical table.
+I was then able to scale it down to a server-sized box.
+It has now been miniaturized to a PCI card that can be plugged into a standard computer.
+This is the fastest true random number generator in the world.
+Measure quantum effects to generate billions of random numbers per second.
+And it's now being used by cloud providers, banks, and government agencies around the world to improve security.
+(Applause.) But even with true random number generators, the second big cyber threat still exists: secure key exchange.
+Current key-exchange techniques are not quantum-computer-proof.
+A quantum solution to this problem, called quantum key distribution (QKD), takes advantage of a fundamental and counterintuitive property of quantum mechanics.
+The very act of looking at a quantum particle changes it.
+Let's give an example of how this works.
+Once again, consider trading James Bond and The Rock code.
+But this time, instead of calling to give James the code, it uses the quantum effect of a laser to carry the code and send it to James over standard fiber optics.
+Suppose Dr. No is trying to hack an exchange.
+Luckily, Dr. No's attempt to intercept the quantum key while on the move leaves fingerprints that James and you can detect.
+This will allow intercepted keys to be destroyed.
+A retained key can be used to provide very strong data protection.
+And this security is based on fundamental laws of physics that even quantum computers, or even future supercomputers, cannot break.
+My team and I are working with leading universities and defense departments to mature this exciting technology into next-generation security products.
+The Internet of Things ushers in a hyperconnected era, with 25-30 billion devices projected to be connected by 2020.
+Trust in the systems that support these connected devices is essential for our society to function properly in the world of IoT.
+We believe quantum technology is essential to providing this trust, enabling us to maximize the benefits of the amazing innovations that enrich our lives.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So today I would like to talk about bionics. Bionics is a general term for the science of replacing parts of living organisms with mechatronic devices, or robots.
+It is essentially a fusion of life and machine.
+Specifically, I want to talk about how bionics are evolving for people who have had their arms amputated.
+This is our motivation.
+Amputation of the arm causes great disability.
+In other words, the dysfunction is clear.
+Our hands are wonderful instruments.
+And losing either, much less both, makes it much harder to do what you need to do physically.
+The psychological impact is also great.
+And in fact, I spend as much time in my clinic emotionally adjusting my patients as I do treating physical disorders.
+And finally, it has a great impact on society.
+We speak with our hands.
+We greet each other with our hands.
+And we interact with the physical world with our hands.
+And when they are missing, that becomes a barrier.
+Arm amputation is usually caused by trauma such as a work accident, a car crash, or a very painful war.
+Some children are born without arms, called congenital limb defects.
+Unfortunately, we are not very good when it comes to upper limb prostheses.
+There are generally two types.
+These are called body-powered prosthetic legs, invented shortly after the Civil War and improved during World War I and II.
+Here is the Arm patent of 1912.
+Not too different from what I see in my patients.
+They work using the power of their shoulders.
+Therefore, if you strain your shoulder, the cable of the bicycle will be pulled.
+And that bike cable can open and close hands, open and close hooks, and bend elbows.
+We still use them often because they are very robust and relatively simple devices.
+The cutting edge is what we call myoelectric prostheses.
+These are motorized devices controlled by small electrical signals from muscles.
+Every time a muscle contracts, it releases a small amount of electricity. This can be recorded by antennas or electrodes and used to manipulate the powered prosthesis.
+It is very effective for people who have just lost their hands because they still have muscles in their hands.
+When you squeeze your hand, these muscles contract.
+When opened, these muscles contract.
+So it's intuitive and works really well.
+But what about higher-level disconnects?
+Now you are missing your arm above the elbow.
+Not only these muscles, but also hands and elbows are missing.
+What is your occupation?
+Now, our patient has to use a very codey system of manipulating robotic limbs using only arm muscles.
+We have robotic limbs.
+They just include hands that open and close, wrist swivels, and elbows.
+No other functions.
+If so, how do we tell them what to do?
+We built our own arms at our Chicago Rehabilitation Lab, adding wrist flexion and shoulder joints to allow up to 6 motors, or 6 degrees of freedom.
+And we have had the opportunity to use these prototypes with up to 10 different degrees of freedom, including movable hands, to work with some very advanced weaponry funded by the US military.
+But after all, how do we tell these robotic arms what to do?
+How do we control them?
+We need neural interfaces. It's a way to connect with your nervous system and thought processes in a way that's intuitive and natural, like you and me.
+Now, the body works by initiating motor commands in the brain and exiting nerves through the spinal cord to the periphery.
+And your feeling is just the opposite.
+When you touch yourself, it stimulates the same nerves back to your brain.
+Even if you lose your arm, your nervous system is still functioning.
+Those nerves can give out command signals.
+And if I squeeze a WWII veteran's nerves, he'll still feel his lost hand.
+So one might say, let's go to the brain and put something in it to record the signal, or try to record the signal in the peripheral nerve endings.
+These are very exciting areas of research, but really, really difficult.
+To record from tiny individual neurons, ordinary fibers that emit tiny microvolt signals, you need to insert hundreds of tiny wires.
+And it is too difficult for my patients now and today to use.
+So we developed another approach.
+We use bioamplifiers to amplify these nerve signals, or muscles.
+Muscle amplifies nerve signals by a factor of about 1,000, making it possible to record nerve signals over the skin, as we saw earlier.
+Our approach is therefore what we call targeted reinnervation.
+For someone who has lost an entire arm, imagine that the arm still has four major nerves running through it.
+Then remove the nerve from the chest muscle and grow it there.
+Now, if you think, "I'm going to close my hands," the small part of my chest will contract.
+When you think, "Let's bend the elbow," another part contracts.
+Then you can use electrodes or antennas to pick it up and tell the arm to move it.
+That's the idea.
+So this is the first man we've tried it with.
+His name is Jesse Sullivan.
+He's truly a saint among men - the 54-year-old lineman who had to amputate his shoulder after touching the wrong wire and badly burning both arms.
+Jessie came to RIC to be fitted with these cutting edge devices. Here is that device.
+I'm still using that old technology and have my bike cable on his right side.
+Then select which joint you want to move with the jaw switch.
+He wears a state-of-the-art electric prosthesis with these three joints on his left side, manipulating a small pad on his shoulder to move his arm.
+Jesse is a good crane operator and was fine by our standards.
+He also required revision surgery on his chest.
+And that provided an opportunity for targeted reinnervation.
+So my colleague Dr. Greg Dumanian performed the operation.
+First, we cut the nerve leading to his own muscle, then we took the nerve in his arm and moved it to his chest to make him close.
+And after about 3 months, my nerves grew a little and I was able to have a spasm.
+And after 6 months, the nerves were well grown and showed strong contractions.
+And here it is.
+This happens when Jessie opens and closes her hands, bends and extends her elbows.
+You can see his chest move. Those little hash marks are where we put our antennas or electrodes.
+And I challenge anyone in the room to make their breasts this big.
+His brain is thinking about his arms.
+He hasn't learned how to do this with his chest.
+No learning process.
+That's why it's so intuitive.
+So here is my first little test with Jesse.
+On the left you can see his original prosthetic leg. He uses these switches to move small blocks from one box to another.
+He's had that arm for about 20 months, so it's pretty good.
+On the right, 2 months after he received the targeted reinnervation prosthesis. By the way, this is the same physical arm, just programmed a little differently. You can see that he moves faster and smoother. these little blocks.
+Only 3 of the signals are currently available.
+And then one of the little surprises in science happened.
+Therefore, we are all motivated to obtain motor commands to drive our robotic arms.
+And a few months later, when you touched Jesse's chest, Jesse felt his missing hand.
+Perhaps because we removed so much fat, the feeling of his hands spread across his chest again. So the skin was just underneath the muscle, and it kind of cut off the nerves in his skin.
+If you touch Jesse here, he will feel his thumb. He feels his little finger when I touch it here.
+Feel a light touch down to 1 gram of force.
+He feels hot, cold, sharp, or dull in his missing hand, or in both his hand and chest, but he can deal with either.
+This is really exciting for us. Because we got a portal, a portal, or a way to potentially regain our senses so we can feel what he touches with his prosthetic hand.
+Imagine a hand sensor approaching and pushing against this new hand skin.
+It was very exciting.
+We have also continued with a population that was initially primarily composed of people with amputations above the elbow.
+Here, we remove or cut off the nerve from a small part of the muscle, leaving the other part that gives the up/down signal and the other two parts that give the hand open/close signal.
+This was one of our first patients, Chris.
+On the left is him with the original device for 8 months, on the right is 2 months.
+He's about 4-5 times faster on this simple little performance metric.
+So one of the best parts of my job is working with some really amazing patients who are also collaborators.
+And today we were lucky enough to have Amanda Kitts come and join us.
+Welcome Amanda Kitz.
+(Applause.) So, Amanda, can you tell us how you lost your arm?
+Amanda Kitz: Right. In 2006 I had a car accident.
+And as I was driving home from work, a truck came from the opposite direction, came into my lane, ran over my car and tore off my arm at the axle.
+Todd Kuiken: Well, you recovered after the amputation.
+And you have one of these conventional weapons.
+Can you tell me how it worked?
+AK: Well, it was a little difficult, because all I had to work on was my biceps and triceps.
+So for simple small movements like picking something up, you had to bend your elbow, and to change modes you had to bend your elbow.
+Then I had to use my biceps to close my hands, my triceps to open my hands, and co-contract again to get my elbows working again.
+TK: So you were a little late?
+AK: It was kind of slow and hard to work with.
+I had to concentrate so much.
+TK: Okay. Nine months later, I underwent targeted reinnervation surgery and I believe it took another six months to restore all innervation.
+We then fitted her with a prosthesis.
+How did it help you?
+AK: It works.
+I can now use my elbows and hands at the same time.
+Only my thoughts could move them.
+Therefore, there was no need to do joint contracting or anything like that.
+TK: Are you a little faster?
+AK: A little faster. Easier and more natural.
+TK: Okay, this was my goal.
+For 20 years my goal has been to help someone use elbows and hands at the same time in an intuitive way.
+Today, more than 50 patients worldwide have undergone this procedure, including more than a dozen wounded US soldiers.
+The success rate of nerve transplantation is very high.
+About 96 percent.
+This is because they have thick nerves running through small muscles.
+And realize intuitive control.
+Our functional tests, all these little tests, show us that they are much faster and much easier.
+And most importantly, patients appreciate it.
+It was very exciting.
+But we want to make it better.
+These neural signals contain a lot of information, and we wanted to get even more.
+Each finger can be moved. You can move your thumb and wrist.
+Could we get more out of it?
+So we lavished our poor patients with hundreds of millions of electrodes and asked them to perform 20 different tasks, from wiggling fingers to moving whole arms to reaching for something. , conducted an experiment to record the data.
+And we used some algorithms that are very similar to speech recognition algorithms, called pattern recognition.
+look.
+(Laughter) Now you can see three different patterns on Jesse's chest when he tries to do three different things.
+But you can't put the electrodes in and say, "Go there."
+So we worked with our colleagues at the University of New Brunswick to come up with this algorithmic control that Amanda is now able to demonstrate.
+AK: Your elbows go up and down.
+I have wrist rotation and can rotate all around.
+And then there is wrist flexion and extension.
+And the hands are also closed and open.
+TK: Thank you Amanda.
+Now this is the research department, but it's made with commercial components down here and some borrowed from around the world.
+It weighs about 7 pounds, and if I lost an arm here it would probably weigh as much as mine.
+Obviously, it's heavy on Amanda.
+In fact, it feels even heavier because it's not glued.
+She carries all her weight through her harness.
+So the exciting part isn't the mechatronics, it's the controls.
+So we developed a tiny microcomputer flashing somewhere on her back. This is all manipulated by the way she trains to use individual muscle signals.
+So, Amanda, when you first started using this arm, how long did it take you to use it?
+AK: The training time was probably around 3-4 hours.
+I couldn't train anywhere because I had to be connected to a computer.
+So when it stopped working, I just had to remove it.
+Now you can train with just this little piece on your back.
+I can wear it around.
+If for some reason it stops working, you can retrain it.
+It takes about 1 minute.
+TK: I'm really excited because we're getting to a clinically viable device.
+And that's our goal - to wear something clinically practical.
+We also gave Amanda access to some of the more advanced arms we showed you earlier.
+This is Amanda using an arm made by DEKA Research Corporation.
+And I think Dean Kamen put it out at TED a few years ago.
+So you can see that Amanda has very good control.
+It's all about pattern recognition.
+And now it has hands that can hold a variety of things.
+What we do is really open up to the patient and ask, "What kind of hand grip pattern do you want?"
+Once in that mode, this hand can hold up to 5 or 6 different hands.
+Amanda, how many can you do with the DEKA arm?
+AK: We got four.
+I had a key grip, I had a chuck grip, I had a power grip and I had a fine pinch.
+But my favorite is when I just have my hands open. I work with kids so I always clap and sing and it was great to be able to do that again.
+TK: Those hands aren't very good for clapping.
+AK: You can't clap this.
+TK: Okay. So if we can develop mechatronics that are good enough to be marketed and used in field trials, it will be interesting to see how far we can take advantage of the better mechatronics.
+Please look carefully.
+(Video) Claudia: Oooh!
+TK: That's Claudia, but that was the first time she felt a sensation through her prosthetic leg.
+She has a small sensor on the edge of the prosthesis that she rubs against different surfaces, and when pressed against the skin of her reinnervated hands, she senses different textures of sandpaper, different sands, and ribbon cables. I could feel it.
+She said she felt her fingers tremble just by running it over the table.
+This is an interesting experiment on how to potentially restore skin sensation.
+But here is another video showing some of our challenges.
+This is Jessie, holding a foam toy.
+And the harder he squeezes, the more you see a little black thing in the middle. This pushes his skin in proportion to how hard he grips.
+But look at all the electrodes around it.
+I have a real estate problem.
+I'm supposed to have a lot of these things, but the little motors are making all sorts of noises right next to my electrodes.
+So we're very challenged about what we're doing there.
+The future is bright.
+We are excited about where we are and what we want to do.
+For example, solving real estate problems and getting a better signal is one.
+We hope to develop tiny capsules, about the size of risotto, that can be placed in muscles to remotely measure EMG signals without worrying about electrode contact.
+And you can open up real estate to experiment with more sensory feedback.
+I want to build better arms.
+This arm has always been made for 50th percentile men, which means it's too big for 5/8ths of the world.
+So instead of a super-strong or super-fast arm, you're starting with a woman in the 25th percentile, but creating an arm that wraps around the hand, opens it fully, and has a 2-degree angle. Freedom of wrists and elbows.
+Therefore, it will be the smallest, lightest and smartest arm ever made.
+If you can get it this small, it's much easier to make it bigger.
+So these are just some of our goals.
+And thank you very much for being here today.
+I would like to talk a little bit about the dark side in yesterday's theme.
+So Amanda comes in jet-lagged, using her arms, and everything goes wrong.
+Computer failures, broken wires, sparks from converters, etc.
+We removed the entire circuit in the hotel and tried to activate the fire alarm.
+None of these issues have been addressed by me, but I have a really good research team.
+And thankfully Dr. Annie Simon was with us and worked hard to fix it yesterday.
+That's science.
+And luckily today it worked.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+(music) What you've just heard is the interaction of pressure, wind, and temperature readings recorded during Hurricane Noel in 2007.
+Musicians played three-dimensional graphs of weather data like this.
+Every bead, every colored band represents a weather element, which can also be read as a musical note.
+I find the weather very attractive.
+Weather is a collection of systems, essentially invisible to most of us.
+So I use sculpture and music to make it not only visible, but also tactile and audible.
+All my work starts very simply.
+I use very low-tech data collection devices (usually anything you can find in a hardware store) to extract information from your specific environment.
+Then compare your information with what you find on the Internet (satellite imagery, weather data from weather stations and offshore buoys).
+This is both historical data and actual data.
+Then put all those numbers together in the clipboard you see here.
+These clipboards are packed with numbers.
+With all these numbers, we start with just two or three variables.
+That's where my translation process began.
+My translation medium is a very simple basket.
+A basket consists of horizontal and vertical elements.
+By assigning values ​​to vertical and horizontal elements, you can create forms that take advantage of changes in those data points over time.
+I use natural reeds because they are in tension and cannot be fully controlled.
+In other words, the number is controlling the form, not me.
+This is what I came up with.
+These forms consist entirely of meteorological or scientific data.
+Beads of all colors, strings of all colors represent weather elements.
+And the combination of these elements not only builds forms, but also reveals behavioral relationships that are not perceptible in two-dimensional graphs.
+If you look closer, you'll see that it's all made up of numbers.
+Vertical elements are assigned specific times of the day.
+In other words, there is a 24-hour timeline across the board.
+However, it is also used to assign temperature ranges.
+On that grid you can interweave high tide readings, water temperature, air temperature and moon age.
+Sometimes I convert meteorological data into sheet music.
+Sheet music also allows for more nuanced translations without compromising information.
+Therefore, all these scores are constructed from meteorological data.
+Every color, every dot, every line is a weather element.
+And these variables together make up the score.
+I use these scores to collaborate with musicians.
+This is the 1913 trio performing one of my works at the Milwaukee Art Museum.
+In the meantime, I use these scores as blueprints for converting them into sculptural forms like this one. It still works in the sense of a 3D weather visualization, but now with a visual matrix of sheet music embedded in it, it actually does. read as sheet music.
+What I love about this work is that it challenges our assumptions about what visual vocabulary belongs to the world of art rather than science.
+This work can be read quite differently depending on where it is placed.
+If you put it in a museum, it becomes a sculpture.
+Put this in a science museum and it will visualize your data in three dimensions.
+Put it in a music hall and suddenly it becomes a sheet music.
+And I really like it. Because viewers are really challenged as to what visual language is part of science, art and music.
+Another reason I like it is that it provides another entry point into complex science.
+And not everyone has a PhD. in science.
+So for me, it was my way.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+You all know the truth of what I am about to say.
+I think the intuition that inequality is divisive and corrosive to society existed even before the French Revolution.
+What has changed is that we can now look at the evidence and compare societies, compare societies that have become less equal, and see how inequality affects them.
+I'll look at that data and then explain why the links I'm about to show you exist.
+But before that, see how miserable we are.
+(Laughter.) But I want to start with a paradox.
+It shows life expectancy relative to gross national income, or how wealthy a country is on average.
+And it turns out that countries such as Norway and America on the right are twice as rich as Israel, Greece and Portugal on the left.
+And it doesn't affect their life expectancy at all.
+There is nothing there to suggest a relationship.
+But if we look at our society, we see an unusual social gradient in health status across society.
+This is also life expectancy.
+These are small areas of England and Wales, the poorest on the right and the richest on the left.
+There is a big difference between the poor and the rest.
+Even people just below the top are in less good health than those at the top.
+Income therefore means something very important within our society and nothing between societies.
+The explanation for this contradiction lies in how we relate to society in terms of our relative incomes, social status, social status—what position we are in each other—and the size of the disparity between us. It means that we are paying attention to
+And when you come up with that idea, you should immediately wonder. What happens if you widen or narrow the gap, widen or narrow the income gap?
+I will show you that.
+No hypothetical data were used.
+I have data from the United Nations on the size of income inequality in these rich developed market democracies. This is the same one that the World Bank has.
+The scale we used is easy to download and shows how wealthier the top 20 percent are relative to the bottom 20 percent in each country.
+And in the more equal countries on the left, Japan, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, we find that the top 20 percent are about 3.5 times wealthier than the bottom 20 percent, or four times as much.
+But on the more unequal side, the United Kingdom, Portugal, the United States and Singapore, the difference is double.
+By that measure, our country is twice as unequal as some other successful market democracies.
+Then I will explain what it does for our society.
+We collected data on problems with social gradients, the kinds of problems commonly found at the bottom of the social ladder.
+Internationally comparable data on life expectancy, child mathematics and literacy, infant mortality rates, homicide rates, prison population proportions, teenage fertility rates, prestige, obesity and mental illness. Standard diagnostic categories also include drug and alcoholism, and social mobility.
+Combine them all into one index.
+They are all equally weighted.
+Where the country is is kind of an average score on these.
+And we see that in relation to the measure of inequality we just presented. You will use this many times in your data.
+The more unequal countries are, the worse off they are at addressing all sorts of social problems.
+A very close correlation.
+But when you compare the same indicators of health and social problems with GNP per capita or Gross National Income, there is nothing there, no longer correlated.
+We were a little worried that people would think we were fabricating evidence by picking issues to suit our claims, so we published a paper on the UNICEF Child Happiness Index in the British Medical Journal.
+Contains 40 different components assembled by others.
+These include whether children can talk to their parents, whether they have books at home, what vaccination rates are, and whether there is bullying at school.
+everything goes in there.
+Here we are concerned with the same inequality measure.
+In more unequal societies, the situation for children is even worse.
+very important relationship.
+But again, looking at measures of child welfare relative to per capita national income, there is no relevance, nor is there any suggestion that it does.
+All the data presented so far show the same thing.
+Our society's average well-being no longer depends on national income or economic growth.
+It is very important in poor countries, but not in rich developed countries.
+But the differences between us and where we stand in relation to each other are very important now.
+Here are some individual parts of the index.
+For example, here is trust.
+It's simply the percentage of the population that most people agree can be trusted.
+This is taken from the World Values ​​Survey.
+More unequal, about 15 percent of the population feels they can trust others.
+But in more equal societies, that percentage rises to 60 or 65 percent.
+And when looking at measures of community life and engagement with social capital, very similar relationships are closely associated with inequality.
+You could say we did all this work twice.
+We experimented first in these rich developed countries, then repeated everything in 50 US states as another testbed. I asked the exact same question. “Do states with more inequality perform worse for all these types of measures?”
+Here's the credibility we get from the federal government's general social survey on inequality.
+We see very similar variability across a similar range of confidence levels.
+Same thing is happening.
+Essentially, it turns out that almost everything related to international trust is related to inter-50-state trust in that separate testbed.
+We're not just talking flukes.
+This is mental illness.
+WHO compiled figures using the same diagnostic interviews on random samples of the population so that the prevalence of mental illness in different societies could be compared.
+This is the percentage of the population who suffered from some form of mental illness in the previous year.
+And that's about 8 percent to up to three times that, or triple the level of mental illness in society as a whole compared to other countries.
+And it is also closely related to inequality.
+This is violence.
+These red dots are US states and the blue triangles are Canadian provinces.
+But look at the magnitude of the difference.
+The number of homicides increases from 15 to 150 per million.
+This is the percentage of the population that is in prison.
+When scaled up logarithmically, there is about a 10x difference.
+But there will be about 40 to 400 people in prison.
+This relationship is not primarily driven by an increase in crime.
+In some places it's part of it.
+But most of them are about more punitive, harsher sentences.
+And the death penalty is more likely to persist in unequal societies.
+Here are the kids who dropped out of high school.
+Again, a pretty big difference.
+It is very harmful when it comes to exploiting the talent of the people.
+This is social mobility.
+This is actually an income-based mobility measure.
+Basically, I'm asking whether rich fathers have rich sons and poor fathers have poor sons, or is there any relationship between the two?
+In even more unequal situations, the father's income is far more important in the UK and the US.
+And in Scandinavian countries, the father's income is not so important.
+Increased social mobility.
+And we want to say, we know there are a lot of Americans in our audience here, but if Americans want to live the American Dream, they should go to Denmark.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I've shown a few things here in italics.
+I could point to many other problems.
+These are all issues that tend to be more prevalent at the bottom of the social gradient.
+But the problems with social gradients are endless, and worse in more unequal countries, not just a little worse, but two to ten times more common.
+Think about the cost and the human cost.
+I want to go back to this graph that I showed you earlier and put it all together to see two things.
+One is that looking from graph to graph, whatever the outcome, the worse performing countries appear to be more unequal, while the strong performers appear to be the Nordic countries and Japan. .
+So what we're looking at is general social dysfunction related to inequality.
+It's not just one or two that go wrong, but most things.
+Another very important point I would like to make about this graph is that if you look at the bottom, Sweden and Japan are very different countries in every respect.
+The position of women, their intimate relationship with the nuclear family, are at opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of wealthy developed countries.
+But another really important difference is how we achieve greater equality.
+Sweden has a large income gap, but is narrowing it through tax systems, an integrated welfare state and generous benefits.
+However, Japan is quite different.
+It starts with a much smaller difference in pre-tax earnings.
+lower taxes.
+Welfare states are small.
+And if you analyze American states, you'll find much the same contrast.
+Some states are doing better because of redistribution, while others are doing better because the difference in pre-tax income is small.
+So we come to the conclusion that it doesn't really matter how we achieve greater equality, as long as we get there somehow.
+I'm not talking about perfect equality, I'm talking about what exists in affluent advanced market democracies.
+Another really surprising aspect of the situation is that it is not just the poor who are affected by inequality.
+There seems to be some truth in John Donne's "Man is not an Island".
+And in many studies it is possible to compare how people in more or less equal countries behave at each level of the social hierarchy.
+This is just one example.
+That's infant mortality.
+Some Swedes have very kindly classified many of the infant deaths according to the British General Socioeconomic Classification Register.
+So anachronistically, the classification is based on the father's occupation, leaving the single parent on his own.
+But when it says "lower social class" it means simple manual labor.
+It progresses to intermediate skilled manual workers, then to lower non-manual workers, and then to professional occupations such as doctors, lawyers, and directors of large corporations.
+There you can see Sweden outperforms the UK across social strata.
+The biggest difference is at the bottom of society.
+But even at the top, there seems to be a small advantage to being in a more equal society.
+We show that from about five different datasets covering education outcomes and health nationally and internationally.
+And that seems to be the big picture. The more equality makes the biggest difference at the bottom, but it also has some benefits at the top.
+But I have to say a few words about what is going on.
+I think I look at and talk about the psychosocial impact of inequality.
+It has to do with feelings of superiority and inferiority, of being valued and not valued, respected and disrespected.
+And, of course, the sense of status competition that arises drives consumerism in our society.
+It also leads to status insecurity.
+We worry more about how we are judged and perceived by others, whether we are considered attractive, how smart we are, and so on.
+Increased social judgment and increased fear of that social judgment.
+Interestingly, there are also some parallel studies going on in social psychology. Others have reviewed 208 different studies in which volunteers were invited to a psychology lab and measured stress hormones, reactions to stressful tasks.
+And what they wanted to know in this review was what kind of stress most reliably raises levels of the central stress hormone, cortisol.
+And the conclusion was that it was a task that involved social evaluation threats—threats to self-esteem and social status that others might evaluate your performance negatively.
+This kind of stress has a very specific effect on the physiology of stress.
+Now we are being criticized.
+Of course, some people hate this, and others are very surprised.
+However, when people criticize us for data cues, we have to point out that we are not data choosers.
+There is an absolute rule that if the data source contains data for any of the countries of interest, it will be included in the analysis.
+The data source determines whether it is authoritative data, but we are not.
+Otherwise, prejudice will arise.
+what about other countries?
+Peer-reviewed academic journals contain 200 studies on health as it relates to income and equality.
+This is not limited to these countries and hides a very simple demo.
+Same country, same measure of inequality, problem after problem.
+Why not control for other factors?
+Now, we see that there is no difference in GNP per capita.
+And, of course, some use more sophisticated methods in the literature to manage things like poverty and education.
+What about causality?
+Correlation itself does not prove causation.
+I am having a good time.
+And indeed, people are well aware of the causality of some of these outcomes.
+A major shift in our understanding of chronic health factors in affluent developed countries is how chronic stress from social factors has important effects on the immune and cardiovascular systems. .
+Or, for example, that violence becomes more common in more unequal societies because people are more sensitive to being looked down upon.
+To deal with this, I should say that we have to deal with the after-tax and pre-tax things.
+We must limit the income, the income of the bonus culture.
+I think we have to hold bosses accountable to their employees in every possible way.
+But I think the message I get is that reducing the income gap between us can improve the real quality of human life.
+All of a sudden, we have a grasp on the psychosocial well-being of society as a whole, which is very exciting.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+thank you.
+I am very happy to be here.
+I think the last time I gave a TED Talk was about seven years ago.
+We talked about spaghetti sauce.
+And I think so many people are watching those videos.
+Since then, people have come to me asking about spaghetti sauce. That's great in the short term (laughs), but in seven years it turned out not to be ideal.
+So I thought I'd try putting the spaghetti sauce in the back.
+(Laughter) The theme for this morning's session is "What we make."
+So I thought I'd tell you about a man who made one of the most precious objects of his time.
+The man's name is Karl Norden.
+Karl Norden was born in 1880.
+And he was Swiss.
+And, of course, the Swiss are broadly divided into two categories. Those who make small, fine, and expensive things, and those who handle the money of those who buy small, fine, and expensive things.
+And Karl Norden firmly belongs to the former camp.
+he is an engineer
+He attends the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.
+In fact, one of his classmates was a young man named Lenin, who kept breaking small, expensive and elaborate objects.
+He's Karl, a Swiss engineer.
+And I mean it in the fullest sense of the word.
+He wears a three piece suit. And he has a very, very small mustache. And he's domineering, narcissistic, impulsive, and has an insane ego. And he works 16 hours a day. And he has a very strong feeling for interaction. And he feels that tanning is a sign of moral weakness. And he drinks a lot of coffee. And he sits for hours in his mother's kitchen in Zurich, doing his best work in total silence using nothing but a slide rule.
+In any case, Karl Norden immigrated to the United States shortly before World War I and set up shop on Lafayette Street in downtown Manhattan.
+And he becomes obsessed with the question of how to drop a bomb from an airplane.
+Come to think of it, it was obviously a very difficult problem in the days before GPS and radar.
+It's a complex physics problem.
+Imagine you're trying to drop an object, a bomb, at a stationary target in a plane thousands of feet above you, at hundreds of miles an hour, facing all kinds of winds and clouds. Covers and all other types of obstacles.
+And in the years leading up to World War I and between World War I and World War II, all sorts of people tried to solve this problem, but almost all failed. .
+The available bombsights were incredibly crude.
+However, it was Karl Norden who actually cracked the code.
+And he came up with this incredibly complicated device.
+Weighs about 50 pounds.
+It is called the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
+And it has all kinds of levers, ball bearings, gadgets and gauges.
+And he makes this complicated.
+And what he can do for people is have the bomber shoot this particular object and visually aim the target. Because they are inside the Plexiglas cone of the bomber. Then enter the altitude of the plane and the speed of the plane. , wind speed and target coordinates.
+And the bombsight tells you when to drop the bomb.
+And, as Norden famously said, "Before those bombsights, bombs were routinely more than a mile off target."
+But a Mark 15 Norden bombsight, he said, could drop a bomb on a pickle barrel at an altitude of 20,000 feet.
+Words cannot now express how incredibly excited the US military was at the news of the Norden bombsight.
+It was like manna given from heaven.
+Here we have an army that has just gone through World War I, millions of soldiers fighting each other in trenches, going nowhere, making no progress. So someone has invented a device that allows them to fly. Fly over enemy territory and destroy exactly what they want.
+And the U.S. military spent $1.5 billion—$1 billion in 1940 terms—developing the Norden bombsight.
+To put it into perspective, the total cost of the Manhattan Project was $3 billion.
+Half the money spent on the most famous military-industrial project of our time was spent on this Norden bombsight.
+And there were strategists within the U.S. military who seriously believed that this single device could be the difference between defeat and victory in the fight against the Nazis and against Japan.
+And even for Norden, the device was incredibly morally important. Because Norden was a devout Christian.
+In fact, he always got angry when people said the bombsight was his invention. Because in his eyes only God can invent things.
+He was simply an instrument of God's will.
+And what was God's will?
+Well, God's will was to minimize the amount of suffering in any kind of war.
+And what did the Norden bombsight do?
+Well, now you can.
+This allowed me to only bomb what I absolutely needed and wanted to bomb.
+As such, in the years leading up to World War II, the U.S. military purchased 90,000 of these Norden bombsights at $14,000 each. This is also the equivalent of $1940.
+And they trained 50,000 bombers to use it. That is, long training sessions over several months. Because these are essentially analog computers. It's hard to use.
+And they have all the bombers take an oath and swear that if they are caught they will never divulge any details of this particular piece of equipment to the enemy, because the enemy must not get hold of this absolutely essential piece of equipment. is. part of the technology.
+And whenever a Norden bombsight is brought onto the plane, it is escorted by a series of armed guards.
+It is then shipped in a box covered with a canvas shroud.
+And the box is handcuffed by one of the guards.
+Photography is strictly prohibited.
+A small incendiary device is installed inside, so even if the plane crashes, it will be destroyed and the enemy cannot get it.
+The Norden bombsight is the Holy Grail.
+So what happened during World War II?
+Well, it turns out it's not the Holy Grail.
+In reality, the Norden bombsight can drop a pickle barrel at 20,000 feet, but under perfect conditions.
+And, of course, in wartime the situation is not perfect.
+First of all, this is really hard to use, really hard to use.
+And not all of the 50,000 bombers have the ability to properly program analog computers.
+Second, there are many breakdowns.
+It's packed with gyroscopes, pulleys, gadgets, and ball bearings of all kinds, but they don't do their job in intense combat.
+Third, when Norden did his calculations, he assumed that the plane would fly at low altitude and relatively slow speed.
+You can't do that in real war. You will be shot down.
+There they began flying at high altitudes and incredible speeds.
+And the Norden bombsight doesn't work well in that situation.
+But above all, the Norden bombsight required the bombardier to make visual contact with the target.
+But of course, what would happen in real life?
+There are clouds.
+A cloudless sky is required for truly accurate measurements.
+Now, how many times do you think there were cloudless skies over Central Europe between 1940 and 1945?
+Not much.
+And to give you an idea of ​​just how inaccurate the Norden bombsight was, there was the famous Allied bombing of a chemical plant in Leuna, Germany, in 1944.
+And the chemical plant consisted of 757 acres.
+During 22 bombing missions, the Allies dropped 85,000 bombs on this 757-acre chemical plant using Norden bombsights.
+Now, what percentage of these bombs do you think actually landed in the 700 acres surrounding the factory?
+10 percent. 10 percent.
+And of the 10 percent that landed, 16 percent didn't even take off. they were duds.
+The Leuna chemical plant was up and running within weeks after being hit by one of the most massive bombings in war history.
+By the way, all the precautions to keep the Norden bombsight out of Nazi hands?
+Well, it turns out that Karl Norden, being Swiss by birth, was very much into German engineers.
+So in the 1930s he hired a lot of people. Among them was a man named Hermann Long, who in 1938 gave the Nazis a set of blueprints for the Norden bombsight.
+So they had their own Norden bomb sights throughout the war, which incidentally didn't work too well either.
+(Laughter) So why talk about Norden bombsights?
+Because we live in an age where there are a lot of Norden bombsights.
+We live in an era where really, really smart people are running around saying they've invented a gadget that will change the world forever.
+They invented a website that set people free.
+They invented some kind of this and that that will make our world better forever.
+If you go to the military, you'll also find plenty of Karl Norden.
+If you go to the Pentagon, they'll say, "Look, you can really put a bomb in a pickle barrel at 20,000 feet."
+And you know, it's true. They can actually do it now.
+But I have to clarify how little it means.
+In the Iraq War, at the start of the First Iraq War, the US military, the Air Force, sent two squadrons of F-15E fighter Eagles, equipped with these $5 million cameras that could see the entire desert, to Iraq. sent to the desert. floor.
+And their mission was to find and destroy - remember the Scud missile launchers, the surface-to-air missiles the Iraqis were firing at the Israelis?
+The task of the two squadrons was to remove all Scud missile launchers.
+And they worked day and night, dropping thousands of bombs and firing thousands of missiles to remove this particular scourge.
+And after the war was over, an audit was held – as the Army and Air Force always do – and they asked the question: How many Scuds did we actually destroy?
+do you know what the answer was?
+Zero, none.
+Why?
+Is it because the weapon is less accurate?
+No, they were brilliantly accurate.
+They could have destroyed this little thing from 25,000 feet.
+The problem was that I didn't know where the Scud Launcher was.
+The problem with bombs and pickle kegs is not knowing how to find pickle kegs, rather than putting bombs inside pickle kegs.
+When it comes to war, that's always the hard question.
+Or consider the war in Afghanistan.
+What is the signature weapon of the CIA's war in northwest Pakistan?
+it's a drone. What are drones?
+Well, it's the grandson of the Norden Mark 15 bombsight.
+It's this weapon with devastating accuracy and precision.
+And over the past six years, the CIA has flown hundreds of drone missiles over northwest Pakistan, using those drones to kill 2,000 suspected Pakistani and Taliban militants.
+So how accurate are those drones?
+Well, that's unusual.
+For drone attacks, we believe we currently have 95% accuracy.
+Ninety-five percent of the people we kill need to be killed, right?
+This is one of the most staggering records in the history of modern warfare.
+But do you know what's important?
+The number of suicide and terrorist attacks against US forces in Afghanistan has increased tenfold in the exact same period that we have been using these drones with devastating precision.
+As we become more and more efficient at killing them, they become more and more angry and more and more willing to kill us.
+I haven't explained the success story to you.
+I explained the exact opposite of the success story.
+And this is the problem with our enthusiasm for what we make.
+We think our creations will solve our problems, but our problems are far more complicated than that.
+The question isn't how accurate your bombs are, but how you use them, and more importantly, whether you should use them at all.
+There is an addendum to Norden's story about Karl Norden and his fantastic bombsight.
+On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay flew over Japan and, using a Norden bombsight, dropped a very large thermonuclear device on the city of Hiroshima. is.
+And, as was typical of Norden bombsights, the bomb actually missed the target by 800 feet.
+But of course it didn't matter.
+This is the biggest irony when it comes to Norden bombsights.
+The Air Force's $1.5 billion bombsight was used to drop the $3 billion bomb, but no bombsight was needed at all.
+Meanwhile, back in New York, no one told Karl Norden that the bombsight had been used over Hiroshima.
+He was a devout Christian.
+He thought he had designed something that would reduce the cost of suffering in war.
+It would have broken his heart.
+(applause)
+I am interested in cancer and chemistry and moved to Boston from Chicago 10 years ago.
+Chemistry, as you may know, is the science of making molecules, or, in my taste, new drugs for cancer.
+And you may know that for science and medicine, Boston is a bit of a candy store.
+You can't roll a stop sign in Cambridge without running over a graduate student.
+This bar is called "The Miracle of Science".
+The sign says "lab space available".
+And it is no exaggeration to say that in the last decade we have fully witnessed the scientific revolution, the beginning of genomic medicine.
+We now know more about the patients who come to our clinic than ever before.
+And finally, we were able to answer the perennial question: Why am I getting cancer?
+This information is also pretty amazing.
+As you may know, so far in the early days of this revolution, there are probably 40,000 unique mutations affecting over 10,000 genes, and 500 of these genes are bona fide cancers. is known to be the driving force behind
+But comparatively, we have about a dozen targeted drugs.
+And when my father was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, I was acutely aware of the inadequacy of cancer care.
+We didn't fly him to Boston.
+We didn't decode his genome.
+The cause of this malignancy has been known for decades.
+These are the three proteins ras, myc and p53.
+This is old information we've known since the 80's, but there are no drugs available to prescribe to patients with many solid tumors caused by this or these three.
+Knights of the Apocalypse who are cancer.
+No ras, no myc, no p53 drugs.
+And you may, of course, ask, "Why is that?"
+And here's the scientific, albeit not very satisfying, answer: "It's too hard".
+For some reason, these three proteins have invaded what in our field's parlance is called the 'undruggable genome'. It's like calling a computer unsurfable or the moon unwalkable.
+Terrible terms of trade.
+What this means, however, is that we have failed to identify the fatty pockets in these proteins that, like molecular locksmiths, can create active small organic molecules and drug substances.
+Now, when I was training in clinical medicine, hematology, oncology, and stem cell transplantation, what instead flowed through the FDA's regulatory network were arsenic, thalidomide, and chemical derivatives of nitrogen mustard gas. was the substance of
+And now it's the 21st century.
+So, not satisfied with the performance and quality of these pharmaceuticals, I went back to chemistry school, perhaps with the idea of ​​learning the job of discovery chemistry and approaching it within this brave concept. A new world of open-source, crowd-sourced, and collaborative networks accessible within academia has the potential to bring powerful, targeted therapies to patients faster.
+So consider this an ongoing study. But I want to tell you today about a very rare cancer called midline cancer, about BRD4, the untreatable protein target that causes this cancer, and about my lab at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute with JQ1. affectionately named after the chemist Jun Qi who created this molecule.
+Now, BRD4 is an interesting protein.
+You may ask, "How do you remember you have cancer when cancer is going to kill you?"
+When you roll up your genome, split into two cells, and roll it back up again, why don't you get eyes and livers when you have all the genes necessary for this?
+I remember it being cancer.
+The reason is that cancer, like other cells in the body, puts a little molecular bookmark or a little post-it on the cell that reminds it, "I am cancer, I need to keep growing."
+And those post-its contain this protein and other proteins in its class, the so-called bromodomains.
+So we came up with the idea and rationale that we might be able to persuade cancer cells, indeed addicts, by making molecules that get into the little pocket at the base of this turning protein and prevent post-it notes from sticking. Developed. For this BRD4 protein, they are not cancer.
+So we started working on this issue.
+We developed a library of compounds and eventually arrived at this substance and a similar substance called JQ1.
+Now, as a non-pharmaceutical company, we respected that we were able to do certain things and had certain flexibility that the pharmaceutical industry did not.
+I just started emailing my friends.
+I have a small lab.
+We thought we'd send it to people to see how the molecule works.
+We sent it to Oxford, England, where a group of talented crystallographers provided this photo. This helped us understand exactly how potent this molecule is against this protein target.
+It's called shape complementarity, or the perfect fit inside the glove.
+Now, this is a very rare cancer, a BRD4-dependent cancer.
+So we worked with a sample of material collected by a young pathologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
+And when we treated these cells with this molecule, we observed something really surprising.
+The cancer cells were small, round, and rapidly dividing, growing these arms and extensions.
+they were changing shape.
+In fact, the cancer cells forgot they were cancer and were becoming normal cells.
+We were very excited about this.
+The next step is to inject this molecule into mice.
+The only problem was the lack of a mouse model for this rare cancer.
+So when we were doing this study, I was nursing a 29-year-old firefighter from Connecticut. He was dying of this incurable cancer.
+This BRD4-dependent cancer was growing throughout his left lung.
+And he had a chest tube through which a little bit of debris had drained.
+And every nurse shift, we scrapped this material.
+So we approached this patient and asked him if he would cooperate with us.
+Could we take this precious and rare cancerous substance out of this thoracic duct, drive it around town, inject it into mice, and try to do a clinical trial with a prototype drug? That would of course be impossible and, of course, it would be illegal to do it to a human being.
+And he did his duty to us.
+At the Lurie Family Center for Animal Imaging, our colleague Andrew Kung successfully grew this cancer in mice without touching the plastic.
+And look at this PET scan of a mouse, what we call a pet PET.
+Cancer is growing as a huge red mass on the hind legs of this animal.
+And as we treated it with compounds, this sugar addiction, this rapid growth, faded away.
+And in the animal on the right, you can see that the cancer is responding.
+We have now completed clinical trials in four mouse models of this disease.
+And each time we see the same thing.
+Mice with this cancer who receive the drug survive, while those who do not die quickly.
+So we started wondering what pharmaceutical companies would do at this point.
+Well, maybe they'll keep this a secret until they turn the prototype into a drug substance.
+So we did the exact opposite.
+We have published a paper describing this finding in the early prototype stage.
+We have revealed to the world the chemical identity of this molecule, usually the secret of our field.
+We told people exactly how to make it.
+We gave them our e-mail address and offered to send them a free molecule if they would write to us.
+(Laughter) We basically tried to create the most competitive environment possible in our lab.
+And this unfortunately succeeded.
+(Laughter) Because we've been sharing this molecule with 40 labs in the US and another 30 in Europe since last December. Many of them are pharmaceutical companies that are now trying to enter and target this space. Thankfully, it is currently a highly desirable cancer to study in the industry.
+But the science coming back from all these labs on the use of this molecule has provided us with insights we might not have had on our own.
+Leukemic cells treated with this compound turn into normal white blood cells.
+Mice with multiple myeloma, an incurable malignancy of the bone marrow, respond dramatically to treatment with this drug.
+You may know that fat has memory.
+I will try to demonstrate it.
+(Laughter) In fact, this molecule prevents these fat cells, the fat stem cells, from remembering how to make fat, so mice fed a high-fat diet, like people in my hometown of Chicago, can't grow. Fatty liver is a major medical problem.
+What this research has taught us, not just my lab, but our labs, and Harvard Medical School more generally, is that we have unique resources for drug discovery. It means that you have it in academia. Our center, which has probably tested more cancer molecules with scientific methods than any other center, has never created its own cancer molecules.
+For all the reasons listed here, we believe there is a great opportunity for academic centers to participate in this nascent, conceptually tricky and creative field of prototype drug discovery.
+So what's next?
+We have this molecule, but it's not a pill yet.
+Not orally bioavailable.
+It must be modified so that it can be delivered to the patient.
+And everyone in the lab feels compelled to deliver drug substances based on this molecule, especially after these patient interactions.
+This is where I think we can take advantage of your help, insight and collaborative participation.
+Unlike pharmaceutical companies, we don't have pipelines where we can deposit these molecules.
+We don't have a team of sales people or marketing people to tell us how this drug stands compared to other drugs.
+We have the ability, motivation, enthusiasm and hopefully well-funded resources to bring these molecules into the clinic while maintaining the ability to share prototype drugs worldwide. The flexibility of academic centers to work with people.
+This molecule will soon leave our bench and join a small start-up called Tensha Therapeutics.
+And in fact, this is the fourth of the molecules to "graduate" from our small drug discovery pipeline, two of which are a topical drug against cutaneous lymphoma and an oral substance for the treatment of multiple myeloma. be. We will actually be at the bedside of our first clinical trial this July, which is a huge and exciting milestone for us.
+I would like to leave you with just two ideas.
+First, if there's anything unique about this study, it's more strategy than science.
+For us, this was a social experiment. It was an experiment: "What if we were as open and honest as possible in the early stages of discovery chemistry research?"
+A string of letters, numbers, symbols and parentheses that could possibly be texted or twittered around the world is the chemical identity of our pro-compound.
+That's the information we need most from pharmaceutical companies, information about how these early prototypes work.
+However, this information is mostly confidential.
+So, from the amazing success of the computer science industry, we've downloaded two principles of open source and crowdsourcing to help accelerate the rapid and responsible delivery of targeted medicines to cancer patients. I am aiming for
+Now, the business model involves all of you.
+This research has received public funding.
+Funded by a foundation.
+And one of the things I learned in Boston is that you will do anything for cancer. i love it
+Bike across the state and walk up and down rivers.
+(Laughter) I haven't seen this kind of unique support for cancer research anywhere, really.
+We would like to thank you for your participation, cooperation and most of all, your trust in our ideas.
+(applause)
+(Applause) (Applause) I'm a paper-cutting artist.
+(laughs) I cut the story.
+So my process is pretty straightforward.
+I pick up a piece of paper and visualize my story, sometimes I sketch, sometimes I don't.
+And since my images are already in the paper, I can just delete the ones that aren't from the article.
+So, I did not arrive at paper-cutting in a straight line.
+In fact, I think it's a spiral.
+I wasn't born with a knife in my hand.
+And I have no memory of paper-cutting when I was a child.
+As a teenager I used to sketch and paint and wanted to be an artist.
+But I was also a rebel.
+And I threw everything away and went to a long series of chores.
+In it I have been a shepherd, a truck driver, a factory worker, a cleaning lady, and more.
+I worked in tourism for 1 year in Mexico and 1 year in Egypt.
+I lived in Taiwan for 2 years.
+He settled in New York and became a tour guide.
+And I still work as a tour leader, traveling back and forth between China, Tibet and Central Asia.
+It took time, of course, but as I turned 40, I decided it was time to start as an artist.
+(Applause) I chose paper cutouts because paper is cheap, light, and versatile.
+And we chose the language of silhouettes because it's graphically very efficient.
+And it's getting to the very essence of things.
+So the word "silhouette" comes from the Minister of Finance, Étienne de Silhouette.
+And he said he had cut so much budget that people could no longer afford paintings and that portraits had to be painted "in silhouette".
+(Laughter) So I created a series of images and clippings and put them together in a portfolio.
+And people said to me, like 36 views of the Empire State Building, "You're making an artist's book, aren't you?"
+That's why there are many definitions in the artist's book.
+They come in many shapes.
+But to me they are fascinating objects to visually tell a story.
+With or without words.
+And I have a passion for images and words.
+I love the relationship between puns and the unconscious.
+I love the weird parts of language.
+And wherever I lived, I learned languages, but never mastered them.
+So I am always looking for false cognates and identical words in different languages.
+As you can imagine, my native language is French.
+And my everyday language is English.
+So I did a series of tasks dealing with the same words in French and English.
+One of those works is "Spelling Spider".
+So the spelling spider is the cousin of the spelling bee.
+(Laughter) But it's more connected to the web.
+(Laughter) And this spider rotates the bilingual alphabet.
+So it can be read as "active architecture" or "active architecture".
+So this spider goes through the entire alphabet with the same adjectives and physique.
+So even if you don't know any of these languages, you can learn them quickly.
+And one of the ancient forms of books is the scroll.
+Scrolling is therefore very useful as it allows you to create large images in very small tables.
+The unintended consequence of this is that only a portion of the image is displayed, resulting in a very free-style architecture.
+And I make all those kinds of windows.
+That is, looking beyond the surface.
+It means seeing different worlds.
+And very often I was an outsider.
+So I want to know how things work and what's going on.
+So each window is an image, a world I revisit often.
+Then we revisit this world, thinking about images and clichés about what we want to do, and what the words and colloquialisms that accompany the expressions are.
+It's all "what if".
+So what if we lived in a balloon house?
+It will create a very rich world.
+And the footprints we leave on the earth will be very small.
+It will be very light.
+So sometimes I see things like EgoCentriCity or the Inner Circle from the inside.
+Sometimes it's a global perspective to see our common roots and how we can use them to reach our dreams.
+And you can use them as a safety net as well.
+And my inspiration is very eclectic.
+I am inspired by everything I read and see.
+There are also some humorous stories like "Deadbeats".
+(Laughter.) Others are historical.
+This is "Candy City".
+That's the history of uncoated sugar.
+Sandwich some sweet moments from slave trade to sugar overdose.
+We also react emotionally to news, such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
+And sometimes that's not my story.
+People tell me their lives, their memories, their aspirations, and I create a landscape of my mind.
+I tell them their history so that they have a place to return to to look at their lives and their potential.
+I call them Freudian cities.
+I can't talk about all the images, so the title alone will introduce you to some of my worlds.
+"Modicity".
+"electricity."
+"MAD Growth of Columbus Circle"
+"Reef City".
+"The web of time".
+"Chaos City".
+"Daily battle".
+"Felicity".
+"Floating Island".
+And at some point I had to do "The Whole Nine Yards."
+So it's actually a paper cutout nine yards long.
+(laughter) So, in life, in paper-cutting, everything is connected.
+One story leads to another.
+I was also interested in the physics of this format. Because you have to walk to see it.
+And in parallel with my cut, so does my run.
+I started with a small image at first, a few miles.
+I started the marathon with a big picture.
+Then ran 50K, then 60K.
+Then I ran 50 miles, an ultramarathon.
+And I still feel like I'm running, it's just training to be a long-distance cutout.
+(laughs) And running gives me a lot of energy.
+This is a three-week paper-cutting marathon at New York City's Museum of Art and Design.
+The result is Hells and Heavens.
+It's two panels that are 13 feet tall.
+It's installed on the second floor of the museum, but it's actually a continuous image.
+I call it "hell and heaven" because every day is hell and every day is heaven.
+There are no boundaries in between.
+Some people are born in hell and end up in heaven against all expectations.
+Some travel in reverse.
+That's the border.
+Hell has sweatshops.
+There are those who borrow wings in heaven.
+And sometimes we all have separate stories where we do the same thing and you get dropped into hell or heaven as a result.
+So the whole "Hells and Heavens" is about free will and determinism.
+And in kiri-e, there is a drawing as the structure itself.
+So you can remove it from the wall.
+This is an artist book installation called "Identity Project".
+It's not an autobiographical identity.
+They are rather our social identities.
+And then just walk behind them and try them on.
+So it's like the different layers of what we're made of and what we present to the world as our identity.
+It is also an artist book project.
+There are actually two in the picture.
+That's what I'm wearing and it's on display at the Center for Book Arts in New York City.
+Why call it a book?
+It's titled "Fashion Statement" and has quotes about fashion, so it's easy to read.
+Remove the artist's book from the wall.
+you take them for a walk
+It can also be installed as public art.
+It's in Scottsdale, Arizona, and it's called "Floating Memories."
+So it's a local memory, just randomly moved by the wind.
+I love public art.
+And I entered the contest for a long time.
+After eight years of refusals, I was thrilled to receive my first commission from Percent for Art in New York City.
+It was for a rendezvous station for paramedics and firefighters.
+I made an artist book out of stainless steel instead of paper.
+I named it "Working in the same direction".
+However, I added a weathervane on each side to show that it covers all directions.
+If it is public art, you can also make Kiriko.
+This is faceted glass in the Bronx.
+And every time I make public art, I want something really relevant to where it's going to be installed.
+So I realized that reading about the New York subway coincides with riding the subway.
+It is a journey into time, a journey on time.
+And Bronx literature, it's all about Bronx writers and their stories.
+Another glass project is at the Public Library in San Jose, California.
+So I tried to depict the growth of San Jose from a vegetable point of view.
+So I started with the acorns of the Aurone Indian civilization from the center.
+Then deliver fruit from Europe to the ranchers.
+And it's a world achievement for Silicon Valley today.
+And it continues to grow.
+That means cutting, sandblasting, etching, and printing glass into architectural glass.
+And I wanted to create a place to nurture the mind outside the library.
+Taking advantage of library material that has fruit in the title, I took a walk through the orchard with these fruits of knowledge.
+I also planted a vibrio tree.
+So it is a tree, and in its trunk is the root of language.
+And it's all about the international writing system.
+And library material grows on its branches.
+Even public art can have function and form.
+Bench in Aurora, Colorado.
+But this bench has a bonus.
+Sitting in shorts for long periods of time in the summer leaves you with a temporary branding of story elements on your thighs.
+(Laughter) Another functional piece is a subway station on the south side of Chicago.
+It is called "The seeds of the future are planted today."
+It's a story about transformation and connection.
+In other words, it acts as a screen to protect the rails and commuters and keep things from falling onto the rails.
+It's amazing that you can turn fences and window bars into flowers.
+And for the last three years, I've been working with developers in the South Bronx to infuse art into low-income buildings and affordable housing.
+Therefore, each building has its own personality.
+And sometimes, like Morrisania, the neighborhood's heritage and jazz history are told.
+For other projects like Paris, street names matter.
+It's called Rue des Prairies, Prairie Street.
+So I took a rabbit and a dragonfly and made them stay on the street.
+Then, in 2009, I was commissioned to create a poster for the New York City subway system for one year.
+It was a very captivating audience.
+And I wanted to give them an escape.
+I made "All Around Town".
+It's a cutout, but after that, I'm going to color it on my computer.
+Therefore, it can be called technocraft.
+Along the way, I am making paper cutouts and adding other techniques.
+But the result is always a story.
+In other words, the story has many possibilities.
+They have many scenarios.
+I don't know the story.
+I take images from our global imagination, clichés, what we think, history.
+And everyone is a narrator. Because everyone has a story to tell.
+But more importantly, everyone has to create stories to make sense of the world.
+And in all these universes, it seems as if imagination is the means of transportation, but the destination is our mind, the way we reconnect with the essential and the magic.
+And that's what story cuts are all about.
+(applause)
+In 2009 I bought a house in Detroit for $500.
+It had no windows, no plumbing, no electricity, and was full of garbage.
+There was nearly 10,000 pounds of trash on the ground floor, including parts of a Dodge Caravan that had been chopped up with a reciprocating saw.
+(Laughter) I lived without heat for nearly two years, was repeatedly awakened by gunshots, was attacked by a pack of wild dogs, and ripped out cupboards as an abandoned school was actively demolishing.
+Of course, this is the Detroit you hear about.
+Don't get me wrong, it's real.
+But there is also another Detroit.
+Another Detroit that may be more hopeful, more innovative, and part of the answer for a city struggling to reinvent itself everywhere.
+However, these answers don't necessarily conform to conventional wisdom about good development.
+I think the real strength of Detroit can be summed up in two words: radical neighborliness.
+And I didn't get to see it myself until I lived there too.
+About ten years ago I moved to Detroit with no friends, no job, no money, and at the time it seemed like everyone was moving.
+Between 2000 and 2010, 25 percent of the city's population emigrated.
+This included about half of elementary school children.
+This was after 60 years of decline.
+A city that had cost about 2 million people to build has dwindled to less than 800,000 people.
+What you don't usually hear is that people didn't go very far.
+The population of the Greater Detroit area itself has remained fairly flat since the 70s.
+While most people leaving Detroit go to the suburbs, some estimate that 139 square miles of the city deteriorated, leaving up to 40 square miles of abandoned land, or an area about the size of San Francisco.
+Aside from clichés such as vaguely subjective "industrial hollowing out," Detroit's population exodus can be summed up in two structures: highways and walls.
+Highways, coupled with huge government subsidies to the suburbs through infrastructure and mortgages, allowed people to freely leave the cities, taking home tax revenue, jobs and education funds.
+The walls allowed only certain people to go outside.
+In several places, black and white brick and concrete walls separate the city from the suburbs, running directly across city streets and neighborhoods.
+They are merely the physical manifestation of racist housing practices such as redlining, [denial of service to people of color] restrictions, and outright terrorism.
+In 1971, the Ku Klux Klan blew up ten school buses instead of transporting the consolidated students.
+All of this makes Detroit the most racist metropolitan area in the United States.
+I grew up in a small town in Michigan, the son of a relatively blue-collar family.
+And after college, perhaps naively, I wanted to do something to help.
+At the time, I didn't want to be one of the nearly 50 percent of college graduates leaving the state, so I wondered if I could put the wonderful college education I had at home to some positive purpose.
+I happened to be reading Grace Lee Boggs, a great American philosopher who lived in Detroit, and I can't forget what she said.
+"The most radical thing I ever did was stay put."
+I thought buying a house might tie me to the city forever while acting as a physical protest against these walls and highways.
+Subsidies and loans weren't available to everyone, so I decided to do this without subsidies or loans, using power tools to personally fight against the looming cities of my childhood. decided to fight.
+Eventually, I found an abandoned house in a neighborhood called Poletown.
+It was as if the apocalypse had arrived.
+The surrounding area was grasslands.
+The vast space of waist-high grass was littered with only a few broken, abandoned buildings and a few brave resisters with well-kept homes.
+Just a 15-minute bike ride from downtown ballparks, the area was truly rural.
+The houses left behind looked like cardboard boxes left in the rain. A two-story monster with a wide-open shell and a melted porch.
+One of the most striking things I remember was the rose bushes that had been forgotten and left unattended on top of fallen fences, no longer cared for by anyone.
+This was my house the day it was boarded up to protect it from the elements and further decay.
+I ended up buying it from the county at a live auction.
+I thought my neighborhood was dead.
+I was a pioneer of sorts.
+Well, you couldn't be more wrong.
+I was never a trailblazer, so I've come to understand how aggressive it can be.
+One of the first things I learned was to add my voice to the chorus instead of overwriting what was already happening.
+(Voice breaks) Because the neighbors weren't dead.
+It had changed so much that it was hard to see if you didn't live there.
+Poletown was home to an incredibly resourceful, incredibly intelligent, and incredibly resilient community.
+There, for the first time, I experienced the power of a thorough neighbor.
+For the year before I moved, I lived in a microcommunity within Poletown, founded by a wild and good farmer named Paul Weirts.
+Paul was a Detroit public school teacher for pregnant and nursing mothers, and his idea was to teach young women how to raise children by first growing plants and animals.
+The national average graduation rate for pregnant teens is about 40 percent, but at Katherine Ferguson Academy, thanks to Paul's ingenuity, the graduation rate was often over 90 percent.
+Paul brought much of this innovation to his own block of Poletown, which he managed for over 30 years, buying abandoned homes, persuading friends to move, persuading neighbors to stay, and building his own house. and help people who want to buy a home. please fix them.
+In this area where many blocks now have only one or two houses, the houses on Paul's block are all built.
+This is an incredible testament to the power of community, staying in one place and owning your own environment – ​​acting on your own.
+It's the kind of place where black doctors live next to hipster whites next to immigrant mothers from Hungary and talented writers from the jungles of Belize. It taught me that diversity can thrive when it is encouraged.
+Every year, neighbors gather to pack hay for the block's livestock. It shows us how much a small group can achieve when working together, and the appeal of fantastic yet practical ideas.
+Radical neighborly love means that instead of letting the homes behind Paul's block burn down and fill with garbage and desperation, Paul and the surrounding community donate dozens to those who want them. Create a huge circular garden surrounded by book trees, beehives and garden plots. It helped us understand that our challenges can often be an asset.
+This is where residents are experimenting with renewable energy and urban farming, offering their skills and discoveries to others, not necessarily begging governments to provide solutions. .
+we can start ourselves.
+Here in one of America's most violent and dangerous cities, one of my neighbors told me for months that I, who didn't yet have a shower, could shower whenever I needed to go to work. This is where I left the front door unlocked.
+When it came time for a dozen Poletown residents to erect the beams in their homes that held the structure up high—the beams were made from a single wall from an abandoned recycling plant down the street. It was cut out when there was nothing left. Amish style and showed up to lift it up.
+Radical neighborliness is the fertilized egg that grows into a worldview that ends up in homes and communities rebuilt in ways that respect humanity and the environment.
+We are realizing that we have the power to recreate the world together, and that we have the power to do it ourselves when our governments refuse.
+This is Detroit you don't hear much about.
+Detroit is a city of ruined porn on one side, hipster coffee shops and billionaires on the other.
+There is a third way to rebuild, never to repeat the same mistakes of the past.
+While building a home, I found something I didn't think I was looking for—something many millennials and people returning to the city are looking for.
+End-to-end neighborliness is another word for true community, a mutual trust and familiarity built over time, bound by memory and history, and irreplaceable.
+And now, as you may know, Detroit is recovering, rising from the ashes of despair, and the children and grandchildren of those who fled are returning, and this is a fact.
+What's not true is that this renaissance has reached most Detroiters, or even some Detroiters who don't live in the city centre.
+They're the kind of people who've lived in Detroit for generations, mostly black.
+In 2016 alone, and just last year alone, one in six Detroit homes lost water.
+excuse me.
+The United Nations has condemned this as a human rights violation.
+And since 2005, 1 in 3 homes in the city -- think of this -- 1 in 3 homes have been foreclosed, representing a population roughly the size of Buffalo, New York. .
+(snorting) One in three homes being foreclosed is not a personal liability crisis. it's systemic.
+Many Detroiters, myself included, are concerned that racism is returning to the city itself in the aftermath of this Renaissance.
+Ten years ago, it was impossible to walk into an all-white crowd anywhere in Detroit.
+Well, annoyingly, it is possible.
+This is the price we are paying for conventional economic recovery.
+We are creating two Detroits, two classes of citizens, tearing communities apart.
+With every dollar and subsidy, every streetlight installed, every new stadium and every dollar spent on good advertising and positive buzz, we will help the tens of thousands of people who live very close to the world's greatest water sources, the Great Lakes. It cuts off water to people. .
+Separation always means inequality.
+This is a grave mistake for all of us.
+When economic development comes at the expense of communities, it is not only those who have lost access to homes and water that suffer, but also a small part of our own humanity.
+None of us can be truly free, we cannot be truly comfortable unless our neighbors are too.
+For those of us who come here, it means that we must again make sure that we are not inadvertently contributing to the destruction of our communities and follow the lead of those who have been working on these issues for years. increase.
+In Detroit, this means average citizens setting up water stations on their behalf and making deliveries to those without water stations.
+Alternatively, clerics and teachers engage in civil disobedience to block water stop trucks.
+It is an organization that buys back foreclosed homes for residents and fights misinformation about forced sales through social media and a hotline run by volunteers.
+For me, that means helping others build beams in their previously abandoned homes. Or it means helping privileged people, who are increasingly migrating to cities, how we can participate and support them, rather than stressing existing communities. .
+A small group of neighbors has decided to buy back the foreclosed homes and return the deeds to the residents, and little by little it is starting to take effect.
+And for you, and for all of us, it means finding a role to play in your own community.
+It means living your life as a reflection of the world you want to live in.
+It means trusting the person who knows the problem best – the person dealing with it – to give you the solution.
+I know a third way is possible because I've been through it.
+I now live in a neighborhood called Poletown in one of the most vilified cities in the world.
+If you can do it in Detroit, you can do it from anywhere.
+What I've learned in the last ten years building a house, not so much about wiring and plumbing and carpentry, I learned these things, but the real change, the real change, comes first from the community. It starts with people. A fundamental sense of what it means to be a neighbor.
+At least one abandoned house has been turned into a home.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi. I'm Hasan I am an artist.
+And when I tell people that I'm an artist, they just look at me and say, 'Do you paint?
+or "What medium do you work in?"
+Most of my work is really about work methodologies rather than specific disciplines or specific techniques.
+What I'm really interested in is creative problem solving.
+And then a few years ago we had a bit of a problem.
+So let me show you a little bit of what it looks like.
+So it started here.
+And this is Detroit Airport on June 19, 2002.
+I was returning to the US from an exhibition abroad.
+And when I came back, I was taken to the FBI, met an FBI agent, went into a small room, and he asked me all sorts of questions -- 'Where have you been? Who were you?"
+why were you there? Who will pay for the trip?” and all the little details.
+And literally out of nowhere, the man asked me, "Where were you September 12th?"
+And most of us are asked, "Where were you September 12th?"
+Or for the date of that fact, something like "I don't remember exactly, but let's find out."
+So I pulled out my little PDA and said, "Okay, let's see what's happening on September 12th."
+I paid for storage on September 12th from 10:00 am to 10:30 am.
+From 10:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., I met with Judith, who was one of the graduate students at the time.
+From 12pm to 3pm I taught an introductory class. I taught advanced classes until 6pm.
+"Where was the eleventh?" "Where was the tenth?"
+"Where were you on the 29th? On the 30th?"
+"Where were you on October 5th?"
+I read my calendar for about 6 months.
+And I don't think he expected to have such a detailed record of what I did.
+But I'm glad I did it because orange doesn't suit me.
+(Laughter) So he asked me -- (applause) "So what was in this vault you paid for?"
+Since I was in Tampa, Florida, I said, "Winter clothes you don't wear in Florida.
+Furniture that doesn't fit in a crumbling apartment.
+It's just an assortment of garage sale junk because I'm a pack rat. "
+Then he looked at me, really confused, and said, "No explosives?"
+(Laughter) I thought, "No, no. I'm pretty sure there weren't any explosives.
+And if there was, I would have remembered it. "
+He's still a little confused, but I think anyone who's talked to me for more than a few minutes understands that I'm not a terrorist threat.
+So we were sitting there just going back and forth and after an hour, an hour and a half or so, he said, 'Okay, there's enough information here.
+I will pass this on to our office in Tampa. They started this.
+They will follow up with you and we will respond. "
+I thought, "Wow, that's amazing."
+So when I got home, the phone rang and a man introduced himself.
+Basically, this is the Tampa FBI office where I spent six months of my life. It's been going back and forth, not six months in a row.
+By the way, as we all know, you can't take pictures of federal buildings in the US, but Google does.
+Thanks to everyone at Google.
+(Applause) So I spent a lot of time in this building.
+Questions such as "Have you witnessed or participated in any activity that could be harmful to the United States or a foreign country?"
+And you also have to consider your state of mind while doing this.
+You basically come face-to-face with someone who essentially decides life or death.
+Or a question like this -- in fact, during the polygraph, how did you end up after nine polygraphs in a row -- one of the polygraph questions is...
+The first question is "Is your name Hasan?" "Yes."
+"Are we in Florida?" "Yes." "Is today Tuesday?" "Yes."
+Because you have to make decisions based on yes or no.
+And, of course, the next question is, "Are you part of a group that wants to harm the United States?"
+I work at a university
+(Laughter) So I thought, "Why don't you ask your colleagues directly?"
+But they said, "Okay, are you part of a group that wants to do harm to the United States, other than what we've discussed?"
+I was like no.
+So at the end of these six months and nine consecutive polygraph exams, they said,
+I thought: "I know. That's what I wanted to tell you all along.
+I know everything will be fine. "
+That's why they look at me so weird.
+"Ladies and gentlemen, I travel a lot."
+This is with the FBI.
+And I thought, "It just needs Alaska not to get the last note, and we're going to start all over again."
+And there were real concerns.
+And he said, "If you have a problem, call us and we'll fix it."
+Since then, I call the FBI before I go anywhere.
+I said to them, "Here's my destination, folks. This is my flight."
+Northwest Airlines Flight 7 will arrive in Seattle on March 12th," or something like that.
+I will call you again in a few weeks and let you know.
+I didn't have to, but I chose to.
+I just wanted to say, "Hey guys.
+I don't want it to look like I'm suddenly moving. "
+(laughs) "I don't want people to think I'm trying to escape.
+Just let you know. heads up. "
+So I kept repeating this over and over.
+Then phone calls turned into emails, and emails got longer and longer...
+With photos and travel tips.
+Then create a website.
+And I built this here. Let's go back here.
+I actually designed this in 2003.
+I mean, this stuff tracks me all the time.
+I wrote the code for mobile phones.
+Basically, I decided, okay guys, I want you to look at me, that's cool.
+But I watch myself. that's okay.
+No need to waste energy or resources.
+And I will help you.
+In the process, they start wondering what else they know about me.
+Well, they would have all my flight records. So I decided to put all my flight records online since I was born.
+As you can see, Delta Flight 1252 is heading from Kansas City to Atlanta.
+And these are some of the meals I was forced to eat on board.
+This was a Delta 719 flight from JFK Airport to San Francisco.
+do you understand? You won't be able to put it on the plane with this, but they will give it to you on the plane.
+(Laughs) I like airports, so this is the airport I go to often.
+That's Kennedy Airport on Tuesday, May 19th.
+Here in Warsaw.
+Singapore. As you can see, it's a little empty.
+These images are taken anonymously enough that anyone can take them.
+But if you can cross-reference this with other data, you're essentially replicating the role of an FBI agent and putting it all together.
+And when put in a situation where you have to justify every moment of your existence, you are put in a situation where you react quite differently.
+All I had in mind when all this was going on was 'art projects'.
+I never thought, "I'm going to get a new job here."
+But after going through this and realizing what happened,
+And this way of piecing together this and this and this and trying to figure out what really happened to me eventually evolved into this and actually this project.
+These are the stores I shop at - some of them - because I need them to know.
+This is me buying duck flavored paste at Lunch 99 in the Dairy City on Sunday 15th November.
+I like kimchi, so I buy kimchi at Coreana Supermarket.
+I also bought crabs nearby and citrine at Safeway in Emoryville.
+And also the laundry. West Oakland Laundry Detergent -- Sorry East Oakland.
+Then I ate pickled jellyfish at a Hong Kong supermarket on Highway 18 in East Brunswick.
+When I go to my bank records, it actually shows something from it. So you can see that on May 9th I purchased $14.79 of fuel from Safeway Vallejo.
+So not only am I giving this information here and there, but my bank, an independent third party, is attesting that indeed I was there at this time.
+There are points and these points are actually cross-referenced.
+And it's being verified.
+In some cases, it can be a really small purchase.
+Therefore, the foreign transaction fee is 34 cents.
+All of these are extracted directly from my bank account and appear instantly.
+Sometimes a lot of information comes out.
+This is exactly where my old apartment in San Francisco was.
+And sometimes you get this.
+On January 22nd, you might find yourself in an empty hallway in Salt Lake City.
+And I can tell you exactly who I was with and where I was. Because this is what I had to do with the FBI.
+I had to tell them every detail.
+i spend a lot of time on the street.
+This is the 8:01 PM parking lot off Highway 80 in Elko, Nevada. On August 19th.
+I also spend a lot of time at petrol stations, empty train stations.
+In other words, there are multiple databases.
+And there are thousands of images.
+In fact, I currently have 46,000 images on my site, and the FBI sees them all. At least I believe the FBI sees everything.
+And sometimes you get very little information and just an empty bed.
+Other times, you get a lot of textual information and no visual information at all.
+So you get something like this.
+By the way, this is the location of my favorite sandwich shop in California, Vietnamese Sandwich.
+In other words, there are different categories of food eaten outside an empty train station or gas station.
+These are some of the meals I used to make at home.
+So how do you know that these are meals that are eaten at home?
+Well, you see the same plate over and over again.
+Therefore, you will have to do some detective work here as well.
+So the database can be very specific.
+These are all tacos eaten near the train station in Mexico City from July 5th to July 6th.
+This was at 11:39 am.
+It was 1:56 pm. It was 4:59 pm.
+So I timestamp my life every few minutes.
+Takes an image every few seconds.
+Now everything happens on my iPhone, everything goes straight to my server, and my server does all the backend work, sorts things out, and puts it all together.
+They want to know about my business, so they need to know where I do business.
+So I went there on December 4th.
+And on Sunday, June 14th, 2009, this was actually around 2:00 PM in Scowiegan, Maine. This was my apartment there.
+So what you're looking at here is basically all the pieces and all the information.
+If you go to my site, there are a lot of them.
+And really, it's not the most user-friendly interface.
+Not really user friendly.
+One of the reasons, which is also part of user unfriendliness, is that everything is there and yet it needs to be handled thoroughly.
+So for me to put all this information out there, basically what I'm trying to say to you is that I'm telling you everything.
+But in this barrage of noise I'm emanating, I actually live an incredibly anonymous and private life.
+And you actually know very little about me.
+And indeed I have come to the conclusion that there is no longer a need to delete information in ways that protect my privacy, especially in an age where everything is cataloged, everything is archived, everything is recorded.
+So what do you do when everything is there?
+Well, you have to control it.
+And if I give you this information directly, it's a very different kind of identity than if you were to comb through and try to get a snippet.
+Another interesting thing that's going on here is that intelligence agencies -- and it doesn't matter who they are -- they're all in industries where information is a commodity or where access to information is restricted. The fact that we are active in
+Their information is valuable because no one else has access to it.
+And by removing the middleman and providing it directly to you, the information the FBI has is worthless and devalues ​​the FBI's currency.
+And I understand that on a personal level it is purely symbolic.
+But if there are 300 million people in the United States,
+Once you start doing this, you'll have to redesign your entire intelligence system from the ground up.
+Because it doesn't work if everyone shares everything.
+And we are getting there.
+When I first started this project, people looked at me and said, 'Why do you want to tell everyone what you're doing and where you are?
+why are you posting these pics? "
+This was a time before people were tweeting everywhere and 750 million people were posting status messages and making fun of people.
+So, in a way, I'm glad I'm completely behind the times.
+I'm still working on this project, but it's already obsolete because you guys are doing it.
+This is something we all do on a daily basis, whether we realize it or not.
+So we create our own archives and such.
+And you know, some of my friends always say,
+Because no one really looks.
+No one really wants to bother you. "
+So one of the things I do is really look closely at the server logs.
+Because it's about monitoring.
+I see who's looking at me
+And I came up with these.
+These are some of my sample logs.
+And just a little bit, you can see some of what's there.
+I've cleaned up the list a bit to make it easier for you to see.
+So you can see that the Department of Homeland Security likes this existence.
+I know the National Security Agency likes to come.
+In fact, I moved very close to them. I live right down the street from them now.
+American Central Intelligence Agency.
+President Executive Department.
+I'm not quite sure why they appear, but they do.
+I think they like to see art.
+And I am happy to have patrons of these fields of art.
+Thank you very much. I appreciate it
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: Hassan, I'm just curious.
+You said, "Now everything is done automatically from my iPhone," but actually I'm taking pictures and posting information.
+So how many hours a day does that take?
+Him: Not much.
+It's no different than sending a text.
+It's no different than checking your email.
+It's one of those things, and we got along well before we had to do those things.
+So it was another day.
+So when I update the status message, I don't really think about how long it takes.
+In other words, just a few clicks on your phone to send and you're done.
+And on the other side everything is automated.
+BG: Does the FBI get furious on days when you're out of the press?
+HE: Well, go to the last point where I was.
+So keep the last point.
+So if you're on a 12-hour flight, you'll see the last airport you departed from.
+BG: Thank you, Hasan. (He: Thank you.) (Applause)
+Is there something special about humans?
+There is
+We are the only creatures with fully developed moral feelings.
+As social creatures, we are morally attached.
+We need to know why people do what they do.
+And I am personally obsessed with morality.
+It was all thanks to this woman, also known as my mother, Sister Mary Marastella.
+As an altar bearer, I smoked a lot of incense and learned to say phrases in Latin, but I also had time to consider whether my mother's top-down morality applies to everyone.
+I have seen religious people and non-religious people alike obsessed with morality.
+I suspected that perhaps moral decisions had some earthly basis.
+But I wanted to say more than the brain makes you moral.
+I want to know if morality has chemistry.
+I want to know if there is a moral molecule.
+After 10 years of experimenting, I found it.
+do you want to see I took some with me.
+This little syringe contains a moral element.
+(Laughter) It's called oxytocin.
+So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule found only in mammals.
+In rodents, mothers are known to care for their young, and in some creatures are known to be tolerant of burrow mates.
+In humans, however, it is only known to facilitate childbirth and lactation in women, and is released by both sexes during sex.
+So I had the idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
+I tried the same thing most people do with some of my colleagues.
+One of them said to me, "Paul, that's the world's stupidest idea.
+It's "only the female molecule," he said.
+It's not that important. "
+But I countered, "So does the human brain.
+There must be a reason. "
+But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
+But it was clearly stupid.
+In other words, we thought we could design experiments to see if oxytocin made people moral.
+Turns out it wasn't that easy.
+First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
+Baseline levels are close to zero in the absence of any stimulus to trigger release.
+It also has a half-life of 3 minutes upon formation and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
+So this experiment triggers a surge of oxytocin, and you need to grab it quickly and keep it cool.
+I think it can be done.
+Fortunately, oxytocin is produced both in the brain and in the blood, so I was able to do this experiment without having studied neurosurgery.
+Then we had to measure morality.
+So tackling morality with a capital M is a huge project.
+So I started smaller.
+I studied one virtue: reliability.
+why? I showed in the early 2000s that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people are richer.
+Therefore, more economic transactions occur in these countries, creating more wealth and reducing poverty.
+So poor countries are generally less trustworthy countries.
+Therefore, understanding the chemistry of reliability may help alleviate poverty.
+But I'm also skeptical.
+I don't want people to just ask, "Can you trust me?"
+So I use Jerry Maguire's approach for my research instead.
+If you are so virtuous, show me the money.
+What I do in my lab is use money to seduce people with virtues and vices.
+Here's how.
+Therefore, we are recruiting people for the experiment.
+Everyone receives $10 if they agree to participate.
+We give them a lot of guidance but never cheat them.
+Then use a computer to match them in pairs.
+Then one of the pair gets the message, "Would you like to give up some of the $10 you earned for being here and send it to someone else in the lab?"
+The important thing is that you can't see them and you can't talk to them.
+Do it only once.
+Now anything you give up is tripled in someone else's account.
+You are going to make them richer.
+Then you will receive a message from your computer that the first person sent you this amount.
+Do you want to keep the full amount or refund part of it?
+So let's think about this experiment for a moment.
+You will sit in this hard chair for an hour and a half.
+A mad scientist is going to prick your arm with a needle and take four tubes of blood.
+So you want me to give up this money and send it to a stranger?
+This was the birth of vampire economics.
+Make a decision and give me blood.
+In fact, experimental economists have run this test around the world at much higher stakes. And the consensus view was that the scale from first person to second person is a measure of trust, and the transition from second person to second person is a measure of trust. Reliability measured for the first time.
+But in reality, economists were perplexed as to why the second person would return the money.
+They assumed money was good, so why should they keep it all?
+That's not what we found.
+We found that 90 percent of the original decision makers sent the money, and 95 percent of those who received the money returned part of the money.
+but why?
+We measured oxytocin and found that the more money the second person received, the more oxytocin their brains produced, and the more oxytocin they had, the more money they gave back.
+So we have a biology of reliability.
+wait a minute. What's wrong with this experiment?
+Two things.
+One is that nothing happens in the body by itself.
+So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin, but they had no effect.
+But second, there was still only an indirect relationship between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
+I wasn't sure if oxytocin caused credibility.
+Therefore, we knew that we would need to penetrate the brain and manipulate oxytocin directly in order to conduct the experiment.
+I used every means other than a drill to get oxytocin into my brain.
+And it turns out that you can do that with a nasal aspirator.
+So, my colleagues in Zurich and I gave 200 men oxytocin or a placebo in a similar money-based trust test. We found that we could more than double the number of people who sent all the money. Give money to strangers without changing your mood or perception.
+So oxytocin is a trust molecule, but is it a moral molecule?
+Further studies were performed using an oxytocin inhaler.
+We showed that oxytocin infusion increased generosity in unsolicited monetary giving and receiving by 80%.
+Showed a 50% increase in donations to charity.
+We also investigated non-pharmacological ways to increase oxytocin.
+These include massage, dancing and prayer.
+Yes, my mother was happy with that last one.
+And every time we increase oxytocin, people are willing to open their wallets and share money with strangers.
+But why would they do this?
+What does it feel like when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
+To investigate this question, we conducted an experiment in which people watched a video of a father with a terminal brain tumor and his 4-year-old son.
+After watching the video, I asked them to rate their emotions and had blood drawn before and after to measure oxytocin.
+Changes in oxytocin predicted their feelings of empathy.
+So empathy is what connects us to other people.
+It is empathy that helps us help others.
+It is empathy that makes us moral.
+Well, this idea is nothing new.
+A then-unknown philosopher named Adam Smith wrote a book in 1759 called Theory of Moral Feelings.
+In this book Smith argued that humans are moral creatures for bottom-up reasons rather than top-down reasons.
+He said that humans are social creatures, so they share other people's emotions.
+So if I do something that hurts you, I feel the pain.
+So I tend to avoid it.
+If I do something that makes you happy, I will share your joy.
+So I tend to do things like that.
+Now, this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later, would write the little book The Wealth of Nations, the foundational text of economics.
+But in fact he was a moral philosopher and was right about why humans are moral.
+I found the molecule behind it.
+But knowing the molecule is priceless. Because it tells us how to improve this behavior and what stops it.
+In particular, it tells us why we see immorality.
+So let's go back to 1980 to investigate immorality.
+I work at a gas station outside of Santa Barbara, California.
+Sitting at a gas station all day you see a lot of morality and immorality, I tell you.
+One Sunday afternoon a man walked into my checkout booth with this beautiful jewelry box.
+When you open it, you will find a pearl necklace inside.
+He said, "Hey, I was in the men's restroom.
+Found this. What do you think we should do about it? "
+"I don't understand, put it in the forgotten item."
+"Well, this is very precious.
+We must find the owner of this." I said, "Yes."
+So while I was thinking about what to do with this, the phone rang.
+Then, one man looked very excited and said: "I went to a gas station the other day and I bought this gem for my wife, but I can't find it."
+"Pearl necklace?" "Yes."
+"Hey man found it."
+"Oh, you saved my life. Here's my phone number.
+Please tell him to wait for 30 minutes.
+I'll go there too, and give him a $200 reward. "
+Good, so I said to the person, "Here, relax.
+Get yourself a fat treat. It's good to be alive "
+He said, 'I can't do that.
+I have an interview in Galena in 15 minutes, but I need this job, so I have to go. "
+Again he asked me, "What do you think I should do?"
+I'm in high school. I have no idea.
+So I said, "I'll keep it."
+He said, "You were very kind, so let's split the reward."
+I'll give you jewelry, you'll give me $100, and if that guy comes..." You know, I've been duped.
+It's a classic scam called pigeon dropping, and I was the pigeon.
+So the way many scammers succeed is not by making the victim trust them, but by showing them that they trust them.
+Now you know what happens.
+The victim's brain releases oxytocin and you open your wallet or handbag to reveal your money.
+So who are they manipulating our oxytocin system?
+We tested thousands of people and found that 5 percent of the population did not release oxytocin when stimulated.
+So when you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
+If there is money on the table they keep it all.
+I have a terminology for these people in my lab.
+We call them bastards.
+(Laughter) Not people you want to drink beer with.
+They have many of the traits of a psychopath.
+Now there is another way the system can be suppressed.
+One is due to improper upbringing.
+So, in a study of sexually abused women, about half did not release oxytocin when stimulated.
+Adequate upbringing is required for this system to develop properly.
+Also, high stress suppresses oxytocin.
+We all know that we are not doing our best when we are really stressed.
+There is another way in which oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting, and is due to the action of testosterone.
+So we gave men testosterone in an experiment.
+And instead of sharing money, they become selfish.
+Interestingly, however, men with higher testosterone are also more likely to use their money to punish selfish people.
+(Laughter) Let's think about it here. It means that we have moral yin and yang within our own biology.
+We have oxytocin that connects us with others and makes us feel what they feel.
+And we have testosterone.
+And since men have 10 times more testosterone than women, men have more of this testosterone than women. We have testosterone that makes us want to punish those who act immorally.
+We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
+It's all inside us.
+So you might be wondering: These are beautiful laboratory experiments, but do they really apply to real life?
+Well, I was wondering that too.
+So I stepped outside the lab to see if this really applies to our daily lives.
+So last summer I attended a wedding in the South of England.
+200 people live in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
+I didn't know anyone.
+And I drove there in my rented Vauxhall.
+Then I took out the centrifuge, the dry ice, the needles, and the tubes.
+Blood was taken from the bride and groom, wedding participants, family members and friends before and after the vows.
+(Laughter.) So what happens?
+Weddings trigger the release of oxytocin, but it's done in a very specific way.
+Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
+bride.
+She showed the greatest increase in oxytocin.
+Who loves a wedding as much as the bride?
+her mom, yes.
+Her mother was second.
+Then the groom's father, then the groom, then family, then friends, lined up around the bride like the planets around the sun.
+So I think it tells us that this ceremony was designed to connect us emotionally with this new couple.
+why? For the species to survive, they need to reproduce successfully.
+I'm also concerned that the trust experiments I've done with a small amount of money don't accurately capture how often we actually entrust our lives to strangers. rice field.
+So, although I'm afraid of heights, I recently jumped off a plane at 12,000 feet, strapped to another human being.
+I had blood drawn before and after, and oxytocin was massively elevated.
+And there are many ways to connect with people.
+For example, through social media.
+A lot of people are still tweeting.
+So we investigated the role of social media and found that social media use consistently increases oxytocin by double digits.
+So I recently conducted this experiment for the Korean Broadcasting System.
+And we had the reporters and their producers on board.
+And one of them, who was probably 22 years old, had a 150 percent increase in oxytocin levels.
+I mean, it's amazing. nobody has this
+I mean, he used social media in his private life.
+When I wrote the report to Korean, I said, "I don't know what this guy was doing," but my guess is that he wasn't interacting with his mother or his girlfriend. I thought.
+they checked.
+He was hanging out on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
+Come on. That's the connection.
+So there are many ways to connect with other people, and it seems to be universal.
+Two weeks ago I just returned from Papua New Guinea and went to the highlands. A very isolated tribe of subsistence farmers live as they have for thousands of years.
+There are 800 different languages ​​in the highlands.
+They are the most primitive people in the world.
+And it actually releases oxytocin as well.
+So oxytocin connects us to other people.
+Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
+And getting people's brains to release oxytocin is very easy.
+I know how to do it and in fact my favorite method is the easiest.
+Let's show it.
+(laughs) Yes, please.
+(Applause.) I was nicknamed Dr. Love because I liked to hug other people.
+I'm happy to share a little more love with the world, which is great, but here's the prescription from Dr. Love. Eight hugs a day.
+People who release more oxytocin are happier.
+And they are happier because all kinds of relationships are better.
+Dr. Love says to hug eight times a day.
+Hugging eight times a day will make you happier and the world a better place.
+Of course, if you don't like touching people, you can always shove this up their nose.
+(laughs) Thank you.
+(applause)
+I want to start tonight with something completely different. Everyone, please get off the land and jump into the ocean for a while.
+Ninety percent of the inhabited space on Earth is in the open ocean, and that's where life -- the title of tonight's seminar -- is where life began.
+It's a vibrant and lovely place, but we're rapidly changing our oceans not only through overfishing, irresponsible fishing, and the addition of pollutants such as manure from our farmlands, but also, more recently, by climate change. , I think Steve Schneider can elaborate more on this.
+Now, as we continue to tinker with our oceans, a growing number of reports predict that the types of oceans we are creating will be suitable for habitats of low-energy types of animals such as jellyfish and bacteria.
+And this may be the ocean we are heading towards.
+Well, jellyfish are strangely enchanting and beautiful, and on Fridays you can see lots of gorgeous jellyfish in aquariums, but they sting to death, so eating jellyfish sushi or sashimi won't fill you up. yeah.
+About 100 grams of jellyfish equals 4 calories.
+So while it may be good for your waistline, you won't feel full for long.
+And an ocean full of jellyfish isn't very good for all other sea-dwelling creatures unless they eat jellyfish.
+And this ravenous predator is pouncing on this poor little defenseless jellyfish out there, sailor on the wind.
+Its predators are giant sunfish, sunfish, and its main prey is jellyfish.
+This animal is registered in the "Guinness World Records" as the world's heaviest bony fish.
+Eating mostly jellyfish, it weighs close to 5,000 pounds.
+And I think it's a nice little cosmological convergence that the sunfish (commonly called sunfish) likes moon jellyfish.
+It's kind of nice to see the sun and the moon come together like this, even if one is eating the other.
+Now, this is how the sunfish is generally viewed and where it gets its common name.
+They love to sunbathe, so you can't blame them.
+They just lay on the surface of the water, which most people consider sick or lazy, but it is typical behavior, they lie on the surface of the water and bask in the sun.
+The alias "mola mola" sounds like a Hawaiian word but actually means millstone in Latin and derives from its rounded and very strange truncated shape.
+It's as if they forgot the tail part as they grew up.
+And indeed, it was this very strange shape that first attracted me to the sunfish.
+Looking at the shark, it is streamlined and smooth. When you look at tuna, it's like a torpedo. They just reveal their purpose. Talking about migration and strength, we next turn our attention to sunfish.
+(Laughter) And this is so elegant and mysterious, it's just that it really holds the cards much tighter than, say, tuna.
+So I was just intrigued by what -- you know, what's the story of this animal?
+Well, as in all areas of biology, nothing really makes sense except from an evolutionary perspective.
+Mora is no exception.
+They appeared shortly after the dinosaurs went extinct, 65 million years ago, when whales still had legs. They come from a rebellious little puffer school. Let me tell you a little Kipling-esque story here.
+Evolution, of course, is somewhat random, and you know, about 55 million years ago, there was a little rebellious faction of pufferfish who said, "Oh, I don't care about coral reefs, we're going to the high seas." I was.
+And over generations, with lots of tweaking and torquing, we turned blowfish into sunfish.
+Give Mother Nature enough time and it will come naturally.
+They may look prehistoric, unfinished, perhaps abridged, but in reality, they're actually vying for the top spot among the ocean's most evolutionarily derived fish. It is next to the flounder. .
+They - everything in that fish has changed.
+And when it comes to fish, fish appeared 500 million years ago and became very modern only 50 million years ago. Very interestingly, fish abandon their ancestors as they grow.
+They started out as tiny eggs and have once again entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the most prolific egg-laying vertebrates on Earth.
+Imagine a single 4-foot-tall female carrying 300 million eggs and carrying 300 million eggs in her ovary. Its eggs can be over 10 feet long. Imagine what it's like to be 10 feet tall.
+And from that tiny egg they grow through the stages of this spiky little porcupinefish that reminds them of their ancestors. This is their little adolescent stage.
+They go to school as adolescents and become giant loners as adults.
+That's the little diver in the corner.
+They were once again included in the "Guinness World Records" as world champions of vertebrate growth.
+From the small larval stage hatched from the egg to adulthood, body weight increases 600 million times.
+600 million. Now imagine if you gave birth to a little baby and you had to feed this baby.
+That means your child is expected to weigh as much as 6 Titanics.
+I don't know how to feed such a child, I don't know how fast molas grow in the wild, but captive growth studies at the Monterey Bay Aquarium show that the first captive one of the places where Some animals in captivity gained 800 pounds in 14 months.
+I said it's a true American.
+(Laughter) (Applause) It's great to be alone. Especially in today's oceans, flocking was once salvation for fish, but now it's suicidal.
+Unfortunately, Maurice are sometimes caught in nets as bycatch despite not attending school.
+If we are to save the world from total jellyfish domination, we need to figure out what jellyfish predators are and how they, like sunfish, live.
+And unfortunately, they make up the bulk of California's bycatch, up to 26 percent of driftnets.
+And they make up up to 90 percent of the Mediterranean swordfish fishery.
+Therefore, we need to understand how they live their lives.
+And how do you do that?
+How do you do that to an animal – very few places in the world.
+This is an ocean creature. It knows no boundaries - it does not go to land.
+How do we gain insight?
+How do you lure such an open-ocean creature into divulging its secrets?
+Well, there are some wonderful new technologies that have recently become available that are very beneficial in gaining insight into the animals of the open ocean.
+That's what you see in the picture here, the little tag there.
+The tiny tags can record temperature, depth and light intensity correlated with time, from which location can be derived.
+And then record this data for up to two years, store it in that tag, release it at a pre-programmed time, float on the surface, upload all the data, that entire travelogue, to the satellite, and the satellite will directly relay to our satellite. With a computer, you have the entire dataset at your fingertips. And we didn't even do that - we just had to tag the animals and we went home and sat at our desks.
+The great thing about Mora is that when you tag it, if you look up here, it will flow from there to the tagged location.
+And it happened to be a parasite hanging on a sunfish.
+Mora is notorious for carrying large amounts of parasites.
+They are just parasitic hotels. Their parasites also have parasites.
+I think Dan wrote a poem about it.
+But they have 40 genera of parasites, so I figured one more parasite wouldn't be too much of a problem.
+And they are very good vehicles for carrying marine observation equipment.
+So far they don't seem to care.
+So what are we trying to find out? We are focused on the Pacific.
+We are teaming up on the California coast, and we are teaming up in Taiwan and Japan.
+And we are interested in how these animals make use of currents, temperatures, and open oceans to survive.
+I would like to tag in Monterey.
+Monterey is one of the few places in the world where mora fly in large numbers.
+Now is not the time. Rather around October.
+And I want to tag you here, this is an aerial photo of Monterey. But unfortunately, the mora here ended up like this. Because another local resident really loves Mora, but they've gone the wrong way.
+California sea lions catch moras as soon as they enter the bay, strip off their fins, process them into the ultimate frisbee, mora style, and toss them back and forth.
+I'm not exaggerating, just that. Sometimes I don't eat, but that's just mean.
+And you know, the locals think this is a terrible act and it's really terrifying to see this happening day after day.
+We headed south to San Diego as poor little Maurus came ripped to shreds.
+There are not many California sea lions there.
+Mora there can be easily spotted with an observation plane. They like to hang out under kelp rafts.
+And under those tangles - this is why Mora comes there, because it's Mora's spa time there.
+As soon as they get under the kombu raft, come the exfoliated and clean fish.
+And they come and give alms to Mora. I can see you taking a funny little position, "I'm not threatening you, but I need a massage."
+(Laughter) And then they get their fins out and their eyes go to the back of their heads and the fish come up and they're just clean, clean, clean - because mora, you know, there's a parasite out there. Because there is only a gathering of
+It's also a great place to head south, as the water is warm here and the mora are friendly.
+That is, if you approach it correctly, do other species of fish say, "Okay, I'll scratch there."
+You can swim close to sunfish. Sunfish are very calm. If you approach it correctly, you can hurt the sunfish and make it happy.
+Therefore, we also tagged parts of the Pacific Ocean. We went to another part of the Pacific and tagged in Taiwan and also tagged in Japan.
+And in these places the mora are caught in the trap nets that line these countries.
+And they are eaten rather than thrown back as bycatch.
+After tagging in, we were served a 9-course Mora meal.
+Well, not what we tagged!
+And I think you can eat almost any fish, from kidneys to testes to spines to fin muscles.
+So the hardest thing about tagging is that you have to wait months after you tag.
+And you're just wondering, oh I hope the fish is okay, I really hope it can survive while the tag is recording.
+The tags cost $3,500 each, plus an additional $500 for satellite hours, so I'm like, oh, I hope the tags are okay.
+So waiting is really the hardest part.
+I will show you the latest dataset.
+And it's not made public, so it's completely confidential only to TED.
+When I look at this data while showing this, I wonder, oh, will these animals cross the equator?
+Will they go from one side of the Pacific to the other?
+And it turns out they are kind of homebodies.
+They are not large immigrants. Here is their chase. We deployed the tug off the coast of Tokyo. And it seems that the ocean sunfish entered the Kuroshio Current off the coast of Japan in a month and foraged there.
+And four months later, it went up off the northern coast of Japan.
+And that's kind of their sphere of action.
+But this is important. This is because when fishing pressure is strong, the population is not replenished.
+So it's very important data.
+But the main thing is that they are not lazy and lazy fish.
+They are super hardworking.
+And this is a day in the life of an ocean sunfish. We too, sunfish go up and down, up and down, up and down, up and down up to 40 times a day.
+When the sun comes up, although it looks blue, they start diving.
+Down – and as the sun brightens they go deeper, little by little.
+They dive to a depth of 600 meters at a temperature of 1 degree Celsius. That's why you can see them on the ground. It is very cold there.
+They have to come up, get warm, get solar energy, and then go back to deep water and go up and down and up and down.
+And they're reaching the layers below. It's called the deep scattering layer, and that layer contains all kinds of food.
+So rather than just sunbathing lazy, they are actually very hardworking fish that perform a violent dance between the surface and the bottom in response to changes in temperature.
+You can see the same pattern. Using these tags, we see similar patterns in real-world 3D play, such as swordfish, manta rays, and tuna.
+It's part of a larger program called the Marine Life Census, where they're tagging around the world and sunfish will be a part of it.
+And what's exciting is that you travel, and the best part about traveling is that you can find great places by meeting local people and gaining local knowledge. You know.
+Now, thanks to the Marine Life Census, we'll be able to get closer to all locals and explore 90 percent of our living spaces with local knowledge.
+For biologists, there has never been a more exciting and important time.
+This is the last point, what do you think I enjoy the most?
+We've had so many questions about Mora and Sunfish that we've launched a website.
+So I figured I could answer the question and thank funders like National Geographic and Lindbergh.
+But people wanted me to write all sorts of all sorts of stories about these animals on the site and help me get samples for genetic analysis.
+And what I found most inspiring was that everyone had a shared love and interest in the ocean.
+I was receiving reports from Catholic nuns, Jewish rabbis, Muslims and Christians. Everyone was writing, united by their love of life.
+And to me, I don't think there's a better word to describe it than the immortal bard himself. "The whole world becomes intimate just by touching nature."
+Sure, it might just be a big stupid fish, but it helps.
+If it contributes to uniting the world, then it is definitely the fish of the future.
+What about flying cars?
+We have wanted to make this happen for about 100 years.
+And then there are historical attempts that have had some technical success.
+But we are still on our way here this morning to see something that truly seamlessly integrates the two-dimensional world we feel comfortable with and the three-dimensional sky above us. has not yet been reached. I don't know about you, but I really enjoy spending time there.
+We look at the historical attempts that have been made to date and, despite many modern innovations that were not previously available, we are able to achieve superior performance, such as modern composites and aircraft engines. I realized that I was prepared. It has great fuel economy and an unprecedented power-to-rate ratio, with glass cockpit avionics that delivers the information you need to fly directly to the cockpit, but doesn't fundamentally address the issue from another perspective. . We realize that we're going to get the same results that people have had for the last 100 years, but that's not what we want right now.
+So instead of trying to build a car that could fly, we decided to build a plane that could drive.
+And the result is the Terrafugia Transition.
+This is a two-seat, single-engine airplane that functions like any other small plane.
+Take off and land at your local airport.
+And when you're on the ground, fold the wings, drive home, and park in the garage.
+and it works.
+After an innovative two-year design and build process, a proof of concept was opened to the public in 2008.
+As with anything very different from the status quo, testing of that aircraft did not always go well.
+And when I come home with my broken stuff, I find that I've actually learned a lot more than I did when I met all my test goals from the start, which is a very good thing. I was.
+Still, we wanted to see the aircraft we all helped put together in the air and off the ground as it should have been.
+And for the first time, we were able to do so during our third high-speed test deployment on a freezing cold morning in upstate New York.
+The photo behind me was taken by the tracker co-pilot just after the wheels left the ground for the first time.
+And we were all thrilled to see that image become a symbol of accomplishing what people around the world thought was impossible.
+The flight tests that followed were as basic and low-risk as possible, but they achieved what was needed to take the program to the next step and gain the credibility it needed in the final market, the open market. rice field. We work with regulators governing the use of aircraft designs in the aviation industry, particularly in the United States.
+About a year ago, the FAA gave me a waiver that allowed me to gain an additional 110 pounds during the transition period.
+In the category of light sport aircraft.
+It doesn't seem like a big deal, but it's very important. Because being able to offer the Transition as a light sport aircraft not only makes it easier to certify, it also makes it much easier to learn how to fly. that.
+Sport pilots can get certified in just 20 hours of flight time.
+And at 110 pounds, it's very important to solve the other side of the equation: driving.
+Driving, including the design implementation and regulatory hurdles associated with it, has actually proved to be a more difficult problem to solve than flying.
+For those of us who spend most of our lives on the ground, this may seem counterintuitive, but there are potholes, cobblestones, pedestrians, and other drivers in driving, and they're on the fairly long and detailed list of federal motor vehicle safety standards. must be dealt with.
+Luckily, necessity is still the mother of invention and many of the design work we are most proud of in aircraft are driven by continuously variable transmissions and liquid-based cooling systems to help them survive in stop-and-go traffic conditions. aircraft engines, custom-designed gearboxes to power propellers in flight, wheels on the ground, and even automatic wing-folders. The mechanism of the collision safety function will be explained later.
+We use a carbon fiber safety cage that protects occupants at less than 10 percent of the weight of a car's traditional steel chassis.
+Well, this was good enough, but not good enough.
+Vehicle regulations on the road were not written with airplanes in mind.
+So we needed a little help from the U.S. Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
+As you may have seen in the recent news, late last month some special exemptions were announced that would allow the Transition to be sold in the same category as SUVs and light trucks.
+As a multi-purpose passenger vehicle, it is now officially described as "designed for occasional off-road use".
+(Laughter) So let's see it in action.
+You can see the wings folding along the sides of the plane.
+You're not powering the propeller, you're powering the wheels.
+It's less than 7 feet tall, so it fits in a standard construction garage.
+That is the automatic wing folding mechanism.
+It's real time.
+Just press a few buttons in the cockpit and the wings will come out.
+When fully deployed, the mechanical lock is applied again from within the cockpit.
+And just like pulling the top off of a convertible, it now perfectly handles any load you see in flight.
+And you are probably thinking what your neighbors would think if they saw it.
+(Video) Test Pilot: 75% of the risk is on the first flight until the vehicle is flown.
+Radio: You actually flew. yes.
+Radio 2: It was great.
+Radio: What did you think of that?
+It was very beautiful from here, I say.
+AMD: See, we're all super excited about that little bunny hop.
+And our test pilots gave us the best feedback we could get from a test pilot after the first flight. It was "surprisingly unremarkable".
+He went on to say that the transition was the easiest landing in his 30-year career as a test pilot.
+So, despite creating something seemingly revolutionary, we focused on doing as little new as possible.
+We use a lot of cutting-edge technology in general aviation and auto racing.
+When we need to do something really out-of-the-box, we use an incremental design-build-test-redesign cycle to help mitigate risk starting in small steps.
+Since we started Terrafugia about six years ago, we've taken many small steps.
+We've gone from three people working in an MIT basement in grad school to about 20 people working in an early production facility outside Boston.
+We keep the weight below the light sport limit that I talked about earlier, the regulators said, 'But you can't go through a toll station with your wings outstretched. and all engineering issues.
+Still, if all goes well with testing and building the two production prototypes we're working on, the first deliveries to the roughly 100 people who have booked flights at this point will begin on the same day. must. End of next year.
+Transitioning costs similar to other small planes.
+And while I'm never going to replace your Chevrolet, I think the Transition should be your next plane.
+Here's why.
+Nearly all of the world's commercial air travel passes through a relatively small number of large hub airports, but there are vast underutilized resources.
+There are thousands of airports where local runways do not serve as many aircraft as possible in a day.
+On average, there is one within 20-30 miles of anywhere in the United States.
+Migration will allow us to use this resource in a safer, more convenient, and more enjoyable way.
+For those of you who aren't pilots yet, there are four main reasons why we as pilots don't get to fly the way we want them to. It's mostly weather, cost, long door-to-door travel times, and mobility at your destination.
+Well, bad weather has arrived. Land, fold your wings and drive home.
+Even if it rains a little, it's okay because there are wipers.
+Park your plane in a garage instead of paying to store it in a hangar.
+The unleaded motor fuel we use is also cheaper and better for the environment than traditional avgas.
+Door-to-door travel time is reduced because you can spend your time getting where you want to go instead of lugging your bags, looking for a parking space, taking off your shoes, and getting the plane out of the hangar. . go.
+And the mobility to the destination is also clearly solved.
+Fold your wings and keep going.
+This transition will make the world a smaller and more accessible place while broadening our horizons.
+It remains a great adventure as well.
+I hope you all think about how you can use something like this to make your world more accessible and make your journey easier and more enjoyable.
+Thank you for giving me the opportunity to share it with you all.
+(applause)
+I am a neuroscientist.
+And neuroscience has to deal with many difficult questions about the brain.
+But I would like to start with the simplest question. And it's a question that everyone should really ask themselves at some point in their lives. Because that's a fundamental question if you want to understand how the brain works.
+Why do we and other animals have brains?
+Not all species on Earth have brains, so if you want to know what brains are for, consider why they evolved.
+Now, you may think that we have humans to perceive and think about the world, but you are completely wrong.
+Think about this question for a little longer and it becomes visibly clear why we have brains.
+We have brains for one reason only: to create adaptive and complex movements.
+There is no other reason to have a brain.
+please think about it.
+Movement is the only way to influence the world around you.
+That's not entirely true. There is another way, and that is to sweat.
+But everything else is done by muscle contraction.
+So let's think about communication. Speech, gestures, written words, and sign language are all mediated by muscle contractions.
+So while sensory, memory and cognitive processes are all important, it is very important to remember that they are only important for facilitating or inhibiting future movement.
+If sharing childhood memories or perceiving the color of roses doesn't influence how we live later in life, there's no evolutionary advantage.
+Now, for those who don't believe this argument, there are trees and grasses without brains on our planet, but the definitive proof is this animal - the humble sea squirt.
+A primitive animal with a nervous system, it swims in the ocean during its childhood.
+At some point in your life, you will be implanted in a rock.
+And the first thing you do when you land on that rock that never leaves is to digest your brain and nervous system for food.
+So once you no longer need to move, you no longer need that cerebral luxury.
+And while this animal is often likened to what happens when a professor wins a tenure in college, that's another story.
+(Applause.) So I'm a movement chauvinist.
+I believe exercise is the most important function of the brain. Don't let anyone tell you it's not true.
+Now, if movement is so important, how well do we understand how the brain controls movement?
+And the answer is that our performance is very bad. That's a very difficult question.
+But you can tell how well we are doing by thinking about how well we are building machines that can do what humans can do.
+Consider a game of chess.
+How good are you at deciding which pieces go where?
+Now, if you let Garry Kasparov fight IBM's Deep Blue when he's not in prison, the answer is that IBM's Deep Blue will win sometimes.
+And if IBM's Deep Blue were to play against anyone in this room, I think they would win every time.
+That issue has been resolved.
+What about the problem of picking up a chess piece and manipulating it back onto the board?
+If you compare the dexterity of a 5-year-old to today's best robots, the answer is simple. Kids win easily.
+No competition at all.
+So why is the top one easy and the bottom one hard?
+One reason is that any super-clever 5-year-old will tell you the algorithm for that top-level problem. That is, look at all possible moves until the end of the game and choose a winning move.
+So it's a very simple algorithm.
+Of course, there are other ways, but we approach the optimal solution by approximating using a huge computer.
+When it comes to dexterity, it's not even clear what algorithms one has to solve to be dexterous.
+And we find that we need to recognize and act on a world with many problems.
+But let me show you some cutting-edge robotics.
+Much robotics is very impressive now, but manipulation robotics is truly in its dark ages.
+This is the end of my doctoral program. A project by one of the best robotics labs.
+And the students trained this robot to pour this water into a glass.
+It's a difficult problem because the water splashes, but I'm sure it will work out somehow.
+But it's nothing like human agility.
+If you want this robot to do another task, you'll need another three years of PhD. program.
+In robotics there is absolutely no generalization from one task to another.
+We can now compare this to state-of-the-art human performance.
+So what I'm going to show you is Emily Fox winning the cup stacking world record.
+Now Americans in the audience will be familiar with cup stacking.
+This is a high school sport where you have 12 cups and you have to stack and stack them in a prescribed order in time.
+And this is how she achieved the world record in real time.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And she's very happy.
+We don't know what's going on in her brain when she does that. That's what we want to know.
+So my group is trying to reverse engineer how humans control movement.
+And it sounds like a simple problem.
+Sending a command causes the muscle to contract.
+When you move your arm or body, you get sensory feedback from your vision, skin, muscles, and more.
+The problem is that these signals are not the beautiful ones you want.
+So what makes movement control difficult is, for example, sensory feedback is very noisy.
+Noise here does not mean sound.
+We use this in the engineering and neuroscience sense to mean random noise that corrupts a signal.
+In other words, in the old days, before digital radio, when you tuned in and heard a "crrcckkk" sound on the station you wanted to hear, that was noise.
+But more generally, this noise corrupts the signal.
+For example, if you put your hand under a table and try to locate it with your other hand, the sensory feedback noise can shift it by a few centimeters.
+Similarly, putting the motor output on the motion output is very noisy.
+Forget about aiming with a dart, just aim at the same spot over and over again.
+Variability in movement results in large spreads.
+And more than that, the outside world, the task, is ambiguous and subject to change.
+A teapot can be full or empty.
+It changes over time.
+So we work within a sensorimotor task across a soup of noises.
+Today, this noise is so loud that society values ​​those of us who can reduce its impact.
+So if you're lucky enough to use a long metal rod to drive a small white ball into a hole hundreds of yards away, our society will happily reward you with hundreds of millions of dollars.
+Now I want to assure you that the brain also goes to great lengths to mitigate the negative effects of this kind of noise and fluctuations.
+To that end, we describe a very popular framework in statistics and machine learning over the last 50 years called Bayesian Decision Theory.
+And more recently, it has become a unified way of thinking about how the brain deals with uncertainty.
+And the basic idea is that we want to make an inference and then perform an action.
+So let's think about reasoning.
+You want to create beliefs about the world.
+So what is belief?
+Beliefs are: "Where are my arms in space?"
+Am I seeing a cat or a fox?
+But we intend to express our beliefs in terms of probabilities.
+Therefore, we represent beliefs as numbers between 0 and 1. 0 means don't believe at all, 1 means absolutely sure.
+And numbers in between give gray-level uncertainty.
+A key idea of ​​Bayesian inference is that there are two sources of information from which to make inferences.
+There is data, but data in neuroscience is sensory input.
+So I have sensory input and I can take it and make beliefs.
+But there is another source, which is effectively prior knowledge.
+Throughout life knowledge accumulates in memory.
+And the important point of Bayesian decision theory is that it provides mathematically the best way to combine previous knowledge and sensory evidence to generate new beliefs.
+And I posted the formula there.
+I won't explain what this formula is, but it's a very beautiful one.
+And it has real beauty and real explanatory power.
+And what it really tells us, and what we want to estimate, is the probability of different beliefs occurring given sensory input.
+So let me give you an intuitive example.
+Imagine you are learning to play tennis and want to determine where the ball will bounce when it flies over the net and towards you.
+There are two sources of information from Bayes' law.
+There is sensory evidence. Using visual information, auditory information, you may know to land on that red dot.
+But you know that your senses are not perfect. So there is some variability in where it lands, as indicated by the red clouds representing numbers between 0.5 and perhaps 0.1.
+That information is available in the current shot, but there is another source of information that is not available in the current shot, but only through repeated experience in the game of tennis. That is, the ball does not bounce on the court with the same probability during the game. game.
+If you are playing against a very strong opponent, they may be distributed to the green area (pre-distribution), making it difficult to return.
+Both of these sources now carry important information.
+And what Bayes' Law says is that you need to multiply the red number by the green number to get a yellow number with an ellipse, and that's my belief.
+So this is the best way to combine information.
+I wouldn't have told you all of this if I hadn't shown you a few years ago that this is exactly what people do when learning a new movement skill.
+What that means is that we are really Bayesian inference machines.
+As we walk around, we learn about the statistics of the world and reveal them, but we also learn about how noisy our own sensory apparatus are and combine them in a real Bayesian way.
+Now, the important part for Bayesian is this part of the equation.
+And what this part is really saying is that you should predict the probabilities of different sensory feedbacks given your own beliefs.
+So, in effect, we need to predict the future.
+And convince yourself that your brain is anticipating the sensory feedback you're going to get.
+And moreover, it greatly changes your perception by your actions.
+To that end, we will discuss how the brain processes sensory input.
+Thus, sending commands results in sensory feedback, whose changes are controlled by the body's physics and sense organs.
+But you can imagine taking a peek inside the brain.
+And here is the brain.
+You may have a little predictor, a neural simulator, that predicts the physics of your body and senses.
+So when we send a movement command, we tap a copy of it and run it into a neural simulator to predict the sensory impact of the action.
+Shaking this bottle of ketchup gives you true sensory feedback as a function of time on the bottom row.
+And if you have a good predictor, it predicts the same thing.
+So why bother?
+Either way, you'll get similar feedback.
+Well, for good reason.
+Imagine I'm shaking a bottle of ketchup and someone very kindly comes up to me and pats me on the back of the bottle.
+Now I get an additional source of sensory information thanks to that external act.
+So you get two sources.
+I get tapped and waved, and from my point of view, it's all combined into one source of information.
+There are good reasons for wanting to be able to distinguish between external and internal events.
+Because, in reality, external events are far more action-related than feeling everything that is happening inside your body.
+So one way to reconstruct it is to compare predictions based only on movement commands with reality.
+It is desirable that the contradiction is external.
+So I'm going around the world, subtracting that out and predicting what I'll get.
+All that's left is outside of me.
+What evidence do we have for this?
+Well, I have a very clear example of how the sensations I create myself are very different from the sensations created by other people.
+So we decided it was the most obvious to start with tickling.
+It's been known for a long time, but it doesn't tickle itself like everyone else.
+But it's not really shown. That's because we have a neural simulator that simulates your own body and subtracts that sensation.
+Therefore, applying robotics technology to this problem can bring about 21st century experimentation.
+In fact, what we have is like a stick attached to a robot in one hand, and the robot moves it back and forth.
+Then you track it with a computer and use it to control another robot that tickles your palm with another stick.
+Then, ask them to rate various things, such as tickling.
+Let me show you just a small part of our research.
+We're talking about robots here, but basically people move their right arm back and forth in a sine wave.
+and play it back to the other with a time delay.
+There is either no time delay (in which case the light tickles your palm) or a time delay of 2/10ths or 3/10ths of a second.
+The key point here is that the right hand is always doing the same thing, a sinusoidal motion.
+The left hand always gives the same, sinusoidal tickle.
+We are only dealing with tempo causality.
+And as you go from zero to 0.1 seconds, the tickle increases.
+The end gets more ticklish as you go from 0.1 to 0.2.
+And every 0.2 seconds, it tickles just as much for the robot that tickles you while you're doing nothing.
+So whatever the cause of this cancellation is very closely tied to tempo causality.
+And based on this figure, we were convinced in the field that the brain was making accurate predictions and subtracting them from our sensations.
+Now, I have to admit that these are the worst studies my lab has ever conducted.
+These stars require a large number of important subjects, as the tickling sensation in the palms comes and goes.
+We were therefore looking for a more objective way to assess this phenomenon.
+During that time, I was blessed with two daughters.
+And one thing you notice about kids sitting in the back seat of a car on long trips is that they fight. Quarrels began with one doing something to the other and the other retaliating.
+It escalates quickly.
+And children tend to get involved in fights that escalate violently.
+Now, when I yelled at them to stop, sometimes two of them would tell me that the other had hit them harder.
+Now, I happen to know that children don't lie, so I thought it would be important, as a neuroscientist, to be able to explain how children tell contradictory truths. rice field.
+And based on tickling research, they hypothesized that when one child hits another, they generate movement commands.
+They anticipate the sensory impact and subtract it.
+So they actually think they've never hit someone harder than they did. Rather, it's kind of ticklish.
+Passive receivers, on the other hand, make no predictions and feel the full blow.
+So if they retaliated with equal force, the first person would think it was escalating.
+So we decided to test this in the lab.
+(Laughter) Now we don't work with children, we don't work with hitting, but the concept is the same.
+2 adults will participate. We tell them we're going to play games.
+Here, Player 1 and Player 2 are sitting facing each other.
+And the game is very simple.
+We started with a motor with a small lever and a small force transfuser.
+Then use this motor to apply force to the player's finger for 3 seconds and it will stop.
+The player is then told to recall that force experience and use the other finger to apply the same force through the force transmitter to the other subject's finger, and they do so.
+Player 2 was then asked to recall his experiences with that power.
+Use your other hand to push it back down.
+And they in turn add the force they just experienced back and forth.
+But importantly, they are briefed on the rules of the game in another room.
+So they don't know what rules others are playing by.
+And what we measured is the power as a function of the term.
+And if you look at the starting point, there's a quarter Newton there, and a few turns, and perfect would be that red line.
+And for all pairs of subjects, we see 70% escalation each time.
+So when you're doing this, based on this study and other studies we've done, it actually suggests that the brain is canceling out sensory outcomes and underestimating the power it produces. .
+In other words, it was shown once again that the brain makes predictions and fundamentally changes the precepts.
+Now that we've made inferences and predictions, we need to generate actions.
+And what Bayes' law says is that the action should be optimal in some sense, given my beliefs.
+But there is a problem.
+The tasks are symbolic - "I want to drink", "I want to dance" - but the motor system needs to contract 600 muscles in a specific order.
+And there is a big gap between tasks and behavioral systems.
+It can therefore be bridged in an infinite number of different ways.
+So let's just think about point-to-point movement.
+You can choose between these two paths out of a myriad of paths.
+Once you select a particular path, you can hover your hand over that path, allowing an infinite number of different joint configurations.
+And I can hold my arm very stiff in a certain joint configuration or very relaxed.
+So I have so many choices.
+Well, it turns out we are very stereotyped.
+We all move in much the same way.
+And it turns out that we are very stereotyped and that our brains have dedicated neural circuits to decipher this stereotype.
+So if I take some dots and move them in biological motion, your brain circuits will instantly understand what is going on.
+Here's a bunch of dots in motion.
+You can see a huge amount of information about what the person is doing, whether they are happy, sad, old or young.
+If these dots were cars driving on a circuit, you would have no idea what was going on.
+So why do we act a certain way?
+Now let's consider what actually happens.
+Perhaps we don't all move in the same way.
+Maybe there is some variation in the population.
+And perhaps those who can move better than others have a better chance of passing their children on to the next generation.
+So, on an evolutionary scale, it moves better.
+And perhaps in life, behavior improves with learning.
+So what is good or bad about exercise?
+Imagine you want to intercept this ball.
+There are two possible paths to that ball.
+If we choose the left path, we can calculate the force required for one of the muscles as a function of time.
+But this adds noise.
+So what you actually get based on this beautifully smooth and desirable power is a very noisy version.
+So if you select the same command many times, you'll get a different noisy version each time, because the noise changes each time.
+What I can show you here is how the movement variability evolves if you choose that method.
+Choosing a different way of moving (e.g. to the right) would result in different commands, different noises, and playing on a noisy system would be very complicated.
+All we can be sure of is that the variability is different.
+Moving in this particular way reduces the variability of many movements.
+So if I had to choose between these two, I would choose the correct one with less variation.
+The basic idea is to plan your trip in a way that minimizes the negative impact of noise.
+And I get the intuition that the amount of noise or variability shown here actually increases as the force increases.
+Therefore, as a general rule, we want to avoid large forces.
+So we've shown that it can be used to explain the enormous amount of data that people go through their lives planning their trips to minimize the negative effects of noise. rice field.
+I hope this convinces you that the brain is there and evolved to control movement.
+And figuring out how to do that is an intellectual challenge.
+But it also concerns illness and rehabilitation.
+There are many diseases that affect movement.
+And hopefully, if we can understand how we control movement, we can apply it to robotic technology.
+And finally, when we see animals doing what appears to be a very simple task, we realize that the actual complexity of what is going on in their brains is actually quite dramatic. please remember.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Just a quick question, Dan.
+So you are a movement -- (DW: chauvinist.) -- a chauvinist.
+So you think that other things that we think in our brains, dreaming, longing, falling in love, and everything else, are kind of sideshows, coincidences?
+DW: No, no, actually I think they're all important in driving the right motor behavior to ultimately bring about regeneration.
+So I think people who study sensations and memories don't understand why they're accumulating childhood memories.
+For example, the fact that we forget most of our childhood is probably fine because it doesn't affect how we move forward in life.
+Only things that actually affect movement should be stored.
+CA: So for those of you who are thinking about the brain and consciousness in general, do you think that thinking about where movement is relevant in this game will give you real insight?
+DW: So people found it wrong to study vision without understanding, for example, why they have it.
+We need to study vision while recognizing how the motor system uses it.
+And once you think of it that way, it uses it quite differently.
+CA: Well, it was very attractive. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So Magic is a very introverted field.
+Scientists regularly publish their latest research results, but we magicians don't like to share our methods and secrets.
+The same is true among friends.
+But if we see creative practice as a form of research, or art as a form of research and development for humanity, how can a cyber illusionist like me share his research?
+My own specialty now is combining digital technology and magic.
+And about three years ago, I started practicing openness and inclusivity by reaching out to the open source software community to create new digital tools for magic. These tools will eventually be shared with other artists so they can initiate further work. It's meant to move you through the process and help you understand the poems faster.
+Today I would like to introduce an item that was born from such a collaboration.
+This is an augmented reality projection tracking and mapping system or digital storytelling tool.
+Could you turn the lights down? thank you.
+So let's try this.
+And I use it to give you my take on life's affairs.
+(applause) (music) I'm very sorry. I forgot the floor
+get up
+oi.
+come.
+(music) Come on.
+Oh sorry about that.
+I forgot this.
+(music) Try again.
+have understood.
+He devised the system.
+(music) (laughter) (applause) (music) Oh.
+(music) Okay. Let's try this.
+come.
+(music) (laughter) (music) Hi.
+(music) I heard her voice, please.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Bye-bye.
+(applause)
+Thus, historically, there has been a great divide between what people think of as non-living systems on one side and what they think of as living systems on the other.
+So we start, for example, with this beautiful and complex non-living crystal, and this rather beautiful and complex cat on the other side.
+For the past 150 years or so, science has blurred the distinction between the inanimate and the living, but it is now believed that there may be a continuum of sorts between the two.
+We will only take one example here. Viruses are natural systems.
+But it's so easy. It's that simple.
+It doesn't really meet all the requirements, it doesn't have all the properties of a living system, it actually parasitizes other living systems, for example for replication and evolution.
+But what we're going to talk about here tonight is an experiment that was done at this kind of non-living end of the spectrum. In other words, we are actually doing chemical experiments in the lab, mixing non-living components to create new structures, and these new structures may have some characteristics of living systems.
+In fact, what I'm talking about here is trying to create a kind of artificial life.
+So what are these characteristics I'm talking about? These are them.
+First of all, I think that life has a body.
+Now, this is necessary to distinguish the self from the environment.
+Life also has a metabolism. Now, this is the process by which life transforms resources from the environment into building blocks so that life can sustain and build itself.
+Life also has some kind of inheritable information.
+Now, we humans store our information in our genome as DNA and pass this information on to our offspring.
+Combining the first two (physical and metabolic), you can probably come up with a system that can move and replicate. And when you combine these with inheritable information, you can come up with better systems. It looks real and will probably evolve.
+That's what we're going to do in the lab, and we're going to do some experiments that have one or more of these characteristics of life.
+So how do we do this? Well, we use a model system called Protocell.
+You might think of this as something like a primitive cell. It's a simple chemical model of a living cell, for example, a cell in your body that has millions of different types of molecules that need to come together to work together in a complex network to make something. Given the possibilities, we call it alive.
+In the lab, what we want to do is pretty much the same, but with dozens of different molecules, it's a lot less complicated, but we're still trying to create something that looks like the real thing.
+So what we do is start simple and work our way up until we arrive at a living system.
+Consider for a moment these words of Leduc 100 years ago about a kind of synthetic biology. "The synthesis of life, if it did occur, would not be the sensational discovery we usually associate with the idea."
+That's his first statement. So even if we actually created life in a laboratory, it probably wouldn't affect our lives at all.
+“If we accept the theory of evolution, the first dawn of the synthesis of life lies in the production of intermediate forms between the inorganic and organic worlds, or between the inanimate and living worlds, forms that contain only parts of living organisms. It must be the "basic attributes of life"--that is, the attributes I just discussed--"to which other attributes are gradually added in the course of development by the evolutionary influence of the environment."
+So we start with a simple one and try to create some structures that might have some of these characteristics of life and develop it to make it more authentic.
+This is how you start building your protocell.
+We use this idea called self-organization.
+What this means is that when you mix several chemicals in a laboratory test tube, these chemicals begin to self-associate to form larger and larger structures.
+In other words, tens or hundreds of thousands of molecules come together to form large structures that have never existed before.
+In this particular example, I take some membrane molecules and mix them in the right environment to form these rather complex and beautiful structures within seconds.
+These membranes are morphologically and functionally very similar to those of the human body, and they can be used, so to speak, to form the bodies of primitive cells.
+Similarly, it can handle oil and water systems.
+As you know, oil and water do not mix together, but they can self-assemble to form clean oil droplets, which can actually be used as artificial organisms or protocell bodies. , you'll find out later.
+I mean, it's just forming part of the body, right?
+some architecture.
+What about other aspects of living systems?
+So we came up with the protocell model shown here.
+We started with a natural clay called Montmorillonite.
+This is what comes naturally from the environment, this clay.
+It forms, for example, a chemically active surface.
+It can trigger a metabolism with it.
+Certain types of molecules like to bond with clay. For example, in this case RNA, shown in red, is a cousin of DNA, an information molecule. It comes and begins to bond with this clay surface.
+This structure can organize the formation of a membrane boundary around itself, thus creating a mass of liquid molecules around itself. It is shown in green in this micrograph.
+In other words, just by mixing and self-assembling things in the laboratory, you can come up with, for example, a metabolic surface with some information molecules attached to the inside of this membrane.
+So we are on our way to a living system.
+But when you see this primitive cell, you wouldn't confuse it with a real living thing.
+It's actually quite lifeless. Once formed, there is nothing to do.
+In other words, something is missing.
+I'm missing some stuff.
+So what is missing is, for example, if there is a flow of energy in the system, what we need is to collect some of that energy to sustain itself, just like a living system. primitive cells that can
+So we devised another protocell model. This is actually simpler than the previous one.
+In this primitive cell model, it's just a droplet of oil, but as we see here, the internal chemistry that allows this primitive cell to use energy to do something, to actually be dynamic I have metabolism.
+Add the Droplet to your system.
+It's a pool of water and the protocells start moving through the system.
+have understood? Oil droplets are formed by self-assembly and undergo internal chemical metabolism so that they can use the energy they use to move themselves through the environment.
+As you heard earlier, locomotion is very important in this kind of living system.
+As you can see, the chemical waves produced by the progenitor cell cause it to move about, explore its environment, and modify it.
+So it kind of works like a life system trying to preserve itself.
+Here we use the same working protocell and put it into another experiment and run it. Then add food to your system. You see that in blue here, right?
+So, add a food source to your system.
+The protocell moves. It's an encounter with food.
+It can reconfigure itself and actually rise to the highest concentration of food in its system and stop there.
+are you OK? So, not only do we have a body, but we also have a metabolism, a system that consumes energy, and a system that moves around.
+It can sense the local environment and actually find resources within it to sustain itself.
+Now, this one has no brain, no nervous system. It's just a bag of chemicals that allows for interesting and complex bio-like behavior.
+If you count the number of chemicals in that system, there are actually five chemicals that can do this, including the water in the dish.
+So we put these protocells together in one experiment to see what they do. Depending on the conditions, there are some protocells on the left that move around, preferring to touch other structures in the environment.
+On the other hand, we have two moving protocells that like to rotate with each other, and they form a kind of dance, a complex dance with each other.
+right? Thus, not only do individual progenitor cells have behaviors that we have interpreted as behaviors in this system, but they also have collective-level behaviors that are fundamentally similar to those that organisms have.
+Now that you're protocell experts, let's play a game with these protocells.
+I plan to make 2 types.
+There is some kind of chemistry inside Protocell A that, when activated, causes the Protocell to start vibrating and just dancing.
+Remember, these are primitive things, and the fact that the protocells dance is of great interest to us. (laughter) The second protocell has a different chemical structure inside, and when activated all the protocells come together and fuse into one big protocell. right?
+I just put these two together in the same system.
+You have population A, you have population B, and you want to activate the system. And protocell B, those are the blue cells and they all come together. They fuse together to form one big mass, while the other progenitor just dances around. And this happens until all energy in the system is basically depleted, after which it's game over.
+So, after repeating this experiment over and over again, something very interesting happened.
+So we added these protocells together into the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused to form hybrid protocell AB.
+This has never happened before. it goes.
+This system now houses Protocell AB.
+Protocell AB likes to dance around a bit and Protocell B does some fusion, okay?
+But then something even more interesting happens.
+Watch as these two large protocells, hybrid protocells, fuse together.
+You now have a dancing protocell and a self-replicating event. right. (laughter) Again, just a bunch of chemicals.
+How this works is that we have a simple system of five chemicals here, and another simple system. When they interbreed, something different is formed, more complex than before, and a different kind of creature-like behavior emerges. In this case it's a duplicate.
+So we can make some interesting primitive cells that we like, interesting colors, interesting behavior, and they're very easy to make and they have interesting organism-like properties, so maybe These progenitor cells could tell us something about the origin of life on Earth. . Perhaps these represent easily accessible steps, one of the first steps when life began on early Earth.
+Certainly there were molecules on the early Earth, but they would not have been the pure compounds that we studied in the lab and showed in these experiments.
+Rather, they will be real complex mixtures of all kinds, as uncontrolled chemical reactions produce diverse mixtures of organic compounds.
+Think of it like a primordial exudate.
+And this pool is too difficult to fully characterize even by modern methods, the product looks brown like the tar on the left. In contrast, the pure compound is shown on the right.
+So this is similar to what happens when you take pure sugar crystals in your kitchen, put them in a pot and add energy.
+Raising the heat creates and breaks chemical bonds in the sugar, forming a brownish caramel, right?
+If this is left unchecked, chemical bonds are repeatedly formed and broken, forming a mixture of more diverse molecules, and this kind of black tar-like substance is formed in the pot. Yes, it is difficult to wash this off. So this is how life originated.
+Life had to be extracted from this junk that existed on the early Earth 40 to 4.5 billion years ago.
+The challenge, therefore, is to ditch all the pure chemicals in the lab and try to create some protocells with authentic properties from this kind of primitive exudate.
+Thus, we can again see the self-assembly of lipid bodies seen earlier, the black dots inside of which represent this type of black tar, this diverse and highly complex organic black tar.
+Then, as we saw before, put them in one of these experiments and watch the brisk movement that comes out of it.
+They look very nice, move very nicely, and also seem to have some kind of behavior of circling or chasing each other, similar to what we've seen before, but again It's also working in just primitive conditions. , does not contain pure chemicals.
+These are also tar-fueled protocells that can also find resources in the environment.
+Now add a resource that spreads into the system from the left side. As you can see, they love it.
+They will become very energetic and able to find resources in the environment similar to what we have seen before.
+But again, these are done in very nasty pristine conditions, not sterile laboratory-like conditions.
+As a matter of fact, these are very dirty little protocells. (Laughter.) But they have authentic properties, which is important.
+Therefore, conducting these artificial life experiments can help define potential pathways between inanimate and living systems.
+Not only that, but what life is and what kind of life might exist there, and life that could be very different from the life we ​​find on Earth. , which also helps broaden our horizons.
+And it will lead to the next term "strange life".
+These are the words of Steve Benner.
+It is used with reference to a 2007 report by the US National Research Council. In this report, we tried to understand how to look for life elsewhere in the universe, especially if that life is very different from life on Earth. If we go to another planet and think there might be life there, how can we recognize it as life?
+They came up with three very general criteria. The first is -- and they are listed here.
+The first is that the system must be in an unbalanced state. So, really, the system can never die.
+Basically what it means is that energy is input into a system that life can harness and utilize to sustain itself.
+This is similar to how the sun illuminates the earth, promoting photosynthesis and driving ecosystems.
+Without the sun, there could be no life on this planet.
+Second, life must be in a liquid state. So even if you had interesting structures and interesting molecules clustered together, if they were frozen as solids, this would not be a good place for life.
+And third, it must be able to form and break chemical bonds. And this is also important. This is because life transforms resources from the environment into building blocks so that it can sustain itself.
+Well today I told you about a very strange and strange primitive cell. Some contain clay, some contain primordial exudates, some contain essentially oil instead of water inside.
+Most of these do not contain DNA, but have biological-like properties.
+However, these protocells meet the general requirements of living systems.
+Therefore, by conducting these chemical and artificial life experiments, we not only understand the basics about the origin of life and the existence of life on this earth, but also what kind of things there are in the universe. We also want to understand how life could possibly exist. thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi. Today I'm going to show you about 8 of my projects in collaboration with Danish artist Soren Pors.
+We call ourselves Porus and Rao and live and work in India.
+I'd like to start with the first object, which I call "Telephone Uncle".
+And it always asks me to do something in his uncle's place, like turn on the light or bring a glass of water or a cigarette packet, as if I was part of his body. It was inspired by my uncle's strange custom.
+And as I grew it got worse and worse, and I came to think of it as a kind of control.
+But of course I couldn't say anything because my uncle is a respected figure in the Indian family.
+And the situation that frustrated and puzzled me the most was his landline usage.
+He clutched the phone, expecting me to dial the number for him.
+So, in response, as a gift for my uncle, I made him an "Uncle's Phone".
+It's long, so you need two people to use it.
+That's exactly how my uncle uses a phone designed for one person.
+But the problem is, when I left home for college, I missed his orders.
+So I built him a golden typewriter that could email orders to his nephews and nieces around the world.
+So all he had to do was take a piece of paper, roll it into the carriage, type an email or command, and pull the paper out.
+This device will automatically send the letter as an email to the intended person.
+As you can see, it has many embedded electronics that understand all mechanical motion and convert it to digital.
+So my uncle only deals with mechanical interfaces.
+And, of course, the object had to be very grand and have that ceremonial feel my uncle liked.
+The next work is a sound-sensitive installation that we affectionately call 'Pygmies'.
+And we wanted to work with the concept of being surrounded by a tribe of very shy, sensitive and gentle creatures.
+So how it works is there is a panel on the wall behind which a small creature hides.
+And as soon as it quiets down, they kind of creep up.
+When it gets quieter, it stretches its neck.
+And at the slightest noise they hide again.
+So I installed these panels on three walls of the room.
+And over 500 little pygmies hid behind them.
+This is how it works.
+This is a video prototype.
+So when it's quiet, it feels like it's coming out from behind the panel.
+And they hear sounds just like humans and real creatures.
+So, after a while, you become immune to the sounds that scare you.
+And it doesn't respond to background sounds.
+At the moment they do not react, they hear the sound of a train.
+(noise) but responds to foreground sounds. It sounds right away.
+(whistling) So we worked hard to make them as close to the real thing as possible.
+Therefore, each pygmy has its own behavior, psyche, mood swings, personality, etc.
+So this is a very early prototype.
+Of course it got a lot better after that.
+And we had them react to people, and we found that people were very playful and childish towards them.
+This is a video installation called "The Missing People".
+And we were very intrigued to try out the concept of invisibility.
+How can we experience the sense of invisibility?
+So we worked with a company that specializes in camera surveillance to develop software that uses cameras that can observe and track people in a room, displacing one of them in the background and making them invisible. bottom. .
+So I'd like to show you a very early prototype.
+On the right you can see my colleague Soren actually in the space.
+And on the left we see the processed video where the camera made him invisible.
+Soren enters the room. pop! he becomes invisible.
+And then we see that the cameras are tracking him and erasing him.
+This is a very early video so I haven't dealt with duplicates etc yet, but it was quickly and later refined.
+So how we used it was a room with a camera looking into the space, with one monitor on each wall.
+And when people enter the room, they see themselves on the monitor, with one difference. No matter where you move in the room, one person will always be invisible.
+So, this is a work called "The Sun Shadow".
+And it was like a piece of paper, like a clipping from a childhood drawing of an oil spill or the sun.
+And while this object looked very strong and sturdy when viewed from the front, it looked almost very weak from the side.
+So when people walk into a room, they'll mostly ignore it, thinking there's something lying around.
+But as soon as they passed, they started jerking up the wall.
+And I'm exhausted, and I fall over every time.
+(Laughs) In other words, this work is a caricature of a person turned upside down.
+His head is heavy, full of heavy thoughts, it seems to have fallen into his hat, and his body grows out of him like a plant.
+Now what he's doing is moving around in a very unpredictable and very slow motion on his head like he's very drunk.
+And it's kind of constrained by that circle.
+Because if the circle wasn't there and the floor was very flat, it would start roaming in space.
+And no wires.
+So here is the instance. This object is activated when people enter the room.
+It then rises very slowly and painfully over a few minutes, then picks up momentum and almost descends.
+And this is the key moment. Because we wanted to instill in the viewer an instinct to go help or save the subject.
+But in practice it is not necessary. Because, again, they manage to pick themselves up.
+So this piece was a real technical challenge for us, and like most of our work, we worked very hard over the years to get the mechanics, balance and dynamics right. I was.
+And it was very important for us to pinpoint the exact moment it falls. Because if you make it in such a way that it will fall, it will damage itself, and if it doesn't fall far enough, it won't break. Instill that fatalism, or a sense of wanting to help it.
+So here's a very short video of the test scenario running. This is much faster.
+that's my colleague. he let it go.
+Now he's nervous and I'm going to go get it.
+But he doesn't have to because it manages to lift itself.
+So this is a piece that intrigued us immensely, addressing the aesthetic of fur embedded with thousands of tiny, different-sized optic fibers that shimmer like the night sky.
+And it's the scale of the night sky.
+So I wrapped it around a teddy bear-shaped block and hung it from the ceiling.
+And the idea was to contrast something so cold and distant and abstract like the universe with the familiar shape of a teddy bear that feels so cozy and intimate.
+And the idea was that at some point you would stop looking at the shape of the teddy bear and start feeling like you were looking at the twinkling night sky, as if it were a hole in space.
+This is the last work and a work in progress, called "Space Filler".
+Now, in the middle of the room there's a little cube about this size standing in front of you, and when you get close to it, it grows into a cube that's twice as tall and [eight] times as big as you. Imagine trying to intimidate.
+As such, the object is constantly expanding and contracting, creating a dynamic movement with the people moving around it. It's as if they're trying to hide a secret in the seams or something.
+We work with a lot of technology, but we don't really like it. Because technology makes our work painful for years and years.
+But we use it because we are interested in how it can help express the emotions and behavioral patterns of the creatures we create.
+And when a creature comes to our mind, it's as if the process of creation is to discover how that creature really wants to be, what form it takes, how it wants to move. is.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I would like to start with a short story.
+The story is about a boy with a history-loving father who would often lead his father by the hand to visit the ruins of an ancient metropolis on the outskirts of the camp.
+They always stopped to visit the huge winged bull that guarded the gates of the ancient metropolis. The boy was frightened by these winged bulls, but they thrilled him at the same time.
+And the father used the bull to tell stories about the civilization and their work to the boy.
+Throw us back decades to the San Francisco Bay Area. So I founded a technology company and launched the world's first 3D laser scanning system.
+Let me explain how it works.
+Female voice: Long-range laser scanning by transmitting pulses of laser light.
+The system measures the time-of-flight of the beam, recording the time it takes for light to reach the surface and return.
+The scanner uses two mirrors to calculate the horizontal and vertical angles of the beam, giving exact x, y, z coordinates.
+That point is then recorded in a 3D visualization program.
+All this happens in seconds.
+Ben Kacyra: As you can see here, these systems are very fast.
+Collect millions of points at once with extreme accuracy and extreme resolution.
+It would be difficult for a surveyor using traditional surveying tools to produce perhaps 500 points in a day.
+These babies will produce as much as 10,000 points per second.
+So, as you can imagine, this was a paradigm shift in surveying and construction, and even the reality capture industry.
+About ten years ago my wife and I founded a foundation for doing good. Just around that time, the Taliban blew up the magnificent 180-foot-tall Bamiyan Buddha in Afghanistan.
+They were gone in no time.
+And unfortunately, there were no detailed documents about these Buddhas.
+This obviously blew me away. And I couldn't help but think about the fate of my old friend, the Winged Bull, and the fate of so many legacies around the world.
+My wife and I were so impressed by this that we decided to extend our foundation's mission to preserve the digital heritage of the world's monuments.
+We named the project CyArk (short for Cyber ​​Archive).
+To date, we have completed nearly 50 projects with the help of our global network of partners.
+Let me show you some of them: Chichen Itza, Rapa Nui -- and here we are looking at point clouds -- Babylon, Roslyn Chapel, Pompeii, and our latest project, Mount Rushmore. , which happened to be one of our most challenging projects.
+As you can see here, I had to develop a special rig to allow the scanner to be used up close.
+The results of our work on site are used to create media and artifacts for use by conservators and researchers.
+We also create media for free public distribution through the CyArk website.
+These will be used for education, cultural tourism, etc.
+What you're looking at here is a 3D viewer we developed that allows you to view and manipulate point clouds in real time, cut sections of them and extract dimensions.
+This happens to be Tikal's point cloud.
+Here you will see a traditional 2D architectural engineering drawing used for preservation. Of course, we tell stories through flythroughs.
+And you can see this through Tikal's point cloud, rendered and photo-textured using photos we took in the field.
+So this is not a video.
+This is a real 3D point with an accuracy of 2-3mm.
+And of course, you can use that data to develop highly accurate and detailed 3D models.
+Here we are looking at a model extracted from the point cloud of Stirling Castle.
+It is also used for research, visualization and education.
+And finally, create a mobile app that includes a narrated virtual tool.
+The more we get involved in the field of cultural heritage, the more it becomes clear to us that sites and stories are being lost faster than we can physically preserve them.
+Of course, all kinds of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods and tornadoes cause damage.
+But what came to my mind was that man-made destruction isn't just causing a good chunk of it, it's actually accelerating.
+This includes arson, urban sprawl and acid rain, as well as terrorism and war.
+It has become increasingly clear that we are fighting a losing battle.
+We are losing sites, stories, and basically a part, and an important part, of our collective memory.
+Imagine humanity as ignorant of where we came from.
+Luckily, digital technology has advanced in the last 20-30 years to help develop digital preservation and the tools that help in the digital preservation wars.
+This includes 3D laser scanning systems, increasingly powerful personal computers, 3D graphics, and high-resolution digital photography, as well as the Internet.
+With this accelerated pace of destruction, it became clear that we needed to challenge ourselves and our partners to accelerate our efforts.
+And so we launched a project called the CyArk 500 Challenge. This is to digitally preserve 500 world heritage sites in five years.
+We are happy to accomplish this task as we have scalable technology, a growing network of global partners and the potential for rapid expansion.
+But to me, 500 is really just the first 500.
+To continue our work into the future, we utilize technology centers that partner with local universities to provide technology. In doing so, they support the digital preservation of heritage. We provide technology that will benefit us in the future.
+I would like to conclude with another short story.
+Two years ago, our partners approached us to digitally preserve the important UNESCO World Heritage Site of Uganda, the Kasubi Royal Tombs.
+The field work was successful and the data were archived and disseminated to the public through the CyArk website.
+Last March we received very sad news.
+The royal tombs had been destroyed under suspicion of arson.
+A few days later, I received a call saying, "I have the data, so can I use it for restoration?"
+Of course, our answer was yes.
+Let me give you one last thought.
+Our heritage is much more than our collective memory, it is our collective treasure.
+We owe it to our children, grandchildren and generations we will never meet to keep it safe and pass it on.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+thank you.
+thank you.
+I'm here because I wanted to demonstrate to you the power of this technology. So while I was speaking, you were being scanned.
+(Laughter) There are two wizards behind the curtain who help us display the results on the screen.
+(Applause) This is all in 3D, and of course you can fly through point clouds.
+From above, you can see through the ceiling.
+You can look at it from different perspectives, but to show you how much detail you can create, ask Doug to zoom in on a person in the crowd.
+It will be digitally saved in about 4 minutes.
+(Laughter) I want to thank the magicians here.
+We are very lucky to have two of our partners on board, Historic Scotland and Glasgow School of Art.
+I would also like to personally thank David Mitchell, Director of Conservation at Historic Scotland for his efforts.
+David.
+(Applause.) And Doug Pritchard, Head of Visualization at the Glasgow School of Art.
+Reach out to them.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+Humans have long had a keen interest in the human brain.
+We charted it, explained it, drew it, mapped it.
+Think of Google Maps and GPS in much the same way that the physical map of our world today is heavily influenced by technology. Something similar is happening with brain maps through transformations.
+Let's look at the brain.
+When most people see a fresh human brain for the first time, they say, "It's different than what you usually see when someone shows you a brain."
+Usually what you see is a fixed brain. Gray.
+And this outer layer, this is the incredible vascular system that surrounds the human brain.
+These are blood vessels.
+Twenty percent of the oxygen that comes from the lungs and 20 percent of the blood that the heart pumps is supplied to this organ.
+In other words, two fists put together is only slightly larger than two fists.
+At the end of the 20th century, scientists learned that blood flow could be tracked to non-invasively map where activity is occurring in the human brain.
+For example, they can see the back part of the brain, but it's just spinning there.
+I have a cerebellum. That's what's keeping you straight now.
+It keeps me standing. It is involved in coordinated movements.
+This side is the temporal cortex.
+This is the area where primary auditory processing takes place. So you are listening to my words and sending them to the higher language processing centers.
+The front of the brain is where all the more complex thinking and decision-making takes place, and is where it finally matures in late adulthood.
+All decision-making processes take place here.
+That's where you're probably deciding now that you're not going to order steak for dinner.
+So when you look deeper into the brain, one of the things you see is when you look at the brain in cross section, you don't see a lot of structure there.
+But in reality there are many structures.
+It's a cell, a wire with everything connected.
+So about 100 years ago, some scientists invented a dye that stains cells.
+And it's shown here in very bright blue.
+Areas where nerve cell bodies are stained can be seen.
+And what you can see is that it's very uneven. More structures can be seen there.
+The outer part of the brain is the neocortex.
+In other words, it is one continuous unit of processing.
+But sometimes you can also see something under it.
+And all those blank areas are areas that have wires going through them.
+Possibly due to low cell density.
+That means our brain has about 86 billion neurons.
+As you can see they are very unevenly distributed.
+And how they are distributed greatly affects their underlying function.
+And of course, as I said before, we can start mapping brain functions, so we can connect these to individual cells.
+Now let's take a closer look.
+Let's look at neurons.
+As I said earlier, there are 86 billion neurons.
+As you can see, we also have these little cells.
+These are supporting cells, or astrocytes glia.
+And the nerve itself receives the input.
+They store and process it.
+Each neuron is connected via synapses to up to 10,000 other neurons in the brain.
+And each neuron itself is also mostly unique.
+The intrinsic properties of both individual neurons and neurons within brain ensembles are determined by fundamental properties of their underlying biochemistry.
+These are proteins.
+These are proteins that control the movement of ion channels.
+They control who the nervous system cells partner with.
+And basically everything the nervous system has to do is under control.
+So if we zoom in to a deeper level, we can see that all these proteins are encoded by the genome.
+We each have 23 pairs of chromosomes.
+I get one from my mom and the other from my dad.
+And there are approximately 25,000 genes on these chromosomes.
+They are encoded in DNA.
+And the specific cellular properties that drive its underlying biochemistry are determined by which of these 25,000 genes are turned on and at what level.
+So our project is looking at this readout to try to understand which of these 25,000 genes are turned on.
+So obviously you need brains to embark on a project like this.
+So we dispatched our laboratory technicians.
+We wanted a normal human brain.
+It actually starts in the medical examiner's office.
+This is where the dead are brought to.
+We want a normal human brain.
+There are many criteria for choosing these brains.
+We want to make sure there are normal humans between the ages of 20 and 60. Since they had no brain damage, no history of mental illness, and no drug load, they died somewhat of a natural death. We do a toxicology workup.
+And we are very careful about the brains we harvest.
+We also select brains from which tissue can be collected, and consent can be obtained for tissue collection within 24 hours after death.
+Because what we're trying to measure, the RNA read from a gene, is very unstable, so we need to act very quickly.
+As an aside about brain collection, we actually have much more male brains than female brains due to our collection methods and the need for consent.
+Men are much more likely to die in an accident in middle age.
+And men are much more likely to get their partner-spouse to agree than vice versa.
+(Laughs) So, at the collection site, we collect MRs first.
+This is Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI.
+This is the standard template for hanging the rest of this data.
+Collect this MR there.
+You can think of this as a satellite image of a map.
+The next thing to do is collect a so-called diffusion tensor imaging.
+This maps large wires in the brain.
+Again, you can think of this as a rough map of interstate highways.
+Remove the brain from the skull and cut into 1 cm slices.
+They are then solid frozen and shipped to Seattle.
+And in Seattle, throw these, which is the equivalent of an entire human hemisphere, into basically a glorified meat slicer.
+It has a blade that cuts off a piece of tissue and transfers it to a microscope slide.
+Then apply one of these stains and scan.
+And then you get the first mapping.
+That's where the experts come in and make basic anatomical assignments.
+The borders of this state can be thought of as a rather wide contour.
+From this, the brain can be further fragmented and fitted into a smaller cryostat.
+And this is just showing this here - this frozen tissue, and it's cut.
+This is 20 microns thin, so this corresponds to the width of a baby's hair.
+And don't forget it's frozen.
+Here you can see that the old-fashioned brush technique is applied.
+Take a microscope slide.
+Then very carefully melt it onto the slide.
+This is sent to the robot, which applies one of these stains.
+And our anatomists intend to explore this further.
+This is also what you can see with a microscope.
+You can see clusters and collections and configurations of large and small cells in different locations.
+And from there it's normal. They know where to make these assignments.
+And they can basically create a reference atlas.
+Here is a more detailed map.
+Our scientists then use this to go back to another part of that tissue and perform a so-called laser scanning microdissection.
+Technicians are then instructed.
+They write along there places.
+And the laser actually cuts.
+You can see the blue dot is broken. and the tissue is sloughed off.
+If you look at the microscope slides here, you can see that happening in real time.
+Below that is a container that collects the tissue.
+The tissue is harvested, RNA is purified from it using basic techniques, and fluorescently tagged.
+We take that tagged material and put it on something called a microarray.
+This may look like a collection of dots to you, but each of these individual dots is actually a unique part of the human genome found on glass.
+Since it contains about 60,000 elements, we repeatedly measure various genes out of the 25,000 that are in the genome.
+Then, when you take a sample and hybridize to it, you get a unique fingerprint that quantitatively indicates which genes are turned on within that sample.
+Now, we do this over and over again, repeating this process for every brain.
+We collect over 1,000 samples for each brain.
+The area shown here is called the hippocampus.
+It has to do with learning and memory.
+And it contributes about 70 out of those 1,000 samples.
+Therefore, each sample yields approximately 50,000 data points in replicates, i.e. 1000 samples.
+So there are roughly 50 million data points in the human brain.
+We have now collected the equivalent of two human brains.
+All these in one. Show what that composition looks like.
+It is essentially a large dataset of information that is freely available to all scientists around the world.
+You don't even need to be logged in to use this tool, mine data or find interesting things with it.
+So here are the modalities we put together:
+We will begin to recognize these things from what we have collected before.
+This is MR. provide a framework.
+On the right is the operator side, where you can rotate, zoom in, and highlight individual structures.
+But most importantly, we are now mapping to this anatomical framework, a common framework for people to understand where genes turn on.
+So the red levels are where the gene is turned on a lot.
+Green is a cool area that is not lit.
+And each gene gives us a fingerprint.
+And remember, we assayed all 25,000 genes in the genome, and data for all of them are available.
+So what can scientists learn from this data?
+We are just beginning to examine this data ourselves.
+There are a few basic things you should understand.
+Two excellent examples are the drugs Prozac and Wellbutrin.
+These are commonly prescribed antidepressants.
+Now remember that we are analyzing genes.
+Genes send instructions to make proteins.
+Proteins are drug targets.
+So the drug binds to the protein to turn it off and so on.
+So if you want to understand how drugs work, you have to understand how they work in ways you want, and how they work in ways you don't want them to. there is.
+You want to see where those genes are turned on, such as in side effect profiles.
+And for the first time, I could actually do it.
+It can also be done with the multiple individuals we analyzed.
+Now we can observe the whole brain.
+You can see this unique fingerprint.
+and get confirmation.
+In fact, you get confirmation that the gene is turned on. With something like Prozac, what is already known in the serotonergic structure is affected. But at the same time, you can also see the whole.
+You can also see areas that no one has seen before, where you can see these genes turned on.
+This is a very interesting side effect.
+Another thing you can do with something like this is that it's a pattern matching exercise, and since you have a unique fingerprint, you can actually scan the whole genome and look for other proteins that show similar fingerprints. that you can find.
+So if you're doing drug discovery, for example, you can go through the entire list of what the genome has to offer and possibly find and optimize better drug discovery targets.
+Most of you are probably familiar with the genome-wide association studies in the news that "scientists recently discovered a gene that affects X."
+So this kind of research is published regularly by scientists and they are great. They analyze large populations.
+They look across the genome, trying to find hotspots of activity that are causally linked to genes.
+But what you get from such an experiment is just a list of genes.
+I know what it is, but I don't know where it is.
+Therefore, it is very important for researchers that we created this resource.
+This will allow them to come in and get clues about their activities.
+They can start looking at common paths—things they haven't been able to do before.
+So I think this audience can especially appreciate the importance of individuality.
+And I think that all humans have different genetic backgrounds and have lived different lives.
+But in reality, our genomes are more than 99% similar.
+We are similar at the genetic level.
+And what we are discovering is that we are, in fact, very similar, even at the biochemical level of our brains.
+It's not 99 percent, but it shows a good cutoff of roughly 90 percent correspondence, and everything in the cloud is roughly correlated.
+And find some outliers, the ones beyond the clouds.
+These genes are interesting, but very subtle.
+So I think the important message to bring back today is that we are all very similar even at a brain level, even though we respect all our differences.
+So what are the differences between them?
+Here's an example of a study I did to follow up on what exactly those differences are. And they are very subtle.
+These are the ones whose genes are turned on in individual cell types.
+These are two genes that we found to be good examples.
+One, called RELN, is involved in early developmental cues.
+DISC1 is a gene that is deleted in schizophrenia.
+These are not people with schizophrenia, but there is some variability within the population.
+Here, what we observe in donor 1 and donor 4, which is the exception to the other two, is that the gene is turned on in a very specific subset of cells.
+This dark purple deposit inside the cell indicates that the gene is turned on there.
+I don't know if it's due to an individual's genetic background or experience.
+These kinds of studies require much larger populations.
+So I would like to leave you with a final note on the complexity of the brain and how far we have to go.
+I think these resources are invaluable.
+Researchers know where to go.
+However, only a handful of individuals have been considered by us at this point.
+We will consider more.
+Finally, tools exist and this is truly an unexplored and undiscovered continent.
+This is new ground, so to speak.
+So the future awaits for those who are undaunted, yet humbled by the complexity of their brains.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I started Improv Everywhere about 10 years ago when I moved to New York City with an interest in acting and comedy.
+I was new to the city and didn't have access to the stage, so I decided to build my own stage in a public area.
+So the first project we look at is the very first no-pants subway ride.
+Well this happened in January 2002.
+And this woman is the star of the video.
+She doesn't know she's being filmed.
+She is filmed with a hidden camera.
+It's on the 6th train in New York City.
+And here is the first stop of this line.
+Two Danish guys came in and sat down next to the hidden camera.
+And there I am in a brown coat.
+wearing a hat. I am wearing a scarf.
+(Laughter.) And as you can see, I'm not wearing pants.
+(Laughter) At this point, at this point, she notices me, but in New York, every vehicle has a weirdo.
+A single person is not that uncommon.
+She also starts reading her own book, which unfortunately is titled "Rape".
+(Laughter) So she noticed something was wrong, but went back to her normal life.
+Now, in the meantime, I have six friends waiting, also in their underwear, at the next six stops in a row.
+They plan to get into this car one by one.
+And we'll act like forgetting our pants on this cold January day was just an unfortunate mistake.
+(laughter) (laughter continues) So at this point she decided to put the rape book away.
+(Laughter) And she decided to be a little more aware of her surroundings.
+Meanwhile, two Danish men to the left of the camera are making a fuss.
+They think it's the funniest thing they've ever seen.
+(Laughter) And I love that moment in this video. Because before it was a shared experience, it was probably a little scary, or at least confusing to her.
+And when it became a shared experience, it was funny and laughable for her.
+So the train is now arriving at its third stop along Route 6.
+(Laughter) So the video doesn't tell you everything.
+This continues for four more stations.
+At the eighth stop, a girl with a large duffel bag came up and announced that she was selling pants for $1, much like batteries and candy are sold on the train.
+We all bought pants in a very nonchalant way, put them on, said, "Thank you, that's exactly what I needed today," and walked out without revealing what happened. and headed in different directions.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+That is, a still image from a video there.
+And I really like that girl's reaction.
+And seeing the videotape later that day inspired me to continue what I was doing.
+And indeed, one of the points of Improv Everywhere is to create scenes in public places that are positive experiences for others.
+This is a prank, but a prank to get someone to tell you a great story.
+And her reaction inspired me to do my second no-pants subway ride.
+And have continued to do so every year.
+This January, we held our 10th annual No Pants Subway Ride, with a diverse group of 3,500 people riding in their underwear on nearly every line in New York City.
+People also participated in 50 other cities around the world.
+(Laughter) I started taking improvisational classes at the Upright Citizen Brigade Theatre, meeting other creative people, performers and comedians, and started amassing a mailing list of people who wanted to do this kind of project.
+As a result, we are now able to carry out larger projects.
+One day, while walking through Union Square, I saw this building that was just built in 2005.
+There was a girl in one of the windows and she was dancing.
+It was very strange because it was dark outside and she was backlit by the fluorescent lights.
+She was so on stage and I couldn't understand why she was doing that.
+About 15 seconds later, my friend who was hiding behind the display appeared.
+They laughed, hugged each other and ran away.
+Maybe she did it on purpose.
+Looking across the façade, there were a total of 70 windows. And I knew what I had to do.
+(Laughter) The project is called "Look Up More".
+We had 70 actors dressed in black.
+We didn't let the store know we were coming.
+And I stood in the park and gave the signal.
+The first cue was for everyone to hold up four-foot-tall letters that read the project's name, "Look Up More."
+The second cue was for everyone to play jumping jacks together.
+You know where to start.
+(laughs) Then we danced. I had everyone dance.
+Then there was a dance solo where only one person danced and everyone pointed to it.
+(Laughter) So I made a new hand signal. That signaled Forever 21's next soloist below, and he danced.
+There were also some other activities.
+Some jumped and some fell to the ground.
+And I stood anonymously in my sweatshirt, tapping in and out of the trash can, signaling my way forward.
+And it was in Union Square Park, right by the subway station, so by the end hundreds of people had stopped and looked up to see what we were doing.
+I have better pictures.
+So that particular event was inspired by a moment I stumbled upon.
+The next project I wanted to show you was handed to me by mail from a stranger.
+In 2006, a high school student from Texas wrote me a letter saying, "I want as many people as possible to wear blue polo shirts and khaki pants and go to Best Buy and stand there." .
+(Laughter) (Applause) So I immediately wrote back to this high school student and said, "Yes, that's right.
+I'll try to do that this weekend. thank you. "
+So here is the video.
+Again, this was in 2005.
+About 80 people participated, and we had you enter one by one.
+We had an 8 year old girl and a 10 year old girl.
+A 65-year-old man also participated.
+So a very diverse group of people.
+(Laughter.) And I said to people, "Don't do the work. Don't actually do the work."
+But don't go shopping either.
+Just stand and don't face the product. "
+You can see that employees with yellow tags on their shirts are full-time employees.
+Everyone else is one of our actors.
+(Laughs) The junior employees thought it was very funny.
+Some of them grabbed their cameras from the break room and took pictures with us.
+Many of them joked about trying to send us to the back to pick up a heavy TV for a customer.
+The administrators and security guards, on the other hand, didn't find it particularly amusing.
+You can see them in this video.
+And we were there maybe 10 minutes before the manager decided to call 911.
+(Laughter) So they started running telling everyone the police were coming. "The police are coming, so be careful."
+And here we are with the cops in this footage.
+A black-clad policeman was there, filmed by a hidden camera.
+Ultimately, police had to inform Best Buy management that wearing blue polo shirts and khaki pants was not actually illegal.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
+(Applause) So we've been there for about 20 minutes. We happily left.
+One of the things the manager was trying to do was track our cameras.
+And they caught some of my men with hidden cameras in their duffel bags.
+However, one cameraman they didn't catch was a man who went into a Best Buy camera department with nothing but a blank tape and pretended to be shopping with a tape in one of his cameras.
+So I like the concept of using proprietary technology against them.
+(Laughter) I think our best projects are site-specific, in a specific location for a reason.
+And then one morning I was on the subway.
+I had to transfer at the 53rd Street stop, which has two giant escalators.
+And in the morning it's a very crowded and depressing place.
+So, one morning, I decided to try to make it as happy as possible.
+This was in the winter of 2009, at 8:30 in the morning.
+It's morning rush hour.
+It's very cold outside.
+People come from Queens to transfer from the E train to the 6 train.
+And they're going up this giant escalator on their way to work.
+[Rob wants it] [I want it for you] (laughter) [high five!] (laughter) [get ready!] (laughter) (applause) Thank you.
+So here's a picture that explains it a little better.
+He gave 2,000 high fives that day, washed his hands before and after, and never got sick.
+And it was done without permission, but no one seemed to care.
+So, I think over the years, one of the most common criticisms of Improv Everywhere, left anonymously in YouTube comments, is that "these people have too much time on their hands."
+And you know, not everyone likes everything you do. I've certainly gotten thicker thanks to the internet comments, but since I don't have a lot of time, that always bugs me.
+Attendees of Improv Everywhere events have leisure time just like any other New Yorker, only occasionally choosing to spend their leisure time in unusual ways.
+As you know, every Saturday and Sunday hundreds of thousands of people gather in football stadiums every autumn to watch the games.
+I've never seen anyone watch a football game and comment, 'Everyone in the stands has too much time on their hands'.
+And of course not.
+A great way to spend a weekend afternoon watching a football game at the stadium.
+But spending a frosty afternoon surrounded by 200 people in Grand Central Terminal, or running through the New York Public Library dressed like a ghostbuster is also perfectly viable. think.
+(Laughter) Or you could dance in silence in the park with 3,000 other people listening to the same MP3, start singing as part of a spontaneous musical at the grocery store, or dress up and dive into the waters of Coney Island. You can also.
+(Laughter.) You know, when we were kids, we were taught how to play.
+And you are never given a reason why you should play.
+It is accepted that play is good.
+That is, it doesn't make sense, and it doesn't have to.
+No reason needed. If it looks fun, it looks interesting, and the people who witness it look happy, that's enough.
+As adults, I think we need to learn that there is no right or wrong way to play.
+(applause)
+Thank you very much, Chris. Everyone who came here said they were scared. I don't know if it's scary, but it's the first time I'm giving a speech in front of an audience like this.
+And I don't have smart technology that you can see.
+There are no slides, so you have to keep me happy.
+(Laughter) What I want to do this morning is share some stories with you and talk about another Africa.
+Already this morning there have been some references to Africa that you hear all the time: HIV/AIDS Africa, Malaria Africa, Poverty Africa, Conflict Africa, Disaster Africa.
+While that is certainly happening, there is Africa that is not often heard of.
+And sometimes I get confused and ask myself why.
+This is the changing Africa that Chris alluded to.
+This is Africa of Opportunities.
+This is Africa, where people want to decide their own future and destiny.
+And Africa is where people are looking for partnerships to make this happen. That's what I want to talk about today.
+First, I would like to talk about that change in Africa.
+On September 15, 2005, the governor of one of Nigeria's oil-rich states, Mr. Diepree Alamiesega, was arrested by the Metropolitan Police during a visit to London.
+He was arrested for wire transfers of $8 million to several dormant accounts belonging to him and his family.
+The arrest was made possible thanks to the cooperation of the London Metropolitan Police and the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, headed by one of the most capable and brave men, Mr. Nuhu Rivadu.
+Alamie Seiga was arrested in London.
+After some blunders, he managed to escape by disguising himself as a woman and fleeing London back to Nigeria, where the constitution, like many countries, provides immunity for those holding the office of governor or president. will not be prosecuted. . But what happened was that people were so outraged by this act that the state legislature could impeach him and remove him from office.
+Now Aramus (we will call him for short) is in prison.
+This is a story about the fact that Africans no longer tolerate corruption in their leaders.
+This is about the fact that people want their resources to be properly managed for their own benefit, and not to be taken out where only a few elites profit. It's a story.
+So when you hear about corrupt Africa, always corrupt, you know that in some countries people and governments are working hard to combat this and there are some success stories. I would like to.
+Does that mean the problem is over? The answer is no.
+There is still a long way to go, but I believe there is a will.
+And that success is proven in this very important battle.
+So when you hear about corruption, don't simply think that nothing is being done about it, or that overwhelming corruption is preventing you from doing business in an African country. It's not.
+We are willing to fight, and in many countries the battle is still going on and has been won. In other areas like mine, Nigeria has a long history of dictatorships, the fight continues, and we have a long way to go.
+But the truth of the matter is that this is happening.
+Here are the results: Independent monitoring by the World Bank and other agencies often shows that corruption trends are on the decline and governance is improving.
+A study by the Economic Commission for Africa shows a clear upward trend in the governance of 28 African countries.
+Let me just say one more thing before I leave this area of ​​governance.
+That's people talking about corruption, corruption.
+Whenever they talk about this, they immediately think of Africa.
+That is the image of African countries. But let me just say this. If Arams were able to export $8 million to an account in London -- if other people who received the money knew that an estimated 20 to 40 billion of the money in the developing world now goes to developed countries abroad If they were asleep - - If they could do this, what would it be? Isn't that corruption?
+Is there no prosecution in this country for receiving stolen goods?
+So when we talk about this kind of corruption, let's also think about what's going on halfway around the world, where the money is going, and what can be done to stop it.
+I am currently working with the World Bank on an asset recovery effort and trying to do everything I can to repatriate the funds that have been taken abroad, i.e. in the developing world.
+Because if we can get back the $20 billion that is lying dormant in some of these countries, it could be much more than the total amount of aid collected.
+(Applause) The next thing I would like to talk about is the will to reform.
+Africans, after all, they are tired and tired of being subject to everyone's charity and care too.
+We are grateful, but we know that if we are willing to reform, we can decide our own destinies.
+And what is happening in many African countries now is the realization that no one but us can do it. I have to do it.
+We can invite partners to support us, but we have to start.
+We must reform our economy, change our leaders, become more democratic and more open to change and information.
+And this is what we have started in Nigeria, one of the continent's largest countries.
+In fact, if you're not in Nigeria, you're not in Africa.
+I want to tell you that.
+(Laughter) One in four Sub-Saharan Africans is Nigerian, and there are 140 million dynamic people out there, chaotic people, but very interesting people. Never get bored.
+(Laughter) What we started with was recognizing that we had to reinvent ourselves.
+Then, with the support of leaders who were reform-minded at the time, we proposed a comprehensive reform program that we had developed ourselves.
+Not the International Monetary Fund. Not the World Bank where I worked for 21 years and rose to Vice President.
+No one will do it for you. you have to do it yourself.
+We put together that program. One of them is to liberate the nation from businesses that the state never had.
+The state should not be in the business of producing goods and services because it is inefficient and incompetent.
+So we decided to privatize many companies.
+(Applause.) We decided to liberalize many of the markets as a result.
+Before this reform, which began in late 2003 when I left Washington for the post of Minister of the Treasury, can you believe that telecommunications companies were only able to develop 4,500 fixed line telephone lines company-wide? 30 years of history?
+(laughter) Having a phone in my country was such a luxury.
+i didn't understand. I had to give a bribe.
+I had to do everything to get the phone.
+When President Obasanjo endorsed and initiated the liberalization of the telecommunications sector, the number of fixed telephones increased from 45 million to 32 million GSM lines and continues to grow.
+Nigeria's telecommunications market is the second fastest growing in the world after China. We receive approximately $1 billion in investments annually in the telecommunications sector. And no one knows, except for a few smart people.
+(Laughter) The smartest one was MTN, a South African company that came in first.
+And during my three years as Treasurer, we made an average of $360 million a year in profits.
+There are 360 ​​million people in the market -- a poor country with an average income of just under $500 per person.
+So the market is there.
+They kept this secret, but it soon became known to others.
+Nigerians themselves have started to develop some wireless telecommunications companies, and three to four more have entered the market.
+But there's a huge market out there, and people don't know or don't want to know about it.
+So privatization is also one of the things we have been doing.
+Another thing we've done is better financial management.
+Because if you don't manage your money well, no one can help you or support you.
+And Nigeria had a reputation for being corrupt in the oil sector and poorly managing state finances.
+So what were we trying to do? We have introduced fiscal rules that decouple the budget from oil prices.
+In the past, oil was the largest and most profitable sector of the economy, and 70% of our income came from oil, so we only budgeted for the oil we imported. .
+We cut it off, and once that was done, we budgeted at slightly below the price of oil and started saving anything above that price.
+We didn't know we could pull it off. It was very controversial.
+But what it did immediately was the volatility that existed in our economic development, that even with high oil prices, we would grow very quickly.
+When they crashed, so did we.
+And financially, I could hardly even pay my salary.
+It went smooth. We saved $27 billion just before I left. On the other hand, this was true of our reserves, and when I arrived in 2003, we had $7 billion in reserves.
+By the time I retired, our assets had reached about $30 billion. And as we're talking about, we have about $40 billion in reserves thanks to good financial management.
+And it supports and stabilizes our economy.
+The exchange rate, which used to fluctuate all the time, is now fairly stable and managed in a way that allows businessmen to predict prices in the economy.
+We have lowered the inflation rate from 28% to about 11%.
+And GDP has grown from an average of 2.3 percent over the last decade to about 6.5 percent today.
+So all the changes and reforms we have been able to make are showing measurable results in the economy.
+And more importantly, because we want to diversify away from oil - and like many countries in Africa, there are so many opportunities in this big country - attention. The thing is, much of this growth isn't coming from oil only, but it's also coming from the non-oil sector.
+Agriculture grew by over 8%.
+As the telecommunications sector grew, so did the housing and construction industries, which allowed me to grow even more. And this is to illustrate that if we can get the macroeconomics right, the opportunities in various other areas are enormous.
+As I said earlier, there are opportunities in agriculture.
+We have an opportunity in the field of solid minerals. We have many minerals that no one has invested in or researched. And we realized that without proper legislation to make it possible, it won't happen. Now you have a mining code that is on par with the best in the world.
+We have opportunities in housing and real estate.
+A country of 140 million people had nothing. There were no shopping malls as we are familiar with here.
+This was an investment opportunity for those who spark people's imaginations.
+And now, the businesses in the mall are making four times more sales than expected.
+So it's a huge event in the construction, real estate and mortgage markets. Financial Services: There were 89 banks. Too many people not doing real business.
+We consolidated the banks from 89 to 25 by requiring them to increase their capital, or share capital.
+And it went up from about $25 million to $150 million.
+Banks - These banks are now consolidated and strengthening their banking system attracts a lot of outside investment.
+UK's Barclays Bank brings in $500 million.
+Standard Chartered brought in $140 million.
+And I can continue. More and more dollars will flow into the system.
+The insurance industry is doing the same.
+So there is a huge opportunity in financial services.
+For many African countries, there is a huge opportunity in tourism.
+And many people know East Africa for its wildlife, elephants, and so on.
+But it is very important to manage the tourism market in a way that brings real benefits to the people.
+So what am I trying to say? What I mean is that there is a new wave on the continent.
+A new wave of openness and democratization. Since 2000, more than two-thirds of African countries have held multiparty democratic elections.
+Not all of them have been or will ever be perfect, but the trends are very clear.
+What I'm saying is that over the last three years, the continent's average growth rate has risen from about 2.5 percent to about 5 percent per year.
+This is better than the performance of many OECD countries.
+So it is clear that things are changing.
+Conflict continues on the continent. Ten years ago there were about a dozen conflicts, now there are only 3 or 4 conflicts. One of the worst of these conflicts is, of course, Darfur.
+And, you know, there's a neighborhood effect where the whole continent seems to be affected if something is happening in one part of it.
+But you should know that this continent is not one country, it is not a continent of many countries.
+And when conflicts drop to three or four, that means there are plenty of opportunities to invest in a stable, growing, and exciting economy.
+I just want to say one thing about this investment.
+The best way to help Africans today is to help them stand on their own feet.
+And the best way to do that is by helping create jobs.
+There is nothing wrong with fighting malaria, funding it, and saving children's lives. That's not what I mean. It is fine.
+But imagine the effect on your family. Once parents are employed and their children are safe in school, they will be able to buy their own medicines to fight disease.
+Wouldn't it be a great opportunity if we could invest in a place where you could make money yourself, create jobs, and help people become self-reliant? Isn't that the way it is done?
+And my point is that women are the most investable people on this continent.
+(Applause) Here's the CD. I'm sorry I couldn't say anything in time.
+Otherwise, I would have liked you to have seen this.
+It reads "Africa: Open for Business".
+And this is actually the video that won the award for best documentary of the year.
+Please understand that the woman who made this is coming to Tanzania and the session will be held in June.
+But it shows that against all odds, Africans, especially African women, have developed businesses, some of which are world class.
+One of the women featured in this video, Adenike Ogunlesi, makes children's clothing. She started as a hobby and grew into a business.
+Combining African materials like ours with materials from other places.
+So she makes small dungarees of corduroy mixed with African materials. It's such a creative design that it's even been ordered by Walmart.
+(Laughter) For 10,000.
+So we know we have the people who can do it.
+And women are hardworking. they are focused. they work hard.
+There are many examples. Beatrice Gakuba from Rwanda started her flower business and now exports every morning to a Dutch auction in Amsterdam and employs 200 other women and men to work with her.
+But many of these countries are hungry for capital expansion. Because no one believes we can do what we need to do outside of our country. No one thinks in terms of the market.
+No one thinks they have a chance.
+But I stand here and say that those who miss the boat now will miss the boat forever.
+So if you want to go to Africa, think about investing.
+Think of the Beatrice family. Think of the Adenikes of this world. They are doing amazing things, making themselves part of the global economy while ensuring the employment of their fellow men and women and the health of their children. Education is available to families because their parents earn enough.
+So please look for the opportunity.
+Please listen carefully when you go to Tanzania. You will surely hear that there are various opportunities that you can participate in to do good for the continent, its people and yourself.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I was offered a position as Associate Professor of Medicine and Chief of Scientific Visualization at the Yale School of Medicine.
+And my job is to create much of the algorithm and code for NASA to perform virtual surgeries in preparation for astronauts heading off to deep space, allowing astronauts to be stored in robotic pods. bottom.
+One of the interesting things about what we were working on was using new scanning techniques to see things we hadn't seen before.
+You can learn amazing things about your body beyond just managing disease.
+I remember when we first turned our attention to collagen.
+And your entire body, hair, skin, bones, nails, everything is made of collagen.
+And it is a structure like a rope that turns round and round like this.
+And the only place where collagen changes its structure is the cornea of ​​the eye.
+It will look like a grid on your eyes, so it will be transparent instead of opaque.
+It was a structure so perfectly organized that it was difficult to ascribe sanctity to it.
+Because we kept seeing this in different parts of our bodies.
+One of the opportunities that came to me was someone at the NIH working on a very interesting miniature magnetic resonance imaging device.
+And what we were going to do was use these new technologies to scan a new project on fetal development from conception to birth.
+So I wrote the algorithms and code, he (Paul Lauterbur) built the hardware, and then won the Nobel Prize for inventing MRI.
+I got the data.
+And I will show you a sample of the work "From conception to birth."
+(music) [from conception to birth] [ovum] [sperm] [fertilized egg] [24 hours: baby's first division] [fertilized egg divides several hours after fusion...] [and every 12-15 hours] newly divided into]] [early embryo] [the yolk sac is still feeding the baby. ] [Day 25: Heart chambers are developing. ] [Day 32: Arms and uterus developing. ] [Day 36: Beginning of the primitive spine] [These weeks are the period during which the fetus develops most rapidly] [If the fetus continues to grow at this rate for 9 months, it will be 1.5 years old] [45 day] [fetal heart beating twice as fast as mother's] [51 days] [developed retina, nose and fingers] Necessary for skeletal growth] [12 weeks: indifferent penis] [Girl or boy not yet determined] [8 months] [birth: expulsion stage] [moment of birth] (Applause) Alexander Tsiaras: Thank you. Thank you.
+But as you can see, when you really start working with this data, the results are pretty amazing.
+And while working on this project, we continued scanning and observing these two simple cells with incredible machinery that will make your magic.
+And then, as we continue to work on this data, observing these little pieces of tissue that are the little masses of the body, the trophoblast cells that have sloughed off the blastocyst, suddenly we burrow into the side of the uterus and say, I was. Came here to stay. "
+Talk and communicate with estrogen and progesterone, say "I'm here, plant me," and create this incredible trilinear fetus that becomes recognizable within 44 days. and by the 9th week it is really growing. A little human in a way.
+The marvel of this information: How do we actually have this biological mechanism in our bodies to actually see this information?
+Let me introduce you to something quite unique.
+This is a 25 day old human heart.
+And just like this wonderful origami, the cells grow at a rate of 1 million per second in 4 weeks and just fold over.
+Within 5 weeks, early atria and early ventricles will begin to be visible.
+After 6 weeks, these folds started at the papillae inside the heart and were able to actually pull down each of the heart's valves, giving us a mature heart and then basically the whole human body. develop.
+The magic of the mechanisms within each genetic structure that dictate exactly where neurons should go, the complexity of these, the mathematical models of how these things actually happen are beyond human comprehension. .
+As a mathematician, I look at this with amazement as to why these instruction sets don't make these mistakes in building us.
+It is mysterious, magical, and divine.
+Then you start looking at adult life.
+Look at this tiny tuft of capillaries.
+It's just a tiny substructure, microscopic.
+But basically, by the time you give birth at nine months of age, you'll have about 60,000 miles of blood vessels in your body.
+And you can only see one mile.
+59,999 miles basically brings in nutrients and removes waste.
+The complexity of building it within a single system is still beyond any understanding today and beyond existing mathematics.
+And instructions are set from the brain to every other part of the body. Notice the complexity of the folding.
+Where is this intelligence in knowing that folds can actually contain more information when you actually observe a baby's brain growing?
+And this is one of the things we do.
+We are launching two new studies that scan babies' brains from the moment they are born.
+Every six months until they were 6 years old, we took about 250 children to see exactly how their gyri and sulci fold, and to see how this marvelous development actually happened. Observe how it transforms into memories and the wonder that we are. .
+It's not just our own existence, but the female body is capable of building its own genetic makeup as well as becoming a walking immune system, cardiovascular system, which is basically a mobile system. How do we understand that we have a genetic structure that makes us Is it really us who actually raises and handles this child as some kind of wonder beyond our comprehension - the magic of existence?
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(music) [music by Moby] [Grand Canyon] Narrator: Since Eve's body is an integral part of the aircraft, many of the tests are done with Eve strapped to the wing.
+[Wind Tunnel Testing] Narrator: Wings have no steering controls, no flaps, no rudders.
+Eve uses her body to steer her wings.
+Stefan von Bergen: Well, he turns just by putting his head to either side.
+And sometimes I help it with my hands, sometimes with my feet.
+So to speak, he acts as a human body.
+And it's very unique.
+Narrator: Arch your back to gain altitude.
+If you stick your shoulders forward, you will enter the dive.
+[Swiss Alps] [Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar] [Crossing the English Channel] Commentator 1: Go.
+We have Yves Rossy.
+And I think the wings are open.
+So the first critical moment is open.
+he is depressed is he flying?
+Commentator 2: It seems to have stabilized.
+he is starting to climb
+Commentator 1: It's a 90 degree turn.
+He came out across the strait.
+We have Yves Rossy.
+There is no going back.
+He is sailing across the English Channel.
+Ladies and gentlemen, the historic flight has begun.
+[Image: National Geographic] Commentator 2: And when it's close to the ground, it's going to pull the toggle down and flare, slow it down a bit, and then land cleanly.
+Commentator 1: There it is.
+Yves Rossy has landed in England.
+Bruno Giussani: And now he's in Edinburgh. Eve Rossy!
+(Applause) (End of applause) And his gear.
+Eve, welcome. It's pretty amazing.
+These sequences were shot at different moments of your activity over the past three years.
+There were many others.
+Therefore, it can fly almost like a bird.
+What is it like to be there?
+Yves Rossy: It's fun. It's fun is not it.
+(Laughter) I don't have wings.
+But sometimes I feel like I'm a bird.
+It's a really surreal feeling because you usually have a big plane around you.
+And with just this little harness, this little wing on the strap, you really feel like a bird.
+BG: What inspired you to become Jetman?
+YR: I discovered free fall about 20 years ago.
+When you step out of the plane, you are almost naked.
+So you're taking that position.
+Especially when you take the tracking position, you will feel like you are flying.
+And that is the closest thing to a dream.
+There are no machines around you.
+You are right in that element.
+Very short and one way only.
+(Laughter) So the idea was to keep that sense of freedom, but change the vector and have more time.
+BG: Just curious, what's the top speed?
+YR: It's about 300km/h before looping.
+That's about 190 mph.
+BG: How much weight do you carry?
+YR: When I leave with a full tank of kerosene, I weigh about 55 kilograms.
+I have 55kg on my back.
+BG: So you're not piloting?
+No steering wheel, no steering wheel, nothing?
+Is it purely your body and the wings become part of the body and vice versa?
+YR: That's the real goal. Because if you introduce steering, you're reinventing the airplane.
+And I wanted to keep this freedom of movement.
+It's really like a child playing with an airplane.
+I want to go down like this.
+Then climb up and turn around.
+It's pure flight.
+It's flight, not maneuvering.
+BG: How do you personally train for that?
+YR: Actually, I try to stay fit.
+I don't do any special physical training.
+Just trying to stay mobile through new activities.
+For example, last winter I started kitesurfing.
+So new.
+So you have to adapt.
+As a pilot, I have quite a bit of experience managing the system, but the reality is that you need to be fluid, you need to be agile, and you need to adapt very quickly.
+BG: Someone in the audience asked me, "How is he breathing there?"
+Because it's running fast at an altitude of about 3,000 meters.
+YR: Well, up to 3,000 metres, oxygen isn't much of an issue.
+But bikers, for example, have the same speed.
+Breathing is perfectly fine just by wearing a helmet-integrated helmet.
+BG: Now that it's here, please describe the device.
+So four Breitling engines.
+YR: Well, the span is 2 meters.
+Ultra stable profile.
+It operates using four small engines, turbines and kerosene, each with 22 kg of thrust.
+Harness, parachute.
+My only tools are the altimeter and time.
+You can see that there is about 8 minutes of fuel left.
+So I'll check it out before I finish.
+(Laughter) Yes, that's it.
+two parachutes.
+So even if the first one you pulled had a problem, you could still open the second one.
+And this is my life.
+That's what really matters when it comes to safety.
+I have used it about 20 times in the last 15 years.
+Never been that type of wing, but it was at first.
+Wings can be released when spinning or becoming unstable.
+BG: I saw a scene in 2009 when you crossed the Straits of Gibraltar and lost control and jumped into the clouds and the sea.
+So that was one of those cases where you let go of wings, right?
+YR: Yes. I've tried it in clouds and it's completely disorienting.
+So I tried to raise the altitude again.
+OK, I thought I'd go out.
+But maybe I did something like that.
+(laughs) BG: It's not a very safe image.
+YR: I feel great -- (laughter) but the altitude is not right.
+So the next thing I saw was just blue.
+it was the sea.
+It also has an altimeter with audio.
+So I hit the minimum altitude of that vector and hit high speed so I pulled it up.
+And I opened the chute.
+BG: So the wings have their own parachute and you have two parachutes.
+YR: That's right. The wings have rescue parachutes for two reasons. One, so that it can be repaired later, and especially so that no one takes the parachute just above the head.
+BG: I see. Maybe we'll come back here.
+This is really dangerous.
+People have died trying to do this.
+Besides, you don't look crazy. You're a Swissair pilot, so you're more of a checklist type.
+I think there are standards.
+YR: Yes. There is no checklist for that.
+(laughs) BG: Don't tell your employer.
+(laughs) YR: No, it's really two worlds.
+Civil aviation is something we are familiar with.
+We have a hundred years of experience.
+And you can adapt really precisely.
+With that, I have to adapt to something new.
+In other words, improvisation.
+So this is really a play between these two approaches.
+I am familiar with these principles.
+For example, Airbus has two engines. You can fly with just one engine.
+So plan B, always plan B.
+Fighters have ejection seats.
+That's my ejection seat.
+Therefore, I have the approach of a professional pilot, with pioneering respect in front of Mother Nature.
+BG: People often say that.
+What happens if one of the engines dies?
+YR: Roll.
+It then stabilizes and continues to use two or three engines depending on altitude.
+It is possible in some cases.
+It's very complicated to explain, but depending on what administration I was in, I could have two flights in a row trying to get the best spot to land and then I could open the parachute .
+BG: So the beginning of a flight is actually jumping out of an airplane or helicopter, diving down to accelerate the engine, and then basically taking off somewhere in the air.
+And, as we've seen, arriving on this side of the strait is a parachute landing.
+So just curious, where did you land when you flew over the Grand Canyon?
+Did you land on the bottom of the rim?
+YR: It was bottoming out.
+And then we got back on the helicopter sleigh.
+But it was too stony and the top was full of cacti.
+(laughs) BG: That's exactly why I asked.
+YR: Also, the flow over there is really interesting.
+There is great thermal activity and a large elevation difference.
+So it was much safer for me to land on the bottom.
+BG: I think a lot of people are now asking, "When are you going to develop a two-seater that we can fly together?"
+YR: I have a standard answer.
+Have you ever seen a tandem bird?
+(laughs) BG: Perfect answer.
+(applause) (end of applause) BG: Eve, last question.
+what's next? What's next for Jetman?
+YR: First, mentoring young people.
+I want to share it, I want to fly in formation.
+And I'm going to start off a cliff, like jumping off a cliff.
+BG: Rather than jumping out of the plane, right?
+YR: Yes, the ultimate goal is takeoff, but we need muzzle velocity.
+Really, step by step.
+It seems a little crazy, but it's not.
+You can start now, but it's too dangerous.
+(Laughter) Thanks to advances in technology, better technology, we will be safer.
+And I hope it will be so for everyone.
+BG: Eve, thank you very much. Yves Rossy.
+(applause)
+I have always been interested in computers and technology and have created several apps for iPhone, iPod touch and iPad.
+I would like to talk about a few things today.
+The first app I used was a unique fortune-telling app called "Earth Fortune" that displays the color of the earth according to your fortune.
+My favorite and most successful app is "Bustin Jieber". This is (laughs) Justin Bieber Whack-A-Mole.
+(Laughter) A lot of people at school hated Justin Bieber a little bit, so I decided to make an app.
+So I started programming and released it just before the 2010 holidays.
+A lot of people ask me, "How did you do this?"
+The questioner also often wants to make an app.
+Recently, many children like games, but this time I want to make games, but it is difficult because there are few children who can know how to make programs anywhere.
+For soccer, you can go to the soccer team.
+For the violin, you can take violin lessons.
+But what if you want to create an app?
+And while the parent of that child may have done some of these things when they were young, not many parents have created apps.
+(Laughter) Where do you go to find out how to make an app?
+Well this is how I approached it and what I did.
+First, I have programmed in multiple other programming languages ​​to understand the basics like Python, C, and Java.
+Then Apple released the iPhone and with it the iPhone Software Development Kit. A software development kit is a set of tools for creating and programming iPhone apps.
+This opened up a whole new world of possibilities for me. After playing around with the software development kit for a bit, I built some apps and created some test apps.
+One of them happened to be "Earth Fortune" and I was ready to put "Earth Fortune" on the App Store, so I asked my parents to pay me a $99 fee to put my app on the App Store. persuaded
+They agreed and now have the app on the App Store.
+I received a lot of interest and encouragement from my family, friends, teachers, and even people at the Apple Store, which helped me a lot.
+Steve Jobs inspired me a lot and I started an app club at school. My school teacher has kindly sponsored my app club.
+Any student at my school can come and learn how to design apps.
+This is so that I can share my experience with others.
+There are these programs, called iPad Pilot Programs, that are being implemented in some districts.
+I am lucky to be one of them.
+The big question is how do you use your iPad and what apps should you put on it?
+So, we are getting feedback from school teachers about what kind of apps they want.
+When we design and sell an app, it is provided free of charge to local governments. As well as the other districts we sell, all proceeds go to local educational foundations.
+These days, students usually know a little more about technology than their teachers.
+(laughter) So -- (laughter) I'm sorry.
+(Laughter.) So, this is a resource for teachers, and educators need to be aware of this resource and make good use of it.
+(Laughs) Finally, I would like to finish by saying what I want to do in the future.
+First of all, I want to make more apps and games.
+We work with third-party companies to create apps.
+I want to get into Android programming and development. We hope to continue the App Club and find other ways for students to share their knowledge with others.
+So I use language to tell you...
+Because we can.
+This is one of the magical abilities we humans have.
+We can communicate really complex thoughts to each other.
+So what I'm doing now is making sounds with my mouth while breathing out.
+I'm making sounds and hissing and puffing noises that create air vibrations in the air.
+Air vibrations travel to you, hit your eardrum, and your brain receives the vibrations from your eardrum and converts them into thoughts.
+I hope.
+(Laughter) I hope so.
+This ability allows us humans to transmit our ideas across vast expanses of space and time.
+We can transmit knowledge beyond the mind.
+Get some weird new ideas into your head right now.
+You could say, "Imagine a jellyfish waltzing in a library while thinking about quantum mechanics."
+(Laughter) Now, if everything has gone relatively well so far in your life, you've probably never had that thought before.
+(Laughter.) But now I just made you think of it through words.
+Of course, there is not just one language in the world, there are about 7,000 languages ​​spoken around the world.
+And all languages ​​differ from each other in every way.
+Different languages ​​have different sounds, different vocabulary, and different structures. Very importantly, the structures are different.
+That's where the question arises. Do the languages ​​we speak shape the way we think?
+Well, this is an old question.
+People have speculated on this question forever.
+Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor said, "To have a second language is to have a second soul." This makes a strong case that language creates reality.
+But on the other hand, Shakespeare has Juliet say, "What's in your name?"
+Roses with other names will smell just as sweet. "
+Well, that probably suggests that language does not create reality.
+These arguments have come and gone for thousands of years.
+But until recently, there were no data to help decide which method to choose.
+Recently, my lab and other labs around the world have also started research to obtain real scientific data to consider this question.
+Now I'd like to share with you some of my favorite examples.
+I will start with an example from an Australian Aboriginal community that I have had the opportunity to work with.
+They are the Kuuk Tayoor tribe.
+They live in Pawn Plow at the western end of Cape York.
+The great thing about Kuuk Thaayorre is that Kuuk Thaayorre doesn't use words like 'left' or 'right', instead everything is in the cardinal directions of north, south, east and west.
+And when I say everything, I really mean everything.
+You'll say something like, "Oh, there's an ant on your southwest leg."
+Or, "Move the cup slightly north-northeast."
+In fact, saying "Hello" in Kuuk Tayoor is the same as saying "Where are you going?"
+And the answer is, "Far north-east, far away.
+So imagine you're walking around all day and have to report your direction to everyone you greet.
+(Laughter) But that should actually give you a sense of direction pretty quickly, right?
+Because you literally can't get past a "hello" if you don't know which way to go.
+In fact, people who speak these languages ​​are very oriented.
+They keep the direction better than we thought humans could.
+We used to think that humans were inferior to other creatures because of the biological excuse that "human beaks and scales have no magnets".
+No; you can actually do it if your language and culture have trained you to do it.
+There are humans in the world who keep their direction very well.
+And to get you to agree on how different this is from how we do it, I'd like to ask you to close your eyes for a moment and look southeast.
+(laughs) Close your eyes. point.
+All right, you can open your eyes.
+Guys, I see you pointing over there, over there, over there, over there...
+I don't know which one myself -- (Laughter) you weren't very helpful.
+(Laughter) So let's just say that this room wasn't very accurate.
+This is a big difference in cognitive ability by language, isn't it?
+In one group, a very good group like you, I don't know which is which, but in another group, you can ask a 5-year-old to tell you which is which.
+(Laughter) Also, people have very different ways of thinking about time.
+Here are some photos of my grandfather at different ages.
+If you ask an English speaker to organize their time, they might arrange it like this from left to right.
+This has to do with writing direction.
+If you are a Hebrew or Arabic speaker, you may speak in the opposite direction, from right to left.
+But what about this Aboriginal group I mentioned earlier, the Kouk Tayoor?
+They don't use words like "left" and "right".
+Let me give you a hint.
+When we seated people facing south, they organized the time from left to right.
+As we seated them facing north, they organized the time from right to left.
+When I was sitting facing east, time came to my body.
+what kind of pattern?
+From east to west, right?
+So for them, time is not really fixed to the body at all, but to the landscape.
+So, for me, if I look this way, time goes this way, and if I look this way, time flows this way.
+I'm facing this way and time flows this way - it's very selfish to have the direction of time chasing me every time I turn my body.
+For Kuuk Thayorre, time is trapped in landscape.
+The way you think about time will change dramatically.
+There is another really clever human trick.
+Suppose you ask how many penguins there are.
+Well, if you solve that problem, I think you know how to solve it.
+I said "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8".
+you counted them
+You gave each one a number and a name, but the last number you said was the number of penguins.
+This is a little trick that is taught as a child.
+Learn lists of numbers and learn how to apply them.
+A little language trick.
+Some languages ​​don't do this because they don't have an exact word count.
+These languages ​​don't have words like '7' or words like '8'.
+In fact, people who speak these languages ​​are not counted, making it difficult to get an accurate count.
+For example, if I asked you to match the same number of ducks as this number of penguins, you would be able to do so by counting.
+But people who don't have the linguistic knack can't do that.
+Languages ​​also differ in their color spectrum, the way they divide the visual world.
+Some languages ​​have many words for colors, while others have only two words: "light" and "dark."
+And languages ​​differ in where they place their color boundaries.
+For example, English has a word for blue that covers all colors that can be seen on the screen, while Russian does not have a single word.
+Instead, Russian-speakers should distinguish between the light blue "golboy" and the dark blue "shinyi".
+Therefore, Russians have a lifetime experience of distinguishing between these two colors through language.
+When testing people's ability to perceptually identify these colors, it was found that Russian speakers crossed this language boundary faster.
+They can tell the difference between light blue and dark blue more quickly.
+And if you observe people's brains the same way you see colors, let's say colors slowly change from light blue to dark blue. A person's brain, who uses different words for light blue and dark blue, will have the same surprise response as the color. It goes from light to dark, as if, "Oh, something has definitely changed." I don't feel that kind of surprise because I don't know.
+Languages ​​have all sorts of structural quirks.
+this is one of my favourites.
+Many languages ​​have grammatical genders. All nouns are assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine.
+And these genders vary by language.
+For example, the sun is feminine in German, but masculine in Spanish, and vice versa for the moon.
+Could this actually have any effect on how people think?
+Do German speakers think that the sun is somehow feminine and the moon somehow masculine?
+In fact, it turns out that it is.
+So if you ask someone who speaks German and Spanish to describe a bridge, like the one here -- "bridge" is grammatically feminine in German, but grammatically masculine in Spanish. -- German speakers are more likely to describe the bridge as "beautiful". , "elegant" and typical feminine words.
+Spanish speakers tend to say "strong" or "long" for these masculine words.
+(Laughter) Different languages ​​have different ways of expressing events.
+Consider such an event, an accident.
+In English you can say "he broke the vase".
+In a language like Spanish, you're more likely to say "the vase broke" or "the vase broke".
+If it's an accident, you can't say someone did it.
+In English, very strangely, you can even say something like "I broke my arm."
+Now, in many languages ​​you couldn't use this syntax unless you were a madman and went out trying to break your arm -- (laughter) and you succeeded.
+If it was an accident, I would use a different structure.
+Now, this has consequences.
+So people who speak different languages ​​pay different attention to what they usually need to do in that language.
+So if you show an English speaker and a Spanish speaker the same accident, the English speaker will remember who caused the accident, because in English we say, "He did it, he broke the vase." Because there is a need.
+On the other hand, a Spanish speaker might be less likely to remember who did it if it was an accident, but more likely to remember that it was an accident. .
+They are more likely to remember the intent.
+In other words, two people saw the same event, witnessed the same crime, but remembered the event differently.
+Of course, this also affects eyewitness testimony.
+It also affects blame and punishment.
+If you take an English speaker and show someone breaking a vase and say "he broke the vase" instead of "the vase broke", even if you could witness it yourself, You can watch the video. I could look at the crime against the vase, I would punish someone more, and if I said "he broke it" instead of "broken", I would blame someone more.
+Language guides our reasoning about events.
+Well, I've given you some examples of how language can profoundly shape the way we think, and it does so in many different ways.
+So, as we saw with space and time, language can have a huge impact, allowing people to lay out space and time in completely different coordinate frames from each other.
+Language can also have a very profound effect. That's what we've seen in the case of numbers.
+When your language has words that can be counted and words with numbers, a whole world of mathematics opens up.
+Of course, if you can't count, you can't do algebra, and you can't do what it takes to build a room like this or make this broadcast.
+This little trick with number words is a stepping stone to the whole cognitive realm.
+Language can also have a very early influence, as we have seen in the case of color.
+These are really simple, basic, perceptual decisions.
+We make thousands of decisions at any given time, and language comes into play and disrupts even the smallest perceptual decisions we make.
+Language has a very wide range of influences.
+So the grammatical gender case might be a bit silly, but at the same time, grammatical gender is true for all nouns.
+That is, they can shape how the language thinks about things that are named by nouns.
+That's a lot.
+And finally, I gave examples of how language can shape things that have personal weight for us: concepts like blame and punishment and eyewitness memory.
+These are important things in our daily life.
+Now, the beauty of linguistic diversity is that it reveals how creative and flexible the human mind is.
+The human mind did not invent one cognitive universe, but 7,000. 7,000 languages ​​are spoken around the world.
+Of course, languages ​​are living things and can be refined and changed to suit your needs.
+Tragically, we are constantly losing much of this linguistic diversity.
+We are losing about one language every week, and some estimates mean half the world's languages ​​will disappear in the next 100 years.
+And the worse news is that almost everything we know about the human mind and brain is now based on the work of undergraduate students at typically English-speaking American universities.
+It excludes nearly all humans. right?
+So what we know about the human mind is actually incredibly narrow and biased, and our science needs to do more.
+I would like to leave this thought for the last time.
+We talked about how speakers of different languages ​​think differently, but of course that's not how people of other languages ​​think.
+It's how you think.
+It's how the language you speak shapes the way you think.
+And it gives you the opportunity to ask yourself, "Why do I think that way?"
+"How can I think differently?"
+“And what kind of thoughts do you want to create?”
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Have you ever wanted to postpone aging and stay a little younger?
+This is a long time dream.
+But scientists have long believed that this was never possible.
+They thought it would just wear off and there was nothing they could do about it. It's like old shoes.
+However, if we look at the natural world, we can see that different types of animals have very different lifespans.
+Well, these animals are different from each other because they have different genes.
+This suggests that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA, there is a gene for aging, a gene with different lifespans.
+Therefore, if such a gene exists, we can imagine that if we could change one of the genes, the aging gene, in an experiment, we might be able to delay aging and extend lifespan.
+If we can do that, we will be able to find aging genes.
+And if they exist and we can find them, we might eventually be able to do something about it.
+Therefore, we decided to look for genes that control aging.
+And we didn't study any of these animals.
+Instead, we studied a tiny roundworm called C. elegans. This is about the size of a comma in a sentence.
+And with reports of long-lived mutants, we were very optimistic that we would find something.
+So we started looking for animals that randomly changed their genes to live longer.
+And we were very lucky to find that a damaging mutation in a single gene called daf-2 doubled the lifespan of this tiny worm.
+After a month it appears black, but you can see that it has a very short lifespan. That's why we want to study them for aging research. In black, all normal nematodes are dead after a month.
+But at that point most mutated worms are still alive.
+And it takes twice as long for them to all die.
+And here I want to show you what they really look like in this movie.
+So the first thing you'll see is a normal worm at college age, or a young adult.
+She's pretty cute.
+And then we get to see long-lived mutants when they're young.
+This means that the animal will live twice as long.
+Are you miserable? It seems not.
+Active, isn't it? I can't really tell the difference.
+And they can be fully fertile, having the same number of offspring as normal nematodes.
+Now, take out your handkerchief here.
+Within just two weeks, you'll find your regular nematodes outdated.
+You can see a little head hanging down there at the bottom.
+But everything else just lies there.
+The animal is clearly in a nursing home.
+And when you look at animal tissue, it's starting to degrade.
+Even if you've never seen these tiny C. elegans (and I'm sure most of you haven't), you can tell they're old, which is interesting. Isn't that what it is?
+In other words, there is something universal about aging.
+And here we have the daf-2 mutant.
+1 gene out of 20,000 changes, so let's see.
+We are the same age, but not in a nursing home. I'm going skiing.
+This is really great. Aging more slowly.
+This worm takes two days to age, whereas normal worms age in one day.
+When I tell people this, they tend to think of people who are probably 80 or 90 years old and still look great at 90 or 80.
+But it's actually something like: Let's say you're a 30-year-old man, or a man in his 30s, single, and dating multiple people.
+Then you meet someone you really like and get to know her.
+And you're in a restaurant and you ask, "So how old are you?"
+“I am 60,” she said.
+That's it. and you'll never know
+You'll never know until she tells you.
+(Laughter) Okay.
+So what is the daf-2 gene?
+As you know, genes are pieces of DNA, instructions for making proteins that do things.
+And the daf-2 gene encodes a hormone receptor.
+The photo shows a cell with red hormone receptors piercing the edge of the cell.
+So part of it is like a baseball glove.
+Some are on the outside, green and catching oncoming hormones.
+The other part is inside and sends signals to cells.
+So what does the daf-2 receptor tell the inside of the cell?
+Earlier, I mentioned that when the daf-2 gene cell is mutated, the receptor does not function properly. Animals live long.
+So the normal function of this hormone receptor is to accelerate aging.
+That's what the arrow means.
+It speeds up aging. go faster.
+In other words, it is like the god of death dwelling in the body of an animal, accelerating its aging.
+So this is really, really interesting.
+Aging is controlled by genes, especially hormones.
+So what are these hormones?
+Full of hormones. It has testosterone and adrenaline.
+you know about many of them.
+These hormones are similar to hormones in our body.
+The daf-2 hormone receptor is very similar to the receptors for the hormones insulin and IGF-1.
+Well, you all have at least heard of insulin.
+Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the uptake of nutrients into tissues after meals.
+And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.
+Therefore, although the functions of these hormones have been known for a long time, our research suggests that the hormones may have a third function that perhaps no one knew about, and that it could also affect aging. suggested that there is a
+And apparently so.
+So, after we made our discovery in small nematodes, people who were studying other kinds of animals thought that if we made the same daf-2 mutation, the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals, they would be better off. I began to question whether I would live long.
+And that is also the case with flies.
+Changing this hormone pathway in flies makes them live longer.
+And mice, and mice are mammals just like us.
+So this is an ancient route. Because this pathway must have arisen long ago in the process of evolution, it still works in all these animals.
+And that common precursor also gave birth to people.
+So maybe it works for people as well.
+And there is a hint for this.
+For example, there was a study done on a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.
+And, like the rest of the population, most people live to be around 70 or 80, but some live to be 90 or 100.
+What they found was that people who lived to be 90 or 100 years old were more likely to have daf-2 mutations, changes in the gene that encodes the IGF-1 receptor.
+And with these changes, the gene no longer works like normal genes.
+You've damaged your genes.
+In other words, these are hints that suggest that humans are susceptible to hormones for aging.
+So the next question, of course, is, are there any implications for age-related diseases?
+As you get older, you are much more likely to get cancer, Alzheimer's, heart disease, and all sorts of other illnesses.
+These long-lived mutants turned out to be more resistant to all these diseases.
+They rarely get cancer, and when they do, it's less serious.
+So it's very interesting, and in some ways makes sense, why they're still young, yet they're still suffering from aging diseases until they're old.
+Therefore, it suggests that a drug or pill that replicates some of these effects in humans could perhaps provide a way to combat a variety of age-related ailments at once. .
+So what effect do hormones ultimately have on the rate of aging?
+How is that possible?
+They found that daf-2 mutants turned on a large number of genes within their DNA that encode proteins that protect cells and tissues and repair damage.
+And the way they turn on is through a gene-regulatory protein called FOXO.
+That is, we can see that the daf-2 mutant draws X through the receptor.
+The receptor is not working properly.
+Under these conditions, the blue FOXO protein enters the nucleus (the small compartment in the center of the cell) and sits on top of the genes that bind to it.
+I can see one gene. There are actually many genes that bind to FOXO.
+And it just sits on one of them.
+In other words, FOXO turns on many genes.
+And the genes it activates include antioxidant genes, what I call carrot-giving genes, whose protein products are actually what other proteins do well, i.e., fold correctly. function correctly.
+Also, if damaged, it can be taken to the cell bin for recycling.
+DNA repair genes are more active in these animals.
+And the immune system becomes more active.
+And it was shown that many of these different genes indeed contribute to the longevity of daf-2 mutants.
+Very interesting.
+These animals have the potential to live much longer than normal.
+We believe that they have the ability to protect themselves from many types of damage, which is what makes them live longer.
+What about normal insects?
+Activation of the daf-2 receptor triggers a series of events that prevent FOXO from entering the DNA-bearing nucleus.
+Therefore, the gene cannot be turned on.
+That's how it works. This is why it is unlikely that longevity will increase until daf-2 mutants emerge.
+But what good does this do for insects?
+We believe that the insulin and IGF-1 hormones are the hormones that are particularly active under favorable conditions, i.e., favorable conditions when food is plentiful and stress is low.
+Second, it promotes nutrient intake.
+You can store food, use it for energy, or grow it.
+But what we think is that under conditions of stress, for example when the food supply is limited, the levels of these hormones decrease.
+And we think that's perceived by animals as a red flag, a signal that things aren't okay and that protective abilities need to be exercised.
+Therefore, FOXO is activated, FOXO reaches the DNA, triggers the expression of these genes, and enhances the cell's self-defense and self-repair capabilities.
+That's why we think animals live so long.
+So you can think of FOXO like an architectural director.
+So maybe he's a little lazy, but he's there, taking care of the building.
+But it's getting worse.
+And suddenly you know that a hurricane is coming.
+In other words, he doesn't really do anything himself.
+Like FOXO has access to DNA, he answers the phone and calls the roofer, window man, paint man, floor man.
+And they all come and strengthen the house.
+Then the hurricane hit and the house was in much better shape than normal.
+Not only that, but even without a hurricane, it could last longer.
+So that's the notion of how I think this life-extending ability exists.
+What's really cool about FOXO is that it comes in different shapes.
+We all have the FOXO gene, but not everyone has the exact same form of the FOXO gene.
+Some people have blue eyes and some have brown eyes, just like we all have eyes.
+And it turns out that there are certain forms of the FOXO gene that are more frequently present in people who live to be 90 or 100 years old.
+As you can see from these stars, it's true all over the world.
+And each of these stars represents a population that scientists have asked, "Are there differences in the FOXO gene types among people who really live longer?" And there is.
+We don't know the details of how this works, but we do know that the FOXO gene can affect people's lifespans.
+In other words, with a little ingenuity, we may be able to extend people's health and lifespans.
+So this is really exciting for me.
+FOXO is a protein found to affect lifespan in these small roundworms, and here in humans.
+Therefore, our laboratory is working on the development of drugs that activate FOXO cells using human cells in order to develop drugs that delay aging and age-related diseases.
+And I'm very optimistic that this will work.
+There are many proteins known to affect aging.
+And at least one of them has drugs.
+There is something called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor like the insulin pathway.
+And mutations that damage the TOR gene extend lifespan in worms, flies, and mice, similar to daf-2 mutations.
+But in this case, there is already a drug called rapamycin that binds to the TOR protein and blocks its activity.
+And if you ingest rapamycin and give it to a mouse, even if it's 60 years old for a human, or about that old for a mouse, if you give it rapamycin, it will live longer.
+Now, please don't go out with rapamycin.
+This is a human drug because it suppresses the immune system.
+Therefore, people take it to prevent organ transplant rejection.
+So this may not be the perfect drug for staying young longer.
+But still, here in 2011, there are drugs that extend lifespan when given to very old mice. It comes from a science that has been done with all different animals.
+So I am very optimistic. I don't think it will be too long before this long-held dream starts to come true.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
+Let me be clear.
+You're looking for a drug that can solve aging in old people like me, but if ethically allowed, what we can do fairly well in the lab right now is to transform humans with genes that have been altered to sustain human life. To start life from scratch For a long time?
+CK: Ah, so the kind of drugs I was talking about don't change genes, they just bind to the proteins themselves and change their activity.
+Therefore, protein returns to normal when the drug is stopped.
+In principle, genes can be changed.
+We don't have the technology to do that.
+But I don't think it's a good idea.
+This is because hormones such as insulin, IGF hormones and the TOR pathway are essential.
+Knocking them out completely will make you very sick.
+Therefore, it may need to be carefully tweaked to reap the benefits without problems.
+And I think it's much better, that kind of control would be much better as a drug.
+There are also other potentially safer ways to activate FOXO without using insulin or IGF-1.
+MR: I never said I would do it...
+(Laughter) There is a phenomenon that you write about and talk about that is negligible aging.
+There are already organisms on this planet that do not actually age.
+If you don't mind, please move to one side for us.
+CK: Yes. Some animals never age.
+For example, there is a turtle called the branding turtle.
+And when it grows it will be about this size.
+They were tagged and found to be 70 years old.
+And when you look at these 70-year-old turtles, you can't tell the difference between those turtles and 20-year-old turtles just by looking at them.
+And 70-year-olds are actually better at finding good nesting sites, leaving more offspring each year.
+And there are other examples of this kind of animal, for example, some birds are like this.
+And no one knows if they can really live forever or what keeps them from aging.
+It's not clear.
+Focusing on long-lived birds, their cells tend to be more resistant to various environmental stresses such as high temperature and hydrogen peroxide.
+And so are our long-lived mutants.
+They are more resistant to this kind of stress.
+So the pathways I've been talking about so far are set up to run very quickly in nematodes, but in something like birds the normal settings are different, so they live longer. It may be possible.
+And it's possible that an animal with no aging at all would be set up quite differently, but I don't know.
+MR: But what you are talking about here is not prolonging human life by preventing death, but rather prolonging human youth.
+CK: Yes, that's right.
+It's like, for example, if you were a dog.
+You realize you're getting old, and you look at your human and think, 'Why doesn't this human get old?
+During a dog's lifetime they do not age.
+It's more like that.
+But now we are human beings looking and imagining another human being.
+MR: Thank you very much, Cynthia Kenyon.
+(applause)
+First of all, I would like to apologize to all of you for not having a power point presentation format.
+So what I'm going to do is do this gesture from time to time. And in a moment of PowerPoint democracy, you can imagine what you want to see.
+I'm doing a radio show.
+The radio show is called "The Infinite Monkey Cage."
+It's about science, it's about rationalism.
+Therefore, we receive many complaints every week. Complaints also include complaints that we receive frequently. So the very title "Infinite Monkey Cage" celebrates the idea of ​​vivisection.
+We made it very clear to these people that the endless monkey cage is wide.
+(Laughter) Others said, "The idea of ​​an 'endless monkey cage' is ridiculous."
+A myriad of monkeys can never write a Shakespearean work.
+We know this because they conducted an experiment. "
+Yes, we gave 12 monkeys a typewriter for a week, but after a week we used it only as a toilet.
+(Laughter) So the bottom line, one of the main complaints we get, and one of the things that worries me the most, is that people say, 'Oh, why are you ruining the magic? Are you adamant about what you do?"
+Bringing in science ruins the magic. "
+Now, I am a liberal arts graduate. I love mythology and magic and existentialism and self-loathing.
+that's what i do.
+But I also don't see how that would ruin the magic.
+I think all the magic that can be taken away by science is then replaced with something equally wonderful.
+Astrology, for example: Like many rationalists, I'm a Pisces.
+(Laughter) Now, astrology, we take away the banal notion that you can predict your life. Perhaps today you will meet a lucky person with a hat.
+It's gone.
+But if you want to look at the sky and see the forecast, you can.
+You can see galaxy formation, galaxy collisions, and predictions of new solar systems.
+This is great.
+One day the sun - and indeed the earth - if the earth could read its own astrological chart, one day it would say, "It's not a good day for planning."
+You will be swallowed by a red giant star. "
+It's the same for me, and if you think I'm worried about losing my world, many-worlds theory, one of the most beautiful, fascinating, and sometimes scary ideas in quantum interpretation, is great. .
+Everyone here, every decision you made today, every decision you made in life, you didn't actually make that decision, but in reality, every single one of those decisions. That the permutations are done and that each one is running into a new universe.
+That's a great idea.
+If you ever thought your life was shit, always remember that there is another you who made far worse decisions.
+(Laughter) Don't finish everything, even if you think, "Oh, I want to finish everything."
+Remember, in most universes you don't even exist in the first place.
+This is very, very comforting to me in its own way.
+Now, reincarnation, that's another thing that's gone, the afterlife.
+But it hasn't gone away.
+In fact, science says we will live forever.
+Now, there is one caveat.
+We can't actually live forever. you won't live forever.
+Your consciousness, your who you are, my me, that solves this problem.
+But everything that composes us, every atom within us, has already created a myriad of different things and will continue to create a myriad of new ones.
+We were mountains, apples, pulsars, and other people's knees.
+Maybe one of your atoms was once Napoleon's knee.
+That's good.
+Unlike the inhabitants of the universe, the universe itself is not wasted.
+We are all fully recyclable.
+And when we die, we don't even have to be put in another garbage bag.
+This is great.
+For me, understanding does not extinguish surprises and joy.
+For example, my wife may turn to me and say, "Why do you love me?"
+And I can honestly look her in the eye and say, "Because our pheromones matched our olfactory receptors."
+(Laughter) But I think I'll say something about her hair and personality as well.
+And that's great.
+That's not how love dies.
+The pain doesn't go away.
+Even though I know the pain, this is terrible.
+If someone hits me, I know where the pain comes from, which is so common these days, because of my personality.
+It's basically momentum to energy with a constant 4 vector. That's it.
+But at any point you can't respond, "Huh! Is that the highest of the four vector constants for momentum versus energy?"
+No, I just threw out my teeth.
+(Laughter) And that's all of these different things -- my love for my children.
+I have a son. His name is Archie.
+I am very lucky because he is better than any other child.
+I know now that you don't think so.
+You may have children of your own and you may be thinking, "Oh, my child is the best."
+That's the great thing about evolution: our tendency to believe that our children are the best.
+In many ways it's just for survival.
+The fact that we see here is our genetic carrier and therefore we love it.
+But we don't realize it. We just love unconditionally.
+That is wonderful.
+I should say my son is the best and better than your children.
+I've done some testing.
+And all these things give me great joy and excitement and surprise.
+Quantum mechanics can also give us excuses for not doing household chores, for example.
+Perhaps you were home alone for a week.
+Your house is in a terrible state.
+Your partner will be back soon.
+What should I do? You think?
+do nothing.
+All you have to do is use your quantum interpretation to say, when she walks in, "sorry.
+When I stopped watching the house for a while and started watching again, everything was happening. "
+(Laughter) That's the strong anthropic principle of vacuuming.
+For me it is very, very important.
+The joy I get every time I travel this far, even on my journey so far.
+When you really think about it, there's still something great about removing the myths.
+I'm sitting on the train
+Every time I breathe in, I breathe in billions of oxygen atoms.
+I'm sitting in a chair
+I know the chair is made of atoms, and in many ways it's actually an empty space, but I find it comfortable.
+Every time I look out a window, and every time we stop and look out of that window, and see our reflection in that window, wherever we are, we see more than the rest of the known universe beyond Earth. I realize that I am observing the life of .
+If you go to a Saturn or Jupiter safari park, you will be disappointed.
+And I found myself observing this in the brain, the human brain, the most complex thing in the known universe.
+It's unbelievable to me.
+That might be enough.
+Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg once said, "The more we understand the universe, the less it seems meaningless."
+Now, for some people, that seems to lead to the idea of ​​nihilism.
+But not for me. That is wonderful.
+I'm glad the universe is meaningless.
+It means that if I'm nearing the end of my life, the universe can't say to me, "What have you been doing, you idiot?"
+it doesn't matter. "
+You can create your own purpose.
+You can create your own purpose.
+We have the power to say, “I want to do this.”
+And in a meaningless universe, that's great for me.
+I decided to make a silly joke about quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen Interpretation.
+I think you can do better with your time.
+thank you very much. good bye.
+(applause)
+[Taunt from Danny Hillis:] [It's time to start talking about climate engineering] What if there was a way to build a thermostat that could lower the temperature of the earth at any moment?
+Now, if someone had a plausible idea of ​​how to do it, you would think that everyone would be very excited about it and there would be a lot of research done on how to do it.
+But in fact, many people understand how to do it.
+However, there is not much support for research in this area.
+And I think part of the reason is because there are some real misconceptions about it.
+So I'm not going to try to convince you today that this is a good idea.
+But I'll try to pique your curiosity and clear up some misconceptions.
+So the basic idea of ​​solar geoengineering is that we can cool the environment by simply reflecting a little more sunlight back into space.
+And ideas on how to do this have literally existed for decades.
+Clouds are the perfect way to do that. A cloud in the low sky.
+We all know it's cooler under the clouds.
+I like this cloud Because this cloud contains exactly the same amount of moisture as the clear air around it.
+And it shows that even a small change in airflow can cause clouds to form.
+We are making artificial clouds all the time.
+These are contrails, artificial water clouds created by passing jet engines.
+And we are already changing the clouds on Earth.
+It is a coincident.
+Or, if you want to believe it, a secret government conspiracy.
+(Laughter) But we already do this quite often.
+This is a photo of the route taken by NASA.
+The passing of ships actually creates clouds, and this is actually a big enough effect to already reduce global warming by about 1 degree.
+So we are already doing photovoltaic engineering.
+I have lots of ideas on how to do this.
+People have seen everything from building giant parasols in space to bubbling water in the ocean.
+And some of these are actually very plausible ideas.
+A recent study by Harvard University's David Keith took a piece of chalk and lifted dust into the stratosphere, where it reflects sunlight.
+Chalk is one of the most common minerals on the planet and is very safe, so this is a really great idea. I put it in baby food because it is very safe.
+Basically, if you throw chalk into the stratosphere, after a few years it dissolves in rainwater and falls naturally.
+Now, before we worry about chalk in rainwater, let's talk about how much chalk you actually need.
+And it turned out to be very easy to calculate.
+This is a back calculation I did.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I assure you, people calculated more carefully, but the result was the same. That means we need to choke at a rate of about 10 teragrams per year to undo the Earth's impact. It's about CO2, which we're already doing. It's just a matter of temperature, not all effects, but temperature.
+So what would it look like?
+I can't even imagine 10 teragrams a year.
+So I asked the Cambridge Fire Department and Taylor Myrsal to help me.
+This is a hose that pumps 10 teragrams of water per year.
+And that much would need to be pumped into the stratosphere to cool the planet to pre-industrial levels.
+And surprisingly few. It's like a hose across the globe.
+Of course, the hose is not actually used, it is flown by airplane etc.
+But it's very slight, like putting a handful of chalk in every Olympic pool it rains.
+Almost nothing.
+So why do people not like this idea?
+Why can't it be taken more seriously?
+There are several good reasons for that.
+Many people think we don't need to talk about this at all.
+And I actually have some very good friends in the audience who I admire a lot, but they really don't think I should talk about this.
+The reason is that if people imagine there is an easy way out, they fear that we will be stuck in our dependence on fossil fuels.
+And I worry about it.
+I think it's actually a serious problem.
+But I think there are deeper issues. It's just that no one likes the idea of ​​ruining the entire planet. I am of course not.
+I love this planet, I really do.
+And I don't want to ruin it.
+But we have already changed the atmosphere and already ruined it.
+So I think it makes sense to look for ways to mitigate its impact.
+And for that you need to do research.
+We need to understand the science behind it.
+I noticed that there is a theme being developed at TED. It's like 'fear vs hope', or 'creativity vs caution'.
+And of course you need both.
+Therefore, there is no silver bullet.
+This is certainly not a silver bullet.
+But we need science to tell us what our options are. It channels both our creativity and attention.
+So I'm optimistic about our future selves, but I'm not an optimist because I think the problems we have are minor.
+I'm an optimist because I think our capacity to deal with problems is much greater than we can imagine.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) This talk caused a lot of controversy at TED2017. I encourage you to look at the online discussions for other perspectives.
+I'm really scared. I don't think it will work.
+Most of us have probably seen Al Gore's wonderful talks by now.
+Shortly after seeing it, we invited our friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming and everyone agreed there was a serious problem.
+We are facing a climate crisis.
+So we went around the table discussing what to do.
+That conversation happened to my fifteen-year-old daughter Mary.
+“I agree with everything you said,” she said.
+I was scared and angry." And she turned to me and said, "Dad, your generation created this problem. You better fix it." Wow.
+All conversation has stopped. All eyes were on me.
+(laughs) I didn't know what to say. Kleiner's Second Law states that sometimes panic is the appropriate reaction.
+(Laughter) And then the time came. This issue cannot be underestimated. When faced with irreversible and devastating consequences, we must act, we must act decisively.
+I must say, that night changed everything for me.
+So my partner and I embarked on this mission to learn more and do more. So we mobilized. we got on the plane
+we went to brazil We went to China, India, Bentonville, Arkansas, Washington, D.C., and Sacramento.
+So what I want to do now is talk about what we learned on that trip.
+Because the more I learned, the more anxious I became.
+As you know, my partner at Kleiner and I were networkers. So when we see a big problem or opportunity like bird flu or personalized medicine, we gather the smartest people we know.
+In response to this climate crisis, we have assembled a veritable network of superstars, from policy activists to scientists to entrepreneurs to business leaders. About 50 of them.
+So I'd like to share with you what we've learned through this effort and four lessons I learned over the last year.
+The first lesson is that companies are really powerful and that's very important. This is the story of how Walmart went green and what it means.
+Two years ago, CEO Lee Scott believed that going green was the next big thing, so Walmart made it a top priority.
+They promised to reduce energy consumption by 20 percent in existing stores and 30 percent in new stores, all in seven years.
+The three largest energy uses in stores are heating and air conditioning, followed by lighting, and refrigeration.
+So look what they did.
+They painted the roofs of all their stores white.
+They installed smart skylights in their stores to allow daylight in and reduce lighting demand.
+And third, we stored refrigerated goods in a closed room with LED lighting.
+I mean, why try to freeze the entire store?
+These are very simple and smart solutions based on existing technology.
+Why does Walmart matter? Well, it's huge.
+They are America's largest private employer.
+They are the largest civilian users of electricity.
+It has the second largest fleet of vehicles on the road.
+And we have one of the world's greatest supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Walmart were a country, it would be China's sixth largest trading partner.
+And perhaps most importantly, it has a huge impact on other companies.
+When Walmart declares that it will make money by going green, it will have a big impact on other big companies.
+So let me say this. If Walmart achieved a 20% energy reduction, that would be huge. But I think it's not enough.
+We need Walmart and all other companies to do the same.
+The second thing we learned is that individuals matter, and matter a lot.
+I'd like to talk about Walmart one more time, is that okay?
+Walmart has over 125 million customers in the United States.
+That's one-third of the US population.
+Last year, 65 million compact fluorescent lamps were sold.
+And Walmart promised to sell another 100 million light bulbs next year. But it's not easy.
+Consumers don't like these bulbs very much.
+The lights are kind of funny, they never dim and take a long time to activate.
+But the payoff is really huge.
+100 million compact fluorescent bulbs means saving $600 million in energy bills and 20 million tons of CO2 each year.
+It seems really hard to get consumers to do the right thing.
+Using two tonnes of steel, glass and plastic to transport your unfortunate self to the mall is silly.
+It is foolish to put water in a plastic bottle in Fiji and transport it here.
+(Laughter) Consumers don't know how much the product will cost, so it's hard to change consumer behavior. do you know?
+Do you know how much CO2 is produced by driving or flying here?
+I don't know and I should.
+For those of us who care about all this, we would be better off if we knew what the real costs were.
+But as long as CO2 behaves like it's free, how can we expect change unless these uses are largely invisible?
+What I am really concerned about is that the kinds of change that we can reasonably expect from individuals are clearly not enough.
+The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters.
+In fact, policy matters most.
+I will give you a behind-the-scenes story about the Green Technology Network I described.
+At the end of the first meeting, we got together and discussed what the action items were and how we would follow up.
+And Bob Epstein raised his hand. he got up
+Bob is the tech guy from Berkeley who started Sybase.
+Bob said the most important thing we can do now is make clear in Sacramento, California, that we need a market-based mandate to cap and reduce California's greenhouse gas emissions. rice field.
+It's necessary and just as important, but it's also good for the California economy.
+So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August to meet with seven undecided congressmen and lobby them to make AB32 a reality.
+you know what? Six of the seven voted in favor of the bill, which passed by a vote of 47-32.
+(Applause.) Please. thank you.
+I think this is the most important law of 2006. why?
+That's because California is the first state in the country to mandate a 25 percent reduction in greenhouse gases by 2020.
+This will result in 83,000 new jobs, $4 billion in annual revenue, and 174 million tonnes of annual reduction in CO2 emissions.
+California emits only 7% of US CO2 emissions.
+This is only 1.5 percent of the country's CO2 emissions. Great start, but I have to say where I started, I'm really scared.
+As a matter of fact, I am convinced that California alone is not enough.
+This is a story about national policy that we can all learn from.
+You know what Tom Friedman said, "You'll never know unless you go"?
+Well, we went to Brazil to see Dr. Jose Goldenberg.
+He is the father of the ethanol revolution.
+He said the Brazilian government mandates that all petrol stations in the country have ethanol.
+And they mandated that new vehicles be compatible with flex fuel, right?
+They will use ethanol or regular gasoline.
+Well, let me tell you what happened in Brazil.
+The company currently has 29,000 ethanol pumps. That compares to 700 in the US and just 2 in California. And in three years, the flex fuel usage rate for new cars went from 4% to 85%.
+Let's compare this with the United States. 5% is flex fuel.
+And what do you know? Most consumers who have them don't know it.
+So what happened in Brazil is ethanol replaced 40 percent of the gasoline consumed by automobile vehicles.
+That's the equivalent of $59 billion not shipped to the Middle East since 1975.
+It has created 1 million jobs in the country and saved 32 million tons of CO2. It's really fulfilling.
+This corresponds to 10 percent of the country's total carbon footprint.
+However, Brazil's CO2 emissions account for only 1.3% of the world's.
+So, unfortunately, Brazil's ethanol miracle is not enough.
+In fact, I suspect that all the best policies we have are not enough.
+The fourth and final lesson we learned is the potential for radical innovation.
+So I want to talk about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology.
+Every year, 1.5 million people die from completely preventable diseases. That's malaria. 6,000 people a day.
+All because of a shortage of $2 worth of drugs available at street corner drugstores.
+Well, $2, $2 is too expensive for Africa.
+So a team of Berkeley researchers, funded by $15 million from the Gates Foundation, is designing a radically new way to manufacture the key ingredient called artemisinin, making the drug 10 times cheaper.
+By doing so, they will save one million lives, at least one million lives each year. million lives.
+Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology.
+It leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugs to create a product that really works.
+Now, what you do is get inside a microbe, alter its metabolic pathways, and finally complete a living chemical factory.
+Now, John, you may ask what does this have to do with green and the climate crisis.
+Well, we talk a lot.
+We now have a company called Amyris. The technology they use can be used to make better biofuels.
+don't let it fly Better biofuels are very important.
+This means that the molecules in the fuel chain can be precisely designed and optimized along the way.
+That means, if all goes well, there will be designer bugs in warm tanks eating and digesting sugars and excreting better biofuels.
+I think it's better to live with bugs.
+Alan Kay famously said that the best way to predict the future is to invent it.
+And of course, Kleiner says he's sorry, but the next best thing is to fund it.
+That's why we're investing $200 million in a wide range of truly disruptive new technologies for green technology innovation.
+And we encourage others to do the same.
+We talk a lot about this.
+In 2005, $600 million was invested in new technologies like the one you see here. In 2006, it doubled to $1.2 billion.
+But what really scares me is that we need so much more.
+For reference, Fact 1: In 2005, Exxon's revenue was $1 billion a day.
+Did you know that they only invested 0.2% of their revenue in R&D?
+Second fact: The president's new budget for renewable energy totals only $1 billion.
+Less than a day in Exxon's earnings.
+Fact number three: You probably didn't know that there is enough energy in the hot rocks beneath this country to meet America's energy needs for the next millennium. And the federal budget requires only $20 million for geothermal energy research and development.
+It is almost criminal not to invest more in energy research in this country.
+And I really fear that it will never be enough.
+In this way, we discovered many surprises during our one-year study.
+Who would have thought that mass retailers could benefit from being environmentally friendly? Who would have thought database entrepreneurs could change California through legislation?
+Who would have thought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America?
+And who would have thought that a scientist trying to cure malaria could come up with a biofuel breakthrough?
+And who would have imagined that it wouldn't be enough?
+Not enough to stabilize the climate.
+Not enough to keep Greenland's ice from crashing into the ocean.
+Scientists tell us we must cut our greenhouse gas emissions in half and do so as soon as possible, but that's just speculation.
+Now, the United States may have the political will to do this, but let me tell you, we only have one atmosphere, so somehow find the political will to do all this All over the world there will be a need. The wild card in this deck is China.
+To indicate the magnitude of the problem, China's CO2 emissions today are 3.3 gigatons. US is 5.8. By 2050, China will import 23 gigatonnes if business continues as usual.
+This is about the same amount of CO2 that exists in the entire world.
+And if this were to be the norm, we would be out of business.
+When I was in Davos, the Chinese mayor of Dalian was pressed about his CO2 strategy and said, "As you know, Americans use seven times more CO2 per capita than Chinese."
+"Why should China sacrifice our growth so that the West can continue its debauchery and stupidity?"
+Anyone here have an answer for him? I don't.
+We must make this economical so that all people and all nations produce the right outcome, the beneficial outcome, and the possible consequences.
+Energy is a $6 trillion business worldwide.
+It is the mother of all markets. Remember the Internet?
+Well, what can I say? Green technology, or the effort to go green, is bigger than the Internet.
+It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century.
+Moreover, if we succeed, as Bill Joy says, it will be the most important transformation for life on Earth since methane in the atmosphere turned to oxygen.
+Now, here's the tough question. If every company, individual, policy, and innovation trajectory around the world isn't enough, what are we going to do?
+Everyone here has an interest in changing the world and has made a difference in some way.
+So our call to action, or my call to you, is for you to turn your green efforts into your next big goal: work.
+What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral.
+Visit ClimateCrisis.org or CarbonCalculator.com to purchase carbon credits. He could join other leaders in lobbying for mandated US greenhouse gas reduction caps and trade mandates.
+There are currently six bills in parliament. Let's pass one of them.
+And I think the most important thing you can do is use your personal power and Rolodex to lead your business, your organization green.
+Like Walmart, be an eco-friendly company for your customers, suppliers and yourself.
+Let's really think outside the box.
+Can you imagine what would happen if Amazon, eBay, Google, Microsoft, Apple really went green and you caused it?
+Bigger than Walmart.
+I can't wait to see what we TEDsters do in response to this crisis.
+And I really hope that all our energies, all our talents, all our influence will be doubled to solve this problem.
+That way, I can look forward to talking to my daughter 20 years from now.
+(applause)
+I want to talk to you about something big.
+Start here.
+65 million years ago -- (Laughter) The dinosaurs had a terrible day.
+(Laughter) A chunk of rock six miles in diameter hit the Earth at about 50 times the speed of a rifle bullet.
+It was a dizzying explosion that released energy all at once.
+If all the nuclear weapons ever built during the height of the Cold War were put together and detonated at the same time, it would be one millionth of the energy released at that moment.
+The dinosaurs had a really bad day.
+OK？
+Well, a six-mile-wide boulder is very large.
+We all live here in Boulder.
+If you see Longs Peak out your window, you probably know it, scoop it up and launch it into space right now.
+Take… Meeker, Mount Meeker.
+Put it together there and put it in the space too.
+and Mount Everest. and K2.
+and Indian Peak.
+So are you starting to see how much rock we're talking about?
+You can tell it was that big thanks to the impact and the crater it left behind.
+It originated in the Gulf of Mexico, now known as the Yucatan.
+When you see the island of Cozumel off the east coast, you know you have the Yucatan Peninsula here.
+Here is how big the crater was left.
+it was huge.
+To give you a sense of scale... you get it.
+The scale here is 50 miles up and 100 kilometers down.
+This is a gigantic crater 300 kilometers, or 200 miles in diameter, that excavated vast amounts of soil that splattered around the Earth, causing fires throughout the Earth and kicking up enough dust to block the Sun. .
+It has wiped out 75 percent of all species on Earth.
+Now, not all asteroids are that big.
+Some are even smaller.
+This one flew over the United States in October 1992.
+Arrived Friday night.
+Why is that important?
+This is because at that time, video cameras had just started to become popular, and parents brought video cameras to their children's soccer games to film their children's soccer games.
+And since this arrived on Friday, we were able to capture some great footage of this object collapsing through West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey until it crashed into a car in New York.
+(Laughter) Now, this isn't a 320-mile-wide crater, but again, you can see that a rock the size of a soccer ball right here hit that car and did a lot of damage.
+Now, when this first came out, it was probably the size of a school bus.
+It was destroyed by atmospheric pressure, shattered, and shattered into pieces, inflicting some damage.
+Well, you don't want it to fall on your feet or head. because it will.
+But it's okay because not all life on earth will go extinct.
+But it turns out you don't need something six miles in diameter to do a lot of damage.
+There's a middle ground between small rocks and giant rocks, and in fact, if you've ever been near Winslow, Arizona, there's a very iconic crater in the desert there, and it's actually is called "Meteor Crater". "
+This width is about 1 mile to give a sense of scale.
+Looking up, there is a parking lot with RVs parked there.
+So it's about 1 mile wide and 600 feet deep.
+The object that formed this is probably about 30 to 50 yards in diameter, about the size of the Mackie Auditorium here.
+It flew in with tremendous speed, hit the ground, exploded, and exploded with the energy of a nuclear bomb (a very heavy bomb) weighing about 20 megatons.
+This was 50,000 years ago, so while it might have wiped out a few desert buffaloes, antelopes, etc., it probably wouldn't have caused global devastation.
+It turns out that these do a lot of damage without hitting the ground.
+Well, 1908, high above Siberia, near the Tunguska region -- for Dan Aykroyd fans who have seen "Ghostbusters," he told the story of the biggest extradimensional rift since the 1909 Siberian bombing. Wrong date, but that's okay.
+(Laughter) It was 1908. That's fine. I can live with that.
+(Laughter) Another rock entered the Earth's atmosphere, and this rock was blown several miles above the surface.
+The heat of the explosion set fire to the forest below, sending a shock wave that knocked down hundreds of square miles of trees.
+This caused extensive damage.
+And again, this was probably a rock about the size of this auditorium we're sitting in.
+Meteor Crater is made of metal, and metal is harder, so it reached the ground.
+The one above Tunguska was probably made of rock, which was more brittle and exploded in mid-air.
+In any case, this is a tremendous explosion - 20 megatons.
+Well, even if these explode, they will not damage the global ecosystem.
+They're not going to kill dinosaurs.
+Just not big enough.
+But they don't necessarily have to attack to inflict this kind of damage, so they will inflict global economic damage.
+They don't need to do global destruction.
+If any of these happened almost anywhere, panic would be triggered.
+But if it hits a city, an important city, it's not that any city is more important than others, but in some cities it's because we're so dependent on the global economic base. , could do us a lot of damage as a nation. civilization.
+Okay, I've scared you, but what do we do about this? (Laughter)
+This is a potential threat.
+Note that in 65 million years we haven't had the colossal impact that made the dinosaurs extinct.
+Smaller ones occur more frequently, but perhaps every millennia, centuries, or even thousands of years.
+But it's still something to watch out for.
+Well, what do we do with them?
+The first thing we have to do is find them.
+Here is an image of an asteroid that passed us in 2009.
+here.
+But you can see that it is very dark.
+I don't know if you can see it in the back row.
+These are just stars.
+This is a rock about 30 yards in diameter, about the same size as the rock that exploded in Tunguska and hit Arizona 50,000 years ago.
+These things look faint.
+It's hard to see and the sky is really big.
+You have to find these things first.
+The good news is that we are looking for them.
+NASA put money into this. The National Science Foundation and other countries are also interested in this.
+We are building telescopes that look for threats.
+That's a great first step. But what would the second step be?
+The second step is that if we see someone coming towards us, we must stop it.
+what do we do
+If you haven't already, please do so.
+If you've heard of the 2012 Mayan Apocalypse, you've probably heard of Apophis. Because you are involved in all Doomsday networks anyway.
+(Laughter) Apophis is an asteroid that was discovered in 2004.
+It's about 250 [meters] in diameter, so it's pretty big, bigger than a football stadium.
+It will pass near the Earth in April 2029.
+And it will pass so close to us that it will actually come under the weather satellites.
+Earth's gravity would bend the trajectory of this object so much that, if it's just right, if it goes through this region of space, this kidney bean-shaped region called the keyhole, the gravity of the earth would bend it. It will only bend 7 times. A few years from now, April 13th -- this is Friday -- 2036 -- (laughter) I can't plan for that -- (laughter) Apophis will hit us.
+With a diameter of 250 meters, the damage would be unbelievable.
+The good news is that the odds of actually getting through this keyhole and reaching the next go-around are about 1 in a million, a very, very low chance.
+Therefore, I personally do not stay up at night worrying about this.
+I think Apophis is fine.
+In fact, Apophis is a blessing in disguise, for he has awakened us to the dangers of these things.
+This thing was discovered just a few years ago and may hit us in the years to come.
+It won't, but it will give us the opportunity to study this type of asteroid.
+We didn't always really understand these keyholes, but now we do. And it turned out to be very important. Because how do you stop an asteroid like this?
+Now let me ask you a question. What happens if a car comes towards you while you are standing on the road?
+What is your occupation?
+Do this. right? As you move, cars will pass by you.
+But at least you can't move the Earth easily, but you can move a small asteroid.
+And after all, we did.
+In 2005, NASA launched a spacecraft called Deep Impact and smashed its debris into the nucleus of a comet.
+Comets are very similar to asteroids.
+The purpose was not to get it out of the way. The purpose was to create a crater to drill into the material and see what lies beneath the surface of this comet, and we've learned quite a bit about it.
+We moved the comet a little bit, it wasn't that big, but it didn't matter.
+But think about it. This object is orbiting the Sun at 10 to 20 miles per second.
+I shot a space probe and hit it, okay?
+Imagine how difficult that would be. And we did it.
+It means you can start over.
+What if we have two more years to see an asteroid coming towards us and heading right towards us?
+If you watch the movie, you may think so. "Why don't we use nuclear weapons?"
+Well, you can try it, but the problem is the timing.
+To hit it with a nuke, it must detonate within a few milliseconds of tolerance. otherwise it will fail.
+There are many other problems with it. It's very difficult.
+But did you just hit something? It's that simple.
+I think NASA can do that, and they've proven they can.
+(Laughter) The problem is, when you hit this asteroid, it changes its orbit, and when you measure its orbit, you know, oh yeah, I just pushed it through the keyhole and now it hits three. Year.
+Well, my opinion is "it's okay!"
+No effect after 6 months. That's good.
+and you can hit it again.
+It's kind of ham-fisted. I wouldn't do that because I might just push it through the third keyhole or something.
+(Laughter) A big macho says, "Wow... balm! I'm going to hit this guy in the face," and then brings me a pair of velvet gloves.
+(Laughter) There's a group of scientists, engineers, astronauts, they call themselves the B612 Foundation.
+If you've read The Little Prince, you'll understand the reference, but the Little Prince lived on an asteroid called B612.
+They are smart people, men and women, astronauts and, as I said, engineers.
+Apollo 9 astronaut Rusty Schweickert is working on this.
+My friend who created this image, Dan Durda, works at the Southwest Research Institute on Walnut Street in Boulder.
+This is why he created this image.
+He's actually one of the astronomers working for them.
+You can spot an asteroid about to hit the Earth and, given enough time, hit it and move it into a better orbit.
+But what we do is launch a probe that weighs a ton or two.
+It doesn't have to be huge, a few tons, not very big, but park near the asteroid.
+Landing is not allowed. Because these things are rolling down.
+Landing on them is very difficult.
+The asteroid's gravity pulls on the probe, and the probe's mass is several tons.
+It has a little bit of gravity, but enough to pull the asteroid. and set up the rocket. Hardly visible here, but there's a plume of rockets. And these guys are connected by their own gravitational pull. And if you move the rover very slowly and very gently, it's very easy to get the rock into a safe orbit.
+It could also be mined in orbit around the Earth, but that's a whole other story. I won't go into that.
+(laughter) But we will be rich!
+(Laughter) So let's think about this.
+Huge rocks are flying there, hitting us and damaging us.
+But we figured out how to do this, and we have all the ingredients in place to do it.
+There is an astronomer with a telescope looking for it.
+We have very smart people who care about this problem and figure out how to solve it, and we have the technology to do it.
+In fact, this spacecraft cannot use chemical rockets.
+Chemical rockets have too much thrust and extrusion.
+The probe just shoots.
+We invented something called the Ion Drive. This is a very, very, very low thrust engine.
+It creates a force that feels like a piece of paper on your hand. Incredibly light, yet extremely gentle to push, it will keep you moving for months and years.
+If there were any fans of the original "Star Trek," they stumbled upon a spaceship powered by an ion drive, and Spock said, "They are very technically sophisticated.
+They are 100 years ahead of us in this effort. "
+Yes, I have an ion drive.
+I don't have Enterprise, but I do have Ion Drive.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Spock.
+(laughs) So...
+That's the difference, that's the difference between us and dinosaurs.
+this happened to them.
+It doesn't have to happen to us.
+The difference between dinosaurs and us is that we have a space program and we can vote, so we can change the future.
+(Laughter) We have the power to change the future.
+Sixty-five million years from now, we won't have to wear our bones in museums.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Introducing ReZero.
+This small researcher was developed by a group of 10 undergraduate students at the Autonomous Systems Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.
+Our robot belongs to a family of robots called Ballbots.
+Instead of wheels, Ballbot moves while balancing on a single ball.
+The main feature of such systems is that they have only one point of contact with the ground.
+This means that the robot is inherently unstable.
+It's like when you're trying to stand on one leg.
+You might ask yourself what good is an unstable robot?
+More on that later.
+First, let me explain how Re:Zero actually maintains its balance.
+Rezero always keeps balance by measuring the pitch angle with a sensor.
+Then rotate the motor properly to prevent tipping over.
+This happens 160 times per second, and if anything fails in this process, ReZero instantly falls to the ground.
+Rezero then has to spin the ball in order to move and balance.
+The ball is driven by three special wheels that allow ReZero to move in any direction while also moving around its own axis.
+Due to its instability, ReZero is always on the move. I will explain the trick here.
+Indeed, it is precisely this instability that allows robots to move so [dynamically].
+Let's play a little.
+You may have wondered what happens when you push the robot a little.
+In this mode he is trying to hold his position.
+In the next demo, I would like you to introduce my colleague Michael on the computer and Thomas helping me on stage.
+In the next mode, ReZero becomes passive and can move him.
+With very little force, I can control his position and speed.
+You can also rotate him.
+The following modes allow ReZero to follow people.
+He now keeps a certain distance from Thomas.
+It works with a laser sensor mounted on top of ReZero.
+You can also circle people in the same way.
+This is called lap mode.
+Ok, thank you Thomas.
+(Applause) So what is this technology good for?
+It's an experiment for now, but I'll show you some future applications.
+Rezero can be used at exhibitions and parks.
+Screens can inform and guide people in fun and interesting ways.
+Hospitals can use this device to carry medical equipment.
+The Ballbot system has a very small footprint and is easy to move.
+And of course, who wouldn't want to ride this one?
+And these are more practical applications.
+But there is also a certain beauty to this technology.
+(music) (applause) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+Ladies and gentlemen, please gather.
+I would love to talk to you.
+Once upon a time, in 19th century Germany, there was a book like this.
+In this era, the book was the king of stories.
+It was right.
+It was all over the place.
+But it was kind of boring.
+That's because in 400 years of history, storytellers have never evolved the book as a narrative device.
+But then one author appeared and changed the game forever.
+(music) His name is Lothar, Lothar Meggendorfer.
+Lothar Meggendorfer put his foot down and said, "Enough!"
+He grabbed a pen and snatched up a pair of scissors.
+This man refused to follow the conventions of normalcy and decided to just fold.
+Lothar Meggendorfer will be known to history – who else? -- The true inventor of the world's first pop-up children's book.
+(music) People rejoiced because of this joy and this wonder.
+(cheers) They were happy that the story survived and the world kept spinning.
+Lothar Meggendorfer was not the first to evolve storytelling, nor was he the last.
+Whether the narrator was aware of it or not, when they moved opera to vaudeville, radio news to radio theater, film to film, sound, color, 3D, VHS, DVD, they were Meggendorfer's I was conveying my spirit.
+There seemed to be no cure for this meggendorff inflammation.
+And when the Internet came along, things got even more fun.
+(Laughter) Because people can not only broadcast their stories to the world, but they can do so through a seemingly endless number of devices.
+For example, one company tells love stories through its own search engine.
+One of the Taiwanese production studios planned to interpret American politics in 3D.
+(Laughter.) And one man was using a platform called Twitter to tell the story of his father by telling him the excrement he gestured.
+And after all this was done, everyone stopped. they took a step back.
+They found 6,000 years of stories ranging from painting hunts on cave walls to painting Shakespeare on Facebook walls.
+And this was the reason for the celebration.
+The art of storytelling hasn't changed.
+And most of the time the stories are reused.
+But the way humans tell stories has always evolved with a pure and consistent novelty.
+And each time a new storytelling device came along, they were reminded of a man, an amazing German.
+And for that reason, the audience, the beautiful, beautiful audience, will live happily ever after.
+(applause)
+When I graduated from UCLA, I moved to Northern California and lived in the small town of Elk on the Mendocino coast.
+I didn't have a phone or TV, but I did have US mail.
+And life was good back then—if I remember.
+I went to the general store for coffee and brownies, shipped the film to San Francisco, and two days later it was on my doorstep. You have to contend with traffic in Hollywood.
+We didn't have much money (music), but we did have time and a sense of wonder.
+That's when I started shooting time-lapses.
+It takes a month to shoot a 4 minute film. Because that's all I can afford.
+For over 30 years, I have been taking time-lapse photographs of flowers 24 hours a day, non-stop.
+And watching them move is a dance I never get tired of.
+Its beauty captivates us with its colors, tastes and touches.
+It also provides one-third of the food we eat.
+(music) Beauty and seduction are nature's tools for survival. Because we protect what we have fallen in love with.
+It opens our minds and makes us aware that we are part of nature, not separate from it.
+When we see ourselves in nature, we also feel connected to each of us, because it is clear that everything is connected as one.
+When people see my images, they will often say, "Oh my God."
+Have you ever wondered what that means?
+"Oh" means it got your attention. It keeps you present and mindful.
+"Mine" means connecting with something deep in your soul.
+It creates a portal for your inner voice to come up and be heard.
+And "God"?
+God is the personal journey we all want to take, to be inspired, to feel connected to the universe that celebrates life.
+Did you know that 80 percent of the information we receive comes through our eyes? If you compare light energy to a musical scale, the naked eye can only see the middle octave.
+And don't we thank our brains for being able to receive electrical impulses coming from light energy and create images to explore our world?
+And aren't we grateful to have a mind that can feel these vibrations, just as we can feel the joy and beauty of nature?
+The beauty of nature is a gift that fosters gratitude.
+So today I have a gift I would like to share with you. It's a project I'm working on called "Happiness Revealed."
+And it will give you a glimpse of the world from the point of view of children and old people.
+Girl: When I watch TV, it's just pretend shows.
+And as you explore, you become more imaginative than ever before, and the more imaginative you are, the more you want to go deeper and see more beautiful things. For example, a road, etc. If it's a road, take you to the beach or something and it can be beautiful.
+(Music) (Narrator) Brother David Steindl-Last: Do you think this is just another day in your life?
+It's not just one day.
+It's a day given to you, today.
+(music) It was given to you.
+That's the only gift you have right now.
+And the only appropriate response is gratitude.
+(music) If you do nothing but develop a reaction to the wonderful gift of this special day, if you learn to react as if it were the first day and the last day of your life, you will be on this day. you will have spent I am very fine today.
+(music) Start by opening your eyes and marvel at the eyes you can open—the incredible colors that are always offered to us for sheer enjoyment.
+look at the sky
+We seldom see the sky.
+Little do we notice how the clouds come and go and how they differ from moment to moment.
+We only think about weather, but when we say weather we don't take into account all the nuances of weather.
+We think only of "good weather" and "bad weather".
+Today's weather is unique and probably won't come again in that form.
+The clouds in the sky will never be the same as they are now.
+Open your eyes. Look at that
+(music) Look at the faces of the people you meet.
+Behind each face is an incredible story that we cannot fully comprehend, not just our own stories, but those of our ancestors.
+We have all traveled back in time, this moment, this day, all the people you meet, generation after generation, all life from so many places around the world, the water that gives life. Like flow together and meet you here. , if you just drink with an open mind.
+(music) Open your heart to the wonderful gifts that civilization gives us.
+When you turn on the switch, the light will turn on.
+If you turn on the faucet, hot water, cold water, and drinking water will come out.
+It is a gift that millions of people around the world will never experience.
+So these are just a few of the vast number of gifts we can open your heart to.
+So, as you open your heart to all these blessings and let them flow into you, everyone you meet on this day will be able to see you through just your eyes, your smile, your touch. I hope you will be blessed by , just in your presence.
+May the feeling of gratitude overflow around you and turn into a blessing.
+(music) And it's going to be a really good day.
+(Applause) Louis Schwartzberg: Thank you.
+(Thank you for applause.
+(applause)
+Like many of you, I am one of the 2 billion people on the planet who live in cities.
+And I don't know about other people, but there are days when it becomes very clear to me that I am dependent on others for almost everything in my life.
+And some days it can even be a little scary.
+But what I want to tell you here today is that if we apply open source collaboration, that same interdependence is actually a very powerful social infrastructure that can actually be used to solve some of the most serious civic problems. It means you can.
+A few years ago, I read an article by New York Times writer Michael Pollan. In it, he argued that one of the best things we can do for the environment is to grow some of our food.
+It's the middle of winter as you read this, so there wasn't room for a ton of dirt in my New York City apartment.
+So I was basically going to just read the next Wired magazine and be content to find out how the experts would solve all these problems for us in the future.
+But that was, in fact, exactly what Michael Pollan was making in this article. It is precisely when we hand off all these responsibilities to the experts that the chaos we see in the food system is created.
+So, I happen to know a little bit from my work about how NASA has been using hydroponics to study food growing in space.
+And that by flooding the root system of the plant with a kind of high-quality liquid soil, you can actually get the optimum nutrient yield.
+Okay, vegetable factory, but my apartment has to be as alien as the universe.
+However, they can provide some natural light and year-round climate control.
+Two years later, we now own Window Farm, a vertical hydroponic platform for growing food indoors.
+The way it works is that there is a pump at the bottom that periodically pumps this liquid nutrient solution to the top, where it drips through the plant's root system suspended in clay pellets. So soil is not included.
+Currently, the light and temperature change with each window microclimate, so the window farm needs a farmer to decide what crops to put in the window farm and whether to feed it organically. is needed.
+At the time, a window farm was just a technically complex idea that required a lot of testing.
+And I wanted it to be an open project. Because hydroponics is currently one of the fastest growing areas for patenting in the U.S., it could become another area like Monsanto, where a lot of corporate intellectual property gets in the way. Because there is of people's food.
+So instead of creating a product, I decided to open this up to a large group of code developers.
+The first few systems we created worked reasonably well.
+In fact, I could grow about a salad a week in the window of a typical New York City apartment.
+I was able to grow various things such as cherry tomatoes and cucumbers.
+But the first few systems were leaky and power hungry that Martha Stewart would never approve of.
+(Laughter) So, to bring in more code developers, what we've done is create a social media site where we publish our designs, explain how they work, and even these I went so far as to point out all the problems with the system. .
+And we invited people all over the world to build and experiment with it.
+In fact, the website currently has 18,000 users.
+And we have window farms all over the world.
+What we do is what NASA and big corporations call R&D, or research and development.
+But what we call it R&D-I-Y is "do your own research and development."
+(Laughter) So, for example, Jackson came along and suggested using an air pump instead of a water pump.
+We had to build a ton of systems to get it right, but once we did, we were able to cut our carbon footprint by almost half.
+Tony in Chicago, like many other window farmers, has been experimenting with growing strawberries, even in the dark for nine months of the year, by simply changing the organic nutrients.
+And Finnish window farmers have customized their window farms for the dark Finnish winter days by outfitting them with LED grow lights, and are now open sourcing them as part of the project. .
+Therefore, window farms have evolved through a rapid versioning process similar to software.
+And in any open source project, the real benefit lies in the interaction between the specific concerns of people customizing the system to their own specific concerns, and the universal concerns.
+So my core team and I can focus on improvements that benefit everyone.
+And we can also take care of the needs of newcomers.
+That's why, for the DIY enthusiasts out there, we're providing our extremely well-tested instructions for free so that anyone, anywhere in the world, can build one of these systems for free.
+Patents on these systems are also pending and community owned.
+And to fund projects, we partner to create products and sell them to schools and individuals who don't have time to build their own systems.
+A culture is emerging in our community right now.
+In our culture, it is better to be a tester supporting other people's ideas than just being an idea man.
+What we get from this project is support for our own work and the experience of actually contributing to the environmental movement in ways other than just screwing in new light bulbs.
+But I think Eleen best represents what we really get: the real joy of collaboration.
+So she describes here what it's like to have someone halfway around the world take your idea, build on it, and acknowledge your contribution.
+If you really want to see the broader consumer behavior shifts that we talk about as environmentalists and foodies, perhaps you should drop the word "consumer" and go behind the people doing something. may need to stand.
+Open source projects tend to have momentum of their own.
+And what we're seeing is R&D-I-Y moving beyond just window farms and LEDs into solar panels and aquaponics systems.
+And we're building on the innovations of our previous generations.
+And we are looking ahead to a generation that needs to rethink our lives right now.
+So join us in rediscovering the value of united citizens and proclaiming that we are all still trailblazers.
+(applause)
+If your life was a book and you were the author, how would you like your story to progress?
+That's the question that changed my life forever.
+Growing up in the hot Last Vegas desert, all I wanted was to be free.
+I dreamed of traveling the world, living where it snowed, and imagining all the stories I was going to tell.
+When I was 19, I moved to a snowy land the day after I graduated from high school and became a masseuse.
+All I needed for this job was my hands and a massage table, and I could go anywhere.
+For the first time in my life, I felt free, independent, and in complete control of my life.
+That is, until my life took a detour.
+One day I came home early from work with what I thought was the flu, but less than 24 hours later I was hospitalized on life support with a less than 2 percent chance of survival.
+After a few days in a coma, doctors diagnosed me with bacterial meningitis, a vaccine-preventable blood infection.
+In the space of two and a half months, I lost my spleen, kidneys, hearing in my left ear, and both legs below the knee.
+When my parents drove me out of the hospital, I felt like a patchwork doll.
+I thought the worst was over until I saw my new legs for the first time a few weeks later.
+The calf was a bulky block of metal, a pipe bolted to the ankle, and a yellow rubber foot with a line of rubber that rose like veins from toe to ankle.
+I didn't know what was going to happen, but I didn't expect it.
+With my mother by my side and tears running down my cheeks, I stood up, tied tightly to my thick legs.
+They were so painful and so confining that I just wondered how I would travel the world wearing them.
+How was I going to live a life full of adventures and stories, the way I always wanted?
+And how was I going to snowboard again?
+That day, I went home and crawled into bed. In the months that followed, my life looked like this. With my feet on my side, I passed out from reality.
+I was completely physically and mentally broken.
+But I knew that in order to move on, I would have to learn to let go of the old Amy and embrace the new.
+That's when I realized I didn't have to be 5'5" anymore.
+You can grow as tall as you want!
+(Laughter) (Applause) You can make it as short as you like, depending on who you're dating.
+(Laughs) Even if I snowboard again, my feet won't get cold.
+(Laughs) And most of all, I thought I could fit my feet in every shoe size on the sales shelf. (Laughter) And I did!
+So there were advantages here.
+At this moment, I asked myself a life-defining question. If my life were a book and I was the author, how would I want the story to progress?
+And I started daydreaming.
+I imagined myself daydreaming, walking gracefully, helping others through my journeys, and snowboarding again as I did when I was little.
+And I could not only see myself cutting through a pile of powder, but I could actually feel it.
+I could feel the wind on my face and my heart beat as if it was happening in that exact moment.
+And that's when a new chapter in my life began.
+After four months, I returned to snowboarding, but things didn't go as expected. The knees and ankles became difficult to bend and at one point it traumatized all the skiers when they fell on lifts and impacted their feet. I was still on my snowboard — (laughter) — flew down the mountain and I was still at the top of the mountain.
+I was so shocked, shocked like everyone else, so disappointed, but I knew that if I could find the right foot, I would be able to do it again.
+And this is when I learned that borders and obstacles can only do two things. The first is to get in our way, and the second is to force us to be creative.
+After a year of research, I still didn't know what kind of legs to use. I didn't find any helpful resources either.
+So I decided to make my own pair.
+The legmaker and I combined random parts to create a pair of snowboardable shoes.
+As you can see, rusty bolts, rubber, wood and neon pink duct tape.
+And yes, you can change your toenail polish.
+These legs and a new kidney from my dad, the best 21st birthday gift I ever received, have allowed me to follow my dreams again.
+I started snowboarding, then went back to work, then back to school.
+And in 2005, I co-founded a non-profit organization to enable youth and youth with disabilities to participate in action sports.
+From there, I had the opportunity to travel to South Africa, where I helped thousands of children get shoes on their feet and get them to school.
+And just this past February, I won two consecutive gold medals at the World Cup — (applause) — making me the most adaptable female snowboarder in the world.
+Eleven years ago, when I lost my leg, I had no idea what was going to happen.
+But if you asked me now if I wanted to change my situation, I would have to say no.
+Because my feet are not disabling me, they enable me.
+They forced me to rely on my imagination, to believe in possibilities. That is why we believe that our imagination can be used as a tool to break through borders. Because in our hearts, we can do anything and be anything.
+By believing in your dreams and facing your fears head-on, you can live life beyond your limits.
+Today we are going to talk about innovation without borders, but I have to say that in my life, innovation is possible because of borders.
+I learned that borders are not only where the real ends, but where imagination and stories begin.
+So what I want to ask you today is, rather than seeing our challenges and limitations as negative or bad things, can we see them as blessings, wonderful gifts that we can use to spark our imaginations? I wonder if there is. And help us go further than we ever thought possible.
+It's not about destroying borders.
+It's about pushing them away and seeing what great places they bring us.
+thank you.
+Meet Tony. he is my student
+He's about my age and is in San Quentin State Penitentiary.
+When Tony was 16, one day, one moment, he said, 'That was Mom's gun.
+Flash it and scare the guy. he's a punk
+he received some money We take his money. It will teach him.
+And at the last minute, I thought, 'This can't be done. This is wrong. 'My friend says, 'Come on, let's do this. I say, 'Let's do this'. And those three words Tony will remember, because the next time he knows them, he'll hear a pop.
+There are punks on the ground and a pool of blood.
+And it's a felony murder -- parole with 25 life expectancy, 50 if he's lucky, but Tony isn't feeling very lucky.
+So when we met in a prison philosophy class and I said, "In this class, we're going to discuss the basics of ethics," Tony interrupted me.
+"What can you tell me about good and evil?
+I know what is wrong. I did something wrong.
+Every day, every face I see, every wall I face, tells me I'm wrong.
+If I ever get out of here, there will always be a mark in my name.
+I am a convicted person. I've been labeled "wrong". What can you tell me about good and evil? "
+So I said to Tony, 'I'm sorry, but it's worse than you think.
+Think you know what's right and wrong?
+So can you tell me what is wrong?
+No, I'm not just giving examples.
+I want to know about the mistake itself, the idea of ​​what is wrong.
+what's the idea?
+What am I doing wrong?
+How do you know it's wrong? Maybe you and I disagree.
+Maybe one of us is doing it wrong.
+Maybe it's you, maybe it's me -- but we're not here to argue. everyone has an opinion.
+We are here for knowledge.
+Our enemy is mindless. This is philosophy. "
+And something changes for Tony.
+"Maybe I'm wrong. I'm tired of being wrong.
+I would like to know what is wrong.
+I want to know what I know "
+What Tony saw at that moment was a philosophical project, a project that began in amazement, what Kant called "the admiration and awe of the starry sky above and the moral law within."
+What can creatures like us know about such things?
+It is a project that brings us back to a state of constant existence, what Heidegger called 'what is always already there'.
+It is a project that asks what we believe and why we believe it, what Socrates called "the examined life."
+Socrates, wise enough to know he knows nothing.
+Socrates died in prison with his philosophy intact.
+So Tony starts doing his homework.
+He learns his reasons and reasons, causes and correlations, logic and fallacies.
+As it turns out, Tony has a talent for philosophy.
+His body is in prison, but his mind is free.
+Tony learns about the ontologically messy, the epistemologically unsettling, the ethically questionable, and the metaphysically ridiculous.
+Plato, Descartes, Nietzsche, and Bill Clinton.
+So when he handed me his final paper, in which he argued that categorical imperatives are too uncompromising to deal with the conflicts that affect our daily lives, and therefore that we should be moral He demands that I tell him if he has been sentenced to failure, and I say, I do not understand.
+Think about it. "
+Because Tony's name doesn't exist at that moment. It's just the two of us standing there.
+It's not a professor and an inmate, it's just two minds ready to do philosophy.
+And I say to Tony, "Let's do this."
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Of course it's Johnny Depp.
+It's Johnny Depp's shoulder.
+That's Johnny Depp's famous shoulder tattoo.
+Some of you may know that Depp got engaged to Winona Ryder in 1990 and had "Winona Forever" tattooed on his right shoulder.
+And three years later—which, to be fair, is an eternity by Hollywood standards—they broke up and Johnny went and did a little restoration work.
+And now, on his shoulder is written "Wino forever."
+(Laughter.) Like Johnny Depp, and like 25 percent of Americans between the ages of 16 and 50, I have a tattoo.
+I was in my mid-twenties when I first started thinking about getting one, but I deliberately waited a very long time.
+Because we all know people who got tattoos when they were 17, 19, 23 and regretted them by the time they were 30.
+It never happened to me.
+I got a tattoo when I was 29 and immediately regretted it.
+And by “regretted,” I mean I walked outside the tattoo site and had a massive emotional meltdown in broad daylight on an East Side corner. Broadway and Canal Street.
+(Laughs) It's a great place to do it because nobody cares.
+(Laughter.) And when I got home that night, I had an even bigger emotional breakdown, which I'll talk more about later.
+And all this was actually quite shocking to me. Because until this moment, I thought I had no regrets.
+Of course, I made a lot of mistakes and stupid decisions.
+I do it every hour.
+But I always felt that I made the best possible choice given who I was at the time and the information I had.
+I learned a lesson from it.
+That somehow got me to where I am in life now.
+And ok, I won't change that.
+In other words, I was on the great cultural Kool-Aid about regret. That it is absolutely a waste of time to mourn what happened in the past, that one should always look forward instead of backwards, one of the most sublime and sublime things. The best thing we can do is try to live a life of no regrets.
+This idea is well expressed in the following words: “Those without a remedy should be ignored. What is over is over.”
+And at first glance it seems like a kind of laudable philosophy. Something we might all agree on...
+Until I tell you who said it.
+Yes, this is Lady Macbeth telling her husband not to make such a fuss about killing people because he doesn't feel like it.
+And as it happens, Shakespeare, as he always does, was on to something here.
+Because the inability to experience regret is actually one of the diagnostic traits of a sociopath.
+By the way, this is also characteristic of certain brain injuries.
+So people with orbitofrontal cortex damage seem unable to feel remorse, even when they make apparently very bad decisions.
+So, really, if you want to live a life without regrets, you have a choice open to you.
+It's called a lobotomy surgery.
+But if you want to be fully functional, fully human, fully human, I think you need to learn to live with regret, rather than living without regret.
+So let's start by defining some terms.
+What is Regret?
+Regret is the feeling we experience when we think that if we had done something different in the past, our current situation might have been better or happier.
+In other words, regret requires two things.
+First of all, it requires subjectivity. We had to make a decision first.
+And secondly, you need imagination.
+We need to be able to imagine going back in time and making different choices. And we need to be able to take this imaginary record forward and imagine how things play out now.
+And indeed, the more any of these, the more agency and imagination you have for a particular regret, the more serious that regret becomes.
+For example, say you're on your way to your best friend's wedding, get stuck in terrible traffic on your way to the airport, and when you finally get to the gate, you miss your flight. .
+In that situation, you will experience more regret if you miss your flight by 3 minutes than if you missed your flight by 20 minutes.
+why?
+Because it's painfully easy to imagine that even if you missed your flight three minutes late, you could have made a better decision by making a different decision.
+"We should have used a bridge instead of a tunnel.
+I should have crossed that yellow light. "
+These are typical situations that produce regret.
+We regret thinking that we are responsible for decisions that have mostly good consequences, even if the consequences are bad.
+Now, within that framework, we can obviously experience regrets about different things.
+Today's session is about behavioral economics.
+And most of what we know about regret comes from that realm.
+We have a vast amount of literature about consumer and financial decisions and the regrets that come with them, basically buyer regrets.
+But finally, some researchers have stepped back and said, "Well, but overall, what do you regret the most in your life?"
+The answer will be:
+Top 6 regrets in life: By far the number one is education.
+33% of our regrets are about educational decisions.
+I wish I had gotten more.
+I wish we could have taken more advantage of the education we have received.
+I wish I had chosen to study another topic.
+Others high on the list of regrets include various decisions and choices related to work, love, parenting, self-awareness, leisure practices, and more specifically, leisure-time failures.
+The remaining regrets are about finances, family issues not related to love or parenting, health, friends, spirituality, and community.
+In other words, we know most about regret from financial studies.
+But when we take a holistic look at what people regret in life, we find that our financial decisions don't even rank.
+They account for less than 3 percent of our total regrets.
+So if you're sitting there stressing whether you should buy large vs. small or A vs. B or Subaru vs. Prius, you know what I mean. Please stop.
+In five years, you probably won't care.
+But what is the experience like for these things that we actually care so much about and experience deep regrets about?
+We all know the easy answer.
+I feel terrible. Regret feels terrible.
+But I've found that regret feels terrible in four very specific and consistent ways.
+So the first consistent element of regret is basically denial.
+When I got home that night after getting the tattoo, I was basically up all night.
+And for the first few hours, there was just one thought in my head.
+And I thought, "Let's stop!"
+This is an incredibly primitive emotional response.
+So that's exactly what "I want a mommy!"
+We are not trying to solve the problem.
+We are not trying to understand how the problem arose.
+We just want it to go away.
+A second characteristic component of regret is a sense of embarrassment.
+So one more thought I had that night in my bedroom was, "How could you do that?"
+What was I thinking? "
+This real alienation from the part of us who made a decision we regret.
+We cannot sympathize with that part.
+We don't understand that part.
+And we certainly have no sympathy for that part at all. This explains the third consistent component of regret: the strong desire to punish oneself.
+That's why, in the face of frustration, we consistently say, "I could have kicked."
+The fourth factor here is that regret is what psychologists call "persistence."
+Patience means obsessively and repeatedly focusing on the exact same thing.
+Now, the effect of patience is basically taking the first three elements of regret and putting them in an infinite loop.
+So I wasn't sitting in my bedroom that night thinking, 'Let's just go away'.
+That's what I sat there thinking.
+please get rid of it please get rid of it "
+Looking at the psychological literature, these are the four consistent factors that define regret.
+However, I would like to suggest that a fifth one also exists.
+And I see this as some sort of existential wake-up call.
+That night in my apartment, after kicking and such, I lay in bed for a long time thinking about skin grafting.
+And I thought, just like travel insurance doesn't cover natural disasters, maybe my health insurance doesn't cover stupid acts.
+The truth is, there is no insurance that covers stupid behavior.
+The whole point of stupid behavior is that you are completely uninsured. Faced with a world that, frankly, is pretty indifferent, you end up being exposed to the world and to your own weaknesses and mistakes.
+This is clearly an incredibly painful experience.
+And I think it's especially painful for those of us in the West now that the Control-Z culture that I sometimes think of, Control-Z, is dominated by computer commands like undo.
+We are, in some ways, incredibly used to not having to face the harsh realities of life.
+We believe we can throw money at the problem, we can throw technology at it. Think you can undo, unfriend, unfollow.
+And the problem is that sometimes things happen in life that we really want to change but can't.
+Instead of Control-Z , sometimes the control actually goes to zero.
+And for those of us who are control freaks and perfectionists, this is really hard. Because we want to do everything ourselves and do it right.
+Now, the argument has been made that control freaks and perfectionists shouldn't get tattoos, but I'll get back to that point in a few minutes.
+But first I would like to say that the intensity and persistence with which we experience the emotional component of regret clearly depends on the specific thing we regret.
+For example, this is one of my favorite regret generators in modern life.
+(laughs) Body: Reply to all.
+And the great thing about this really insidious innovation is that it alone can make us experience a very wide range of regrets.
+Hitting "Reply All" on an email by mistake can ruin a relationship.
+Or you could have an incredibly embarrassing day at work.
+Alternatively, you can make your last day work.
+And this doesn't even mention life's really deep regrets.
+Because, of course, sometimes we make decisions that have irreversible and terrible consequences for our own health, well-being, lives, and even lives at worst.
+Clearly, such regrets are incredibly poignant and long-lasting.
+So even regretting a silly "reply all" can leave you in excruciating pain for a few days.
+So how are we to live with this?
+I would like to suggest three things that can help you make peace with your regrets.
+The first of these is to take some comfort in its universality.
+A Google search for regrets and tattoos returns 11.5 million hits.
+(Laughter) The FDA estimates that 17 percent of Americans with tattoos regret getting one.
+It's Johnny Depp, me, and seven million friends.
+And it's just a regret about tattoos.
+We are all in this situation together.
+A second way to reconcile regret is to laugh at yourself.
+In my case this wasn't really an issue. Because it's actually pretty easy to laugh at yourself when you're 29 and your mom wants you to have a new tattoo just because you don't like it.
+But when it comes to deeper regrets like this, it might seem like some sort of cruel or lip service proposition.
+I don't think so.
+All of us who have experienced regret with real pain and real grief understand that humor, even black humor, plays an important role in survival.
+It reconnects the poles of our life, the positive and the negative, and sends a small stream of life back into us.
+A third method that I think helps us reconcile with regret is through the passage of time, as we know it, heals all wounds except permanent tattoos.
+So it's been a few years since I got my tattoo.
+And you guys just want to see it?
+have understood.
+Actually, I warn you, you will be disappointed.
+Because it's actually not that scary.
+I didn't get Marilyn Manson's face tattooed on any obscure part of myself.
+When other people see my tattoos, they almost always like how it looks.
+I just don't like the way it looks.
+And as I said earlier, I'm a perfectionist.
+But let me see it anyway.
+this is my tattoo
+I can guess what some of you are thinking.
+So let me reassure you.
+Some of your own regrets aren't as ugly as you think.
+I got this tattoo because I spent most of my 20s living and traveling abroad.
+And then when I came and settled in New York, I worried that I would forget some of the most important lessons I had learned there.
+Specifically, of the two things I learned about myself, the one I'm most stuck with is how important it is to keep exploring and, at the same time, to find my true north. and how important it is to keep watching over them.
+And what I love about this compass image is how it feels like both of these ideas are encapsulated in one simple image.
+And I thought it might serve as a kind of permanent storage device.
+Well, it happened.
+But in the end it turns out that it doesn't remind me of what I thought. Instead, it constantly reminds you of something else.
+It actually reminds us of the most important lesson regret can teach us, and it's also one of the most important lessons life can teach us.
+And ironically, I think that's probably the single most important thing I could have carved into my body — partly as a writer and partly as a mere human being.
+The thing is, if you have goals and dreams and want to do your best, and if you love people and don't want to hurt or lose them, you should feel pain when things go wrong.
+The important thing is not to live without regrets.
+The key is not to hate yourself for having them.
+The lesson I finally learned from my tattoo, and what I want to leave you with today, is this. We need to learn to love the imperfections and imperfections we have created and to forgive ourselves for creating them.
+Regret is not a reminder that we have done something wrong.
+It reminds us that we know we can do better.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+In 1994, I met a 12-year-old boy in a Cambodian prison who was tortured and denied access to a lawyer.
+And as I looked into his eyes, I realized that in all the hundreds of letters I had written to political prisoners, I would never have written to him. Because he wasn't a 12-year-old boy who did something important. for everyone.
+He was no political prisoner.
+He was a 12-year-old boy who stole a bicycle.
+Also, at that point I realized that Cambodia is not the only country that uses torture, 93 out of 113 developing countries all have the right to a lawyer and the right not to be tortured. It was said that a law was enacted. .
+And what I realized was that there was an incredible opportunity for the global community to come together to end torture as an investigative tool.
+We tend to think of torture as political torture, or something that is only prepared for the worst, but the reality is that 95 percent of torture today is not against political prisoners.
+It is for people who are placed in a broken legal system and, unfortunately, torture is the cheapest investigative tool, so it is better to hire a lawyer and get a lawyer early than to have a legal system. That's what happened most often back then, because it's cheaper than accessing it.
+I believe today, as an international community, that if we decide, we can come together to end torture as an investigative tool in our lifetimes, there are three things that can do it. Is required.
+The first is training, empowering and connecting defenders around the world.
+The second is to ensure early and systematic access to lawyers.
+And the third is commitment.
+So in 2000, I started thinking about what would happen if we were united.
+Is there anything we can do for these 93 countries?
+And I had a specific mission to realize due process rights in 93 countries by ending torture as an investigative tool and placing trained lawyers in police stations and courts early on. Established International Bridges to Justice.
+However, my first experience was certainly in Cambodia, and I remember the first time I came to Cambodia. There weren't even 10 people yet.
+And now, 20 years later, there were still only 10 lawyers in this country, and when I went to jail, I not only met 12-year-old boys, but I also met women and said, 'Why? Say. are you here? "The women say, 'My husband has committed a crime and I've been here for 10 years and I can't find him.'
+In other words, it is a place where there was no rule of law.
+I still remember saying during training when the first garrison was assembled. "Okay, what do you do with the investigation?"
+And there was silence in the class, and at the end one woman stood up [unintelligible name] and she said ``Krue'' which means ``teacher''.
+"I have defended more than 100 people so far and have never needed an interrogation because they all have confessions," she said.
+And we discussed in class, firstly, the fact that confessions may not be credible, but secondly, I would like to encourage the police to continue this, especially since it is against the law now. There was no.
+And it took a lot of courage for these advocates to decide to stand up and start helping each other to enforce these laws.
+And I still remember them coming in all 25 and she stood up and they were in the back supporting her and the judges were like, 'No, no, no, no, we The first lawsuit that kept saying. We're going to do things the exact same way we've been doing it. "
+But one day the perfect case came. It was a woman selling vegetables, sitting outside her house.
+She said she actually saw someone running out who supposedly stole whatever the jewelry was, but the police came and caught her, but she had nothing.
+She was pregnant at the time. She had a cigarette burn. She had a miscarriage.
+And when they brought her case to the judge, the judge stood up for the first time and said, "Yes, there is no evidence other than your confession of torture, and you are released."
+And then the defense team started filing lawsuits over and over again. And as you can see, they began to change the course of Cambodian history step by step.
+But Cambodia is not alone.
+Cambodia maybe? I thought.
+Or is it another country?
+But it is in so many countries.
+When I went to jail in Burundi, it was not a 12-year-old boy, but an 8-year-old boy who stole a mobile phone.
+Or when the woman picked up the baby, it was really cute and she said, "Your baby is so cute."
+I was 3 years old, not a baby.
+Then she said, "Yes, but she's the reason I'm here." Because she was still in jail after being accused of stealing two diapers and an iron for her baby.
+And when I walked over to the warden, I said, 'You have to release her.
+A judge would release her. "
+And he said, 'Okay, we can talk about that, but look at my prison. Huh?"
+So lawyers courageously began to band together to create a system that would allow lawsuits to be filed.
+But we've found that it's not just the training of lawyers that makes the difference, it's the connections between lawyers.
+For example, in Cambodia, [inaudible name] did not act alone, but was accompanied by 24 lawyers who stood together. Similarly, in China, it is often said that when we are united, it is like a fresh breeze in the desert.
+Or in Zimbabwe, where I remember Innocent, after coming out of prison they all stood up and said, "I've been here for a year, eight years, 12 years without a lawyer." He came and trained with us. And he said, "I've heard it said"--because I heard people mumbling--"We don't have the resources to create justice. I've heard people say they can't help."
+And he said, "But I want you to know that lack of resources is never an excuse for injustice."
+And in doing so, he managed to organize 68 lawyers to systematically handle cases.
+However, the key we think is training and early access.
+I was recently in Egypt and was inspired to meet with another group of lawyers and they said to me, 'Hey, look, there's no police in the streets now. It means that he said "one". Why we revolutionized. They were torturing everyone all the time. "
+And I said, ``But there's been tens of millions of dollars spent on developing the legal system here these days.
+what happened? "
+I met with one of the development agencies, and they were training prosecutors and judges, not defense attorneys. This is normal prejudice.
+And they showed me the manual, which was actually a great manual.
+I said, "I'll copy this."
+Everything was in there. A lawyer will come to the police station. It was perfect.
+Prosecutors were perfectly trained.
+But I said to them, "I have only one question, what happened to them by the time they got to the public prosecutor's office?"
+And after a short silence they said, "They were being tortured."
+Therefore, finding ways to systematically introduce early access to lawyers, as well as training lawyers, is a key challenge. Because lawyers are the system's safeguard against those who are being tortured.
+And I'm aware of the fact that when I talk about it, it sounds like, "Oh, okay, it sounds like it could be done, but can it really be done?"
+Because it sounds loud.
+And there are many reasons why I believe it is possible.
+The first reason is that people in the field are finding ways to work miracles with dedication.
+Defenders around the world are looking for these items, not just the Innocents we talked about in Zimbabwe.
+We have a program called JusticeMakers and we have noticed that there are people who are brave and want to do something, how can we support them?
+So, it's an online contest, and if you come up with an innovative way to do justice, you'll only get $5,000 in prizes.
+And there are 30 Justice Makers around the world, from Sri Lanka to Swaziland to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They spend $5,000 on SMS programs, paralegal programs, whatever they can do and do great things.
+And it's not just these Justice Makers that we're seeing, but those we're brave enough to understand who our network is and how we can move it forward.
+China, for example, has a wonderful law that says the police must not torture people or they will be punished.
+And I sat down next to one of the very brave lawyers and said, "How can we solve this problem? How can we make sure we do this?"
+This is great,' he said to me, 'so do you have any money?' .
+And on December 4th, he organized 3,000 members of the Youth Communist League from the top 14 law schools, organized himself, made posters with the new law, went to the police station and said, started illegal activities. A violent legal revolution to protect the rights of citizens.
+So I talked about the fact that defenders need to be trained and supported.
+We need to systematically implement early access to lawyers.
+But the third and most important thing is to commit to this.
+And people often say to me, 'This is great, but it's too idealistic.
+it will never happen "
+And the reason I find these words interesting is because they were the same kind of words used for those who were determined to end slavery or end apartheid.
+It started with a small group of people who decided to commit.
+Well, here's one of the favorite poems the advocates shared with each other: “Take courage, my friend, the road is often long, the path is never clear, the stakes are very high, but deep down, you are not alone.”
+And I believe we can end torture as an investigative tool if we can come together as an international community and support not only its advocates, but everyone within the regime who is looking to it. .
+I always finish last. Because I'm sure the question is something like: And we are always happy to talk to you. "But what can you actually do?"
+Well, I would like to say this. First of all, you know what you can do. But next, I would like to leave Vishna's story. Vishna is the person who inspired me to build a bridge to international justice.
+Vishna was a four-year-old boy when I met him, born in a Cambodian prison in Kandal province. However, because he was born in prison, he was the only one allowed in and out of bars because everyone loved him, including the guards.
+So there's the bar. And when Vishna grows, what will grow? It makes my head grow.
+So he came to the first bar, the second bar, the third bar, then slowly moved his head until it fit, and then came back to the third, second, first. And he grabbed my little finger. Because all he wanted to do every day was go play.
+Although he could not visit every prisoner every day, he wanted to visit all 156 prisoners. And when I lifted him up, he put his finger through.
+Or if it's a dark cell, it's like a corrugated sheet of iron that he'll stick his fingers through.
+And most prisoners said that he was the greatest joy, the sunshine, and looked forward to him. And I thought, "Here is Vishna." I am a 4 year old boy.
+He was born in prison with almost nothing, no supplies, but he had his own sense of a heroic journey, and I think it's what we've all been born into. believe. “Maybe you can't do everything,” he said.
+But I am one of them. I can do something
+And I will do only one thing that I can do. "
+So thank you for having the prophetic imagination to envision shaping a new world with us and to invite you on this journey with us.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+My subject today is learning.
+In that spirit, I would like to pose a pop quiz to everyone.
+Prepare?
+When do you start learning?
+When you think about this question right now, you're probably thinking about the first day of preschool or kindergarten, the day your children enter a classroom with a teacher for the first time.
+Or maybe you remembered early childhood when children were learning how to walk, talk and use a fork.
+Perhaps you've come across the zero-to-three movement, which claims that the first few years are the most important for learning.
+So your answer to my question would be: Learning begins at birth.
+Well, today I would like to introduce an idea that, as amazing as it may seem, is backed up by the latest evidence in psychology and biology.
+It's just that some of the most important learning we've ever done happens before we're born, while we're still in the womb.
+Now I am a science reporter.
+I write articles for books and magazines.
+And I am also a mother.
+And those two roles came together in a book I wrote called Origins.
+"Origins" is a report from the forefront of an exciting new field called fetal origins.
+Fetal origins is a scientific field that emerged only about 20 years ago, based on the theory that our lifelong health and well-being are critically affected by the nine months we spend in the womb.
+Now, this theory was more than just an intellectual curiosity to me.
+I was pregnant myself when I was doing research for this book.
+And one of the most fascinating insights I got from this research is that we all learn about the world even before we enter it.
+When you hold your baby for the first time, you may imagine that your baby is a blank slate without any trace, but in reality, your baby is already shaped by us and by the particular world we live in. increase.
+Today I want to share with you some of the amazing things scientists are discovering about what a fetus learns while still in its mother's womb.
+First of all, they learn the sounds of the mother's voice.
+Sounds from the outside world must travel through the mother's abdominal tissue and the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus, so the voices heard by the fetus become muted and muffled starting around the fourth month of pregnancy.
+One researcher said their voices probably sound a lot like Charlie Brown's teacher in the old cartoon "Peanuts".
+However, the pregnant woman's own voice echoes throughout her body and reaches the fetus more easily.
+And since the fetus is always with its mother, it often hears the mother's voice.
+When babies are born, they recognize their own voice and prefer to hear their own voice over anyone else's.
+How can we know that?
+Newborn babies can't do much, but one thing they're really good at is sucking.
+The researchers took advantage of this fact by equipping them with two rubber nipples so that when the baby sucked on one nipple, a recording of the mother's voice was heard in headphones, and when the baby sucked on the other nipple, a recording of the mother's voice was heard. made it audible. The voice of an unknown woman.
+Babies quickly show their preference by choosing the first one.
+Scientists also take advantage of the fact that babies suck less when they're curious about something they're interested in, and when they get bored they suck again.
+Thus, when a woman read aloud a passage from Dr. Seuss' Cat in a Hat repeatedly during her pregnancy, the newborn baby heard it outside the womb. Researchers have discovered that they can recognize
+My favorite experiment of this kind was one that showed that babies of women who watched a particular soap opera every day during pregnancy recognized the show's theme song when they were born.
+So fetuses are also learning the specific language spoken in the world they are born into.
+A study published last year found that babies cry in their mother's native language from the moment they are born.
+French babies cry on rising sounds, while German babies end on falling sounds, mimicking the melody contours of these languages.
+So why is this kind of fetal learning useful?
+It may have evolved to help babies survive.
+From the moment of birth, babies respond best to the voice of the person most likely to care for them - their mother.
+In addition, because their cries sound like their mother's language, mothers can show more affection to their babies, giving them a head start on the important task of learning how to understand and speak their mother tongue. It is possible.
+But sounds aren't the only thing the fetus is learning in the womb.
+It can also taste and smell.
+By the seventh month of gestation, fetal taste buds are fully developed and olfactory receptors for smell are functional.
+The flavors of the food eaten by the pregnant woman enter the amniotic fluid, which the fetus continuously swallows.
+Babies seem to remember and prefer these flavors after being outside.
+In one experiment, a group of pregnant women were asked to drink large amounts of carrot juice during the third trimester of pregnancy, while another group of pregnant women drank only water.
+Six months later, the female infants were given cereal mixed with carrot juice and their facial expressions were observed while eating.
+The offspring of women who drank carrot juice ate more of the carrot-flavored cereal and apparently enjoyed it more.
+A French version of this experiment was conducted in Dijon, France, and showed that mothers who consumed licorice-flavoured, anise-flavored foods and drinks during pregnancy tended to prefer anise in the first days of life and at birth. was discovered by researchers. They were then examined on the 4th day after birth.
+Babies whose mothers didn't eat anise during pregnancy had a reaction that roughly translates to "crazy."
+What this means is that the fetus is effectively being taught by its mother what foods are safe and good to eat.
+Fetuses are also taught about the particular culture they will be part of through one of the culture's most powerful expressions: food.
+Even before they are born, they are exposed to the flavors and spices that characterize the culture's cuisine.
+Now, it turns out, the fetus is learning an even bigger lesson.
+But before that, I would like to mention something you may be wondering.
+When you hear the concept of fetal learning, you might think of trying to enrich your fetus, like playing Mozart with headphones on your pregnant belly.
+In reality, however, the nine-month process of formation and formation within the womb is far more intuitive and consequential.
+Much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life—the air she breathes, the food and drink she consumes, the chemicals she is exposed to, and even the emotions she feels—is shared with the fetus in some way.
+They are composed of a combination of influences that are as individual and idiosyncratic as the women themselves.
+The fetus takes these offerings into its body and makes them part of its flesh and blood.
+And often do more than that.
+These maternal contributions are treated as informational, what I call biological postcards from the outside world.
+So what the fetus is learning in the womb is not Mozart's The Magic Flute, but the answer to a much more important question for fetal survival.
+Born in a world of abundance or in a world of scarcity?
+Are they safe and protected, or are they constantly exposed to danger and threat?
+Will you live a long and productive life, or will you live a short and hectic one?
+Especially pregnant women's diet and stress level are important clues to know the current situation like lifting a finger to the wind.
+The resulting coordination and fine-tuning of the fetal brain and other organs is part of what gives us humans great flexibility and the ability to thrive in a wide variety of environments, from rural to urban, tundra to desert. .
+Finally, I would like to share two stories about how mothers teach their children about the world even before they are born.
+In the darkest days of World War II, in the fall of 1944, German forces blockaded West Holland, denying all food shipments.
+After the Nazi siege began, the harshest winter in decades followed, and it was so cold that the water in the canals froze.
+Food soon became scarce, and many Dutch survived on just 500 calories a day, a quarter of what they consumed before the war.
+As weeks of deprivation turned into months, some ate tulip bulbs.
+By early May, the country's carefully rationed food reserves were completely depleted.
+The threat of mass starvation was looming.
+And on May 5, 1945, the siege ended abruptly when the Netherlands was liberated by the Allies.
+What became known as the "Famine Winter" killed about 10,000 people and debilitated thousands more.
+But it was another population that was affected: the 40,000 fetuses in the womb during the siege.
+Some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy were quickly apparent as increased stillbirths, birth defects, low birth weight and infant mortality.
+Others, however, went undiscovered for years.
+Decades after the "winter of hunger," those whose mothers were pregnant during the siege had more obesity, diabetes and heart disease later in life than those who got pregnant under normal circumstances, researchers say. Recorded by et al.
+It seems that these people experienced starvation before birth, causing various changes in their bodies.
+They have high blood pressure, a low cholesterol profile, and poor glucose tolerance, which are precursors to diabetes.
+Why does malnutrition in the uterus cause later disease?
+One explanation is that the fetus is making the most of a bad situation.
+When food is scarce, it directs nutrients towards the really important organ, the brain, and away from other organs such as the heart and liver.
+In the short term, this saves the fetus' life, but the price is paid later in life, when it is taken away prematurely and other organs are more susceptible to disease.
+But that may not be the only thing happening.
+Fetuses seem to take cues from the intrauterine environment and adjust their physiology accordingly.
+They are preparing for the world they will encounter on the other side of the womb.
+The fetus anticipates the environment that awaits it and adjusts its metabolism and other physiological processes.
+And the basis of fetal prediction is what the mother ate.
+The diet eaten by pregnant women constitutes a kind of narrative, a fairy tale of abundance, or a harrowing chronicle of poverty.
+This story conveys the information that fetuses use to organize their bodies and their systems, adaptations to common conditions that facilitate future survival.
+Because resources are so limited, smaller children with lower energy requirements are actually more likely to live to adulthood.
+The real problem arises when the pregnant woman is in some sense an unreliable narrator, when the fetus is induced to expect a world of scarcity and is instead born into a world of abundance.
+This is what happened to the children of the Dutch Hunger Winter.
+As a result, the incidence of obesity, diabetes and heart disease increases.
+A body designed to take in all calories ended up taking in the excess calories of the post-war Western diet.
+The world they learned in the womb was not the same world they were born into.
+Here's another story.
+At 8:46 am on September 11, 2001, tens of thousands of people gathered near the World Trade Center in New York. Commuters spilling out of trains, waitresses setting tables for the morning rush, brokers already on the phone. wall street.
+Of these, 1,700 were pregnant.
+When planes crashed and towers collapsed, many of these women experienced the same terror experienced by other disaster survivors. Overwhelming chaos and chaos, billowing clouds of potentially toxic dust and debris, heart-pounding fear of life. .
+About a year after 9/11, researchers examined a group of women who were pregnant when exposed to the World Trade Center attacks.
+Researchers found biological markers of PTSD susceptibility in babies of women who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) after the ordeal. This effect was most pronounced in infants whose mothers experienced a catastrophe during the third trimester of pregnancy.
+In other words, mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome passed on their vulnerability to the condition to their children while they were still in the womb.
+Now consider the following: Post-traumatic stress syndrome appears to be a response to stress that is so misguided that it causes the victim a great deal of unnecessary distress.
+But there is another way of thinking about PTSD.
+What looks like a pathology to us can actually be a useful indication in some circumstances.
+In particularly dangerous environments, the hallmark symptoms of PTSD — hyper-awareness of surroundings and quick reactions to danger — can save someone's life.
+The idea that prenatal transmission of PTSD risk is adaptive is still speculative, but I find it rather distressing.
+Even before their mothers are born, they are warning their children to be careful of the wild world outside.
+Let me be clear.
+Fetal origin research does not blame women for what happens during pregnancy.
+It's about finding the best ways to promote the health and well-being of future generations.
+An important effort must include a focus on what the fetus learns during its nine months in the womb.
+Learning is one of life's most important activities, and it begins much earlier than we imagine.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The first thing I'm going to show you as soon as possible is some groundwork that we brought to Microsoft almost exactly a year ago as part of an acquisition, as well as some new technology.
+This is Seadragon, an environment that allows you to manipulate vast amounts of visual data locally or remotely.
+Here we're looking at gigabytes of digital photos, seamlessly and continuously zooming in, panning, and rearranging them however we like.
+And it doesn't matter how much information we're looking at, how big our collection is, how big our images are, etc.
+Most of them are regular digital camera photos, but for example this scan from the Library of Congress is in the 300 megapixel range.
+It makes no difference, because the only thing that should limit the performance of such a system is the number of pixels on the screen at that moment.
+It's also a very flexible architecture.
+This is an example of non-image data, since it's an entire book.
+Dickens' "Desolate House".
+To prove that this is actually text and not an image, you can do something like the following to actually show that this is an actual representation of the text. it's not a picture.
+Perhaps this is an artificial way to read e-books.
+Not recommended.
+This is the more realistic case and the Guardian's issue.
+Every large image is the beginning of a section.
+And this really gives me the joy and good experience of reading the actual print editions of magazines and newspapers, which are essentially multi-scale types of media.
+We did something in this issue of The Guardian.
+We created very high-definition fake ads with much higher resolution than normal ads and embedded additional content.
+If you want to know the features of this car, please click here.
+Or other models, or even technical specifications.
+And this really shows some of the ideas for getting rid of real estate limits on the screen.
+I hope this eliminates the need for popups and other garbage.
+Of course, mapping is one obvious application of such technology.
+And we're not really going to spend time on this, except that there are things we can contribute in this area as well.
+But those are all US roads.
+Overlaid on top of NASA geospatial imagery.
+Now let's pick up another thing.
+It's actually out on the web now. you can go and check it out.
+This is a project called Photosynth that combines two different technologies.
+One of them is Seadragon, and the other is some really beautiful computer vision work done by Noah Snebly, a graduate student at the University of Washington.
+and Rick Szeliski of Microsoft Research.
+And this will be streamed live on the web. It has a sea dragon.
+Running this kind of view shows that you can examine the image and get this kind of multi-resolution experience.
+But the spatial arrangement of the images here does indeed make sense.
+A computer vision algorithm registered these images together so that they corresponded to the real-world space in which these shots (all taken near Grassy Lake in the Canadian Rockies) were taken.
+We see elements of stabilized slide shows and panoramic imaging here, all spatially related.
+I don't know if I have time to introduce other environments.
+Some are more spatial.
+Jump straight into one of Noah's original datasets, from an early prototype that first started working on it this summer. I'd like to show you what I think is the actual punch line behind the Photosynth technology. That's not necessarily the case, and that's evident from the environments we've posted on our website.
+I had to worry about lawyers and such.
+This is a reconstruction of Notre Dame Cathedral, completely computationally done from images collected from Flickr.
+Just type "Notre Dame" into Flickr and you'll see pictures of men in t-shirts, campuses, and more.
+And each of these orange cones represents an image that was found to belong to this model.
+These are all Flickr images, all spatially related in this way.
+You can navigate in this very easy way.
+(Applause) (End of applause) You know, I never thought I'd end up at Microsoft.
+I am very happy to receive such a welcome here.
+(Laughter) You can see that this is a different kind of camera. Quite a few cameras are stitched together in this environment, from cell phone cameras to professional SLRs.
+If you can find some weird stuff -- a lot of them are covered with faces or something.
+There's actually a series of photos somewhere here - let's go.
+This is actually a correctly registered Notre Dame poster.
+From the poster you can dive into the physical view of this environment.
+What really matters here is that you can do something with the social environment.
+This is now taking data from everyone, taking data from the entire visual collective memory of what the Earth looks like, and tying it all together.
+Those pictures are linked to reveal something bigger than the sum of the parts.
+There are models that appear from all over the planet.
+Think of this as the long tail of Stephen Lawler's Virtual Earth work.
+And it just gets more complex as people use it, and the more they use it, the more it benefits them.
+Their own photos are tagged with metadata entered by someone else.
+If someone bothered to tag all these saints and try to say who they all were, suddenly my Notre Dame photo would be enriched with all that data, and I'd put it in that space, that It can be used as an entry point to dive into the meta. - Bath, use everyone else's photos to make a kind of cross-modal and cross-user social experience.
+And of course, the by-product of all this is the creation of a very rich virtual model of every interesting part of the planet. These are collected not only from overhead planes, satellite images, etc., but also from collective memory.
+Thank you very much.
+(Applause) (End of applause) Chris Anderson: Did I get this right?
+Will your software enable, at some point, really in the next few years, all photos shared by everyone in the world will be linked?
+BAA: Yes. What this really does is detect and create hyperlinks between images.
+It is based on the content within the image.
+And given the wealth of semantic information many images have, it's really exciting.
+Just like when you search the web for an image, you type a phrase and the text on the web page contains a lot of information about what the photo is about.
+The amount of semantic interconnection and richness that comes out of it is truly staggering.
+This is a classic network effect.
+CA: It's really amazing. congratulation.
+(music) Hello.
+As you all know, we are facing tough economic times.
+I would like to make a modest proposal to reduce the financial burden.
+The idea came to me while talking to a physicist friend at MIT.
+He was having trouble explaining something to me. It's a beautiful experiment in using lasers to cool matter.
+Well, light doesn't cool things down, so he confused me from the start.
+It gets hotter. it's happening now.
+You can see me standing here because this room is filled with over 100 quintillion photons randomly moving through space at near photon speed.
+They're all different colors, they ripple at different frequencies, they reflect off every surface, including me, and some of them fly directly into your eyes, and that's the image your brain is standing on. here.
+Today's lasers are different.
+It also uses photons, but they are all synchronized, and focusing the photons into a beam can be an incredibly useful tool.
+The control of the laser is so precise that you can perform surgery inside the eye and you can store a lot of data with the laser and even use it for this beautiful experiment that a friend had a hard time explaining can.
+First, the atoms are confined in a special bottle.
+Electromagnetic fields are used to isolate atoms from environmental noise.
+And while atoms themselves are quite violent, firing a laser precisely tuned to the right frequency causes them to temporarily absorb those photons and tend to slow them down.
+It gets colder and colder, eventually approaching absolute zero.
+Now, if you use the right kind of atoms and cool them down enough, something really strange happens.
+It is no longer solid, liquid, or gas.
+It enters a new state of matter called superfluid.
+Atoms lose their individual identities and rules from the quantum world take over, which gives superfluids such eerie properties.
+For example, shining light on a superfluid can slow photons down to 60 kilometers per hour.
+Another eerie property is that it flows without any stickiness or friction, so it doesn't stay in the bottle when the cap is removed.
+A thin membrane crawls up the inner wall and immediately flows over the top to the outside.
+Of course, as soon as it comes into contact with the outside environment and its temperature rises by even one degree, it reverts back to normal matter.
+Superfluids are among the most fragile things we have discovered so far.
+And this is the great joy of science. Experimentation defeats our intuition.
+But the experiment doesn't end there. Because you have to pass that knowledge on to others.
+I have a PhD in Molecular Biology.
+I still barely understand what most scientists are saying.
+So when my friend was trying to explain the experiment, the more he said it seemed to me less understandable.
+Because the fewer words you use, the better when trying to convey the big picture of a complex idea and capture its essence.
+In fact, it might be ideal not to use any words at all.
+I remember my friend wondering if dance could explain the whole experiment.
+Of course, it never seems that the dancers aren't around when you need them.
+Well, the idea isn't as wild as it sounds.
+Four years ago I started a contest called Dance Your Ph.D.
+Scientists must explain their research in dance, not in words.
+Surprisingly, it seems to work.
+Dance really makes science easier to understand.
+But don't take my word for it.
+Search the Internet for "Dance Your Ph.D."
+Hundreds of dancing scientists are waiting for you.
+The most amazing thing I learned while running this contest is that some scientists work directly with the dancers.
+For example, at the University of Minnesota there is a biomedical engineer named David Odde who works with dancers to study how cells move.
+They do it by changing shape.
+When the chemical signal lands on one side, the cell is constantly touched or pulled by the environment, thus triggering expansion of the cell's shape on that side.
+This allows the cells to ooze in the correct direction.
+But what looks so slow and graceful from the outside actually resembles chaos on the inside. Cells have a rigid skeleton of protein fibers that control their shape, and these fibers are constantly disjointed.
+But just as fast as it explodes, it grows longer with more proteins attached to its ends, so it's constantly changing to stay exactly the same.
+Well, David builds a mathematical model of this and tests it in the lab, but before that he works with the dancers to figure out what kind of model to build first.
+This is basically efficient brainstorming, and when I visited David to learn about his research, he explained it using a dancer rather than the usual way of powerpoint. .
+And this leads me to my humble suggestion.
+I think poor PowerPoint presentations are a serious threat to the global economy.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Of course, it depends on how you measure it, but one estimate puts it at $250 million per day in wastewater.
+Now let's say you give a 30 minute presentation to an average audience of 4 people with a salary of $35,000. To put it mildly, about a quarter of presentations are a complete waste of time, and considering that there are an estimated 30 million PowerPoint presentations created, that adds up to a whopping $100 billion per year. is wasted.
+Of course, that's just the time you're sitting and losing during your presentation.
+PowerPoint is a tool and like any other tool it can and can be abused, so there are other costs as well.
+Borrowing the concept of the CIA in my country helps soften the audience.
+We get distracted by pretty pictures and irrelevant data.
+It allows us to create the illusion of competence, the illusion of simplicity and, most destructively, the illusion of understanding.
+So right now my country is $15 trillion in debt.
+Our leaders work tirelessly to find ways to save money.
+One idea is to drastically cut public support for the arts.
+For example, the National Endowment for the Arts, with a budget of $150 million, would immediately cut its national debt by about a thousandth of a percent if it cut its programs.
+Certainly, these figures are not arguable.
+But removing public funding for the arts would have some drawbacks.
+Street artists will increase the number of unemployed.
+Many will turn to drug abuse and prostitution, which will inevitably drive down real estate values ​​in suburban areas.
+All of this can ruin the savings we were trying to get in the first place.
+Therefore, I would now humbly propose my own thoughts, and I hope that this is not objected in the slightest.
+Once public funding for artists is abolished, use artists instead of PowerPoint to get back to work.
+As a test case, I suggest starting with an American dancer.
+After all, they are the most vulnerable and injured of their species, and they heal very slowly because of our medical system.
+We need to dance to explain all the complex issues, not dance the PhD.
+Imagine our politicians using dance to explain why we should invade a foreign country or bail out an investment bank.
+It will definitely help.
+Of course, someday in the distant future, a technique of persuasion even more powerful than PowerPoint may be invented, rendering dancers unnecessary as rhetorical tools.
+But I believe that by that day we will be able to get through this current economic calamity.
+Perhaps by then we will have the luxury of simply sitting in the auditorium with no purpose other than to witness human figures in motion.
+(music) (applause)
+Have you ever found yourself referencing research in conversation without actually reading it?
+(Laughter) I was having coffee with a friend the other day and said, "I read a new study that says coffee reduces the risk of depression in women."
+But what I actually read was a tweet.
+(Laughter) That's right -- (Laughter) "A new study suggests that drinking coffee may reduce the risk of depression in women."
+(Laughter) And that tweet has a link to the "New York Times" blog where a guest blogger translates the findings of the "Live Science" article, the source of which is the Harvard School of Public Health News I got it from the site. We have cited real research abstracts that summarize real research published in academic journals.
+(Laughter) It's like six degrees of separation, but it needs research.
+(Laughter) So when I said I read the research, what I actually read was 59 letters summarizing 10 years of research.
+(Laughter) So when I said I read the study, before I understood it, I was reading parts of the study put together by four different authors who weren't the authors.
+that doesn't seem right.
+However, scholars do not regularly engage with popular media, making it difficult to access original research.
+And you may be asking yourself why scholars don't engage with popular media.
+They seem to be more legitimate sources than media experts.
+right?
+(Laughter) I feel that in this country with over 4,100 universities, this should be the norm.
+But it's not.
+So how did you get here?
+To understand why academics aren't engaging with popular media, we first need to understand how universities work.
+Now, for the past 6 years, I have taught at 7 different colleges in 4 different states.
+I'm a bit of an ancillary person.
+(Laughter) At the same time, I'm working towards a PhD.
+All of these different institutions follow the same research and publication process.
+First, academics conduct research in their own field.
+To fund their research, they apply for public and private grants and write papers about their findings after completing their research.
+The manuscript is then submitted to a relevant academic journal.
+Then it goes through a process called peer review. This essentially means that other experts are checking for accuracy and reliability.
+And once published, commercial companies resell that information to universities and public libraries through subscriptions to magazines and databases.
+So that's the system.
+Research, write, peer-review, publish, repeat.
+My friends and I call it feeding the monsters.
+And you can see how this causes problems.
+The first problem is that most academic research is publicly funded, yet privately distributed.
+The federal government spends $60 billion on research each year.
+According to the National Science Foundation, 29% of it will go to public research universities.
+So, if you're good at math, that's $17.4 billion.
+tax.
+And only five companies distribute most of the publicly funded research.
+In 2014, only one of them made a profit of $1.5 billion.
+That's big business.
+And I think you can see the irony here.
+If the public is funding scholarly research, and you have to pay again to access the results, you're paying double. .
+Another big problem is that most scholars have little incentive to publish outside of these prestigious subscription-based journals.
+Universities build tenure and promotion systems based on the number of times scholars publish papers.
+Books and magazine articles are therefore a kind of currency for scholars.
+Publishing your paper can help you get tenure and more research grants in the future.
+But scholars are not rewarded for publishing in popular media.
+So this is the current situation.
+current academic ecosystem.
+But I don't think it has to be this way.
+You can flip the script with a few simple changes.
+Let's talk about access first.
+Universities can start challenging the status quo by rewarding scholars for publication in open access journals and popular media, not just these subscription-based journals.
+The open access movement is now starting to make some progress in many areas, and fortunately other major companies are starting to take notice.
+Google Scholar makes open access research searchable and easy to find.
+Congress last year introduced a bill suggesting that academic research projects funding more than 100 million should develop open access policies.
+And this year, NASA opened its entire research library to the public.
+So you can see that this idea is starting to spread.
+But access is more than just having access to documents and research results.
+It is also important to ensure that the document or research is easy to understand.
+Now let's talk about translation.
+I don't imagine this translation to look like the six orders of separation previously described.
+What if, instead, academics were able to translate the research they were doing into popular media and engage with the general public?
+If academics did this, the degree of gulf between the public and research would be greatly reduced.
+So I'm not suggesting that research be taken lightly.
+What I propose is to make that research accessible to the public, and put it in plain language in different places so that the public who pays for it can also use it. focus on using.
+And this approach has some other advantages as well.
+By showing the public how our tax dollars are being used to fund research, we can start redefining the identity of the university, and the identity of the university is not just about the football team or the degrees the university awards, but the things that are created there. Be research-based.
+And a healthy relationship between the public and academics promotes public participation in research.
+Can you imagine what that would be like?
+What if social scientists helped redesign sensitivity training for local police and co-created a manual that would model future training?
+Or what if an education professor consulted with a local public school to determine how to intervene with at-risk students and wrote about it in the local newspaper?
+Because for democracy to work, citizens need to be well-educated and well-informed.
+Wouldn't it be better if the research unfolded in front of us instead of behind payroll barriers and bureaucracy?
+Now, as a PhD student, I find myself criticizing the clubs I want to join.
+(Laughter) This is dangerous. Because I will be entering the college job market in a few years.
+But if the current state of academic research is to be published in the Echo Chambers of commercial journals that never reach the general public, you'd better believe my answer is no.
+I believe in inclusive, democratic research that works in communities and interacts with the public.
+I want to work in a research and scholarly culture in which the general public is not only a valuable audience, but also a member and a participant.
+and sometimes experts.
+It does more than just provide access to information.
+It is about moving academic culture from publication to practice and from dialogue to practice.
+And you should know that this idea, this hope, is not just mine.
+I stand on the shoulders of many academics, teachers, librarians and community members who advocate for more participation in the conversation.
+We would love for you to join us in our conversation.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Now, when we think about our senses, from a biological standpoint, we probably don't think much about why it evolved.
+We don't think much about the evolutionary need to be protected by our senses, but perhaps that's why our senses actually evolved to keep us safe and keep us alive. prize.
+In fact, when we think of sensation, or loss of sensation, we think of something much more similar. To touch something luxurious, to taste something delicious, to smell something fragrant, to see something beautiful.
+This is what we seek from our senses.
+we seek beauty. We don't just want functionality.
+And when it comes to sensory restoration, we are still far from being able to deliver beauty.
+That's what I want to talk to you about today.
+The same is true for hearing.
+When we think about why we hear it, hearing an alarm or a siren is obviously important, but we don't really think about it.
+What we really want to hear is music.
+(Music) Many people know that it is Beethoven's 7th Symphony.
+Many people know that he was deaf or severely deaf when he wrote this.
+Here I want to impress how rare it is for us to hear music.
+Music is just one of the strangest things in existence.
+It is the acoustic vibrations in the air, tiny waves of energy in the air that tickle our eardrums.
+Somehow, by tickling our eardrums, energy is transferred to the bones of our hearing, which is converted in the cochlea into fluid impulses, and then somehow in the auditory nerve into electrical signals, which in some way are transmitted to our senses. It reaches the brain as a song or sound recognition. beautiful music.
+The process is completely abstract and highly unusual.
+And we could spend days alone discussing that topic, really trying to understand how it was possible to hear something emotional from something that started as a vibration in the air. .
+We know that most deaf people, if they have hearing loss, are deaf in the so-called inner ear, the cochlea.
+And it is at the hair cell level that they do this.
+Now, if I had to choose which sense to lose, I must be very honest, we would rather restore hearing than restore the sense of being. increase.
+In fact, nothing comes close to the ability to restore hearing.
+And as a physician and surgeon, I can confidently tell my patients that if we are going numb, we are the most advanced medically and surgically when it comes to hearing.
+As a musician, I can tell you that if I had to get a cochlear implant, it would break my heart. I would simply be saddened because I know music will never sound the same to me.
+Well, this is a video of a girl who was born deaf.
+She is in a very supportive environment.
+Her mother is doing all she can.
+Yes, please play that video.
+(Video) Mother: That's an owl.
+Owl, yes.
+owl. owl.
+yes.
+baby. baby.
+do you want it
+(kiss) Charles Lim: Well, even though all is well for this child in terms of family support and simple infusion learning, there is no deaf child, congenitally deaf toddler in this world. There are social, social and social limits to having. educational, vocational opportunities.
+I'm not saying they can't live a beautiful and wonderful life.
+My point is that they will face obstacles that most people with normal hearing do not have to face.
+Today, hearing loss and treatments for hearing loss have evolved significantly over the past 200 years.
+I was literally doing things like sticking ear-shaped things in my ears and plugging funnels into them.
+And that was the best thing you could do for your hearing loss.
+I couldn't even see my eardrum at that time.
+So it's not all that surprising that there hasn't been a better treatment for hearing loss.
+And today, the latest multi-channel cochlear implants, which can be performed on an outpatient basis, have been introduced.
+It is surgically implanted in the inner ear.
+It takes about 1.5 to 2 hours under general anesthesia, depending on the area.
+The end result is the insertion of an electrode array into the cochlea.
+In fact, it's pretty crude compared to our normal inner ear.
+But here the same girl is now implanted.
+This is her ten years later.
+This is a video shot by my surgical mentor, Dr. John Niperco, who performed her transplant.
+I would appreciate it if you could play this video.
+(Video) John Nipperko: So you wrote two books?
+Girl: I have written two books. (Mother: Is the other one a book or a diary?) Girl: No, the other one was a book. (Mother: Oh, I get it.) JN: Well, the book has seven chapters, and the last chapter is titled "The Advantages of Being Deaf."
+Do you remember writing that chapter?
+Girl: Yes, that's right. I remember writing all the chapters.
+JN: Yes.
+Girl: Well, sometimes my sister can be a little annoying.
+Therefore, it is convenient not to get annoyed with her.
+JN: I see. And who is it?
+Girl: Holly. (JN: Okay.) Mother: It's her sister. (JN: Her sister.) Girl: My sister.
+JN: So how do you keep her from annoying you?
+Girl: I just unplugged the CI, but I can't hear anything.
+(laughs) It's convenient.
+JN: So you don't want to hear everything out there?
+Girl: No.
+CL: So she's phenomenal.
+And there's no reason not to see it as an overwhelming success.
+that's right. This is a great example of success in modern medicine.
+But despite some cochlear implant users demonstrating this amazing ability with language, they turn on the radio and suddenly they hear almost no music.
+In fact, most implant users have a very hard time and hate music because it sounds so bad.
+So when it comes to this idea of ​​bringing beauty back into someone's life, it's come a long way when it comes to auditions.
+There are many reasons for that now.
+I mentioned earlier the fact that music is a different capacity because it is abstract.
+Languages ​​are very different. Language is very precise.
+In fact, the whole reason we use it is because of its semantic specificity.
+When saying a word, what matters is whether the word is recognized correctly.
+I don't care if the words sound beautiful when spoken.
+Music is completely different.
+When you listen to music, if it doesn't sound good, it's pointless.
+There's little point in listening to music that doesn't sound good to you.
+The acoustics of music are much more difficult than the acoustics of language.
+Looking at this figure, we can see that the frequency range and decibel range, the dynamic range of music, is much more uneven.
+So if we had to design the perfect cochlear implant, what we would try to do is enable music transmission.
+Because I always think of music as the pinnacle of hearing.
+If you can hear music, you should be able to listen to anything.
+Well, the problem starts with pitch perception.
+So most of us know that pitch is the basic building block of music.
+And without the ability to correctly perceive intervals, it is very difficult to compose music and melodies. Forget about harmonies and such.
+This is a MIDI arrangement of Rachmaninov's Prelude.
+I wish I could play this.
+(music) Now, considering that a patient's pitch perception can be off by two octaves with a cochlear implant, let's see what happens when we randomize this to within a semitone.
+We would love it if cochlear implant users were able to perceive semitone pitches.
+Go ahead and play this.
+(music) Well, my goal in showing that is to show that music is not tolerant of degradation.
+We distorted it a bit, especially with the pitch, and changed it.
+And maybe you like that sort of thing too.
+It's a kind of hypnosis.
+But that certainly wasn't what the music intended.
+And you're not hearing the same things that most people with normal hearing hear.
+Now, another problem concerns not only the ability to distinguish pitches, but also the ability to distinguish sounds.
+Most cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference between devices.
+If only I could play these two sound clips back to back.
+(Trumpet) It's a trumpet.
+And the second.
+(Violin) It's a violin.
+They have similar waveforms. Both are durable instruments.
+Cochlear implant users cannot tell the difference between these devices.
+Tone quality, or the resonance of a sound, is what I use to describe tone and timbre, but these things cannot be conveyed at all.
+This implant does not convey the quality of music that normally provides warmth and the like.
+Now, if you look at the brains of people with cochlear implants and hear speech, hear rhythms, hear melodies, you'll find that the auditory cortex is most active during speech.
+These implants are optimized for voice, so you might think they were designed for voice.
+However, when we actually observe melodies, we find very little cortical activity in implant users compared to normal auditory control.
+For some reason, this implant fails to stimulate the auditory cortex well in perceiving melodies.
+Now the next question is what does it actually sound like?
+We are currently doing some research to really get a sense of what sound quality is like for these implant users.
+Play two clips of Usher. One is normal and the other has very few high or low frequencies and not much mid frequencies.
+Go ahead and play it.
+(music) (limited frequency music) The patient said they sound the same.
+You can't tell the difference in sound quality between these two clips.
+Again, we are very far from getting where we want to be.
+Now the question comes to mind, is there any hope?
+And yes, there is hope.
+I don't know if anyone knows who this is.
+this is...anyone know?
+This is Beethoven.
+Now, how can we know what Beethoven's skull looks like?
+for his grave was dug up.
+It turns out that his temporal bone was taken at the time of his death to determine the cause of his deafness. So he has molding clay and a skull bulging out on the sides.
+But Beethoven composed music long after he lost his hearing.
+This suggests that even with hearing loss, the ability to hear music remains.
+The brain remains wired for music.
+I was very lucky to work with Dr. David Ryugo. So I've been working on deaf white cats, trying to figure out what happens when I implant them with cochlear implants.
+This is a cat trained to respond to trumpets asking for food.
+(music) Text: Beethoven doesn't excite her.
+(music) "1812 Overture" is not worth waking up to.
+(Trumpet) But she springs into action as soon as she is called to duty!
+(trumpet) CL: Now, I'm not saying that cats hear the trumpets the same way we hear them.
+My point is that even cats can be trained to imbue the sounds of music with meaning.
+If we were to focus our efforts on training cochlear implant users to hear music—at this point there is virtually no effort, no rehabilitation strategies, and no actual training to improve music. There is little technological progress either – it will take a long time. the way.
+I would like to show you one last video.
+This belongs to a student of mine named Joseph, who I was fortunate enough to work with in the lab for three years.
+He is deaf and had a cochlear implant before being able to play the piano.
+Here is a video of Joseph.
+(music) (video) Joseph: I was born in 1986.
+When he was four months old, he was diagnosed with severe hearing loss.
+Shortly thereafter, I was fitted with hearing aids.
+However, even though these hearing aids were the most powerful hearing aids on the market at the time, they weren't very useful.
+As a result, I had to resort to lipreading, which made it difficult for me to understand what people were saying.
+When I was 12 years old, I was one of the first few people in Singapore to have a cochlear implant.
+And not long after I had the cochlear implant, I started learning to play the piano.
+And it was really great.
+Since then, I never looked back.
+CL: Joseph is phenomenal. he is excellent
+He is currently a medical student at Yale University and is considering a career in surgery. He was one of the first deaf people to consider a career as a surgeon.
+There are very few deaf surgeons anywhere.
+This is truly unprecedented and all thanks to this technology.
+And the fact that he can play the piano like that is testament to his brains.
+In fact, you can play the piano without a cochlear implant, just by pressing the keys at the right time.
+You don't have to actually listen.
+I've heard him do karaoke, so I know he can't hear well.
+(Laughter.) And that's one of the scariest things -- heartwarming, but terrible.
+(Laughter) There is certainly a lot of hope, but there is much more to be done.
+So I would like to conclude with the following words.
+We have certainly come a long way, a surprisingly long way when it comes to restoring hearing.
+And we still have a long way to go when it comes to the idea of ​​restoring full hearing.
+And, let me tell you now, it's perfectly fine for us all to be very happy with the speech.
+But let me tell you, if we lost our hearing, if someone here suddenly lost their hearing, you would want your perfect hearing back.
+You don't want decent hearing, you want perfect hearing.
+Restoration of basic sensory functions is important.
+I do not intend to underestimate how important it is to restore basic function.
+But it is really a restoration of our ability to perceive beauty from which we can draw inspiration.
+And I don't think you should give up on beauty.
+And thank you for your time.
+(applause)
+(singing) I can see the moon. the moon is looking at me
+The moon sees someone I can't see.
+May God bless the moon, and may God bless me.
+And may God bless someone I cannot see.
+If I go to heaven, I'll open a hole before you and pull you in.
+And I'll write your name on every star, and the world won't be so far away.
+Astronauts don't work today.
+He called me sick.
+He turned off his cell phone, laptop, pager, and alarm clock.
+A fat yellow cat is sleeping on the sofa, raindrops are falling on the window, and the air in the kitchen doesn't even smell of coffee.
+Everyone feels dizzy.
+Engineers on the 15th floor have stopped work on the particle machine.
+Water leaks from the anti-gravity chamber, and the freckled spectacled girl, whose only job is to take out the trash, gets nervous fiddling with her bag, spilling banana peels and paper cups.
+no one will notice.
+They are too busy recalculating what this means for lost time.
+How many galaxies are we losing every second?
+How long will it be before the next rocket launches?
+Somewhere an electron flies out of that energy cloud.
+A black hole erupted.
+My mother finished setting the table for dinner.
+Law and law order marathon begins.
+Astronaut is sleeping.
+He forgets to switch off his watch and it ticks like a pulse of metal hitting his wrist.
+he can't hear it.
+He dreams of coral reefs and plankton.
+His fingers find the sailing mast on the pillowcase.
+He turns sideways and quickly opens his eyes.
+He believes that being a scuba diver must be the greatest job in the world.
+Enough water to ski!
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+When I was young, I didn't understand the concept that you only live once.
+I don't mean this metaphorically.
+I mean, I literally thought I could do everything I had to do and be everything I had to be.
+It was only a matter of time.
+And there were no restrictions based on age, gender, race, or even an appropriate period of time.
+I experienced firsthand what it was like to be a civil rights leader, a 10-year-old farm boy during the Dust Bowl, or an emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. I was sure I was going to.
+When my mother asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up, my typical answer was "princess, ballerina, astronaut."
+And what she doesn't understand is that I wasn't trying to invent a compound hyperprofession.
+I had a list of things I wanted to be: princess, ballerina, astronaut.
+I'm sure the list will probably continue from there.
+They are just cut normally.
+It wasn't a question of whether to do something, it was a question of when to do it.
+And I was pretty sure that if you were going to do it all, it probably meant you had to move pretty quickly. Because I had a lot of work to do.
+So my life has always been hectic.
+I was always afraid that I was falling behind.
+And since I grew up in New York City, rushing was the norm, as far as I know.
+But growing up, I developed a sinking realization that I only live once.
+I knew what it felt like to be a teenage girl in New York City who wasn't a teenage boy in New Zealand or a prom queen in Kansas.
+It could only be seen through a lens.
+And it was around this time that I fell in love with the story. Because through stories, even if short and imperfect, I was able to see through someone else's lens.
+And what made me want to hear other people's experiences was because I was so envious that I had a life that I could never live, and I wanted to hear about all the things I lacked. .
+And I realized that the transitive nature of some people never lets me experience what it feels like to be a teenage girl in New York City.
+That means they don't know how the subway ride will feel after their first kiss, or how quiet it will be when it snows.
+And I wanted them to know, I wanted to tell them.
+And this became the focus of my obsession.
+And it's only recently that I've realized that I can't always write poetry in a hurry.
+During National Poetry Month in April, there is a challenge called the 30/30 Challenge that many poets from the poetry community participate in.
+The idea is to write a new poem every day for the month of April.
+And last year, when I tried it for the first time, I was blown away by the efficiency with which I was able to create poetry.
+But at the end of the month, when I looked back at the 30 poems I had written, I realized they were all trying to tell the same story. It's just that it took me 30 tries to figure out how to convey it.
+And I realized that this is probably true for other stories on an even larger scale.
+I have stories I've been trying to tell for years, rewriting, rewriting, constantly searching for the right words.
+There is a French poet and essayist named Paul Valéry who said that poetry is never finished, it is simply abandoned.
+And this scares me. Because it means I could go on re-editing and re-writing forever, and it's up to me to decide when the poem is finished and when I can walk away from it.
+And this runs counter to my very obsessive nature of finding the right answer, the perfect word, the right form.
+And I use poetry in my life as a way to help me navigate and work through things.
+But just because I finished the poem doesn't mean my confusion has been resolved.
+I like revisiting old poems. Because it shows me exactly where I was in that moment, what I was trying to navigate, and the words I chose to help me.
+Well, I have a story that I've been stumbling over for years, and I don't know if I've found the perfect shape or if this is just one try and I'm rewriting it later and looking for what's next. better way to tell.
+But when I look back later, I know that this is where I was at this moment, and this is what I was trying to navigate with you, here, in this room, with these words. I know it can be done.
+So -- laugh.
+It didn't always work out like this.
+There was a time when you had to get your hands dirty.
+In the dark, fumbling was the norm most of the time.
+If you want more contrast, more saturation, darker shadows and brighter brightness, they called it extended development.
+That means you have more time to inhale chemicals up to your wrist.
+It wasn't always easy.
+Grandpa Stewart was a Navy photographer.
+Young, red-faced, sleeves rolled up, finger fists like thick rolls of coins, like the reanimated sailor Popeye.
+With a crooked smile and bushy chest hair, he showed up to World War II with a grin and a hobby.
+When asked if he knew much about photography, he lied, learned to read Europe like an upside-down map from the height of a fighter jet, snapped the camera, and eyelids darkest darkness and lightest I flickered the brightness.
+He learned war like reading home.
+When the other men returned and rested with their weapons out, he brought back his lenses and camera.
+I opened a shop and turned it into a family business.
+My father was born into this black and white world.
+His basketball hands learned the little clicks and slides of lenses in frames, film in cameras, chemicals in plastic containers.
+His father knew about equipment, but not art.
+He knew the dark, but he didn't know the light.
+My father studied magic and spent his time chasing lights.
+Once he traveled across the country to track forest fires and took a camera with him to track them for a week.
+"Follow the light," he said.
+"Follow the light."
+There is a part of myself that can only be recognized in a photograph.
+A Worcester Street loft with creaky hallways, twelve-foot ceilings, white walls and cold floors.
+This was my mother's house before she became a mother.
+Before she was a wife, she was an artist.
+And there were only two rooms in the house with floor-to-ceiling walls and doors that opened and closed: the bathroom and the darkroom.
+Her self-made darkroom features a custom stainless steel sink, an 8x10 bed magnifier that moves up and down with a giant hand crank, a bank of color-balanced lights, a white glass wall for viewing prints, It was equipped with a moving drying rack. in and out of walls.
+My mother built her own darkroom.
+made her home.
+I fell in love with the way the man with the basketball hand looked at the light.
+they got married. I had a baby.
+I moved to a house near the park.
+However, they kept the Worcester Street loft for birthday parties and treasure hunts.
+Babies changed grayscale and filled their parents' photo albums with red balloons and yellow icing.
+The baby grew into a freckle-free girl with a crooked smile. The girl couldn't understand why her friend didn't have a darkroom, and she had never seen her parents kiss or hold hands.
+But one day another baby appeared.
+This one features perfect straight hair and bubblegum cheeks.
+They named him Sweet Potato.
+When he laughed, he laughed so loudly that he frightened the pigeons on the fire escape. And the four of them lived in that house near the park.
+A girl without freckles, a sweet potato boy, a basketball father and a darkroom mother, they lit candles and prayed, and the corners of the photo curled.
+One day some towers fell down.
+And the house near the park became a home under the ashes, so they fled to the darkroom with their backpacks, on their bicycles. It was built, and no wall fell short of the ceiling.
+He could not fight this war, and he had no map to mark his hometown.
+His hand no longer fits the camera, it doesn't fit his wife's hand, it doesn't fit his body.
+The sweet potato boy shoved his fist into his mouth until he had nothing more to say.
+So the girl without freckles went on a treasure hunt alone.
+And in Worcester Street, in a building with creaky hallways and twelve-foot-ceilinged lofts and darkrooms with too many sinks under color-balanced lighting, she was thumbtacked to the wall. I found a note. Leftovers from the days before the tower was born, from the days before the baby was born.
+The note read, "Man definitely loves the girl who works in the darkroom."
+It wasn't until a year later that my father picked up a camera again.
+On his first outing, he followed the Christmas lights, dotted through the trees of New York City, with tiny dots of light flashing toward him from the darkest of darkness.
+A year later, he traveled across the United States following wildfires, staying for a week and searching with camera in hand. Wildfires were devouring 18-wheel trucks on the West Coast at breakneck speed.
+On the other side of the country, I went to class and wrote poetry on the margins of my notebook.
+We both learned the art of capture.
+Maybe we are learning the art of hugging.
+Maybe we are learning the art of letting go.
+(applause)
+Hello. Proud to be here at TEDxKrakow.
+Today I would like to talk a little bit about a phenomenon that can and does change the world, and whose name is People Power.
+Start with an anecdote. For Monty Python enthusiasts, here are some Monty Python type sketches.
+here it is.
+someone bets on you If you look into a crystal ball, you can see the future. The future will be exact.
+But we have to share it with the world.
+OK, curiosity killed the cat, you enter the bet and look at the crystal ball.
+An hour later, you're sitting in the National Television building telling your story during a top show.
+By the end of 2011, Ben Ali, Mubarak and Gaddafi will be ousted and prosecuted.
+Saleh in Yemen and Assad in Syria will either be challenged or already on their knees.
+Osama bin Laden will be dead and Ratko Mladich will be in The Hague.
+Now the anchor is staring at you with a strange gaze.
+"And thousands of young people in Athens, Madrid and New York will demonstrate for social justice, claiming to be influenced by Arabs," he adds.
+The next thing you notice, two men in white appear, give you a strange t-shirt, and take you to the nearest mental hospital.
+So let's talk a little bit about the phenomenon behind this year that already seems to be a very bad year for the bad guys.
+Well, the power of the people has existed for some time.
+It helped Gandhi drive the British out of India and helped Martin Luther King win a historic race struggle.
+This helped local Lech Walesa drive one million Soviet troops out of Poland and marked the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union as we know it.
+So what's new?
+What seems so new, and the thought I want to share with you today, is that there is a set of rules and skills that can be learned and taught for successful nonviolent struggle.
+If this is true, we can support these movements.
+The first is analytical skills.
+I'll try and see where it all started in the Middle East.
+And for many years we have lived with completely false perceptions of the Middle East.
+It was like a frozen area.
+And there were only two types of meals.
+The steak represents a Mubarak-Ben Ali-type military police dictatorship, and the potato represents a Tehran-type theocracy.
+And when the refrigerator opened and millions of young people, mostly secular people, came out to change it, everyone was amazed.
+What is the average age of Egyptians? 24.
+How long was Mubarak in power? 31.
+So the system is simply outdated and outdated.
+And the youth of the Arab world woke up one morning with power in their hands.
+The rest is the year ahead.
+And what do you think? The same Generation Y with their rules, their tools, their games, and their language, which sounds a little strange to me.
+Can you look at the ages of people on the streets of Europe?
+It seems that Generation Y is coming.
+Now let's take another example.
+I meet different people all over the world, they are scholars, professors, doctors and they always talk about the situation.
+People's power, they would say, works only if the regime is not too oppressive.
+They would say, "People power works if the country's annual income is between X and Z."
+They will say, "People's power works only with foreign pressure."
+They will say, "People's power works only when there is no oil."
+And there are conditions.
+Well, the news here is that your skill in conflict seems to matter more than the situation.
+skills of cohesion, planning, and maintaining non-violent discipline.
+Let's take an example.
+I am from a country called Serbia.
+It took 10 years to unite 18 opposition leaders with big egos under one candidate against Balkan dictator Slobodan Milosevic.
+guess what? That was the day of his defeat.
+If you look at the Egyptians, they fight in Tahrir Square, remove their individual symbols, and appear on the streets with only the Egyptian flag.
+I will give a counter example.
+There are nine presidential candidates running against Mr. Lukashenko, and you all know the results.
+So unity is a big thing.
+The same goes for planning.
+Someone lied to you about a successful spontaneous nonviolent revolution.
+There is no such thing in this world.
+Someone had thought about it before every time they saw the young people at the front of the line trying to get along with the police and the military.
+Now, the last is the discipline of non-violence.
+And this will probably be a game changer.
+If you maintain the discipline of non-violence, you will always win.
+100,000 people participate in the non-violent march, with one fool or provocateur throwing stones.
+Guess what every camera needs.
+Just one act of violence can literally destroy your movement.
+Now let's move on to another place.
+It's a choice of strategy and tactics.
+Nonviolent struggle has certain rules to follow.
+First, start small.
+Then choose a battle you can win.
+There are only 200 of us in this room.
+We don't call for a march of a million people.
+But what if you organized an all-night graffiti-spraying activity all over Krakow?
+Therefore, we call the event-adapted tactics, specifically the small-variance tactics.
+They are very useful in violent repression.
+We are actually witnessing one of the best tactics ever used.
+It was Tahrir Square, where the international community had always feared that the Islamists would overtake the revolution.
+What they organized – Christians guarding where Muslims pray, Coptic weddings with thousands of Muslims cheering, the world has just changed, but someone has been talking about this for a long time. I was thinking
+So instead of sneaking into one place and screaming or showing off in front of the security forces, there are many things you can do.
+Now, there is another very important dynamic.
+And this is a move analysts don't usually see.
+This is a dynamic between fear and indifference on the one hand and enthusiasm and humor on the other.
+In other words, it works like a video game.
+You have high fears and maintain the status quo.
+You can see that the enthusiasm is growing and the fear is starting to melt.
+On the second day, people were seen running towards the police instead of away from them in Egypt.
+You can see something going on there.
+Then there's humor.
+Humor is a very powerful game changer and of course humor was very important in Poland.
+As you know, we were just a small group of crazy Serbian students when we made this big skit.
+We placed a large barrel of gasoline with the president's portrait in the middle of Main Street.
+I have a hole in the top.
+So you can literally come in, put in a coin, get a baseball bat, and punch him in the face.
+It's noisy.
+And within minutes, we were sitting in a nearby cafe, drinking coffee, and there was a line of people waiting to do this amazing thing.
+Well, that's just the beginning of the show.
+The real show begins with the appearance of the police.
+(Laughter) "What are they going to do?"
+We were about 3 blocks away and were watching it from the espresso bar.
+Arrest shoppers with children?
+Of course they did the dumbest thing, no doubt.
+They arrested barrels.
+And now I have a photo of the face smashed on the barrel and the cops dragging it to the patrol car. It was the best day ever for a newspaper photographer.
+So these are the things you can do.
+And you can always use humor.
+There's one thing about humor that really hurts.
+Because these people take themselves too seriously.
+It hurts when you start mocking them.
+Everyone is talking about His Majesty now, but the internet is also a very useful skill.
+But don't be in a hurry to label it "Facebook Revolution" or "Twitter Revolution".
+Do not mix tools and substances.
+Indeed, the internet and new media can do a lot to make things faster and cheaper.
+It also gives you partial anonymity, which makes it a little safer for your participants.
+We see great examples of what is possible on the Internet.
+It can impose the price of state-sponsored violence on non-violent protesters.
+This is the famous group "We are all Khaled Said" created by Wael Ghonim of Egypt and his friends.
+This is the severed face of a man beaten by police.
+Thus he became known to the world, and perhaps this was the straw that broke the camel's back.
+But there is also bad news here.
+Nonviolent struggle wins in the real world, in the streets.
+You can never turn a society towards democracy or towards the economy by just sitting down and clicking.
+There are risks to be taken, but there are also living people who are winning the battle.
+Now, the million dollar question.
+And although the young people of the Arab world have had considerable success in overthrowing three dictators and shaking up the region in such a way as to persuade the clever kings of Jordan and Morocco to make substantial reforms, We don't know yet what the outcome will be.
+Whether Egyptians and Tunisians will make the transition or end in a bloody ethnic and religious conflict, Syrians will maintain non-violent discipline in the face of brutal daily violence that has already killed thousands. Or get involved in a violent struggle and start an ugly civil war.
+Will these revolutions be driven through transitional periods and democracies, or will they be overtaken by the military and extremists of all kinds?
+The same applies to the Western Division. There you can see excited young people protesting all over the world, occupying here, occupying that.
+Will they make waves in the world?
+Are they going to find their skills, enthusiasm, and strategies to find what they really want to do and drive reform, or will they just keep complaining about an endless list of things they don't like?
+This is the difference between the two paths.
+So what's in the stats?
+My friend Maria Stefan has written a lot about violent and non-violent struggle in her book and has some shocking data.
+Over the past 35 years and the various societal transitions from dictatorships to democracies, we find that in 50 out of 67 different incidents, non-violent struggle was the dominant power.
+This is another reason to focus on this phenomenon, and another reason to focus on Generation Y.
+That's enough for me to give them credit. And I hope they find the skills and courage to use nonviolent struggle to solve at least some of the chaos our generation is bringing to the world.
+thank you.
+How many people have had to fill out web forms that ask them to read distorted strings like this?
+How many of you found it really annoying?
+(Laughter) Okay, that's great. So I invented it.
+(Laughter) Or maybe I was one of those people.
+It's called a CAPTCHA.
+And it's there to make sure you're a human filling out the form and not a computer program written to submit the form a million times.
+The reason this works is that while humans, at least those without visual impairments, have no problem reading these distorted characters, programs still can't do it very well.
+For Ticketmaster, you need to enter these characters to prevent scalpers from writing programs that can buy millions of tickets two at a time.
+CAPTCHAs are used throughout the Internet.
+And these are used so often that in many cases the random sequence of characters presented to the user is not so lucky.
+The random letters that happened to be displayed to the user were W, A, I, T, and of course, these are the spellings of the words.
+But the best part is the message the Yahoo Helpdesk received about 20 minutes later.
+[help! I've been waiting for over 20 minutes and nothing happens. ] (laughter) This person thought he had to wait.
+Of course, this is not as bad as this poor fellow.
+(Laughter) The CAPTCHA project was done at Carnegie Mellon University over a decade ago, and it's everywhere.
+Now let's talk about a project we did a few years later that looks like the next evolution of CAPTCHA.
+This is a project we call reCAPTCHA that we started here at Carnegie Mellon University and then turned it into a startup.
+And about a year and a half ago, Google actually acquired this company.
+Let me tell you how this project started.
+This project started with the recognition of: It turns out that people around the world enter about 200 million CAPTCHAs every day.
+I was so proud of myself when I first heard this.
+Let's see the impact of my research.
+But then I started feeling sick.
+The problem is that every time you enter the CAPTCHA, you're basically wasting 10 seconds of your time.
+Multiply this by 200 million and you see that humanity wastes about 500,000 hours each day typing in these annoying CAPTCHAs.
+(Laughter) And then I started feeling sick.
+(Laughter) And then I started thinking, of course, you can't just get rid of CAPTCHAs, because web security depends on them.
+But then I began to wonder if this effort could be put to good use for humanity.
+See, here's the problem.
+Your brain is doing amazing things during the 10 seconds you're typing a CAPTCHA.
+Your brain is doing things that computers can't yet do.
+So, can you do something useful for those 10 seconds?
+Is there such a huge problem that we can't get the computer to solve it yet, but we can break it up into tiny 10 second chunks so that every time someone solves the CAPTCHA, we can solve this problem piecemeal?
+The answer to that is yes. This is what we are currently doing.
+Now, while entering the CAPTCHA, you are not only authenticating yourself as a human being, but you are also contributing to the digitization of the book.
+Let me explain how this works.
+There are many projects trying to digitize books.
+Google has it. The Internet Archive has one.
+Amazon is working to digitize books on the Kindle.
+Basically, the way this works is by starting with an old book.
+Have you ever seen something like that?
+like a book?
+(Laughter) So you start with a book and scan it.
+Well, scanning a book is like taking a digital photo of every page.
+Images are displayed on each page.
+This is an image with the text on each page of the book.
+The next step in the process requires the computer to be able to decipher the words in this image.
+It uses a technology called OCR for optical character recognition, which takes pictures of text and tries to determine what text it contains.
+Now, the problem is that OCR isn't perfect.
+Especially in old books where the ink has faded and the pages have yellowed, OCR can't recognize many words.
+Computers can't recognize about 30 percent of words written more than 50 years ago.
+So now we're taking all the words that the computer doesn't recognize and having people read them while they're typing CAPTCHAs on the Internet.
+So the next time you type a CAPTCHA, these words you're typing are actually words from a book that's being digitized, something your computer didn't recognize.
+The reason there are now two words instead of one is that one of the words is a word the system just pulled out of the book, and the system didn't know what it was, so it presented it.
+But I can't grade it because I don't know the answer.
+So you present another word that the system knows the answer to.
+It doesn't tell you which is which, it says enter both.
+And when you type the correct word for a word the system knows the answer to, it assumes you're human and gains some confidence that you typed the other word correctly as well.
+If you repeat this process with ten different people and agree on what the new word is, then one more word will be digitized exactly.
+This is how the system works.
+And since we released this CAPTCHA about 3-4 years ago, many websites have started to switch from the old CAPTCHA, where people were wasting their time, to the new CAPTCHA, which helps them digitize their books.
+So every time you buy a ticket on Ticketmaster, you're contributing to the digitization of the book.
+Facebook: Every time you add a friend or poke someone, you contribute to the digitization of books.
+Also, because of the sheer number of sites using reCAPTCHA, the number of words digitized per day can be quite high.
+That's about 100 million books per day, equivalent to about 2.5 million books per year.
+And all this is being done one word at a time by people just typing CAPTCHAs on the internet.
+(Applause.) Now, of course, we use so many words in a day that funny things can happen.
+This is especially true as we are providing people with two randomly chosen English words side by side.
+So interesting things can happen.
+For example, I introduced these words:
+That word is "Christian." No problem.
+But when presented with another randomly chosen word, bad things can happen.
+[Bad Christians] But it's even worse, because the website we showed this on actually happened to be called the Embassy of God's Kingdom.
+(Laughter) Whoa.
+(Laughter) There's another really bad one.
+JohnEdwards.com [fucking liberal] (laughter) So we continue to insult people left and right every day.
+Of course, we are not just insulting people.
+I mean. Since we're presenting two randomly chosen words, something interesting can happen.
+So this actually created a very large internet meme with tens of thousands of people participating called CAPTCHA art.
+I'm sure some of you have heard of it.
+Here's how it works:
+Imagine you're on the Internet and see a CAPTCHA like this CAPTCHA that you think is a bit peculiar.
+[Invisible Toaster] All you have to do is take a screenshot.
+Of course, since you are helping us digitize the book, we will ask you to fill in the CAPTCHA.
+But first take a screenshot and then draw something related to it.
+(laughs) That's how it works.
+(Laughter) There are tens of thousands of these.
+Some of them are very cute.
+[clenching] (laughter) Some are more interesting.
+[founders being stoned] (laughter) And some of them are like the schwistl of paleontology...
+(laughs) Snoop Dogg is in there.
+(Laughter) Well, here's my favorite reCAPTCHA number.
+This is my favorite thing about this whole project.
+This is the number of different people who have contributed to digitizing at least one word from a book using reCAPTCHA. Just over 10 percent of the world's population, 750 million people, have contributed to the digitization of human knowledge.
+And numbers like this motivate my research agenda.
+So the questions that motivate my research are: If you look at the big achievements of mankind, historically mankind has come together to do really big things, like building the pyramids in Egypt or the Panama Canal. Landing humans on the moon—there's an interesting fact about them: they were all done in roughly the same numbers.
+It's strange; they were all completed with about 100,000 people.
+The reason is that before the Internet, it was essentially impossible to coordinate 100,000+ people, let alone pay them.
+But now, thanks to the Internet, I've shown you a project that has brought 750 million people together to digitize human knowledge.
+So the question that motivates my research is, if 100,000 can land a man on the moon, what can 100,000,000 do?
+Based on this question, we have worked on various projects.
+Let me tell you what I am most excited about.
+This is something we've been working on semi-quietly for the last year and a half.
+Not yet released. It's called Duolingo.
+It hasn't been released yet, so shhh!
+(Laughter) Yes, I believe you will.
+Here is the project. Here's how it all started.
+It started with a question I asked graduate student Severin Hacker.
+OK, this is Severin Hacker.
+So I posed a question to graduate students.
+By the way, you heard me correctly. His last name is Hacker.
+(Laughter) So I asked him this question. How can 100 million people translate the web into all major languages ​​for free?
+I have a lot to say about this question.
+The first is web translation.
+The web is currently divided into multiple languages.
+Most of them are in English.
+If you don't understand English, you can't access it.
+However, most are written in other languages ​​and cannot be accessed without knowing that language.
+Therefore, we want to translate everything, or at least most of the web, into all major languages.
+that's what i want to do.
+Now, some may ask why we can't use computers for translation.
+Machine translation is starting to translate sentences here and there.
+Why can't it be used for web translation?
+The problem is that it's still not good enough, probably not for the next 15-20 years.
+It makes a lot of mistakes. Even if it isn't, there are so many mistakes that I don't know if I can trust it.
+Now let me show you an example of what is machine translated.
+It was someone trying to ask a question about JavaScript.
+Translated from Japanese to English.
+So let me just read.
+This person starts apologizing for translating on the computer.
+So the following sentence would be the preamble to the question:
+So he's just explaining something.
+[Errors are often spewed out when installing goat. ] (Laughter) Now the first part of the question.
+[How many times are there things like wind, poles, dragons?] (Laughter) Next is my favorite part of the question.
+[Is this an insult to my father's stone?] (Laughter) And then comes the ending, which is my favorite part of the whole thing.
+[Please excuse my stupidity. thank you. ] (laughter) Okay, computer translation, but it's still not good enough.
+So back to the question.
+Now the next question would be why can't we just pay people to do this?
+It can.
+Unfortunately, it will be very expensive.
+For example, translating Wikipedia, a small part of the whole web, into another language, Spanish.
+OK? Wikipedia also exists in Spanish, but it is very small compared to the size of English.
+It's about 20 percent the size of English.
+If you want to translate the remaining 80% into Spanish, it will cost you at least $50 million. This is even in the most exploited outsourcing countries.
+Therefore, it will be very expensive.
+So what we want to do is have 100 million people translate the web into all major languages ​​for free.
+If this is what you want to do, you'll soon find yourself hitting two big hurdles, two big obstacles.
+The first is the lack of bilinguals.
+So I don't even know if there are 100 million people on the web who are bilingual enough to help translate.
+That's a big problem.
+Another problem you'll run into is lack of motivation.
+How do you actually encourage people to translate the web for free?
+Usually you have to pay people to do this.
+So how can we motivate them to do it for free?
+Two things stood in my way when I started thinking about this.
+However, I realized that there is a way to solve both of these problems with the same solution.
+Killing two birds with one stone.
+It's about turning language translation into something that millions of people want to do, which also helps with the bilingual shortage, and that's language teaching.
+That means that over 1.2 billion people are learning a foreign language today.
+People really want to learn foreign languages.
+Not just because it's forced in school.
+In the United States alone, over 5 million people have paid over $500 for software to learn a new language.
+Therefore, people really want to learn new languages.
+So what we've been working on for the last year and a half is a new website called Duolingo. The basic idea is that people learn new languages ​​for free while translating the web.
+Basically, they learn by doing.
+So the way this works is that whenever you are a beginner, you provide a very simple sentence.
+There are a lot of very simple sentences on the web.
+I will introduce you to very simple sentences and the meaning of each word.
+And you start learning languages ​​by translating them and seeing how others translate them.
+As you become more advanced, you will be able to translate more complex sentences.
+But I always learn by doing.
+Now, the great thing about this method is that it actually works.
+People are really learning languages.
+The build is almost complete and is currently being tested.
+People can really use it to learn languages.
+And they learn about it as well as major language learning software.
+So people actually learn languages.
+And not only do they learn it, it's actually more interesting.
+Because Duolingo lets people learn with real content.
+It's inherently interesting because people learn from real content, rather than from made-up sentences.
+So people actually learn languages.
+But perhaps more amazingly, the translations we get from people using the site, even beginners, are as accurate as professional language translators, which is quite amazing.
+This is a sentence translated from German to English.
+German at the top. Central is the English translation done by a professional translator. I paid 20 cents per word for this translation.
+And at the bottom, translations by Duolingo users, none of whom knew any German before using the site.
+As you can see, it's almost perfect.
+Of course, we're doing tricks here to achieve translations on par with professional language translators.
+Combine multiple novice translations to achieve the quality of one professional translator.
+Well, despite combining translations, the site can actually translate pretty quickly.
+Let me show you. This is an estimate of how quickly Wikipedia can be translated from English to Spanish.
+So if you want to translate Wikipedia into Spanish, you can do it in 5 weeks with 100,000 active users.
+With 1 million active users, this can be done in about 80 hours.
+All the projects my group has worked on so far have gained millions of users, so I expect to be able to translate very fast.
+Now, what excites me most about Duolingo is that I think it offers a fair business model for language teaching.
+Here's the problem: The current business model for language education is student pay, specifically students pay $500 to Rosetta Stone.
+(Laughter) That's the current business model.
+The problem with this business model is that 95 percent of the world's population doesn't have $500.
+It is therefore very unfair to the poor.
+This is pure prejudice against the wealthy.
+Well, at Duolingo, we're actually creating value and translating as we learn. For example, you can charge someone for the translation, so you can monetize this.
+People create value as they learn, so they don't have to pay with money, they pay with their time.
+But the strange thing here is the time you would have had to spend learning the language.
+I think the good thing about Duolingo is that it offers a fair business model that doesn't discriminate against the poor.
+So here is the site. thank you.
+(Applause.) We haven't launched yet, but if you go there, you can sign up for a private beta that will probably start in 3-4 weeks.
+not launched yet.
+By the way, I'm talking here, but Duolingo is the work of a really great team, some of whom are here. thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm here to spread the word about how wonderful spiders are and how much we can learn from them.
+Spiders are truly global citizens.
+Spiders can be found in almost any terrestrial habitat.
+This red dot marks the North American Great Basin, where I, along with several collaborators, is involved in an alpine biodiversity project.
+This is one of our sites. To give perspective, a little blue stain here is one of my collaborators.
+It's rough and barren, but there are quite a few spiders.
+When the rock was turned over, this crab spider appeared fighting with a beetle.
+Spiders are not only ubiquitous, they are very diverse.
+There are over 40,000 spider species described.
+To put this number into perspective, here's a graph comparing 40,000 species of spiders to 400 species of primates.
+Spiders outnumber primates by two orders of magnitude.
+Spiders are also very old.
+At the bottom here is the geological timescale, with the numbers there showing millions of years from now. So the zero here will be today.
+This figure shows that the origin of spiders dates back to almost 380 million years ago.
+To put it into perspective, this vertical red bar marks the time when humans and chimpanzees diverged, just 7 million years ago.
+All spiders make silk at some point in their lives.
+Most spiders use large amounts of silk, which is essential for survival and reproduction.
+Even fossil spiders can make silk, as evidenced by this fossil spider spinneret imprint.
+So both spiders and spider silk have been around for 380 million years.
+It doesn't take long after working with spiders to start realizing how integral silk is to every aspect of a spider's life.
+Spiders use silk for a variety of purposes, including pulling a safety leash, wrapping eggs for reproduction, sheltering for protection, and catching prey.
+There are many types of spider silk.
+For example, this garden spider can make 7 types of silk.
+If you look at this orb web, you can actually see different types of silk fibers.
+The frame and radius of this web consist of one type of silk, but the trapped spiral is a composite of two different silks, filaments and sticky droplets.
+How do individual spiders make so many types of silk?
+To answer that, we need to look closely at the spider's spinneret.
+Thus the yarn comes out of the spinneret. And for us spider silk biologists, this is what we call the "business end" of spiders. (Laughter) We've had long days...
+oi! don't laugh that's my life
+(Laughter) We spend long days and nights staring at this part of the spider.
+And this is what we saw.
+Each spinneret has many outlets, so you can see multiple fibers coming out of the spinneret.
+Each of these silk fibers originates from a spigot, and tracing the fibers back into the spider shows that each spigot connects to a separate silk gland. The silk gland is like a bag filled with silk proteins inside.
+So if you ever get the chance to dissect a ball-web spider, and I hope you do, you'll find beautiful translucent silk glands in abundance there.
+Inside each spider there are hundreds, sometimes thousands of silk glands.
+These can be grouped into seven categories.
+They differ in size, shape and sometimes even color.
+There are seven different types of silk glands in a ball-web spider and what I've drawn in this picture, let's start at the 1 o'clock position. It has tubular silk glands, which are used to make the outer threads. Egg sac silk.
+There are aggregates and flagellar silk glands that combine to form cohesive trapping helices of spherical webs.
+The piriform silk gland makes an attachment cement. This is the silk used to glue the silk line to the substrate.
+There is also acinar silk that is used to wrap the prey.
+Small ampoule silk is used for web building.
+And the most studied of all those silk strains is the large ampoule silk.
+This is the frame and radius of the orb web and the silk used to create the safety tow towing line.
+But what exactly is spider silk?
+Spider silk is mostly made of protein.
+Since almost all of these proteins can be explained by a single gene family, this means that the diversity of silk types we see today is encoded by one gene family. So probably the first spider ancestor made one type of silk, and over the past 380 types of silk. Over millions of years, that one silk gene was duplicated, branched, and specialized over and over again, resulting in the wide variety of flavors of spider silk we have today.
+All these silks have some characteristics in common. They all have a common design, such as being very long. In some ways it is unusually long when compared to other proteins.
+They are highly repetitive and very rich in the amino acids glycine and alanine.
+To describe what a spider silk protein looks like, this is the black widow spider's dragline silk protein, and it's just one part of it.
+This is the kind of sequence I love to watch day and night. (Laughter) What you're looking at here are the single-letter abbreviations for the amino acids, colored green for glycine and red for alanine. So you can see a lot of G's and A's being displayed.
+You can also see that there are many short sequence motifs that repeat over and over again. So, for example, there are a lot of things called polyalanine, or repeated A, AAAAA. I have GGQ. I also have a GGY.
+These short motifs that are repeated many times can be thought of as words, and these words appear in sentences.
+For example, this is one sentence, you get this kind of green region and red polyalanine, and it repeats over and over again, and you can have it hundreds of times in each individual silk molecule. There is a nature.
+Silk made by the same spider can have dramatically different repeat sequences.
+At the top of the screen, we see a repeating unit from the towline of an argiope spider in the garden.
+It's short. And at the bottom is the exact same spider egg case, or repetitive sequence of tubular silk proteins. And you can see how dramatically different these silk proteins are. So this is kind of the beauty of the diversity of the spider silk gene family.
+You can see that the repeating units have different lengths. The order is also different.
+So I colored the glycine green again, the alanine red, and the serine (letter S) purple. And we can see that the top repeating unit can be explained almost entirely by green and red, while the bottom repeating unit contains a significant amount of purple.
+Silk biologists are trying to relate these sequences, amino acid sequences, to the mechanical properties of silk fibres.
+Now, it is very convenient for spiders to be able to use silk completely outside the body.
+This makes testing spider silk very easy in the lab. Because we're actually testing spider silk in the air, the environment that spiders use silk proteins in.
+Therefore, it is very suitable to quantify the properties of silk by methods such as tensile test, which basically pulls one end of the fiber.
+Below are stress-strain curves generated by tensile testing of five fibers made from the same spider.
+What we can see here is that the five fibers are behaving differently.
+Specifically, it is stress when viewed on the vertical axis. Looking at the maximum stress values ​​for each of these fibers, we can see that there is a lot of variability. In fact, dragline, or large ampoule silk, is the strongest of these fibers.
+I believe this is because the dragline silks used to create the web frames and radii need to be very strong.
+On the other hand, looking at strain, this tells us how much the fiber can stretch. Looking at the maxima here, again there is a lot of variability, with the clear winner capturing flagellar or spiral filaments.
+In fact, the whip fibers can stretch to more than double their original length.
+Therefore, silk fibers differ in strength and extensibility.
+In the case of trapping spirals, they need to be very elastic to absorb the impact of flying prey.
+If you couldn't stretch that far, you would basically be jumping off the trampoline as soon as the insect hit the nest.
+Therefore, if the web was made entirely of towline silk, the insects would very likely bounce off immediately. However, by using highly elastic capture spiral silk, the web can actually absorb the impact of captured prey.
+There is considerable variation in the fibers that individual spiders make.
+We call it a spider tool set.
+That's what spiders need to do to interact with their environment.
+But what about the diversity between spider types? What if we observe one type of silk versus different types of spiders?
+This is mostly unexplored territory, but I'll show you some data here.
+This is a comparison of the tenacity of the towline silks spun by 21 spider species.
+Among them are spiders that weave orbs, and spiders that do not.
+It is hypothesized that this argiope-like orb-weaving spider must have the toughest towline, as it needs to capture flying prey.
+What you can see in this toughness graph is that the higher the black dot on the graph, the higher the toughness.
+Here 21 species are presented with a phylogenetic and evolutionary tree showing their genetic relationships. I also colored the spider weaving the sphere web with yellow.
+Note the two red arrows here, which show the toughness values ​​of the towstrings of Nephila and Araneus diadematus.
+For these two spiders, much of the time and money spent researching synthetic spider silks has been spent replicating the proteins of the dragline silk.
+However, their towline is not very sturdy.
+In fact, the most powerful towline in this study is this non-ballweb spider in this white area.
+This is a towline spun by Cytodes, the spitting spider.
+Cytodeath does not use nests at all to catch prey. Instead, cytodes lurk around and wait for prey to approach, spraying insects with silky venom to immobilize them.
+Consider hunting with stupid threads.
+That's how Cytodes forage.
+I'm not sure why Cytodes needed such a sturdy towline, but unexpected results like this make bioprospecting so exciting and rewarding.
+It frees us from the constraints of our imagination.
+Next, mark the toughness values ​​for nylon fibres, bombix (silkworm silk), wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibres.
+And it turns out that almost every spider leash surpasses them.
+It is the combination of strength, extensibility and toughness that makes spider silk so special, and it has caught the attention of biomimeticists, who look to nature to find new solutions. are gathering.
+And the strength, extensibility and toughness of spider silk, combined with the fact that silk does not induce an immune response, has led to much interest in biomedical applications, such as the use of spider silk as a component of artificial tendons. are collecting. It acts as a guide for nerve regrowth and as a scaffold for tissue growth.
+Spider silk also has great potential for ballistic resistance.
+Incorporating silk into body and equipment armor could potentially make it lighter and more flexible than anything available today.
+In addition to these biomimetic applications of spider silk, I personally find the study of spider silk itself very interesting.
+I love new spider silk sequences coming in when I'm in the lab.
+That's the best. (Laughter) The spiders seem to share an ancient secret with me. So I will spend the rest of my life studying spider silk.
+Next time you see a spider web, stop and take a closer look.
+You're about to see one of the most high-performance materials known to mankind.
+To borrow the writings of a spider named Charlotte, silk is great.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+Over the past 13 years, 1 year, 3 years, 13 years, I have been part of an excellent team of InSightec in Israel and partners around the world, taking this idea, this concept, non-invasive surgery out of the lab and into our daily practice. I was. clinical use.
+And this is what I will tell you.
+13 Years -- Some of you may agree with this number.
+For me, today is like my second Bar Mitzvah experience.
+(Laughter) So this dream is actually coming true through the fusion of two known technologies.
+One is focused ultrasound and the other is visual magnetic resonance imaging.
+So let's talk about focused ultrasound first.
+And I have a phantom in my hand that mimics a tissue.
+Made of silicone.
+Transparent and made for you.
+As you can see, everything is intact and completely transparent.
+I will now guide you to the acoustic laboratory.
+You can see ghosts in the aquarium.
+This is the setup I have in my physics lab.
+An ultrasonic transducer can be seen on the right.
+So basically an ultrasound transducer emits an ultrasound beam that is focused inside the phantom.
+When you hear a click, you'll see energy begin to release and small lesions form within the phantom.
+Well, everything around it is complete and intact.
+Only scratches on the inside.
+So think about it, this is in your brain.
+We have to reach our goal in the brain.
+You can do it without damaging your tissue.
+So, I think this is the first Kosher Hippocratic surgical system.
+(Laughter) Now, let's talk a little bit about ultrasound, the power of ultrasound.
+You all know a lot about image processing, right? Ultrasound imaging.
+And you probably know about lithotripsy, or breaking up kidney stones.
+However, because ultrasound is a mechanical force, it can be shaped in-between.
+Basically, it is a force that acts across tissue.
+So you can change the intensity, frequency, duration and pulse shape of the ultrasonic waves to create anything from airbrushes to hammers.
+Then we'll show you multiple applications in the medical field that can be achieved with just physical concentration.
+Therefore, this idea of ​​utilizing focused ultrasound to treat brain lesions is not entirely new.
+When I was born, the idea had already been conceived by pioneers such as the Fry brothers and Lars Rexel, actually known as the inventor of the Gunmack knife.
+But you may not know that he tried to non-invasively lobotomy the brain using focused ultrasound in the 50's.
+He failed, so he invented the Gamma Knife.
+And it makes you think about why the pioneers failed.
+And they lacked something fundamental.
+They had lost their vision.
+Only with the invention of MR and indeed the integration of MR and focused ultrasound did we have the anatomical and physiological feedback to perform fully non-invasive closed-loop surgery.
+This is what the future operating room looks like today.
+MR suite with focused ultrasound system.
+And I'll give you some examples.
+So the first one is in the brain.
+One neurological disorder that can be treated with focused ultrasound is movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.
+These symptoms, such as essential tremor, are typical of the inability to drink or eat cereal or soup without spilling it all over the body, or the inability to write legibly so that people can understand, and The inability to be truly independent in one's life without the help of others. .
+So I want you to meet John.
+John is a retired history professor from Virginia.
+As a result, he suffered from essential tremor for many years.
+And drugs no longer helped him.
+And many of those patients refused to undergo surgery to cut into their brains.
+And about four or five months ago he underwent an experimental procedure.
+The treatment, at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, uses focused ultrasound to remove a portion of the thalamus, and is approved under the FDAIDE.
+And this is his handwriting.
+"June 20", read as "2011".
+This is his handwriting on the morning of treatment before going to MR. Now let me explain what such a typical surgery looks like, what non-invasive surgery looks like.
+So I put the patient on the MR table.
+In this case, we attach the transducer to the brain, but for another organ it would be another transducer attached to the patient.
+And doctors regularly get MR scans.
+And what is its purpose?
+I don't have a pointer here, but do you see something like a green rectangle or trapezoid?
+This is kind of a common area of ​​therapy.
+It's a safety perimeter around the target.
+A target in the thalamus.
+Once these pictures have been taken and the doctor has drawn all the necessary safety margins etc, they basically select the points. A round dot appears in the center of the cursor. And press this blue button called "Sonication". . "
+We call this moment of energy injection sonication.
+The only hand job the doctor has to do here is to move the mouse.
+This is the only instrument needed for this treatment.
+So he presses "sonicate" and this happens.
+You can see the light blue transducer.
+There is water between the skull and the transducer.
+And it causes this burst of energy.
+temperature rises.
+First you need to make sure you are meeting your goals.
+Therefore, the initial sonication is performed at a lower energy.
+No damage, but the temperature rises a few degrees.
+Also, one of the unique features we leverage in MR is the ability to non-invasively measure temperature.
+This is exactly the unique ability of MR.
+It is not used in routine diagnostic imaging.
+But here you can get both anatomical images and temperature maps in real time.
+A point appears on the graph.
+Temporarily raised the temperature to 43°C.
+This does no damage.
+But the point is that we are getting our goals right.
+So once the doctor has confirmed that there is a focal spot on the chosen target, a full-energy ablation like the one you see here is performed.
+And you can see that the temperature rises to 55-60°C.
+If you do it for more than 1 second, it's basically enough to destroy the protein in the cell.
+This is a result from the patient's perspective and is achieved the same day after treatment.
+This is immediate relief.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+John is one of a dozen very heroic and brave people who have volunteered for this study.
+And we need to understand what people are thinking when they are about to take risks.
+These are the words after John wrote.
+"It's a miracle," he said.
+And my wife said, "This is the happiest moment of my life."
+And it makes me wonder why.
+So one of the messages I want to convey is what about protecting quality of life.
+In other words, such people lose their autonomy.
+they depend on others.
+And John is completely independent today.
+He returned to his normal routine.
+And he also plays golf, just like he does in retirement in Virginia.
+Well, here you see that spot.
+It's like the middle three millimeters of the brain.
+No damage on the outside.
+He doesn't have a nervous breakdown.
+No need to recover, nothing.
+he returned to normal life.
+Now let's move on to more painful topics.
+Pain is what makes your life miserable.
+And people suffer from all kinds of pain, including neuropathic pain, back pain, and cancer pain from bone metastases. When metastases reach the bone, they can sometimes be very painful.
+All the symptoms I have pointed out have already been shown to benefit from treatment with focused ultrasound and reduce pain very quickly.
+And I would like to talk about PJ.
+He was a 78-year-old farmer who was, to say the least, in pain. --It's called a sore butt.
+He had a metastasis to his right buttock and was unable to sit even after taking medicine.
+He had to give up all farm activities.
+He was treated with state-of-the-art radiotherapy, but without success.
+Many such patients favor radiotherapy.
+And again, he volunteered for important research that we conducted around the world and in the United States.
+And his wife actually took him.
+It took them about three hours to drive from the farm to the hospital.
+It hurt so much that he had to sit on a cushion and stand still.
+He was treated and drove home by himself.
+Again, this is an immediate relief.
+And we need to understand what those people feel and what their families go through when something like that happens.
+He returned to his daily life on the farm.
+he rides a tractor
+He regularly rides to their mountain hut.
+And he was very happy.
+But now you ask me, what about the war, the fight against cancer?
+Show me some primary cancers.
+What can you do there?
+So I have good news and bad news.
+Good news: there's a lot you can do.
+And it's actually screened outside of the United States.
+And we're doing it in America, too.
+It hurts so much.
+I don't know, but it won't happen unless this country takes it as a collective will or a national goal to fulfill it.
+And it's not just for regulation. This is because of the amount of money required under current evidence-based medicine and the scale of clinical trials required to realize it.
+So the first two uses are breast cancer and prostate cancer.
+They were the first patients treated with focused ultrasound.
+And when it comes to breasts, it gives better results than surgery.
+But I have a message for the men here.
+We heard Mr. Kuen here yesterday talking about the characteristics of prostate cancer adverse events.
+Unique opportunities currently exist for MR-guided focused ultrasound. Because you can actually think about a prostate lumpectomy. Lumpectomy only treats focal lesions instead of removing the entire prostate gland, thereby avoiding all efficacy and incontinence issues.
+Well, there are other cancerous tumors in the abdomen, pancreas, liver, kidney, etc., which are quite lethal.
+In the case of a breathing, awake patient, and in all of our treatments, the patient is awake and conscious and converses with the doctor, but the challenge then is how to do that in real time. I have to teach you a few tricks.
+And this takes time.
+This will take 2 years.
+But there is a message for women here.
+And this is the 2004 FDA approval of MR-guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of symptomatic fibroids.
+A woman suffers from the disease.
+All of these tumors cause heavy menstrual bleeding, abdominal pressure, back pain, and frequent urination.
+And in some cases, uterine fibroids can even prevent you from getting pregnant.
+This is Francis.
+She was diagnosed with a grapefruit-sized fibroid.
+This is a large fibroid.
+She was suggested a hysterectomy, which is an unthinkable proposition for anyone wanting to keep fertility options.
+So in 2008 she chose to have a focused ultrasound.
+And in 2010, she became a first-time mother to a healthy baby.
+Thus a new life was born.
+(Applause) Finally, I would like to leave you with four actual messages.
+For one, think of the pain relief a patient undergoing non-invasive surgery can take, as well as the economic and emotional burden off their families, communities, and society at large. By the way, I also think so from my patient's doctor.
+And another thing to consider is the new type of doctor-patient relationship when the patient is awake and able to monitor treatment.
+In all of our treatments, patients hold down the sonication stop button.
+You can stop surgery at any time.
+With this in mind, thank you for your attention.
+(applause)
+Well, I don't know what to play.
+We can't say what it is until it happens.
+I never thought there would be a little music playing before.
+So let me start with what I just heard.
+(music) (applause) So first, let's welcome Jamia Williams on drums, Bernice Travis on bass (applause), and Christian Sands on piano.
+(Applause) So, what we call a bandstand, this is a great space.
+It's truly a sacred space.
+And one of the really sacred things about this game is that you don't get the chance to think about the future or the past.
+You really live here in this moment.
+A lot of decisions are made when you stand on the field stands.
+I had no idea what keys to play.
+Halfway through, we entered a song called “Titi Boom”.
+But it may or may not have happened.
+everybody's listening We are available.
+There is no time to spend on projected ideas.
+Thinking about mistakes: From a jazz musician's point of view, it's easier to talk about other people's mistakes.
+So the way I see mistakes when I'm standing in the field stands, first of all, we don't really think of them as mistakes.
+My only mistake is my inability to recognize what others have done.
+In jazz every "mistake" is an opportunity.
+So it's hard to even describe what a funny note looks like.
+For example, playing a color, like playing with a palette, sounds like...
+(music) So if Christian played a note, it would be like playing an F.
+(music) Look, these are all in the color palette.
+If you play E.
+See, they're all in this general emotional palette we were painting.
+However, playing F# (dissonance) would be perceived as a mistake by most people's ears.
+So let's play around for a bit.
+And play with this palette.
+And at some point Christian will introduce this note.
+And we don't react to it.
+He introduces it a little, then I stop and talk a little.
+Let's see what happens when we play with this palette.
+(music) So someone conceptually could perceive it as a mistake.
+The only thing we can say it was wrong is that we didn't react to it.
+It was a missed chance.
+Therefore it is unpredictable. Paint this palette again.
+he'll play I don't know how we will react to it, but something will change.
+We all either accept or reject his ideas.
+(music) So he played this note.
+I ended up making a melody out of it.
+The texture of the drums has changed this time.
+Depending on my reaction, it got a little more rhythmic and a little more intense.
+You can't go wrong with that.
+The only mistake, if I'm unaware, is when each musician doesn't recognize and embrace a sufficient amount of their fellow band members to take their ideas, and doesn't allow creativity.
+Jazz, this bandstand is really great.
+It is a very cleansing experience.
+And I know it speaks for all of us that we don't take it for granted.
+We know it's a blessing to be able to come out and play music on the bandstand.
+So how does all of this relate to behavioral finance?
+Well, we're jazz musicians, so typically we don't have much to do with finance.
+(Laughter) Anyway, I just wanted to point out a little bit how we deal with this problem.
+And another driving force is the lack of micromanaging in jazz.
+Some do.
+But that really limits the possibilities of art.
+If I tell the band how I want it to play, how I want the music to be, they jump right in...
+Ready, play a little.
+1、2、1、2、3、4。
+(Music) It's kind of chaotic because I'm bullying my own ideas.
+I tell them, "Come with me all the way here."
+If you really want the music to get there, the best way for me is to listen.
+This is the science of listening.
+It has a lot more to do with what I can perceive than what I can do.
+So if you want your music to have some intensity, the first step for me is to be patient, listen to what's going on, and draw from what's going on around you.
+In doing so, you can engage with other musicians and get inspired, and they will give you more and gradually build on that.
+clock. 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4.
+(Music) It was a completely different experience when working out ideas.
+It's much more organic. It's more nuanced.
+Not to tease my eyesight or anything like that.
+It's about being here in the moment, embracing each other and letting your creativity flow.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hello everyone, thank you very much for today.
+I'm a little hurt, but I need more than a car to stop talking to you.
+(Laughter) (Applause) A tank?
+So today I want to talk about microprinters, my work, how it all started, and what inspired me to create the world's smallest 3D printer.
+Let's start with my daily routine.
+My usual research area is called two-photon polymerization.
+Very geeky, very geeky.
+(laughs) What do you need to make this?
+A complex laser system, a so-called femtosecond laser system, is required that is focused to a very small spot. This is a very expensive and not very durable laser system. (Laughter) On the other hand, it requires a very complex positioning system.
+I call it "Agathe" because it's very heavy, and I thought it was a good name.
+(Laughter) And this system is needed, for example, to pass the laser at a very precise level, about 200 nanometers. Very accurate.
+So what can you do with it?
+You can do it even if you can't see it.
+This means you can print whatever you like. You can also print Tower Bridge, you can also print Agathe's husband...
+(Laughter) Okay, but why is this so shocking?
+You may have noticed this scale bar, 100 microns for Tower Bridge and 20 microns for Fat Man.
+For comparison, a human hair is about 50 microns in diameter.
+Therefore, these objects are like dust particles or smaller, so you can hardly see them.
+What you can do, and what we're working on, is improving the system, improving the materials we use to catch resin, worms, etc.
+Move a laser through the resin, polymerize the resin, and catch live animals, here a special bug.
+What we're trying to do, or the next step, is to make biocompatible polymers, perhaps to write something in the human body or the body of a nematode, or to attach cells to our structures. and so on.
+But OK, that's my normal work area.
+Today I want to tell you the story behind the microprinter.
+What was my motivation?
+Well, it all started at 6:30 on Monday morning.
+Yes, it's a lie. It was probably ten o'clock.
+(Laughter) I went to the laser lab at the Vienna University of Technology near Karlsplatz in Freihaus.
+Once inside, I found that this laser system was broken and tried to fix it.
+It took half a day, a few hours.
+Then I realized there was a big problem with the pump source.
+I can't fix it myself. I have to call a service technician.
+And from that point on, I realized that I had time to think.
+So I thought, "What am I going to do now? Maybe I should start writing my doctoral dissertation."
+(Laughter) No, not a good idea at all.
+So I started thinking about writing a scientific paper.
+Not a good idea at all.
+Then on Saturday, after a week of thinking, I came up with the idea of ​​building the world's smallest 3D microprinter.
+(Laughter) Or the world's smallest 3D printer.
+(Applause) So I called my professor and told him about it.
+"Come on, let's make it! We have time. Is that okay?"
+"Go ahead and build it."
+So I went to college and from that point on, I put everything in my head into my computer and created a whole CAD structure.
+A few months later, we ran our first tests on this system.
+It worked great from the first test and had the same resolution as the €60,000 system. I spent only €1,500 on the system, not including my salary, which in itself wasn't that much.
+(Laughter) So how does this work?
+I brought you a video where you can see how to insert a 3D file.
+This video was produced by my friend Junior Veloso.
+As you can see, the stage is set and it moves up.
+And there is a liquid under the stage of the set, which is solidified by the light.
+Create a model for each slice and actually take the model out of the liquid.
+It depends on the size of the model.
+Perhaps you have 100 slices, 1,000, or 10,000 slices.
+That's why.
+Of course, this is a much larger machine than a microprinter, but it uses more or less the same principle, and I would like to show it to you.
+Finally, this head, this alien head, is attached to the building platform. Once the process is complete, simply disconnect the head from any necessary support structures and you're all set to go.
+So.
+Okay, but what is a microprinter like?
+Well, some of you may have seen this photo already.
+I also brought it in person, so I would like to introduce a 3D micro printer like this.
+It's so small that it's truly a desktop version.
+It's a really good system.
+And actually, we're really proud of that, and -- (laughter) and you have this little little system. Some are even bigger.
+What can you do with a cheap and affordable system?
+For example, do you know this hearing aid?
+Hearing aids must be made individually for each person, so this is a perfect example of using this technology to create hearing aid shells.
+Normally, you would go to the store, scan your ears, email the data to Germany, and -- (laughter) and then print -- (applause) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Then they print it out on a big machine and attach the electronics when they're ready to mail it back to Vienna or wherever.
+If your store has a micro-printer, you can go to the store, scan your ear, press "print" and the 3D model will be sliced ​​for you to grab coffee or go to college. Get your earshells or hearing aids in just 1 day instead of 5 if you want.
+This is just one example of how these little machines and other cheap 3D printers can change our daily lives.
+thank you. Print whatever you want.
+(applause)
+Frank Gehry: I heard this scientist this morning.
+When Dr. Maris was talking about his experiments, I realized I was on the verge of becoming a scientist.
+When I was 14, my parents bought me a chemistry set and I decided to make water.
+(Laughter) So I built a hydrogen generator and an oxygen generator, got two pipes going into the beaker, and threw the matches.
+(Laughter.) And the glass—luckily I turned around—had it all on its back and I was about 15 feet away.
+The walls were covered with...
+I exploded.
+Richard Saul Wurman: Really?
+FG: Passers-by came and knocked on my door to see if I was okay.
+RSW: ...yes. (Laughter) I would like to resume this session.
+The gentleman on my left is the very famous, maybe too famous, Frank Gehry.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) And Frank, you've reached an amazing place in your life.
+So it's amazing that artists and architects can actually become icons and legends of their time.
+So you've come to the question of whether it makes you giggle because it's funny... You know, it's a strange idea, but your building is an icon - you're the building's You can paint a little picture, and it can be used for anything advertising -- and doing what you want most of your life, you've earned celebrity status, not rock star status. I was.
+And I know the road has been very rough.
+And at least it didn't seem like anything that sold out was that big.
+You kept moving forward in a life that depended on working for someone else.
+But it's interesting for creative people.
+Most of us work for people. we are in the hands of others.
+And that's one of the big dilemmas -- we're in a creativity session -- that's one of the big dilemmas in creativity. It's about how do you manage to do enough work and not sell out?
+And since you have achieved it, your victory will be double or triple.
+Not much of a question, but I would appreciate any comments.
+That's a big problem.
+FG: Well, I always...
+I never actually went looking for a job.
+I was always waiting for it to hit my head.
+When I started working, I thought that architecture was a service industry and that I had to satisfy clients and others.
+And then I realized that if I showed up to a meeting with something like corrugated metal or chain links, people would look at me like I had just landed from Mars.
+But nothing else could be done.
+That was my answer to people back then.
+In fact, I had a client who didn't have much money, so they couldn't afford it.
+I think it was situational.
+Until I got home, my client was my wife.
+We bought this little bungalow in Santa Monica and built a house around it for about $500,000.
+And some people got excited about it.
+I was visiting somewhere in the desert near Las Vegas with artist Michael Heiser.
+He's building this huge concrete place.
+And it was evening. we drank a lot
+We stood alone in the desert, and thinking of my house, he said, "If we build something more permanent, sometime in 2000 years someone will like it." Did you ever think you would?"
+(Laughter) So I thought, "Oh, that's probably a good idea."
+Luckily, I also started getting clients who had a little more money, so the content became a little more permanent.
+But I know the world won't last that long, this guy said the other day.
+Where shall we go?
+Again, it's all very temporary.
+It doesn't look like you characterized it.
+Every day is new for me.
+I approach each project with a newfound angst, which is about the same as the first project I've ever done, I go to work in a sweat and don't know where I'm going. , I wouldn't do it.
+When you can anticipate or plan, don't do it.
+I throw it away
+So I approach it with the same trepidation.
+Of course, the more time passes, the more confidence you have that everything will be okay.
+I run a kind of business. You have 120 employees and you have to pay them, so you have a lot of responsibility. But I think the actual work on the project comes with a healthy amount of anxiety. .
+And as the playwright said the other day, I could relate to him.
+When Bilbao finished and I saw it, I realized all my mistakes...
+They weren't wrong. I was ashamed to see all that would change me.
+I felt embarrassed - "How could you do that?
+How was it possible to make such a shape or do such a thing? "
+It took me a few years now to look at it soberly and say that I fell in love with this when I turned a corner and some of it seemed to blend in and relate to the roads and streets.
+RSW: How's the New York project going?
+FG: I'm not sure.
+Tom Cleans came to me with Bilbao and explained everything, but I thought he was crazy.
+It felt like he didn't know what he was doing, but he did it.
+I mean, I think he's kind of like Icarus and a phoenix combined.
+(Laughter) He gets up there and...he gets up again.
+they are still talking about it.
+There was a lot of interest in relocating to Ground Zero in the wake of 9/11, but I'm completely against it.
+I don't feel comfortable talking about ground zero or building anything for a long time.
+RSW: Is the picture on the screen Disney?
+FG: Yes.
+RSW: How far along are you from that? When will it be finished?
+FG: It's due to be completed in September or October of 2003, and I hope Kyu, Harvey, Yo-Yo, and all those guys can come and play with us there.
+Luckily most of the people I work with now are people I really like.
+Richard Koshalek is probably one of the main reasons I visited Disney Hall.
+He's been a cheerleader for quite some time.
+There aren't many people around me who are seriously involved in architecture as clients.
+If you think about the world, and even within this audience alone, most of us are involved in architecture.
+There is nothing that can be called architecture, right?
+So, to find such a man, you have to cling to him.
+He's the director of the Arts Center, which has the Craig Ellwood building.
+I knew Craig and respected him.
+They want to add to it, but it is difficult to add to such a building. It's a beautiful, minimalist, black steel building. Richard wants to add a library and student stuff, but the site is large.
+I persuaded him to allow me to bring in another architect from Portugal, Alvaro Siza.
+RSW: Why did you want that?
+FG: I knew you would ask that question.
+It was intuitive.
+(Laughter) Alvaro Siza is probably considered a major figure in Portuguese architecture because he grew up and lived in Portugal.
+I visited him a few years ago and had him show me some of his early work, and his early work was similar to my early work.
+When I got out of college, I started trying to do things situationally in Southern California, and you got hooked on the logic of Spanish colonial tile roofs and stuff like that.
+I tried to understand the language as a starting point, as a starting point, but much of that language was done by the spec writers and was too trivial, so it wasn't...
+I just stopped.
+I mean, Charlie Moore did a lot of it, and it didn't feel good to me.
+Siza, on the other hand, continued to stay in authentic Portugal and evolved a modern language related to its historical language.
+And I always felt that he should come to Southern California and do architecture.
+I tried to introduce him to some jobs, but it didn't work.
+I like the idea of ​​collaborating with people like that. Because it supports itself.
+I worked with Claes Oldenburg and Richard Serra, but he doesn't consider architecture an art.
+did you see that?
+RSW: No, what did he say?
+FG: He calls architecture "plumbing."
+(laughs) FG: Anyway, it's about Siza.
+It's a richer experience.
+That's probably what Kyu does with musicians--similar to what I imagine--where... is that?
+Target audience: Liquid Architecture.
+FG: liquid architecture.
+(Laughter) Where you are... it's like jazz. You improvise, you work together, you play with each other, you make something, they make something too.
+For me, I think it's a way of trying to understand a city and what happens in that city.
+RSW: Will it be near your current campus?
+Or will it fall closer...
+FG: No, near our current campus.
+Anyway, he is such a guardian.
+Not his money, of course.
+(laughter) RSW: What's his schedule for that?
+FG: I don't know.
+What are your plans, Richard?
+Richard Koshalek: [Unintelligible] begins in 2004.
+FG: 2004.
+You can come to the opening. Invite
+No, but it's interesting because the problem of urbanization in a democracy creates chaos, isn't it?
+Everyone doing their own thing creates a very chaotic environment. And if we can find a way to work with each other, if we can gather a lot of people who respect each other's work and compete with each other, maybe we can create a model. On how to build a section of the city without relying on a single architect.
+It's like a model of Rockefeller Center from another era.
+RSW: I found the most remarkable thing.
+When I think of Bilbao, I had a preconceived notion that once you enter this wonderful building, you will find yourself in an extraordinary space.
+I saw the picture you presented here at TED.
+The surprise of Bilbao was in the context of this city.
+It was a surprise to find it when crossing the river, taking the highway around the river, walking down the street.
+That was the real surprise of Bilbao.
+FG: But, Richard, when most architects present their work, most of the people we know stand up and talk about their work and say, 'I'm a good person. It's like telling everyone something. "You see, I'm worried about context, I'm worried about the city, I'm worried about the client, I'm worried about the budget, I'm worried about being on time."
+Blah, blah, blah and everything else.
+And it's like cleansing yourself.
+Saying this much means that your work has been successful in some way.
+And I think it's as natural as gravity, folks.
+You cannot defy gravity.
+We have to work with the building department.
+If you don't meet your budget, you won't get many jobs.
+Even if it leaked -- Bilbao didn't leak.
+I was so proud.
+(Laughter) The MIT project -- they were interviewing me at MIT and sent the facility personnel to Bilbao.
+I met them in Bilbao.
+They came for 3 days.
+RSW: Is this the computer building?
+FG: Yeah, the computer building.
+They stayed there for three days, but it rained every day, and they kept walking--I noticed them looking under things and looking for things, And they wanted to know where the bucket was hidden, do you know?
+I was beautiful There was no blood leak in that spot, it was just great.
+But you have to, yeah, every building was leaking before then, so this...
+(laughter) RSW: Frank has a kind of...
+FG: Ask Miriam!
+RW: ...had a certain reputation. For a time, his fame was built in Los Angeles.
+(Laughter) FG: You've heard of Frank Lloyd Wright. A woman called and said, "Mr Wright, I'm sitting on the couch with water pouring down my head."
+And he said, "Ma'am, please move your chair."
+(Laughter) So, a few years later, when I was working on building a little house on the beach for Norton Simon, his secretary, who's a bit of a bad driver, called me. came and said, There was water on his desk. "
+And I told her the story of Frank Lloyd Wright.
+RSW: It wasn't funny.
+FG: No, not even now.
+(Laughter) But what I'm trying to say is... and I call it "What do you do with that?"
+OK, you solved all the problems, you did everything, you did well, you loved your customers, you loved the city, you're a good person, you're a good person is...
+Then what?
+What do you bring there?
+And I think that's what I've always been interested in, it's a personal kind of expression.
+I think Bilbao shows that you can have that kind of personal expression and yet still be able to touch all the foundations you need to blend in with the city.
+That's how I remembered.
+I think that's the problem. Most clients who hire an architect say it's "then." Most clients don't hire architects for that.
+They miss out on the true value of architects because they hire them to get the job done, to get it done on budget, to be polite.
+RSW: At some point many years ago, people thought, before there were teapots, when Michael Graves was in fashion...
+FG: I made a teapot, but no one bought it.
+(laughter) RSW: Leaked?
+FG: No.
+(laughter) RSW: ...people wanted a Michael Graves building.
+Is it a curse that people want Bilbao buildings?
+FG: Yes.
+It's been four or five years since Bilbao opened, and both Krens and I have been called on at least 100 occasions to bring the Bilbao effect to life in China, Brazil, and other parts of Spain. rice field.
+And I have met some of these people.
+Usually I'm quick to decline, but some have pedigrees, seem well-intentioned, and are willing to meet at least once or twice.
+In one case, I flew to Málaga with my team. Because the property was signed with a seal from the city and various very official seals and wanted me to come and build a building in the harbor.
+I asked them what kind of building it was.
+"I'll explain when I get here." Blah blah blah.
+So 4 of us went.
+And they took us - they put us up in a great hotel, overlooking the bay, then they took us to a boat in the water and showed us all the views of the harbor gave me
+Each was more beautiful than the other.
+Then we planned to have lunch with the mayor and dinner with the most important people of Málaga.
+Just before going to lunch with the mayor, we went to the port commissioner's.
+As long as this carpet is here, it's been the table as long as the Dockmaster is here, and my friends and I have been here.
+We sat down and drank water and everyone was quiet.
+The man looked at me and said, "Well, Mr. Gary, what can I do?"
+(laughs) RSW: Oh my god.
+FG: So I got up.
+I said to my team, "Let's get out of here."
+We got up and started walking.
+They followed -- the man who had dragged us there also followed and said, "Are you saying you don't want to have lunch with the mayor?"
+I said no.
+"Don't you eat dinner at all?"
+They just brought us there to hustle this group and launch the project.
+And we're getting a lot of it.
+Luckily, I'm old enough to complain that I can't travel.
+(Laughter) I don't have my own plane yet.
+RSW: Well, this is going to be very long, so we'll end the meeting.
+But let me just say one thing.
+FG: Can I say something?
+Are you going to talk about me or about you?
+(laughter) (applause) RSW: Once shit, shit forever!
+FG: I want a standing ovation just like everyone else...
+RSW: I'm sure you'll get it! you are going to get it!
+(laughs) I'll make it for you!
+FG: No, no. wait a minute!
+(applause)
+thank you.
+And I feel like this night was so wonderful for me.
+I feel that this is similar to the ancient writings of ancient India, the Vimalakirti Sutra. In this scripture, the Buddha appears at the beginning, and a large number of people from Vaishali, the largest city in the area, come to see the Buddha and bring some kind of scripture. I gave him a jeweled parasol.
+In fact, all young people come from the city.
+The misty old men don't come because Buddha is angry, but because when Buddha came to their city, Buddha responded - whoever it was, a local geisha or a movie star. As for invitations, the Buddha always accepts the first one that comes--a star-like person, chariot racing with the elders of the city, and invites him first.
+There he was hanging out with movie stars, and of course they complained, "He's supposed to be religious, but all this stuff.
+What is he doing in Amrapalli's house with 500 monks?" They all complained and so boycotted him.
+They didn't go to hear him.
+But all the young people came.
+Then they brought a parasol with jewels like this and put it on the ground.
+And as soon as he piled up all the jeweled parasols he carried around in ancient India, he performed a kind of special effect that turned it into a giant planetarium, a cosmic wonder. Everyone looked into it and saw that all life in the entire universe was completely interconnected there.
+And, of course, there are millions and billions of planets in the Buddhist universe with human life, and enlightened beings can see life on all other planets.
+So they are not. When they look out and see the light that you have shown in the sky, they are not just seeing pieces of matter burning, or rocks and flames and gases exploding.
+They actually see landscapes, humans, gods, dragons, serpents, goddesses and so on.
+He created that special effect in the beginning to get everyone thinking about interconnectedness and interconnectedness and how everything in life is so utterly interconnected.
+Then Ray Ray -- I know his other name -- told us about interconnection, and how we are totally interconnected here, and how we feel about each other. He told me how he knows. And of course, in the Buddhist world, we have already done this billions of times over many past lifetimes.
+And I didn't always talk. You did, and we had to keep an eye on you.
+And I think we're all still trying to be TEDsters, if that's the modern form of enlightenment.
+i guess so. Because, in a way, if the TEDster is about the interconnection of all computers and everything, it's the mass speculation that anyone can actually know everything that's going on anywhere on Earth. Because it builds awareness.
+So it will be intolerable--what is mercy, it will be intolerable to us if we sit here comfortably and feel joy, mind life or whatever it is. Having fun is utterly unbearable. Completely sick, unable to eat a bite, homeless, or mistreated by a terrible person.
+It just becomes unbearable.
+Because we all know everything, we are forced by technology to become buddhas or something, to become enlightened.
+And of course, when that happens, we will all be deeply disappointed.
+Because we think we suffer because we are a little tired of what we are doing.
+We enjoy unhappiness in a way.
+Somewhere we run around to distract ourselves from our own misery, but basically we all have the common misery of being trapped in our own shells and everyone else outside. I'm holding
+And sometimes we get together with another person who can't get out of our feelings for each other and we both enjoy each other and each try to get out of ourselves and eventually of course we fail and we end up in this I will come back to that.
+Because our self-centered perception, which from the Buddha's point of view is a false perception, is that we are only what is inside the skin.
+And it is inside and outside, self and others, and others are all very different.
+And unfortunately, everyone here carries on with that habitual perception a little bit, right?
+If someone sits next to you, that's fine because you're in a theater, but if you're sitting on a park bench and someone walks up to you and sits right next to you, you'll be surprised.
+what do they want from me? Who is that?
+And because of the idea of ​​being yourself to the universe, you are no longer sitting near other people. That's all the Buddha discovered.
+Because the fundamental idea of ​​the universe that we are one and that each of us and everyone else is different puts us in an impossible situation.
+Who will get enough attention from the world?
+Who will get enough out of the world?
+If you are different from all other beings, who would not be overrun by an infinite number of other beings?
+So, compassion is born when we find ourselves surprised that we have lost ourselves in some way. Through art, through meditation, through understanding, and indeed through knowledge, you know that you have no such boundaries and you know your interconnectedness with other beings.
+When you see through the delusion of being separate from other beings, you can experience yourself as other beings.
+Doing so forces you to feel what they are feeling.
+Luckily, they say--I don't know yet--some people in the Buddhist literature say, Luckily, when you reach that point, they says, "Oh, who would really want to have mercy?
+Terrible! I am alone and very miserable. I have a headache.
+It hurts my bones. I go from birth to death. I'm never satisfied
+Even if I'm a millionaire, I don't have enough.
+I need 100 billion." That's why I am too.
+Imagine if I had to feel the suffering of 100 other people.
+It's going to be terrible.
+But apparently, this is a strange paradox of life.
+As you are no longer confined to yourself and as wisdom, intelligence, or scientific knowledge of the nature of the world, you will be able to expand your mind, empathize, and enhance your basic human capacity to empathize. , and then you realize that you are another being, and somehow that opening allows you to see the deeper essence of life. Then, as the Beatles once sang, you can escape the dreaded iron ring of “I, I, mine, mine.”
+As you know, we learned everything in the 60's.
+Unfortunately no one woke up to it and they have been trying to suppress it ever since.
+me, me, me, mine. Sounds like a perfect song, that song. Perfect teaching.
+But somehow when we are freed from that, we become interested in all other beings.
+And we feel ourselves differently. Quite strange.
+Quite strange.
+The Dalai Lama always likes to say that you generate the thought of compassion in your heart only for yourself and for your pain and joy, which ultimately become too small for your intellect. He says it was because he realized it was a theater.
+Whether I feel this way, or that way, or what I feel, it's just too boring. By the way, the more you focus on your feelings, the worse the situation becomes.
+For example, even if you are having a good time, when does the good time end?
+Fun times end when you think, "How fun is that?"
+And that's never enough.
+I love how Ray Ray said that the way to help those who are suffering terribly on the physical plane and in other dimensions is to have a good time, have a good time.
+I think the Dalai Lama must have heard it too. I wish he was there and heard it.
+He once said to me--he had a kind of sad look on his face. He cares a lot about the haves and the have-nots.
+He looked a little sad because he said that a hundred years ago they went to take everything from their possessions.
+You know, the big communist revolutions, Russia, China, etc.
+I said I would give it to everyone and took everything away with violence, but it got worse.
+They weren't helpful at all.
+So what can change this horrific inequality that prevails in the world today?
+and he stares at me
+So I said, "Well, you're involved in this problem yourself. You teach me, it's generosity." That was all I could think of. What are virtues?
+But of course I think what you said is the key to saving the world, the key to compassion is that it's more fun.
+It should be done with fun. Generosity is more fun. That's the key.
+Everyone has the wrong idea. They thought the Buddha was very boring and were very surprised to meet the Dalai Lama because he was so cheerful.
+Even though his people are being genocided, believe me, he feels a blow to the head of every old nun in every prison in China. he feels it
+He senses how they are harvesting yaks these days.
+They don't even say what they are doing. But he feels it.
+And yet he is very cheerful. he is very cheerful
+Because with that kind of openness, you can't add your own misery to someone else's misery and do you any good.
+You have to find a vision that shows how hopeful it is and how you can change it.
+Look at that beautiful thing that Chiho showed me. She scared us with Lava Man.
+She frightened us by telling us that ``the lava man is coming'' and ``the tsunami is coming'', but in the end it was so beautiful with flowers and trees.
+It's really nice.
+So compassion means feeling the emotions of others, and human beings are actually compassionate.
+Human time is nearing its end.
+Humans have compassion, because what are our brains for?
+Jim's brain is now memorizing the calendar.
+But he could remember all the needs of all beings that he was, he would, and he did.
+He was able to remember all sorts of wonderful things to help many beings.
+And he will find it a lot of fun.
+So, as Mick Jagger told us, people are the first to be happy when they stop focusing on the self-centered situation that keeps them frustrated all the time. You will never be satisfied.
+So you decide, "Well, I'm sick of myself.
+Think about how you can make other people happy.
+I'll wake up in the morning and wonder what I can do, even if it's just one person, a dog, a dog, a cat, a pet, a butterfly. "
+And the first thing that makes you happier in doing so is that you're happier yourself, even though you're not doing anything for anyone else. Because your whole perception expands and suddenly you see the whole world and all the people in it.
+Then, he realizes that being with these people is the flower garden that Chiho showed him.
+It is Nirvana.
+And my time is up. And I know the TED commandments.
+thank you.
+Let's talk thrift.
+Thrift is a concept of reducing, reusing and recycling, but I think it has the potential for big changes, including the economic side.
+My grandmother knew about thrift.
+This is her string jar.
+She never bought strings.
+Basically, she was collecting threads.
+It may come from a butcher, it may come from a present.
+She kept it in a jar and used it when she needed it.
+Whether you're tying a rose or a piece of a bike, put it back in the jar when you're done.
+This is the perfect thrifty mindset. Save money by using what you need and not actually buying anything.
+Even children know this idea innately.
+If you try to throw away a cardboard box, the average kid will say, "No! I want to use it for a robot head or a canoe that paddles a river."
+They understand the second life value of their products.
+So I think frugality is a perfect counterpoint to the current times we live in.
+All current products are interchangeable.
+Because when we get that bright new, shiny toy, it's basically got rid of the old one.
+Of course, the idea is great at the moment, but the problem is, if you keep doing this, you'll run into problems.
+The problem is that there really isn't a way.
+When you throw something away, it usually ends up in a landfill.
+Now, landfills are basically a permanent thing, and they are only increasing.
+Currently, about 1.3 billion tons of material is dumped into landfills each year.
+By 2100 it will be about 4 billion tonnes.
+Instead, I think it's better to start frugal.
+What that means is that we consider when a material is incorporated into a product, when it is used, and when it can be used again at the end of its life.
+This is the idea of ​​completely changing the way we think about waste, waste is no longer a dirty word and the word "waste" is almost completely removed.
+We only want resources.
+A resource can go into a product and basically into another product.
+We were good at thrift.
+My grandmother also used old seed sacks to paper the bathroom walls.
+But I think there are companies out there who understand this value and promote it.
+And many of the technologies developed for the smart age can also be adapted to reduce, reuse and save more efficiently.
+And as a materials scientist, what I've tracked over the last few decades is how companies are becoming smarter about saving, how they understand this concept, and how they profit from it. Is it possible?
+Here are two examples.
+The first one is the good one. The second one is not so good.
+The first is the automotive industry.
+While not always known as the most innovative or creative industry, it turned out to be very good at recycling products.
+95% of all cars on the road are recycled here.
+And of those cars, about 75% of the total cars are actually used again.
+Of course, not only old steel and aluminum, but also fenders and interior plastics, window and windshield glass, and even tires.
+There is a mature and successful industry that deals with these old cars and basically recycles them for use as new cars and other new products.
+Some companies claim that up to 90 percent of the 11 million tons of batteries we'll be using in 2020 can be recycled, even as we move towards battery-powered vehicles.
+I don't think it's perfect, but it's certainly good and it's getting better.
+An industry that is not doing so well is the construction industry.
+One of the challenges in architecture is always to not think about demolition when you build.
+We don't dismantle, we don't dismantle, we destroy.
+After all, about a third of all landfill waste in the United States is from buildings, so this is difficult.
+You have to think differently about this.
+There are programs that can actually reduce some of this material.
+A good example is this.
+These are actually bricks made from old demolition waste such as glass, rubble, and concrete.
+Set up your grinder, put everything together, heat it up and basically make bricks that you can build more buildings on.
+But that's only a fraction of what we need.
+My hope is that thanks to big data and location tags, we can actually change this situation and become more frugal when it comes to buildings.
+If there is a building being demolished under this block, is there material available for a new building under construction here?
+Can we use our ability to understand that all materials available in that building are still usable?
+So can we basically put them in a new building without actually losing value in the process?
+Now think about other industries.
+What are other industries doing to achieve thrift?
+Well, it turns out there are a lot of industries thinking about their waste and what they can do about it.
+A simple example is waste that is basically emitted as part of an industrial process.
+Most metal smelters emit large amounts of carbon dioxide.
+In fact, a company called Land Detector is actually doing business in China and soon in South Africa, where each smelter extracts about 700,000 tons of waste gas and produces about 400,000 tons of ethanol. can be changed to That's basically the equivalent of powering 250,000 or 250,000 cars for a year.
+This is a very efficient use of waste.
+What about more familiar products?
+This is a simple solution.
+And this, too, embraces the idea of ​​not only reducing and reusing, but also providing economic benefits.
+So it's a simple process to modify from cut and sew, which usually takes 20 to 30 pieces of material cut from a large piece of fabric, which are sewn together and possibly glued together, but they don't modify. I said I was just knitting shoes.
+The benefits of this are not only the process simplification, but also the fact that you can use one material, zero waste, and potentially recycle it at the end of its life. "
+Digital manufacturing also makes it possible to do this more efficiently.
+In this case, a theoretical limit to the strength of the material actually occurs. In other words, you can't get more strength than this shape for the amount of material.
+It's a basic simple block, but the idea is that it can be extrapolated to a larger format, not just buildings, bridges, but airplane wings and shoes.
+The idea here is to minimize the amount of ingredients.
+This is a good example of architecture.
+Typically this kind of metal node is used to support large tent structures.
+In this case it was along a shopping center in The Hague.
+I used 1600 of the materials on the left.
+The difference is that using the solution on the right reduced the number of steps from 7 to 1. This is because the solution on the left is currently welded and the solution on the right is just printed.
+And it can reduce waste to zero, reduce costs, and since it's made of steel, it can ultimately be recycled at the end of its useful life.
+Nature is also very effective at thrift.
+please think about it. There is no waste in nature.
+All serve another process.
+In this case, nanocellulose is basically one of the very fine building blocks of cellulose, one of the materials that make trees strong, which you can separate and act very much like carbon fiber. I will
+So if you take it out of the wood and mold it into fibers, the fibers can strengthen things like planes, buildings, and cars.
+However, the advantage of this is that not only is it bio-based and obtained from renewable resources, it is also transparent, so it can be used not only in food packaging but also in consumer electronics.
+Not bad for basically coming from a backyard.
+Another one from biosource is synthetic spider silk.
+Now, actually making spider silk naturally is very difficult.
+It's basically obtainable from spiders, but when spiders spawn in large numbers they tend to kill each other or even eat each other, so just like normal silk, it's problematic to create spiders .
+So what you can do instead is take DNA from spiders and put it into different things.
+You can put it in bacteria, you can put it in yeast, you can put it in milk.
+What can be done there is the production of milk and bacteria in large quantities, from which threads can be spun into fabrics and ropes.
+Again, bio-based materials are used in bulletproof vests, helmets, outdoor jackets, etc., as they are incredibly strong, nearly as strong as Kevlar.
+has great performance.
+But again, it is of biological origin, and at the end of its life, it can return to the soil and be composted and used again as new material.
+I'd like to leave one last bio-based form, but I think it's like the ultimate in frugality.
+Consider a prominent consumption figure.
+It's a water bottle.
+There are too many of them, they go basically everywhere and are a problem at sea.
+what to do with them?
+This process allows you to not just recycle, but endlessly recycle.
+Why is it interesting?
+This is because, considering reuse and recycling, metals and glass can be recycled many times.
+Your car has metal that probably came from a 1950's Oldsmobile. Because it can be recycled infinitely without loss of performance.
+Plastic, whether it's a bottle or a chair, a carpet or whatever, can be recycled once or twice, but if you recycle it twice, it tends to lose its strength, like put it back in another chair. , no longer useful.
+But it can be infinitely recycled using just a few enzymes.
+Put bottles, chairs, and other plastic items with some enzymes. Enzymes break it down, essentially turning it back into its original molecule.
+And you can make another chair, a carpet, a bottle out of those molecules.
+The cycle is therefore infinite.
+The advantage, of course, is the potential zero loss of material resources.
+Again, a perfect idea of ​​thrift.
+In conclusion, I would like to ask you to think, if you make something, if you belong to a design firm, if you basically renovate a house, for every aspect of making something, how does it Consider what will be done. This product could be used as a 2nd life, 3rd life, 4th life.
+Please design it so that it can be disassembled.
+That's the ultimate frugality for me, and I think my grandma would basically appreciate it.
+(applause)
+Jamie Oliver: My wish is...
+Support a strong and sustainable movement to educate all children about food.
+(music) Inspire families to cook again and empower people around the world to fight obesity.
+I am here to start a food revolution that I deeply believe in.
+(Applause) [Great big story in partnership with TED] Narrator: They had big ideas that would change the world.
+But they couldn't do it alone.
+(Voices overlap) So, my wish... my wish... my wish...
+And now my wish is here.
+[Torchbearer] [running idea] (knife chop) (music) JO: Food is simple. It's just raw material.
+But it is the most powerful killer on earth.
+All children have the right to learn about where their food comes from and how it affects their bodies.
+And since schools are at the forefront of the fight against obesity, it should be shown in schools as well.
+[London, England] [Charlton Manor Elementary School] What's happening at Charlton Manor Elementary School is that its wonderful principal has taken it to the next level.
+[Principal Timothy Baker] Timothy Baker: In the past, kids weren't eating the right things.
+I have been inspired by Jamie to educate children at this school about the fact that they are feeding the wrong food.
+And I thought maybe the timetable was already crowded. The primary education curriculum includes a large number of classes.
+How can I introduce another subject taught by the teacher?
+So we looked at English, math, science, history, geography and how we could apply that to food.
+(kids laugh) Elizabeth: People get excited when they include cooking.
+Male Teacher: Today we are going to do a little science in the kitchen.
+Female teacher: I'm going to combine lessons not only about Diwali but also about shapes and symmetry.
+Male Teacher: Is this a physical change or a chemical change?
+Children: Physically!
+Male Teacher: That's right.
+TB: On the topic of history, we talk about the history of chocolate, so we can do a whole topic around that.
+Male Teacher: And the Aztecs have been cooking with chocolate -- TB: And that's interesting. Because it's not made the way they think it is. Because it has all the milk in it like they thought it would -- and the taste is very different.
+Some kids like it. Some children do not.
+(Laughter) For math, it's simple weighing and measurement.
+Female Teacher: We will have to measure several liquids, so we will be doing a lot of measurements. I took measurements last semester as well.
+JO: What he did was put food at the heart of the school, nourishing the stomach and the heart.
+(kids scream with excitement) TB: Charlton Manor is a state school.
+About 80% of the children come from areas perceived to be poor.
+The children had little experience of living outdoors in the countryside and knew nothing about growing food.
+After a long time, I was able to create a garden.
+(children screaming) Students: Welcome to the secret garden!
+Kehinde: This is our greenhouse.
+This is our compost bin.
+This is our worm-eater.
+(music) This is our vegetable garden.
+And these are our chickens.
+Sean: A chicken will come out and try to chase you.
+I had to run for my life.
+TB: The community garden has two polytunnels so it can be grown all year round.
+Sean: Choose onions, broccoli and carrots. Because they're all healthy, they definitely make me strong, and they make me happy.
+(birds chirping) TB: Twelve or thirteen years ago, I was reluctant to participate in this kind of curriculum.
+Many people didn't see what we were aiming for or what we were trying to do.
+Obesity was not on the scale of the epidemic it is today.
+Children are born that look and feel healthy.
+I am very focused.
+Behavioral problems are incredibly low compared to what they used to be.
+Elizabeth: One of the great things they did was introduce us to the world of healthy food.
+Kehinde: I used to be really picky.
+Sean: Eating healthy food makes me feel better.
+TB: Falling to math A level doesn't mean you're going to lose ten years of your life.
+JO: You don't die young because you didn't do your geography homework.
+These children die young if they don't know how to feed themselves.
+Tim and the team will inspire principals and parents around the world.
+Every teacher has the ability to be as good as he is.
+We would love to recreate his story, but the truth is, we still have a lot of work to do.
+TB: Jamie really revolutionized our school dinners. And while it has had a profound effect on all children, it has had a profound effect on so many children that it will remain with them for the rest of their lives.
+When you change your life like that, everything becomes worthwhile.
+From all of us at Charlton Manor, thank you Jamie.
+Student: Thank you, Jamie.
+Student: Thank you, Jamie.
+[Join Food Revolution JamiesFoodRevolution.org]
+My journey to Afghanistan began many years ago on the eastern border of my native Poland.
+I was walking through the forest of my grandmother's stories.
+Millions of people were displaced or murdered in this land of tombs hidden in every field during the 20th century.
+Behind the destruction, I found the soul of the place.
+I met humble people.
+I heard their prayers and ate their bread.
+For the next 20 years I continued to walk east from Eastern Europe to Central Asia, through the Caucasus Mountains, the Middle East, North Africa and Russia.
+And I've met more humble people than ever before.
+And I shared their bread and prayers.
+This is why I went to Afghanistan.
+One day I crossed a bridge over the Oxus River.
+I was walking alone
+And the Afghan soldier was surprised to see me and forgot to stamp my passport.
+But he gave me a cup of tea.
+And I realized that his amazement protected me.
+So I have walked and traveled by horse, yak, truck and hitchhiker from the Iranian border to the bottom of the sea to the end of the Wakhan Corridor.
+Thus I found Noor, the hidden light of Afghanistan.
+My only weapons were notebooks and Leicas.
+I heard the prayers of a Sufi, a humble Muslim hated by the Taliban.
+A hidden river interconnected with mysticism from Gibraltar to India.
+A mosque where respected foreigners are showered with blessings and tears and welcomed as gifts.
+What do we know about this country and the people we pretend to protect, about the villages where the only medicine that kills pain and quells hunger is opium?
+These are the opium addicts on the rooftops of Kabul, 10 years after the war started.
+Nomadic girls who became prostitutes for Afghan businessmen.
+Ten years after the war, what do we know about women?
+She wears a Chinese nylon bag named Burqa.
+One day I saw the largest girls' school in Afghanistan.
+13,000 schoolgirls study in a scorpion-infested basement.
+And their love (for studying) was so great that I cried.
+What do we know about the Taliban death threats nailed to the door of those who, like Balkh, dare to send their daughters to school?
+The area is not safe, but it is full of Taliban and they have done it.
+My purpose is to give a voice to those who are silent, to show the light hidden behind the curtain of the great game, the small world ignored by the media and proponents of global conflict.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+JR: Art doesn't change the world.
+But art can change the way we see the world.
+(music) So now my wish is...
+To protect what I hold dear by participating in a global art project.
+And together, let's turn the world inside out.
+[Great big story in partnership with TED] Narrator: They had big ideas that would change the world.
+But they couldn't do it alone.
+(Voices overlap) So, my wish... my wish... my wish...
+And now this is my wish.
+[Torchbearer] [Idea in action] (Camera clicks) JR: My name is JR. I like to call myself an artist.
+I have two thoughts about my work.
+An easy way is to stick a black and white image on the wall.
+But I believe my job is to connect people.
+For me, it is the power that unites people.
+I went there to do an art project with the community.
+Now I realize that the community wants more art projects than I wanted.
+And I started to think: Why don't I take myself out of the equation and let them.
+So my wish was very simple. We launched our website. Send us a picture for what you believe in and what you want to fight for. Send your photos back in large format anywhere in the world.
+Every day we see rolls departing all over the world.
+This project is far more advanced than any place I have visited so far and it shows the power of art.
+And the photobooth track is that magic.
+(music) Luana: We are a team of four traveling in a photobooth truck: Josh, Basel, Jamie and myself.
+Jamie: You have to look like this to pose.
+(Laughter) We're covering 30 cities across the United States with these two trucks.
+Luana: We are just a tool for those who want to send a positive message.
+Jamie: Come in and take a seat over there.
+Anyone can come when the track is ready and running.
+wait for the flash.
+(music) (camera click) Touch the screen, take a picture, enter information.
+It takes about a minute and prints on a 3 by 4 foot side.
+No one is used to seeing their face so big.
+Woman: Oh yeah, I have a funny face.
+Jamie: This track has the magic of turning photography back into print.
+After that, the poster is put on the wall.
+Simply apply with wallpaper glue.
+We have already printed over 300,000 sides.
+And we have sent them to over 130 countries.
+(music) Luana: People's Art Project.
+We don't decide the message.
+It can also be political to draw attention to the issue.
+Jamie: I love the idea of ​​using photography to drive change.
+This special project aims to raise awareness of the situation for DREAMers.
+Karina Lewis: INSIDE OUT gives dreamers like me, people who came here from a young age looking for a better future, an opportunity to come out and address this issue.
+Viani Pérez: When people drive by and see so many faces, they become curious and wonder who they are.
+That's the front of the problem.
+to humanize it.
+(music) JR: I don't think just pasting an image will work, but it does.
+I don't know when or how to do it, but it's worth a try.
+Jamie: It all starts with belief. right?
+So if you don't believe you can make a change, it will never happen.
+Even if it's a very small change for one person, it's a positive change.
+This is no longer JR's story.
+A story about all those who believe that art can change the world.
+JR: I think art can definitely change our perception of the world.
+And if we start to see the world differently, it can be a good way to change the world.
+[JOIN INSIDE OUT InsideOutProject.net]
+I want to talk about one of the biggest myths in medicine. It is the idea that all we need is more advances in medicine and then all our problems will be solved.
+Our society loves to romanticize the idea that a single inventor working late one night in a lab makes an earth-shattering discovery and changes everything overnight.
+This is a very attractive image, but it really isn't.
+In fact, medicine today is a team sport.
+And in many ways, it always has been.
+I would like to tell a story of a very dramatic experience of this in my own work.
+I am a surgeon and we surgeons have always had a special relationship with light.
+When an incision is made inside the patient's body, the inside becomes pitch black.
+To see what we are doing, we need to shed some light.
+This is why, traditionally, surgeries always start early in the morning to take advantage of daylight hours.
+And if you look at historic photos of early operating rooms, they were on the building.
+For example, this is the oldest operating room in the western world in London, and the operating room is actually above a church, with a skylight.
+And here is a picture of America's most famous hospital.
+This is Mass General in Boston.
+Also, do you know where the operating room is?
+It is located on the top floor of the building and has many windows that let in plenty of light.
+Therefore, today's operating rooms no longer need to use sunlight.
+We also have very specific lighting made for the operating room as we no longer need to use sunlight.
+We have the opportunity to introduce another kind of light, one that allows us to see what is currently invisible.
+I think this is the magic of fluorescence.
+When we're in medical school, we learn anatomy from illustrations like this where everything is color coded.
+Nerves are yellow, arteries are red, and veins are blue.
+It's so easy that anyone can be a surgeon, right?
+But when you put a real patient on the table, it's the same neck anatomy, and it's not so easy to tell the difference between different structures.
+Over the past few days, we have heard how urgent cancer is still in our society, how urgent it is for us not to kill one person every minute.
+Well, if the cancer is caught early and someone can take it out or have it surgically removed, then the cancer has this gene or it has that gene or it has this protein or that protein I don't care if you have bottle.
+It's over, it's over, the cancer is cured.
+We do what we do best based on training, how cancer looks and feels, how it relates to other structures, and all of our experiences. “Cancer is gone,” we say.
+You did a good job. I took it out.
+That's what surgeons say when they're on the table in the operating room.
+But as a matter of fact, we don't know it's all over.
+In practice, you have to take the leftover samples from the patient's body from the operating bed and send those pieces to the pathology lab.
+Meanwhile, the patient is on the operating table.
+Nurses, anesthesiologists, surgeons and assistants are all on standby.
+A pathologist takes the sample, freezes it, cuts it up, examines it one by one under a microscope, and then returns to the room.
+And it can be after 20 minutes per piece.
+So if you send 3 specimens, it will be 1 hour later.
+And very often they say, "Points A and B are fine, but point C still has cancer.
+Cut out that part. "
+So we go back and repeat it over and over.
+And this whole process looks like this: "Yes, this is the end.
+I believe the entire tumor has disappeared. "
+But very often, a few days later, when the patient comes home, I get a phone call. Margin is positive.
+Your patient still has cancer. "
+Therefore, you must first tell the patient that he or she may need another surgery or that additional treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy are needed.
+So wouldn't it be even better if surgeons could really tell if there was still cancer in the surgical field?
+So in many ways, the way we do it, we are still operating in the dark.
+In 2004, during my surgical training, I was fortunate enough to meet Dr. Roger Tsien, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2008.
+Roger and his team were working on how to detect cancer and came up with a very clever molecule.
+The molecule they developed consisted of three parts.
+Its main part is the blue part, the polycation, which is very sticky to basically every tissue in the body.
+Imagine creating a solution filled with this sticky substance and injecting it into a cancer patient's vein. It brightens everything up.
+Nothing specific.
+There is no specificity.
+So they added two additional components.
+The first is the polyanionic segment, which basically acts as a non-stick backing like the back of a sticker.
+So when these two come together, the molecule is neutral and doesn't catch anything.
+And the two parts are held together by something that can only be cut if you have the right molecular scissors, like a protease enzyme that tumors make.
+In this situation, if you make a solution rich in the three-part molecule and the dye shown in green and inject it into a cancer patient's vein, normal tissue cannot cut it.
+Molecules pass through and are excreted.
+However, if a tumor is present, there are molecular scissors that can cut this molecule at the cleavable site.
+And now the tumor labels itself and fluoresces.
+Here is an example of a nerve with a surrounding tumor.
+Can you tell where the tumor is?
+I couldn't while working on this.
+But here we are. It's fluorescent.
+See, now everyone in the audience knows where the cancer is.
+Whether in the operating room or in the field, we can know at the molecular level where the cancer is, what the surgeon has to do, and how much work is required to remove it.
+The great thing about fluorescence is that it's not only bright, it can actually penetrate tissue and glow.
+Fluorescent light can pass through tissue.
+So even if the tumor isn't right on the surface, you can still see it.
+In this video you can see that the tumor is green.
+In fact, there are normal muscles on it. do you understand?
+And then you're going to loosen those muscles.
+But even before I had that muscle peeled off, I knew there was a tumor underneath.
+That's the advantage of having tumors labeled with fluorescent molecules.
+That means not only can you see the white space right there at the molecular level, but you can see it even if it's not directly above you, even if it's beyond your field of vision.
+And this also works for metastatic lymph nodes.
+Sentinel lymphadenectomy has revolutionized the way breast cancer and melanoma are managed.
+Once upon a time, a woman had a very debilitating surgery to remove all her axillary lymph nodes.
+But when the sentinel node joins our treatment protocol, the surgeon essentially looks for a single lymph node, the first draining lymph node for cancer.
+And if there is cancer in that node, the woman will continue to have an axillary lymph node dissection.
+This means that if there is no cancer in the lymph nodes, women can avoid unnecessary surgery.
+But the Sentinel Lymph Node, the way we do it today, is like having a roadmap for knowing where to go.
+So if you're driving on a highway and want to know where the next gas station is, you'll have a map showing you where that gas station is across the road.
+I don't know if gas stations have gas.
+You have to cut it up, take it home, cut it up, look inside, and say, "Oh, it's got gas."
+So it takes longer.
+The patient is still on the operating table.
+Anesthesiologists and surgeons are on standby.
+It takes time.
+So with our technology, you can know it right away.
+You can see that there are many small round protrusions.
+Some of these are swollen lymph nodes that appear slightly larger than others.
+Who among us has never had a cold with swollen lymph nodes?
+That doesn't mean you have cancer inside.
+With our technology, surgeons can quickly tell which lymph nodes have cancer.
+I won't go into too much detail on this, but in addition to being able to fluorescently tag tumors and metastatic lymph nodes, our technology uses the same smart tripartite molecule to tag gadolinium into the system. It can also be attached, so you can do this non-invasively. .
+If a patient has cancer, they want to know if the lymph nodes have cancer before they are seen.
+Well, you can see this on an MRI.
+Therefore, in surgery it is important to know what to remove.
+But just as important is to store what is important to functionality.
+Therefore, it is very important to avoid inadvertent injury.
+And I'm talking about nerves.
+Nerve damage can cause numbness and pain.
+For prostate cancer, up to 60% of men may experience urinary incontinence or erectile dysfunction after prostate cancer surgery.
+This means that many people have many problems. The same is true for so-called nerve-sparing surgery. So the surgeon is aware of the problem and is trying to avoid the nerve.
+But in prostate cancer, these tiny nerves are so small that you can't really see them.
+They are tracked only by known anatomical paths along the vasculature.
+And they are known because someone decided to study them, which means we are still learning where they are.
+It's crazy to think that we're having surgery, we're going to have cancer removed, and we don't know where the cancer is.
+We are trying to save our nerves. We can't see where they are.
+So I said, wouldn't it be great if we could find a way to look at nerves in fluorescence?
+And initially this was not very popular.
+People said, 'We've been doing it this way for years.
+We didn't have too many complications. "
+But we moved on anyway.
+And Roger helped me.
+And he took the whole team with him.
+So the teamwork thing happens again.
+Finally, we discovered a molecule that specifically labels nerves.
+When this was made into a solution, tagged with a fluorescent tag, and injected into the body of mice, the nerves literally lit up.
+Here we are looking at the sciatic nerve of a mouse, and you can see that the large, fatty areas are very easy to see.
+But in reality, at the tip of which I am dissecting, there are very fine trees that are not really visible.
+You can see what looks like a little Medusa head coming out.
+We were able to observe facial expressions, facial movements, respiratory nerves, all nerves, nerves of urinary function around the prostate.
+We could see every nerve.
+Combining these two probes...
+So here is the tumor.
+Do you know where the margins of this tumor are?
+I will now.
+What happens to the nerves that enter this tumor?
+The white part is easy to understand.
+But what about the part that enters the tumor?
+do you know where to go?
+Basically, we've figured out how to stain the tissue and color code the surgical field.
+This was a bit of a breakthrough.
+I think it will change the way we operate.
+We published the results in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and Nature Biotechnology.
+We received comments from Discover magazine and The Economist magazine.
+And we showed it to many of our surgeon colleagues.
+There are patients who would benefit from this.
+I believe this will result in better results for my surgery and fewer complications. "
+What is needed now is further development of the technology, along with the development of instruments that can see this type of fluorescence in the operating room.
+The ultimate goal is to administer this to patients.
+In practice, however, it turns out that no easy mechanism exists to develop disposable molecules.
+Unsurprisingly, much of the medical industry focuses on multi-use pharmaceuticals such as long-term daily medications.
+We are focused on making this technology better.
+We focus on adding drugs, adding growth factors, and killing the nerves that are causing the problem, not the surrounding tissue.
+We know this is possible and we are committed to doing it.
+I would like to leave you with this final thought.
+A successful innovation is not a single breakthrough.
+not sprint.
+This event is not for solo runners.
+Successful innovation is a team sport, a relay race.
+It takes one team to make a breakthrough and another team to accept and adopt a breakthrough.
+And this requires long-term and steady courage in daily struggles to educate, persuade, and gain acceptance.
+That is the light I want to shine on health and medicine today.
+(applause)
+I am here to talk to you about the economic invisibility of nature.
+The bad news is that Mother Nature's back office isn't working yet, so these bills won't be issued.
+But we need to do something about this issue.
+I started my life as a market professional and have been interested in it, but most of my recent work has focused on looking at the value of things that come from nature to humans and are not priced on the market. there was.
+The project, called TEEB, started in 2007 and was launched by a group of G8+5 environment ministers.
+And their basic inspiration was a harsh criticism of Lord Stern.
+they asked themselves. If economics can provide such a compelling case for early action on climate change, why can't conservation do the same?
+Why can't we make a similar case for nature?
+The answer is yes you can.
+But it's not that simple.
+Biodiversity, the living structure of this planet, is not gas.
+It exists in many strata, ecosystems, species, and genes at scales such as international, national, regional, and community, and shows what Lord Stern and his team have done for nature. Doing the same for nature is not so easy.
+Still, we started.
+We started the project with an interim report that quickly compiled a lot of information collected by a very large number of researchers on this subject.
+And some of the results we've compiled reveal the startling fact that we're actually losing our natural capital, the benefits that flow to us from nature.
+We were losing it at an alarming rate. In fact, $2 trillion to $4 trillion worth of natural capital was lost.
+This was announced in 2008, right around the time it became clear that $2.5 trillion in financial capital had been lost due to the banking crisis.
+This was therefore a scale comparable to that kind of loss.
+Since then, we have submitted to the international community, governments, local governments, businesses, people, and you and me, the dozens of reports submitted at the United Nations last year. It reveals the economic invisibility of nature and explains what you can do to solve it.
+what is this about?
+It's a picture you're familiar with, the Amazon rainforest.
+It's a huge reservoir of carbon, an amazing reservoir of biodiversity, but what people don't know is that it's also a rain factory.
+This is because the northeast trade winds effectively collect water vapor as they pass through the Amazonas River.
+About 20 billion tons of water vapor per day are sucked in by the northeast trade winds and eventually deposited across the La Plata Basin in the form of rain.
+This rain cycle, this rain factory, effectively feeds Latin America's $240 billion worth of agricultural economy.
+But then the question arises. So how much are Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and indeed Brazil's Mato Grosso state paying Amazonas, the state that produces its rainfall, a key input to its economy?
+And the answer is zero, zero.
+That is natural economic invisibility.
+The economic incentives and disincentives are so strong that this situation cannot continue.
+Economics has become the currency of policy.
+And unless we address this invisibility, it will result in the gradual degradation and loss of this precious natural asset as we see it.
+It's not just about the Amazonas, or just the rainforests.
+No matter what level we look at, whether it's the ecosystem level, the species level, or the genetic level, the same problems arise again and again.
+rainfall cycles and water regulation by tropical forests at the ecosystem level.
+At the species level, pollination by insects, pollination of fruit by bees, etc. is estimated to be worth $190 billion.
+This represents about 8% of the world's total agricultural output.
+It passes completely under the radar screen.
+But when did the bee actually give you the bill?
+Furthermore, at the genetic level, 60 percent of drugs were first discovered as molecules in rainforests and coral reefs.
+Again, most of it is not paid.
+So I'm curious about the other side of this issue. To whom should this money be paid?
+The genetic material, if it belonged to anyone, probably belonged to the local poor community who gave up the knowledge that researchers found the molecule and it later became a medicine.
+It was they who did not get paid.
+Looking at the species level, we also learned about fish.
+Today, the decline in marine fisheries is so severe that it effectively affects the ability of the poor, artisanal fishermen and those who fish for their livelihoods to feed their families.
+About 1 billion people depend on fish, the amount of fish in the ocean.
+One billion people rely on fish as their primary source of animal protein.
+And that we are losing fish at this rate is a huge human problem and a health problem of the kind we have never seen before.
+And finally, at an ecosystem level, whether it's the flood protection and drought control provided by forests, or the ability of poor farmers to go out and collect leaves for their cows and goats. , or is it due to the ability of their wives? It is actually the poor who are most dependent on these ecosystem services to collect firewood from the forest.
+Our research estimates that in countries like Brazil, India and Indonesia, ecosystem services (those benefits that flow freely from nature to humans) are not a significant percentage of GDP, but are estimated to be a few. Did. , 8, 10, 15 percent -- but in these countries, when measuring how much they're worth to the poor, the answers seem to be 45 percent, 75 percent, 90 percent.
+That's the difference.
+Because these are important benefits for the poor.
+And at the same time, we cannot have a really good development model if we destroy or allow the degradation of the asset itself, the most important asset - the development asset - the ecological infrastructure.
+How bad could things get?
+Well, here's a picture of what's called the average species abundance.
+It's basically a measure of how many different species of biomass, such as tigers, toads, and ticks, are on average around you.
+Green represents percentages.
+Starting with green, it goes from 80 to 100%.
+Yellow is 40-60%.
+These are percentages compared to the original state, the pre-industrial state in 1750, so to speak.
+Now let me explain how normal business affects this.
+And look at the changing colors of India, China, Europe and sub-Saharan Africa as we move forward and consume the world's biomass at a rate that can't really sustain us.
+Look again.
+The only places that remain green, which is not good news, are actually places like the Gobi desert, the tundra and the Sahara desert.
+But that doesn't help because the type and amount of biomass there was so small in the first place.
+This is the challenge.
+The reason this is happening, in my opinion, boils down to the basic problem of failing to recognize the difference between public and private interests.
+We tend to ignore public wealth all the time. It is only because it is a common property, a common good.
+This is an example from Thailand. It turns out that the value of mangroves is not very high compared to the value of shrimp farms. We've measured this and it's about $600 over nine years. At prices around $9,600, there was a gradual trend to deplete mangroves and turn them into shrimp farms.
+But of course, when you look at exactly what the benefits are, almost $8,000 of that is actually subsidies.
+So if you compare the front and back of the coin, you'll find it's about 1,200 to 600.
+It's not that hard.
+But on the other hand, if we start measuring, how much will it really cost to return shrimp farm land to productive use?
+When the effects of salt deposition and chemical deposition appear, the answer equates to a cost of $12,000.
+And when you understand the benefits of mangroves in terms of protection from storms, protection from cyclones, and fisheries and farms that provide fish for the poor, the answer would be close to $11,000.
+Now let's look at another lens.
+Looking at the lens of public wealth versus the lens of private gain yields a very different answer. Clearly, it makes more sense to preserve rather than destroy.
+So is this only a story in Southern Thailand?
+I'm sorry, but this is a global story.
+And here's what this same calculation would look like. This was recently done by a group called TRUCOST. That is, what has been done recently, over the past decade.
+They calculated the top 3,000 companies, but what are the externalities?
+In other words, what would it cost to do business as usual?
+This is not illegal, it is basically business as usual, it causes climate-causing emissions and has economic costs.
+It causes the generation of pollutants, resulting in economic costs and health hazards.
+Freshwater use.
+Drilling water to make coke near village farms is not illegal, but it certainly puts a strain on the community.
+Can this be stopped and how?
+I think the first point to point out is that we need to recognize natural capital.
+Fundamentally the source of life is natural capital and we need to recognize it and incorporate it into our systems.
+When measuring GDP as a measure of economic performance at the national level, the largest assets at the national level are not included.
+When we measure a company's performance, we don't take into account the impact on nature or the cost of our business to society.
+it has to stop.
+In fact, this is what got me interested in this phase.
+I started a project a long time ago called the "Green Accounting Project".
+It was the early 2000s, when India was hot on GDP growth as a way forward. I saw China growing at a staggering 8%, 9%, 10% and wondered why we could do the same.
+And a few friends and I decided that this made no sense.
+This will create more costs and more losses for society.
+So we decided to do some big math and started creating a Green Account for India and its states.
+My interest thus shifted to the TEEB project.
+Calculating this at the national level is one thing, and it's starting.
+And the World Bank also acknowledged this and launched a project called WAVES (Wealth Accounting and Ecosystem Services Valuation).
+But it's important to calculate this at the next level, the business unit level.
+And we actually did this with the TEEB project.
+We did this for the very difficult case of deforestation in China.
+This is important. Because in 1997 the Yellow River actually dried up for nine months in China, causing severe loss of agricultural production and pain and loss to society.
+Just a year later, the Yangtze River flooded, killing about 5,500 people.
+Clearly there was a problem with deforestation.
+It was mainly associated with the construction industry.
+And the Chinese government reacted wisely and banned logging.
+Looking back 40 years, what if we had taken into account the cost of topsoil loss, the cost of waterway loss, the loss of productivity, the loss to communities as a result of all these factors, the cost of desertification, etc. I understand this. Their cost is almost double the market price of wood.
+In fact, therefore, the price of timber on the Beijing market would have been three times the actual price if it reflected the true pain and cost of society within China.
+Of course, you can be smart after the event.
+The way we do this is by doing this on an enterprise basis and by taking leadership to do as much as we can in key areas where it's costly and then disclose the answers.
+Someone once asked me, "Which is better or worse, Unilever or P&G, when it comes to impact on the Indonesian rainforest?"
+And I couldn't answer. Because both of these companies, though they are companies, they are professionals, but they do not calculate or disclose externalities.
+But if you look at companies like Puma, the company's CEO and chairman, Jochen Zeitz, challenged me at an event that he was going to do the project before I finished it. Told.
+Well, I think we did it at the same time, but he did it.
+He basically paid Puma.
+Puma has sales of $2.7 billion, profit of $300 million, $200 million after tax, externalities and operating costs of $94 million.
+Now it's not a happy situation for them, but they come forward with confidence and courage and say, "This is what we measure.
+We measure because we know we can't manage what we don't measure. "
+I think this is an example that we can see and take comfort in.
+The more companies that do this and the more sectors that get involved in this as a sector, the more analysts and business analysts can be put in place, and the more people like us, the consumers, the NGOs, the more real can examine and compare companies' social performance.
+I can't do that today, but I think the path is in place.
+This is possible.
+and the British Institute of Chartered Accountants
+We have already established a coalition to do this, the United Nations.
+Another favorite solution for me is the creation of a green carbon market.
+By the way, my favorites are externality calculations and green carbon markets.
+TEEB has dozens of separate solution groups, including protected area assessments, payments for ecosystem services, and environmental certification, and these are my favourites.
+What is Green Carbon?
+What we have now is basically the brown carbon market.
+It's about energy emissions.
+European Union ETS is the main market.
+It's not going very well. I have issued too much.
+A bit like inflation. If you issue too much money, you get something tangible with prices falling.
+But it's about energy and industry.
+But what we miss is black carbon, or other emissions like soot.
+Also, what we are missing is blue carbon. By the way, blue carbon is the largest store of carbon, accounting for over 55%.
+Thankfully, the flux, the flow of emissions from the ocean to the atmosphere and vice versa, is more or less balanced.
+In fact, about 25 percent of our emissions are being absorbed, leading to ocean acidification and reduced alkalinity.
+More on that later.
+And finally, there is deforestation and methane emissions from agriculture.
+Green and blue carbon, emissions from deforestation and agriculture, together account for 25 percent of our emissions.
+We already have the institutions to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through structures and mechanisms called REDD+.
+And Norway has already contributed $1 billion each to Indonesia and Brazil to implement this RedPlus program.
+So there is actually some progress.
+But the point is to do more of it.
+Will this solve the problem? Will economics solve everything?
+Unfortunately not.
+There are areas called the sea and coral reefs.
+As you can see, it traverses the entire globe, from Micronesia to Indonesia, Malaysia, India, across Madagascar to the west of the Caribbean Sea.
+These red dots, red areas basically provide food and livelihoods for over 500 million people.
+That is, almost one-eighth of society.
+And sadly, at a time when these reefs are disappearing, scientists say atmospheric carbon dioxide levels above 350ppm are too dangerous for these reefs to survive. With the extinction of entire coral species, namely warm water corals, we are not only jeopardizing a quarter of all fish species in our oceans, but also threatening the lives and lives of over 500 million people in developing countries. You are putting your life at risk. world of poor countries.
+So choosing a target of 450ppm and two degrees in climate negotiations means we have made an ethical choice.
+In fact, we are making an ethical choice to have no coral reefs in our society.
+Now, I want to say goodbye that we may have done so.
+Consider what that means. But please don't go further.
+Because Mother Nature has so much ecological infrastructure and natural capital.
+I don't think we have much leeway to make such ethical choices.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Ben Roche: By the way, I'm Ben.
+Human Kantu: And I am Human.
+BR: And we are chefs. So when Moto opened in 2004, people had no idea what to expect. A lot of people thought it was a Japanese restaurant, and maybe it was because of the name, maybe it was a logo that looked like a Japanese character, but anyway, we are Japanese. Had every request for a dish, it wasn't really ours. And after about 10,000 roll requests, we decided to give people what they wanted. So this picture is an example of food in print, and this was our first foray into what we like to call taste change. Here's a small piece of paper with all the ingredients and flavors for a standard winding roll.
+HC: So our diners started getting bored with this idea and decided to serve the same course twice. So here I actually took an element out of the maki roll, took a picture of the dish, and basically served that picture with it. plate.
+So this dish in particular is basically champagne with seafood.
+The champagne grapes you see are actually carbonated grapes. It has a bit of seafood and crème fraîche and tastes exactly like the picture. (laughs) BR: But it's not just edible pictures.
+We decided to do something a little different and change a familiar flavor. So in this case it's carrot cake.
+I put carrot cake in a blender to make something like carrot cake juice, then put it in a balloon frozen with liquid nitrogen to make hollow carrot cake ice cream. It looks like Jupiter is floating around the plate.
+Well, we're turning things into something that you're not going to find helpful at all.
+HC: And this is not helpful for us to eat. This is a cigar, basically a Cuban cigar made from a Cuban pork sandwich. Therefore, the pork shoulder is seasoned with spices and processed into ash. Wrap your sandwich in collard greens, label it edible, which bears no resemblance to the label of a Cohiba cigar, and place it in a $99 ashtray to charge about $20. (laughs) HC: It's delicious.
+BR: But that's not all.
+Instead of making food that I couldn't eat, I decided to make ingredients that looked familiar.
+So this is a plate of nachos.
+The difference between our nachos and others' nachos is that this is actually a dessert.
+Chips are candied, ground beef is made with chocolate, and cheese is shredded mango sorbet shredded in liquid nitrogen to make it look like cheese.
+And after doing all this dematerialization and restructuring of these materials, we found it to be quite amazing. Because as I served it, I found that the dish actually behaved like the real thing and the cheese started to melt.
+Watching this in the dining room has the feeling that this is actually a plate of nachos and you don't realize this is a dessert until you actually start eating it. mind ripper.
+(laughter) HC: So we've been making all these dishes in a kitchen that's more like a garage than a kitchen. The next natural step for us was to set up a state-of-the-art laboratory. That's what we have here.
+So we put this in the basement and got serious about food like a serious experiment.
+BR: One of the really cool things about this lab, aside from having a new science lab in the kitchen, is that this new equipment and new approach opens up a lot of doors to creativity that we never knew existed. It is being done. There, the doors began to open, and the experiments, the food, and the dishes that we had made, went on and on.
+HC: Let's talk about flavor conversion and make something really cool.
+You can see the cow sticking out its tongue.
+What I saw was a cow trying to eat something delicious. what is that cow eating?
+And why is it delicious?
+So cows basically eat 3 basic feeds: corn, beets and barley. So what I'm really doing is challenging the staff with these crazy, outlandish ideas. Can you take what the cow eats, take the cow out, and make a hamburger out of it?
+And basically this kind of reaction tends to happen. (laughs) BR: Yes, it's our head chef, Chris Jones. This person isn't the only one who flips out as soon as we assign them silly tasks, but many of these ideas are hard to grasp.
+It's hard to get automatically.
+I think each dish has a lot of research and a lot of failures, trial and error, and more errors. So it won't always be correct. I can explain it to people.
+HC: So Chris and I stared at each other for a day or so and came up with something pretty close to a hamburger patty. As you can see, it's basically shaped like hamburger meat.
+It's made from three ingredients: beets, barley, and corn, so it can actually cook, look and taste like hamburger meat. Not only that, but you're basically taking the cow out of the equation.
+So recreating food and taking it to the next level is what we aim for.
+(Applause.) BR: It's definitely the world's first bleeding veggie burger, and a great side effect.
+For those unfamiliar with miracle berries, miracle berries are a natural ingredient with special properties.
+It is a naturally occurring glycoprotein called miraculin. I still get surprised every time I eat it, but I have a unique ability to hide certain taste receptors on my tongue, mainly those that are sour, so I wonder what it would be like if something that normally tasted very sour or sour tasted. It feels very sweet. .
+HC: You're trying to eat a lemon, but it tastes like lemonade.
+Let's pause for a moment and consider the economic benefits of such a thing.
+Sugar can be completely eliminated from all confectionery products and carbonated beverages and replaced with all-natural fresh fruit.
+BR: So you can see us cutting watermelons here. The idea is to eliminate a lot of food mileage, wasted energy and overfishing of tuna by making tuna and rare produce and items from very far away from local organic produce. We have watermelons from Wisconsin.
+HC: If a miracle berry turns something sour into something sweet, then another layer of pixie dust on a watermelon turns something sweet into something savory.
+Put it in a vacuum bag, add a little seaweed and seasoning and roll it up to make it look like tuna.
+So the key here is to make it behave like a tuna.
+BR: And a quick dip in liquid nitrogen for perfect doneness results in something that looks, tastes and behaves just like the real thing.
+HC: So the important thing to remember here is that we don't really care what this tuna actually is.
+As long as it's good for you and good for the environment, it doesn't matter.
+But where does this go?
+How do we make the leap from this idea of ​​cheating our taste buds to what could be a disruptive food technology that we can do today?
+So here is the next challenge.
+I told the staff, "Let's think of edible wild plants as an ingredient and eat a lot of them." So long as it's not toxic to humans, roam the sidewalks of Chicago, pick it up, blend it, cook it, and taste it all at your moto.
+Charge them a lot of cash for this and see what they think. (laughter) BR: Well, imagine. This kind of work is one of those jobs that kitchen staff hates. But we actually had to pretty much relearn how to cook in general. Because these are plants that are unfamiliar to us. And because you can't refer to how humans cook. don't eat
+So we really had to think of new creative ways to flavor, cooking methods, new ways to change the texture. And that was the main problem of this challenge.
+HC: So this is where we step into the future and take a leap.
+So, developing and first world countries, imagine if you could collect and consume these wild plants, your food miles would basically turn into food feet.
+This subversive way of thinking about what food is would essentially open up an encyclopedia of what an ingredient is. Even just replacing one of the ingredients with flour saves a lot of energy and waste.
+Here's a quick example of what we actually fed these customers, there are some hay bales and crabapples.
+I basically took hay and crabapples and made a barbecue sauce out of those two ingredients.
+People swore they were eating BBQ sauce, but this is free food.
+BR: Thank you guys.
+(applause)
+Actually, I'm going to tell you a story that I haven't talked about in probably over a decade.
+Please be patient as I guide you through this journey.
+At 22, I came home from work, put my dog ​​on a leash and went running as usual.
+Little did I know that moment would change my life forever.
+As I was getting ready to walk my dog, a man who had finished drinking at the bar picked up his car keys and drove south or wherever.
+I was running across the street and all I really remember is the feeling of a grenade going off in my head.
+And I remember putting my hands on the ground and feeling the blood of life draining from my neck and mouth.
+What happened was he ran a red light and ran over me and my dog.
+She ended up falling under the car.
+After I ran out in front of the car, he ran over my leg.
+My left leg got caught in the hole in the wheel and spun.
+The bumper of the car hit his throat and his throat was slit.
+I ended up with a blunt chest injury.
+The aorta lies behind the heart and is the major artery. And because it had been severed, blood was gushing out of its mouth.
+It was bubbling and... something horrible was happening to me.
+I had no idea what was going on, but strangers intervened and my heart kept beating and beating.
+I said "moving" because it was shaking and they were trying to get the beat back on it.
+Someone was smart enough to stick a big pen around my neck to widen my airway and let air in.
+And my lungs collapsed, so someone cut me open and put a pen in there too to prevent that tragic event from happening.
+Somehow I ended up in the hospital.
+I was iced over and eventually slipped into a drug-induced coma.
+18 months later I woke up.
+I was blind, unable to speak, and unable to walk.
+I weighed 64 pounds.
+Hospitals really don't know what to do with people like that.
+And in fact they started calling me "Gommer".
+That's another story we won't get into.
+I had multiple surgeries to put my neck back together and repair my heart.
+Some worked, some didn't.
+I had a lot of titanium put in. To examine the bones of the corpse and move the legs correctly.
+And ended up with plastic noses, ceramic teeth, and everything else.
+But eventually I started looking human again.
+It's hard to talk about these things sometimes, so bear with me.
+I have had over 50 surgeries.
+But who is counting?
+(Laughter) So eventually the hospital decided it was time for me to go.
+They needed to make room for someone else they thought could come back no matter what hardships they were going through.
+Everyone has lost faith that I can recover.
+So they basically put a map on the wall, threw a dart, and landed in a nursing home here in Colorado.
+And we know you're all scratching your head. "Nursing home?
+What are you going to do there? "
+But when you think about all the skills and talents that are in this room right now, that's what you have in a nursing home.
+So these seniors had all kinds of skills and talents.
+The only advantage they had over most of you was that they lived long and were wise.
+And I needed that wisdom at that moment in my life.
+But imagine what it was like for them when I showed up on their doorstep.
+At that point my weight had increased by 4 pounds to 68 pounds.
+I was bald.
+I was wearing hospital scrubs.
+He held a white cane in one hand and a suitcase full of medical records in the other.
+So the elderly realized they needed to hold an emergency meeting.
+(Laughter) So they stepped back, looked at each other, and said, "Okay, what skills are in this room?"
+This kid needs a lot of effort. "
+So they finally started matching their talents and skills to all of my needs.
+But one of the first things they needed to do was assess what I needed right away.
+I was eating through a vein with a tube in my chest, so I had to figure out how to eat like a normal human being.
+So I had to make an effort to eat again.
+And they went through that process.
+And they had to think, 'Well, she needs furniture.
+She sleeps in the corner of this apartment. "
+So they went to the storage lockers, collected the extra furniture and gave me pots and pans, blankets and everything.
+The next thing I needed was a makeover.
+(Laughter) So, the green scrub disappeared and the polyester and florals came in.
+(Laughter) I'm not going to talk about the hairstyles they tried to force on me once my hair grew.
+But I said no to blue hair.
+(Laughter.) Eventually they decided that I needed to learn to speak.
+If you can't speak and you can't see, you can't be an independent person.
+So they thought, apart from being blind, they needed me to talk.
+So while office manager Sally taught me daytime talking, it's hard because as a kid you take things for granted.
+We learn things unconsciously.
+But for me, being an adult, it was embarrassing, and I had to adjust my new throat and tongue, new teeth and lips, and learn how to catch the air and get the word out.
+So I acted like a two-year-old and refused to work.
+But the men had a better idea.
+They were going to make it fun for me.
+(Laughter) And then, secretly, how to swear like a sailor.
+(Laughter) You can guess what my first words were -- (Laughter) When Sally finally boosted my confidence.
+(laughs) So I moved on from there.
+Then a former teacher, who happened to have Alzheimer's disease, took up the task of teaching me writing.
+Redundancy was actually good for me.
+So we just keep going.
+(Laughter) One of the pivotal moments for me was actually learning how to cross the road again as a blind person.
+So please close your eyes.
+Now imagine you have to cross the road.
+I don't know how far the street is, or if it's going straight.
+And then I heard cars zipping back and forth, and I got into a terrible accident and ended up in this situation.
+So there were two obstacles to overcome.
+One was post-traumatic stress disorder.
+I panicked every time I approached a corner or curb.
+And the second one was actually trying to figure out how to cross that street.
+So one of my seniors just came up to me, pushed me into a corner, and said, 'If you think it's time to go, stick your cane out there.
+Do not cross the road if you are hit. "
+(Laughter) It makes perfect sense.
+(Laughter) But when the third cane swept across the road, they realized they needed to gather their resources, so I went to the Braille Institute and actually learned the art of Braille. He raised the money to make it possible. Being visually impaired and picking up a guide dog also changed my life.
+And I was able to return to college thanks to my seniors who invested in me, my guide dog, and the skill set I gained.
+Ten years later, I have regained my sight.
+Not magically. I decided to have three surgeries, one of which was experimental.
+In fact, it was robotic surgery to remove the hematoma behind the eye.
+The biggest change for me was the world moving forward, with innovation and all sorts of new things—cellphones, laptops, and all that we hadn't seen before.
+And when you become blind, your visual memories fade and are replaced by memories of how you felt about things, what they sounded like, and what they smelled like.
+One day I was in my room and saw this placed in my room.
+I walked around it thinking it was a monster.
+And I said, "I'll touch you."
+When I touched it, I thought, "Oh my gosh, this is a laundry basket."
+(Laughter) For sighted people, it's all different because they take it for granted.
+But even if you can't see, you can still remember things with your sense of touch.
+The biggest change for me was looking down at my hands and realizing that ten years of my life had been lost.
+I thought time had stopped for some reason and was moving forward for my family and friends.
+But looking down, I realized that time was ticking on me too and I needed to catch up.
+So I set out to do it.
+At the time of my accident, there were no words like "crowdsourcing" or "radical collaboration."
+But the concept was true. People work with people to rebuild me. People are working with people to re-educate me.
+I wouldn't be here today if it wasn't for some extremely radical collaborations.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+When I was in fifth grade, I bought "DC Comics Present #57" on the spinner rack at my local bookstore. That comic book changed my life.
+The combination of words and pictures realized something in my mind like never before, and I was instantly hooked on the medium of comics.
+I became a voracious reader of comics, but never brought them to school.
+Instinctively, I knew comic books weren't the right fit for the classroom.
+My parents were definitely not fans, and I'm sure my teacher wasn't either.
+After all, they never used them for teaching, comic books and graphic novels were never allowed during silent reading, nor were they sold at annual book fairs.
+Even so, I continued to read manga, and even started making comics.
+Eventually I became a cartoonist and made a living by writing and drawing comics.
+I also became a high school teacher.
+The place where I taught is Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland, California.
+I taught a little math and art, but mainly computer science. I taught there for 17 years.
+When I was a new teacher, I tried to bring comic books into the classroom.
+I remember telling my students on the first day of every class that I was also a manga artist.
+Rather than trying to teach through manga, I thought it would be nice if people thought I was cool through manga.
+(laughter) I was wrong.
+It was the '90s back then, so cartoons didn't have the cultural reputation they have today.
+My students didn't think I was cool. They thought I was kind of dumb.
+To make matters worse, they used cartoons as a way to distract me when things got tough in class.
+They raised their hands and asked me questions like, "Mr. Yang, who do you think would win in a fight between Superman and the Hulk?"
+(Laughter) I quickly realized that I had to keep teaching and drawing cartoons separate.
+It looks like my 5th grade intuition was right.
+There were no comic books in the classroom.
+But again I was wrong.
+A few years after starting my teaching career, I learned firsthand the educational potential of comics.
+One semester, I was asked to subclass this Algebra 2 class.
+It asked me for a long term subscription, I said yes, but I ran into a problem.
+At that time, I was also a school education technologist. So every few weeks I had to miss a period or two from this Algebra 2 class because I was helping another teacher with his computer-related activities in another classroom.
+For an Algebra 2 student, it was terrible.
+I mean, having a subwoofer for an extended period of time is bad enough, but what about having a subwoofer for subwoofer's sake? it sucks.
+To provide some kind of consistency for my students, I started recording videos of myself giving lectures.
+These videos were then passed to the subwoofer for the students to play.
+We have tried to make these videos as engaging as possible.
+I also tried adding some special effects.
+For example, after finishing a problem on the board, clap your hands and the board will magically disappear.
+(Laughs) I thought it was pretty amazing.
+I was sure my students would like it, but I was wrong.
+(Laughter.) These video lectures were a disaster.
+Students came to me and said things like, "Mr. Yang, we thought you were boring when we saw you in person.
+(Laughs) So, as a last resort, I started drawing this lecture as a cartoon.
+I would do these immediately with little planning.
+Holding a Sharpie, I drew panel after panel, thinking about what I wanted to say.
+These cartoon lectures are going to be 4 to 6 pages long, so I zero this out and pass it on to the subwoofer and pass it on to my students.
+And to my surprise, these manga courses were well received.
+My students asked me to make these even when I could be there in person.
+They seemed to like the cartoon me more than the real me.
+(Laughter) This surprised me. Because my students grew up with screens, I thought they would prefer to learn from the screen rather than from the page.
+But when I told my students why they liked the manga lectures so much, I began to understand the educational potential of manga.
+First, unlike math textbooks, these cartoon lectures taught visually.
+Our students grow up in a visual culture and are used to taking in information that way.
+But unlike other visual narratives such as film and television, animation and video, cartoons are what I call permanent.
+In comics, the past, present and future are all on the same page.
+This means that the speed of information flow is firmly in the hands of the reader.
+When my students didn't understand something in my comics lecture, they could read the passage back as quickly or as slowly as they wanted.
+It was as if I was giving them remote control of information.
+The same was not true of my video lectures, nor was it true of my face-to-face lectures.
+When I speak, I convey information as quickly or as slowly as I like.
+Thus, for certain students and for certain types of information, these two aspects of the comic medium, its visual nature and permanence, make comics an incredibly powerful educational tool.
+While teaching this Algebra 2 class, I was also working on my Master's degree in Education at Cal State East Bay.
+And I was so intrigued by this experience I got from these comics lectures that I decided to focus my final master's project on comics.
+I wanted to know why American educators have historically been so reluctant to use comic books in the classroom.
+Here's what I discovered.
+Comic books first became mass media in the 1940s, selling millions of copies each month and capturing the attention of educators at the time.
+Many innovative teachers began bringing cartoons into the classroom for experimentation.
+In 1944, the Journal of the Sociology of Education even devoted an entire issue to the subject.
+Things seemed to be going.
+Teachers were starting to figure things out.
+But then comes this guy.
+This is Dr. Frederick Wertham, a child psychologist who wrote a book in 1954 called The Temptation of the Innocent and argued that cartoons cause juvenile delinquency.
+(Laughter) He was wrong.
+Well, Dr. Wertham was actually a pretty decent guy.
+He has spent most of his career dealing with juvenile delinquents and found that most of his clients read comic books in his work.
+What Dr. Wertham didn't realize was that in the 1940s and '50s, nearly every child in America read comic books.
+Dr. Wertham does a rather dubious job of proving his claims, but the impact of his book has prompted the U.S. Senate to hold a series of hearings to see if comic books actually cause juvenile delinquency. It was decided to hold.
+These hearings lasted for almost two months.
+These ended inconclusively, but did great damage to the reputation of comic books in the eyes of the American public.
+After this, all of America's finest educators withdrew and remained distant for decades.
+It wasn't until the 1970s that a few brave souls began to return again.
+And it's actually only recently, perhaps in the last decade or so, that comics have become more widely accepted among American educators.
+Comics and graphic novels are finally returning to the American classroom now, and the same is happening with my former teacher, Bishop O'Dowd.
+One of my former colleagues, Mr Smith, uses Scott MacLeod's Understanding Comic in his Literature and Film classes. Because this book provides students with the language to discuss the relationship between words and images.
+Mr. Burns challenges his students to write comic essays every year.
+By directing students to process prose stories with images, Barnes asks them to think not only about stories, but how those stories are told.
+And Mr. Murlock uses my own "American-born Chinese" for his English 1 students.
+For her, graphic novels are a great way to meet common ground rules.
+This standard stipulates that students must be able to analyze how visual elements contribute to the meaning, tone, and beauty of text.
+In the library, Ms. Count has built a very impressive collection of graphic novels for Bishop O'Dowd.
+Now, Ms. Count and all of her fellow librarians have actually been reading cartoons since the early 80's when they said in an article in the school library magazine that the mere presence of graphic novels in the library increased usage by about 80 percent. I've been on the front lines of defense. , and non-manga book circulation increased by about 30 percent.
+Inspired by this renewed interest from American educators, American cartoonists are now producing more explicit educational content than ever before for the K-12 market.
+Many of them are directed to the art of language, but more and more cartoons and graphic novels are beginning to tackle math and science topics.
+STEM comics graphic novels are like uncharted territory, ready to explore.
+America is finally waking up to the fact that comic books are not the cause of juvenile delinquency.
+(Laughter) These are actually in every educator's toolkit.
+There is no good reason to exclude comics and graphic novels from K-12 education.
+They teach visually and give students a remote control.
+The educational potential is waiting to be harnessed by creative people like you.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So my name is Roger Dwaron. I have a destructive conspiracy.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) In fact, this has the potential to be so devastating that it fundamentally changes the balance of power, not just in our country, but around the world.
+I just realized that my voice is—(laughs) a bit like Dr. Evil.
+I know that.
+But believe me. we have very little in common.
+His plots are all about destruction and secrecy, while mine is about creation and disclosure.
+In fact, my plot only works if I share it with as many people as possible.
+So I'm going to share it with you now, but you must promise to share it in order.
+So here it is.
+teeth. That's not very good, is it?
+There's nothing particularly radical or revolutionary about a blanket of grass.
+It's when you turn this into this that it starts to get interesting.
+Now, my suggestion to you is that gardening is a destructive activity.
+(Laughter) Think about it. Food is a form of energy.
+It is what drives our bodies, but it is also a form of force.
+And that when we encourage people to grow their own food, we are encouraging them to take power, power over their diet, their health, and their wallets. Become.
+So I think this is pretty destructive. Because we are necessarily talking about taking power over food and health away from other actors in society who currently have that power.
+You can think of who those actors are.
+I also see gardening as a kind of healthy gateway to another form of food freedom.
+As soon as I plant the garden, I start saying, "I need to learn to cook."
+(Laughter) "Well, I might want to find out about food preservation, and I might want to find out where my town's local farmers market is."
+Now, another thing, of course, is that you never know who you're going to affect if you're planting a garden, especially in front of a white house and on a sunny south lawn.
+(Laughter) Now, I don't know exactly how my White House garden influenced the First Lady's garden, but I can say this. Ever since she planted the garden, it has had a huge impact on me.
+Not now -- (laughter) it's not fashion.
+I understand she's just in a completely different league there and I'm not even going to compete.
+But she made me think more boldly about my role in the garden movement.
+And this is kind of what I want here.
+(Laughter) Pretty modest, right?
+i like this picture
+I think it captures me well, I don't have any divine connection to it, but I like my look there, because even though I have a worried look on my face. , it's not just because I have 20 lbs. I hear pumpkins over my head, but it's because I have some pretty heavy themes in my head.
+And I want to share some of it with you right now. First, I'll start in the form of a very short video that I made for you guys. This is my best effort to summarize the history of gastronomy in about 15 seconds.
+(“Thus saith Zarathustra” plays) (laughter) So that's it.
+(Applause.) This is a funny little clip, but it would be even funnier if it wasn't so tragic and it wasn't so true.
+The reality is that we are in the midst of an obesity epidemic, but it's not just limited to our country.
+It is now spreading all over the world.
+And in some parallel worlds, we also see hunger on the rise.
+More than 900 million people are currently affected.
+That's three times the population of the United States.
+At the same time, however, global food prices are rising and the world population is growing, expected to reach 10 billion by the end of the century.
+Now, another thing about population is that we know it's growing, but most of us don't even realize it's changing.
+A fundamental change is taking place.
+As of 2007, we have gone from a predominantly rural planet to a predominantly urban planet. This will affect how we feed these people and how we deliver food to people in cities.
+Now, I'm sure there are some Stephen King fans in the audience here, and I'm one of them.
+But all I can say is that I've never read anything more terrifying than this. That's this statistic. To keep up with population growth, we will need to grow more food over the next 50 years. Bigger than we've grown in the last 10,000 years combined.
+What makes this even more difficult is the need to grow so much food in less quantity. When I say "less than" I mean a lot.
+For example, less oil.
+Most credible geologists believe that humanity has already reached the peak of global oil production.
+Now, while you might not think oil and food are linked, there is actually a very strong link.
+Our highly industrialized food system requires 10 calories of fossil fuel energy to produce 1 calorie of food energy.
+We also need to grow more food with less water.
+These three images are from three very different regions of the globe, but they all tell the same story of a devastating drought.
+We also need to grow more food on less farmland.
+Here the pressure varies from place to place.
+The global south sees desertification, while the north sees suburban sprawl.
+We also need to grow more food with less climatic stability and less genetic diversity.
+Now this is really important.
+We need genetic varieties because they are like insurance against climate change.
+I heard a story today about not putting all your eggs in one basket.
+Well, you shouldn't do the same with tomatoes.
+We also need to grow more food in less time.
+Now, I'm not just talking about the world population time bomb here.
+I'm talking about how much time we all have to put a decent meal on the table.
+And that number "31" is not something arbitrary.
+This is the average amount of time an American family spends preparing, eating, and cleaning up each day.
+31 points.
+So somewhere along the line, you'll also need to work on growing food.
+are you OK?
+I think we have to, but it would also mean that we have to give up something somewhere along the way.
+So we feel like this.
+(laughter) Do you know?
+It's time to leave the city, or perhaps the planet.
+But where shall we go?
+Where would we go if we only had one Earth?
+And when things get tough, where will they go?
+Well, if we had listened to many political leaders over the years, we would simply go shopping.
+right?
+Because we have a firm belief, especially in American political culture, that we can solve almost any problem on our own.
+However, the reality is something different.
+Simply switching from regular cola to future eco cola will not solve our food and health problems.
+And big food companies want us to believe they can give our kids all the vitamins, minerals and immune-boosting substances they need without leaving the chocolate cereal aisle (laughter). The truth is quite different.
+Now, what's even more problematic these days is that even foods that are supposed to be healthy aren't necessarily healthy, and I think we're starting to lose confidence in our food system.
+The bigger it gets, the more complicated it gets.
+And we have seen this kind of thing many times.
+Here's an image from the latest E. coli outbreak.
+In this case it was Europe, but most likely it started with sprouts.
+So we now have this kind of shopper's dilemma.
+We stock all these different foods, but the average big box store has 30,000 different foods. But we have less confidence in those foods, and less confidence in the parties that put those foods on the shelves.
+I think we need to redefine what good food is.
+This is an interesting image taken in Berlin, Germany. There, someone started planting and leaving shopping carts.
+By the way, those are potatoes.
+But in addition to redefining what good food is, I think we need to redefine our living spaces.
+Rather than looking at this as a garden, you should think of it like a full service greengrocer.
+In fact it is my garden and how do I see it.
+That's what we transformed the garden into, and I think the really important message is this: gardens grow good food.
+And when I say good food, I mean different things.
+Safe food, healthy food, and really beautiful and delicious food.
+Another important message is that gardens foster healthy children and families.
+It happens to be my youngest two sons, who look healthy, but I think it has something to do with the fact that they grew up in gardens and know where good food comes from.
+And in fact they know how to grow some of it themselves.
+But in the current economic climate, I think it's important to get the message out there that a garden can also be a significant financial savings for your family.
+I think you can pretty much take my word for it. Because in addition to crunching veggies a few years ago, my wife and I did the math and ended up saving well over $2,000. by growing their own food.
+So you may be asking questions like: If gardens grow all these wonderful things, how can we grow more gardens?
+In fact, that is the question my organization, Kitchen Gardens International, is asking and answering.
+And our answer is essentially this. We will need to tap into the resources and strengths we have, the gardens and gardeners we have, to grow and inspire.
+And like I said before, you never know who you'll inspire.
+(Laughter) Now, if this campaign is successful, I don't think it's just because the visionary First Lady took up residence in the White House -- it was certainly a big part of it. I--and I don't think it was just because I've had famous chefs and writers tell me this was a good idea.
+In the end, I think it was possible because there were a lot of people who wanted it.
+There was a move to make it happen.
+And my organization tried to channel some of that movement's energy into the White House.
+And we've been very fortunate in terms of getting our message across to the media.
+We ran a petition on Facebook and it got 110,000 signatures.
+We had images and videos that went viral, and we did crazy things like symbolically putting the White House lawn up for sale on eBay.
+But we need to do more, and what I'm trying to do with my organization is bring people together online, but it's also bringing people together in person.
+This is an image of our little holiday called "World Kitchen Garden Day".
+Held at the end of August each year, it aims to bring people together in the gardens to learn from each other and experience the gardens as a community experience.
+We also need to train the next generation of gardeners, and we're doing it in the United States and abroad.
+However, there is still much work to be done. I think this slide shows where we should go.
+We need a roadmap, and we chose this slide for a reason.
+There is a bicycle park on the left and a map of the Netherlands on the right.
+I visited Holland earlier this year and was really surprised by the number of bicycles on the roads. 26% of trips in Holland are done by bike, and that got me thinking about how we could make cycling a reality in terms of food and gardens.
+How could you source 26% of all your produce from your backyard garden?
+At this point it's probably around 2% at most, so this may sound like a lot.
+But considering that at the peak of the Triumphal Garden movement in the last century, 40 percent of all agricultural produce came from gardens.
+You can get there again.
+And I think this is a really good start.
+The White House gardens are certainly very inspiring.
+This is actually like a snapshot of when the garden was planted earlier this spring. There are many diverse and healthy crops.
+However, this is not a good representation of federal agricultural policy.
+(Laughter) If you take the model here, that particular garden diagram, and translate it into federal agricultural policy, it looks like this: billions to support a handful of commercial crops. dollars will be spent. Only a little bit goes into the top of fruits and vegetables.
+This is a scandal. This is a scandal.
+Something needs to be done about this.
+I think the first place to start is to consider tax laws.
+We already use tax laws to encourage green transportation and green shelters.
+Why not green food?
+We are currently in the process of discussing another stimulus package.
+How about a garden stimulation package?
+why not?
+(Applause.) As far as other things we have to do, we need to move down to the local level and make sure the gardens are legal.
+This is an illegal garden. At least it was.
+Came from Michigan earlier this year.
+The tree was planted by a woman, a mother of four, who was about to be sentenced to 93 days in prison for planting it in her front yard.
+20th century laws still in place.
+We need to bring our code closer to the reality we face today.
+We also need to come up with new ways to bring gardenless people into the garden.
+I think we also need to free up garden entrepreneurship. As miners, I am happy to say that we are leading the way in this field.
+Earlier this year, many towns in Maine passed local food sovereignty laws that allow townspeople to not only grow food where they want to grow it, but also sell it how they want to sell it, to whomever they want. To.
+I think that's the incentive.
+There are many gardeners who would like to expand their production if they have the financial incentive.
+I think I need to look at exercise composition now too.
+(Laughter) If this move were a 1960s beach movie, it would be Where The Boys Are's.
+(laughter) So, I'll take you on a mission.
+It is not right and unfair for women to assume this responsibility to feed our country and the world.
+OK？
+(Applause.) And I'm going to challenge women to come up with really clever and creative ways to get men into the garden.
+(Laughter) Are you wearing a bathing suit?
+(Laughter) But beyond that, I think we need to reconsider the infrastructure in place for the gardens.
+I think we need to build a new infrastructure.
+This is one of the things my organization is working on right now, very much like a location-based local communications infrastructure that allows people in the same area to connect and help each other.
+I think we're missing this at the moment -- (Laughter), but we can.
+The technology certainly exists.
+On top of that, I think we need another kind of infrastructure.
+It would be nice if we could all get together.
+If we've learned anything from the TED experience, it's that when we bring people together, there's strength, and I think we need to bring people together at the local level.
+And I think we can take inspiration from the previous movement, the grunge movement. The Grunge movement is a rural movement that gathers farmers into one building to rebuild and learn how to become better farmers.
+I think we need a network of suburban farmlands now.
+I think one of the last things we need to do is not lose the joy of eating.
+Food is at its best when it's delicious and shared as part of a community. I think gardens can also bring back part of the community feel.
+So we'll end with the last video. Rewatch the short video I showed you earlier and suggest a different ending.
+And I think this ending is within our reach, but it will really require us all to come together.
+A new history of gastronomy is here.
+(“Thus Speaks Zarathustra” plays) (Applause) (Applause and cheers) Thank you. Thank you everyone. thank you.
+"Will the plague end the chestnuts?
+Farmers don't think so.
+It will continue to smolder at its roots and keep producing new shoots until another parasite comes along and ends the plague. "
+In the early 20th century, a fungal infection completely wiped out the chestnut population of the eastern United States, which numbered about four billion trees.
+Fungi are the most destructive pathogens for plants, including economically important crops.
+Can you imagine today that crop losses associated with fungal infections are estimated at billions of dollars annually worldwide?
+This is enough food calories to feed 500 million people.
+And this has serious implications such as starvation outbreaks in developing countries, drastic reductions in income for farmers and distributors, higher prices for consumers, and the risk of exposure to mycotoxins, poisons produced by fungi. make an impact.
+The problem we face is that the current methods used to prevent and treat these dreaded diseases, especially genetic control, utilization of natural sources of resistance, crop rotation and seed treatments, are still limited or that it is temporary.
+They must be updated constantly.
+Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient strategies, which require research to identify biological mechanisms that could be targeted for new antifungal therapeutics.
+One of the hallmarks of fungi is that they cannot migrate and grow only by extension, forming a sophisticated network of mycelium.
+In 1884, Anton de Barry, the father of plant pathology, first speculated that fungi are guided by signals sent by host plants (i.e., plants in which they can live and survive). Signals therefore act as lighthouses for fungi. To find a plant, grow towards it, reach it, and finally invade and form a colony.
+He knew that identifying such signals would provide great knowledge that could help refine strategies for blocking interactions between fungi and plants.
+However, due to the lack of suitable methods at that time, we were unable to identify this mechanism at the molecular level.
+Using a purified and mutagenized genomics approach, as well as a technique that allows for the measurement of directed hyphal growth, today, 130 years later, I am proud to say that my former team and I have been able to establish the I am pleased to share with you that we have finally identified such a plant signal by studying interactions. A pathogenic fungus called Fusarium oxysporum and one of its host plants, the tomato plant.
+Similarly, we were able to characterize the fungal receptors that receive these signals and some of the underlying responses that occur within the fungi and lead directly to plant growth.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Understanding these molecular processes provides a panel of molecules that could potentially be used to create novel antifungal therapeutics.
+And their processing would disrupt the interaction between fungi and plants by blocking the plant's signals or the fungal receiving systems that receive those signals.
+Fungal infections are devastating to crops.
+In addition, we are entering an era in which demand for agricultural production will increase significantly.
+And this is due to population growth, economic development, climate change and demand for biofuels.
+Understanding the molecular mechanisms of interactions between fungi and their host plants (such as tomatoes) will help develop more efficient strategies to combat fungal diseases in plants, and thus improve human livelihoods, food security, and human health. It can be a big step towards solving a problem that affects the lives of many. economic growth.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am here to talk about the wonders and mysteries of consciousness.
+What's strange is the fact that when we all woke up this morning, we were surprisingly conscious.
+We have restored minds with full self-consciousness and a full sense of our own being, but we seldom stop to think about this wonder.
+In fact we should. For without this conscious potentiality of the mind we cannot know anything about our humanity. We would have no knowledge of the world.
+We have no pain, but we also have no joy.
+We will lose access to love and the ability to create.
+And of course, Scott Fitzgerald famously said, "Whoever invented consciousness will have a lot of responsibility."
+But he also forgot that without consciousness there is no access to true happiness, not even the possibility of transcendence.
+So much for wonders, now let's talk about mysteries.
+This is really a very difficult mystery to solve.
+Dating back to early philosophy and, of course, throughout the history of neuroscience, this has been one of the mysteries that has always resisted unraveling and sparked great controversy.
+And there are actually a lot of people who think we shouldn't touch it. It doesn't solve it and should be left alone.
+I don't believe that and I think things are changing.
+It would be silly to claim that we know how to create consciousness in the brain, but surely we can begin to approach the problem and begin to see solutions. I can.
+And another marvel to celebrate is the fact that we have imaging technology that allows us to go inside the human brain and do, say, what we're looking at.
+These images, courtesy of Hannah Damasio's lab, show how the brain is reconstructed in a living brain.
+And this is a living person.
+This is not the person being studied in anatomy.
+And then, and this is really amazing, the next thing I'm going to show you is to look below the surface of the brain and actually see real connections in the living brain. aisle.
+Therefore, all these colored lines correspond to axonal bundles, the fibers that connect cell bodies to synapses.
+Sorry to disappoint you, but there is no collar.
+But in any case they are there.
+Colors are codes that represent the direction from back to front or vice versa.
+But what is consciousness?
+What is the Conscious Mind?
+And you can also take a very simplistic view and say: It is what we lose when we fall into deep sleep without dreaming or when we are under anesthesia, and what we regain when we recover from sleep or anesthesia.
+But what is it that is lost under anesthesia and during deep, dreamless sleep?
+Well, first of all, it is the mind, the flow of mental images.
+And of course consider the images that may be visual sensory patterns like the one you have now about the stage and me, or auditory images like the one you have about my words .
+The flow of that mental image is the mind.
+But there's something else we're all experiencing in this room.
+We do not passively display visual, auditory or tactile images.
+we have a self
+We now have an "I" that exists automatically in our mind.
+we own our hearts
+And there is a sense that we are all going through this, not the person sitting next to you.
+Therefore, in order to have a conscious mind, one must have a self in the conscious mind.
+A conscious mind is therefore a mind that has a self within it.
+The self introduces a subjective perspective to the mind, and we are fully conscious only when it comes to mind.
+So to tackle this mystery we need to know, first, how the mind is organized in the brain, and second, how the self is constructed. about it.
+Now, the first part, the first problem, which is relatively easy, but never easy, is something that neuroscience has been approaching gradually.
+And it's clear that in order to make a mind, we need to build a neural map.
+So imagine a grid like the one I'm showing you right now. And within that grid, imagine that two-dimensional sheet, the neuron.
+And imagine a billboard, a digital billboard, that has elements that are illuminated or not.
+Then you will be able to build maps depending on how you create lit or unlit patterns, digital elements, or even neurons in the sheet.
+Of course, this is a visual map that I show you, but this applies to all kinds of maps. For example, auditory maps related to sound frequencies and maps we construct with our skin. Objects that we palpate.
+Now, just to give you an idea of ​​how close it is, the relation between the grid of neurons and the topographical arrangement of neuronal activity and our mental experience, I would like to give you a personal story. I'm going to
+So if I cover my left eye -- and I'm not talking about all of you, I'm talking about me personally -- if I cover my left eye, I see a grid -- I tell you Pretty much the same as what you are showing.
+Everything is nice, fine and vertical.
+But a while ago I realized that if I cover my left eye, I get this instead.
+If you look at the grid, you can see the distortion at the edge of the left-of-center field.
+Very strange -- I've been analyzing this for a while.
+But not long ago, with the help of my ophthalmologist colleague Carmen Priafito, who developed the laser scanner for the retina, I learned:
+Scanning the retina through a horizontal plane in a small corner yields the following results.
+The right retina is perfectly symmetrical.
+It can be seen descending towards the fovea where the optic nerve begins.
+However, my left retina has a bump indicated by the red arrow.
+And it corresponds to a small cyst underneath.
+And that is exactly what is causing my visual image to be distorted.
+Think about this. There is a grid of neurons, and the position of the grid changes planarly and mechanically, resulting in a distorted mental experience.
+This shows how close your mental experiences are to the activity of neurons in the retina, the part of the brain that resides in your eyeballs. In other words, it is the sheet of the visual cortex.
+That is, from the retina to the visual cortex.
+And of course the brain adds a lot of information to what's going on with the signals from the retina.
+In the image there you can see different islands that I call imaging regions in the brain.
+For example, green corresponds to tactile information and blue corresponds to auditory information.
+And what happens more is that the imaging regions where all these neural maps are plotted can provide a signal to this sea of ​​purple seen all around. It is the association cortex and anything can be recorded there. I continued my activities in the islands of image production.
+And the great thing is, then, from memory, you can get out of those association cortices and generate backimages in exactly the same areas that you have perception in.
+Now consider how wonderfully useful and lazy the brain is.
+Therefore, it provides a specific area for perception and image formation.
+And they are exactly the same ones that are used to create images when we recall information.
+So far, the mystery of the conscious mind has faded a bit, as we've gotten a general sense of how we create these images.
+But what about yourself?
+Self is a really elusive question.
+And for a long time people did not even touch it. Because they say, "How can I get this reference point, this stability, that I need to maintain the continuity of my daily self?"
+And I thought of a solution for this problem.
+It is as follows.
+We generate a brain map inside the body and use it as a reference for all other maps.
+So I'd like to tell you a little bit about how I got to this point.
+I have come to this notion that if we want to have the reference we know as the self, the 'me' in our own processes, we must have something stable, something that does not deviate too much from the routine. Because it is necessary to today.
+Well, our bodies just happen to be one.
+We are one body, not two or three.
+And that's where it started.
+There is only one reference point and that is the body.
+But, of course, the body has many parts, they grow at different rates, they are different sizes, and they are different people. But the interior is not.
+What is known as our internal environment, for example the overall control of the chemicals in our bodies, is actually very well maintained every day for some very good reasons.
+If life deviates too much from the near-midline parameters of the acceptable survival range, it will either lead to illness or death.
+In other words, we have built-in systems in our own lives that guarantee some kind of continuity.
+I like to call it almost infinite sameness every day.
+Because without that identity, physiologically, you would either get sick or die.
+This is another element of this continuity.
+And finally, there is a very tight connection between the regulation of our body in the brain and the body itself, unlike any other connection.
+For example, I am creating an image of you, but there is no physiological connection between the image I have of you as a spectator and my brain.
+But there is a close and permanently maintained connection between the part of my brain that controls the body and my own body.
+It looks like this. Look at that area.
+Between the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord is the brainstem.
+And within that realm, I will emphasize, is this realm where we house all the life-regulating apparatus of the body.
+This is very specific, for example if you look at the upper reddish area of ​​the brainstem and it is damaged, for example as a result of a stroke, you go into a coma or vegetative state. The state is, of course, the state in which the mind disappears and the consciousness disappears.
+What really happens then is that you lose your groundings of self, you no longer have access to a sense of your own being, and in fact images may continue to form in your cortex. I don't know they are there.
+Damage to the red part of the brainstem can result in virtual unconsciousness.
+But considering the green part of the brainstem, no such thing happens.
+it is specific.
+In other words, damage to the green part of the brain stem, which often happens, results in complete paralysis, but consciousness is preserved.
+You feel fully aware that you, you know, can report very indirectly.
+This is a horrible state. You don't want to see
+And indeed, man is confined within his body, but he has a mind.
+There was a very interesting movie a few years ago by Julian Schnabel about a patient in this situation. It's one of the few good movies made about this situation.
+Now let me show you the pictures.
+I promise not to say anything on this subject except to scare you.
+In a nutshell, I just want to tell you that the red part of the brainstem has all those little squares that correspond to modules that actually create brain maps of different aspects of our insides, different aspects of our body. It is.
+They have exquisite terrain and are exquisitely interconnected in recursive patterns.
+And from this, and from this tight connection between the brainstem and the body, you, it is the basis of the self, which manifests itself in the form of emotions, incidentally, primitive emotions.
+So what are the pictures we get here?
+When you look at the 'cerebral cortex', 'brain stem' and 'body' you get a picture of interconnectedness where the brain stem is so tightly interconnected with the body that it provides the basis for the self.
+And the cerebral cortex, which is actually the content of our mind, is what we usually pay the most attention to, naturally, the wealth of images that provide a wonderful picture in our minds. It offers. Because it's actually spinning film. in our hearts.
+But look at the arrows.
+They aren't there for looks.
+They exist because they interact so closely.
+Without the interaction of the cerebral cortex and brainstem, we cannot have consciousness.
+Without the interaction between the brainstem and the body, there can be no consciousness.
+Another interesting thing is that our brainstem is shared with various other species.
+Therefore, across vertebrates, the design of the brainstem is very similar to ours, and this is one reason to think that other species have consciousness as well as we do.
+Except they aren't as wealthy as we are because they don't have a cerebral cortex like ours.
+That's the difference.
+And I strongly disagree that consciousness should be thought of as a great product of the cerebral cortex.
+Only the richness of our minds matters, not the very fact that we have a self that we can refer to as our own being, or that we have some sense of personality.
+There are three levels of self to consider here. Proto, core and autobiography.
+The first two are shared with many other species, and they actually emerge primarily from those present in the brainstem and cortex of those species.
+I think it's an autobiographical self that some species have.
+Cetaceans and primates also have a degree of autobiographical self.
+And all of the house dogs have an autobiographical self to some degree.
+But here's the novelty.
+The autobiographical self is built on memories of the past and the plans we have made. It is the lived past and the anticipated future.
+And the autobiographical self prompted expansion of memory, reasoning, imagination, creativity, and language.
+And out of it came the instruments of culture: religion, justice, trade, art, science and technology.
+And what we can actually get is in that culture, and this is new, but not entirely determined by our biology.
+It develops in culture.
+It evolved in human populations.
+And, of course, this is a culture that has developed what we like to call sociocultural regulations.
+And finally, it's fair to ask why you care about this.
+Why care if it's the brainstem or the cerebral cortex and how it's made?
+There are 3 reasons. Curiosity first.
+Primates are very curious, and above all humans.
+And if, for example, we're interested in the fact that anti-gravity is pulling galaxies away from Earth, why shouldn't we be interested in what's going on inside humans?
+The second is to understand society and culture.
+We need to focus on how society and culture in this sociocultural regulation is a work in progress.
+And finally, medicine.
+Remember that some of the worst diseases of mankind include depression, Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction, and others.
+Think of a stroke that can destroy your mind or even cause you to lose consciousness.
+Without knowing how it works, we can't treat these diseases effectively and in a non-coincident way.
+So, beyond curiosity, it's a very good reason to justify what we're doing and justify taking some interest in what's going on in our brains. .
+Thank you for your attention.
+(applause)
+I study how the brain processes information. That is, how it takes information from the outside world, transforms it into patterns of electrical activity, and how those patterns are used to enable humans to do things: see, hear, object Is it possible to reach out to
+So, although I'm really a basic scientist, not a clinician, over the past year and a half I've started to switch to applying what I've learned about these activity patterns to the development of prosthetic devices. I would like to show you an example of this today.
+In fact, this is the first time for us as well.
+It is the development of prosthetic devices to treat blindness.
+So let's start with that problem.
+There are 10 million people in the US.
+And the many more people around the world who are blind or facing blindness due to diseases such as retinal disease and macular degeneration, can do little for them.
+There are some drug treatments, but they are effective in only a small portion of the population. Therefore, for the majority of patients, the greatest hope of restoring vision is through prosthetic devices.
+The problem is that current prostheses do not work very well. The vision they can offer is still very limited.
+For example, with these devices, patients could only see simple things like bright lights and high-contrast edges, and nothing close to normal vision.
+What I'm going to talk to you about today is a device that we're working on that I think has the potential to make a difference and be more effective. What I wanted to do is show how it works. . Okay, so let's go back a little bit and first show you how a normal retina works so you understand the problem we were trying to solve.
+So there is the image, the retina, and the brain.
+So when you look at something, like this image of a baby's face, it enters your eye and reaches the retina, the anterior tip cells here, the photoreceptors.
+Then the retinal circuit, or central part, starts working, performing operations on the retina, extracting information from the retina, and translating that information into code.
+The important thing is that the image is ultimately converted into a code, because the code is in the form of a pattern of electrical pulses sent to the brain. When I say code, I literally mean code.
+This pulse pattern actually means "baby face", so when the brain receives this pulse pattern, it recognizes that there is a baby face, and if it gets another pattern, Recognize what is outside. For example, there is a dog, and another pattern is a house.
+Anyway, you get the idea.
+And of course, in real life everything is dynamic, which means it's always changing. In other words, the pulse pattern is also constantly changing. Because the world you see is also constantly changing.
+So it's kind of complicated. There's a pattern of pulses coming out of your eyes every millisecond that tells your brain what you're looking at.
+So what happens when you have a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration? any circuits that are connected to it will also die.
+All that is left here are the cells, the output cells that send signals to the brain, but due to their degeneration they are no longer sending signals.
+Since there is no input, the person's brain cannot receive any visual information. In other words, the person becomes blind.
+The solution to this problem, therefore, is to build a device that mimics the behavior of the front-end circuit and can send signals to the output cells of the retina, which then return to their normal job of sending signals. I can. brain.
+This is what we have been working on and this is the role of our prostheses.
+So it consists of two parts called encoder and transducer.
+And the encoder does exactly what I said. In other words, it mimics the behavior of the front-end circuitry, taking an image and translating it into retinal code.
+The transducer then causes the output cells to send a code to the brain, resulting in an artificial retina capable of producing normal retinal output.
+Thus, a completely blind retina, even one with no front-end circuitry or photoreceptors at all, can now transmit normal signals that the brain can understand.
+So no other device can do this.
+Now, let me explain the encoder and how it works in a sentence or two. Because this is the really important part, the interesting stuff, and the cool stuff.
+I don't know if "cool" is really the right word, but you know what I mean.
+So what it's doing is replacing the retinal circuit, actually the content of the retinal circuit, with a set of equations, a set of equations that can be implemented on a chip. So it's just math.
+In other words, it's not literally replacing the retina component.
+We are not creating tiny miniature devices for different cell types.
+We abstracted the workings of the retina with a set of equations.
+So in a way the equations act as a kind of codebook. An image is input, passed through a series of equations, and a stream of electrical pulses output, much like the normal retina produces.
+Now let's spend some money to show that we can actually produce normal output and what this means.
+Three firing patterns are shown below. The top photo is of a normal animal, the middle photo is of a blind animal treated with this encoder transducer device, and the bottom photo is of a blind animal treated with a standard prosthesis.
+At the bottom is the most advanced device out there today, which basically consists of a photodetector but no encoder. So what we did was show a movie of an everyday event—a person, a baby, a park bench, etc.—occurring on a regular basis, and record the responses from the retinas of these three groups of animals. about it.
+Here, for illustration, each box shows the firing pattern of several cells. As with the previous slide, each row is a different cell. I just made the pulse a little smaller and thinner. long data.
+As can be seen, the firing patterns of blind animals treated with encoder transducers are very consistent with normal firing patterns. Not perfect, but pretty good. It also matches very well with the firing patterns of blind animals treated with standard prostheses. , the response is actually not.
+In the standard way, the cell will fire, just not in the normal firing pattern due to lack of correct code.
+How important is this?
+What impact can a patient's vision have?
+Therefore, we present only one final experiment to answer this question. Of course, we have a lot more data, and I'd be happy to show you more if you're interested. This experiment is therefore called a reconstruction experiment.
+So what we've done is take a moment from these recordings and ask what the retina was seeing at that moment.
+Can responses from firing patterns reconstruct what the retina saw?
+When I did this for the standard method and the responses from the encoders and transducers.
+So let's start with the standard method first.
+So it's pretty limited, and since the firing pattern isn't in the correct code, you'll find that it can tell you very limited about what's in there. So you know there's something there, but it's not so clear what it is. This kind of goes back to what I was saying initially, but the standard method allows the patient to see high-contrast edges. You can see the light, but it doesn't get any easier than that. So what was that image? It was a baby's face.
+So what about our approach of adding code? And it turns out to be much better. It's a really difficult task to be able to tell not only "it's a baby's face" but also "this is a baby's face".
+The left side is the encoder only and the right side is the encoder and transducer from the real blind retina.
+But what really matters is the encoder alone. This is because the encoder can be combined with another transducer.
+This is actually the first one we tried.
+When this first came out, the idea of ​​making even blind retinas respond was really exciting.
+However, this was our contribution as there was a code issue, a limiting factor of how to make the cell react better and generate a normal response.
+Finally, I would like to summarize. Like I said, if you're interested, of course there's a lot of other data out there, but I just wanted to show you this kind of basic idea of ​​being able to communicate with the brain. language, and the potential power that can do it.
+In other words, unlike motion prostheses, which communicate from the brain to the device. Here it must be transmitted from the outside world to the brain, understood, and understood by the brain.
+And finally, I want to emphasize that the idea can be generalized.
+Therefore, the same strategy that we used to find codes in the retina can also be used to find codes in other areas, such as the auditory and motor systems, as well as for treating auditory and movement disorders.
+So, just as we were able to jump over damaged circuits in the retina to get to the output cells in the retina, we could also jump over damaged circuits in the cochlea to get the auditory nerve, or jump over damaged areas of the cortex. can. , in the motor cortex, which functions to fill gaps created by stroke.
+I just want to end with a simple message that understanding code is really, really important and that if you can understand code, the language of your brain, you can do things that were previously apparently impossible. thank you.
+(applause)
+In short, I believe we are living in an age of computer interface cave paintings.
+There are so many of them that you can't delve as deeply or emotionally as you can. I want to change all that.
+Hit me.
+OK. So this is a status quo interface, right?
+It's very flat and kind of stiff.
+So you could fuck it up and go for a more lickable Mac, but really, it's the same old crap we've had for the last 30 years.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I think we've put up with a lot of crap with computers.
+It's point and click. Menus, icons, etc. are all similar.
+So one of the information spaces that inspires me is my physical desk.
+It's much more subtle and much more intuitive. That is, what is visible and what is not visible.
+And we want to bring that experience to the desktop.
+So this is BumpTop.
+It's like a new approach to desktop computing.
+This means you can hit things. They are all physically manipulable.
+Instead of pointing and clicking, it feels like pushing and pulling, and things collide as expected. Much like my physical desk, I can turn things into piles instead of just folders.
+The stacks can be tossed into a grid to browse, flipped like a book, or laid out like a deck of cards.
+Once they are in place, you can drag things to new locations, delete things, or rearrange entire piles at once.
+And everything is smoothly animated instead of the jarring changes we see in today's interfaces.
+And what if you want to add something to the pile?
+Just throw it in the pile and it will be added to the top in no time. It's kind of a nice way.
+Also, some of the things we can do are what we thought about these individual icons. I mean, how can you play around with your icon idea and push it further?
+And one thing I can do is make it bigger if I want to emphasize it and make it more important.
+But what's really cool is that it's actually heavier because there's a physics simulation running underneath it. That's why the light guy doesn't move much, but if you throw it at the light guy, won't it?
+(laughs) It's cute, but it's also kind of a subtle channel of information, right?
+This one is heavy so it feels more important. So it's kind of cool.
+Despite the ubiquity of computers, paper hasn't really disappeared because I think paper has many valuable properties.
+And some of them wanted to transfer to icons in the system.
+So one thing you can do with icons just like paper is creasing and folding just like paper. Please remember this for later.
+Or, if you want to be destructive, you can roll it up and throw it in the corner.
+Also, much like paper, around our workspace, we pin things to the wall to remember later. You can do the same here. Post-its and other things are pasted around people's offices. .
+And when we want to work together, we can do it.
+One criticism of this kind of approach to organization is, "Well, my physical desk is really messy. I don't want that kind of mess on my computer."
+What we have for that is a sort of grid alignment that allows for a more traditional desktop. Things line up in some kind of grid.
+More boring, but still there are such clashes and clashes.
+You can also do fun things like creating shelves on your desktop.
+Let's break this shelf. Well, the shelf is broken.
+Another great area of ​​the software, I think, goes beyond icons and applies not only to icons and the desktop, but also to viewing photos.
+I think you can browse through the photos and really enrich the way you bring it into your shoebox, such as the one you put on your kitchen table with your family.
+You can throw these things away. They are much more tangible and tactile, you know you can double-click on something to see it.
+And you can do all the same things that I introduced before.
+So you can stack things up, you can flip them over, okay, let's move this picture back, let's delete this guy right here, and it's just a richer kind of interaction. I think with your information.
+That's the bump top. thank you!
+Remember the story of Odysseus and the Siren from high school or middle school?
+After the Trojan War, Odysseus returned home.
+And he stood on the deck of the ship, talking to the chief mate, and said, "Tomorrow we will pass that crag, upon which sits a beautiful woman called a siren. increase.
+And these women sing an enchanting song, which is so enchanting that all the sailors who hear it crash into the rocks and die. "
+Now, given this, you would expect them to take another route around the Sirens, but instead Odysseus says, "I want to hear that song.
+So what I'm gonna do is pour wax in your ears and all the men - stay with me - so you won't hear the song and I'm gonna Can you tie me to the mast? Then I can listen and we can sail unaffected. "
+In other words, the captain risks the lives of everyone on board for the song to be heard.
+And I'd like to think that if this were the case, they probably would have rehearsed several times.
+Odysseus said, "Okay, let's do a dry run.
+You tie me to the mast and I'm going to beg and beg.
+And no matter what I say, you can't unleash me from the mast.
+All right, then tie me to the mast. "
+And the first mate picks up a rope and ties Odysseus to the mast with a nice knot.
+And Odysseus does his best job of acting and says, "Untie me, untie me."
+I want to hear that song. solve me "
+And the first mate wisely resisted and did not untie Odysseus' rope.
+Then Odysseus said, "It seems you can have it.
+All right, let's untie my tie now and have dinner. "
+And the first mate hesitates.
+It's like, "Is this still a rehearsal, or should I untie his tie?"
+And the chief mate thinks, "Well, I guess we'll have to finish rehearsals at some point."
+So he untied Odysseus and Odysseus fell over.
+He said, "You idiot, you idiot.
+If I did that tomorrow, I would die, you would die, and all the men would die.
+Please don't untie me no matter what. "
+He threw the first mate to the ground.
+This is repeated throughout the night - rehearsal, strapped to the mast, tricking how to escape from the mast, and mercilessly beating the poor first mate.
+Cheerfulness continues.
+Strapping your body to the mast is probably the oldest written example of what psychologists call a commitment device.
+A commitment device is a decision that binds you with your cool head so that you don't do something you'll regret when your head gets hot.
+If you think about it, one person has two heads.
+Scholars have long invoked these two personal metaphors on the issue of temptation.
+First of all, there is myself now.
+This is like Odysseus when listening to a song.
+He just wants to be in the front row.
+He only cares about here and now and immediate gratification.
+But there is another self, the future self.
+This is Odysseus as an old man who only wants to retire with his wife Penelope in a sunny villa outside Ithaca.
+So why do we need commitment devices?
+As the 19th-century British economist Nassau William Sr. put it, it's hard to resist temptation. “Avoiding self-made pleasures, or seeking distant results rather than immediate results, is one of the most painful acts of the human will.”
+If you set goals for yourself, and like many others, chances are that the reason you are unable to reach your goals is not because they are physically impossible, but because you have the self-discipline to reach them. You will find that it is because you are missing it.
+It is possible to lose weight physically.
+Physically, you can do more exercise.
+But temptation is hard to resist.
+Another reason temptation is difficult to resist is that it is an unequal battle between your present self and your future self.
+So, to be honest, my current self exists.
+it is under control. It is now in power.
+It has these powerful, heroic arms that can lift donuts into its mouth.
+And my future self is nowhere to be found.
+It is off from now on. I'm weak.
+No lawyer was present.
+No one will stand by your future self.
+That's how the present self can run over in a dream.
+So there is this battle going on between two selves, and we need a commitment device to level the playing field between the two.
+Actually, now I'm a big fan of commitment devices.
+While tying yourself to a mast is the oldest method, there are other methods such as locking your credit cards, keeping junk food out of your home to avoid eating it, and disconnecting your internet connection so you can use it. There is a way. computer.
+I was creating my own commitment device long before I knew what it was.
+So when I was a starving postdoc at Columbia University, I was at a publish or die stage in my career.
+I had to write 5 pages a day for my thesis, otherwise I had to give up $5.
+And when you try to implement these commitment devices, you realize that the devil really lurks in the details.
+Because getting rid of $5 is not easy.
+That is, it cannot be burned. it is illegal.
+And then I thought maybe I could donate it to charity or donate it to my wife or something.
+But then I thought, oh, I might be sending myself different messages.
+Because not writing is bad, but donating to charity is good.
+Then I would justify not writing by giving a gift.
+So I flipped it over and thought maybe I could give it to the neo-Nazis.
+But that wouldn't work, I thought, because writing is worse than good.
+So in the end I decided to put it in an envelope and leave it on the subway.
+Sometimes good people find it, sometimes bad people find it.
+On average, it's a completely pointless exchange of money that you'll regret.
+(Laughter) Same goes for commitment devices.
+However, as much as I love commitment devices, there are two concerns I always have about them. This may be felt by those who use it themselves.
+The first is that when you're using these devices, such as the contracts you write every day or the contracts you pay, it's just a constant reminder that you have no self-control.
+You are just telling yourself "Without you I am nothing, I have no self-control."
+And when you find yourself in a situation where you don't have the means of commitment in place, like, "Oh my God, he offers me donuts and I have no defenses," I just eat. is. that.
+So I don't like the way they take power away from you.
+I think self-discipline is like a muscle.
+The more you practice, the stronger you become.
+Another problem with commitment devices is that you can always get out of them.
+you say "Of course I can't write today because I'm going to give a TEDTalk, have five media interviews, then go to a cocktail party, and then I'll be drunk."
+So this can't work. "
+So, in effect, you are like Odysseus and the first mate.
+You drive yourself, you bind yourself, you weasel your way out, and then you blame yourself.
+So for about 10 years I've been working to find other ways to change people's relationships with their future selves without using commitment devices.
+I am particularly interested in the relationship with my future financial self.
+And this is a timely issue.
+It's a matter of savings.
+Now, saving is a classic two-person problem.
+I don't want to save myself right now.
+I want to consume it.
+On the other hand, your future self wants your present self to save you.
+So this is a timely issue.
+The savings rate has been declining since the 1950s.
+At the same time, the Retirement Risk Index, which is the likelihood of not meeting retirement needs, is also increasing.
+And we are now in a situation where McKinsey Global Institute predicts that 2 in 3 baby boomers will not be able to meet their pre-retirement needs during their retirement years.
+So what can we do about this?
+There is a philosopher named Derek Parfitt who left his co-authors and me with inspirational words.
+"We may neglect our future selves because we lack faith and imagination," he said.
+So maybe we somehow can't believe we're getting old, or we can't imagine that we're going to get old someday.
+On the one hand, it sounds silly.
+Of course we know we are getting old.
+But aren't there things we believe and things we don't believe at the same time?
+So my co-authors and I have been using the greatest tool of our time, the computer, to help people's imaginations and help them imagine what it would be like to go into the future.
+Here are some of these tools.
+The first is called Distribution Builder.
+It shows people what the future holds by showing them 100 possible future outcomes with the same probability.
+Each outcome is represented by one of these markers, each placed in a row representing wealth and retirement levels.
+Being at the top means that you can enjoy a high income even after you retire.
+Being at the bottom means you're struggling to make ends meet.
+When you invest, what you really want to say is, ``I accept that one of these 100 events could happen to me and that could determine my wealth.''
+Now you can try moving the results.
+You can try to manipulate your destiny as this person does, but it comes at a cost.
+That means we have to save more today.
+Once you have found an investment you are happy with, click "Done" and the markers will slowly start disappearing one by one.
+Simulate what it's like to invest in something and watch that investment pay off.
+In the end, only one marker remains, which determines our retirement wealth.
+Yes, this person retired with 150% of his working income when he retired.
+They make more money in retirement than they do in working life.
+If you're like most people, just looking at it gives you a little elation and joy. Just think about making 50% more money in retirement than before.
+But if you finished last, you might have felt a little terrified or nauseous at the thought of struggling to survive retirement.
+By using this tool over and over again and simulating results after results, people will come to understand that the investments and savings they make today will determine their future well-being.
+People are currently motivated by emotions, but what motivates people varies.
+It's a graphical simulation, but some people are motivated by what money can buy, not just numbers.
+So instead of showing you the numbers, I created a distribution builder that shows people what those outcomes will bring to you, specifically which apartments you can buy for $3,000, $2,500, $2,000, etc. per month in retirement. bottom.
+As you make your way down the apartment ladder, you'll discover that the situation in your apartment is getting worse and worse.
+Some of them resemble where I lived when I was a graduate student.
+And when you hit rock bottom, you're faced with the unfortunate reality that if you don't save anything for retirement, you won't be able to afford a home at all.
+These are actual photos of the actual apartment rented for that amount as advertised on the internet.
+The last one I'll show you, the final action time machine, was made by me with Hal Hershfield who was introduced to me by Bill Sharpe, co-author of a previous project.
+And that is the quest for virtual reality.
+So what we're doing is taking pictures of people (college students in this case) and using software to age them to see what they'll look like when they're 60, 70, 80. to show. .
+And we're going to test whether actually helping your imagination by seeing your future self's face can change your investment behavior.
+This is one of our experiments.
+Here you can see the young subject's face on the left.
+He is given controls that allow him to adjust his savings rate.
+As he lowers the savings rate, it means zero savings here when it's on the far left.
+We can see that although his current annual income (which is the percentage of his paycheck he can take home today) is quite high at 91%, his retirement income is quite low.
+He will retire with 44% of what he earned during his playing days.
+Saving up to the legal maximum will give him more money for retirement, but he is frustrated because he has less money to spend today on his left side.
+Other conditions show people their future selves.
+And from the point of view of my future self, everything is the other way around.
+If you have little savings, your future self will be unhappy on 44 percent of your income.
+On the other hand, if your current self saves a lot, your future self will be overjoyed when your income approaches 100%.
+To bring this to a wider audience, I've been working with Hal and Allianz to create something called the Behavior Time Machine. With this machine, you can not only see your future self, but also your expected emotional reactions to various things. level of wealth after retirement.
+For example, some people use this tool.
+Observe the facial expressions as you move the slider.
+The young face becomes happier and nothing is saved.
+Old faces are miserable.
+And slowly, slowly, we're pulling it up to the moderate savings rate.
+and high savings rate.
+Young face is unhappy.
+Old Face is very happy with the decision.
+We'll see if this affects people's behavior.
+And the nice thing about this is that it doesn't really prejudice people. Because when one face smiles, the other frowns.
+It doesn't tell you which way to put the slider, it just reminds you that you are connected and legally bound to this future self.
+Your decisions today determine its health.
+And it's easy to forget.
+This use of virtual reality is not only good for making people look older.
+There are programs that let you see what people look like if they smoke, if they get too much sun exposure, if they gain weight, and so on.
+The good news is that unlike the experiment Hal and I did with Russ Smith, you don't have to program yourself to see virtual reality.
+There are applications with the same functionality available on smartphones for just a few bucks.
+This is actually a photo of my co-author, Hal.
+You may recognize him from previous demos.
+As a bonus, we ran his photos through hair loss, aging and weight gain software to see what he looks like.
+Now that Hal is here, I think we owe him as much as you to make sure that last image isn't abused against you.
+And I will close there.
+On behalf of Hal and I, we wish you all the best now and in the future.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I have been in Afghanistan for 21 years.
+I work for the Red Cross and am a physical therapist.
+My job is to build arms and legs, but that's not entirely true.
+we do more than that.
+We provide disabled patients in Afghanistan first with physical rehabilitation and then with social reintegration.
+This is a very logical plan, but it didn't always turn out this way.
+For many years we only provided them with prosthetic limbs.
+It took many years for this program to become what it is today.
+Today, I want to tell you the story of a big change, and the stories of the people who made this change possible.
+I arrived in Afghanistan in 1990 to work in a hospital for war victims.
+And it wasn't just for war victims, it was for patients of all kinds as well.
+I also worked in an orthopedic center, the so-called orthopedic center.
+This is where the legs are made.
+That's when I found myself in a strange situation.
+I felt ill-prepared for the job.
+I had a lot to learn.
+There were many new things for me.
+But it did a great job.
+But as soon as the fighting escalated, physical rehabilitation was interrupted.
+I had a lot of other things to do.
+Therefore, the orthopedic center was closed because physical rehabilitation was not considered a priority.
+It was a strange feeling.
+Anyway, every time I give this speech, not the first time, I get emotional.
+It's something that comes from the past.
+It's been 21 years and they're still there.
+Anyway, in 1992 the Mujahideen occupied all of Afghanistan.
+And the orthopedic center was closed.
+I was assigned to work with the homeless and internally displaced persons.
+But one day something happened.
+I came back from a massive food distribution in a mosque where dozens of people were squatting in terrible conditions.
+I wanted to go home. I was driving
+When I want to forget, I don't want to see it, so I want to shut myself up in my room and say, "I'm done."
+A bomb fell not far from my car - well, far enough, but it made a lot of noise.
+And everyone disappeared from the streets.
+The car is gone too.
+I crouched down.
+A single figure remained in the middle of the road.
+A man in a wheelchair desperately tried to escape.
+Well, I'm not a very brave person, so I have to confess, but I couldn't ignore him.
+So I stopped the car and went to help.
+The man had no legs and only one arm.
+Behind him was a son, a red-faced child trying to push his father away.
+So I took him to a safe place.
+And I ask, "What are you doing on the street in this situation?"
+"I work," he said.
+What job? I thought.
+And I ask even more stupid questions. "Why don't you wear a prosthetic leg?"
+Why don't you get a prosthetic leg? "
+And he said, "The Red Cross has closed."
+Without thinking, I said to him, "Come tomorrow."
+We offer you a pair of legs. "
+The man, his name was Mahmoud, and the child, whose name was Rafi, were gone.
+And I said,
+The center is closed and has no staff.
+Maybe your machine is broken.
+who will make his legs? "
+So I hoped he wouldn't come.
+This is the cityscape of Kabul at that time.
+So I said, "Okay, let's give him the money."
+So the next day, I went to an orthopedic surgeon.
+And I spoke with the gatekeeper.
+I was going to tell him, 'Listen, if someone comes along tomorrow, tell them it was a mistake.
+I can't do anything.
+give him money "
+But Mahmoud and his son were already there.
+And they weren't alone.
+There were 15, maybe 20 people like him waiting.
+And there were some staff.
+Among them was my right-hand man, Nazimuddin.
+And the gatekeeper said, "They come every day to see if the center is open."
+I said no.
+we have to go away. we cannot stay here. "
+They were bombing - not too close, but you could hear the noise of the bombs.
+"You can't stay here, it's dangerous.
+it's not a priority. "
+But Najmuddin said to me, "Now listen, we are here."
+At least we can start fixing prostheses and people's broken prostheses, and maybe try something for people like Mahmoud. "
+I said, "No, please. I can't do that.
+Really dangerous.
+we have other things to do. "
+But they insisted.
+There are 20 people in front of you, looking at you, and you are the one who has to make the decision...
+So we started some repairs.
+A physiotherapist also reported that Mahmood could be offered a leg, but not immediately.
+My legs were swollen and my knees were stiff, so I needed a long preparation.
+Believe me, I was breaking the rules and I was worried.
+I was doing something I shouldn't have done.
+In the evening I went to talk to my bosses at headquarters and lied, "Listen, I'm going to start just a few repairs a few hours a day."
+Maybe some of them are here now.
+(Laughter) That's how it started.
+I was working and going to work for the homeless every day.
+And Nazimuddin was staying there, doing everything, reporting on the patients.
+He said to me, "Patients are coming."
+We knew that many more patients could not come, hampered by the fighting.
+But people were coming.
+And Mahmoud came every day.
+And slowly, week after week, his leg improved.
+A stump or cast prosthesis was made and full-scale physical rehabilitation began.
+He came across the front every day.
+On several occasions, I have crossed the front line exactly where Mahmoud and his son are crossing.
+Let me tell you, it was so wicked that I was surprised that he would do that every day.
+But finally the beautiful day came.
+Mahmoud was due to leave the hospital with a new leg.
+I remember April as a very beautiful day.
+April in Kabul is beautiful and full of roses and flowers.
+With so many sandbags by the window, we can't stay indoors.
+very sad and dark.
+So we chose a small spot in the garden.
+Mahmoud then put on a prosthesis and did the same with other patients as they began their final exercises before being discharged from the hospital.
+Suddenly they started fighting.
+Two groups of Mujahideen started fighting.
+I heard the sound of bullets passing through the air.
+So we all dashed towards the shelter.
+Mahmoud grabbed my son and I grabbed another.
+Everyone was holding onto something.
+and we ran.
+Fifty meters in full exposure is a long way, but we managed to reach the shelter.
+As we all sat gasping inside, I heard Rafi telling his father, "Dad, you can run faster than me."
+(laughter) And Mahmoud said, "Of course you can.
+I can run and you can go to school.
+You don't have to push your wheelchair to stay with me all day. "
+After that we took them home.
+And I will never forget Mahmoud and his son, who pushed an empty wheelchair and walked with him.
+And I understood that physical rehabilitation was a priority.
+Dignity cannot wait for better times.
+From that day on, we never took a day off.
+Sometimes it would stop for hours, but it never stopped.
+I met Mahmoud a year later.
+He was in good health and a little thin.
+He had to replace his prosthesis, a new prosthesis.
+I asked him about his son.
+He told me, "He goes to school. He's doing very well."
+But I could understand he wanted to say something to me.
+So I asked him, "What is it?"
+he was sweating
+He was clearly perplexed.
+And he stood before me with his head bowed.
+He said, 'You taught me how to walk.
+thank you very much.
+Come on, help me not be a beggar anymore. "
+that was the job.
+"My children are growing up.
+I feel embarrassed.
+I don't want other students to make fun of me at school. "
+I said, "Okay."
+I wondered how much money was in my pocket.
+just to give him money.
+It was the easiest way.
+He read my mind and said, "Please do the job."
+And he added words that I will never forget.
+He said, "I'm a scumbag, but I'll do anything to help you, even if it means crawling on the ground."
+and he sat down.
+I got goosebumps sitting there too.
+He has no legs, only one arm, is illiterate, and has no skill. what kind of work does he have?
+Nazimuddin said to me, "There is a vacancy in the carpenter's shop."
+"What?" I said, "Stop."
+"Well, we need to increase the production of legs.
+You'll need to hire someone to glue or screw the soles.
+We need to increase production. "
+"excuse me?"
+I couldn't believe it.
+And he said, "No, we can modify the workbench and put a special stool, a special anvil, a special vise, and maybe an electric screwdriver."
+I said, 'Listen, that's insane.
+And it's even more cruel to think of things like this.
+It's a production line and very fast.
+It is cruel to offer him a job knowing that he will fail. "
+But when it comes to Najumuddin, it cannot be argued.
+So the only thing I managed to get was some sort of compromise.
+Try it for just one week, one week, and no more days.
+A week later, Mahmoud was the fastest on the production line.
+I said to Nazimuddin, "It's a trick.
+That's unbelievable. "
+Production increased by 20%.
+"That's a trick, that's a trick," I said.
+and asked for confirmation.
+It was true.
+Nazimuddin's comment was that Mahmoud had something to prove.
+I also realized that I was wrong.
+Mahmoud looked taller.
+I remember him sitting behind his workbench smiling.
+He grew taller again and became a new man.
+Of course, I understood that it was the legs that made him stand tall, thank you, but as a first step, it was dignity.
+The job restored him to full dignity.
+But of course I understood.
+And we started a new policy, a completely different new policy.
+We decided to employ as many people with disabilities as possible and train them to get the jobs we could.
+It became what we now call the “positive discrimination” policy.
+And what do you know?
+It's good for everyone.
+Of course, those who are employed also get jobs and dignity, so everyone benefits.
+But also for beginners.
+About 7,000 people visit each year, some of whom are visiting for the first time.
+And look at their faces when they realize that the people they are helping are just like them.
+Sometimes when I see it, I think "oh".
+and you can see the face.
+And that surprise turns into hope.
+And it is easy for me to train someone who has already experienced disability.
+Hmm, they learn much faster. The motivation and empathy that can be established with a patient are quite different.
+Human scrap does not exist.
+People like Mahmoud are agents of change.
+And once it starts to change, it won't stop.
+Besides hiring people, I have also started microfinance and education programming projects.
+And once you start, you can't stop.
+You provide vocational training and home education to those who cannot go to school.
+Physiotherapy can be done at home as well as in orthopedic centers.
+There are always better ways to do things.
+It is Nazimuddin, the one in the white coat.
+Poor Nazimuddin, that one.
+I learned a lot from people like Nazimuddin, Mahmoud and Rafi.
+they are my teachers
+I hope that this way of working and thinking will be introduced in other countries as well.
+Many countries are at war like Afghanistan.
+It is possible and not difficult.
+All we have to do is listen to the people we should help, involve them in the decision-making process, and of course adapt.
+This is my big wish.
+Do not think that the changes in Afghanistan are over. Not at all. I will continue.
+We recently started a sports program called basketball for wheelchair users.
+Carry your wheelchair anywhere.
+There are several teams in key regions of Afghanistan.
+I was hesitant at first when Ms. Anajurina said, "I'd like to start."
+I said no. You guessed it.
+I said, "No, no, no, you can't do that."
+And I asked my usual question. "Is it a priority?"
+do you really need it? "
+Well, you'd better meet me.
+I never miss a training session.
+The night before the game I get very nervous.
+And you should be able to see me during the game.
+I scream like a real Italian.
+(Laughter) What's next? What will be the next change?
+Well, we don't know yet, but I think Nazimuddin and his friends already have that in mind.
+That was my story. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I have spent the last ten years subjecting myself to pain and humiliation for the cause of self-improvement.
+And I did this in three parts.
+So I started with the mind.
+And I decided to read the Encyclopædia Britannica from A to Z, or more precisely from "a-ak" to "Zywiec", to get smarter.
+And here's a little image of it.
+And this year has been a great year.
+It was a really fascinating trip.
+It was painful at times, especially for those around me.
+My wife started fines me $1 each time I inserted an irrelevant fact into a conversation.
+Therefore, it also had its drawbacks.
+But then I decided to work on the psyche.
+As I said last year, I grew up with no religion at all.
+I am Jewish, but I am Jewish in the same way Olive Garden is Italian.
+(Laughter.) It's not.
+But I decided to learn about the Bible and my heritage by actually diving into the Bible, experiencing its life, and immersing myself in it.
+So I decided to follow all the rules of the Bible.
+And from the Ten Commandments to growing a beard, it's because Leviticus says you shouldn't shave.
+So in the end it looked like this.
+Thanks for that response.
+(Laughter.) I'm a bit like Moses and Ted Kaczynski.
+Got both.
+So there was the topiary.
+And there are sheep.
+Well, the final part of the trilogy was that I wanted to focus on my body and strive to be the healthiest person I could be, the healthiest person alive.
+That's what I've been doing for the last few years.
+And it just ended a few months ago.
+And we have to thank God.
+Because living too healthy was killing me.
+(Laughs) It was a daunting task because there was so much to do.
+I was listening to all the experts and talking to some kind of panel of medical advisors.
+And they taught me everything I had to do.
+I had to eat right, exercise, meditate, and have a dog to keep my blood pressure down.
+I wrote this book on a treadmill and it took me about 1,000 miles to write it.
+I had to apply sunscreen.
+This was a no-brainer, since listening to my dermatologist tells me I should put a generous amount of sunscreen in my shot glass.
+And it should be reapplied every 2-4 hours.
+So, I think half of the book I borrowed earlier disappeared into the sunscreen.
+I spent most of the year in a glazed donut state.
+I had a hand wash.
+I had to do it properly.
+And the immunologist said we should wipe down all the remote controls and iPhones in the house, too. Because they are just groups of bacteria.
+So it took quite some time.
+Also, I tried to be as safe a person as possible. Because it's part of health.
+I took inspiration from the Danish Safety Council.
+They started an advertising campaign that said, "Walking helmets are good helmets."
+Therefore, it is believed that helmets should be worn not only when riding a bicycle, but also when walking around.
+And I see them shopping with helmets on.
+(Laughter) Yes, I tried.
+I think this is a little extreme.
+But when you think about it, the fact is, the authors of "Freekonomics" write about this, that more deaths per mile result from drunk walking than from drunk driving. is.
+If you have a couple, there's something to think about tonight.
+So it ended, and in a way it was a success.
+All markers went in the right direction.
+My cholesterol went down, I lost weight, and my wife stopped telling me I looked pregnant.
+That's good.
+And it was a success overall.
+But I also learned that being too healthy is unhealthy.
+I was so focused on all these things that I was ignoring my friends and family.
+As Dan Buttner says, having a strong social network is very important to our health.
+That's it.
+Then, the week after the project ended, I went a little overboard.
+I went to the dark side and was just indulging myself.
+It was like something out of Caligula.
+(laughs) Except for the sex part.
+I have 3 young children so that didn't happen.
+But you can definitely eat and drink too much.
+And finally stabilized.
+So now I'm back to adopting many, not all. Although I no longer wear a helmet, there have been many healthy behaviors I have adopted over the past year.
+It was a truly life-changing project.
+And, of course, we don't have time to consider them all.
+Please let me speak to both of you.
+First, this was a surprise to me. I didn't expect this to happen, but I'm living a much quieter life now.
+Because we live in a very noisy world.
+There are trains, planes, cars, and Bill O'Reilly, and he's very noisy.
+(Laughter) And this is really an underestimated, underestimated health hazard. Not only is it obviously deafening, but it actually triggers the fight-or-flight response.
+Loud noises activate the fight-or-flight response.
+And this, over the years, can cause real damage, cardiovascular damage.
+The World Health Organization just released a large study this year.
+And it was also done in Europe.
+And they estimate that Europe loses 1.6 million years of healthy life each year to noise pollution.
+So they think it's actually quite deadly.
+By the way, it also negatively affects the brain.
+It really impairs cognition.
+And our Founding Fathers knew this.
+When they wrote the constitution, they spread dirt on the cobblestones outside the hall so that they could concentrate.
+Therefore, without noise reduction technology, our country would not exist.
+So, as a patriot, I felt it was important to: I wear all my earplugs and earphones and it has really improved my life in amazing and unexpected ways.
+And the second point I want to make, the last point, which is actually a TEDMED theme as well, is that joy is so important to health that most of these behaviors, unless they make some sense. is that they do not settle in me joy and joy in them.
+Let's take food as an example.
+The junk food industry is really good at pushing our joy buttons and figuring out what we enjoy the most.
+However, I think we can take their technology and apply it to health foods.
+We love the crunch and mouthfeel, just to name a few.
+So I've basically tried to incorporate crunchiness into many of my recipes. I added some sunflower seeds.
+And you can trick yourself into thinking you're eating Doritos.
+(laughs) And it made me healthier.
+That's it.
+A book about it will be published in April.
+Its name is "Drop Dead Healthy".
+And I hope you don't get sick during your book tour.
+That is my greatest hope.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+There have been many revolutions over the past century, but perhaps none more important than the Longevity Revolution.
+Today, we live an average of 34 years longer than our great-grandparents. please think about it.
+This adds a second adult life to our life span.
+But most of the time our culture doesn't understand what this means.
+We are still living with the old paradigm of age as our arch.
+It's a metaphor, an old metaphor.
+People are born, reach their peak in middle age, and then decline.
+(Laughter) Age as a pathology.
+But today, many people – philosophers, artists, doctors, scientists – are looking anew at what I call the “third act,” the last thirty years of life.
+They realize that this is actually a developmental stage in life that has its own significance, and that it differs from middle age in the same way adolescence differs from childhood.
+And they're asking -- we should all be asking: How are we going to spend this time?
+How can I live well?
+What is the appropriate new metaphor for aging?
+I have been researching and writing on this subject for the last year.
+And it turns out that a more apt metaphor for aging is the staircase, the upward ascent of the human spirit, leading us to wisdom, perfection, and authenticity.
+There is no age as a pathology at all.
+age as a possibility.
+And what do you think?
+This possibility is not reserved for the lucky few.
+Most people over the age of 50 found that they felt better and had less stress, hostility and anxiety.
+We tend to focus on similarities rather than differences.
+Some studies even say we're happier.
+(Laughter) This is not what I expected, believe me.
+In my late 40s, I woke up with my first six thoughts all negative.
+And I got scared.
+I thought, 'Oh my God, I'm going to be a nagging old lady.'
+But now I realize that I am actually in the middle of my own third act and have never been happier.
+I feel a very strong sense of happiness.
+And I have found that being inside the old rather than looking at it from the outside calms the fear.
+You will find that you are still yourself, perhaps even more so.
+Picasso once said, "It takes a long time to be young."
+(Laughter) I don't want to glorify aging.
+Obviously, there is no guarantee that it will be a period of fruitfulness or growth.
+Part is a matter of luck.
+In fact, one-third of it is genetic.
+And there's not much we can do about it.
+But that means we can manage two-thirds of the performances in Act 3.
+We will discuss what we can do to make these extra years really successful and use them to make a difference.
+Now let me say a few words about the stairs. Given the fact that many seniors find stairs challenging, this may seem like an odd metaphor for seniors.
+(laughs) Including myself.
+As you may know, the entire world operates according to a universal law: entropy, the second law of thermodynamics.
+Entropy means that everything in the world - everything - is in a state of decay and decay - the arch.
+There is one exception to this universal rule. It is the human spirit. It is a staircase that can continue to evolve upwards, bringing us to Wholeness, Authenticity and Wisdom.
+Here's an example of what I mean.
+This rise can occur even in the face of extreme physical challenges.
+About three years ago, I read an article in the New York Times.
+It was about a man named Neil Sellinger. A 57-year-old former attorney, he joined Sarah Lawrence's Writers Group where he found his voice as a writer.
+Two years later, he was diagnosed with ALS, commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease.
+It's a terrible disease. It's deadly.
+The body wears out, but the mind remains intact.
+In the article, Sellinger describes what happened to him:
+And I quote, "As my muscles grew weaker, my writing grew stronger.
+I was slowly speechless, but I regained my voice.
+As I dwindled, I grew.
+I've lost so much that I'm finally starting to find myself. "
+For me, Neil Sellinger is the personification of the installation of the stairs in the third act.
+Now, we are all born with a spirit, but sometimes it gets trampled under the challenges of life, violence, abuse and neglect.
+Perhaps our parents had depression.
+Perhaps they couldn't love us more than our performance in the world.
+Perhaps we are still suffering from mental pain and wounds.
+Perhaps we feel that many of our relationships are not over yet.
+Perhaps the task of the third act is to finish the task of ending oneself.
+For me, it started in Act 3, when my 60th birthday was approaching.
+how am i supposed to live
+What did I need to accomplish with this last act?
+And I realized that in order to know where I was going, I needed to know where I had been.
+So I went back and studied the first two acts and tried to see who I really was and not who my parents and other people told me to be.
+What were my parents like as people, not as parents?
+who were my grandparents?
+how did they treat my parents?
+Things like this.
+Years later, I learned that psychologists called this process I went through “doing a life review.”
+And it can give a person's life new significance and clarity and meaning, they say.
+Like me, you may find that a lot of the things you used to think were your fault, and a lot of the things you thought about yourself, actually had nothing to do with you. not.
+It wasn't your fault. you're okay
+Then you can go back and forgive them.
+And forgive yourself.
+You can free yourself from the past.
+You can make an effort to change your relationship with the past.
+Now, while writing about this, I came across a book called The Search for the Meaning of Man by Viktor Frankl.
+Viktor Frankl was a German psychiatrist who spent five years in a Nazi concentration camp.
+And he wrote that while in the camps, if they were to be released, they would be able to know which ones are okay and which ones are not.
+And he wrote: “Everything you have in life can be taken away from you except one thing: the freedom to choose how you react to situations.
+This is what determines the quality of life we ​​live, not rich or poor, famous or unknown, health or suffering.
+What determines our quality of life is how we relate to these realities, what meanings we assign to them, what attitudes we cling to, and what mental states they create. Either cause it or allow it. "
+Perhaps the central purpose of Act 3 is to go back in time and, if necessary, attempt to change our relationship with it.
+Cognitive research has shown that when we are able to do this, it manifests itself neurologically, forming neural pathways in our brains.
+As you know, if you have reacted negatively to past events and people over time, neural pathways are laid down by chemical and electrical signals sent through your brain.
+And over time, these neural pathways become fixed.
+They become the norm because they cause stress and anxiety, even if they are bad for us.
+But if we can go back in time and change our relationships, and reassess our relationships with people and events from the past, neural pathways can change.
+And if we can maintain a more positive feeling about the past, it will become the new normal.
+It's like resetting a thermostat.
+It is not having experience that makes us smart.
+It reflects what we have experienced, which makes us wiser, helps us to become whole, brings us wisdom and truthfulness.
+It helps us become what we could have been.
+Women are working hard from the beginning, right?
+'Cause as girls, we're fine--"Yeah, who says that?"
+(Laughter) We have an agency.
+We are the subject of our own life.
+But more often than not, most, if not most, of us start worrying about fitting in and being popular as we hit puberty.
+And we become subjects and objects of other people's lives.
+But now, in the third act, we may be able to go back to the beginning and know it for the first time.
+And if we can, it's not just for us.
+Older women are the largest demographic in the world.
+If we can go back and redefine ourselves and become whole, we will create a cultural shift in the world and set an example for younger generations to rediscover their own longevity. .
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+There is a poem written by a very famous English poet at the end of the 19th century.
+It is said to have reverberated in Churchill's mind in the 1930s.
+And the poem says: "On the quiet hills of summer, lazy with the flow of the river, I seem to hear the drummers in the distance beating their drums like the sound of a dream, far near. Low and high, passing through the earthly paths, my dear." Friends, food and powder, the soldiers will march and die. "
+For those interested in poetry, read the poem "A Shropshire Lad" by A.E. Houseman.
+But Hausmann understood, and you can hear it in Nielsen's symphonies, that the long, hot Sylvan steady summers of the 19th century were coming to an end, and that we were in for those dreadful times. I was trying to move to one. A history of when power changes.
+And ladies and gentlemen, these are always menstrual periods, often confusing and often bleeding.
+And my message to you is that we are destined to live in one of those very moments in history when the established order of power begins to change and the new look of the world begins to change. I believe there is. A new force in the world is beginning to take shape.
+And these, as we see them very clearly today, are almost always very turbulent times, very difficult times and, too often, very bloody times.
+By the way, it happens about once every 100 years.
+The last time it happened was that Hausmann sensed its arrival, and Churchill sensed that power was shifting from the old powers, the old powers of Europe, across the Atlantic to the new powers of the new powers. Some might argue that it was when United States -- Beginning of the American century.
+And, of course, in the vacuum in which the all too old European power once existed, the two bloody catastrophes of the last century were played out: the first and the second, the two great world wars.
+Mao Zedong called them the European Civil War, which is probably a more accurate way of describing it.
+Well, ladies and gentlemen, we live in such times.
+But for us, today we want to talk about three factors.
+The first, the first two, are about the change of power.
+And the second is about the new dimension that I want to mention. This never happened at all in the way it does now.
+But let's talk about the shift in power happening in the world.
+And what is happening today is kind of scary because it has never happened before.
+We have seen lateral shifts in power, the transfer of power from Greece to Rome, and the shifts in power that have taken place during European civilization, but what we are seeing is a little different. is.
+Because power does not simply move laterally from country to country.
+It can also move vertically.
+What is happening today is that powers that were locked up, held accountable, and protected by the rule of law within the institutions of the nation-state are now shifting onto the world stage on a very large scale. is.
+Globalization of Power -- We talk about globalization of markets, but in reality it is the real globalization of power.
+And while at the nation-state level powers are accountable according to the rule of law, this is not the case in the international arena.
+The international and world arena where power now resides: the power of the internet, the power of satellite, the power of money changers - there is currently 32 times as much money in circulation as there is money needed for this huge money-go-round trade. - the money changers, if you prefer, the financial speculators who just recently brought us all to their knees, the multinational corporations who now often develop larger budgets than medium-sized countries. Power.
+They live in a global space that is largely unregulated, free from the rule of law, and where people can act without restraint.
+Now it is suitable for those in power until the moment.
+It has always been good for the most powerful to operate in unconstrained space, but the lesson of history is that sooner or later, unregulated space, a space not subject to the rule of law, will be inhabited. about it. Not only what you wanted – international trade, the Internet, etc. – but also what you didn’t want – international crime, international terrorism.
+The revelation of 9/11 is that even if you are the most powerful nation on earth, the people who live in that space will nevertheless be your most iconic city, the bright nine. It means that it can attack you one morning on the moon.
+Some 60% of the $4 million raised to fund 9/11 is said to have actually gone through the Twin Towers facilities destroyed on 9/11.
+You see, our enemies can also use this space – the space of mass travel, the internet, satellite broadcasting – to circumvent their poison of subverting our systems and the way we do things. can.
+The rule of history is that sooner or later, where power goes, so must government.
+So if, as I believe, one of the contemporary phenomena is the globalization of power, then one of the contemporary challenges is to bring governance into the global space.
+And I believe that the coming decades will be more or less turbulent, to the extent that we can more or less achieve the goal of introducing governance into the global space.
+Note here, I'm not talking about the government.
+I am not talking about establishing a global democratic institution.
+By the way, gentlemen, my own view is that this is unlikely to be achieved by further creation of UN bodies.
+If we didn't have the United Nations, we would have had to invent it.
+The world needs an international forum.
+We need instruments that can justify international action.
+But when it comes to geospatial governance, I suspect that this will not happen with the creation of a United Nations agency.
+It will indeed happen by powerful people coming together and creating a treaty-based system, a treaty-based agreement to govern that space.
+And if you look, you can see them happening and already starting to emerge.
+World Trade Organization: A treaty-based organization, entirely treaty-based, but with sufficient powers to hold even the most powerful United States to account if need be.
+Kyoto: Beginning of the struggle to create an organization based on the treaty.
+G20: We now know that we need to organize institutions that can bring governance to the financial space for financial speculation.
+That is the G20, a treaty-based body.
+There are issues there, but we'll be back soon. That is, when you make rules in a treaty-based body and gather the most powerful to fill that governing space, what happens to the weaker ones? who is left behind?
+This is a big question, but we'll get back to it soon.
+So my first message is that if you are going to get through this turbulent time with more or less turbulence, your success will depend greatly on our ability to bring about wise governance in the global space. It means that
+And watch it start happening.
+My second point is, I know you don't need to talk to your audience about stuff like this, but power isn't just changing vertically, it's changing horizontally as well.
+Some might argue that the story of the history of civilization is that civilizations have gathered around the sea. The first civilizations were around the Mediterranean, and the more recent civilizations are in the rise of Western power around the Atlantic.
+Well, we now seem to be witnessing a fundamental shift in power, broadly speaking, from nations clustered around the Atlantic [coast] to nations clustered around the Pacific Rim.
+Well, it starts with economic power, but that's always where it starts.
+We are already beginning to see foreign policy developments and military budget increases in other growing powers of the world.
+In fact, I think this is a change from the West to the East rather than a change from the West to the East. Something different is happening.
+My guess is that the United States will unsurprisingly continue to be the most powerful country on earth for the next decade. But the circumstances in which the United States is in power are now fundamentally changing. It has changed radically.
+We are emerging from a completely unipolar world, the most extraordinary 50 years in history where every compass needle, for or against, must be referenced by its position relative to Washington. A single colossus.
+But that's not the case historically.
+In fact, what is now unfolding is a much more ordinary case of history.
+We are beginning to see the emergence of a multipolar world.
+Until now, the United States has been a major feature of our world.
+They will continue to be the most powerful nations, but they will be the most powerful nations in an increasingly multipolar world.
+And we begin to see an alternative center of power beginning to build – China, of course, but my own guess is that China's ascent to greatness will not be smooth.
+If China starts democratizing its society after liberalizing its economy, it will be quite sullen.
+But that is the subject of another discussion.
+I see India, I see Brazil.
+We Europeans find more and more that the world today is actually much more like Europe in the 19th century.
+Europe in the 19th Century: Britain's great Foreign Secretary, Lord Canning, described it as a 'concert of European power'.
+There was a balance there, a pentahedron balance.
+England always played in balance.
+If Paris works with Berlin, Britain works with Vienna and Rome to strike a balance.
+Now, notice that in an era dominated by a unipolar world, there are fixed alliances such as NATO and the Warsaw Pact.
+A fixed polarity of power means a fixed alliance.
+But multiple polarities of power mean alliance shifts and changes.
+And that is the world we are about to enter, in which it will become increasingly clear that our alliances are not fixed.
+Britain's great Foreign Secretary Canning once said, "Britain has common interests, but no common allies."
+And that even us in the West, if we want to do things in the world, we have to reach out, reach out beyond our comfort zone in the Atlantic Ocean to form alliances with other nations. will understand more and more.
+Note that when we entered Libya, it was not enough for Western countries to do it alone. I had to bring someone else.
+In this case we had to involve the Arab League.
+My guess is that Iraq and Afghanistan were the last times the West tried to do it themselves without success.
+My guess is that we are reaching the beginning of the end of 400 years of hegemony by Western powers, Western institutions, and Western values—I said 400 years because it was the end of the Ottoman Empire. I think so.
+As you know, until now, if the West took action, it could be proposed and disposed of in every corner of the world.
+But that is no longer true.
+Consider the last financial crisis after World War II.
+The Bretton Woods Institution, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and other Western powers came together to solve the problem.
+Now we have to call others.
+Next we need to create the G20.
+Now we must reach beyond our cozy circle of Western friends.
+Let me make a perhaps even more amazing prediction.
+I suspect we are now nearing the end of 400 years when Western power was sufficient.
+People tell me, ``The Chinese, of course, will never get involved in peacebuilding around the world or in multilateral peacebuilding.''
+Oh, I see? why not?
+How many Chinese troops in the world today wear blue berets, serve under the blue flag, and serve under the command of the United Nations?
+3,700。
+How many Americans are there? 11.
+Where is the largest naval force to tackle the Somali piracy problem?
+Chinese naval force.
+Of course they are, they are mercantilistic nations.
+They want to keep the sea lanes open.
+We increasingly have to do business with people who do not share our values, but who, for the time being, share common interests.
+A whole new and different way of looking at the world is emerging now.
+And here we have the third element, which is completely different.
+Today, in our modern world, everything is connected with everything thanks to the internet, things like what people are talking about here.
+We are interdependent now.
+We are now connected as a nation and as individuals in a way we have never been before and never before.
+Interrelationships of nations, it will always exist.
+Diplomacy is the management of relations between nations.
+But now we are closely linked.
+A swine flu outbreak in Mexico would make Charles de Gaulle airport a problem in 24 hours.
+Lehman Brothers goes bankrupt and everything falls apart.
+There are fires in the Russian steppes and food riots in Africa.
+We are all deeply, deeply, deeply interconnected right now.
+And that means that the idea of ​​nation-states acting alone, unconnected and uncooperative with others, is no longer a viable proposition.
+Because the actions of nation-states are not confined to themselves, and it is not enough for nation-states themselves to control their own territories. Because influences outside the nation-state are beginning to influence what is happening inside the nation-state.
+I participated as a young soldier in the last war of the British Little Empire.
+In those days, our defense was just about one thing: how strong our army was, how strong our air force was, how strong our navy was, and how strong our allies were.
+That was when the enemy was outside the walls.
+The enemy is now inside the wall.
+Now if I want to talk about national defense, I have to talk to the Minister of Health because the pandemic is a threat to my safety. I have to speak to the Minister of Agriculture because food security is a threat to my safety. Because it is a point of attack. I have to speak to the Minister of the Interior. The arrival of those people who live in those inner-city terraces has a direct impact on what is happening in my country – when we live in London on 7/7. As we saw in the bombing.
+It is no longer the case that a country's security is simply a matter of its soldiers and the Ministry of Defense.
+It is the ability to bind the organization together.
+And this tells us something very important.
+It actually speaks to the vertical structure, our government built on the economic model of the Industrial Revolution—the vertical hierarchy, the specialization of missions, and the chain of command—to have a completely wrong structure.
+Anyone in business knows that the modern paradigm fabric is the network.
+Key is the ability to network both inside and outside government.
+This is Ashdown's Third Law.
+By the way, don't ask about Ashdown's first and second laws. Because I haven't invented them yet. Sounds a lot better with the Third Law, doesn't it?
+Ashdown's Third Law states that in today's world where everything is connected to everything, the most important thing about what you can do is what you can do with others.
+Whether you're a government, an army regiment, or a corporation, the most important part of your organizational structure is your docking points, interconnecting devices, and the ability to network with other people.
+We know that in the industry. The government will not.
+But one last thing.
+If that is the case, ladies and gentlemen, and it is, we are now connected in a way that has never been quite the same, and that we share a destiny with each other. There is also the fact that
+Suddenly, and for the first time, the collective defense that has dominated us as the concept that makes our nation safe is no longer enough.
+It was once thought that if my tribe was stronger than theirs, I would be safe. If my country was stronger than theirs, I was safe. My alliance was stronger than theirs, like NATO, I was safe.
+Not anymore.
+The interconnectedness and the advent of weapons of mass destruction mean that I increasingly share my fate with my enemies.
+When I was a diplomat in Geneva in the 1970s negotiating disarmament treaties with the Soviet Union, I understood that we shared a destiny with them, and that is why I was able to succeed.
+Collective security alone is not enough.
+Peace came to Northern Ireland when both sides realized that a zero-sum game would not work.
+They shared their fate with their enemies.
+One of the major barriers to Middle East peace is that neither Israel nor, I think, the Palestinians, understand that they share a common destiny.
+And suddenly, ladies and gentlemen, what has been the proposition of visionaries and poets for years has become something we must take seriously as a matter of public policy.
+It started with a poem, but it ends with a poem.
+A great poem by John Donne.
+"For whom the bell is tolling, do not send."
+The poem is called "Nobody is an Island."
+And it goes like this: "Everyone's death has affected me. I'm concerned with humanity, so don't ask for whom the bell is ringing, it's ringing for you."
+For John Donne, a moral exhortation.
+For us, I think it's part of the equation for survival.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+There are now over 1,000 TED Talks on the TED website.
+And I'm sure many of you here think this is a very good thing, but I don't agree with this, except me.
+I think there is a situation here.
+Because if you think about it, it's worth spreading 1,000 TED Talks, or 1,000+ ideas.
+How on earth are you going to spread a thousand ideas?
+Even if you watched all the thousands of TED videos and tried to get all these ideas in your head, it would actually take over 250 hours at this point.
+So I did some calculations on this.
+The economic damage for each person who does this amounts to about $15,000.
+So I saw this danger to the economy and thought I needed to find a solution to this problem.
+This is my approach to everything.
+Looking at the current state, there are 1,000 TED talks.
+The average length of each of these TED talks is about 2,300 words.
+Combined, this amounts to 2.3 million TED Talks, roughly the equivalent of three Bibles.
+(Laughter) The obvious question here is, do you really need 2,300 words for a TED Talk?
+Do you have something shorter?
+So if you have an idea worth spreading, you should be able to summarize it in fewer than 2,300 words.
+The only question is how short it can be.
+What is the minimum number of words required to give a TED Talk?
+While pondering this question, I came across an urban legend about Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway is credited with saying that these six words here, "Baby shoes for sale, never worn," were the best novel he ever wrote.
+Also, I came across a project called Six-Word Memoirs. So ask people to think about your whole life and summarize this in 6 words. For example, I was asked, "I found true love and married another man."
+I actually like that.
+So if a novel can be described in 6 words, and an entire memoir can be described in 6 words, then a TED Talk doesn't need more than 6 words.
+I could have finished here by lunch.
+(Laughter) If you do this for all 1,000 TED talks, you're down from 2.3 million words to 6,000 words.
+So I thought this was worth it.
+So I started asking all my friends to summarize your favorite TED talks in 6 words.
+So here are some of the results I received.
+For example, Dan Pink's motivational talk was so good that if you haven't seen it yet, "Drop the carrots. Drop the sticks. Bring meaning."
+That's basically what he's talking about in these eighteen and a half minutes.
+Others included references to speakers, such as the way Nathan Myhrvold speaks and the way Tim Ferriss speaks, which may seem a little intense at times.
+The challenge here is that if you try to do this systematically, you'll probably end up making a lot of summaries, but you won't end up making a lot of friends.
+So we had to find another way, preferably involving complete strangers.
+And luckily there is a website for that called Mechanical Turk. The website allows you to post tasks you don't want to do yourself, such as "Summarize this sentence in 6 words."
+And although low-cost countries would not allow us to work on this, it turns out that you can get a six-word summary for as little as 10 cents. I think this is a pretty good price.
+Still, unfortunately, I can't summarize each TED Talk individually.
+Because if you do the math, you'll have 1,000 TED talks, and you'll pay 10 cents for each. Multiple abstracts should be produced for each of these talks. Because some talks are probably really bad, or really bad.
+You end up paying hundreds of dollars for that.
+So I thought of another way. In other words, I thought that the talk would revolve around a specific theme.
+So instead of asking people to summarize each TED Talk in 6 words, what if we gave them 10 TED Talks at the same time and said, "Please summarize that one in 6 words."
+Reduce costs by 90%.
+So for $60, you could distill 1,000 TED talks into just 600 abstracts, which would actually be pretty cool.
+In fact, some of you may be thinking right now that condensing 10 TED Talks into just 6 words is downright crazy.
+But that's not really the case, as there is an example by statistics professor Hans Rosling.
+I'm sure many of you have seen his lecture more than once.
+He has given eight talks online, which can basically be summed up in just four words. Because that's basically all he's showing us, and our intuition is really bad.
+He always proves us wrong.
+And when asked to summarize 10 TED talks simultaneously, some took the easy route.
+There were others, and I thought this was pretty cheeky, but they used six words to address me and asked if I had been using Google too much lately.
+(Laughter) And finally, I didn't quite understand this, but some people actually came up with their own interpretation of the truth.
+I don't know of any TED Talks that include this.
+But oh well.
+But in the end, which is really surprising, I actually received a meaningful summary for each of the 10 TED talk clusters I submitted.
+Here are some of my favorites.
+For example, about a TED talk on food, someone summarized this as "Food shapes your body, brain and environment" which I think is very good.
+Or happiness: "To strive towards happiness = to move towards unhappiness."
+So here I am.
+I started with 1,000 TED talks and created 600 six-word summaries about them.
+In fact, it sounded nice at first, but when you look at the 600 overviews, it's quite a lot and a huge list.
+(Laughter) So I thought maybe I should take it one step further here and create a summary of summaries. And this is exactly what I did.
+So I took the 600 summaries I had, divided them into nine groups according to the talks' original ratings on TED.com, and asked people to make their own summaries.
+There was another misunderstanding.
+For example, when I had all the "beautiful" talk hunks, someone thought I was just trying to find the ultimate pick up line.
+But in the end, surprisingly again, people were able to do it.
+For example, all the brave TED talks about "People are dying" and "People are suffering" were "There are easy solutions."
+Or the recipe for the ultimate amazing TED Talk, "Flickr Photos of Classical Composers of the Galaxy."
+So that's the essence of it all.
+We now have 9 groups, which is already much reduced.
+But of course, once you get there, you're not really satisfied.
+I wanted to start with 1,000 TED talks and go all the way into the distillery.
+I wanted to condense 1,000 TED Talks into just 6 words, but that cuts the content down by 99.9997 percent.
+And I only pay $99.50. That is, keep it under $100.
+So I created 50 global summaries.
+I paid 25 cents because I thought it was a bit difficult this time.
+And unfortunately when I first received the answers, you can see the 6 answers here, I was a little disappointed.
+I think you'll agree, all of these sum up some aspect of TED, but to me they felt a little bland or just included some aspect of TED. rice field.
+So one night, when I played around with these sentences and realized that there was actually a great solution here, I was almost giving up.
+So here's a six-word summary of 1,000 TED talks worth $99.50, crowdsourced. "Why worry? Rather wonder."
+(applause)
+I've been asked to come here and tell all the stories, but what I want to do instead is tell you why I doubt the stories, why they make me uneasy.
+In fact, the more moving a story is, the more nervous it often becomes.
+(Laughter.) So the best stories are often the trickiest stories.
+The good and the bad about the story is that it's kind of a filter.
+They take in a lot of information, omit some of it, and keep some of it.
+But the peculiarity of this filter is that it always leaves the same.
+We are left with a few simple stories that are always the same.
+There's an old saying that nearly every story can be summed up as "a stranger came to town."
+One of Christopher Booker's books claims that there are actually only seven types of stories.
+There are monsters, rags to riches, quests, voyages and returns, comedy, tragedy, and rebirth.
+You don't have to agree entirely with this list, but the point is this. If you think about it in terms of stories, you're telling yourself the same thing over and over again.
+Research was done and we asked some people. People were asked to describe their lives.
+When asked about their lives, it's interesting how few people said "messed up".
+(Laughter) That's probably the best answer, I don't mean that in a bad way.
+'Confusion' can be liberating, 'confusion' can be empowering, and 'confusion' can be a way to bring out multiple strengths.
+But what people wanted to say was, "My life is a journey."
+51% wanted their life to be a story.
+11% said, "My life is a battle." Again, it's kind of a story.
+8% said, "My life is a novel." 5% said, "My life is a game."
+I don't think anyone ever said, "My life is a reality show."
+(Laughter) But again, we are imposing order on the chaos that we are observing, and it follows the same pattern. The problem is that when something is in the form of a story, we are often remembering it when we shouldn't be remembering it.
+So how many of you know the story of George Washington and the cherry tree?
+Exactly what happened is not clear.
+The story of Paul Revere, it is not clear that it happened exactly that way.
+So again, we have to question the narrative.
+We are biologically programmed to respond to them.
+They contain a lot of information. They have social power.
+They connect us with other people.
+So they are like the candy we are given when we consume political information or read novels.
+When we read non-fiction books, we are really being told stories.
+Non-fiction is, in a sense, the new fiction.
+The book may happen to be telling the truth, but again, it all takes the form of these stories.
+So what are the problems with relying too much on stories?
+You see your life this way, not the mess that it is or should be.
+But more specifically, I think there are some big problems with thinking too much in terms of narrative.
+First, the stories tend to be too simplistic. The purpose of the story is to pare it down, as most stories can be told in a sentence or two, not just 18 minutes.
+When you strip away the details, whether you're talking about your own life or politics, you tend to tell stories in terms of good and bad.
+In fact, we know that some things are good and bad. Everyone knows this, right?
+But in general, I think we are too inclined to tell stories of good and evil.
+As a simple rule of thumb, imagine your IQ basically dropping by 10 points or more every time you tell a story of good versus evil.
+In my opinion, one of the ways to get smarter pretty quickly is to just adopt it as some kind of mental habit.
+No need to read a book.
+Imagine yourself pressing a button every time you tell a story of good versus evil. Pressing that button lowers your IQ by 10 points or more.
+Another popular story. If you know an Oliver Stone movie or a Michael Moore movie, you can't make a movie saying, "Everything was a big accident."
+No, it must be a conspiracy. People are planning together. Because in stories, stories are about intentions.
+Narrative is not about spontaneous orders or complex human institutions that are the product of human action but not of human design.
+No, the story is about evil people banding together to conspire.
+So if you hear stories about conspiracies, or good people conspiring things together, just like when you're watching a movie, this is also reason to be suspicious.
+A good rule of thumb is to ask, "When should I be particularly suspicious when I hear a story?"
+When I heard the story and thought, "Oh, that would make a great movie!"
+(Laughter) At that point, you have to start thinking in terms of maybe a little more "hmm" reaction and the whole thing is kind of confusing.
+Another common tale or story is the claim that you have to be tough.
+You will hear this in so many contexts.
+We have to be tough on banks. We had to be tough on the unions.
+We must be tough on other countries, foreign dictators and negotiating partners.
+Again, the point is not to be tough.
+Sometimes you have to be tough.
+It was good that we took a tough stance against the Nazis.
+But this is also a story we fall back on too easily and too quickly.
+When we don't really know why something happened, we blame someone and say, "We have to be tough on them!"
+This idea of ​​being tough, as if its predecessors never conceived.
+I usually think of it as a form of mental laziness.
+It's a simple story you tell. "We have to be tough, we have to be tough, and we have to be tough."
+Usually it's a kind of warning signal.
+Another kind of problem with stories is that you can have so many stories in your head at once, or in a day, or even in a lifetime.
+In other words, your story serves too many purposes.
+For example, I just get out of bed in the morning and tell myself a story that my job really matters, what I'm doing really matters (laughs). Even when the work is done, tell the story to yourself. no.
+And what do you know? The story works.
+It wakes me up from bed.
+This is a kind of self-deception, but the problem comes when you need to change that story.
+The point of this story is that when I grab it and hug it, it gets me out of bed.
+So when I'm really wasting my time, in my messed up life, I'm too tied up to the story that got me out of bed, and ideally, a very complicated story. should have In my mind I can think of maps with combinations, computational matrices, etc., but the story doesn't work that way.
+The stories you work with should be simple, easy to understand, easy to tell, and easy to remember.
+Stories therefore serve a dual, conflicting purpose and very often lead us astray.
+I used to think I was in the economists' camp, one of the good guys, allied with other good people, fighting bad guys' ideas.
+I thought so too!
+And maybe I was wrong.
+Sometimes I might be one of the good guys, but for some issues, I finally realized, 'Oh, I wasn't one of the good guys.
+I don't know if I was the bad guy in the sense that it was malicious, but it was very difficult for me to get away with it.
+One of the interesting things about cognitive biases is that they're the subject of so many books these days.
+There are books like the "Nudge" book, the "Sway" book, the "Blink" book, all with one title, all about how we fail.
+There are many ways, but what I find interesting is that none of these books identify what the single central and most important way we fail. It's easy to be tempted by stories.
+Why don't these books tell us that?
+Because the book itself is a story.
+The more I read these books, the more I learned about some of my own prejudices, while also inherently exacerbating some of my other prejudices.
+So the book itself is part of your cognitive bias.
+Often people buy them as a kind of amulet. For example, "I bought this book. I'm not predictably irrational."
+(Laughter) People like to hear the worst, and psychologically you can prepare for it and defend against it.
+That's why markets are so pessimistic.
+But perhaps it's a bigger mistake to think that buying a book will get you anywhere.
+This is exactly the kind of evidence that shows that people with some degree of financial literacy are the most dangerous.
+They are the ones who go out and make the worst mistakes.
+People who realize they know nothing end up doing pretty well.
+A third problem with stories is that outsiders use them to manipulate us. We all like to think that advertising works only for other people, but of course it doesn't, it works for all of us.
+So if you get too attached to the story, people will show up selling your product and will bundle the story with their product.
+It's like, "Hey, it's free!"
+And because the product and the story go hand in hand, they end up buying the product.
+(Laughter) Given how capitalism works, there is a bias here.
+Consider two types of stories about cars.
+Story A is, "Buy this car and you will have a beautiful romantic partner and a charming life."
+(Laughter.) There are a lot of people who have financial incentives to promote that story.
+But for another story, "You don't really need a car as good as your income suggests.
+What you usually do is watch what your colleagues are doing and copy it.
+This is a good heuristic for many problems, but when it comes to cars, buy a Toyota. "
+(Laughter) Maybe Toyota has an incentive, but even Toyota makes more money from luxury cars and less from cheap cars.
+So when you think about what kind of story you're going to hear in the end, you end up hearing a fascinating story, a captivating story. Again, don't trust them.
+There are people who use your love of stories to manipulate you.
+Take a step back and say: "What's the message, what's the story no one wants to tell?"
+Say these things to yourself and see if it changes your decision.
+That's one easy way.
+You can't break out of the pattern of thinking in terms of stories, but you can improve the scope of your thinking in terms of stories and make better decisions.
+So, if I'm thinking about this talk, of course I wonder what I can get out of this talk.
+What would you like to hear from Tyler Cowen?
+A story might be like a quest story for you.
+"Tyler was a searching man.
+Tyler came here and told me not to think too much about the story. "
+That is the story that can be told about this lecture.
+(Laughter) It fits a pretty familiar pattern.
+you may remember. You can tell others about it too.
+"A weirdo came up and said, 'Don't think in terms of stories. Let's talk about what happened today!' (laughs) And you tell your story.
+(Laughter) Another possibility is that it might tell a story of rebirth.
+Some might say, "I used to think too much about story [laughs], but then I heard Tyler Cowen [laughs], and now I think less about story!" not.
+It, too, is a story that you remember and can tell others and may also be remembered.
+It can also tell stories of deep tragedy.
+"A guy named Tyler Cowen came up [laughs] and said don't think in terms of stories, but all he can do is tell stories about other people thinking too much in terms of stories. (laughs)”
+(Laughter) Well, what about today? Is it like exploration, rebirth, tragedy?
+Or maybe some combination of the three?
+I really don't know, and I'm not suggesting you burn your DVD player and throw out Tolstoy.
+Thinking in terms of stories is basically human.
+In Gabriel García Márquez's memoir, Living to Tell Stories, we must use stories to make sense of what we have done, to give meaning to our lives, and to establish connections with other people. It is written that it uses memory in
+None of these things will go away, should not go away, or could go away.
+But again, as an economist, I'm thinking about life on the edge, extra decisions.
+Should we think in terms of stories, or should we think in terms of stories?
+Should we be more suspicious when we hear stories?
+And what kind of stories should be suspected?
+Again, what you love most, find the most rewarding, and inspire you the most is often the story.
+Stories that don't focus on the opportunity cost and the complex and unintended consequences of human behavior often don't make good stories.
+Often stories are stories of victory, stories of struggle. There are opposing forces and they are either evil or ignorant. There are seekers, sailors, and strangers who come to town.
+These are your categories, but don't get too happy.
+(Laughter) Alternatively, in the margins - again, don't burn Tolstoy - just get a little more messy.
+If I actually had to live such journeys, quests and battles, it would be very oppressive for me.
+It's, well, my life in all its messy and mundane--I hesitate to use that word--but it might be fun for me, That's what it means.
+Do we really need to follow some kind of story?
+Can't you just live?
+So let's make dirty things more comfortable.
+More reassuring agnostic. This means about what makes you feel good.
+It's so easy to pick out a few areas to be agnostic and feel good about it, like, "I'm an agnostic when it comes to religion and politics."
+This is the sort of portfolio move you make to be more dogmatic elsewhere, right?
+(Laughter) Sometimes the most intellectually credible people pick one area and they're so completely dogmatic in that area that they're so dumb and irrational that they're like, 'How can they believe that? Can I do it?”
+However, it can absorb their stubbornness and then become quite open-minded when it comes to other things.
+So don't fall into the trap of thinking you're basically rational about your self-deception or your story or your open-mindedness just because you're agnostic about some things.
+(Laughter) This concept of levitation, epistemological levitation, clutter, imperfection, [and how] it doesn't all come together in a pretty arc [think], and you're actually here I am not traveling with
+You're here for some nasty reason, and you may not know what it is, and maybe I don't know what it is either, but anyway, I'm invited. Nice to meet you, and thank you for listening.
+(laughter) (applause)
+This is the equipment graveyard.
+This is the typical demise of medical equipment from African hospitals.
+Now why is this?
+Most of the medical equipment used in Africa is imported and often not adapted to local conditions.
+Trained personnel may be required, but are not capable of operating, maintaining, or repairing. It may not be able to withstand high temperatures and humidity. And usually you need a steady and stable power supply.
+An example of a medical device that may have ended up in the device graveyard at some point is an ultrasound monitor for tracking fetal heart rate.
+This is standard care in wealthy countries.
+In resource-poor settings, it is often standard care for a midwife to listen to the baby's heartbeat through her horn.
+Today, this approach has existed for over a century.
+It depends a lot on the midwife's skill and experience.
+Two young inventors from Uganda visited a local hospital's antenatal clinic several years ago when they were students in information technology.
+They found that when midwives tried to hear their heartbeat through this horn, they often couldn't hear their heartbeat.
+So they invented their own fetal heart rate monitor.
+They modified the horn and hooked it up to a smartphone.
+A smartphone app records and analyzes heart rate, providing midwives with a range of information about the baby's condition.
+The inventors of these -- (applause) are Aaron Tushave and Joshua Okello.
+Another inventor, Tendecay Katsiga, worked for an NGO in Botswana that manufactured hearing aids.
+Well, he realized that these hearing aids required batteries that needed to be replaced and were often not affordable for most users he knew.
+In response, engineer Tendekayi invented a solar battery charger with a rechargeable battery that can be used in these hearing aids.
+He co-founded a company called Deaftronics, which now makes the Solar Ear hearing aid based on his invention.
+My colleague Sudhesh Shivarasu invented a smart glove for people suffering from leprosy.
+Even if the disease were cured, many would lose the sense of touch in their hands due to the resulting nerve damage.
+This puts you at risk of injury.
+The glove has sensors that detect temperature and pressure and alert the user.
+It works effectively as an artificial haptic and prevents injury.
+Sudesh invented the glove after observing how former leprosy patients go about their daily lives and learning about the risks and dangers of their environment.
+Well, the inventors I mentioned have merged engineering and healthcare.
+This is the job of biomedical engineers.
+The University of Cape Town runs a course called Health Innovation and Design.
+Many biomedical engineering graduate students take this course.
+The purpose of this course is to introduce these students to the philosophy of the design world.
+Students are encouraged to participate in the community as they seek solutions to health-related problems.
+One of the communities we work with is an elderly group in Cape Town.
+A recent class project was tasked with addressing hearing loss in these older adults.
+Many of the students were engineers and started out believing they could design better hearing aids.
+They spent time with the elderly and conversed with health care workers and caregivers.
+They soon realized that, in fact, suitable hearing aids already existed, but many older people who needed and had access to hearing aids did not have them.
+And many of those with hearing aids didn't wear them.
+The students found that many of these seniors denied their hearing loss.
+There is a prejudice against wearing hearing aids.
+They also found that the environments these older people lived in were not accommodating for hearing loss.
+For example, their homes and community centers were filled with reverberant sounds that interfered with their hearing.
+So instead of developing and designing new and better hearing aids, the students audited the environment with the goal of improving the acoustics.
+They also devised a campaign to raise awareness of hearing loss and combat the stigma associated with wearing hearing aids.
+Now, this often happens when you're paying attention to your users (in this case, older people) and their needs and context.
+It is often necessary to reformulate the problem away from the technology focus.
+This approach to understanding problems through listening and getting involved is not new, but engineers who are passionate about developing technology often don't follow it.
+One of our students has a software engineering background.
+He created products for clients that often ended up not being liked by the clients.
+When a customer rejected a product, it was common for his company to claim that he just didn't know what the customer wanted.
+After completing the course, this student gave us feedback that he now realizes that he was the one who didn't understand what the client wanted.
+Another student gave me feedback that he learned to design with empathy instead of designing for functionality as he learned in his engineering education.
+All of this shows us that our pursuit of technology often blinds us to our real needs.
+But we need technology.
+we need hearing aids You need a fetal heart rate monitor.
+So how do we create more medical device success stories from Africa?
+How can we create more inventors, rather than relying on a few talented individuals who can recognize real needs and respond in an effective way?
+Well, we focus on needs, people and context.
+"But this is obvious. Of course context is important," one might say.
+But Africa is a diverse continent with wide disparities in health, wealth, income and education.
+Assuming that our engineers and inventors already know enough about different African backgrounds to be able to solve problems for different and most marginalized communities, it can be a misunderstanding.
+But even if those of us on the African continent don't necessarily know enough about Africa, anyone with the right level of skill and commitment can fly in and take the time to listen and Engage and fly with enough knowledge to invent for Africa.
+But understanding context is not about superficial interactions.
+It is about being deeply engaged and immersed in the reality and complexity of our situation.
+And those of us who live in Africa are already immersed in that world.
+We already have a strong and rich knowledge base to find solutions to our own problems.
+So don't rely too much on others when you live on a continent full of untapped talent.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Lauren Hodge: If you go to a restaurant and want something healthier, would you choose grilled or fried chicken?
+Now, most people would say grilled, but grilled chicken certainly has less fat and fewer calories.
+But grilled chicken has hidden dangers.
+A hidden danger is heterocyclic amines, specifically phenomethylimidazopyridine (PhIP), which are immunogenic or carcinogenic compounds (laughs).
+Carcinogens are substances or drugs that cause abnormal cell growth and can cause cell metastasis or spread.
+They are also organic compounds in which one or more hydrogens in ammonia have been replaced with more complex groups.
+Studies show that antioxidants reduce these heterocyclic amines.
+However, no research exists yet to show how or why.
+Here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens.
+And, as you can see, no organization considers the compounds to be safe, justifying the need to reduce them from our diet.
+You may wonder how a 13-year-old girl came up with this idea.
+And a series of events led me to it.
+I first learned about this through a lawsuit I read in my doctor's office. A lawsuit between the Board of Physicians for Responsible Care and seven fast food restaurants (laughs).
+Although the lawsuit was not filed because the chicken contained carcinogens, California's Proposition 65 states that companies must give clear warnings if their products contain dangerous substances. was sued by.
+So this really surprised me.
+And I wondered why no one knew more about this seemingly harmless dangerous grilled chicken.
+But one night, while my mother was making grilled chicken for dinner, I noticed that the edges of the chicken had turned white after being marinated in lemon juice.
+And later in my biology class, I learned that it was due to a process called degeneration. Denaturation is the change in protein shape and loss of chemical function.
+So I combined these two ideas and hypothesized that the marinade might reduce the carcinogens, and that it might be due to the difference in pH.
+That's where my idea was born, I launched the project, and hypothesized. So what's the next step?
+The school had no facilities, so naturally I had to find a lab.
+I thought this would be easy, but when I emailed about 200 people within a 5 hour radius of where I live, I only got one positive response saying they were willing to help.
+Most others didn't reply or said they didn't have the time or they couldn't help me because they didn't have the tools.
+Therefore, it was a lot of work to commute to the laboratory by car many times.
+But it was a great opportunity to work in a real lab, so I was finally able to start the project.
+The first stage was completed at home. The chicken was marinated, grilled, collected and prepared for transport to the lab.
+The second phase was completed in a laboratory on the main campus of Pennsylvania State University. So I extracted the chemicals, changed the PH so I could run it through the equipment, and isolated the compounds I needed from the rest of the chicken.
+The final step was to run the sample through a high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer to separate the compounds and analyze the chemicals, telling us exactly how much carcinogens were in the chicken.
+So I looked into the data and got some very surprising results. It turns out that 4 out of 5 ingredients used in marinades actually reduce the formation of carcinogens.
+When compared to the unmarinated chicken used as a control, lemon juice was found to be the most effective, reducing carcinogens by approximately 98%.
+Salt water marinades and brown sugar marinades were also very effective, reducing carcinogens by about 60%.
+Olive oil slightly decreased PhIP production, but was almost negligible.
+Soy sauce results were inconclusive due to the wide data range, but it appears that soy sauce actually increased potential carcinogens.
+Another important factor that I didn't initially consider was cooking time.
+And they found that the amount of carcinogens increased sharply with longer cooking times.
+So, based on this, the best way to marinate chicken is to marinate it in either lemon juice, brown sugar, or brine, not undercooked and never overcooked and charred. is to
+(Applause) In light of these findings, I have a question.
+Why not make a simple change in your diet that could save your life?
+I'm not saying that eating unmarinated grilled chicken will definitely kill you with cancer.
+But anything you can do to reduce your risk of potential carcinogens can definitely improve your quality of life.
+Is it worth it for you?
+How are you going to cook the chicken from now on?
+(Applause) Sri Bose: Hello everyone. I'm Shree Bose.
+I won the 17-18 age category and then won the Grand Prix.
+And I want you to imagine a little girl holding a withered green spinach seedling.
+She stands in front of you and explains that little kids eat different colored vegetables.
+It's ridiculous.
+But that was me many years ago.
+That was my first science fair project.
+From there it got a little more complicated.
+My brother Panaki Bose spent hours explaining atoms to me when I barely understood basic algebra.
+My parents struggled with many of my science fair projects, including a remote-controlled trash can.
+(laughs) Then, the summer after my freshman year, my grandfather passed away from cancer.
+And I remember seeing my own family go through that kind of experience and not wanting other families to feel that kind of loss.
+So, armed with all my freshman biology wisdom, I decided at 15 that I wanted to do cancer research.
+good plan.
+So I emailed all the professors in my area and asked them to work in the lab under their supervision.
+All but one refused.
+The following summer, I worked for Dr. Bass at the UNT Health Center in Fort Worth, Texas.
+And from there the research began.
+Ovarian cancer is therefore one of those cancers that most people don't know about, or at least pay less attention to.
+However, it is still the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States.
+In fact, 1 in 70 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
+1 in 100 people die from it.
+Chemotherapy, one of the most effective ways to treat cancer today, administers large doses of chemicals to patients in an attempt to kill cancer cells.
+Cisplatin is a relatively common chemotherapy drug for ovarian cancer. A relatively simple molecule made in a laboratory that destroys the DNA of cancer cells, causing the cells to die.
+It is wonderful.
+But here's the problem. Patients can develop resistance to the drug and recur years after being declared cancer-free.
+And now they no longer respond to the drug.
+That's a big problem.
+In fact, this is one of the biggest problems in chemotherapy today.
+We wanted to understand how these ovarian cancer cells become resistant to a drug called cisplatin.
+And we wanted to understand this because if we could understand that, we might be able to prevent that resistance from happening.
+That's what we tried to do.
+And we thought it had something to do with this protein called AMP kinase, which is an energy protein.
+So we ran all these tests blocking proteins and saw this big change.
+So if you look at the slide, you can see that the number of dying cells (colored dots) decreases when our sensitive side, the cells that are responding to the drug, start blocking proteins. .
+But on this side, same treatment, rising. Interesting.
+But they are just dots on your screen. what exactly does that mean?
+Basically, it means that this protein is changing from sensitive to resistant cells.
+And in fact, it may be altering the cells themselves to make them more resistant.
+That's a big deal.
+In practice, this means that if a patient comes in and is resistant to this drug, they can be treated with the same drug again if given a chemical that blocks this protein.
+And that probably has a huge impact on the efficacy of chemotherapy for many different types of cancer.
+That was my job and my way of rethinking not only for future research in understanding exactly what this protein does, but also for the future of chemotherapy efficacy. So maybe all grandpas with cancer are given a little more time. to spend time with my grandchildren.
+But my job wasn't just research.
+It was finding my passion.
+That's why I was so excited and honored to win the Grand Prize at the Google Global Science Fair. That's a cute picture.
+Since then, I've been able to do so many amazing things, from meeting the President to standing on this stage and talking to you all.
+But like I said, my journey wasn't just about research, it was about finding my passion and making opportunities for myself when I didn't even know what I was doing.
+It was inspiration, determination, and never giving up on my interest in science, learning and growing.
+After all, my story started with dry, withered spinach and it only gets better from there.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Naomi Shah: Hello everyone. My name is Naomi Shah. Today I want to talk about my research on indoor air quality and asthmatics.
+1.6 million people died worldwide.
+One person dies every 20 seconds.
+People spend over 90% of their lives indoors.
+And the economic burden of asthma exceeds that of HIV and tuberculosis combined.
+These statistics had a big impact on me, but what really sparked my interest in research was watching my father and brother suffer from chronic allergies all year round. .
+It confused me. Why do these allergic symptoms continue even after the pollen season has passed?
+With this question in mind, we began our investigation and quickly discovered that indoor air pollutants were the culprit.
+Upon realizing this, I investigated the underlying relationship between four prevalent air pollutants and their effects on lung health in asthmatics.
+Initially, we simply wanted to know which of these four pollutants had the most negative impact on lung health in asthmatics.
+But soon after, I developed a new mathematical model that essentially quantified the effects of these environmental pollutants on the lung health of asthmatics.
+And I was surprised that no model currently exists to quantify the effects of environmental factors on human lung health, because the relationship seems to be very important.
+With that in mind, I started researching more, researching more, becoming very passionate.
+Because I realized that if I could find ways to target treatments, I could also find ways to treat asthma patients more effectively.
+Volatile organic compounds, for example, are chemical pollutants found in schools, homes, and workplaces.
+they are everywhere.
+These chemical pollutants are not currently standard air pollutants as defined by the US Clean Air Act.
+This comes as a surprise to me, but through my research I have found that these chemical contaminants have a very large negative impact on the lung health of asthmatics and should therefore be regulated.
+So today I would like to introduce you to an interactive software model that I created.
+I will show you on my laptop.
+We have a volunteer test subject in the audience today, Julie.
+And all of Julie's data is pre-populated into my interactive software model.
+And anyone can use this.
+So I want you to imagine yourself in Julie's shoes, or someone close to you who suffers from asthma or other lung disease.
+So Julie is going to the doctor to get treatment for her asthma.
+The doctor then sits her down and measures her peak expiratory flow. This is essentially her expiratory rate, or the amount of air she can exhale in one breath.
+The peak expiratory flow was entered into the interactive software model.
+I also entered her age, gender and height.
+I assumed she lived in an average home with average air pollution levels.
+So if anyone goes here and clicks on "Lung Function Report" they see this report that I made.
+And this report makes me realize the core of my research clearly.
+So what does that show, look at the top graph in the right corner, Julie's actual peak expiratory flow is shown in the yellow bar.
+This is what she measured in the doctor's office.
+The blue bar at the bottom of the graph shows what her peak expiratory flow, expiratory rate, or lung health should be based on her age, gender, and height.
+So the doctor saw the difference between the yellow bar and the blue bar and said, "Oh, I need to put her on steroids, drugs and an inhaler."
+But I want everyone here to imagine a world again where, instead of prescribing steroids, inhalers, and drugs, the doctor says to Julie, "Why don't you go home and clean your air filter?" is.
+Clean air ducts in your home, work or school.
+Do not use incense sticks or candles.
+And if you're remodeling your home, strip all the carpet and get hardwood floors. "
+Because these solutions are natural, they are sustainable, and they are long-term investments – long-term investments we make for our generation and future generations.
+Because the environmental solutions Julie can implement at home, work and school affect everyone around her.
+So, I am very passionate about this research and really want to continue and expand it to more diseases besides asthma, more respiratory diseases and even more pollutants. increase.
+But before I finish today's talk, I just want to say one thing.
+And the word is that genes load the gun, but it's the environment that pulls the trigger.
+And that had a big impact when I was doing this research.
+Because what I feel is that many of us think that the environment is on a macro level and that we can do nothing to change things like air quality and climate.
+But if each one of us takes initiative in our homes, schools, and workplaces, we can make a big difference in air quality.
+Remember, we spend 90% of our lives indoors.
+And air quality and air pollutants have a huge impact on the lung health of asthmatics, people with respiratory diseases, and indeed all of us.
+Therefore, I urge you to reimagine a world with better air quality, better quality of life, and better quality of life for all, including future generations.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Lisa Lin: Yes.
+Can I ask Shree and Lauren to hurry up?
+Google Science Fair Champion.
+you are the winner.
+(applause)
+Among all the nasty deficits we are suffering today, we are primarily thinking about finances and the economy, but what worries me most is the lack of political dialogue. Our ability to deal with contemporary conflicts as they are and explore their roots. Understanding what they are and the key players to deal with them.
+We diplomats are trained to deal with interstate conflicts and interstate problems.
+Let me tell you, our schedule is full.
+We have trade, we have disarmament, we have cross-border relationships.
+However, we can see that things are changing and a new main character is emerging.
+We loosely refer to them as "groups".
+They may represent social, religious, political, economic and military realities.
+And we are at a loss as to how to deal with them.
+Rules of engagement: how to speak, when to speak, how to respond.
+Now let me show you a slide that characterizes conflicts from 1946 to today.
+The green part is the traditional interstate dispute, which we read about earlier.
+Red is modern conflict, conflict within nations.
+These are completely different things and outside the comprehension of modern diplomacy.
+And at the core of these major actors are groups representing different national interests.
+And the way they deal with conflict quickly spreads to other countries.
+So, in a way, it's everyone's job.
+Another realization we have seen in recent years and years is that few of these domestic interstate and intrastate conflicts can be resolved militarily.
+We may have to deal with it by military means, but we cannot solve it by military means.
+They need a political solution.
+So we have a problem. Because they are escaping traditional diplomacy.
+And each country is reluctant to associate with them.
+Moreover, over the past decade, we have been in a situation where it is conceptually and politically dangerous to deal with groups.
+After 9/11 you were either for or against us.
+was black or white.
+And the group is very often quickly labeled as a terrorist.
+And who will speak to terrorists?
+The way I see it, the West has weakened over the last decade.
+So we spend more time focusing on why we shouldn't talk to others than on finding out how to talk to others.
+Now I am not naive.
+You can't talk to everyone all the time.
+And sometimes it's better to walk.
+In some cases, military intervention may also be necessary.
+I happen to believe that Libya was needed, and so was military intervention in Afghanistan.
+And it is clear that our country depends on the security of military alliances.
+But we still have major shortcomings in dealing with and understanding contemporary conflict.
+Let's look at Afghanistan.
+Ten years after the military intervention, the country is far from safe.
+To be honest, the situation is very serious.
+Again, we need the military, but the military doesn't solve the problem.
+During my first visit to Afghanistan as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 2005, I met the commander of the international armed forces, the ISAF.
+And he said to me, "Minister, this can be won militarily.
+we just have to endure. "
+After four COM ISAFs, we heard another message. "This cannot be won militarily.
+We need a military presence, but we need to move into politics.
+Only a political solution can solve this.
+And we are not the ones to solve it. Afghans have to solve it. "
+But then they need a different political process than the one given in 2001 and 2002.
+They need a comprehensive process by which the actual fabric of this highly complex society can address their problems.
+Everyone seems to agree with that.
+Three, four, five years ago it was very controversial.
+Everyone agrees now.
+But now, as I prepare to speak, I realize how little we know.
+Because I didn't speak
+We didn't understand what was going on.
+The International Committee of the Red Cross, the ICRC, is in dialogue with everyone because it is neutral.
+And that's one reason why the organization is perhaps the most informed major player in understanding contemporary conflict. because they speak
+What I mean is that you don't have to be neutral to speak.
+And you don't have to agree with the other party's opinion.
+and you can walk anytime.
+But if you don't speak, you can't interact with the other person.
+And the other side you're trying to get involved with is one with which you deeply disagree.
+"Don't make peace with friends, make peace with enemies," Rabin said when he participated in the Oslo process.
+It's hard, but it's necessary.
+Let me take you one step further.
+This is Tahrir Square.
+A revolution is happening.
+The Arab Spring is turning into autumn and winter.
+it will last for a long time.
+And who knows what it will be called in the end.
+it doesn't matter.
+The point is that, perhaps for the first time in the history of the Arab world, we are witnessing a bottom-up revolution, a people's revolution.
+Social groups are taking to the streets.
+And it turns out that in the West we know very little about what is happening.
+Because we never talked to people from these countries.
+Most governments followed the orders of authoritarian leaders to stay away from these various groups as they were terrorists.
+Now that they are on the streets and we salute the democratic revolution, we see how little we know.
+The debate now turns to "Should we talk to the Muslim Brotherhood?"
+Should I speak to Hamas?
+If we talk to them, we might be able to justify them. "
+I think that is wrong.
+If you speak the right way, you can clearly see that you don't agree with what you are saying.
+And if we do not accept the rights of the majority, how can we tell the Muslim Brotherhood that they must respect the rights of the minority as a matter of course?
+Because they could be the majority.
+If we preach democracy and at the same time don't want to associate with representative groups, how can we avoid double standards?
+How do we become interlocutors?
+My diplomats are now directed to speak to all these groups.
+But there are many different ways to have a conversation.
+We distinguish between speaking at the diplomatic level and speaking at the political level.
+Conversation now may or may not involve assistance.
+Speaking may or may not involve inclusion.
+There are many ways to deal with this.
+Therefore, I believe we will radicalize further if we refuse to interact with these new groups that will dominate the news in the years to come.
+We will make the path from violence to politics more difficult.
+And to prove to these groups that if we move towards democracy, if we move to participate in civilized and normal norms among nations, there will be some reward for the other side. if you can't.
+The paradox here is that the last decade has probably been a lost decade to move forward on this issue.
+And the paradox is that the decade before this decade was very promising. There is one main reason.
+The reason is what happened in South Africa, Nelson Mandela.
+If Mr Mandela had told his people when he was released from prison after 27 years of imprisonment that it was time to take up arms, it was time to fight, he would have followed suit.
+And the international community would have said "fair enough."
+It is their right to fight. "
+As you know, Mandela didn't do that.
+In his memoir, The Long Walk to Freedom, he wrote that he survived the years of captivity because he was determined to always see his oppressors as people and as people.
+So he approached the political process of dialogue not as a strategy for the weak, but as a strategy for the strong.
+And he spoke deeply by solving some of the most difficult problems through a process of truth and reconciliation that brought people together to talk.
+Now my South African friends will know it was very painful.
+So what can we learn from all this?
+Dialogue, whether between individuals, groups or governments, is not easy, but it is sorely needed.
+If we are going to tackle political conflicts, dispute resolution, if we are trying to understand these new groups coming from the bottom up, supported by technology that is available to everyone, we diplomats will stand still. We can't just stay there. At the banquet, it is believed that we are conducting interstate relations.
+We must connect with these momentous changes.
+And what exactly is dialogue?
+When I start a dialogue, I really hope that the other person understands my point of view and impresses them with my opinions and values.
+You can't do that unless you send the signal that you listen to the other person's signal.
+We need more training on how to do that, and more practice on how we can move forward in problem solving.
+We know from personal experience that sometimes it's just easier to walk, other times you have to fight.
+And I'm not saying it's wrong in every situation.
+Sometimes you have to.
+But that strategy rarely makes much headway.
+The alternative is a strategy of engagement and principled dialogue.
+And I believe there is a need to strengthen this approach in modern diplomacy, not only between nations, but also within nations.
+We are seeing some new signs.
+We could never have signed a treaty banning anti-personnel mines or a treaty banning cluster munitions if we hadn't taken another diplomatic step, engaging with civil society.
+Suddenly, NGOs were not only standing in the streets yelling slogans, but engaging them in the negotiations. One reason for this is that NGOs represented the victims of these weapons.
+And they brought knowledge.
+And there was a bottom-up interaction between diplomacy and power.
+This is probably the first element of change.
+From now on, I believe that we should not pursue diplomacy that is cut off from the people and civil society, but should draw examples from these various examples.
+And we must move beyond traditional diplomacy to tackle the contemporary survival problem of climate change.
+How will we solve climate change through negotiation if we can't make civil society and people part of the solution instead of part of the problem?
+As we head into a difficult new round of climate change negotiations, it will require an inclusive diplomatic process that is very different from the diplomatic process we currently practice, but we are making progress towards something. In some cases, it must be in line with broad mobilization.
+I believe that understanding society from the bottom up is important because of technology and globalization.
+We diplomats need to know the social capital of our communities.
+Why can people trust each other not only between nations, but also within nations?
+If the legitimacy of diplomacy, the solutions we devised as diplomats, are not reflected and understood by the broader forces in society that we now so loosely call groups, what is it? Will it be?
+The good news is that we are not helpless.
+We have more ways to communicate, connect, reach out, and involve people than ever before.
+Your Diplomacy Toolbox is actually full of different tools you can use to enhance your communications.
+But the problem is we're trying to get out of a decade of being afraid to touch it.
+Now, in the years to come, I can show through some concrete examples that fear is receding, and I hope that I will be able to draw courage from our coalition with civil society in each country to help Afghans solve their problems. I hope you can get it. Inside the Palestinian nation, between the Palestinian and Israeli peoples.
+And we are not helpless as we try to make sense of this broader movement across the Arab world.
+You need to develop the necessary skills and have the courage to use them.
+In my country I have seen how councils of Islamist and Christian groups voluntarily united to establish contact and dialogue at a time when tensions were fairly low rather than government-led. .
+And when tensions rose, they were already having dialogue and that was their strength to deal with different issues.
+Modern Western society is more complex than before in the era of immigration.
+If we don't improve our communication skills, how do we establish and build a greater 'we' to deal with problems?
+There are many reasons, but for all these reasons, now is the time and this is why we must talk.
+Thank you for your attention.
+(applause)
+It was June 2014.
+I am 30 years old and I got a call from my doctor's office saying the test results were in.
+So I went to see her during my lunch break and the doctor said she was very sorry to tell her I had breast cancer.
+I didn't want to believe her and didn't believe her at first.
+As you know, I'm a lawyer, so I needed some evidence.
+So, very embarrassed, I got up, walked over to where she was sitting and looked over her shoulder to see what was written on the page in front of her.
+(Laughter) It's a malignant cancer.
+But I still didn't want to believe it, so I said, “By the way, malignant cancer, is that cancer?”
+(Laughter) She told me she was sure.
+While I was back at work and undergoing further tests to see if the cancer had spread, I took over the urgent things that had to be done.
+But work was not my priority at that point.
+I was thinking about how I would tell my family and friends that I had cancer.
+How was I going to answer their questions about how bad it was and if I was okay when I myself didn't know it either.
+I was wondering if my partner and I would have the opportunity to start a family.
+And I was thinking about how to tell my mother who had breast cancer during her pregnancy.
+She understood my feelings and knew what was in store for me.
+But I didn't want her to relive her cancer experience.
+What I didn't understand at the time was that work was going to play a big role in my treatment and recovery.
+Colleagues and work make me feel worthy and human when I used to feel like a statistic.
+It's my job to give you routine and stability at a time when you've been dealing with so many difficult personal decisions and so many uncertainties.
+What kind of breast reconstruction were you going to do?
+And at such times, you would think I would ask my family and friends for support.
+And yes, of course I did too.
+But ultimately my colleagues play a big role in my daily life.
+And they will make me laugh.
+You know, we were a pretty close team and shared some really good jokes. This time, I overheard someone asking how I got my hair so shiny and perfect, and of course I didn't know it was, the wig, it's a very good wig, and I'm wearing it in the morning. It was so easy to prepare.
+(laughs) But in moments like this, I understood the meaning of their support. And I wondered where I would be without that network.
+I have spoken to so many people, especially women, who have not been given the opportunity to work through therapy and have had the opportunity to network.
+There are several reasons for this.
+But I think it mostly stems from overly paternalistic employers.
+These employers want you to get away and focus on yourself.
+And come back when you feel better.
+And they use such phrases.
+And I know these reactions are well-intentioned and I know the benefits it has brought to me, but I know that people are not able to work even though that is what they want to do and what they are physically able to do. , or I get very annoyed when I'm told I shouldn't work.
+So I started looking into what employers need to do when someone gets a cancer diagnosis.
+It turns out that cancer is considered a disability under Australian law.
+Therefore, even if you are unable to perform your normal duties, your employer is obligated under the Disability Discrimination Act to make reasonable arrangements for your work environment so that you can continue to work.
+What would be a reasonable adjustment for me?
+I knew the obvious impact my diagnosis would have on my work.
+I knew I needed time off to recover after surgery, as appointments were scheduled during business hours.
+Again, as a typical attorney, I was very careful about what to expect in treatment.
+Granted, a lot of it was through Dr. Google, but it probably wasn't my best bet, so I wouldn't recommend that.
+(Laughter) But I was prepared for all the physical side effects, but what really scared me was something called chemobrain.
+Chemistry manifests itself in memory loss, inability to concentrate, and inability to solve problems.
+And I wondered how I was going to do my job as a lawyer if this happened to me.
+Will I be forced to quit my job?
+And how can you discuss reasonable adjustments to your work schedule with your manager when you don't know how you'll be affected?
+We were lucky to have a supportive manager who was more than happy to see how things progressed as they went, rather than asking for specific plans upfront.
+Lucky for me, he may not even know the concept of rational coordination, but to him it was just common sense.
+But I've learned that it's not normal for everyone.
+Anyone who undergoes treatment will know how it affects them and what their limitations are.
+And they will learn to adapt to it.
+So for me there were tips and tricks I learned about the treatment itself. For example, before going to chemotherapy, you should make sure you are well hydrated and warmed up. Doing so will help the nurse stay fit. Find your veins.
+And be careful not to eat your favorite foods before or after chemotherapy. Because you'll throw up and never want to see it again.
+(Laughter) I learned it the hard way.
+And there were some tricks for managing the workflow.
+I scheduled my chemo first thing Monday morning.
+I knew that from the time I walked out of the cancer ward, I had about four hours before this foggy screen came down and I felt sick.
+So I used that time to organize my inbox and make emergency calls.
+The worst ailments heal within about 48 hours.
+Then log back into Work From Home.
+The treatment was continued and we knew what would happen.
+I was able to set reasonable expectations for my business partners as to what they could do and for how long.
+However, I still remember the hesitation in their voices when asking for things.
+And ask me to do things by a certain time.
+And believe me, they were people who were not afraid to set appropriate deadlines.
+(Laughter) I got the impression that they didn't want to put any extra pressure on me while I was in therapy.
+I appreciated the feeling, but I actually needed a deadline.
+For me, it was something within my control, something I could stay within my control in the midst of so many things I couldn't control.
+And how should employers apply this concept of rational adjustment in the current era where 1 in 2 men and women in Australia will be diagnosed with cancer by the age of 85 while working from home? I was thinking about whether
+As a result, they continue to work longer and longer into old age, increasing the chances of them contracting a serious illness during their tenure.
+And with technology that allows us to work anytime, anywhere, rational adjustments no longer depend on our ability to continue to physically show up at the office.
+Reasonable adjustments don't just mean providing long breaks or comfortable chairs. However, they can be good too.
+At a minimum, flexibility policies and strategies developed for other scenarios, such as those with family responsibilities, should be applied.
+But if the manager's first reaction is, "No, don't go back to work until you're better," how do you make sure people can discuss what a reasonable adjustment might look like for them? Is it okay?
+And I got a light.
+Managers should be required to have these conversations with their employees.
+And the lessons from those like me who have really benefited from working through therapy need to be shared more widely.
+And as I thought about what I could do to guide these conversations, my wonderful colleague Camilla Gunn developed the “Tackling Cancer�� toolkit.
+This toolkit provides a framework for people diagnosed with cancer, their supervisors, caregivers, and colleagues to discuss cancer and available employment assistance.
+Camila and I have now visited other organizations to discuss the toolkit and how it can help guide conversations that are frankly quite awkward.
+And I'm happy to see that this toolkit is gaining popularity.
+So when someone says they're sick and they don't know how it's going to affect their work, how should a manager's first reaction be?
+It must be, "As long as you are able and willing to do so, we would like to work out arrangements that will allow you to continue working through treatment."
+We need to start actively engaging people with serious illnesses to keep them in the workforce, rather than paternally pushing them away.
+I tell my story because I want you to know the benefits that working through therapy has had for me.
+Also, if you think that the person being treated is just bored, weak and vomiting a lot, I would like you to change your perception.
+And yes, these things are true sometimes, if not often, but I was also determined to push myself at work as ever.
+And I was able to do that because my employer gave me a choice.
+Most importantly, while giving someone something is a seemingly obvious choice, it's not always suggested or encouraged.
+No doubt about it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm going to show you the amazing molecular machines that create the living structure of your body.
+Molecules are really, really small now.
+And by small I really mean it.
+Since they are smaller than the wavelength of light, there is no direct way to observe them.
+Through science, however, we have a pretty good understanding of what is happening at the molecular scale.
+So all we can do is actually tell you about the molecule, but we don't really have a direct way to show it.
+One way around this is to paint.
+And this idea is actually not new.
+Scientists have always created images as part of the thought and discovery process.
+They paint what they see with their eyes through technology such as telescopes and microscopes, and what they think in their minds.
+We have chosen two well-known examples. Because they are very well known for representing science through art.
+And we start with Galileo, who used the world's first telescope to observe the Moon.
+And he changed our understanding of the moon.
+Seventeenth-century perception held the moon to be a perfect celestial sphere.
+However, what Galileo saw was a rocky and barren world, which he expressed in watercolors.
+Another scientist with very big ideas, a biology superstar, is Charles Darwin.
+And in this famous entry in his notebook, he begins with "I think" in the upper left corner, then sketches the first Tree of Life. This is his perception of how all species, all living things on earth exist. They are connected through evolutionary history, the origin of species by natural selection and divergence from ancestral populations.
+Even as a scientist, I used to attend lectures by molecular biologists, but it wasn't until I stumbled across the work of molecular biologist David Gussell that I learned about the flashy jargon they use to describe their work. I felt that there was a lot of jargon and technical terms that I could not understand at all. A biologist at the Scripps Research Institute.
+And all his pictures are accurate and all to scale.
+And his work gave me a glimpse into what our inner molecular world looks like.
+So this is cutting through blood.
+In the upper left corner is this yellow-green area.
+The yellow-green part is the blood fluid, which is mostly water, but also contains antibodies, sugars, and hormones.
+And the red areas are red blood cell slices.
+And that red molecule is hemoglobin.
+they are actually red. That's what gives the blood its color.
+Hemoglobin also acts as a molecular sponge, absorbing oxygen in the lungs and carrying it to other parts of the body.
+This image inspired me many years ago and made me wonder if computer graphics could be used to represent the world of molecules.
+what would that look like?
+That's how I really started.
+This is the classic double helix shape of DNA.
+It was obtained from X-ray crystallography, so it is an accurate model of DNA.
+Unwinding the double helix to untie the two strands reveals what looks like teeth.
+These are the letters of the genetic code, the 25,000 genes written into our DNA.
+This is what they usually talk about - the genetic code - this is what they talk about.
+But I want to talk about another aspect of DNA science: the physics of DNA.
+The two threads are running in opposite directions, and I can't explain why right now.
+However, because they physically move in opposite directions, they cause many complications in living cells, especially when DNA is copied, as we will see.
+So what I am about to show you, at least in 2002 biology, is an accurate representation of the actual DNA replication machinery that is happening in your body right now.
+DNA enters the production line from the left and hits this collection, the small biochemical machines that tear apart DNA strands to make exact copies.
+So when the DNA comes in and hits this blue donut-shaped structure, it is torn into two strands.
+If you copy one strand directly, you'll see these things wound up at the bottom.
+But for the other strand, things aren't so simple as we have to copy in the opposite direction.
+It is therefore thrown repeatedly within these loops, copying one section at a time and creating two new DNA molecules.
+There are billions of these machines working within you right now, copying your DNA with extreme fidelity.
+It's an accurate representation and a nearly correct speed for what's going on inside you.
+(Laughter) This is from many years ago -- thank you.
+(Applause.) This is years old work, but what I'm going to show you next is the latest science, the latest technology.
+Again, let's start with DNA.
+And the reason it's jiggling there is because of the soup of molecules around it that I've removed to make something visible.
+DNA is actually very small, about 2 nanometers in diameter.
+However, in each of our cells, each strand of DNA is about 30-40 million nanometers long.
+Therefore, DNA is wrapped around these purple proteins to organize it and control access to the genetic code. So I've labeled them purple here.
+It is packed and included.
+This field of view is all one DNA strand.
+This huge package of DNA is called a chromosome.
+We will return to the topic of chromosomes in a moment.
+We are pulling out and zooming out through the nuclear pore, the entrance to this compartment that holds all the DNA called the nucleus.
+All this field of view is equivalent to one semester of biology. I have seven minutes. So why not do it today?
+No, they say "no".
+This is what a living cell looks like under a light microscope.
+Since it is taken with time lapse, you can see it moving.
+The nuclear membrane breaks down.
+This sausage-shaped thing is a chromosome. Here we focus on chromosomes.
+They have very striking movements that focus on these little red spots.
+When the cell feels ready, it rips the chromosome apart.
+One set of DNA is sent to one side, and the other side receives the other set of DNA, identical copies of the DNA.
+And the cell divides in the middle.
+And again, billions of cells are doing this process right now in your body.
+Now let's rewind and focus on chromosomes to examine and explain their structure.
+Again, we are in an equatorial moment.
+Chromosomes are lined up.
+Once you have isolated just one chromosome, take it out and study its structure.
+So this is one of the largest molecular structures you have, at least as far as we've found so far in the body.
+So this is a single chromosome.
+And each chromosome has two DNA strands.
+One is bundled into one sausage.
+The other strand is bundled into the other sausage.
+These whisker-like things sticking out from each side are the cell's dynamic scaffolds.
+They are called microtubules, but the name is not important.
+But here we will focus on the areas labeled in red. This is the dynamic scaffold-chromosome interface.
+It is clearly the center of chromosomal movement.
+In fact, I have no idea how it does that.
+We've been working hard on this thing called kinetochore for over 100 years, and we're just beginning to discover what it is.
+It consists of about 200 types of proteins, a total of thousands of proteins.
+signal broadcasting system.
+It broadcasts through chemical signals to tell the rest of the cell when it's ready, when it feels like everything is aligned and ready for chromosome separation.
+It can bind to growing and contracting microtubules.
+It is involved in microtubule growth and can temporarily bind to microtubules.
+It is also an attention-sensing system.
+You can feel when the cells are ready, when the chromosomes are arranged correctly.
+I'm turning green here because I feel like everything is on point.
+And as you can see, the last little part is still red.
+Then it leaves through microtubules.
+That is the signal broadcasting system that emits the stop signal.
+And it went away - I mean, it's mechanical.
+It's a molecular clockwork.
+This is how we work on the molecular scale.
+Let's have a little molecular eye candy. (Laughter) I got some orange kinesin.
+They are small molecular carrier molecules that walk in one direction.
+And here's Dainin, they carry that broadcasting system.
+And since they have long legs, they can climb over obstacles and such.
+Again, this is all scientifically accurate derivation.
+The problem is that I can't display it any other way.
+It is amazing to explore the frontiers of science, the frontiers of human understanding.
+Discovering things like this is sure to be a fun motivation to work in the field of science.
+But for most medical researchers, the discovery of the substance is only a step toward the greater goal of eradicating disease, ending the suffering and misery it causes, and lifting people out of poverty.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(music) ♫ They stood together ♫ ♫ Beneath tall grass ♫ ♫ On television ♫ ♫ Tell the world ♫ ♫ Their story ♫ ♫ We're going to wander ♫ ♫ And disappear ♫ ♫ Soldiers have come and taken our husbands ♫ ♫ At dawn ♫ ♫ We will live on ♫ ♫ And fade away ♫ ♫ Soldiers have come and killed our children ♫ ♫ At dawn ♫ ♫ Women of hope ♫ ♫ Women of change ♫ ♫ Women of war and pain ♫ ♫ I believe ♫ ♫ I believe the Almighty knows each of you ♫ ♫ In your name ♫ ♫ Women of hope ♫ ♫ Women of change ♫ ♫ Women of love, joy and shame ♫ ♫ You have this little something life ♫ ♫ You can never take it away ♫ ♫ Run through the darkness of the night ♫ ♫ Bring a child by your side ♫ ♫ Lord, can you give them ♫ ♫ Armor of shining light ♫ ♫ Lord, can you give them? ♫ ♫ Shining armor of light ♫ ♫ Dawn brings new signs of life ♫ ♫ With the strength to rise ♫ ♫ Across borders ♫ ♫ She said, ``Grow free in this land'' ♫ ♫ Hope Women of ♫ ♫ Women of Change ♫ ♫ Women of War and Pain ♫ ♫ I feel your power ♫ ♫ With these words she said ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ Nobody really knows ♫ ♫ How far they go ♫ ♫ Staying alive ♫ ♫ No one really knows No ♫ ♫ How far they go ♫ ♫ Keep giving ♫ ♫ And keep forgiving ♫ ♫ Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi ♫ ♫ Stay under the house Arrest ♫ ♫ Her peaceful protest for ♫ ♫ being under house arrest ♫ ♫ for her peaceful protests ♫ ♫ when people asked her for a message ♫ ♫ she said ♫ if you feel helpless If ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you're feeling helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you're feeling helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ Feeling helpless Then ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ Now that we know the lyrics, let's sing.
+♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ If you feel helpless ♫ ♫ Help someone ♫ ♫ People People of hope ♫ ♫ People who make change ♫ ♫ Love, joy, people who are not ashamed ♫ ♫ I believe in Almighty God ♫ ♫ I know each and every one of you. ♫ ♫ By your name ♫ Thank you.
+(applause)
+Almost everyone in the world belongs to some kind of community, large or small.
+And all these communities have similar needs.
+They need light, they need heat, they need air conditioning.
+Too hot or too cold makes a person unable to function well.
+They need to grow, serve, distribute and store food safely.
+Waste must be collected, removed and treated.
+People in a community need to be able to move from one place to another as quickly as possible.
+And the supply of energy is the basis of all these activities.
+Energy in the form of electricity provides lighting and air conditioning.
+Energy in the form of heat keeps us warm.
+And energy in chemical form provides fertilizer. Drive agricultural machinery and transport energy.
+Currently, I have been working for NASA for 10 years.
+When I first stayed there in 2000, I was very interested in the community.
+But this is the kind of community I had in mind. community of the month. It had all the same needs that communities on Earth would have, but with some very peculiar constraints.
+And we had to figure out how to energize this very unique community.
+There is no coal on the moon.
+I have no oil.
+No natural gas.
+There is no atmosphere.
+No wind.
+And there was a big problem with solar power. The moon revolves around the earth once a month.
+For two weeks, the solar panels stop producing energy when the sun sets.
+Trying to store enough energy in a battery for two weeks is simply not feasible.
+Nuclear energy was therefore the only option.
+Well, back in 2000, I didn't know much about nuclear power, so I started trying to learn.
+Most of the nuclear power plants currently in use on Earth use water as their primary coolant.
+This has some advantages, but also many disadvantages.
+If you want to generate electricity, you need to get water that is much hotter than normal.
+At normal pressure, water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
+This is not hot enough to generate electricity efficiently.
+Therefore, water-cooled reactors must operate at pressures much higher than atmospheric pressure.
+Some water-cooled reactors operate at pressures in excess of 70 atmospheres, while others must operate at pressures as high as 150 atmospheres.
+There is no way around this. That's simply what you have to do if you want to use a water-cooled reactor to generate electricity.
+This means that water-cooled reactors with steel walls more than 20 centimeters thick must be built as pressure vessels.
+If it sounds heavy, it's because it really is.
+Things get even worse when there is an accident that causes a loss of pressure in the reactor.
+If you have liquid water at 300 degrees Celsius and suddenly depressurize it, the liquid won't stay liquid for very long. It turns into steam and flashes.
+For this reason, water-cooled reactors are built in large, thick concrete buildings called containment buildings, which are intended to store all of the reactor's steam in the event of a depressurization accident. I'm doing it.
+Steam occupies about 1,000 times the volume of liquid water, so the containment building is very large compared to the size of a nuclear reactor.
+Another bad thing happens when the pressure is lost and the water evaporates into steam.
+Failure to provide emergency coolant to the fuel in the reactor can cause the fuel to overheat and melt.
+Current nuclear reactors use uranium oxide as fuel.
+It is a ceramic material similar in performance to the ceramics used to make coffee cups and utensils, and the bricks used to line fireplaces.
+Chemically stable, but not very good at conducting heat.
+When the pressure is lost, the water is lost and the fuel quickly melts releasing the radioactive fission products in it.
+The production of solid nuclear fuel is a complex and expensive process.
+And less than 1 percent of the nuclear fuel's energy is extracted before it stops staying inside the reactor.
+Water-cooled reactors present yet another set of challenges. That is, it should be installed near a large body of water, as the steam it produces can cool and condense.
+Otherwise, it cannot generate electricity.
+Well, the moon has no lakes or rivers. So all of this might sound like water cooled reactors aren't very suitable for lunar communities, but I tend to agree with you.
+(Laughter) I was lucky enough to learn about another form of nuclear power that doesn't have all these problems. The reason is very simple. Because it is not based on water cooling and does not use solid fuel.
+Surprisingly, the base is salt.
+One day, I was in a friend's office at work and noticed a book on the bookshelf called Fluid Fuel Furnace.
+I was interested, so I asked if I could borrow it.
+In that book, I learned about research in the United States in the 1950s on a type of nuclear reactor that was not based on solid fuel or water cooling.
+There were no water-cooled reactor issues, and the reasons were very neat.
+A mixture of fluoride salts, specifically fluorides of lithium, beryllium, uranium and thorium, was used as the nuclear fuel.
+Fluoride salts are chemically very stable.
+Does not react with air or water.
+It needs to be heated up to about 400°C to melt.
+But this is actually perfect for trying to generate electricity in a nuclear reactor.
+Here is the real magic. It does not need to operate at high pressure.
+And that makes the biggest difference.
+This means you don't have to put it in a heavy, thick steel pressure vessel, you don't have to use water as a coolant, and there's nothing inside the reactor that can make a big difference in density like water. .
+As such, the containment building around the reactor is much smaller and could fit snugly.
+Unlike solid fuels, which melt when cooling is stopped, these liquid fluoride fuels already melt at much lower temperatures.
+In normal operation there is a small plug in the bottom of the reactor vessel.
+This plug is made from a block of salt that is frozen by blowing cold gas onto the outside of the pipe.
+When an emergency occurs and all power at the nuclear power plant is lost, the small blowers shut down, the frozen salt plugs melt, and the liquid fluoride fuel in the reactor flows out of the reactor and through the lines to another. discharged into the reactor. It's called a drain tank.
+The interior of the drain tank is all configured to maximize heat transfer to keep the salt passively cooled as the heat load drops over time.
+Water-cooled reactors typically require power to be supplied to the plant to circulate the water and prevent meltdowns, as has been seen in Japan.
+However, in this reactor, when power to the reactor is lost, the reactor automatically shuts down without human intervention, resulting in a safe and controlled configuration.
+Well, this sounds pretty good to me, and I got excited about the possibility of using liquid fluoride reactors to power lunar communities.
+But then I learned about thorium and things got even better.
+Thorium is a naturally occurring nuclear fuel, four times more abundant than uranium in the earth's crust.
+It can be used in liquid thorium fluoride reactors to produce electrical energy, heat and other valuable products.
+Its energy density is so high that it can hold a lifetime's worth of thorium energy in the palm of your hand.
+Thorium is also common on the moon and easy to find.
+Here's an actual map of where thorium is on the moon.
+Thorium has an electromagnetic signature that makes it easy to spot, even from spacecraft.
+Energy generated from a liquid fluoride thorium reactor could be used to recycle all the air, water and waste within the lunar community.
+With the light and power from the reactor, it was possible to grow the crops needed to feed the people of the community on two moonlit nights.
+A liquid fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) seemed like a possible power source for a self-sustaining lunar colony.
+But I had a simple question. If that's so great for communities on the Moon, why not for communities on Earth, energy independent and self-sustaining communities of the future?
+The same energy generation and recycling technologies that can have a powerful impact on survival on the Moon can also have a powerful impact on survival on Earth.
+Today we are burning fossil fuels. Because it's easy to find and you can do it.
+Unfortunately, they make parts of the Earth look like the Moon.
+Using fossil fuels costs money and lives in conflicts in unstable parts of the world.
+Things could be very different if you were using thorium.
+As you know, the LFTR could use thorium about 200 times more efficiently than it uses uranium today.
+LFTR can also release the energy of thorium almost completely, producing hundreds of times less waste from uranium and millions of times less waste than fossil fuels.
+Cars and machines will continue to need liquid fuels, and just like nature, these liquid fuels can be produced from carbon dioxide and water in the atmosphere.
+Hydrogen can be produced by splitting water and combining it with carbon harvested from atmospheric CO2 to create fuels such as methanol, ammonia, and dimethyl ether, which could be a direct replacement for diesel fuel. .
+Imagine sustainable, in-house produced, carbon-neutral petrol and diesel.
+Do you have enough thorium?
+Yes, it is.
+In fact, there are over 3,200 tons of thorium in the United States, stockpiled 50 years ago and now buried in shallow trenches in Nevada.
+This thorium, if used for the LFTR, could produce roughly as much energy as the United States uses in three years.
+Thorium is also not an uncommon substance.
+Idaho is full of places like this, producing enough thorium each year to power the entire world in an area the size of a football field.
+Liquid thorium fluoride technology has the potential to provide a way out of the expensive and difficult aspects of current water-cooled solid-fuel uranium nuclear power plants.
+We don't need a large high-pressure reactor or a large reactor to house it.
+No need for large, inefficient steam turbines.
+Thorium is a highly portable energy source that can be placed close to where you need it, so you don't need to have a lot of long-distance transmission infrastructure.
+The Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor is a highly energy efficient, safe and compact facility that produces the required energy day and night regardless of weather conditions.
+In 2007, we used 5 billion tons of coal, 31 billion barrels of oil, 5 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, and 65,000 tons of uranium to produce the world's energy.
+For thorium, we can do the same with 7,000 tons of thorium that can be mined at one site.
+If all this sounds interesting to you, we encourage you to visit our website. There, a growing and passionate online community of Thorium advocates works to tell the world how a clean, safe and sustainable energy future can be built on energy. of thorium.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+I remember the first time I saw people injecting drugs.
+I had just arrived in Vancouver to lead an HIV prevention research project in the infamous Downtown East Side.
+It was in the lobby of the Portland Hotel, a supportive housing project that provides rooms for the city's most marginalized people, the so-called "housing impoverished."
+I will never forget the young woman standing on the stairs, pricking herself with needles repeatedly, screaming, "I can't find my veins," with blood splattered on the walls.
+In response to desperation, drug use, poverty, violence and rising HIV rates, Vancouver declared a public health emergency in 1997.
+This has opened the door to expanding harm reduction services, distributing more needles, increasing access to methadone, and eventually opening supervised injection facilities.
+Anything that reduces the risk of drug injection.
+However, even today, 20 years later, harm reduction is still considered some kind of radical concept.
+In some places it is still illegal to carry clean needles.
+Drug users are much more likely to be arrested than offered methadone therapy.
+Recent proposals to set up supervised injection facilities in cities such as Seattle, Baltimore and New York have faced stiff opposition. The opposite goes against everything we know about addiction.
+why is that?
+Why are we still so fixated on the idea that the only option is to stop using it, that any drug use is unacceptable?
+Why do we ignore the myriad personal stories and overwhelming scientific evidence that harm reduction works?
+Critics say harm reduction will not stop people from using illegal drugs.
+Well, actually, that's what matters.
+After all the criminal and social sanctions we can think of, people are still using drugs and too many are dying.
+Critics also say we are abandoning people by not paying attention to treatment and recovery.
+The opposite is actually true.
+We are not giving up on people.
+We know that people must be kept alive for recovery to occur.
+Providing someone with a clean needle or a safe place to inject is the first step to treatment and recovery.
+Critics also argue that harm reduction gives children the wrong message about drug users.
+Last time we saw these drug users were our children.
+The message of harm reduction is that drugs can hurt you, but you should still reach out to people with addictions.
+Needle replacement is not an advertisement for drug use.
+Neither are methadone clinics nor supervised injection facilities.
+What you see there are sick and hurting people, and it does not advocate drug use.
+Consider the example of a supervised injection site.
+Probably the most misunderstood health intervention ever.
+What we're saying is that allowing people to use fresh needles in clean, dry spaces and to inject surrounded by people who care is the same as injecting in dirty alleys and polluted areas. It's much better than sharing needles and injecting while hiding from the police.
+It's better for everyone.
+Vancouver's first supervised injection facility, at 327 Carroll Street, was a small room with a concrete floor, a few chairs, and a box of clean needles.
+The police often blocked it, but somehow it always mysteriously reopened with the help of a crowbar.
+I went there at night to provide medical care to people injecting drugs.
+I have always been impressed with the dedication and compassion of the people who run and use this site.
+No judgments, no hassles, no fears, and lots of deep conversations.
+I learned that despite the unimaginable trauma, physical pain, and mental illness, everyone there thought things would get better.
+Most people were convinced that one day they would stop using drugs altogether.
+This room was the predecessor to North America's first government-sanctioned supervised injection facility called INSITE.
+It was launched in September 2003 as a three-year research project.
+The conservative government intended to shut it down when the research was finished.
+Eight years later, the dispute over INSITE's closure reached the Supreme Court of Canada.
+The case pitted the Canadian government against Dean Wilson and Sherry Tomic, two people who had long drug histories and had first-hand knowledge of INSITE's benefits.
+The court ruled 9-0 in favor of keeping INSITE open.
+Judges reacted scathingly to the government's lawsuit.
+And I quote: "The impact of denial of INSITE services to the population served by INSITE and the associated increased risk of death and morbidity among injecting drug users suggests that Canada is Possession of narcotics grossly disproportionate to any benefits that might be derived from presenting a united stance." "
+This was a hopeful moment for harm reduction.
+However, despite this strong message from the Supreme Court, it was not possible until recently to open a new site in Canada.
+One interesting thing happened in December 2016. In response to the overdose crisis, the government of British Columbia has authorized the establishment of an overdose prevention site.
+Community groups have essentially bypassed the federal approval process to open about 22 infusion facilities across the state that are effectively illegal and under surveillance.
+Thousands of people could be using drugs under supervision virtually overnight.
+Hundreds of overdoses were cleared by naloxone and no one died.
+In fact, this is what has happened at INSITE for the past 14 years. 75,000 different individuals have injected illicit drugs more than 3.5 million times and not a single person has died.
+No one died at INSITE.
+You are done.
+We have scientific evidence and success with methadone needle replacement and monitored injection sites.
+These are common sense, compassionate approaches to drug use that improve health, bring about connection, and significantly reduce suffering and death.
+So why aren't harm reduction programs more popular?
+Why do we still think drug use is a law enforcement issue?
+Our contempt for drugs and drug users runs very deep.
+We are flooded with images and media articles about the horrific effects of drugs.
+We have stigmatized entire communities.
+We applaud military-inspired operations to crush drug traffickers.
+And we seem unfazed by building even more prisons to incarcerate people for whom drug use is the only crime.
+Virtually millions of people are caught in a hopeless cycle of imprisonment, violence and poverty created not by drugs themselves but by drug laws.
+How do we explain to people that drug users need care and support and are free to live their own lives when all we see are images of guns and handcuffs and jail cells? do you want?
+To be clear, criminalization is just a way to institutionalize stigma.
+Making drugs illegal won't stop people from using drugs.
+Our paralysis to see things differently is also based on a completely false narrative about drug use.
+We have been led to believe that drug users are irresponsible people who simply want to get high, but then their personal failures lead them spiraling into a life of crime and poverty, leaving them with jobs, families, and the end. You literally lose your life.
+In fact, most drug users have stories of childhood trauma, sexual abuse, mental illness, and personal tragedy.
+Medications are used to numb the pain.
+We have to understand that when dealing with people who have been deeply traumatized.
+At the heart of our drug policy is precisely the question of social justice.
+The media may focus on overdose deaths like Prince's and Michael Jackson's, but most of the suffering is happening to the marginalized, the poor and the dispossessed.
+they don't vote they are often alone.
+They are the disposable human beings of society.
+Drug use is also highly condemned in the medical field.
+People who use drugs avoid the medical system.
+They know that once they are in clinical care or are hospitalized, they are treated badly.
+And their supply lines, be it heroin, cocaine, or meth, will be cut off.
+On top of that, they are intensively asked questions that only expose their loss and shame.
+"What kind of medicine do you use?"
+"How long have you been living on the streets?"
+"Where are your children?"
+"When was the last time you were in prison?"
+The point is, "Why don't you stop using drugs?"
+In fact, our entire medical approach to drug use has been turned upside down.
+For some reason we decided abstinence was the best way to treat this.
+If you're lucky, you might be able to join a detox program.
+If you live in an area where Saboxone or methadone are present, you may be able to participate in an alternative program.
+We rarely provide people with what they absolutely need to survive: a safe prescription for opioids.
+Starting with abstinence is like telling a new diabetic to quit sugar, a severe asthmatic to start running marathons, or a depressed person to just be happy.
+For other medical conditions, do not start with the most extreme options.
+Why is this strategy supposed to work for something as complex as addiction?
+Unintentional overdose is nothing new, but the scale of the current crisis is unprecedented.
+The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 64,000 Americans died from drug overdoses in 2016, far more than car crashes and murders.
+Drug-related deaths are now the leading cause of death for men and women aged 20 to 50 in North America. Think about it.
+How did we get here and why now?
+There's a kind of perfect storm going on around opioids.
+Medications such as OxyContin, Percocet, and Dilaudid have been widely distributed for decades for all types of pain.
+An estimated 2 million Americans use opioids daily, and more than 60 million received at least one opioid prescription last year.
+This mass dumping of prescription drugs into the community provides a steady source of supply for those wishing to self-medicate.
+In response to this prevalence of prescriptions, people's supplies were cut off, which greatly reduced street supplies. An unintended but predictable consequence is the prevalence of overdose.
+Many people who were dependent on a steady supply of prescription drugs turned to heroin.
+And now the illicit drug market has tragically switched to largely synthetic drugs such as fentanyl.
+These new drugs are cheap and powerful, but very difficult to administer.
+People are literally poisoned.
+Can you imagine if this was some other kind of addiction epidemic?
+What if thousands of people started dying from poisoned meat, milk powder and coffee?
+We will treat this as a true emergency.
+We plan to provide a safer alternative soon.
+There is also a change in the law, and we will support victims and their families.
+But against the drug overdose epidemic, we did nothing of the kind.
+We will continue to demonize drugs and those who use them, and blindly pour more resources into law enforcement.
+So where do we go from here?
+First, we need to fully embrace, fund, and scale harm reduction programs across North America.
+I know harm reduction is a lifeline of care and treatment in places like Vancouver.
+I know the number of overdose deaths would be much higher without harm reduction.
+And I personally know hundreds of people who are alive today thanks to harm reduction.
+But harm reduction is just the beginning.
+Prohibition and criminal penalties need to be seriously discussed if we really want to make an impact in this drug crisis.
+We need to recognize that drug use is first and foremost a public health problem and look to comprehensive social and health solutions.
+We already have a model for how this works.
+In 2001, Portugal was facing a drug crisis.
+Heavy drug use, high crime rates and widespread overdose.
+They defied global convention and decriminalized all drug possession.
+Money spent on drug control was directed to health and rehabilitation programs.
+I got results.
+Overall drug use has decreased dramatically.
+Overdose is rare.
+More people are receiving treatment.
+And people got their lives back.
+We have walked so far down the road of prohibition, punishment and prejudice that we have become indifferent to the suffering we inflict on the most vulnerable people in our society.
+More people will be involved in the illegal drug trade this year.
+Thousands of children will find out that their mother or father has been sent to prison for drug charges.
+And too many parents will be informed that their son or daughter died of a drug overdose.
+You don't have to do it this way.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Music is the most universal language we have, far more universal than any dialect or language.
+You can play a melody to a child in China and play the same melody to a child in South Africa.
+And despite the great differences between these two children, they would still derive some of the same truth from the melody.
+Now, I think the reason music is universal and speaks to each one of us is that somehow it reflects us in a mirror, revealing a little bit of it in some way, big or small. . who we are and what we are
+A logical extension of this is that if music is a universal force, we call a group of musicians, an orchestra, it should reflect all aspects of a community.
+Logical, but not necessarily true.
+At TEDxBrussels today, we looked forward to 50 years into the future.
+Well, go in a different direction and go back in time 50 years ago, the early 1960s to be exact.
+If you had a snapshot of all the great orchestras of the world at the time, how many women do you think played in those orchestras?
+The answer is very few.
+Now, 50 years later, in 2011, nearly every orchestra on the planet has a wonderfully healthy balance between men and women.
+"Of course!" I hear a voice say, "Quite logical."
+But what about the other side of the community?
+disability community.
+Do you think they are well represented in the great orchestras of our world?
+Well, as a conductor, I can say that I have always performed with orchestras all over the world, and I can count on one hand the number of disabled musicians I have met in any orchestra.
+why is this?
+There are millions of amazingly talented musicians with disabilities around the world.
+where is their platform?
+Where is the infrastructure to create a space where they can collaborate with other great musicians?
+Now, ladies and gentlemen, as you probably know, I have a little mission.
+And this mission has personal roots.
+I have four children, my youngest was born with cerebral palsy.
+She is now 5 years old, and through her illustrious presence, I now consider myself a full-paid member of an amazing, dizzyingly wonderful disability community.
+And I look at the Paralympics and think what a great model this is.
+In fact, it took 50 years, but when the Paralympics are held in London next year, there will be no intelligent person on earth who absolutely does not believe in the legitimacy of athletes with disabilities. I can confidently say yes.
+What a great position!
+Now, ladies and gentlemen, where is the music in all this?
+Sorry sports fans, but music is much more universal than sports.
+Where is the platform? Where are their voices?
+We are therefore in the very early stages of forming the UK's first National Orchestra for the Disabled.
+We will call it the British Paraorchestra. Because with the world's attention on London next year, especially the Paralympics, we want to challenge all the other countries represented there and say, 'Here is our team. para orchestra.
+where is yours "
+There is no doubt that every country should have many paraorchestras of all shapes and sizes.
+Well, today is a very special day for me. Because it's the first time the first four members of my little fledgling paraorchestra have performed in public. Four extraordinary musicians, and more to come.
+I hope that eventually the paraorchestra will be about 50 people.
+Today I'd like to introduce you to a little sonic adventure, improvisational whimsy, and of course the ink and clay are still wet.
+After all, improvisation is never static.
+We decided that the focus of our improvisation would be a song that the British love.
+It is one of the few folk songs still recognized in our culture.
+And here's the interesting thing. Folk music can tell us a great deal about the cultural DNA of the country from which it originated.
+As you know, we British are quietly melancholy.
+You know, rain… it rains.
+Food is not so good.
+(laughs) Quietly melancholic.
+Don't do it in the dark, just do it quietly.
+And, as Shakespeare so brilliantly put it in Twelfth Night, he loves the music of Dying Autumn.
+In other words, this melody, "Greensleeves," is chock-full of "dying autumn."
+You may know this song.
+(singing) Da-da-da-da-da, dying autumn.
+(Laughs) Da-da-da-da-da, autumn to die.
+Da-dee, da-da-na-na… dying autumn… na-na-nee, na-ah-ah-ah.
+Fleeting sunshine, ladies and gentlemen, chorus -- (singing) Ya da da da, dying autumn...
+(laughing) (singing) Da-da-dee, da-da-da-da, dying autumn...
+A long time ago, a dying autumn...
+OK？
+Ladies and gentlemen, it seems our culture needs some melodic Viagra.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Needless to say, we're at the start gate of this project.
+We need your help to make this dream come true so that this orchestra can be at full steam ahead by the summer of 2012. We need the cooperation of the global community.
+Please contact us if you think there is a way we can help.
+So, ladies and gentlemen, it is my great pride and pleasure to introduce the first four members of the English Paraorchestra, with a short improvisation to that most melancholy tune, 'Greensleeves'. , is a pleasure.
+(Applause) (Cheers) (Music) (Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
+Last October, Haiti reported its first case of cholera in more than 50 years.
+There was no way to predict how far it would spread through the water supply and how bad the situation would get.
+And because we don't know where help is needed, it will always be in short supply where it is most needed.
+We can now predict and prepare for storms before they take innocent lives and cause irreparable damage, but we cannot yet do so with water. Here's why.
+Today, if you want to test water in the field, you need trained technicians, expensive equipment like this, and you have to wait about a day for chemical reactions to occur and the results.
+It takes too long to get a handle on what's going on in the field before it changes, and it's too expensive to implement testing everywhere you need it.
+And in the meantime, people are ignoring the fact that they still need to drink water.
+Most of the information we collect about cholera outbreaks does not come from water testing. It came from a format like this where we recorded all the people we couldn't help.
+Canaries save countless lives in coal mines. For miners, canaries are an easy and valuable way to know if a mine is safe.
+Having worked on this problem with some of the most hardworking and brilliant people I've ever known, I've been inspired by its simplicity.
+We believe there is a simpler solution to this problem. It is a solution available to those who face such situations on a daily basis.
+It's still early days, but so far it looks like this:
+We call it the water canary.
+This is a fast and inexpensive device that answers the important question, "Is this water polluted?"
+No special training required.
+And instead of waiting for a chemical reaction to occur, it uses light.
+This means you don't have to wait for chemical reactions to occur, you don't have to use potentially exhausting reagents, and you don't have to be an expert to get actionable information.
+To test your water, simply insert your sample and within seconds you will see a red light indicating the water is contaminated or a green light indicating your sample is safe .
+This enables anyone to collect life-saving information and monitor water quality conditions.
+In addition, it integrates wireless networks into affordable devices with GPS and GSM.
+This means that each measurement can be automatically sent to the server for real-time mapping.
+With enough users, such a map can help contain danger and take preventative measures before it turns into an emergency that can take years to recover from.
+And instead of spending days distributing this information to those who need it most, it will be automatic.
+We have seen how distributed networks, big data and information can transform society.
+I think it's time to apply them to the water now.
+Our goal next year is to have Water Canary ready for use in the field, open source the hardware so that anyone can contribute to development and evaluation, and work together on this problem.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+One of the most common ways to divide the world into two is to divide it into believers and non-believers: religious and atheists.
+And in the last decade or so, it has become very clear what it means to be an atheist.
+There are also vociferous atheists who point out that religion is not only wrong, but ridiculous.
+These people, many of whom lived in North Oxford, claim that believing in gods is like believing in fairies and is essentially all childish play.
+I think it's too easy now.
+I think it is too easy to deny the whole religion in that way.
+And it's as easy as shooting a fish in a barrel.
+And what I want to start today is a new way to become an atheist. A new version of Atheism that you can call Atheism 2.0 if you like.
+So what is Atheism 2.0?
+It starts with a very basic premise. Of course God does not exist.
+Of course, there are no gods or supernatural spirits or angels.
+Okay, let's move on. It's not the end of the story, it's just the beginning.
+I'm interested in voters who think: "I can't believe anything like this.
+I can't believe in doctrine.
+I don't think these doctrines are correct.
+"But most importantly, I love Christmas carols.
+I really like Mantegna's art.
+I love looking at old churches.
+I love turning the pages of the Old Testament. "
+Whatever it is, you know the kind of thing I'm talking about, of people who are drawn to the ritualistic, moral and communal aspects of religion but can't stand its tenets. That's it.
+Until now, these people have faced a rather unpleasant choice.
+It's as if either you accept dogma and you have all the good things, or you reject dogma and live in some kind of spiritual wilderness under the guidance of CNN and Walmart. It seems as if
+So it's kind of a difficult choice.
+I don't think we need to make that choice.
+I believe there is an alternative.
+I'm sure there are ways to steal from religion, but I'm both very respectful and completely ungodly.
+Even if you don't believe in religion, there's nothing wrong with taking the positive aspects of religion and combining them.
+And to me, Atheism 2.0 is, as I say, about both the respectful and the irreverent way of going through religion and saying, "What can I have here?" .
+The secular world is full of holes.
+We've become grossly secularized, I would argue.
+And a thorough study of religion may provide all sorts of insight into areas of life that are going wrong.
+I would like to take a look at some of them today.
+I would like to start with education.
+Today, education is a field in which the secular world sincerely believes.
+When we think of ways to make the world a better place, we think of education. We put a lot of money into it.
+Education can not only give us commercial and industrial skills, but it can also make us better people.
+You know what a commencement address or commencement ceremony is like. It is a lyrical claim that education, the process of education, especially higher education, transforms us into nobler and better human beings.
+Nice idea.
+Interesting where it came from.
+In the early 19th century, church attendance in Western Europe began to decline so sharply that people panicked.
+They asked themselves questions such as:
+Where, they said, do people find morality, where do they find guidance, where do they find solace?
+And an influential voice came up with an answer.
+They said it's culture.
+Culture is what we should look to for guidance, comfort and morality.
+Look at Shakespeare's plays, Plato's dialogues, and Jane Austen's novels.
+There we find many truths that we may have found earlier in the Gospel of St. John.
+Now I think it's a very beautiful idea, a very true idea.
+They wanted to replace the Bible with culture.
+And that's a very plausible idea.
+It is also a way of thinking that we have forgotten.
+Let's say you went to a top-tier university, and you went to Harvard, Oxford, and Cambridge. And, "I came here for morality, guidance, and solace, and I want to know what to do. Live."
+This is not what our greatest and greatest institutions of higher education are working towards.
+why? They don't think we need it.
+They don't think we need help urgently.
+They see us as adults, rational adults.
+We need information.
+We need data, but we don't need help.
+Now, religion starts in a completely different place.
+All religions, all major religions, call us children at different points in time.
+And just like our children, we believe we are in dire need of help.
+we just maintain it.
+Maybe this is just me, maybe it's you.
+But anyway, we're just keeping it together.
+and we need help. Of course I need help.
+So we need guidance, we need didactic learning.
+As you know, the greatest preacher in eighteenth-century England, the greatest religious preacher, was a man named John Wesley. He traveled up and down the country preaching and advising people on how to live.
+He preached about the duties of parents to children, of children to parents, of the rich to the poor, and of the poor to the rich.
+He was trying to tell people how to live through preaching, the classic medium of teaching religion.
+Now we have abandoned the idea of ​​preaching.
+If you said to a modern liberal individualist, "Hey, how about a sermon?"
+They'll say, "No, no, we don't need that."
+I am an independent and personal person. "
+What is the difference between a sermon and a modern secular way of delivering a lecture?
+Well, a sermon wants to change your life and a lecture wants to give you a little bit of information.
+And I think we need to go back to that preaching tradition.
+The tradition of preaching is invaluable because we need guidance, morality, and comfort. And religion knows it.
+Another point about education: In today's secular society, we tend to believe that if you say something to someone once, they will remember it.
+Sit them in a classroom, tell them about Plato when they're 20, send them into a career as a management consultant for 40 years, and the lessons will stick with them.
+Religion is "nonsense.
+The lesson should continue to be repeated 10 times a day.
+So get on your knees and repeat it. "
+That's what all religions teach us: "Get on your knees and repeat it 10, 20, or 15 times a day."
+Otherwise, our mind becomes like a sieve.
+In other words, religion is a culture of repetition.
+They circulate the great truth over and over again.
+We associate repetition with boredom.
+"Give me a new one," we always say.
+"New is better than old."
+If I said to you, "Okay, we're not doing a new TED.
+It's so true that I'm going to revisit all the old ones and watch it five times.
+What she says is so clever, I'm going to see Elizabeth Gilbert five times,' and you'll feel cheated.
+Not if you are adopting religious ideas.
+The other thing religions do is adjust the time.
+All major religions give us calendars.
+What is Calendar?
+A calendar is a way to see if you run into certain very important ideas throughout the year.
+In the Catholic chronology, the Catholic calendar, at the end of March we will think of Saint Jerome and his qualities of humility and goodness and generosity towards the poor.
+It's no coincidence. We do it because we are led to do it.
+We don't think so now.
+In the secular world, we think, ``If an idea matters, I'll run into it.''
+I will meet you soon. "
+Nonsense, says the religious worldview.
+Religious views say that you need a calendar, you need to organize your time, and you need to synchronize your encounters.
+This is also reflected in the way religions organize rituals around important emotions.
+take the moon Seeing the moon is really important.
+When you look at the moon, you think, "I'm really small. What's my problem?"
+Foreseeing things, etc.
+We should all look at the moon a little more often. it's not.
+why not? Well, nothing says "look at the moon".
+But if you are a follower of Zen Buddhism, in mid-September you will be kicked out of your home, made to stand on the altar of the canon, celebrated with a moon-viewing festival, and made to read the festive poems there. The passage of months and time, and the fragility of life that it reminds us of.
+You will be given rice cakes.
+And the moon and its reflection will occupy a safe place in your heart.
+That's very good.
+Another thing that religions really recognize is speaking well -- I can't speak very well here -- rhetoric, rhetoric is absolutely key to religion.
+In the secular world, you can make it through the college system and be a bad talker, but still have a great career.
+But the religious world doesn't think so.
+What you say must be backed up by really convincing phrasing.
+So if you go to an African-American Pentecostal church in the American South and ask them how they speak, they do.
+Every time you find a persuasive point, people will say, "Amen, amen, amen."
+At the end of a really exciting paragraph, everyone stands up and says, "Thank you Jesus, thank you Christ, thank you Savior."
+If we're doing what they're doing - let's stop. But if we were to do it -- we would say something like 'Culture should replace scripture'.
+And they will say, "Amen, amen, amen."
+And when my talk is over, you will stand up and say, "Thank you, Plato, thank you, Shakespeare, thank you, Jane Austen."
+And it turns out that the rhythm really goes on.
+I get it. Getting there. Getting there.
+(Applause.) Another thing religions know is that we are not just brains, we are also bodies.
+And when they teach us a lesson, they do it through the body.
+For example, consider the Jewish idea of ​​forgiveness.
+Jews are very interested in forgiveness and how we start anew and start anew.
+They don't just preach to us about this.
+They don't just give us books and words on this.
+They tell us to take a bath.
+Therefore, the Orthodox Jewish community goes to Mikveh every Friday.
+As you immerse yourself in water, your physical actions support your philosophical ideas.
+we don't tend to do that.
+Our thoughts are in one realm and our actions towards our bodies are in another realm.
+Religion is interesting because it tries to combine the two.
+Now let's look at art.
+Well, art is highly prized in the secular world. We think art is really very important.
+Much of our surplus wealth goes to museums and the like.
+Museums are sometimes said to be our new cathedrals, or new churches.
+You've heard this phrase before.
+Now I see it as a possibility, but I was completely disappointed.
+And the reason we have let ourselves down is that we have not properly studied how religion treats art.
+There are two really bad ideas floating around in modern society that impede our ability to draw strength from art. The first idea is that art should be for art. It's a silly idea. The idea is that art should live in a closed bubble. And nothing should be done against this confused world.
+I couldn't agree more.
+Another thing we believe is that art should not explain itself and artists should not tell what they are doing. Because if they said it, the magic would be broken and we might find it too easy.
+That's why a common feeling when you're in a museum is—I'll admit it—"I don't know what this is about."
+But if we are serious people, we will not admit it.
+But that sense of bewilderment is structural in contemporary art.
+Religion now has a much healthier attitude towards art.
+They easily tell us what art is.
+In all major faiths art has two components.
+First, I'm trying to remind you what love is.
+And second, it's trying to remind us that there is something to fear and something to hate.
+And that is art.
+Art is an instinctive encounter with the most important ideas of your faith.
+So when you walk around a church, a mosque, a cathedral, what you are trying to absorb, what you are absorbing, is going through your eyes, through your senses, otherwise through your heart. It's the truth that came to
+It's basically advertising.
+Rembrandt is a propagandist from a Christian point of view.
+Now the word “propaganda” is ringing alarm bells.
+We think of Hitler, we think of Stalin. Not necessarily.
+Propaganda is a didactic way of glorifying something.
+And if it's a good one, that's perfectly fine.
+My view is that the museum should take a piece out of the religious book.
+And they say, when you walk into a museum, if I were a museum curator, I would make a room for love, a room for generosity.
+Every work of art tells us something.
+And if we can arrange a space where we can come across works that say, 'Use this work of art to let these ideas settle in your mind,' You can get more out of art.
+Art will take on duties that it once assumed, but which, due to some misconception, we have neglected.
+Art should be one of the tools to make our society better.
+Art should be didactic.
+Consider something else.
+In the modern, secular world, people who are interested in spiritual matters, spiritual matters, higher soul-like concerns tend to be isolated individuals.
+They are poets, philosophers, photographers and filmmakers.
+And they tend to stand on their own.
+They are our cottage industry. They are vulnerable singles.
+And they become depressed or sad alone.
+And they don't really change much.
+Now let's think about religion, about organized religion.
+What does organized religion do?
+They get together and form an organization.
+And it brings all sorts of benefits.
+First of all, scale, scale.
+The Catholic Church raised $97 billion last year, according to The Wall Street Journal.
+These are huge machines.
+They are collaborative, branded, multinational and highly disciplined.
+These are all very good qualities.
+We recognize them in our relationship with companies.
+And businesses are in many ways a lot like religions, except they sit at the bottom of the needs pyramid.
+They sell us shoes and cars.
+On the other hand, those who sell us the lofty, the therapists and the poets, are acting alone, powerless and powerless.
+Religion is therefore the most representative example of an organization fighting for matters of the heart.
+Now, we may not agree with what religion is trying to teach us, but we can admire the institutional way it does it.
+A book alone, a book written by a lonely individual, doesn't change anything.
+we need to group.
+If we want to change the world, we must come together and work together.
+And that's what religion does.
+Like I said, they're multinational, branded, and have distinct identities so they don't get lost in a busy world.
+That's what we can learn.
+I would like to conclude.
+What I really mean is that for many people working in different fields, even if they don't believe in any religion, there is something to be learned from the example of religion.
+If you're into something communal, a gathering of many people, religion can help.
+For example, if you're somehow involved in the travel industry, keep an eye on Pilgrimage.
+Take a closer look at Pilgrimage.
+We haven't even begun to scratch the surface of what travel is like. Because we don't see how religion affects travel.
+If you're in the art world, see examples of what religion does with art.
+And if you are an educator in any way, look again at how religion propagates ideas.
+You may not agree with this idea, but fortunately these are very effective mechanisms for doing so.
+My conclusion is that you may not agree with religion, but at the end of the day, religion is in many ways so subtle, so complex, so intelligent that it should be abandoned only to those who are religious. It means that it is not suitable for They are for all of us.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Now, this is actually a courageous story. Because you kind of set yourself up to be ridiculed by some people.
+AB: You can get shot from both sides.
+You can be shot by a staunch atheist, and you can be shot by someone who believes outright.
+CA: A missile is about to come from North Oxford.
+AB: Yes.
+CA: But you leave out one aspect of religion that many might say helps your agenda. It is indeed, perhaps most importantly for those who believe in religion, a spiritual experience, a kind of feeling. A connection with something bigger than yourself.
+Is there room for such an experience in Atheism 2.0?
+AB: Of course. Like many of you, I meet people who say things like, "But isn't there something bigger than us, something else?"
+And I say, "Of course." And they say, "So you're not religious in a way?"
+And I answer "no". Why does it have to be accompanied by a sense of mystery, the sense of scale of the dazzling universe?
+You don't feel the need for science or observation alone, because you can get that feeling without it.
+The universe is big and we are small, so we don't need a religious superstructure.
+Therefore, a person can have so-called spiritual moments without believing in spirits.
+CA: Actually, let me ask you a question.
+How many people here would say religion is important to them?
+Is there a similar process that kind of bridges between what you're talking about and what you tell them?
+AB: I think there are so many gaps in secular life that can be filled.
+What I'm trying to say is that having a religion doesn't mean you have to accept all kinds of things, or that you don't have a religion and you're cut off from all these very good things. .
+It is so sad that we always say, 'I cannot go on pilgrimage because I am cut off from morality because I do not believe I cannot have a community'.
+Some people are tempted to say, "Nonsense. Why not?"
+That is exactly the spirit of my talk.
+There are so many things we can absorb.
+Atheism should not be separated from the rich sources of religion.
+CA: It seems like there are a lot of atheists in the TED community.
+But perhaps most people in the community don't think religion is going away any time soon, and find a language to have a constructive dialogue so they can actually talk to each other and share at least some common ground. We want to feel that we can. .
+Is it foolish to be optimistic about the possibilities of a world where religion can bridge the gap instead of being the loud cry of division and war?
+AB: No, we have to be polite about our differences.
+Politeness is a virtue that is often overlooked.
+It is considered hypocrisy.
+But we need to get to the point where when you're an atheist and someone says, "You know, I prayed the other day," you politely ignore it.
+Move on.
+Because you agree on 90 percent of things, you have common views on so many things, yet you are politely different.
+And I think that's what the recent religious wars have been ignoring.
+They have ignored the possibility of harmonious disagreement.
+CA: And finally, is this new thing you're proposing something other than a religion, does it need a leader, and are you aspiring to be Pope? mosquito?
+(Laughter) AB: Well, what we're all very suspicious of is the individual leader.
+it is not necessary.
+What I have tried to present is a framework and I hope people can fill it.
+I sketched some kind of big framework.
+But wherever you are, as I say, if you're in the travel industry, take a little trip.
+If you are in the public sector, turn to religion and do public service.
+It's a wiki project.
+(laughs) CA: Alan, thank you for sparking so many conversations later.
+(applause)
+In the 1980s, in communist East Germany, if you owned a typewriter, you had to register it with the government.
+I had to register a sample sheet of text from the typewriter.
+This was done to allow the government to trace the text's provenance.
+If you find a paper with the wrong kind of idea, you can trace who created it.
+And we in the West didn't understand how anyone could do this and how this would limit free speech.
+We never do that in our own country.
+However, today in 2011, when I purchased a color laser printer from a major laser printer manufacturer and printed a page, the page had a slight yellow dot printed on every page, giving the page a peculiar pattern. increase. for you and your printer.
+This is what is happening to us today.
+And no one seems to be making a fuss about it.
+This is an example of our government using technology against our people.
+And it's one of the top three causes of online problems today.
+By looking at what's really happening in the online world, we can group attacks based on the attacker.
+We have three main groups.
+There are online criminals.
+Mr. Dmitry Gorbov, who is also from Kiev, Ukraine.
+And the motives of online criminals are very easy to understand.
+These guys are making money.
+They use online attacks to make a lot of money.
+In fact, there have been several cases of online billionaires making money from attacks.
+This is Vladimir Zastoshin from Tartu, Estonia.
+This is [Albert] Gonzalez.
+Stephen Watt.
+Matthew Anderson, Tariq Al-Dawl and others.
+They make their wealth online, but they can also steal money from our bank accounts using banking Trojans or similar while we are banking online, or steal money from our bank accounts while we are shopping online. They are successful with illegal means such as using keyloggers to collect credit card information. infected computer.
+Two months ago, the US Secret Service froze Mr. Sam Jain's Swiss bank account here, which held US$14.9 million at the time it was frozen.
+Mr. Jain himself is on the run. no one knows where he is.
+And I would argue that today, any of us are more likely to be victims of crime online than in the real world.
+And it is clear that this situation will only get worse.
+In the future, much of the crime will occur online.
+The second major attacker group we're looking at today is not for money.
+They are motivated by something else. Motivated by protest, motivated by opinion, motivated by laughter.
+Groups like Anonymous have risen in the last 12 months to become major players in the online attack arena.
+So these are the three main attackers. Criminals for the money, hacktivists like Anonymous for the protests, but the last group is the state, the government attacks.
+Now let's look at a case like what happened with DigiNotar.
+This is a classic example of what happens when a government attacks its own people.
+DigiNotar is a Dutch certification authority. In fact, it was.
+It was hacked last fall and was on the verge of bankruptcy.
+Someone broke in and was hacked to the core.
+And last week, at a meeting with Dutch government representatives, I asked one of the team leaders if he thought it plausible that people died because of the DigiNotar hack.
+And his answer was "yes".
+So how do people die as a result of hacks like this?
+Well, DigiNotar is a CA.
+They sell certificates.
+what to do with the certificate?
+If you have a website with services such as https, SSL encrypted service, Gmail, etc., you need a certificate.
+While all of us, or most of us, use Gmail or one of its competitors today, these services are especially popular in totalitarian countries like Iran, where dissidents use foreign services like Gmail. These are encrypted over an SSL connection, so local authorities cannot eavesdrop on your discussions.
+The exception is when a foreign CA is hacked to issue a fraudulent certificate.
+And this is exactly what happened in the case of DigiNotar.
+What about the Arab Spring or what is happening in eg Egypt?
+In Egypt, mobs looted the headquarters of the Egyptian Secret Police in April 2011 and discovered a large amount of documents while looting the building.
+Among those papers was this binder titled "FinFisher".
+And inside the binder was a memo from a company based in Germany. The company sold the Egyptian government a suite of tools to intercept all communications of its citizens on a large scale.
+They sold the tool to the Egyptian government for €280,000.
+The company headquarters are located here.
+So Western governments provide totalitarian governments with the tools to do this to their own people.
+But Western governments are doing the same to themselves.
+For example, in Germany, just a few weeks ago, a so-called "national Trojan horse" was discovered. This is a Trojan used by German government officials to spy on their own citizens.
+If you are a suspect in a criminal case, of course your cell phone will be tapped.
+But today, it goes beyond that.
+They eavesdrop on your internet connection.
+They can use tools like State Trojan to infect your computer with Trojan horses, monitor all your communications, spy on online discussions, and even harvest passwords.
+Now, when you think about things like this more deeply, people's natural reaction should be:
+Why should I worry? Because I have nothing to hide. "
+And this is a pointless discussion.
+Privacy is implied.
+Privacy is not up for debate.
+This is not a privacy and security issue.
+It's a matter of freedom over control.
+And while we may trust our governments in 2011, the rights we assign are forever assigned.
+And do we trust, or do we blindly believe, the governments of the future, the governments that we may have 50 years from now?
+And these are the issues we will have to worry about for the next 50 years.
+Start here.
+This is the hand-painted sign that appeared a few years ago at a mom-and-pop bakery in my old neighborhood in Brooklyn.
+The store had one machine that could print on sugar plates.
+Kids can also bring their own drawing and have them print a sugar dish on top of their birthday cake.
+Unfortunately, one of the things children love to draw was cartoon characters.
+They liked to draw the Little Mermaid, they wanted to draw the Smurfs, they wanted to draw Mickey Mouse.
+However, it turned out to be illegal to print a child's drawing of Mickey Mouse onto a sugar plate.
+And it's a copyright violation.
+And it was so annoying to crack down on kids' birthday cake piracy that the college bakery said, 'As you know, we're going out of that business.
+If you are an amateur, you can no longer access our machines.
+If you want a printed sugar birthday cake, you should use one of our professional prefabricated images. "
+There are currently two bills in parliament.
+One is called SOPA and the other is called PIPA.
+SOPA stands for Stop Online Piracy Act.
+From the Senate.
+PIPA stands for PROTECTIP, which itself stands for "Prevent Real-World Online Threats to Economic Creativity and Intellectual Property Theft". Because these name-giving congressional aides are given a lot of time.
+And what SOPA and PIPA want to do is want to do this.
+They want to drive the cost of copyright compliance to a point where people can easily get out of the business of offering amateur features.
+Currently, the way they are proposing to do this is to identify sites that are materially infringing copyright, but the bill does not fully specify how to identify those sites. not And we want to remove those sites from the domain name system.
+They want to remove them from the domain name system.
+Today, the domain name system translates human-readable names like Google.com into the kind of address machines expect (74.125.226.212).
+Now, the problem with this censorship model of trying to identify sites and remove them from the domain name system is that it doesn't work.
+You might think that would be a pretty big deal for the law, but Congress doesn't seem to care much about it.
+The reason this doesn't work is that you can reach Google by typing 74.125.226.212 in your browser or setting it to a clickable link.
+Therefore, the police layer that polices this issue poses a real threat to this practice.
+Now, to understand how Congress came to create a bill that not only fails to achieve its stated goals, but causes many harmful side effects, we need to understand a little of the story behind it. .
+And here's the backstory. SOPA and PIPA as laws were drafted primarily by media companies founded in the 20th century.
+The 20th century was a great time for media companies. Because the real ally was lack.
+If you're making a TV show, it doesn't have to be better than every TV show that's ever been made. It just had to be better than the other two shows that were on the air at the same time. This is a very low standard of difficulty for competition.
+This means that if you offer average content, you'll get a third of the US population, or tens of millions of free users for doing something not too bad.
+It's like having a license to print money and free ink.
+But technology has evolved, as it always does.
+And slowly, slowly, at the end of the 20th century, that rarity began to erode. I'm not talking about digital technology. It stands for analog technology.
+Cassette tapes, videocassette recorders, and even naive Xerox machines have created new opportunities for us to do things that surprise the media business.
+Because it turns out we're not really couch potatoes.
+We don't like just consuming.
+We love to consume, but with each of these new tools it turns out that we love to produce as well as share.
+And this freaked out media companies -- it freaked them out every time.
+Jack Valenti, chief lobbyist for the Motion Picture Institute of America, once compared a violent VCR to Jack the Ripper, and poor and helpless Hollywood to a woman alone at home.
+It was the level of rhetoric.
+So the media industry begged, insisted, demanded that Congress do something.
+And Congress did something.
+By the early '90s, Congress passed a law that changed everything.
+And that law was called the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992.
+The Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 stipulated that it is not a crime if people record what they hear from the radio and make a mixtape for a friend. are you OK.
+Feel free to record, remix, or share with your friends.
+If you want to make and sell a lot of quality copies, that's fine.
+But this tape business, okay, let's stop.
+And by making a clear distinction between legal and illegal copies, they thought, the problem was clarified.
+But that wasn't what the media companies wanted.
+They wanted Congress to outlaw full-stop copying.
+So when the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 was passed, media companies abandoned the notion of legal versus illegal copying. It was clear that if Congress acted within that framework, it could actually increase the right of citizens to participate. in our unique media environment.
+So they adopted plan B.
+They took time to formulate plan B.
+Plan B appeared in its first full-fledged form in 1998. This is called the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
+This is a complex law with many moving parts.
+But the main purpose of the DMCA was that the sale of digital material that could not be copied was legal. However, there is no such thing as digital material that cannot be copied.
+As Ed Felton once famously said, it would be "like handing out wet water."
+Bits are copyable. That's what computers do.
+It's a side effect of their normal activity.
+So, in order to disguise non-copyable bits so that they can be sold, the DMCA has also made it legal to force the use of systems that destroy the copy function of a device.
+All the DVD players, game players, TVs, and computers you brought home, no matter what you thought you were getting when you bought them, can break if the content industry wants to make it a condition of sale. . content.
+It also made it illegal to attempt to reset the copyability of content to ensure that the user is not aware of or performing its function as a general purpose computing device.
+The DMCA marks the moment the media industry abandoned the legal system that distinguishes between legal and illegal copies and sought to stop copying simply through technical means.
+The DMCA has and continues to have many complex ramifications today, but it does very little in this one area of ​​limiting sharing.
+And the main reason it doesn't work is that the internet has turned out to be much more popular and much more powerful than anyone ever imagined.
+It was nothing compared to what we see on the internet today, such as mixtapes and doujinshi.
+We are in a world where most Americans over the age of 12 share things with each other online.
+We share what is written, we share images, we share audio, we share videos.
+Some of what we share is made by us.
+Some of what we share is what we found.
+Some of what we share is made from what we find, and they all terrorize those industries.
+So PIPA and SOPA are the second round.
+But where the DMCA is surgically done -- we want to break into your computer, break into your TV and game consoles, and stop what they said they'd do in stores -- PIPA and SOPA is nuclear-armed and says we want to go anywhere in the world and censor content.
+As I said earlier, the mechanism for doing this is that we need to weed out anyone pointing to these IP addresses.
+It should be removed from search engines. It should be removed from the online directory and should also be removed from the user list.
+And we're not Google or Yahoo, we're the biggest content creators on the Internet, and we're the ones getting cracked down.
+Because, at the end of the day, the real threat to the enactment of PIPA and SOPA is our ability to share things with each other.
+So what PIPA and SOPA are risking is taking the centuries-old legal concept of innocence until proven guilty and overturning it: guilty until proven innocent. It is to be
+You can't share until you show us that you're not sharing what we don't like.
+Suddenly, the burden of proving legal or illegal falls clearly on us and on services that may offer us new features.
+And if it costs even 1 yen to crack down on users, the service with 100 million users will collapse.
+So this is the Internet they have in mind.
+Imagine having this sign everywhere. But imagine it doesn't say College Bakery. Imagine it says YouTube, Facebook, Twitter.
+Imagine it says TED because we can't police comments at an acceptable cost.
+The actual effect of SOPA and PIPA will differ from the proposed effect.
+In fact, the threat is this inversion of the burden of proof, the moment we are all given the freedom to create, create and share, suddenly we are all treated like thieves.
+And the people who provide those features to us — YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, TED — have made it a business that they either have to crack us down or are in danger of being complicit in infringement. is.
+There are two things you can do to stop this. Simple and complex, easy and hard.
+The simple, easy thing is this. If you're an American citizen, call the House of Representatives, call the Senators.
+If you look at the people who co-signed the SOPA bill, the people who co-signed the PIPA, you can see that they're collectively receiving millions of dollars from the traditional media industry.
+You don't have millions of dollars, but you can call representatives, remind them to vote, and ask them not to treat you like a thief. You can, or you can suggest that the Internet is better. be unbreakable.
+Also, if you are not a US citizen, you can contact US citizens you know and encourage them to do the same.
+Because although this seems like a national issue, it is not.
+These industries are not content with just destroying the Internet.
+If they break it, they will break it for everyone.
+It's a simple matter.
+It's a simple matter.
+The hard part is that there is a lot more to come, so be prepared.
+SOPA is a simple throwback to COICA, which was planned last year but did not pass.
+And all of this goes back to the failure of the DMCA to prohibit sharing as a technical measure.
+And the DMCA goes all the way back to the audio home recording laws that terrorized these industries.
+Because the whole task of actually suggesting that someone is breaking the law and gathering evidence to prove it turns out to be very inconvenient.
+The content industry says, "We don't want to do that."
+And what they want is that they don't have to.
+They don't want to make a legal distinction between legal and illegal sharing.
+They just want sharing to go away.
+PIPA and SOPA are not strange, they are not anomalies or events.
+They are the next turn in this particular twist that has been going on for 20 years.
+And more will come if we beat these, as we hope we will.
+Because until we convince Congress that piracy is being dealt with in the same way that Napster and YouTube dealt with it, we have to show all the evidence and hash the facts and evaluate remedies. Because you will have to go to court. It happens even in democratic societies.
+That's how you deal with this.
+In the meantime, the hard part is getting ready.
+Because that's the real message of PIPA and SOPA.
+I get a call from Time Warner demanding that they put us all back on the couch and just consume, don't produce or share and we should say 'no'.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Do you know how many choices you make each day?
+Do you know how many choices you typically make in a week?
+In a recent survey of over 2,000 Americans, the average American reporter makes about 70 choices per day.
+A recent survey of CEOs included a study that followed them for a week.
+These scientists then simply documented all the different tasks the CEOs engaged in and how much time they spent making decisions related to these tasks.
+And we found that the average CEO works on about 139 tasks per week.
+Of course, each task consists of numerous sub-choices.
+50% of their decisions were made within 9 minutes.
+Only about 12% of decisions took more than an hour.
+Think about your own choices.
+Do you know how many choices there are in the 9 minute category and the 1 hour category?
+How well do you think you manage those choices?
+Today I want to talk about one of the biggest choice problems of our time: the problem of overselection.
+I would like to talk about this problem and possible solutions.
+Now, in discussing this issue, I would like to ask you a few questions, and I would like to hear your answers.
+So when asking a question, I'm blind, so only raise your hand if you want to burn calories.
+(Laughter) Otherwise, if I ask a question and the answer is yes, I'd like you to clap your hands.
+So that's the first question for today. Are you ready to hear about the choice overload problem?
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+So when I was a graduate student at Stanford University, I used to frequent this very upmarket grocery store. It was really classy at the time, at least.
+It was a store called Draeger's.
+Well, this shop was like an amusement park.
+With 250 mustards and vinegars, 500+ fruits and vegetables, and 20+ bottled waters, that was back in the day when we actually drank tap water.
+I loved going to this store, but one day I asked myself why I didn't buy anything.
+This is the olive oil corner.
+There were over 75 varieties of olive oil, including olive oil from a thousand-year-old olive tree in a lockable case.
+So I decided to visit the manager one day. “Will this model of giving people all the choices really work?”
+And he pointed to the tourist bus that came every day with a camera.
+We wanted to do a little experiment and chose an experimental jam.
+This is the jam passage.
+There were 348 kinds of jam.
+We set up a small tasting booth right at the entrance of the shop.
+So we put out 6 different flavored jams, or 24 different flavored jams, and looked at two things. First, in which case are people more likely to stop and sample the jam?
+More people stopped when there were 24 people (about 60 percent) than when there were 6 people (about 40 percent).
+The next thing we looked at was when people were more likely to buy a jar of jam.
+Now we see the opposite effect.
+Of those who quit when there were 24, only 3 percent actually bought a jar of jam.
+We found that 30 percent of those who stopped when there were six actually bought a jar of jam.
+Do the math, people are at least six times more likely to buy a jar of jam when they encounter 6 jams than when they encounter 24 jams.
+Now, choosing not to buy a jar of jam is probably good for us—at least good for our waistlines—but the problem of overchoice also affects me in very serious decisions. found to affect us.
+We choose not to choose, even if it is against our best interests.
+Today's topic is "Economic Savings".
+Now I will describe the research I did with Gar Huberman, Emil Kamenika and Wei Zhang. The study examined the retirement savings decisions of nearly 1 million Americans from approximately 650 plans in the United States.
+And we looked at whether the number of fund offerings available in 401(k) plans, retirement savings plans, impacts people's likelihood of saving more for tomorrow.
+And what we found was that there was indeed a correlation.
+These plans therefore had approximately 657 plans, ranging from 2 to 59 different fund offerings.
+And what we found was that the more funding provided, the lower the participation rate actually.
+So if we look at the extreme case, the two-funded plan, the participation rate was around the mid-70s and still not as high as we would like.
+With nearly 60 funded schemes, participation is now down to about the 60th percentile.
+Now it turns out that even choosing to participate when you have more options has negative consequences.
+Therefore, the more options available to those who choose to participate, the more likely they are to avoid stocks and equity funds altogether.
+The more options available, the more likely you are to deposit all your funds in a pure money market account.
+Now, neither of these extreme decisions are the kind of decisions I would recommend to people when considering their future financial well-being.
+Over the past decade, we've observed three main negative effects of offering people more and more choices.
+They are more likely to delay making choices, even if it is against their best interests.
+They are more likely to make worse choices—worse financial choices, medical choices.
+They are more likely to choose the one they are less satisfied with, even if it yields objectively better results.
+The main reason is that while we may enjoy looking at giant walls of mayonnaise, mustard, vinegar and jams, it's hard to actually compare, contrast and do the math to choose from that stunning display. Because you can't.
+So today I would like to offer you four simple techniques that you can easily apply to your business. This is a technique that we have tested in one way or another in various research settings.
+First one: cut.
+It's been said before, but the saying "less is more" has never been truer than it is today.
+People always get mad when I say "cut".
+They are always worried about losing shelf space.
+But in reality, more and more, we are seeing that the willingness to cut unnecessary and redundant options will increase sales, reduce costs, and improve the selection experience. .
+Proctor &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Gamble was made from 26 different heads and gambles. After reaching 15 companies, sales increased by 10%.
+Golden Cat Corporation eliminated its 10 worst-selling cat litter products, resulting in an 87% increase in profit from both increased sales and reduced costs.
+Today, the average grocery store sells 45,000 items.
+Today, a typical Walmart offers 100,000 items.
+But the world's ninth-largest retailer is Aldi, which offers just one product: canned tomato sauce, with just 1,400 items.
+Now, in the world of financial savings, one of the best recent examples of how to best manage choice offerings is actually one that David Raveson was heavily involved in designing: at Harvard. I think it's a program that works.
+All Harvard University employees are now automatically enrolled in Lifecycle Funds.
+Those who actually want to choose are given 20 funds instead of 300 or more.
+People often say, "I don't know how to cut."
+They are all important choices. "
+And the first thing I do is ask the employee, 'Tell me how these options differ from each other.
+And if employees can't tell them apart, consumers can't either. "
+Well, I spoke with Gary before starting this afternoon's session.
+And Gary said he was happy to offer this audience a free, all-fee vacation to the World's Most Beautiful Road.
+I will explain the road here.
+And I would like you to read it.
+Read on for a few seconds. If you are ready to accept Gary's offer, clap your hands.
+(light applause) Okay. Anyone ready to accept his offer.
+Is that it?
+Ok, let me show you a little more about this.
+(Laughter) You knew there was a trick.
+(hoot) Well, who's ready to go on this trip?
+(Applause.) (Laughter.) I think I might have actually heard more hands.
+have understood.
+In fact, you were objectively more informed the first time than you were the second time, but I dare you to speculate that you felt more realistic the second time.
+Because the pictures are more realistic.
+Here we come to the second technique for handling the choice overload problem: reification.
+For people to understand the difference between choices, they must be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice, and those consequences must be felt in some vivid way, in a very specific way. That's it.
+Why do I spend an average of 15-30 percent more when I use an ATM or credit card instead of cash?
+Because it doesn't feel like real money.
+And we've found that making it feel more tangible can actually be a very positive tool for getting people to save more.
+So, in a study I did with Shlomo Benalzi and Alessandro Previtello, we did a study of ING people (all of whom are employees of ING). And now all these people were in a session doing 401 registrations. (k) plans.
+During that session, we kept the exact same session as before, with one small addition.
+The little thing we added was to ask them to think about all the positive things that could happen in their lives if they saved more.
+By doing this simple thing, the number of subscribers increased by 20 percent, and the amount of money people wanted to save or were allowed to put into their savings accounts increased by 4 percent.
+Third Technique: Classification.
+It can handle more categories than choices.
+For example, here's a survey I did in a magazine aisle.
+Wegmans grocery store in the northeast aisle found 331 to as many as 664 magazines in the magazine section.
+But do you know?
+If I show you 600 magazines and divide them into 10 categories, and if I show you 400 magazines and divide them into 20 categories, then you would say that if I showed you 400 magazines, you would get more. We believe that we have given you a better selection experience. If I give you 600
+That's because categories tell us how to distinguish them.
+Here we present two different jewelery displays.
+One is called "jazz" and the other is called "swing".
+Clap your hands when you see Swing on the left and Jazz on the right.
+(light applause) Okay, there are some.
+If you think the left side is jazz and the right side is swing, clap your hands.
+Okay, some more.
+Now I know you are right.
+Jazz on the left and swing on the right, can you tell?
+This is a very useless classification scheme.
+(Laughter) Categories should tell the chooser, not the chooser.
+And when you dig through the long list of all these funds, you see that problem all too often.
+Who are they actually supposed to provide information to?
+My Fourth Technique: Complexity Conditions.
+It turns out that we can actually process a lot more information than we think. I have to take it a little easier.
+You have to gradually increase the complexity.
+Here's an example of what I'm talking about.
+Let's take a very, very complicated decision to buy a car.
+Here are German car manufacturers that offer you the chance to have your car completely custom made.
+You have to make 60 different decisions and build your car perfectly.
+These decisions now differ in the number of options offered for each decision.
+Car color, car exterior color -- 56 choices.
+Engine, gearshift -- 4 choices.
+So what we're going to do is change the order in which these decisions are displayed.
+That means half of the customers will go from a high selection of 56 car colors to a low selection of 4 gearshifts.
+The other half of customers will move from a low selection of four gearshifts to a high selection of 56 car colors.
+what should i see
+How hard are you working?
+If you keep pressing the default button with every decision, it means you are overwhelmed and that means I lose you.
+What you've discovered are people going from high to low choices and hitting the default button over and over again.
+we are losing them.
+They move from low to high options and hang there.
+It's the same information. Same number of choices.
+All I have done is change the order in which the information is displayed.
+Start easy and learn how to choose.
+Gearshift selection doesn't tell you anything about interior preferences, but it does prepare you for how to choose.
+Also, getting excited about this big product I'm building makes me want to be proactive.
+So let's summarize.
+We talked about four techniques for mitigating the problem of overselection. That is, removing irrelevant choices. Materialize -- make it real. Taxonomy -- Can handle more categories, but fewer choices. Complexity terms.
+All of these techniques I will discuss today are designed to put you in control of your choices. Better for yourself and the people you serve.
+Because we believe the key to making the most of your choices is to be careful with your choices.
+And the more selective you can be about your choices, the better you will be able to practice the art of choice.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So what makes music beautiful?
+Most musicologists believe that repetition is an important aspect of beauty, taking a melody, motif, or musical idea, repeating it, setting expectations for repetition, and then either realizing it or breaking the repetition. .
+And it is an important component of beauty.
+So if repetition and pattern are the keys to beauty, what would the lack of pattern sound like if we wrote music with no repetition at all?
+It's actually an interesting mathematical question.
+Is it possible to write music that has no repetition at all?
+It's not random - random is easy.
+After all, non-repeating is very difficult, and the only reason it can actually be done is because of the guy who was looking for the submarine.
+After all, it turns out that one guy who was trying to develop the world's perfect sonar pin solved the problem of writing pattern-free music.
+That is the topic of today's talk.
+So remember, in sonar, there is a ship in the water that emits sound, and it's an echo.
+The sound drops and reverberates, the sound drops and reverberates.
+The time it takes for a sound to return indicates the distance of the sound. If the pitch of the sound is high, it's because an object is moving towards you. If it comes back with a low pitch it is away from you.
+So how do you design perfect sonarping?
+In the 1960s, a man named John Costas was working on a very expensive sonar system for the Navy.
+It didn't work because the ping they were using was inappropriate.
+Here was the ping:
+You can think of this as a note and a time.
+(Piano notes are played from high to low) So that was the sonarping they were using, or down chirp.
+Turns out it was a really bad ping.
+why? Because it seems to change itself.
+The first two notes have the same relationship as the second two notes, and so on.
+So he designed another kind of random-looking sonar ping.
+These look like random dot patterns, but they are not.
+If you look carefully, you might notice that the relationships between each pair of points are actually different.
+Nothing is repeated.
+There is a different relationship between the first two notes and each other pair of notes.
+So the fact that we know about these patterns is unusual.
+John Costas is the inventor of these patterns.
+This photo was taken in 2006, shortly before his death.
+He was a sonar engineer working in the Navy.
+He thought about these patterns and was able to manually come up with a pattern of size 12, or 12x12.
+He couldn't go any further and thought that perhaps there was no size greater than 12.
+So he wrote to a mathematician in the middle, a young mathematician in California at the time, Solomon Golomb.
+Solomon Golomb turned out to be one of the most talented discrete mathematicians of our time.
+John asked Solomon if he could give me the correct reference to where these patterns are located.
+I didn't find anything helpful.
+No one has ever thought of a structure without repetition and patterns.
+So Solomon Golomb spent the summer thinking about the problem.
+And he turned to the mathematics of this gentleman, Evaristo Galois.
+Galois is a very famous mathematician.
+He is famous for inventing an entire field of mathematics that bears his name, called Galois field theory.
+It's prime math.
+He is also famous for the way he died.
+The story is that he stood up for a young woman's honor.
+He was challenged to a duel and accepted.
+And just before the duel happened, he wrote down all his mathematical ideas and sent letters to all his friends saying ``Please, please''--this was 200 years ago--``Please, please. Please, see these things published' final. "
+He then got into a duel, was shot, and died at the age of 20.
+The mathematics that powers mobile phones, the Internet that enables us to communicate, and DVDs all came from the mind of mathematician Evaristo Galois, who died at the young age of 20.
+When you talk about the legacy you left behind...
+Of course, he himself could not have predicted how his mathematics would be used.
+Thankfully, his mathematics was eventually published.
+Solomon Golomb realized that that's exactly the mathematics needed to solve the problem of creating pattern-free structures.
+So he sent back a letter to John saying, "I have found that I can generate these patterns using prime number theory."
+And John solved the Navy's sonar problem.
+So what do these patterns look like?
+There is a pattern here.
+This is a Costas array of size 88x88.
+Generated in a very simple way.
+Elementary school mathematics is enough to solve this problem.
+It is generated by repeatedly multiplying the three numbers 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243...
+If we happen to reach a number greater than 89, which is prime, we keep removing 89 until we get back to less than that.
+And this ends up filling the entire 88x88 grid.
+A piano has 88 notes.
+Today, I am giving the world premiere of the world's first piano sonata without paper patterns.
+Now back to the music question. What makes music beautiful?
+Consider one of the most beautiful pieces of all time: Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and the famous "Da Nana Na!" motif.
+The motif appears hundreds of times in the symphony. Hundreds of times in the first movement alone, and in all other movements as well.
+This repetitive setting is so important to beauty.
+If you think of random music here as just random notes and here playing Beethoven's Fifth with some pattern, if you write music with no pattern at all, it will be delayed a lot. prize.
+In fact, the end of music becomes a structure without these patterns.
+This music we've seen before, the stars on the grid, is far from random.
+Completely patternless.
+It turns out that a famous composer and musicologist named Arnold Schoenberg was thinking about this in the 1930s, 40s and 50s.
+His goal as a composer was to write music that frees music from its sonic structure.
+He called it "Dissonant Liberation".
+He created these structures called "tone columns".
+That's the tone string.
+Very similar to the Costas array.
+Unfortunately, he died ten years before Costas had solved the problem of how these structures could be mathematically created.
+Today we listen to the world premiere of Perfect Ping.
+This is a Costas array of size 88x88, mapped to piano notes, and played using a structure called the Golomb ruler for rhythm. That is, the start time of each note pair is also distinct.
+This is mathematically nearly impossible.
+In practice, it is computationally impossible to create.
+Thanks to mathematics that was developed 200 years ago, we were recently able, through another mathematician and engineer, to actually compose and build this using numbers multiplied by three. rice field.
+The point when listening to this music is not that it is beautiful.
+This is said to be the ugliest music in the world.
+In fact, this is music only a mathematician can write.
+(Laughter) When you're listening to this music, try to find the repetitions.
+Try to find something fun and enjoy the fact that you can't find it.
+(Laughter) So, without further ado, Michael Linville, Chamber Music Director of the New World Symphony Orchestra, will give the world premiere of perfect sound.
+(music) (end of music) (Scott Rickard, off-screen) Thank you.
+(applause)
+Have you ever been to a bar?
+(Laughter) But have you ever been to a bar and brought up a $200 million business?
+That's what happened to us about ten years ago.
+I had a terrible day.
+We had a huge client that took our lives.
+We are a software consulting company, but we were unable to find the specific programming skills to help this client deploy a state-of-the-art cloud system.
+We have many engineers but none of them could satisfy this client.
+And we were about to get fired.
+So we go to the bar and hang out with my bartender friend Jeff, and he's doing what all good bartenders do: and said, "Hey, these people," in reference to our pain. People do it too much.
+Don't worry about it. "
+And in the end, he put us in a deadpan, and said, "Why don't you send me there?"
+i can understand it. "
+So the next morning we were at a team meeting and we were all a little giddy...
+(laughter) And I threw it there half-jokingly.
+"Hey, I mean, we're getting fired soon," I say.
+So I said, "Why don't you send Jeff the bartender?"
+(Laughter.) And then there's the silence and the questioning look.
+Finally my supervisor says, "That's a great idea."
+(Laughter) "Jeff is very smart. He's great.
+he will understand it.
+send him there "
+Well, Jeff wasn't a programmer.
+In fact, he had dropped out of the University of Pennsylvania as a philosophy major.
+But he was so good and able to go so deep on a topic that we almost got fired.
+So we sent him in.
+After a few days of nervousness, Jeff was still there.
+They hadn't sent him home.
+I couldn't believe it.
+what was he doing
+Here's what I learned.
+He completely let go of their obsession with programming skills.
+And he changed the conversation, even what we were building.
+The conversation turned to what to build and why to build.
+And yes, Jeff figured out how to program the solution, and the client became one of our best influencers.
+At the time, we had 200 employees and half of the company was made up of computer science majors or engineers. But our experience with Jeff made us ask, "Can we repeat this through our business?"
+So we changed the way we recruit and train.
+And while we still wanted computer engineers and computer science majors, we also sprinkled in artists, musicians, and writers...
+And Jeff's story began to spread throughout the company.
+Our Chief Technology Officer is an English major and was a bike messenger in Manhattan.
+And today, we have 1,000 employees, yet fewer than 100 have degrees in computer science or engineering.
+Yes, we are still a computer consulting company.
+We are the number one player in the market.
+We work with the fastest growing software packages to reach $10 billion in annual revenue.
+So it worked.
+On the other hand, the country has a strong push towards STEM-based education in science, technology, engineering and mathematics.
+It shows on the faces of all of us.
+And this is a big mistake.
+Since 2009, US STEM majors have increased 43%, while humanities have remained flat.
+Former presidents poured more than $1 billion into STEM education at the expense of other subjects, and the current president recently channeled $200 million of Department of Education funding into computer science.
+And CEOs are constantly complaining about a labor shortage of engineers.
+Combined with the undeniable success of the tech economy, these campaigns bear in mind that 7 out of the 10 most valuable companies in the world by market capitalization are technology companies. The future workforce will be dominated by STEM.
+have understood.
+On paper, it makes sense.
+Fascinating, isn't it?
+But it's completely exaggerated.
+It's like an entire soccer team chasing the ball into a corner. Because the ball is there.
+STEM should not be overrated.
+We should not value science the same way we value the humanities.
+There are several reasons for that.
+First, today's technology is incredibly intuitive.
+The reason we have been able to recruit people from all walks of life and switch to specialized skills is because modern systems operate without writing code.
+These are like Lego. It's easy to build, easy to learn, and even easy to program, given the vast amount of information available for learning.
+Yes, our employees need specialized skills, but those skills require far less rigorous and formal education than they used to.
+Second, the essential and differentiating skills in a world of intuitive technology are those that help us work together as humans. Envisioning the final product and its usefulness is a daunting task, requiring real-world experience and judgment. historical background.
+What Jeff's story taught us was that the customer was focusing on the wrong thing.
+This is a typical case. Technicians struggle to communicate with businesses and end users, and businesses are unable to articulate their needs.
+I see it every day.
+We are still scratching the surface in our ability to communicate and invent together as humans. Science teaches us how to make things, but the humanities teach us what to make and why.
+And they are equally important and equally difficult.
+I'm annoyed...
+When I hear people treat the humanities as the easier path, as the lower path.
+come!
+Humanities give us a background in the world.
+They teach us how to think critically.
+Science is intentionally structured whereas science is intentionally unstructured.
+They teach us to persuade and give us the language we use to translate our emotions into thoughts and actions.
+And it needs to be on par with science.
+And yes, you can hire tons of artists to build tech companies and do incredible things.
+Now, I'm not here today to say STEM is bad.
+I'm not here today to say that girls shouldn't code.
+(laughs) Please.
+And let's make sure there's the next bridge I drive over, the next elevator we jump in, and the engineer behind it.
+(Laughter) But to fall into the delusion that our future work will be dominated by STEM is downright stupid.
+If you have friends, children, relatives, grandchildren, nieces, nephews...
+Encourage them to become what they want to be.
+(Applause.) There will always be work.
+Tech CEOs looking for STEM graduates, do you know what they're hiring for?
+Google, Apple, Facebook.
+65% of open positions are non-technical, including marketers, designers, project managers, program managers, product managers, lawyers, HR specialists, trainers, coaches, sellers and buyers.
+These are the jobs they are looking for.
+And if there's one thing our future workforce needs, and I think we can all agree on this, it's diversity.
+But that diversity shouldn't end with gender or race.
+We need diverse backgrounds and skills: introverts and extroverts, leaders and followers.
+That's our future workforce.
+And the fact that technology has become easier and more accessible has given employees the freedom to study whatever they want.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+What I am about to describe is the Ultimate Green Concept developed at NASA's Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio.
+But before that, we need to review the definition of what green is. Because many of us have different definitions of green.
+green. This product has been created through environmentally and socially responsible means.
+There are a lot of things called green now.
+What does it actually mean?
+We use three metrics to determine green.
+The first indicator is 'Is it sustainable?'
+In other words, are you saving what you're doing for future use, or for future generations?
+Is it a replacement? Will it be different than what is used today, or will it have a lower carbon footprint than what is traditionally used?
+And third, is it playable?
+Does it come from the earth's natural replenishment resources such as the sun, wind, and water?
+My current job at NASA is developing the next generation of aviation fuel.
+super green. why aviation?
+Aviation uses more fuel than the other sectors combined. You'll have to find an alternative.
+It is also a National Aviation Directive.
+One of the goals of the national aviation sector is to develop next-generation fuels, biofuels, using domestically produced, safe and friendly resources.
+Now, to combat this challenge, we must also meet three major criteria. In fact, the ultimate green for us is all three together. That's why I see the pluses there. I was told to say so.
+In other words, it has to be the big 3 of the GRC. That's another indicator.
+97% of the world's water is seawater.
+How about using it? Combine it with the third.
+Do not use arable land.
+Because the crops are already growing on that land, which is very rare in the world.
+Number two: don't compete with food crops.
+No new entry is needed as it is an already established entity.
+And finally, the most precious resource we have on this planet is fresh water. Do not use fresh water.
+If 97.5 percent of the world's water is salt water, 2.5 percent is fresh water. Less than half of that is available to humans.
+However, 60 percent of the population lives within that 1 percent range.
+So, to fight my problem, I now have to go green from the ground up and meet the big three. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the GreenLab research facility.
+This is a facility dedicated to next-generation aviation fuel using halophytes.
+Halophytes are salt-tolerant plants.
+Most plants don't like salt, but halophytes tolerate it.
+We use weeds, we use algae.
+The good thing about our lab is that we have had 3,600 visitors in the last two years.
+Why do you think so?
+Because we are going to do something special.
+So you can clearly see GreenLab on the bottom and algae on the right.
+If you are interested in the next generation aviation fuel business, algae is a viable option. Now we have a lot of money and we have algae fuel programs.
+There are 2 types of algae.
+One is the closed photobioreactor you see here, and what you see in the other is our species. We are currently using a species called Scenedesmus dimorphus.
+Our work at NASA is to incorporate experimentation and calculations to improve mixing in closed photobioreactors.
+Now, the problems with closed photobioreactors are: It's very expensive, automated, and very difficult to deploy at scale.
+So what do they use at scale?
+We use an open pound system. Algae is now grown all over the world with racetrack designs like the one seen here. It looks like an oval with an outer ring and mixes very well, but when you go around the last turn (I call it Turn 4) it stagnate.
+Actually there is a solution for that.
+GreenLab, an open pond system, uses what happens in nature: waves.
+In fact, we use wave technology for open pond systems.
+The mixing ratio is 95% and the lipid content is higher than the closed photobioreactor system, which we consider important.
+However, algae have their drawbacks. that it is very expensive.
+Is there a cheap way to produce algae?
+The answer is yes.
+We are doing the same thing that we do with halophytes: climate adaptation.
+Our GreenLab has six major ecosystems from freshwater to saltwater.
+What we do: Take potential seeds, start with fresh water and add a pinch of salt. Then the second tank here will be the same ecosystem as in Brazil. You can plant our plants right next to your sugarcane fields. The next tank represents Africa, the next tank represents Arizona, the next tank represents Florida, the next tank represents California or the open ocean.
+What we're trying to do is come up with a single species that can survive anywhere in the world that has barren deserts.
+We have been very successful so far.
+Now, here comes one of the problems.
+If you're a farmer, you need 5 things to be successful. You need seeds, you need soil, you need water, you need sun, and the last thing you need is fertilizer.
+Most people use chemical fertilizers. But guess what?
+No chemical fertilizers are used.
+Wait a second! I saw a lot of green at GreenLab. Fertilizer must be used.
+Believe it or not, our analysis of marine ecosystems shows that 80 percent of what is needed is within these tanks themselves.
+The missing 20 percent is nitrogen and phosphorus.
+We have a natural solution in fish.
+No, we don't cut the fish and put it in there.
+We use fish waste. As a matter of fact, we use freshwater molleys and utilize climate adaptation technology from freshwater to saltwater.
+Freshwater Molly: Inexpensive, loves to make babies, loves to go potty.
+And the more they go to the bathroom, the more fertilizer we get and, believe it or not, the better our lives are.
+Note that I am using sand as soil, regular beach sand. coral fossils.
+So many people ask me, "How did you get started?"
+Well, we've started what we call an indoor biofuel lab.
+This is the seedling lab. There were 26 halophytes, 5 of which were winners. What we're doing here--actually, we should call it the Death Lab, because we're going to kill the saplings and make them savage--and come to the Green Lab.
+Seen in the bottom corner is the sewage treatment plant experiment we are growing. More on this later.
+And finally, I actually work in the lab to prove that I do the work, not just talk about my work.
+Here are the plant types. Salicornia.
+It's a wonderful plant. i love that plant
+I see it everywhere I go. They're everywhere, from Maine to California. we love that plant
+The second is Salicornia. Traveling around the world is very difficult.
+It has the highest lipid content, but it has its drawbacks. It's short.
+We then take up the largest or tallest plant we have, the europia.
+And what we're trying to do in natural selection or adaptive biology is combine all three of these to create high-growth, high-lipid plants.
+Then, when a hurricane devastated the Delaware Bay and left soybean fields gone, we had an idea. Can we build a landfill-friendly factory in Delaware? The answer is yes.
+It is called shore mallow. Kosteletzkya virginica — Say it five times faster if you can.
+This is a 100% usable plant. Seeds are biofuel. The rest is cattle feed.
+It's been there for ten years. It works very well.
+Well, go to Ketomorpha.
+It is a macroalgae that prefers excess nutrients. If you're in the aquarium industry, you know we use it to clean dirty tanks.
+This species is very important to us.
+Properties are very close to plastic.
+We are now trying to convert this macroalgae into bioplastic.
+If we succeed, we will revolutionize the plastics industry.
+That's why we have a Seed to Fuel program.
+We have to do something with this biomass.
+And we do GC too. Extraction, lipid optimization, etc. Because our goal is really to come up with the next generation of aviation fuels, aviation specifications, and so on.
+So far we've talked about water and fuel, but along the way I learned something interesting about Salicornia. that it is food.
+So, talk about an idea worth spreading, right?
+How about this. What if, in sub-Saharan Africa, next to the sea, salt water, and barren deserts, you could take that plant, plant it, and use it half as food and half as fuel?
+We can do it at low cost.
+I see there are greenhouses in Germany that sell it as a health food.
+This is harvested, and in the middle is a plate of shrimp, pickled.
+So I have to joke. Salicornia is known as sea beans, saltwater asparagus, and pickle weed.
+So pickled grass is pickled in the middle.
+Oh, I thought it was funny. (Laughs) And at the bottom is Seaman's mustard. It's natural, this is a logical snack. You have mustard, you're a sailor, you see halophyte, you mix it up, it makes a great snack with crackers.
+Last but not least is my favorite Salicornia Garlic.
+That is water, fuel and food.
+None of this would be possible without the GreenLab team.
+Just like the Miami Heat has the Big 3, NASA GRC has the Big 3.
+It's me, the fearless leader, Professor Bob Hendricks, and Dr. Arnon Chait.
+At the heart of GreenLab are our students.
+Over the past two years, 35 different students from all over the world have worked at GreenLab.
+As a matter of fact, my department head often says, "You have a green university."
+I say "That's fine, because we're training the next generation of extreme green thinkers. This is important."
+So, as a first roundup, we shared our thoughts on global solutions for food, fuel and water.
+Something is missing to complete it.
+Obviously we use electricity. We have a solution for you - here we use clean energy sources.
+So GreenLab has two wind turbines connected, and hopefully four or five more coming soon.
+It also uses something very interesting. NASA's Glenn Research Center has a solar field that has been unused for 15 years.
+We, along with some of our electrical engineering colleagues, found them still usable and are currently renovating them.
+Within about 30 days, they will be connected to GreenLab.
+And the reason you see red, red, and yellow is because many people think NASA personnel don't work on Saturdays — this is a picture taken on Saturday.
+There are no cars around, but you can see my yellow truck. i work on saturday (Laughter) This is proof that I work.
+Most people know that because we do what it takes to get the job done.
+This is the concept. We are using GreenLab in our microgrid test bed for our smart grid concept in Ohio.
+We have the ability to do it and I think it will work.
+Now for the GreenLab research facility.
+A self-sustainable renewable energy ecosystem was introduced today.
+We really hope this concept spreads all over the world.
+We believe we have solutions for food, water, fuel and energy. completion.
+It is extremely environmentally friendly, sustainable, alternative and renewable, and meets the three characteristics of GRC. Do not use arable land, do not compete with food crops, and above all, do not use fresh water.
+Therefore, I often get asked, "What are you doing in that lab?"
+And I always say, "It's none of your business, that's what I do in the lab." 's goal is to want to save the world.
+Are you the real you?
+This may seem like a very strange question.
+Because you may wonder how can you find the real you, how can you know what the real you is.
+etc.
+But the real self must be there, the idea that it's a matter of course.
+If there is anything real in this world, it is you.
+Hmm, I'm not sure.
+At least we should have a little more understanding of what that means.
+Indeed, I think there is a lot in the culture around us that reinforces the idea that each of us has some sort of core, essence.
+There is something about what you mean by who you are that defines you, and it is kind of permanent and unchanging.
+The crudest way we understand it is like astrology.
+In fact, people are very interested in these.
+People put it on their Facebook profile as if it meant anything, you even know your Chinese horoscope.
+There are also all sorts of ways to profile personality types, such as the more scientific version of this, the Myers-Briggs test, for example.
+I don't know if you did them.
+Many companies use it for recruitment.
+Answering a lot of questions should reveal something about your essential personality.
+And of course, people's interest in this is huge.
+Almost every issue of these magazines has an advertisement about some kind of personality in the lower left corner.
+And once you pick up one of these magazines, it's hard to resist, right?
+Take the quiz to find out what your learning style, love style and work style are.
+Are you like this or are you like that?
+So I think we have the common sense idea that there is some sort of core or essence of ourselves that is to be discovered.
+And this is the eternal truth about ourselves, the same throughout life.
+Well, that's an idea I'd like to try.
+And I have to say now, I'll say it a little later, I'm not taking on this challenge simply because I'm a weirdo, this challenge actually has a very long and outstanding history. there is.
+This is the conventional way of thinking.
+there is you
+You are who you are and you have that core.
+Well, what happens in life is, of course, to accumulate various experiences.
+So you have memories, and those memories help create who you are.
+You probably want a cookie or something you don't want to talk about at school at eleven o'clock in the morning.
+you will have faith
+This is a license plate given to me by someone in America.
+I don't know if this "Messiah 1" license plate shows that the drivers believe in the Messiah, or that they are the Messiah.
+Either way, they have beliefs about the Messiah.
+we have the knowledge
+We also have feelings and experiences.
+It's not just intellectual.
+I think this is kind of a common sense model of what it means to be human.
+There are people who have everything that makes up our life experience.
+But what I want to suggest to you today is that something is fundamentally wrong with this model.
+You can see what's wrong with one click.
+So at the center of all these experiences there is really no 'you'.
+Weird idea? Well, maybe not.
+So what is there?
+Well, obviously there are memories, desires, intentions, sensations, etc.
+But what happens is that these things exist, and they are all sort of integrated, overlapping, and connected in different ways.
+Because they all belong to one body and one brain, they are partly or perhaps mainly connected.
+But there are also stories, stories we tell about ourselves, experiences we have when we remember the past.
+we do things for other things.
+So what we want is partly the result of what we believe, and what we remember also informs us of what we know.
+And in reality there are all these things - beliefs, desires, sensations, experiences - and they are all related to each other, and that is exactly who you are.
+In some ways, it's a little different from the common sense understanding.
+In a way, it's massive.
+It is the shift between thinking of yourself as having all the experiences of life and thinking of yourself simply as the aggregate of all the experiences of life.
+You are the sum of your parts.
+Of course, those parts are also physical parts like the brain, body, legs, etc., but they really don't matter that much.
+You are still the same person after receiving a heart transplant.
+Are you the same person if you have a memory transplant?
+If you implanted your beliefs, would you be the same person?
+Now, this idea that our being, our way of understanding ourselves, is more like a collection of experiences rather than a permanent being with experiences, may seem kind of strange. yeah.
+But actually, I don't think it's strange.
+In a way, it's common sense.
+Because I invite you to think about pretty much everything else in the universe, by comparison, except perhaps the most elementary forces and forces.
+Let's take some water.
+My science isn't very good right now.
+You could say that something like water contains two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen, right?
+we all know that.
+I hope no one in this room thinks that there is something called water, and that it has hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms bonded to it, which means it is water.
+Of course not.
+We understand very simply, very frankly, that water is nothing more than molecules of hydrogen and oxygen in the proper arrangement.
+Everything else in the universe is the same.
+For example, my watch has no mystery.
+We say that a watch has a dial, hands, a mechanism, and a battery, but what we really mean is that there is a watch with all these parts attached. is not thinking.
+We have a very clear understanding of taking watch parts and putting them together to create a watch.
+Now, if everything else in the universe is the same, why are we different?
+Why do we think of ourselves as a distinct and permanent entity with those parts in some way, rather than merely the sum of all our parts?
+Actually, this view is not particularly new.
+It has a fairly long pedigree.
+You see it in Buddhism, and you see it in 17th- and 18th-century philosophies up to the present day, such as Locke and Hume.
+Interestingly, however, this view is being reinforced by neuroscience and heard more and more.
+This is Paul Brooks, he's a clinical neuropsychologist, and he says, “We have a deep intuition that there is a core, an essence, that is difficult, perhaps impossible, to shake off.
+But it is true that neuroscience shows that the brain does not have a center that holds everything together. "
+So if we look at the brain and how it enables self-consciousness, we find that it has no central control point.
+There is no such thing as a center where everything happens.
+The brain is full of different processes, all of which, in some sense, operate quite independently.
+But it is the way they interact that gives us this sense of self.
+The term I use in this book is called "egotricks."
+It's like a mechanical trick.
+The trick is to make us feel that there is something more united within us than we actually are, rather than that we don't exist.
+Now, this might seem like a disturbing thought.
+If that is true, then you might wonder, does the fact that there is no permanent core or eternal essence of the self for each of us really make the self an illusion? I can't.
+Does that mean we don't really exist?
+There is no real you.
+Well, a lot of people actually use stories like this illusion.
+These are three psychologists, Thomas Metzinger, Bruce Hood, Susan Blackmore, many of these people actually speak the language of illusion, the self is an illusion, it is fiction.
+But I don't think this is a very informative view.
+back to the clock.
+A watch is not an illusion, because a watch is nothing more than a collection of parts.
+Likewise, we are not illusions.
+In a way, the fact that we are just this very complex collection, an ordered collection of things, does not mean that we are not real.
+Here's a very crude metaphor for this.
+Let's take something like a waterfall.
+This is Iguazu Falls in Argentina.
+Now, when you look at something like this, you will understand the fact that in many ways there is nothing permanent about it.
+First, it is constantly changing.
+Water is always carving new channels.
+Changes, tides and weather can cause some to wither and new to emerge.
+Of course, the water flowing through the waterfall is different every time.
+But that doesn't mean Iguazu Falls is an illusion.
+That doesn't mean it isn't real.
+What that means is that there is a history and there are certain things that tie it together, but we need to understand what it is as a process, fluid, forever changing. That's it.
+I think this is a model for understanding ourselves, a liberating model.
+Because if you think that you have a fixed and permanent essence that will always be the same throughout your life no matter what happens, you are in a sense trapped.
+You were born with your essence and that is who you are until you die. If you believe in life after death, you probably will continue.
+However, in a sense, if you think of yourself as a kind of process and something that changes, rather than a thing, I think that's a pretty liberating thing to do.
+Because, unlike waterfalls, we can actually guide ourselves to some degree in the direction of development.
+A word of caution here, right?
+After watching too much of The X Factor, you might agree with the idea that we can all be whatever we want to be.
+it's not true.
+I heard some great musicians play this morning, and I am confident that I will never be as good as them.
+If you practice hard, you may get better at it, but I don't have that natural ability.
+There are limits to what we can achieve.
+There are limits to what we can do on our own.
+But nevertheless, we have the ability to shape ourselves in a way.
+Your true self, as it was then, is not there for you to discover alone. I don't look into my soul to find my true self. You are creating yourself, at least in part. real me.
+I think this is very important, especially at this stage in life.
+You will realize how much you have changed in the last few years.
+If you have a video of yourself from 3 or 4 years ago, you probably feel embarrassed because you don't recognize yourself.
+So I want to send the message that what I have to do is to think of myself as something that can shape, reorient and change.
+This is also Buddha. “A well-maker directs water, an arrow-bender bends arrows, a carpenter bends logs, and a wise man fashions himself.”
+And that's the thought I want to leave you with. Your true self isn't something you have to go looking for as a mystery, it's something you'll probably never find.
+As long as you have your true self, it is partly what you discover and partly what you create.
+I think it's a liberating and exciting prospect.
+thank you very much.
+So what I'm doing is a thought experiment.
+Well, you may know or have read this book by this person.
+This is perhaps the first, and possibly the only, bestseller written on economics.
+And you probably know a little bit about what's written there.
+It talks about how nations around the world prosper through the pursuit of individual profit.
+Individual gain is the mechanism of global prosperity.
+But the funny thing about Adam Smith is that he was the stay-at-home type of guy.
+In fact, he had never been further from Edinburgh than France and Switzerland.
+So my thought experiment is to imagine what would happen if Adam Smith visited Africa.
+And fortunately, there is actually a simple answer. Because the Arab lawyer and traveler Ibn Battuta traveled the east coast of Africa in the 14th century and when he arrived in Mogadishu he found the market, which he wrote about.
+And basically, merchant ships would come to port, but they weren't even allowed to land.
+They had to drop anchor in the harbor, but a boat came out to them and the locals chose the boat and said, "You are my guest, I am your broker from now on." said.
+And they have to trade through their local broker and if they bypass it and don't trade through their broker they could be brought to court, their trade canceled and they'll be kicked out of town. .
+And through this mechanism, everyone prospered.
+So if it was Adam Smith, he might look like this guy and say, "Oh, it's a mutual aid society."
+It's a free market to share wealth. "
+And if I ask this question to Christian (Benimana), who was on stage at the beginning of this session, if Adam Smith had come to Africa, the sharing economy would have existed long before Airbnb and Uber. he replied.
+That's true.
+So it would be very interesting if we could do this today.
+A large amount of money will flow into each country.
+These figures represent only 10 percent of the exports of these countries.
+What's interesting is that this mutual aid economy still exists, and examples of it can be found in very strange places.
+Well, here is Arava International Market.
+It is the largest electronics market in West Africa.
+It has 10,000 merchants and generates approximately $4 billion in sales each year.
+And they say they are ardent disciples of Adam Smith. The competition is great and we are all in it individually, but the government doesn't help us.
+But the interesting reality, if you ask me, is that it didn't grow the market at all.
+There are principles behind the scenes that enable the growth of this market.
+And they argue that this is an interesting parallel between the King James Bible and How to Sell Yourself.
+That's their message.
+But in reality, this market is governed by the principle of sharing.
+When asked, "What inspired you to start global trade?" all merchants will answer.
+They say, "Yes, when my master reconciled me."
+And when I finally asked in my head, "What is this 'settlement'?" It turns out that it is done, that is, it is needed. in business.
+That means paying rent for a couple of years and injecting cash so you can go out into the outside world and start trading.
+It's locally generated venture capital. right?
+And it can be said with almost certainty that the Igbo Apprenticeship Scheme, which governs the Arava International Market, is the world's largest business incubator platform.
+And there are other sharing economies we are looking for. It's a merry-go-round in almost every slum.
+Other cultures give it different names. This is a Kenyan name.
+It's a way to generate cash.
+it's a kitten People throw money into the pot once a week. Once a week, one member of the group will receive the money and can spend it on whatever they need.
+There is also one called "Asekias". It's Spanish, but it's derived from North African Arabic. "saqiya" means "water wheel".
+Acequia is a system of sharing scarce water.
+It migrated from North Africa to Spain and from Spain to the western United States, where it is still in use today.
+And share water as needed, not who was there first.
+And with the utmost respect, contrary to what Lou [Klaassen] said yesterday when he talked about blockchain and cryptocurrencies, there is no Commons tragedy.
+For hundreds of years, the people of Asequia have been common stewards of scarce water resources.
+So, given this thought experiment, I would like to go a little further and propose that these things are collectively managed, tending to scarce capital, scarce cash, scarce resources. I was.
+And it seems to me that there are actually two kinds of capitalism.
+We have top-up capitalism.
+These are very interesting statistics because 3/1,000 of the 1 percent of Nigeria's population controls wealth equivalent to 1/4 of the country's GDP.
+One hundred percent of Kenya's population controls wealth equivalent to 75 percent of the country's GDP.
+That is top-up capitalism.
+And everyone else is with this guy, slowly peddling board games and bodybuilding equipment on the highways of Lagos.
+And when you're slowly selling board games and bodybuilding gear, that traffic is really, really, really bad, right?
+We humans in this economic realm are trapped in what I call 'declining capitalism'. Because there is no way to get up and get out of it. Because they lack the resources we talked about in the sharing economy. .
+And while they are tripping over the theory of cassava and capitalism, that cassava needs to be processed so it doesn't become toxic, I also believe that a market economy is fair to everyone as well. I would like to argue that it is necessary to process for
+So we need to look at what I call the 'bottom-down economy'.
+These are existing sharing models that need to be popularized, used and extended.
+OK？
+And if we spread these things, we can start providing infrastructure for everyone, which ensures that the community leads its own development. I believe that is what we need in the world, and what I would like to propose is what we need in Africa.
+I wanted to quote Steve Biko. And since next month, September 12th to be exact, is the 40th anniversary of his murder by the South African state, I thought it was very important to quote Steve Biko.
+And you can read the quotes.
+He basically said we're not here to compete.
+And I love this word. "...to make us a community of brothers and sisters working together in the quest for holistic answers to life's many problems."
+And he also said, "World powers have done amazing things to give us an industrial, military look...".
+And we don't need to imitate the military-industrial complex. Because Africa can do things differently and restore humanity to the world.
+My suggestion here is that we have a chance, that we are all in each other's environment to do something, and that journey begins now.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+In fact, today the reality is that you can download products from the web, download product data from the web, tweak it and customize it to your tastes and preferences, and send that information. A desktop machine allows you to create on the fly.
+In fact, you can build physical objects very quickly.
+This is possible thanks to an emerging technology called additive manufacturing (3D printing).
+This is a 3D printer.
+They've been around for nearly 30 years now, which is pretty amazing when you think about it, but they're just beginning to seep into the public space.
+And typically, we take a 3D geometric representation of the product, such as the pen data here, and pass that data along with the materials to the machine.
+And the process that takes place inside the machine means that the product is built layer by layer.
+And once the physical product is taken out, it can be used immediately or assembled to create something else.
+But if these machines have been around for nearly 30 years, why don't we know about them?
+Because they were usually too inefficient to be accessible, not fast enough, and very expensive.
+But today it is becoming a reality that they are succeeding.
+Many barriers are breaking down.
+That means you'll have access to one of these machines soon, if not now.
+And it will change and disrupt the manufacturing landscape. And it will undoubtedly change our lives, our businesses, and the lives of our children.
+So how does it work?
+Reads CAD data, which is product design data usually created in specialized product design programs.
+Here you can watch engineers (such as architects and professional product designers) create products in 3D.
+This data is then sent to a machine that slices the data perfectly to create a two-dimensional representation of the product. It's like slicing like salami.
+That data is then passed layer by layer to the machine, which starts at the base of the product and deposits material layer by layer, injecting new layers of material into the old layers in an additive process.
+And this material to be deposited starts in liquid form or powder form of the material.
+Also, the bonding process can be done by melting and depositing or depositing and then melting.
+In this example, a laser sintering machine developed by EOS is shown.
+It actually uses a laser to fuse the new layer of material to the old one.
+And over time, really, very quickly, within a few hours, you'll be able to build physical products that can be used right out of the machine.
+It's a pretty wild idea, but it's a reality today.
+In other words, all of these products you see on your screen are made the same way.
+They were all 3D printed.
+As you can see, they range from shoes and rings made of stainless steel, mobile phone covers made of plastic, to spinal implants and engines made of, say, medical-grade titanium. parts.
+But what you notice about all these products is that they are very complicated.
+The design is quite quirky.
+Taking this data in 3D format and slicing it before passing it through the machine can actually create more complex structures than other manufacturing techniques. In fact, it's impossible to build it any other way. .
+You can also create parts with moving components, hinges, and parts within parts.
+Therefore, in some cases, the need for physical labor can be completely eliminated.
+nice
+It is amazing.
+Today we have 3D printers available that can build structures like this.
+This is about 3 meters tall.
+It was built by depositing layers of artificial sandstone in layers about 5 to 10 millimeters thick and slowly growing this structure.
+It was built by an architectural firm called Shiro.
+And you can actually go inside.
+At the other end of the spectrum is microstructure.
+A sediment layer of about 4 microns is created.
+In fact the resolution is quite incredible.
+The details available today are quite amazing.
+So who is using it?
+It has been used by product designers and those who want to prototype products and create or iterate designs quickly, as they can typically create products very quickly.
+And indeed, the amazing thing about this technology is the ability to create bespoke products in bulk.
+There are few economies of scale.
+So it's now very easy to create one-off products.
+For example, an architect wants to create a prototype of a building.
+Once again, you see, this is the building of the Free University of Berlin, designed by Foster and Partners.
+Again, it cannot be constructed any other way.
+And even creating this by hand is very difficult.
+Now this is an engine part.
+It was developed by a company called Within Technologies and 3T RPD.
+The interior is designed with great detail.
+3D printing can now break down design barriers that challenge the constraints of mass production.
+If you actually slice this product right here, you'll see a lot of cooling channels going through it. This means a more efficient product.
+This cannot be made with standard manufacturing techniques, even if you try to make it by hand.
+It's more efficient because you can create all these cavities inside the object that cool the fluid.
+It is also used in aerospace and automotive.
+Parts are lighter and less material is wasted.
+Overall performance and efficiency are therefore slightly above standard mass-produced products.
+And this idea of ​​creating highly detailed structures can be applied to honeycomb structures and used within implants.
+In general, the more porous the implant, the more effective it will be in the body. This is due to the growth of body tissue within the body.
+Rejection is less likely.
+However, this is very difficult to create in a standard way.
+It turns out that 3D printing can be used to create much better implants.
+And, in fact, we can create one-off, bespoke products in bulk, thus creating implants that are unique to the individual.
+As you can see, the quality of what you get from this technology and machine is fantastic.
+And we're starting to see it used in the final end product.
+In fact, the details have improved, the quality has increased, the machines are cheaper and faster.
+It's also small enough to fit on your desktop.
+Now you can buy a build-your-own machine for about $300, which is pretty cool.
+But then the question arises why don't we all have one at home?
+Because, simply, most of us here today don't know how to create data that a 3D printer reads.
+If I gave you a 3D printer, you wouldn't know how to direct it to make what you want.
+But today there are more and more technologies, software and processes that break down those barriers.
+We believe we are now at an inevitable tipping point.
+I believe this technology will really disrupt the manufacturing landscape and revolutionize manufacturing.
+So today, pens, whistles, lemon squeezers, whatever you have on your desktop, you can download products from the web.
+Software such as Google SketchUp makes it very easy to create a product from scratch.
+You can also download spare parts from the web using 3D printing.
+For example, imagine you had a Hoover in your house and it broke down. I need a spare part, but I just realized that Hoover has been discontinued.
+Imagine going online, finding a spare part in a database of discontinued product shapes, downloading the information and data, and having the product manufactured for your home ready-to-use. What are your requirements?
+And in fact, you can make spare parts using what the machine literally makes itself.
+We let the machines manufacture themselves.
+These are part of the RepRap machine, a type of desktop printer.
+But what my company is most interested in is the fact that we can create individually unique products in bulk.
+No need to produce hundreds of billions and send that product to injection molding in China.
+It can be made physically on the spot.
+This means that next generation customizations can be released to the public.
+This is now possible, allowing you to personally dictate how you would like your product to look.
+We are all familiar with the idea of ​​customization or personalization.
+Brands like Nike are doing it.
+It's all over the web.
+In fact, every big name you know, from smart cars to Prada to Ray-Ban, allows you to interact with their products on a daily basis.
+But this isn't really extensive customization. This is known as variation production, which is variations of the same product.
+What you can do is really influence your product now and manipulate the shape of the product.
+I don't know about you, but I've walked into a store and searched for the perfect lamp knowing exactly what I wanted and where I wanted it. You're sitting at home and can't find the right or perfect piece of jewelry for a gift or for yourself.
+Imagine being able to engage and interact with your brand and pass personal attributes to the products you intend to purchase.
+You can now download products with such software and view them in 3D.
+This is a machine-readable type of 3D data.
+This is a lamp.
+Then you can start design iterations.
+You can dictate what color the product will be and possibly what materials will be used.
+You can also manipulate the shape of that product within a safe range.
+Because obviously the average person is not a professional product designer.
+Software keeps individuals within the limits of what is possible.
+And when someone is ready to buy a product with a personalized design, they can click "Enter" and this data will be translated into data that the 3D printer will read, perhaps passing to the 3D printer on someone's desktop.
+But I don't think it will be anytime soon.
+I don't think that will happen anytime soon.
+More likely, the data will be sent to a local manufacturing center.
+This means a reduced carbon footprint.
+We now send data over the internet instead of shipping our products around the world.
+This product is in production.
+As you can see, it was taken out of the machine in one piece and the electronics were inserted later.
+As you can see, that's this lamp.
+So parts can be made on demand as long as you have the data.
+Also, you don't necessarily have to use this for just aesthetic customization, it can also be used for functional customization, scanning body parts to create a perfect fit.
+This can therefore be applied to things like prostheses that are highly specialized for an individual's disability.
+Alternatively, a very specific prosthesis can be created for that individual.
+With today's tooth scans, you can scan your own teeth and get a personalized dental coating this way.
+While waiting at the dentist, the machine silently creates this ready for you to insert into your tooth.
+And now you can create implants, scan data, convert someone's MRI scans into 3D data, and create implants just for that person.
+And apply this to the idea of ​​building what is in our bodies.
+As you know, this is a pair of lungs and a bronchial tree.
+It's very complicated.
+You cannot actually create this or simulate it in any other way.
+But with MRI data, as you can see, we can build very complex products.
+Industry pioneers are now using this process to stack cells.
+For example, one of the pioneers, Dr. Anthony Atala, has worked on layering cells to create body parts such as the bladder, valves and kidneys.
+Currently this is not ready for general use, but it is a work in progress.
+Last but not least, we are all unique.
+We all have different tastes and different needs.
+we like different things.
+We are all different sizes, but we are the same company.
+Companies want different things.
+I believe this technology will spark a manufacturing revolution and change the manufacturing landscape as we know it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, a few years ago I turned 60 and I don't like being 60.
+(Laughter.) And I began to struggle with existential anxiety that I had done so little in my life.
+It's not here to resume breaking this record, but rather, who have I become?
+How did I spend my precious time?
+How did this pass like lightning speed?
+And I couldn't forgive myself for the countless hours I spent thinking negatively. All that time was spent blaming myself for not being able to stop being sexually abused, losing my marriage when I was a kid, changing careers, and this and this and this.
+But why, why didn't we do better? why? why? why?
+And my mother died at the age of 82.
+So I began to wonder if not only was I unhappy with my past, but the thought of "I only have 22 years left" was suffocating me.
+What are you going to do with this short moment?
+And I am not present at all.
+And I believe the cure for all this fatigue is to chase lofty dreams, extreme dreams, something that requires complete faith and unwavering passion, something that makes you the best you can be in every aspect of your life. I decided. , every minute of every day, the dream was so big that without such action and such belief it was impossible to get there.
+And I decided it was a long time ago, 30 years ago, when I was in my twenties, the only world-class swim I had tried and failed, an old dream that had remained, to go from Cuba to America. was. Florida.
+It was in my imagination.
+No one has done it without using a shark cage.
+It's daunting.
+More than 100 miles away across difficult sea lanes.
+At my age and my speed, it would probably take me 60, maybe 70 hours to keep swimming without ever getting out of the boat.
+and started training.
+I had no stroke and hadn't swam in 31 years.
+And while I was in good shape, swimming is a whole different animal.
+Actually, this photo should be me in training.
+It's a smile.
+And you are not smiling when you are training for this sport.
+(Laughter) It's a tough and difficult sport, but I don't remember ever laughing during this sport.
+As I said earlier, I admire other sports and sometimes compare it to cycling, mountaineering and other expedition type events, but this is sensory deprivation and physical compulsion. is.
+And when I started swimming 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 24 hours, I knew I was going to win because I had been through these.
+And when you say you're going to go out and swim for 15 hours, it's night when you arrive at the dock after a long day. And when it arrives, it will take 14 hours and 58 minutes. Touch the dock and you're done, Trainer says, "That's great.
+14 hours and 58 minutes. Who cares about the last two minutes? "
+I say, "No, it has to be 15 hours," and within 15 hours, swim another minute, swim back another minute.
+and set up an expedition.
+It wasn't without help, but to be honest, I was the leader of the team, so in a way I was leading.
+And to get permission from the government, I read in the newspaper, do you think it is easy to enter Cuba every day?
+Go with an armada like we did, 50 men, 5 boats, a CNN crew, etc.
+Navigation is difficult.
+A large river called the Gulf Stream crosses it and does not flow in the direction you are.
+Since we are heading east, we would like to go north.
+It is difficult.
+And there are signs of dehydration.
+And I have hypothermia.
+And there are also sharks.
+And then there are all kinds of problems.
+And, let's be honest, we've assembled the world's leading experts in every aspect.
+And a month ago, on September 23rd, as I stood on that shore, looking out at that long, long distant horizon, I asked myself, do you have it?
+Are your shoulders ready?
+And they were. they were ready.
+Every effort will be made.
+Are you ready?
+Swimming with foggy goggles and swimming at 60 strokes per minute makes it hard to focus and you can't see well.
+If you wear a bath cap tightly over your ears to keep your head warm, hypothermia sets in and you lose your hearing.
+You are really left alone with your own thoughts.
+And then we had all sorts of counting systems in English, then German, then Spanish, then French.
+Save the French for last.
+And I had a song. In my head, I had a playlist of 65 songs in my head, not through my headphones.
+And I couldn't wait to enter the darkness at midnight. Because that's when Neil Young comes out.
+(Laughter) That's strange, isn't it?
+You might think you'd sing Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah" on a majestic ocean instead of a song about heroin addiction in New York City.
+But no, somehow I couldn't wait to go into the darkness of the night and sing ♫ "I heard you knock on my basement door ♫ ​​♫ I love you baby , I want more ♫ ♫ Oh, oh, the damage done."♫ (Applause) The night before I started, I finished Dr. Stephen Hawking's "Grand Design."
+And I couldn't wait to have a wonderful heart trip.
+I was going to start thinking about the end of the universe from about the 50th hour.
+Do you have an edge?
+Is this the envelope we live in, or is it an infinite extension of both time and space?
+And nothing makes me think about these things more than 50 hours of swimming in the ocean.
+I couldn't wait to prove that I am an athlete and that no one else in the world could swim this way.
+And I knew I could do it.
+And when I jumped into the water, I shouted in my mother's French, "Courage!"
+Then I started swimming, and it was like glass.
+And we knew it, all 50 people on the boat, we knew this was over and this was our time.
+After a few hours, I reminded myself that sport is like a microcosm of life itself.
+First of all, you will run into obstacles.
+And don't take it for granted, even if you feel good at any given moment. Please be prepared. Because there will always be pain and suffering.
+I have never felt so good overall.
+And I was thinking about the hypothermia, maybe the pain in my shoulder, and all the other things: the vomiting that comes with being in seawater.
+you are submerged in liquid.
+The body hates salt water.
+After a few days, three days, I tend to physically rebel in many ways.
+But no, after two hours, what! Never in my life...
+I knew there were Portuguese war mers, all sorts of moon jellyfish, all sorts of things, but box jellyfish from the southern seas can't be in this area.
+And I was on fire - excruciating pain.
+I don't know if you can still see the red line here and on your arm.
+Apparently, a tentacle this big has 100,000 tiny thorns, each of which seems to not only pierce the skin, but also deliver venom.
+The most poisonous animal that lives in the sea is the box jellyfish.
+And each one of those thorns is pumping its poison into this central nervous system.
+So, first of all, I boiled hot oil and soaked it.
+And I'm screaming "Fire! Fire! Fire! Fire!"
+help! somebody help! "
+Then there is paralysis.
+I felt it in my back and then in my chest here and I couldn't breathe.
+And now I feel like I'm crabbing like this instead of swimming in long strokes.
+Then a spasm occurs.
+The young man on our boat is a paramedic. He jumped in to help me.
+he was stabbed
+They drag him onto the boat, and he—obviously, I didn't see anything—was laying on the boat, taking epinephrine shots and screaming.
+He is 29 years old, very build and thin, 6 feet 5 inches tall, weighs 265 pounds, and is thin.
+And he cried and shouted at the trainer who was trying to help me.
+And he said, "Bonnie, I think I'm going to die.
+My breathing is down to 3 breaths per minute.
+I need help, but I can't help Diana. "
+So it was eight o'clock at night.
+A University of Miami doctor and medical team arrived at 5am.
+So I swam through the night and at dawn they arrived and the prednisone injections started.
+I couldn't go outside, but I had prednisone injections in the water, Xanax, and oxygen in my face.
+It was like an ICU unit in water.
+(Laughs) And I think the Navy SEALs are all over once they get stung by box jelly.
+They either die or are rushed to hospital.
+And I swam all night and the next day.
+And at dusk the next day, again, how!
+Box jelly again—all over neck, and all over here.
+And this time, I didn't like it and didn't want to give in to it, but there is a difference between non-stop swimming and gradual swimming.
+And I lost the staged swim.
+And they put me out and started redosing me on epinephrine and prednisone, oxygen, and everything they had on board.
+And I went in again.
+And I continued swimming from that night until the next day.
+And at 41 hours, this body couldn't finish it.
+These stabbings crippled my respiratory system and prevented me from making the progress I had hoped.
+And the dream was shattered.
+And how strange is this intelligent person who put this together and brought together all the world's experts.
+I knew about jellyfish, but I was rather oblivious.
+Many athletes have a kind of invincibility.
+They should worry about me. i'm not worried about them.
+I just swim through.
+I have Benadryl. Even if you get stabbed, you can endure it with a grin.
+Well, I didn't endure this with a smile.
+As a matter of fact, the best advice I got came from an elementary school class in the Caribbean.
+And I've been talking to these kids, 120 of them, all of them on the floor of the gymnasium at school, about jellyfish and how jellyfish are so gelatinous that they can't be seen, especially at night. I was.
+And they have these long 30 to 40 to 50 feet. Tentacles.
+And we also do wrapping like this.
+And they can poison the system.
+And the little kid who came from behind was like this.
+And I said, "What's your name?" "Henry"
+"Henry, what is your question?"
+He said, "Well, I had more suggestions than questions."
+He said, "Do you know people who wear bombs because they really believe what they believe?"
+And I said, "It's strange that you know this is a noble kind of pursuit, but yeah, I know those guys."
+He said, 'That's what you need.
+I need something like a school of fish swimming in front of me like this. "
+(Laughter) "And when the jellyfish comes along and wraps its tentacles around the fish, it gets busy and you just run around."
+I said, "Oh, that looks like a suicide squad."
+He said, "That's what I'm talking about. That's what you need."
+And little did I know that I should listen to my 8-year-old.
+So I put on my bathing suit as usual and started swimming and, no kidding, this is the end. It comes from shark divers.
+I finished swimming like this.
+I was swimming with this on.
+I was so scared of jellyfish.
+Well what am I supposed to do?
+I welcome all of you to come up on this stage tonight and share how you overcame the great disappointments of your life.
+After all, everyone has experienced it, right?
+We've all had our hearts broken.
+So my journey now is to find some kind of grace in the face of this defeat.
+And you can see not only the destination but also the middle of the journey.
+can be proud of. Tonight I stand before you all and I can say I was brave.
+yes.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+And I can say from the bottom of my heart that I'm glad I lived those two years that way because I had a goal of not having any regrets, and I was able to achieve that goal.
+When you live like that, when you live with such passion, there is no time, no time to regret, just move on.
+And that's how I want to spend the rest of my life, whether I can swim or not.
+But the difference between accepting this particular defeat is that if cancer wins, if there is death and no choice, grace and acceptance may be needed.
+But that ocean is still there.
+This hope is still alive.
+And I don't want to be that crazy woman who keeps doing it for years and years, trying and failing, trying and failing, trying and failing, but I'm Cuban I can swim from to Florida, and I plan to swim from Cuba to Florida. Florida.
+thank you.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) So what happens after that?
+Are you going to swim the Atlantic Ocean?
+No, it's the last swim.
+Swimming is the only thing that interests me.
+But we are ready.
+By the way, I got a call the other day from a writer who said he had looked at Wikipedia, and that my birthday was August 22, 1949, and for some strange reason, Wikipedia also listed the date of my death.
+(laughter) he said. "Did you know that you will die in the same New York City you were born in? That will be in January of '35."
+I said, "No, I didn't know."
+And now I plan to live to be 85.
+I have three more years than I thought.
+So I'm asking myself, I'm starting to ask myself now, I'm asking myself, even before this extreme dream is fulfilled for me, and maybe you too tonight You may ask, in the words of the poet Mary Oliver, she says. "So what are you doing with this wild and precious life of yours?"
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+thank you. thank you.
+(Applause.) Live big. live big
+I think we have to do something about the part of the medical culture that has to change.
+I think it starts with one doctor, which is me.
+And maybe I've lived long enough to afford to give up some of my false prestige so I can do it.
+Before we get to the meat of the story, let's start with a little baseball.
+hey why?
+We are nearing the end and we are approaching the World Series.
+Everyone loves baseball, right?
+(Laughter) Baseball has a lot of amazing stats.
+And there are hundreds of them.
+"Moneyball" is coming out soon, and it's all about using statistics and stats to build a great baseball team.
+We'll focus on one statistic that many of you may have heard of.
+It is the so-called batting average.
+So let's talk about the 300, 300 batters.
+In other words, the player hit safely 3 times out of 10 at-bats and hit safely.
+In other words, he hit the ball in the outfield, but the ball fell and was not caught.
+3 out of 10 times.
+Do you know what they call 300 hitters in Major League Baseball?
+Good, really good, maybe an All-Star.
+Do you know what the 400 hitter in baseball is called?
+By the way, that's someone who gets hit to safety 4 out of 10 times.
+Legendary--just like the legend of Ted Williams--the last major league player to hit more than 400 in a regular season.
+Now let's bring this back to my medical world. There, I may have been much more comfortable, or less comfortable, after what I am about to tell you.
+Suppose you have appendicitis and are referred to a surgeon with over 400 appendectomies.
+(Laughter) For some reason, this doesn't work, does it?
+Let's say you live in a remote area and you have a loved one who has two blocked coronary arteries, and your family doctor treats that loved one to a cardiologist with a 200-point angioplasty. Suppose you introduce to
+But, but, do you know?
+This year she is much better. She's on her way to a comeback.
+And she's hitting 257.
+Somehow this doesn't work.
+But let me ask you a question.
+What do you think cardiologists, nurses, orthopedic surgeons, obstetricians, and paramedics should be batting at?
+1,000, very good.
+Now, the truth is, in the entire medical community, no one knows what a good surgeon, doctor, or paramedic should do.
+But what we do is send each of them out into the world with the warning to be perfect, myself included.
+I never make mistakes, but I do worry about the details and how it happens.
+That was the message I absorbed when I was in medical school.
+I was a student with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
+In high school, a classmate told me that Brian Goldman would study blood tests.
+(Laughter) And so did I.
+And I studied in a small attic in the nurses' quarters at Toronto General Hospital not far from here.
+and memorized everything.
+In anatomy class, I memorized the origin and function of every muscle, every branch of every artery from the aorta, obscure and common differential diagnoses.
+I even knew the differential diagnosis how to classify renal tubular acidosis.
+And during that time, I accumulated more and more knowledge.
+And I did well and graduated with honors.
+And I left medical school with the impression that if I knew everything by heart and knew everything, or as close to everything as possible, I would be immune to making mistakes.
+And it worked for a while until I met Mrs. Drucker.
+I was a teaching hospital resident here in Toronto when Mrs. Drucker was rushed to the emergency department of the hospital where I worked.
+At the time, I was assigned to cardiology services on a cardiology rotation.
+And when paramedics called for cardiology, it was my job to see the patient in the emergency room.
+And to report that I was there.
+And when she saw Mrs. Drucker, she was out of breath.
+And she was wheezing as I listened to her voice.
+And when I listened to her chest with a stethoscope, I heard crackling sounds on both sides, and I knew she had congestive heart failure.
+In this condition, the heart malfunctions and cannot pump all the blood forward, causing some of the blood to flow back into the lungs, filling them with blood and causing shortness of breath.
+And it was not a difficult diagnosis.
+I made it through and got to work on her treatment.
+I gave her aspirin. I gave her medicine to ease the strain on her heart.
+I gave her a drug called a diuretic, water pills to get the access fluid out.
+And over the next hour and a half or two, she started feeling better.
+And I felt really good.
+And then I made my first mistake. I took her home.
+Actually, I made two more mistakes.
+I sent her home without saying anything to the attendants.
+I didn't answer the phone and didn't do what I had to do. It was for him to progress the storyline so that he could call me to attend and get the chance to meet her in person.
+And since he knew her, he could have provided more information about her.
+Maybe they did it for good reason.
+Maybe I didn't want to be a high maintenance resident.
+Perhaps I wanted to be successful and responsible and be able to care for my patients without having to contact him.
+The second mistake I made was even worse.
+As I drove her home, I ignored the little voice deep inside me that was trying to tell me. "Goldman, that's not a good idea. Don't do that."
+In fact, I was so insecure that I asked the nurse who was taking care of Mrs. Drucker, "Do you think it's okay for her to go home?"
+And the nurse thought about it and said very nonchalantly, "Yeah, I think she's fine."
+I remember it like it was yesterday.
+So I signed the discharge papers and the ambulance came and paramedics came to take her home.
+And I went back to work on the ward.
+For the rest of the day, that afternoon, I had this feeling in my stomach.
+But I kept working.
+And at the end of the day, I packed up to leave the hospital, walked to the parking lot to drive home, and did something I wouldn't normally do.
+On my way home, I went through the emergency room.
+And there, a different nurse, not the nurse who had previously cared for Mrs. Drucker, said to me three words, and these are the three words that most emergency physicians I know fear. is.
+Other medical personnel fear them as well, but there is something special about emergency medicine because seeing a patient is so fleeting.
+Those three words are: do you remember?
+"Remember the patient you sent home?"
+Another nurse asked indifferently.
+"Well, she's back," he said in that exact tone.
+Well, she's back safely.
+She came back, but was dying.
+About an hour after she arrived home after I drove her home, she collapsed, her family called 911, and paramedics took her back to the emergency room. There she recorded a blood pressure of 50 and was in severe shock.
+And she was barely breathing and her face was pale.
+and appeared. Staff pulled up every stop.
+They gave her medicine to raise her blood pressure.
+They put her on a respirator.
+And I was shocked and trembled from the bottom of my heart.
+And then I went through this roller coaster. Because after they stabilized her, she went to intensive care, and I hoped against her hope that she would recover.
+And over the next couple of days it was clear she could never wake up again.
+She suffered irreversible brain damage.
+And my family got together.
+And for eight or nine days after that, they accepted what was happening.
+And on about the ninth day they let go of Mrs. Drucker, his wife, his mother, and his grandmother.
+It is said that the name of the deceased is never forgotten.
+And that's what I learned for the first time.
+In the weeks that followed, I blamed myself and experienced for the first time the unhealthy shame that exists in our medical culture. There I was lonely and isolated, not feeling the wholesome shame that you feel. Don't talk to your co-workers about it.
+He is a healthy type of person who betrays a secret that his best friend promised never to reveal and is arrested, confronted by his best friend and has a terrible discussion, but in the end it is the unpleasant feelings that lead everything. You and you both said, "I will never make that mistake again."
+And make amends and never make that mistake again.
+As a teacher, it's a shame.
+The unhealthy shame I am talking about is something that makes you feel very sick in your heart.
+It's not that what you did is wrong, it's that you're wrong.
+And that was what I was feeling.
+It wasn't because I attended. he was a doll
+I'm sure he talked to his family and made sure things went smoothly and that I was not sued.
+And I kept asking myself these questions.
+Why didn't you ask the attendees? why did i send her home
+And why did I make such a stupid mistake at the worst possible moment?
+Why did I go into medicine?
+Slowly but surely it lifted.
+I started feeling a little better.
+Then, on a cloudy day, the sun began to peek through the clouds, and I thought maybe I'd feel better again.
+And I made a deal with myself to stop that voice, if only to redouble my efforts to be perfect and never make a mistake again.
+And they did.
+and i went back to work.
+Then the same thing happened again.
+Two years later, while working in the emergency department of a regional hospital just north of Toronto, I saw a 25-year-old man with a sore throat.
+It was busy, so I was in a bit of a hurry.
+He kept pointing here.
+I looked at the throat and it was a little pink.
+And I gave him a prescription for penicillin and sent him off.
+And even as he walked out the door, he was still kind of pointing down his throat.
+And two days later I came to do the next emergency duty. That's when my supervisor asked me to speak quietly in the office.
+And she said three words: Do you remember?
+"Do you remember the patient who had a sore throat?"
+After all, he didn't have strep.
+He had a potentially life-threatening disease called epiglottitis.
+You can google it, but this is an infection of the upper respiratory tract, not the throat, and it can actually block the airway.
+And luckily he didn't die.
+He was put on an antibiotic drip and recovered after a few days.
+And I went through the same period of shame and blame and went back to work feeling cleansed, but it happened over and over again.
+I missed appendicitis twice during one emergency duty.
+Now it takes some effort. Especially if you work in a hospital that was seeing only 14 people a night back then.
+In both cases I didn't send them home so I don't think there was a gap in their care.
+Some thought I might have kidney stones.
+I ordered a kidney x-ray. When it was found to be normal, a colleague who was re-evaluating the patient noticed tenderness in the lower right abdomen and called the surgeon.
+Another had severe diarrhea.
+I ordered liquids to keep him hydrated and asked a colleague to re-evaluate him.
+And he did, and when he noticed tenderness in his lower right abdomen, he called the surgeon.
+In both cases, I underwent surgery and was fine.
+But each time they nibbled me and ate me.
+And, as many of my colleagues would say, I would say that my worst mistakes were only in the first five years of my practice.
+(Laughter) Some of my crazy things have happened in the last five years.
+Lonely, ashamed, and unsupportive.
+Here's the problem. If you can't come out and talk about your mistakes, and still can't find a small voice to tell you what really happened, how can you share it with your colleagues?
+How do I tell them what I did so they don't do the same?
+If I walked into a room like I do now, I don't know what you would think of me.
+When was the last time you heard someone talk about failure after failure?
+Oh yeah, if you go to a cocktail party, you might hear other doctors, but you won't hear someone talking about their mistakes.
+If I walk into a room full of co-workers, ask them for help right now, and start telling them what I just said, they probably won't understand a couple of these stories before they start understanding. I guess. Really uncomfortable, someone made a joke or changed the subject and we moved on.
+And in fact, if me and my colleagues knew that one of my orthopedic colleagues had pulled off the wrong leg at my hospital, believe me, I would have a hard time making eye contact with that person. I guess.
+That's the system we have.
+Complete denial of error.
+It's a system in which there are two kinds of doctors: those who make mistakes and those who don't, those who can't stand sleep deprivation and those who can cope, those who do bad and those who do great.
+And it's almost like an ideological reaction, as antibodies start attacking the person.
+And we have the idea that once we kick people out of healthcare for making mistakes, what's left is a safe system.
+But there are two problems with this.
+In my 20 or so years in medical broadcasting and journalism, from one of the first articles I wrote for the Toronto Star to my show White Coat, I have been a personal advocate for medical malpractice and malpractice. I have researched and learned as much as I could. black art. "
+And what I learned is that errors are absolutely everywhere.
+We work in a system where mistakes happen every day, 1 in 10 medicines are given the wrong medicine or in the wrong dose at the hospital, and nosocomial infections are on the rise. , causing havoc and death.
+As many as 24,000 Canadians have died in this country from preventable medical errors.
+In the United States, the Institute of Medicine has fixed the number at 100,000.
+In both cases, these are grossly underestimated because we haven't really investigated the issue properly.
+And here comes the problem.
+In a hospital system where medical knowledge doubles every two to three years, we can't keep up.
+Sleep deprivation is completely epidemic.
+you can't get rid of it.
+We have a cognitive bias that allows us to have a complete history of patients with chest pain.
+Now, when I see patients with the same chest pains, make them talk moist, and have a little alcohol in their breath, suddenly my history is mixed with contempt.
+I do not follow the same history.
+i'm not a robot We don't do things the same way every time.
+And my patient is not a car. They don't tell me the symptoms the same way every time.
+Considering all this, mistakes are inevitable.
+So if you adopt this system as I was taught and weed out all the error-prone healthcare workers, there will be no one left.
+And you know the business where people don't want to talk about the worst case?
+On my show, White Coat, Black Art, it was customary to say, "This is my worst mistake." I tell everyone, from EMTs to the chief of heart surgery, "This is my worst mistake." , blah, blah, blah, "What about yours?"
+Then his pupils dilated, he stepped back, looked down, swallowed hard, and began to tell me a story.
+They want to tell their story. They want to share their stories.
+They want to be able to say, "Hey, don't make the same mistake I did."
+They need an environment where they can do that.
+What they need is a redefinition of medical culture.
+And it starts with one doctor at a time.
+The redefined doctor understands and accepts that he is human, is not proud of his mistakes, but strives to learn something from what happened that he can teach others. I'm here.
+She shares her experience with others.
+She is supportive when others talk about their mistakes.
+And she points out other people's mistakes in a loving and supportive way so that everyone benefits, not in a laborious way.
+And she works in a medical culture that recognizes that humans run the system, and when humans run the system, they sometimes make mistakes.
+As such, the system has evolved to create backups that can easily detect mistakes that humans inevitably make, and that everyone observing within the healthcare system is aware of the potential for potential mistakes. We nurture a place where we can actually point things out in a loving and supportive way. Especially people like me can be rewarded for being clean when they make mistakes.
+My name is Brian Goldman.
+I am a doctor redefined.
+Human. I fail
+I'm sorry, but I'm trying to learn even one thing that I can convey to others.
+I don't know what you think of me yet, but I can put up with it.
+I would like to conclude with three words of my own. "I remember".
+(applause)
+The saying "Know thyself" has been around since ancient Greece.
+Some attribute this knowledge of the Golden World to Plato, others to Pythagoras.
+But really, it's still wise advice today, so it doesn't really matter which sage said it first.
+"Know thyself."
+It's pathetic to the point of almost no sense, but it sounds relatable and true, doesn't it?
+"Know thyself."
+I understand this timeless adage to be a statement about the problem of consciousness, or more precisely confusion.
+I have always been interested in knowing myself.
+This fascination led me to immerse myself in art, study neuroscience, and then become a psychotherapist.
+Today, as the CEO of InteraXon, a thought-control computing company, I combine all my passions.
+My goal, quite simply, is to help people become more in tune with themselves.
+I take this from the little adage, "Know thyself."
+Come to think of it, this command is kind of characteristic of our species, isn't it?
+So it is self-awareness that distinguishes Homo sapiens from early humans.
+Today, we are often too busy taking care of our iPhones and iPods to stop and get to know ourselves.
+Beneath the constant flood of minute-by-minute text conversations, emails, media channels, passwords, apps, reminders, tweets and tags, we lose sight of what all this fuss is all about in the first place. . ourselves.
+Often we become riveted by all the ways in which we reflect ourselves in the world.
+And we seldom find time to reflect deeply on ourselves.
+We got mixed up with this one.
+And we feel like we have to leave everything behind and go to a secluded retreat far, far away.
+So we go to the top of a distant mountain. We believe that sitting in it will give us the rest we need to organize our clutter and chaos and reclaim ourselves.
+But what are we actually achieving with that beautiful mountain of inner peace?
+It actually just successfully escaped.
+Consider the word "withdrawal" that we use.
+This is the word that an army uses when it loses a battle.
+It means we have to get out of here.
+Is this how we feel about the pressure of our world to run for the hills to get inside ourselves?
+And the problem with escaping the routine is that eventually you have to return home.
+Come to think of it, we are like tourists visiting there.
+And finally, that vacation has to come to an end.
+So I ask you, can we find a way to know ourselves without running away?
+Can we redefine our relationship with the technological world to achieve the heightened self-awareness we seek?
+Can we live here and now in a wired network and follow the ancient teaching of "Know thyself"?
+The answer is yes.
+And I'm here today to know our inner selves like never before, to humanize technology and further our long-standing quest, so that we can To share new ways of working with technology. self.
+It's called thought-controlled computing.
+You may or may not have noticed that I have a small electrode on my forehead.
+This is actually an electroencephalogram sensor that reads my brain's electrical activity as I give this talk.
+These brain waves are analyzed and can be viewed as graphs.
+Let me show you what it looks like.
+The blue line there is my EEG.
+It's a direct signal recorded from my head and rendered in real time.
+Green and red bars show the same signal by frequency. Here the frequencies are low and the frequencies are high.
+These graphs are attractive and undulating, but from a human perspective they aren't really very useful.
+So we've spent a lot of time thinking about how to make this data meaningful to the people who use it.
+For example, what if you could use this data to know how relaxed you are at any given time?
+Or what if you could transform that information into an organic form on the screen?
+The shape here on the right is an indicator of what's going on in my head.
+The more you relax, the more energy you release.
+Also, sometimes you want to know your concentration. That way you can focus your level of attention on the circuit board on the other side.
+And the more focused my brain is, the more energy the circuit board bursts with.
+Normally I have no visible way of knowing how focused or relaxed I am.
+As we know, our sense of how we feel is notoriously unreliable.
+We all experience stress creeping up on us without realizing it, until it's taken away by someone who doesn't deserve it, and then we realize we should have checked ourselves a little earlier.
+This new awareness opens up vast possibilities for applications that help us improve our lives and ourselves.
+We seek to use that insight to create technology that makes work more efficient, breaks more relaxing, and connections deeper and more fulfilling than ever before.
+We'll share some of these visions with you later, but first, let's take a look at how we got here.
+By the way, feel free to check my head anytime.
+(laughter) My team at InteraXon and I have been developing thought control applications for almost ten years.
+In the early stages of development, we were really excited about everything we could control with our minds.
+We were making things come alive, light up and work just by thinking.
+We transcended the space between mind and device.
+We have brought to life a huge number of mind-controlled prototypes and products, including thought-controlled appliances, slot car games, video games, and levitating chairs.
+We created technologies and applications that sparked people's imaginations, and it was really inspiring.
+And I was asked to do something really big for the Olympics.
+We were invited to create a large-scale installation at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics, used in Vancouver, and were able to control the lighting of the CN Tower, the Canadian Parliament Buildings, and Niagara Falls using our brains from across the country. rice field.
+Over the course of 17 days of the Olympic Games, 7,000 visitors from all over the world were literally able to individually control the lights of the CN Tower, the Capitol and Niagara in real time from across the country, 3,000 kilometers away.
+In other words, it is very wonderful to control things with your own mind.
+But we are always interested in multi-level human interactions.
+So we started looking at inventing thought control applications in a more complex framework than just control.
+And it was responsive.
+We realized that there are systems that allow technology to know something about you.
+And it may join your relationship.
+We have created responsive rooms where the lighting, music and blinds adjust to your conditions.
+They tracked these small changes in your mental activity.
+Music will soothe you as you relax on our office sofas at the end of a busy day.
+Reading a book brightens up the desk lamp.
+When you nod, the system recognizes it and dims into darkness when you nod.
+And I realized that if technology knows something about you and can use it to help you, it has even more valuable applications.
+Being able to know something about yourself.
+We are able to see aspects of ourselves that have been largely invisible and reveal what was hitherto hidden.
+Here's an example of what I'm talking about.
+This is an application created for the iPad.
+So the objective of the original game Zen Bound is to wrap a rope around a tree mold.
+So use it with a headset.
+The headset has fabric sensors on the forehead and above the ears.
+The original Zen Bound game is played by scrolling your finger on the pad.
+Of course, in the games we made, you control the molds on the screen in your head.
+If you focus on the wooden pattern, the wooden pattern will rotate.
+The more you concentrate, the faster you spin.
+this is true.
+This is not fake.
+But what's really interesting to me is that at the end of the game, I get stats and feedback about my performance.
+Graphs and charts show how your brain was working. It's not just about how much rope you've used or how many high scores you've had, but what's going on in your mind.
+And this is valuable feedback that we can use to understand what is going on inside of us.
+I like to call this "intraactive".
+We usually think of technology as interactive.
+This technology is interactive.
+It understands what's inside you and builds a sort of responsive relationship between you and your technology so you can use this information to move you forward.
+So you can use this information to understand yourself in the response loop.
+At InteraXon -- Intraactive technology is one of our truly defining missions.
+This is how we make sense of the inner world and reflect it in this tight loop on the outside.
+For example, thought-control computing can teach children with ADD how to focus better.
+In ADD, children have a lower percentage of beta waves in focus states and a higher percentage of theta waves.
+Thus, applications can be created that reward focused brain states.
+So you can imagine kids using brain waves to play video games, and their ADD symptoms improving as they do.
+This is as effective as Ritalin.
+Perhaps even more importantly, thought-controlled computing can give children with ADD insight into their own fluctuating mental states, enabling them to better understand themselves and their learning needs.
+The way these children use their new perceptions to improve themselves will overturn many of the pernicious and pervasive social prejudices faced by people diagnosed differently.
+We can look inside our own heads and interact with what was once closed to us, what used to confuse and separate us.
+Brainwave technology can understand us, predict our emotions and find the best solutions for our needs.
+Imagine this personal consciousness collected, calculated and reflected over a lifetime.
+Imagine the insight gained from such a second point of view.
+It's like connecting to your own personal Google.
+As for Google, today you can search and tag images based on the thoughts and feelings you had when you saw them.
+You can tag baby animal pics with happy pics or whatever baby animal is for you. That way, you can search the database for your own emotions, rather than keywords that just allude to them.
+Or, like this, you can tag Facebook photos with the emotion associated with that memory to instantly prioritize streams that grab your attention.
+Humanizing technology is about taking what is already natural about the human technology experience and building technology to work seamlessly with it.
+Because it aligns with our human behavior, it allows us to better understand what we are doing and, more importantly, why we are doing it.
+We create the big picture from all the important little details that make us who we are.
+You can use humanized technology to monitor the quality of your sleep cycles.
+When your productivity starts to decline, you can go back to that data and consider how you can strike a more effective balance between work and play.
+Do you know what causes your fatigue, what makes you feel good about yourself, what triggers depression, or what is a pleasant event that gets you out of that depression?
+What if you had access to data that allowed you to rank which people in your life made you the happiest, or what activities brought you joy, on a scale of overall happiness? Imagine what
+Could you make more time for them? Priority?
+Divorce?
+(Laughter) What thought-controlled computing can do is build a colorful, layered picture of our lives.
+This allows us to get a detailed picture of our psychological events and build a story of our behavior over time.
+We begin to see underlying stories that propel us forward and tell us what is happening.
+And from there, we can learn how to change the plots, outcomes, and characters of our personal stories.
+2000 years ago, the Greeks had a powerful insight.
+They knew that when they started practicing their little phrases, when they got in touch with themselves, the basic pieces would fall into place.
+They understood the power of human stories and the value we place on human beings as they change, evolve and grow.
+But they understood something more fundamental: the sheer joy of discovery, the joy and fascination we derive from the world, and ourselves within it. The richness that comes from seeing, feeling, and knowing life as it is.
+My mother was an artist and as a child I used to watch her bring things to life with her brushstrokes.
+For one moment it was all blank space, pure potential.
+Next, her colorful ideas and expressions came to life.
+As I sat by the easel and watched her change canvas after canvas, I learned that I could create my own world.
+I learned that our inner world – our ideas, our emotions, our imagination – is not really tied to our brains or bodies.
+If you can think it, if you can discover it, you can make it happen.
+To me, thought-control computing is as simple and powerful as a paintbrush, another tool to unlock and bring to life the hidden worlds within us.
+I look forward to sitting next to you, by the easel, and observing the worlds you can create with your new toolbox and the discoveries you make about yourself.
+thank you.
+We don't invest in victims, we invest in survivors.
+And victim stories, to a greater or lesser extent, shape how we view women.
+You can't count what you can't see.
+And we don't invest in things we can't see.
+But this is a sign of resilience.
+Six years ago, I started writing about women entrepreneurs during and after conflict.
+I wanted to write a compelling economic story, one with great characters, one that no one else was telling, and one that I thought was important.
+And it turned out to be a woman.
+At 30, I left ABC News and a career I loved and went to business school, knowing very little about it.
+None of the women I grew up with in Maryland had graduated from college, much less considering business school.
+But they worked hard to feed their children and pay their rent.
+And since I was young, I've seen that getting a decent job and making a good living makes the biggest difference for struggling families.
+So if we're going to talk about jobs, we have to talk about entrepreneurs.
+And if we are talking about entrepreneurs in conflict and post-conflict situations, we must be talking about women. Because women are the population you left behind.
+In Rwanda immediately after the genocide, 77% were women.
+I would like to introduce some entrepreneurs I have met and share some of the things they have taught me over the years.
+I traveled to Afghanistan in 2005 for an article for the Financial Times, where I met a young woman named Camilla. She said she had just turned down a job in the international community that paid an astronomical sum of nearly $2,000 a month. sum in that context.
+And she said she turned down because she was going to start her next venture, an entrepreneurship consultancy that teaches business skills to men and women across Afghanistan.
+Business is vital to the country's future, she said.
+Because business helps keep her country peaceful and safe long after this international convention is gone.
+She said business is even more important for women because income earns respect and money is power for women.
+That surprised me.
+So there was a girl here who had never lived in peaceful times and somehow sounded like a candidate for "The Apprentice".
+(Laughter) So I asked her, "How in the world do you know so much about business?"
+Why are you so passionate? "
+She said, "Oh, Gail, this is actually my third business.
+My first business was a dressmaking business that I started under the Taliban regime.
+This was actually a great business as it provided jobs for the women in the neighborhood.
+And that's actually how I became an entrepreneur. "
+please think about it. Here were some girls who overcame danger and became breadwinners for years when they couldn't even go out on the streets.
+And in an era of economic collapse when people were selling baby dolls and shoelaces and windows and doors just to survive, these girls made the difference between survival and starvation for so many.
+I couldn't walk away from this story, and I couldn't walk away from the topic. Because everywhere I went, I met more women that no one knew or even wanted to know.
+I went to Bosnia and met an IMF official early on for an interview. he said: "As you know, Gail, I don't think there are actually women in business in Bosnia, but there is a woman selling cheese nearby."
+So maybe I should interview her. "
+So I went out and met Narcisa Cavazovic that same day. He was then opening a new factory on the former war front in Sarajevo.
+She started her business by squatting in an abandoned garage sewing sheets and pillowcases and taking them to markets around town to support the 12 or 13 families who depended on her.
+When we met, she had 20 employees, mostly women, who were sending their sons and daughters to school.
+And she was just the beginning.
+I met women who run essential oil businesses, wineries, and even the largest advertising agencies in the country.
+Therefore, these articles collectively became the cover of the Herald Tribune Business.
+And when this article was posted, I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF staff.
+So I said, ``In case you're looking for entrepreneurs to feature at the next investment conference, here are a few women.''
+(Applause.) But think about it.
+IMF staff are not the only ones automatically enrolling women in the micro.
+Whether intentional or not, prejudice is pervasive, and so are misleading mental images.
+What comes to mind when you hear the word “microfinance”?
+Most people say they are women.
+And when you see the word “entrepreneur,” most people think of men.
+why is that?
+Because we aim low and think small when it comes to women.
+Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool that can lead to self-sufficiency and self-esteem, but women have such high hopes for themselves that we must go beyond our small hopes and small ambitions for women. must be
+They want to move from micro to medium and beyond.
+And in many places they exist.
+In the United States, women-owned businesses are expected to create 5.5 million new jobs by 2018.
+In South Korea and Indonesia, women run nearly 500,000 companies.
+In China, 20% of all SMEs are run by women.
+And across the developing world, the figure is 40-50 percent.
+Almost everywhere you go, you'll come across some very interesting entrepreneurs looking for access to finance, access to markets, and established business networks.
+They are often ignored because they are difficult to help.
+A $50,000 loan is much more risky than a $500 loan.
+And, as the World Bank recently pointed out, women are stuck in a productivity trap.
+Small business owners can't get the capital they need to expand, and micro business owners can't grow from it.
+Recently, I was at the State Department in Washington and met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana.
+She sells chocolate.
+And she came to Washington without asking for a stipend or microloan.
+She came looking for large sums of money to invest so she could buy the equipment she needed to build factories and export chocolate to Africa, Europe, the Middle East and beyond. The money will help fund the hiring of more than 20 people to work at the factory. She already works for herself and has the capital to fuel her country's economic growth.
+The great news is that we already know what works.
+Theory and empirical evidence have already taught us.
+We don't have to come up with a solution. Because women often don't own land, such as cash flow loans based on income rather than assets and loans using secure contracts rather than collateral.
+And microlender Kiva.org is currently experimenting with crowdsourcing small and medium-sized loans.
+And it's just beginning.
+It's fashionable these days to refer to women as the "emerging market of emerging markets."
+I think that's amazing.
+you know why?
+Because I say this as someone who worked in the financial industry, at least $500 billion has flowed into emerging markets over the past decade.
+That's because investors saw return potential in slowing economic growth, creating financial products and financial innovations tailored to emerging markets.
+How awesome would it be if we could replace all our lofty words with purses and be ready to invest $500 billion in unlocking women's financial potential?
+Think about the benefits for jobs, productivity, employment, child nutrition, maternal mortality, literacy, and more.
+Because, as the World Economic Forum has pointed out, narrowing the gender gap is directly correlated with increasing economic competitiveness.
+And there is not a single country in the world that has eliminated the economic participation gap.
+The great news is that this is a great opportunity.
+We have a lot of room to grow.
+So this is not about doing good, it's about global growth and global jobs.
+It's about how we invest and how we view women.
+And women can no longer be half the population or a special interest group.
+(Applause.) I often have very interesting discussions with reporters, and they say, "Gail, this is a great story, but you're really writing about exceptions."
+Well, there are several reasons why I stop.
+First, as for the exceptions, there are a lot of them, but they are important.
+Second, when we talk about successful men, we naturally think of them as icons, pioneers, and innovators to be imitated.
+And when we talk about women, they are either the exception to be ignored or the exception to be ignored.
+And finally, no society in the world remains unchanged except in the most exceptional ways.
+So why don't we celebrate and elevate these game changers and job creators instead of ignoring them?
+This theme of resilience is very personal to me and has shaped my life in many ways.
+My mother was a single mother who worked for a phone company during the day and sold Tupperware at night so that I could get every chance I could get.
+We shopped on double coupons, on hold and on consignment, and even applied for food stamps when she had stage 4 breast cancer and couldn't work.
+And when I felt sorry for myself like a nine or ten year old girl, she said to me, "Hey, on the scale of the world's major tragedies, your tragedy is three. not."
+(Laughter.) And when I was about to apply to business school and convinced myself that I couldn't do it and that no one I knew was doing it, I survived years of beatings at the hands of my husband and left an abusive marriage. I went to my aunt who had escaped. without compromising her dignity.
+And she told me, "Never bring other people's limitations."
+And when I complained to my grandmother, a World War II veteran who had worked in the film industry for 50 years and had supported me since the age of 13, that I was afraid to turn down an overseas fellowship job at ABC, I said: I said, She said she would never find another job, "Kiddo, I tell you two things.
+First of all, no one refuses Fulbright, and secondly, McDonald's is always hiring. "
+(laughs) “You can find a job.
+The women in my family are no exception.
+The women in this room, watching in LA.
+And everywhere in the world is no exception.
+We are not a special interest group.
+we are the majority.
+And for too long, we have underestimated ourselves and been underestimated by others.
+It's time for us to aim higher with women, invest more, and put money to work for the benefit of women around the world.
+We can make a difference and make a difference, not only for women, but also for a global economy that desperately needs their contribution.
+Together we can ensure that the so-called exceptions begin to rule.
+When we change the way we see ourselves, others follow suit.
+And it's time for all of us to think bigger.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I would like to talk or share a revolutionary new approach to managing inventory items in your warehouse.
+This section describes the settings for picking, packing, and shipping.
+As a hint, this solution involves hundreds, possibly thousands, of mobile robots moving around the warehouse. and arrive at a solution.
+But for a moment, think about the last time you ordered something online.
+You're sitting on your couch and you've decided you absolutely have to wear this red t-shirt.
+So click! — Add to shopping cart.
+And I decided that green pants looked pretty good too — click!
+And maybe some blue shoes — click!
+Therefore, the order is completed at this point.
+You didn't think for a moment that it might not be a great outfit.
+But you pressed "submit order".
+And two days later, this package arrived at your doorstep.
+And when I open the box, it's like, wow, it's got my goo in it.
+Have you ever stopped and wondered how these inventory items actually ended up in the warehouse bins?
+That's why I'm here to tell you that it's that man who's here.
+In the middle of the picture you can see the classic picker who works in the field of logistics and order fulfillment.
+Classically, these pickers spend 60 to 70 percent of their day walking around the warehouse.
+I may walk 5 or 10 miles for inventory.
+This proved to be not only an unproductive way of fulfilling orders, but also an unsatisfactory way of fulfilling orders.
+So let me explain where I first ran into this problem.
+I was in the Bay Area during the dot-com boom of 1999-2000.
+I worked in a wonderfully spectacular blaze called Webvan.
+(Laughter) This company has raised hundreds of millions of dollars with the idea of ​​delivering grocery orders online.
+And in the end it was due to the fact that we couldn't do it in a cost-effective way.
+E-commerce has proved to be very difficult and very costly.
+In this particular example, I was trying to pack 30 pieces of inventory into several totes and put them in a van for delivery to my home.
+Come to think of it, it cost $30.
+Please try to imagine. Let's say it costs you $1 to pick an 89-cent soup can and fill that tote.
+That was before we actually delivered it to our homes.
+Simply put, during my one year at Webvan, I've talked to all of the material handling providers and realized that there is no solution specifically designed to solve their base picking problem.
+Red item, green, blue, put these three in the box.
+So we said there must be a better way.
+Existing material handling was installed to pump pallets and cases of goo to retail outlets.
+Of course, Webvan went out of business, but about a year and a half later, I was still scratching my head with this problem. It still bothered me.
+And then I started thinking about it again.
+And I said, let me briefly focus on what I want as a pick worker, or a vision of how it should work.
+(Laughter) I said let's focus on the problem.
+I have an order here and I want red, green and blue in this box.
+All I need is to hold out my hand—hmm! — The product arrives and I pack it into the order. And now we think this is going to be a very operator-centric approach to solving the problem.
+this is what i need. What technology is available to solve this problem?
+But as you can see, orders come and go, products come and go.
+This allows you to focus on putting the picker at the center of the problem and giving them the tools to be as productive as possible.
+So how did I arrive at this idea?
+Well, actually this came from a brainstorming exercise and is probably a technique many of you are using. This is the concept of testing your own ideas.
+Test your ideas with a clean slate of course, infinite, zero bounds.
+In this particular case, we challenged the idea that: What if you had to build a distribution center in China, a very low-cost market?
+They say labor is cheap and land is cheap.
+And we specifically said, "What if you could build a million square foot distribution center with $0 an hour of direct labor?"
+So naturally, the idea of ​​​​"let's put a lot of people in the warehouse" was born.
+So I said, "Wait a minute, it's zero dollars an hour. I could "hire" 10,000 workers and come to the warehouse every morning at 8:00 a.m. and go into the warehouse and pick up one stock. , just standing there.
+So you have Captain Crunch, you have Mountain Dew, you have Diet Coke.
+Call me if you need me, but if you don't, just stand there.
+But when I call and need a Diet Coke, we all talk.
+A Diet Coke walks up to you, picks it up, puts it in your tote, and walks away. "
+Wow, what if products could walk and talk on their own?
+This is a very interesting and very powerful way you could potentially organize this warehouse.
+So, of course, labor isn't free, be it practical or fantastic.
+(Laughter) That's why we said mobile shelving -- we put it on mobile shelving.
+Move inventory using mobile robots.
+So we hit it off and in 2008 I'm sitting on the couch.
+Has anyone seen the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics?
+I nearly fell off the couch when I saw this.
+I think that was the idea!
+(laughter and applause) Thousands of people stand on warehouse floors, stadium floors.
+Interestingly, however, this actually relates to the idea that it was all peer-to-peer coordination and communication in that they were creating incredibly powerful and impressive digital art without the use of computers. is there.
+You stand, I crouch.
+And they made great art.
+This speaks to the emergent power of the system when things start to interact with each other.
+It was a short trip.
+So, of course, what actually happened to this idea?
+This is a warehouse.
+This is a picking, packing and shipping center that handles about 10,000 different SKUs.
+We call them red pens, green pens, and yellow post-its.
+We send out a small orange robot to pick up a blue shelf pod.
+And deliver it to the side of the building.
+So all the pickers now stay on the perimeter.
+The game here is to pick up the ledge, take it to the highway and deliver it directly to the picker.
+The life of this pickworker is completely different.
+Instead of walking around the warehouse, she could sit still at a picking station like this one and all the products in the building would reach her.
+This process is therefore very productive.
+Reach out, pick an item, scan the barcode, and pack it.
+By the time you turn around, there's another item, ready to be picked and packed.
+So what we've done is eliminate all the walking, searching, wasting time and waiting with no added value and developed a highly loyal way to select these orders. Scan the UPC barcode and light it up to indicate which box it should be in.
+Therefore, it turned out to be a more productive, more accurate, and more interesting office environment for pick workers.
+They actually complete the entire order.
+That is, red, green and blue are also executed, not part of the order.
+And they feel they have a little more control over their environment.
+So what really surprised us was the side effect of this approach.
+I knew I would be more productive.
+But what we didn't realize was how pervasive this mindset was to other functions within the warehouse.
+But what this approach effectively does within the DC is turning it into a massively parallel processing engine.
+So this is also cross-fertilization of ideas.
+This is a warehouse, and we're thinking about parallel processing supercomputer architectures.
+The concept here is that there are 10 workers on the right side of the screen, all of whom are now independent and autonomous pick workers.
+If a worker at Station 3 decides to go to the bathroom, the productivity of the other nine workers will not be affected.
+Compare this a little with the traditional method of using conveyors.
+When someone gives you an order, you put something in and pass it downstream.
+For this sequence of processes to work, everyone must be in place.
+This allows you to think more robustly about your warehouse.
+And it gets interesting in that it tracks product popularity internally.
+It also adjusts warehouse floors using dynamic and adaptive algorithms.
+So what you're seeing here could be the week leading up to Valentine's Day.
+All those pink chalky candies have moved to the front of the building and are now being picked for many orders at the pick station.
+Come back two days after Valentine's Day and all that candy, leftover candy, has flowed into the back of the warehouse, occupying the cooler zone on the thermal map there.
+Another side effect of this approach of using parallelism is that these operations can scale to enormous scale.
+(Laughter) So whether you're running 2 pick stations, 20 pick stations, or 200 pick stations, the route planning algorithm and all the inventory algorithms work fine.
+In this example, the entire perimeter of the building was the picking station, so you can see that the inventory occupies the entire perimeter of the building.
+they worked it out themselves.
+So I'd like to end with just one final video showing how this affects a pick worker's actual day.
+So, as I mentioned earlier, the process is to find a way to move inventory along highways and get into these pick stations.
+And background software is trying to figure out what's going on at each station, guide pods across highways, and enter a queuing system to present work to pickers.
+Interestingly, you can also adjust the picker's speed.
+Faster pickers get more pods, slower pickers get more pods.
+But this pickworker is now literally going through the experience I described earlier.
+she holds out her hand The product flies in there.
+Or she has to reach out and get it.
+She scanned it and put it in the bucket.
+All the rest of the technology is kind of behind the scenes.
+So she can now focus on the picking and packing part of the job.
+There is no idle time and no need to leave the mat.
+And in fact, we're not just looking for more productive and more accurate ways to fulfill orders.
+We believe this is a more fulfilling way of fulfilling orders.
+But the reason we say so is because the workers in many of these buildings now compete for the privilege of working in the kiva zone that day.
+And sometimes they have more energy to play with their grandchildren after the day, or in one case a man says something like, "Kiba Zone is so stress-free that I actually say that." You may find videos. I stopped taking blood pressure medication. "
+(Laughter) It was at a pharmaceutical company, so they told me not to use the video.
+(Laughter) So what I wanted to bring to you today is the concept that when things start thinking, walking and talking on their own, interesting processes and productivity can emerge.
+And now, if you go to your doorstep, pick up that box you ordered online, break it open, and there's slime in it, I wonder if the robot helped you pick it up? I think I'll think about it. Packing for that order.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As Commander-in-Chief of the Netherlands, which has troops stationed around the world, I am truly honored to be here today.
+Looking around this TEDx Amsterdam venue, you see a very special audience.
+It's because of you that I said yes to the invitation to come here today.
+If you look around, there are people who want to contribute.
+Make the world a better place by conducting groundbreaking scientific research, creating impressive works of art, writing critical articles and inspirational books, and building sustainable businesses. I see people wanting to create
+And you have chosen your own instruments to fulfill this mission of creating a better world.
+Some have chosen a microscope as their instrument.
+Some have chosen to dance, paint, or make music like you just heard.
+Some chose pens.
+Some work through the means of money.
+Guys, I made a different choice.
+thank you.
+ladies and gentlemen ...
+(Laughter) (Applause) Share your goals.
+I will share the goals of the speaker I heard before.
+I chose not to pick up a pen, brush or camera.
+I chose this instrument.
+I chose guns.
+For you, and you've already heard, getting this close to this gun can be intimidating.
+It can even feel scary.
+A real gun a few feet away.
+Let's pause for a moment and feel this anxiety.
+It may sound
+Let's cherish the fact that probably most of you have never been near a gun.
+It means Holland is a peaceful country.
+Holland is not at war.
+That means soldiers don't have to patrol the city.
+Guns are not part of our lives.
+In many countries it is a different story.
+Many countries are facing situations where people have guns.
+they are suppressed.
+They are threatened by warlords, terrorists and criminals.
+They cause a lot of pain.
+Then why am I standing before you with this weapon?
+Why did I choose guns as my instrument?
+Today I would like to tell you why.
+Today I would like to share with you why I chose guns to make the world a better place.
+And I want to tell you how this gun can help you.
+My story begins in the city of Nijmegen in the eastern Netherlands, where I was born.
+My father was a hard working baker and would often tell stories to me and my brother after work in the bakery.
+And most of the time he told me this story that I am going to tell you.
+A story about what happened when he was a draft soldier in the Dutch army at the beginning of World War II.
+The Nazis invaded Holland.
+Their terrible plans were clear.
+They intended to rule by oppression.
+Diplomacy could not stop the German army.
+All that was left was brute force.
+It was our last resort.
+My father had come to provide it.
+As the son of a farmer who knew how to hunt, my father was an excellent marksman.
+When he aimed, he never missed.
+At this crucial moment in Dutch history, my father was on the banks of the river Vaal near the city of Nijmegen.
+He had a clear aim at the German soldiers who came to occupy the Land of the Free, his country, our country.
+he fired. nothing happened.
+he fired again.
+Not a single German soldier fell to the ground.
+My father was given an old gun that could not reach the other side of the river.
+Hitler's army was advancing, but my father could do nothing.
+Until the day he died, my father was frustrated that he missed these shots.
+Something could have happened to him.
+But with the old guns, even the best marksmen in the army could not hit the mark.
+So this story stuck with me.
+And in high school, I was captivated by stories about Allied soldiers. Soldiers who left the safety of their homes and risked their lives to liberate a strange nation and people.
+They liberated my birth town.
+That's when I decided to pick up my guns out of respect and gratitude for those who came to set us free.
+From the realization that sometimes only guns can stand between good and evil.
+That's why I picked up a gun - not to shoot, not to kill, not to destroy, but to stop the bad guys, to protect the weak, to defend democratic values. And to stand up for freedom. Today I am here in Amsterdam to talk about how we can make the world a better place.
+Folks, I'm not here today to talk about the glory of weapons.
+I don't like guns
+And when you actually get shot, it becomes even clearer that a gun isn't a macho tool to brag about.
+I stand here today to talk about the use of guns as a means of peace and stability.
+Guns may be one of the most important means by which we achieve peace and stability in this world.
+Now, this may sound contradictory.
+But not only have I seen it with my own eyes during my deployments to Lebanon, Sarajevo, and as Defense Secretary in the Netherlands, this is also backed up by sober and grim statistics.
+Violence has declined dramatically over the last 500 years.
+War between developed nations is no longer the norm, despite the pictures in the news every day.
+Murder rates in Europe have fallen by a factor of 30 compared to the Middle Ages.
+And the incidence of civil war and repression has declined since the end of the Cold War.
+Statistics show that we live in relatively peaceful times.
+why?
+Has the human heart changed?
+Well, this morning we were talking about the human mind.
+Have we simply lost the bestial urge for vengeance, violent rituals, and pure rage?
+Or is there something else?
+Harvard professor Stephen Pinker, and many of his predecessors, in his most recent book, argues that one of the main drivers behind a less violent society is the spread of the constitutional state and the large scale It concludes that it was the introduction of a state monopoly. For the use of violence justified by democratically elected governments and justified by checks and balances and an independent judicial system.
+In other words, a state monopoly where the use of violence is well controlled.
+Such a state monopoly on violence is, first of all, reassuring.
+It removes the incentives for an arms race between potentially hostile groups in our society.
+Second, the balance is further disturbed by the existence of penalties that outweigh the benefits of using violence.
+Avoiding violence is more profitable than starting a war.
+Now nonviolence is starting to work like a flywheel.
+It makes peace even more.
+Trade thrives when there is no conflict.
+And trade is another important incentive for violence.
+In trade, interdependencies and mutual benefits exist between parties.
+And where there is mutual benefit, both sides will suffer more losses than they would have if they went to war.
+War is no longer the best option, which is why violence has declined.
+Ladies and gentlemen, this is the basis for the existence of my army.
+The military exercises a state monopoly of force.
+We do this legitimately and only when democracy asks us to do so.
+This legal and controlled use of firearms has contributed significantly to reducing the statistics of wars, conflicts and violence around the world.
+Participation in peacekeeping operations has led to the resolution of many civil wars.
+My soldiers use guns as a means of peace.
+And this is precisely why failed states are so dangerous.
+A failed state lacks legalized, democratically controlled use of force.
+Failed states do not know that guns are a means of peace and stability.
+This is why failed states can drag whole regions into chaos and conflict.
+That is why spreading the concept of a constitutional state is such an important aspect of our overseas mission.
+That is why we are now building a justice system in Afghanistan.
+That's why we train police officers, we train judges, we train prosecutors all over the world.
+And that is why it is so unique in the Netherlands, which is why the Dutch Constitution stipulates that one of the primary duties of the armed forces is to maintain and promote the rule of international law. .
+Folks, when we look at this gun, we see the ugly side of the human mind.
+Every day, I hope that politicians, diplomats and development workers can turn conflict into peace and threat into hope.
+And I hope that one day the military will be dismantled and humanity will find a way to coexist without violence and oppression.
+But until that day comes, we must find somewhere in between idealism and human failure.
+Until that day comes, I will defend my father for trying to shoot a Nazi with an old gun.
+I stand for men and women who are ready to risk their lives for a less violent world for all of us.
+I support this soldier who was partially deaf and permanently damaged his leg after being hit by a rocket while on duty in Afghanistan.
+Ladies and gentlemen, I hope we can all agree that peace and stability will not come for free until the day comes when we can eliminate guns.
+It takes a lot of effort, often behind the scenes.
+It requires good equipment and well-trained and dedicated soldiers.
+I hope that you will support our military's efforts to train soldiers like this young captain and provide her with good guns to replace the bad ones given to her father.
+We hope that you will support our soldiers when they are out, when they are returning home, and when they are injured and need our care.
+They risk their lives for us, for you, and we cannot let them down.
+I hope you will respect my soldier, this soldier with this gun.
+Because she wants a better world.
+Because, like all of us here today, she actively contributes to a better world.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Everyone in our society has cancer, if not personally, through a loved one, family member, colleague or friend.
+And once cancer invades our lives, we quickly learn that there are basically three weapons, or three means, available to fight the disease. These are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
+And as we again become involved in treatment decisions, either individually or with loved ones and family members, we quickly learn the benefits, trade-offs, and limitations of these tools as well.
+A big thank you to Jay, Mark and the TEDMED team for inviting me today to talk about a new tool, a fourth tool called the Oncology Field.
+The Oncology Field was invented by Dr. Yoram Parthi, Professor Emeritus of the Technion, Israel.
+And they use low-intensity electric fields to fight cancer.
+To understand how tumor therapeutic fields work, we first need to understand what an electric field is.
+First, I want to address some common misconceptions.
+First of all, an electric field is not a current through tissue.
+Electric fields are not ionizing radiation like X-rays or proton beams that bombard tissue and destroy DNA.
+And the electric field is not magnetic.
+An electric field is a force field.
+These forces then act on and attract charged objects.
+The best way to visualize the electric field is to think of it as gravity.
+Gravity is also a force field acting on mass.
+We can all imagine an astronaut in space.
+They float freely in three dimensions without any force acting on them.
+But when the space shuttle returns to Earth and astronauts enter Earth's gravitational field, they begin to see the effects of gravity.
+They begin to gravitate to Earth.
+And when it lands, it aligns perfectly within the gravitational field.
+Of course, we are now trapped within the Earth's gravitational field.
+So everyone is sitting in a chair.
+That's why we have to use muscle energy to stand up, walk around, and lift things.
+In cancer, cells divide rapidly, causing uncontrolled tumor growth.
+From an electrical point of view, a cell can be thought of as a mini space station.
+And on that space station, inside the nucleus are the genetic material, the chromosomes.
+And in the cytoplasmic soup, there are special proteins that are necessary for cell division, and these proteins are three-dimensionally free-floating in this soup.
+Importantly, these specialized proteins are among the most charged substances in our body.
+When cell division begins, the nucleus collapses, the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell, and these specialized proteins attach themselves in three-dimensional arrays, literally snapping end-to-end into chains.
+These chains then progress and attach to the genetic material, pulling it from one cell to two.
+And this is exactly how one cancer cell becomes two cancer cells, two cancer cells become four cancer cells, and finally the tumor grows out of control.
+The tumor treatment field uses externally placed transducers attached to field generators to generate artificial electric fields on the space station.
+And when that cellular space station is in an electric field, it acts on those highly charged proteins to align them.
+It prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle, the chain necessary to pull genetic material into daughter cells.
+What we see is cells trying to divide for hours.
+They then either undergo so-called cell suicide, programmed cell death, or divide and then form unhealthy daughter cells and enter apoptosis.
+and you can observe this.
+Below are two in vitro experiments.
+This is a culture of cervical cancer cells, the same culture.
+These cultures were then stained with a green fluorescent dye so that the proteins forming these chains could be observed.
+The first clip shows normal cell division without a tumor therapeutic field.
+What we see is first a very vigorous culture, many divisions, and a very clear nucleus when the cells are separated.
+And you can see them split throughout.
+If you apply the fields to the same culture on the same timescale, you will see something different.
+Cells come together to divide, but are very stationary in their position.
+You can see two cells about to split at the top of the screen.
+The person in the circle manages it.
+But look how much protein is still left throughout the nucleus, even in a dividing cell.
+The person above there is totally indivisible.
+And this bubbling, this membrane bubbling, is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell.
+Formation of a healthy mitotic spindle is required for the division of all cell types.
+We have applied the Oncotherapeutic Field to more than 20 different cancers in our lab, all of which have confirmed this effect.
+Importantly, these tumor therapeutic fields do not affect normal undividing cells.
+Ten years ago, Dr. Parti founded Novocure, a company to develop his discoveries into practical treatments for patients.
+At that time, Novocure developed two systems. One system for cancers of the head and one system for cancers of the trunk.
+The first cancer we focused on was GBM, a deadly brain tumor.
+GBM affects about 10,000 people in the United States each year.
+It's a death sentence.
+The expected 5-year survival rate is less than 5%.
+And the typical patient with optimal treatment lives just over a year, and only about seven months after the cancer was first treated and started to recur and grow again.
+Novocure has conducted the first Phase 3 randomized trial in patients with recurrent GBM.
+So these are patients who had surgery, high-dose radiation to the head, and first-line chemotherapy that failed, and whose tumors regrow.
+We divided the patients into two groups.
+The first group received second-line chemotherapy and are expected to live twice as long as those who received no treatment at all.
+and the second group received only oncology therapy.
+What we saw in that trial was that both groups, the group receiving chemotherapy and the group in the oncology field, had the same life expectancy.
+Importantly, however, the Tumor Treating Field group did not experience any side effects typical of chemotherapy patients.
+They had no pain and no infections.
+They did not have the expected nausea, diarrhea, constipation, or malaise.
+Based on this trial, in April of this year, the FDA approved an oncotherapeutic field for the treatment of patients with recurrent GBM.
+Importantly, this is the first time the FDA has included a quality-of-life claim in an oncology treatment approval.
+I would like to introduce one of the patients who participated in this study.
+Robert Dill Bundy is a famous Swiss cycling champion.
+He won the gold medal in the 4,000m chase at the Moscow Games.
+And five years ago Robert was diagnosed with GBM.
+He received standard care.
+he underwent surgery.
+He received a high dose of radiation to his head.
+and he underwent first-line chemotherapy.
+One year after this treatment, in fact, this is his baseline MRI.
+You can see that the black area in the upper right quadrant is the area that underwent surgery.
+And a year after that treatment, his tumor was growing like crazy again.
+It is a recurrence of white cloudy lumps.
+At this point, doctors told him he had about three months to live.
+He entered our trial.
+And here you can see him in therapy.
+First of all, these electrodes are non-invasive.
+They are attached to the skin in the area of ​​the tumor.
+Here you can see the technician putting them on like bandages.
+Patients learn to do this themselves, after which they are able to carry out all the activities of daily living.
+I don't feel tired or anything.
+There are no so-called "chemoheads".
+I have no feeling.
+Does not interfere with computers or electrical equipment.
+Treatment is also provided continuously at home without the need for regular or continuous hospital visits.
+These are also Robert's MRIs with only TTField treatment.
+This is a treatment that takes time to work.
+It's a medical device. Works when turned on.
+But what we can see is that by the 6th month the tumor is responding and starting to dissolve.
+it's still there.
+By the 12th month, it's basically completely gone, although you can debate if there's a little material around the edges.
+It's been five years since Robert's diagnosis and he's alive, but importantly he's healthy and on the job.
+In this very short clip, we ask him to describe his experience of therapy in his own words.
+(Video) Robert Dill-Bundi: I rate my quality of life a little differently than what most people assume we have today.
+I am the happiest, happiest human being in the world.
+And every morning I am grateful for life.
+I fall asleep very well every night and I repeat, I am the happiest person in the world and I am grateful to be alive.
+BD: Novocure is also working on lung cancer as a second target.
+We conducted a phase 2 study in Switzerland in recurrent patients, that is, patients whose cancer recurred after receiving standard therapy.
+I'll show you another clip of a woman named Lydia.
+Lydia is a 66-year-old farmer in Switzerland.
+She was diagnosed with lung cancer five years ago.
+She underwent four different chemotherapy treatments over two years, none of which worked.
+Her cancer continued to grow.
+Three years ago, she entered a Novocure lung cancer clinical trial.
+In her case, you can see one pair of transducer arrays on the front of her chest, one on her back, and a second pair on each side above her liver.
+You can see the Tumor Treating Field field generator, but importantly, you can also see that she lives her own life.
+She runs a farm.
+She interacts with her children and grandchildren.
+And when we spoke to her, she said that when she was on chemo, she had to go to the hospital every month for an IV.
+Her entire family suffered as her profile of side effects came and went.
+Now she can carry out all the farm activities.
+It's just the beginning.
+(Applause.) In the lab, we've observed an amazing synergy between the chemotherapy and oncology fields.
+Research is currently underway at Harvard Medical School to select the optimal pair to maximize its benefits.
+We also believe that tumor treatment fields, in conjunction with radiation, interfere with our own self-repair mechanisms.
+A new research project is now underway in Karolinska, Sweden to prove that hypothesis.
+More trials are planned for lung, pancreatic, ovarian and breast cancer.
+And I strongly believe that within the next decade, Tumor Treating Fields will be the weapon of choice for physicians and patients against all of these most difficult-to-treat solid tumors.
+I also very much hope that in the coming decades we will make great strides in reducing mortality, which has been very difficult for this disease.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+When I was 7 and my sister was only 5, we were playing on the bunk bed.
+At that time, I was two years older than my sister. So now I'm two years older than my sister. But back then, my sister had to do everything I wanted to do, so I wanted to play war. .
+So we were on bunk beds.
+And on one side of the bunk bed, I put all my GIs out. Joe's soldiers and weapons.
+And on the other side, my sister My Little Pony was all ready for a cavalry charge.
+There are various accounts of what really happened that afternoon, but since my sister isn't here today, let's get the real story. (laughs) My sister is a little clumsy.
+Somehow, without any help or push from her brother, Amy disappeared from the top of the bunk and landed on the floor.
+I looked anxiously from the side of the bed to see what had happened to my fallen sister and saw her on all fours and painfully landing on the ground.
+I was nervous because my parents had ordered me to make sure my sister and I could play as safely and quietly as possible.
+And just a week ago, when I accidentally broke Amy's arm, (laughter) (ends laughter) I braved her out of the way of an imaginary sniper bullet on her way. I pushed it away (laughs), but I'm still not appreciated. She was doing the best I could -- she didn't even realize it was coming -- I was trying so hard to do my best.
+Then I saw my sister's face. Cries of pain, anguish, and amazement erupt from her mouth as she wakes up from the long winter nap her parents have grown accustomed to.
+So I did the only thing my deranged seven-year-old brain could think of to avert this tragedy.
+And if you have kids, you've seen this hundreds of times.
+I said, "Amy, wait. Don't cry. Did you see how it landed?"
+Humans don't land on all fours like that.
+Amy, I think this means you are a unicorn. "
+(Laughter) Well, it was cheating. Because there was nothing she wanted more than to be a special unicorn Amy instead of her scarred five-year-old sister Amy.
+Of course, this option had never been open to her brain.
+And when my poor, manipulated sister tried to devote her resources to feeling the pain and suffering and amazement she had just experienced, and contemplating her newfound identity as a unicorn, her You can see how the little brain faced conflict.
+And the latter won.
+Instead of crying and stopping playing, instead of waking up my parents to my negative consequences, she spread a smile across her face and ran up onto the bunk bed with the grace of a baby unicorn- lol ) with a broken leg.
+At this young age of only 5 and 7, we stumbled across what was, at the time, unimaginable at the time, to usher in a scientific revolution that would occur 20 years later in how we view the human brain. That's what it means.
+We came across something called positive psychology. That's why I'm here today and why I wake up every morning.
+When I started talking about this research to companies and schools outside of academia, they said the first thing you should never do is start with a graph.
+I would like to start with the graph first.
+This graph looks boring, but it's the reason why I wake up every morning with excitement.
+And this graph makes no sense. It's fake data.
+What we found -- (Laughter) I'd be excited if I got this data studying you, because there's a trend, and that's what I'm going to publish. I mean there is potential, and that's all that really matters.
+There's one weird red dot on the curve and one weirdo in the room -- I know who you are, I've met you before -- that's fine.
+As most people know, just remove that dot and you'll be fine.
+Since this is clearly a measurement error, the point can be deleted.
+We know it's a measurement error because it messes up the data.
+(Laughter) So one of the first things we teach people in our economics, statistics, business, and psychology courses is how to weed out weirdos in a statistically valid way.
+How can we remove outliers to find the best fit line?
+This is great if you want to know how many doses of Advil the average person should take. Twice.
+But if I'm interested in your potential, your happiness, your productivity, your energy, your creativity, then we're creating mean worship in science.
+Suppose you ask a question like, "How fast can my child learn to read in the classroom?"
+The scientist changes the answer to "How quickly does the average child in that classroom learn to read and write?"
+Then adjust the classes towards the average.
+Psychologists rejoice when you fall below average. Because that means you have depression or a disability, or preferably both.
+We expect both. Because our business model is that if you come into a therapy session with 1 problem, they know you have 10 problems and they leave and come back. Because I want to
+If you want, we'll go back to your childhood, but ultimately we want to get you back to normal.
+But normal is just average.
+And positive psychology argues that if we simply study the average, we will remain just average.
+Then what I intentionally do is come to a population like this and ask "why?" instead of removing these positive outliers.
+Why are some of you beyond your limits in terms of intellectual capacity, athleticism, musical ability, creativity, energy levels, resilience in the face of adversity, and sense of humor?
+Whatever it is, what I want to do is study you instead of deleting you.
+Because we might be able to glean information about not just how to get people up to average, but how to get average across companies and schools around the world.
+The reason this chart is important to me is because in the news, most of the information is not positive.
+actually negative.
+And soon my brain starts to think that's the exact ratio of negatives and positives in the world.
+This creates the “medical school syndrome”.
+During my first year of medical training, as I read through the list of all the symptoms and ailments, I suddenly realized I had them all.
+(Laughter) I have a brother-in-law named Bobo, but that's another story.
+Bobo called me from Yale Medical School. (laughs) Bobo said, “Sean, I have leprosy.”
+(Laughter) This is very rare, even at Yale.
+But poor Bobo had just gone through menopause for a week, and I didn't know how to comfort him.
+(Laughter) It's becoming increasingly clear that reality doesn't necessarily shape us, and that the lens through which your brain views the world shapes your reality.
+If you can change your lens, you can change not only your well-being, but all your educational and business outcomes at the same time.
+I took the plunge and applied to Harvard University.
+I didn't think I would be able to get into it, and my family didn't have the money to go to college.
+They fired me two weeks later when I won a military scholarship.
+What was not even possible became a reality.
+I thought everyone there would consider it a privilege and be thrilled to be part of it.
+Even in a classroom full of people smarter than me, just being in that classroom made me feel happy.
+But what I realized when I graduated after four years and then lived in a dormitory with students for eight years, Harvard University, as some people have experienced, to do so. I was not that kind of man.
+(Laughter) As a board member, I was responsible for counseling students through four difficult years.
+And in my research and teaching, these students found that no matter how happy they were with their initial success in getting into school, two weeks later, their brains were more aware of the privileges and privileges of being there. It turns out that we weren't focused on our philosophy. Or physics, but about competition, workload, hassle, stress, complaints.
+When I first entered there, I entered the freshman cafeteria. That's where my friends are from Waco, Texas, where I grew up. I'm sure some of you know.
+When they visited, they would look around and say, "This dining room looks like something out of Hogwarts."
+Because that's Hogwarts and that's Harvard.
+And when they see this they say, "Why waste time studying happiness at Harvard?"
+What should Harvard students complain about?"
+Embedded in that question is the key to understanding the science of happiness.
+Because the premise of this question is that the world outside of us predicts our happiness, but in reality I knew everything about the world outside of you. Even so, I can only predict 10% of your long-term happiness.
+90% of your long-term happiness is predicted by the way your brain processes the world, not by the outside world.
+And if you change that, if you change the equation of happiness and success, you can change the way you affect reality.
+We found that IQ predicted only 25% of job success, and 75% of job success was attributed to levels of optimism, social support, and the ability to see stress as a challenge rather than a threat. it is predicted.
+When I spoke to perhaps the most famous New England boarding school, they said:
+That's why every year we not only teach our students but also have a health week.
+And we are so excited. On Monday night, the world's foremost speaker will speak on adolescent depression.
+Tuesday night is school violence and bullying.
+Wednesday night is an eating disorder.
+Thursday night is illegal drug use.
+And it's Friday night, and we're trying to decide between risky sex and happiness. "
+(Laughter) I said, "That's Friday night for most people."
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) I'm glad you liked it, but they didn't like it at all.
+Please keep quiet on the phone.
+And in silence I said, "I am happy to tell you at your school that it is sick week, not health week.
+You outlined all the possible negative events, but you didn't talk about the positive ones. "
+The absence of disease is not health.
+Here's how we get our health. The equation for happiness and success must be reversed.
+Over the last three years, I have traveled to 45 countries working with schools and businesses during economic downturns.
+And it turns out that most businesses and schools follow a formula for success. It says, "The harder you work, the more successful you will be."
+It underpins most of our parenting and management styles—how we motivate behavior.
+And the problem is that it's scientifically bankrupt and backed off for two reasons.
+Each time your brain hits a success, it just changes the goalpost of what success looks like.
+Got good grades, now got better grades, got into a good school, got into a better school, got a good job, now gotta get a better job, you We hit our sales target, we're going to change that.
+And if happiness is on the other side of success, your brain will never get there.
+As a society, we have pushed happiness beyond the limits of perception.
+It's because they think they'll be happier if they don't succeed.
+If you can raise someone's level of positivity in the present, that person's brain experiences what we now call the benefits of happiness. This is how the brain performs much better when it's positive than it does when it's negative, neutral, or stressed.
+Increased intelligence, increased creativity, increased energy levels.
+In fact, we've found that every business outcome improves.
+A brain in a positive state is 31% more productive than a brain in a negative, neutral, or stressed state.
+Physicians are 19% faster and more accurate in making correct diagnoses when they are positive than when they are negative, neutral, or stressed.
+This means that the formula can be reversed.
+If we can find ways to be positive in the present, our brains will work better, working harder, faster, and more intelligently.
+To know what our brains are really capable of, we need to be able to reverse this formula.
+That's because the dopamine that flows into your body when you feel positive has two functions.
+Not only does it make you happier, it also activates all the learning centers in your brain, allowing you to adapt to the world in a different way.
+We have discovered that there are ways to train your brain to be more positive.
+Just two minutes of work for 21 consecutive days can actually rewire your brain, actually making it more optimistic and functioning better.
+We took these surveys at every company I've ever worked for, and for 21 days in a row, I asked them to write down 3 new things they were grateful for, 3 each day.
+And at the end of it, their brains begin to retain a pattern of scanning the world for positive things first, not negative things.
+Journaling about one positive experience you had in the last 24 hours allows your brain to relive that experience.
+Exercise teaches your brain that what you do matters.
+It turns out that meditation helps the brain overcome the cultural ADHD caused by trying to do multiple tasks at once, allowing us to focus on the task at hand.
+And finally, random acts of kindness are conscious acts of kindness.
+We ask people to open their inbox and write one positive email praising or thanking someone in their support network.
+And it turns out that doing these activities and training your brain just like you train your body can reverse the equation of happiness and success. By doing so, you can not only create positive ripples, but create a real revolution.
+Today, I'm going to talk about designing medical technology in low-resource environments.
+I am researching the healthcare systems of these countries.
+And, almost across the board, one of the major gaps in care is access to safe surgery.
+Now, one of the major bottlenecks that hinders both access in the first place and the safety of the surgery that actually takes place is anesthesia.
+And indeed, this is a model that is expected to work for providing anesthesia in these settings.
+Here you'll find a scene you'd find in an operating room anywhere in the United States or any other developed country.
+In the background is a very sophisticated anesthesia machine.
+And because the machine was designed with this environment in mind, it can enable surgery and save lives.
+To make this machine work, you need a few things that this hospital provides.
+Monitoring gas flow and maintaining patient safety and anesthesia during surgery requires a highly trained anesthesiologist with years of experience working with complex machines.
+It's a delicate machine that runs on computer algorithms, requires special care (TLC) to keep it running, and is very easily broken.
+And when that happens, you need a team of biomedical engineers who can understand that complexity, fix it, source parts, and keep saving lives.
+It's a pretty expensive machine.
+You need a hospital with the budget to support one $50 or $100,000+ machine.
+And perhaps most obviously, but most importantly, the road to concepts we've heard seem to point to this, we're able to provide an uninterrupted supply of power, compressed oxygen, and other medical supplies. It means you need infrastructure. Very important to the function of this machine.
+So this machine needs a lot that this hospital can't provide.
+This is the power supply for a hospital in rural Malawi.
+This hospital has one person qualified to perform anesthesia. She has 12 months, possibly 18 months of anesthesia training and is therefore eligible.
+There are no biomedical engineers in the hospital or in the community at large.
+So when this machine breaks, so does the machine you need to work on, and you have to try to fix it, but that's pretty much it for the most part.
+And the price of the machine I mentioned could probably represent a quarter or a third of this hospital's annual operating budget.
+Finally, you can see that the infrastructure is not very strong.
+The hospital is connected to a very weak power grid and has frequent power outages.
+Therefore, the entire hospital is frequently running on generators alone.
+And you can imagine a generator failing or running out of fuel.
+And the World Bank sees this and estimates that hospitals in this setting in low-income countries can expect up to 18 power outages per month.
+Likewise, compressed oxygen and other medical supplies are truly luxuries and can last months, or even a year, in inventory.
+It may seem crazy, but the model we have now is to donate or sell machines designed for the first environment I showed you to hospitals in this environment.
+Not only is it inappropriate, it can be really dangerous.
+One of our partners at Johns Hopkins was observing the operation in Sierra Leone about a year ago.
+And the first operation of the day happened to be an obstetric case.
+A woman came to the hospital who needed an emergency caesarean section to save her life and that of her baby.
+And it all started very auspiciously.
+A surgeon was waiting and examined me.
+A nurse was there.
+She was able to be anesthetized quickly, which was important due to the urgency of the situation.
+And everything started fine until the power went out.
+And now, in the midst of this operation, the surgeon is racing against time to finish his case. He has a headlamp so he can do it.
+But nurses are literally running around the pitch-black operating room looking for something they can use to anesthetize patients and keep them asleep.
+Because her machine doesn't work without power.
+This routine surgery that many of you have experienced, and perhaps the resulting surgery, is now a tragedy.
+And what's so frustrating is that this is no special event. This is happening all over the developing world.
+35 million surgeries are attempted each year without safe anesthesia.
+My colleague Dr. Paul Fenton lived this reality.
+He was head of anesthesiology at a teaching hospital in Malawi.
+Every day he went to work in an operating room like this, administering anesthesia with the same equipment that had become so unreliable and frankly unsafe in the hospital, trying to teach others how to do it. was
+And after countless surgeries and, as you might imagine, truly indescribable tragedy, he simply said, "It's over. Enough.
+There's got to be something better."
+He walked down the hall to where the machine (I think the scientific term) that had just broken was thrown in and started tinkering.
+He took some parts out of here and other parts out of it and tried to come up with a machine that would work in the reality he was facing.
+A prototype of a universal anesthesia machine. A machine that can function in any situation in a hospital and anesthetize a patient.
+This is back home in the same hospital, 12 years later and further developed, working with patients ranging from pediatrics to geriatrics.
+Let me explain a little how this machine works.
+Voila!
+Everything in this machine starts at the base once the electricity is supplied.
+It has an oxygen concentrator built into it.
+Now, you've heard me mention oxygen a few times at this point.
+Basically, to administer anesthesia you need oxygen that is as pure as possible. Because you end up essentially diluting the oxygen with gas.
+And the mixture inhaled by the patient must contain at least a certain percentage of oxygen, otherwise it can be dangerous.
+But here, when the electricity goes through, the oxygen concentrator takes in the air in the room.
+We now know that indoor air is remarkably free and rich, already containing 21% oxygen.
+So all this concentrator does is take room air, filter it, and send 95% pure oxygen up here, where it mixes with the anesthetic.
+The mixture passes through here before it reaches the patient's lungs. You can't see it, but there's an oxygen sensor here, and the percentage of oxygen being delivered is read on this screen.
+If there is no power supply, or if the power is cut off during surgery, this machine will automatically transition without touching and suck the room air through this suction port.
+everything else is the same.
+The only difference is that now we are only working with 21% oxygen.
+Now this was a dangerous guessing game. Only when something bad happens will you know if your oxygen supply is too low.
+But here it has a long-life battery backup.
+This is the only part that is battery backed.
+But this gives healthcare providers control, as they can adjust the flow rate based on the percentage of oxygen they're providing to their patients, whether they have power or not.
+In both cases, the person may require respiratory support, with or without strength.
+It's the reality of anesthesia and it can paralyze your lungs.
+So I added this manual.
+In this case, we have seen surgeries that take 3-4 hours to ventilate the patient.
+So it's a simple machine.
+Simply put, I shudder. It's easy.
+And it's by design.
+You don't have to be a highly trained professional anesthesiologist to use this machine. This is good. Because these local hospitals don't have that level of training.
+It is also designed for the environment in which it will be used.
+This is an incredibly sturdy machine.
+These rural hospitals have to endure heat and exhaustion.
+So it won't break easily, but if it breaks, you can replace almost every part of this machine with a hex wrench and a screwdriver.
+And finally, it's affordable.
+You can buy this machine for 1/8th the price of the conventional machine introduced earlier.
+So what you have here is a machine that, like the first machine, is designed for the environment, so it can perform surgery and save lives.
+But we are not satisfied there.
+Is it working?
+Is this a design that works in the right place?
+Well, so far we're seeing good results.
+It has been performed in 13 hospitals in 4 countries and has performed well over 2,000 surgeries since 2010 with no clinical adverse events.
+So we are excited.
+This sounds like a cost-effective, scalable solution to a really pervasive problem.
+But we want to be sure that this is the most effective and safest device you can put into your hospital.
+To that end, we have launched many partnerships with NGOs and universities to collect data on the user interface, the type of surgery that is appropriate, and how to enhance the device itself.
+One of those partnerships is with Johns Hopkins University here in Baltimore.
+They have a very cool anesthesia simulation lab in Baltimore.
+So we used this machine to replicate an operating room crisis that we might face in a contained and safe environment at one of the hospitals where this machine is intended to assess its effectiveness. I'm here.
+You can then compare the results of that study with your actual experience. Because we are implementing two of these studies in hospitals that Johns Hopkins University is collaborating with in Sierra Leone, including a hospital where an emergency caesarean section was performed.
+So I've talked a lot about anesthesia, and I tend to do that.
+I find it very attractive and an important component of good health.
+And it really seems peripheral, and I never thought about it until it became inaccessible, but when it becomes inaccessible, it becomes a gatekeeper.
+Who will have surgery and who will not?
+Who can have safe surgery and who can't?
+But you know, this is just one of so many ways that design, good design, can affect health outcomes.
+If more people in low-income countries actually address some of these challenges in the field of health care delivery, it would be great if we could start design processes and solutions from within hospitals, outside the hype. -- In other words, many lives could be saved if we could design for environments that exist in many parts of the world instead of the ones we wanted.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I mean, my job is usually to explain to people how wonderful the new technologies that are coming out are, but since I'm here with my friends, I'm not sure what I'm thinking or thinking. Because I wanted to let you know that I was there. Try to understand what's really going on here with the amazing advances in technology that we seem to be barely catching up with.
+So I'll start by showing you just one very boring technology slide.
+So if you can turn on the slide that is on.
+Here is a slide randomly pulled from the file.
+What I want to show you is the general format of the slide, not the details of the slide.
+This happens to be a slide from an analysis I did of RISC microprocessor capabilities versus local area network capabilities.
+And what's interesting is that this slide, like many technology slides we're used to, is a straight line on a semi-logarithmic curve.
+In other words, every step here represents an order of magnitude performance scale.
+And this is a new thing we talk about technology about semi-logarithmic curves.
+Something really weird is going on here.
+And that's basically what I'm talking about.
+So if you could turn on the light
+Since we're just using paper here, I'd like to bring the lights up higher.
+So why draw the technology curve as a semi-logarithmic curve?
+The answer is, for example, assuming this is the year, this is the time of some kind, and this is the measure of the technology I'm trying to graph, if I draw this on a normal curve, the graph will be of some kind. It means taking shape. stupid.
+They go on like this.
+And they don't tell us much.
+Now, if you were to graph other technologies, say transportation technology, with a semi-logarithmic curve, it would look very silly and look like a flat line.
+But when something like this happens, the situation changes qualitatively.
+In other words, if traffic technology were to advance as fast as microprocessor technology, the day after tomorrow you could be in a taxi and be in Tokyo in 30 seconds.
+I'm not moving that much.
+And even in the history of technological development, this kind of self-feeding growth, growing by orders of magnitude every few years, is unprecedented.
+Now what I want to ask is, looking at these exponential curves, it doesn't last forever.
+It's impossible for things to keep changing so fast.
+One of two things will happen.
+Either it's going to be kind of a classic S-curve like this until something completely different comes along, or maybe this will happen.
+That's all it can do.
+I'm an optimist now, so I think that's probably going to happen.
+If so, it means we are in a period of transition right now.
+We are on the cusp of a transition from the old way of the world to the new way of the world.
+So what I want to ask is what I have been asking myself is what is the new way of this world.
+What is the new state the world is headed for?
+Because when we're in the middle of that transition, that transition looks very, very confusing.
+When I was a kid, the future seemed like the year 2000 and people used to talk about what would happen in the year 2000.
+Now, there's a conference here where people are discussing the future, and I realize that the future is still around the year 2000.
+About to go out.
+In other words, the future shrinks by one year each year for the rest of my life.
+I now think the reason is that we all feel that something is going on there.
+That transition is happening. we can all feel it.
+And I know it doesn't make much sense to think about 30, 50 years from now. Everything changes so much that it makes no sense to simply extrapolate what we do.
+So what I want to talk about is what it's going to be like, what the transition we're going through is like.
+To do that, we have to talk about a lot of things that have absolutely nothing to do with technology or computers.
+Because I think the only way to understand this is to really step back and look at things on a longer time scale.
+So the timescale on which I would like to look at this is that of life on Earth.
+So when you look at billions of years at a time, I think this picture makes sense.
+So, going back about 2.5 billion years ago, Earth was a large, barren mass of rock with lots of floating chemicals.
+And when you see how chemicals are organized, you get a pretty good idea of ​​how they are organized.
+I think there's a theory that's starting to make sense as to how it all started with RNA, but I'm going to tell you a kind of simple story about it. It means that at that time there was a small droplet of oil floating with the RNA. It contains all sorts of different recipe chemicals.
+And some of those droplets contained a certain combination of chemicals that took in chemicals from the outside and made the droplets grow.
+And such people began to split.
+These were in some ways the most primitive forms of cells, tiny oil droplets.
+But those droplets were not really alive, as they are now said. Because all of them were slightly random recipes for chemicals.
+And every time it splits, the chemicals in the body split unevenly.
+Therefore, every drop was a little different.
+In fact, the drop differed in that it was better at taking in the chemicals around it, growing taller, taking in more chemicals, and splitting further.
+They therefore tended to live longer and be more represented.
+It's like a very simple chemical form of life, but it's when these drops learn tricks about abstraction that things get interesting.
+Somehow, in ways we don't quite understand, these little droplets have learned to write down information.
+They learned to record information, the recipe for cells, in a specific type of chemical called DNA.
+In other words, in this kind of thoughtless, evolutionary way, they devised a form of writing that allowed them to write down who they were, and that way they wrote it down was copied.
+What is surprising is that the style of writing seems to have remained stable since it evolved 2.5 billion years ago.
+In fact, we, our genetic recipes, are exactly the same code and the same way of writing.
+In fact, all living things are written with exactly the same character set and the same code.
+In fact, one of the things I've done for fun is that this code now allows me to write something.
+I have 100 micrograms of white powder here, but I don't want airport security to see it.
+(Laughter) But this includes this -- what I did was get this code -- the code contains the standard characters we use to symbolize it. -- Then I wrote a business card on a piece of DNA and amplified it by a factor of 10 22 times.
+So if anyone wants 100 million of my business cards, I have plenty of them for everyone in the room, and practically everyone in the world. And here it is.
+(Laughter) If I was really egoistic, I would put it in a virus and scatter it around the room.
+(laughter) So what was the next step?
+Writing down the DNA was an interesting step.
+And that's what caused these cells to keep them happy for another billion years.
+But then there was another very interesting step where the situation was completely different. That is, these cells began to exchange and communicate information, forming a community of cells.
+I don't know if you know, but bacteria can actually exchange DNA.
+That's why, for example, antibiotic resistance evolved.
+Some bacteria found a way to stay away from penicillin and moved around to create that little piece of DNA with other bacteria. And since bacteria communicate, there are now many bacteria that are resistant to penicillin.
+Now, what this communication made possible was to form a community that was in a sense in the same boat. They worked synergistically.
+So they either survived or failed together. That is, if a community was very successful, all individuals within that community were replicated more and had an evolutionary advantage.
+Well, the transition point happened when these communities got so close that they actually got together and decided to write down their entire community recipe down to one string of DNA.
+And the interesting next stage of life took about another billion years.
+And at that stage we have a multicellular community, a community of different types of cells, working together as a single organism.
+And indeed, we are a multicellular community.
+We have many cells that are no longer active on their own.
+Skin cells are really useless without heart cells, muscle cells, brain cells, etc.
+So these communities started to evolve, and the interesting level where evolution is happening is no longer cells, but communities that we call organisms.
+Now, the next step happens within these communities.
+These cellular communities began to abstract information again.
+And they started building very specific structures that just dealt with information within the community.
+And they are neural structures.
+In other words, a neuron is an information processing device constructed by that group of cells.
+And indeed, we have begun to place professionals in communities and special organizations responsible for recording, understanding and learning information.
+And it was the brains and nervous systems of those communities.
+And that gave them an evolutionary advantage.
+Because at that point, individual learning could occur within a single organism's time-span rather than this evolutionary time-span.
+Thus, an organism may learn that it should not eat a particular type of fruit, for example, because the last time it was eaten it tasted bad and made it sick.
+It can occur within the lifetime of a single organism, but it could take hundreds of thousands of years before an organism builds these special information processing structures, by individuals who eat the fruits of that species and become extinct. I had to learn evolutionarily.
+So the whole evolutionary process was greatly accelerated by the fact that we built the nervous system, these special information structures.
+Because evolution can take place within an individual.
+It can happen on the learning timescale.
+But what happened after that, of course, was that each of us developed a knack for communicating.
+For example, the most sophisticated version we know of is human language.
+When you think about it, it's a really great invention.
+I have a very complicated, confused, confused idea in my head.
+I'm sitting here basically moaning, but hopefully I'm building a messy, disorganized idea like that in your head.
+But we are translating very complex things into sounds, sequences of sounds and generating very complex things in our brains.
+This allowed us to begin functioning as a single organism.
+And indeed, we humans began to abstract.
+We experience the same level of abstraction that multicellular organisms experience: how information is recorded, presented, and processed.
+For example, the invention of language was a small step in that direction.
+Telephones, computers, videotapes, CD-ROMs, etc. are all specialized mechanisms we have built into society to process that information.
+And all of that binds us together into something that can evolve much bigger and much faster than before.
+Evolution can therefore occur on the microsecond scale.
+And I saw an example of a small evolution where Ty made a small evolution of the convolutional program in front of me.
+So we accelerated the time scale again.
+So the first step in the story I told you took a billion years for one piece.
+And the next stages, such as the nervous system and the brain, took hundreds of millions of years.
+After that, it took less than a million years for the next steps, such as language.
+And like electronics, these next steps seem only a few decades away.
+The process feeds on itself, and I think autocatalytic is the right word, when something intensifies the rate of change.
+The more change, the faster the change.
+And I think that's what we're seeing in this explosion of curves.
+You can see this process feeding back on itself.
+Today, I work as a computer designer, and I know that the mechanisms we use to design computers would not be possible without recent advances in computers.
+So what I'm doing now is designing an object so complex that it's really impossible to design an object in the traditional sense.
+I don't know what each transistor in the connection machine does.
+There are billions of them.
+Instead, what I and the designers at Thinking Machines are doing is thinking at some level of abstraction, and passing that to the machine, the machine goes farther and farther than we could ever do. It's about doing it fast. .
+And indeed, sometimes it does so in ways that even we don't quite understand.
+One particularly interesting method I've been using a lot lately is evolution itself.
+So what we're doing is putting evolutionary processes into machines that happen on the microsecond time scale.
+So, for example, in the most extreme case, a program can actually evolve starting from random instruction sequences.
+"Computer, could you create 100 million random sequences of instructions?
+So could you go through all these random sequences of instructions, run all those programs, and pick the one that comes closest to what I want? "
+In other words, define what you wanted.
+A simple example I've done, say I want to sort the numbers.
+So find a program that comes closest to sorting numbers.
+So, of course, it's very unlikely that a random sequence of instructions would reorder numbers, so nothing actually does.
+However, one of them might be lucky enough to put the two numbers in the correct order.
+And I say, "Computer, can you pick the 10 percent of the random sequences that did the best?
+save them. Kill all the rest.
+Now let's try to reproduce the best sorting of the numbers.
+And reproduce them through a sex-like recombination process. "
+Taking two programs, a child is created by exchanging subroutines, and the child inherits the characteristics of the two programs' subroutines.
+So we've got a new generation of programs generated by combining programs that did a little better job.
+Say, "Repeat that process."
+Please score again.
+Possibly introduce some mutations.
+And try it again and do the same with the next generation.
+Each of these generations takes only a few milliseconds.
+This means millions of years of evolution can be done in a computer in minutes, or in complex cases in hours.
+The result is a completely perfect program for sorting numbers.
+In fact, they are far more efficient programs than I have ever written by hand.
+Looking at these programs now, I have no idea how it works.
+I took a look at them and tried to explain how they work.
+It's an obscure and strange program.
+But they do their job.
+And in fact, I know, they come from hundreds of thousands of programs that have done the job, so I'm very confident they will do the job.
+In fact, their lives depended on the work.
+(Laughter) When I was on the 747 with Marvin Minsky, he pulled out this card and said, "Oh look. Look at this."
+"This plane has hundreds of thousands of tiny parts that work together to ensure safe flight," it says. Doesn't that make you feel more confident? "
+(Laughter) In fact, we know that when the engineering process gets complicated, it doesn't work very well.
+So we are starting to rely on computers to do processes that are very different from engineering.
+And we will be able to manufacture things that are much more complex than normal engineering.
+Still, we don't fully understand the options.
+So in a way, it's ahead of us.
+We now use these programs to create faster computers to help us perform this process faster.
+In other words, you are giving yourself feedback.
+I think it looks very confusing because things are going so fast.
+Because all of these technologies have their own feedback.
+Departure.
+And we are at a point similar to when single-celled organisms were changing into multicellular organisms.
+In other words, we are amoeba, and we have no idea what this is making.
+We are in that transitional period.
+But I think something really comes after us.
+I think it would be very arrogant to think that we are the end product of evolution.
+And I think all of us here are in on producing whatever happens next.
+Well, it's almost lunch time, so I think I'll stop at this point before I get picked.
+(applause)
+Hi.
+My name is Sarah. The housing market has slashed prices.
+In fact, I am one of the majority of my generation who cannot afford to buy a home.
+And in 2017, Australia's youth homeownership rate fell to its lowest level in recorded history.
+So, foolishly or not, I decided to build my own house.
+But even there the prognosis was poor.
+Architects are serving the 1 percent of customers and builders are in short supply, resulting in inconsistent service and high prices.
+It was the biggest investment of my life, but I was amazed at how little self-determination, choice, and ultimately control I had.
+Plus, I was doubly surprised at how vulnerable this made me feel.
+Frankly, I felt trapped.
+So I reflected on this for quite some time.
+And I realized that what I wanted was democratized design and construction.
+So I started asking a very simple question. "What is building a house?"
+what is that?
+Well, it turns out that building a house involves making a series of decisions that have physical implications within a set of defined parameters.
+Now, having worked in software applications for a while, this all seemed very familiar.
+I also didn't understand why they built it on site.
+No other major gathering in our lives has been framed like this.
+Your car isn't delivered piecemeal with an extra 10 percent just in case for a weather-proof build.
+So why should your home be?
+So I made a computer game.
+A game where you design and deliver your own house.
+It's a game that elevates homebuilders from spectators to players by bringing them back to the center of the biggest purchases of their lives.
+A game with full visibility of the cost and environmental impact of each new attribute you add.
+Using modular components, players select items from their library and drag them into their world.
+Whether it's a wall, a solar cell, or an armchair, each item contains all the information the system needs to calculate its cost, environmental impact, and even player happiness.
+83% of home builders said eco-friendly features are the most important to them next to cost.
+Therefore, homes will soon be integrated with photovoltaic systems.
+Born green.
+Sustainable housing is often associated with wealth and abundance, but it is not.
+In fact, truly sustainable housing should be accessible and affordable for everyone.
+So I found a way to take back the control I wanted and give it to others.
+But something still haunted me, something still kept me up at night.
+What about people who really have no control over where they live?
+Every hour of recess, 4,000 new homes are needed worldwide.
+Think about that number.
+That's a staggering 35 million homes worldwide each year.
+And in Australia alone there is a shortage of 250,000 homes.
+In addition, 190,000 households are on the waiting list for assisted living housing. A family in need of a home.
+Between now and 2050, when the world population will move from 7.6 billion today to 9.8 billion tomorrow, hundreds of millions of people will face security, health and safety issues.
+Please try to imagine. If you don't feel safe in your own home, it's not because of crime or theft, but because the building you're in may be structurally unsound or made of non-toxic materials. . Do they have components and meet local natural disaster standards?
+It's the 21st century.
+And this alone is not enough.
+What if, if we can give them back control and dignity by giving them a home, it's not just a home. Their home, and the home they designed.
+We are currently adjusting the game so that when you build a house, you are building a house for someone in need.
+That sounds like a lofty goal and I think it's wildly ambitious, but right now our current operating model is operating at a 10:1 ratio.
+So for every ten houses we build, we build one for someone in need.
+(Applause.) This is made possible because today's manufacturing and assembly designs are made using lightweight steel structures, shipped and assembled on site, reducing construction costs by 20 percent and reducing environmental waste. You can cut 15 percent and save time. It's about saving money and not putting tons of waste in landfills.
+The advantage of modular construction is the ability to build all year round with confidence in cost, quality, delivery and construction date.
+Well, isn't that crazy? Isn't that great?
+But that doesn't meet my goal.
+My goal is one-on-one.
+So I've traveled the world looking at different alternatives to 3D printing for construction, trying to find the technology that will help me achieve my ambitions.
+3D printing is very exciting and promising, cutting costs by 40% and producing near zero waste.
+This is just the beginning, but some of the really exciting innovations happening around the world are happening in Italy, France, Dubai and Australia.
+It also uses robotic arms to print on everything from solid stone to concrete to wax.
+In Italy developed the technology of using Sorel cement.
+Originally invented in 1867, Sorel cement is a beautiful chemical reaction between magnesium oxide and local sand, now available for printing solid stone walls.
+And in France, there is a regulatory-approved process, still experimental, that involves printing two parallel tracks of foam insulation and pouring concrete in the middle to create a solid stone.
+And in Dubai, sitting at the foot of these two glorious Emirates Towers, your vision of the future unfolds in the middle of the desert.
+They have an experimental office of the future. It is built using 3D printed concrete printed in China and transported and assembled on site in Dubai.
+And just like Australia, we pioneered an amazing technology that allows us to print wax molds and pour concrete over them. This allows you to create highly complex, beautiful and cost-effective facades that you can actually see. Next time you use the London Underground,
+But all these things are tools, the hammers of tomorrow.
+And one common thread that ties them all together is computer-aided design.
+You will need models that you build using these techniques, like the ones developed by the players of your game.
+I want everyone who wants to live in a house of my design.
+And there are still many more applications.
+We will be able to bring a whole new dynamic experience to special needs and seniors accommodation.
+We can also provide quick on-site assistance in emergency housing situations.
+In the words of one of my players, "I want to take matters into my own hands and live by example."
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So the other morning, when I went to the grocery store, an employee greeted me with, "Good morning, is there anything I can help you with?"
+I said, "No, thank you, I'm fine."
+The man smiled and we went our separate ways.
+I grabbed my Cheerios and walked out of the grocery store.
+Then I went through the drive-thru of a local coffee shop.
+After I placed my order, I heard the other person say, "Thank you ma'am. Please drive right there."
+Now, in less than an hour, I was understood as both a 'teacher' and a 'wife'.
+But to me, neither of these people are wrong, but neither are they entirely right.
+This cute little human is my soon to be two year old Elliott.
+Yes, I understand.
+And over the past two years, this kid has made me rethink the world and how I participate in it.
+I am transgender and I am transparent as a parent.
+(Laughter) (Applause) (Cheers) (Applause) As you can see, I took this year's theme literally.
+(Laughter) That's what a good dad joke should be.
+More specifically, I identify as genderqueer.
+There are many ways to experience being genderqueer, but for me it means not really recognizing whether you are male or female.
+I feel like I'm in the middle of this gender dichotomy, and sometimes outside of it.
+And being out of this gender dichotomy means that when you're out doing mundane things like getting a cheerio, you'll find yourself occasionally 'noisy' or 'mom' in less than an hour. means to be told.
+I feel that this space, where I can be both husband and wife, is the most correct and the most authentic.
+But that doesn't mean these interactions aren't unpleasant.
+Believe please. Discomfort can range from mild irritation to feeling physically unsafe.
+Like when a bouncer physically grabbed you by the back of your neck at a bar in college and threw you out of the girls' bathroom.
+But for me, being authentic doesn't mean being "comfortable."
+It means managing and negotiating the discomforts of everyday life, even when it's not safe.
+And the depth of my vulnerabilities and how they keep me from being my most authentic self, until my experience as a transgender collides with my new identity as a parent. I understand why
+Now, for most people, other than culturally specific words and gender-themed variations such as "mommy," "mommy," "papa," and "papa," there is a lot to be said for what their children call themselves. I don't really think about it.
+But for me, the prospect of this child becoming a teenager and then a real adult and what they would call me for the rest of their lives was both very scary and exciting.
+Then, for nine months, I struggled with the reality that being called “mommy” or something like that didn’t feel like me at all.
+And no matter how many times I tried "Mom", it always felt forced and very uncomfortable.
+I knew it would be easier for most people to be called "mama" or "mama".
+The idea of ​​having two mothers isn't all that new, especially where we live.
+So I tried other words.
+And when I played with "Daddy", I felt better.
+Improved, but not perfect.
+It felt like a pair of shoes I really liked, but I had to wear them to break in.
+And I knew it would be a harder road with more uncomfortable moments for a human being born female to be called "Daddy."
+But before I knew it, the time came, and like most babies, Elliot came into the world screaming, and my new identity as a parent began.
+I decided to become a dad and my new family faced the world.
+Now, one of the most common things that happens when people meet us is that they "mom" me.
+And when I get "frustrated," there are several ways to interact, and I drew this map to illustrate my options.
+(Laughter) So option one is to ignore that assumption and allow people to keep calling me "mom." This is not embarrassing for them, but it is usually very embarrassing for us.
+And because of that, I often limit my interactions with those people.
+Option 1.
+Option two is to stop them and correct them, saying something like "Actually, I'm Elliot's dad" or "Elliott calls me 'Daddy'". When you do this, one or two things happen:
+People take it in stride and say things like, "Oh, I get it."
+and move on.
+Or you feel bad, embarrassed, guilty, or weird, so you react by profusely apologizing.
+But what happens more often is that people get really confused, look up with a strong expression and say something like, "Does this mean you want to migrate?"
+do you want to be a man "
+Or say something like, "How can she be a father?
+Only men can be fathers. "
+Well, in many cases option 1 is easier.
+Option 2 is always the more serious one.
+And all of these scenarios, even at the best of times, come with some degree of discomfort.
+And I can say that over time, my ability to navigate this complex map has become easier.
+But the discomfort still remains.
+Well, I'm not going to stand here and pretend I've mastered this, it's pretty far.
+And there are still days when option 1 is allowed to run because option 2 is too difficult or too risky.
+I have no way to be sure of anyone's reaction, but I want to make sure people have good intentions, people are good.
+But we live in a world where someone's opinion of my existence can seriously threaten my or even my family's mental and physical safety.
+So I weigh the costs and risks, sometimes prioritizing my family's safety over my own credibility.
+But despite this risk, I know that if I don't put people right, as Elliott ages and her awareness and language skills grow, she will.
+I don't want to force my fears and anxieties on her to weaken her spirit or make her question her own voice.
+I have to model agency, authenticity, and vulnerability. And that means leaning back in those uncomfortable moments of being “mothered” to stand up and say, “No, I am the father.”
+(laughter) Well, there have already been a lot of uncomfortable moments and some painful moments.
+But in just two years, there have been moments of testing and sometimes transformation in my journey as a father and my path to authenticity.
+When we had our first ultrasound, we decided we wanted to know the sex of our baby.
+The technician looked at my vulva, slammed the word "girl" on the screen, gave us copies of it, and sent us off.
+We shared the photos with our family, as everyone does. And soon my mother showed up at the house with a full bag. No exaggeration, it was so high up and overflowing with pink clothes and toys.
+Now, I was a little frustrated facing so many pink things, but having spent countless hours researching gender and teaching about it in workshops and classrooms, I thought I knew pretty well what social structure and sexism is like. Neglect of femininity and how it manifests itself explicitly and implicitly.
+But this circumstance, my distaste for bags full of pink stuff, forced me to explore my rejection of the highly feminized of a child's world.
+I found myself questioning sexism and the cultural norms I was teaching.
+No matter how much we believe in gender neutrality in theory, in reality, lack of femininity is not neutrality, it is masculinity.
+If I only dressed my baby in greens and blues and grays, the outside world wouldn't be like, 'Oh, this is a cute baby regardless of gender.'
+They think, "Oh, what a cute girl."
+So my theoretical understanding of gender and the world of parenting clashed violently.
+Yes, we want our children to experience different colors and toys.
+I want a balanced environment where she can explore and understand in her own way.
+We also chose gender-neutral names for children born to women.
+But gender neutrality is much easier as a theoretical undertaking than as a practice.
+And in trying to build gender neutrality, I inadvertently prioritized masculinity over femininity.
+That is why we do everything in our power to celebrate femininity rather than dilute or eliminate it in our lives.
+We try to balance cuteness with handsomeness, cuteness with strength, cleverness, and try not to associate words with gender.
+We value femininity and masculinity, but we are also very critical of it.
+And do your best not to make her feel restricted by her gender role.
+And we do this in hopes of modeling healthy, empowered gender and relationships for our children.
+Now, this effort to build a healthy relationship with gender for Elliott has caused me to rethink and evaluate how I have allowed sexism into my own gender identity.
+I began to reassess how I was rejecting my unhealthy masculinity or femininity to stick with what I wanted to say.
+Working on my own like this meant I had to reject option 1.
+I couldn't just ignore it and move on.
+I had to choose option 2.
+In order to get closer to my most authentic self, I needed to work on some of the most uncomfortable parts of myself.
+That meant I had to get real about the discomfort I was having with my body.
+It is very common for transgender people to feel uncomfortable with their bodies, and this discomfort can range from debilitating to annoying and everything in between.
+And learning about my body and how to be comfortable in it as a trans has been a journey of a lifetime.
+I've always struggled with which parts of my body are more feminine: chest, hips, voice.
+And I made the sometimes difficult and sometimes easy decision not to take hormones or undergo surgery to change my hormones in order to make myself more masculine by society's standards.
+And while I certainly haven't overcome all of my feelings of dissatisfaction, regardless of that discomfort, putting my body in a positive, positive place has helped me overcome sexism, transphobia, and body shaming. I noticed that I am enhancing the model of .
+If I dislike my body, especially the parts of my body that society sees as feminine or feminine, it can undermine the way my child sees the potential of their bodies and their feminine and feminine parts. there is.
+If I hate or feel uncomfortable with my body, how can I expect my child to love it?
+Now it will be easier to choose option 1. When my child asks about my body, I either ignore it or hide it from her.
+But I have to choose option 2 every day.
+You have to confront your own beliefs about what a father's body should or should be.
+So I strive every day to become more comfortable in this body and in the way I express my femininity.
+So I talk more about it, explore the depths of this discomfort, and find the language that makes me feel comfortable.
+And this daily discomfort helps build both agency and confidence in how I present myself in my body and gender.
+I'm working on limiting myself.
+I want to teach her that dads don't have to have buttocks, perfectly flat chests, or no facial hair.
+And once she's developmentally capable of it, I want to talk to her about my journey with my body.
+I want her to see my journey to authenticity, even if it means showing my dirty side.
+We have an excellent pediatrician and have a good relationship with our children's doctors.
+And, as you all know, the doctors stay the same, but the nurses and nurses are replaced.
+And when Elliot was first born, we took her to the pediatrician and met her first nurse—we'll call her Sarah.
+Very early on in my time with Sarah, I told her that I would be called "Dad" and my partner would be called "Mama."
+Sarah was one of those who took it straight and our subsequent visit went very smoothly.
+And about a year later Sarah changes shifts and we call the new nurse Becky.
+We couldn't stand in front of my father's conversation, and it wasn't really until Sarah, the first nurse, came over to say hello.
+Sarah was warm and cheery and greeted Elliot and I and my wife. When I was talking to Elliot, I said something like, "Does your dad have toys?"
+Now out of the corner of my eye I could see Becky swinging around in her chair, pointing a dagger at Sarah.
+And when the conversation turned to the pediatrician, I saw the exchange between Sarah and Becky continuing. And it was like this:
+Becky shook her head "no" and said the word "mama".
+Sarah shook her head and said, "No, Dad."
+(laughs) It's a hassle, isn't it?
+So this went back and forth a few more times in complete silence until we walked away.
+This exchange is now stuck in my mind.
+Sarah could have chosen option 1, ignored Becky, and called me mom.
+It would have been easier for Sarah.
+She could have pushed the blame back onto me or said nothing.
+But at that moment she chose Option 2.
+She chose to challenge her assumptions and affirm my existence.
+She claimed that someone who looked and sounded like me could actually be a father.
+And defended me, my integrity, and my family in small but meaningful ways.
+Unfortunately, we live in a world that refuses to acknowledge the diversity of trans people and trans people in general.
+And my hope is that when faced with the opportunity to stand up for someone else, we will all act like Sarah, even if it involves risk.
+So some days the risks of being a genderqueer father feel too great.
+And the decision to become a father was really hard.
+And I am sure it will continue to be the most difficult, yet most rewarding experience of my life.
+But despite all these challenges, I feel that every day is 100% worth it.
+So every day I confirm the promise I made to Elliott and the same promise to myself.
+To love her and myself hard, with forgiveness and compassion, with tough love and generosity.
+To move beyond our comforts in hopes of giving ourselves room to grow and achieve and live a more meaningful life.
+I know in my head and in my heart that the days ahead will be tough, painful and uncomfortable.
+My head and heart know that all of that will lead to a richer, more authentic life that I can look back on without regret.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+It's really great to be here.
+You have the power to change the world.
+You have the power to change the world, not to put it in cliche.
+Deep within you, each of you holds the most powerful apparatus known to mankind.
+that's an idea.
+So a single idea that springs from the human mind can set off a tidal wave, spark a movement, and actually rewrite our future.
+But an idea is powerless if it stays in itself.
+If you don't bring the idea out for others to discuss, it will die with you.
+Now, some of you may have tried to get your idea across and it was rejected, rejected, or some other mediocre or average idea was accepted. yeah.
+And the only difference between these two is how they are communicated.
+Because when you communicate your ideas in a way that resonates, change can happen and change the world.
+My family collects these vintage European posters.
+We go to the dealer there every time we go to Maui and he flips this great big poster.
+I love them. Everyone has one idea and one very clear visual that conveys that idea.
+It's about the size of a mattress. It's really big.
+It's not as thick as a mattress, but it's big.
+And the man tells a story with every turn of the page.
+And this time, when I was sandwiched between my two kids, he turned the page and there was this poster under it and I leaned forward and said, "Oh my gosh, I love this poster." The moment I said it both my kids jumped back and both jumped back. It's like, "Oh my God, it's you, Mom."
+And here is the poster.
+(Laughs) Look, it's like, "Turn on fire!"
+What I love about this poster is its irony.
+Here's a poignant photo of this chick heading into battle as a flag bearer. And she's holding this little Suavitos baking spice in her hand. At first glance, it seems like a small thing, but she is willing to risk her life and limbs to promote this.
+So if you trade these little Suavitos baking spices for presentation, it's me, pretty stoked.
+When it wasn't cool to be passionate about presentations, I was.
+I truly believe that they have the power to change the world if we communicate effectively through them.
+And changing the world is hard.
+Just one person with one idea does not make it happen.
+If the idea doesn't spread, it won't work.
+So it has to come out of you and be exposed for people to see.
+And the most effective way to communicate ideas is through stories.
+For thousands of years, illiterate generations have passed their values ​​and cultures on from generation to generation and remain so.
+So there is a kind of magic in the structure of the story that, when assembled, allows the person who receives it to ingest it and remember it.
+It's basically a story, so you get a physical reaction. My heart is pounding, my eyes are widening, and I can say things like, "Oh, I have chills down my spine," or "I feel a pain in my stomach."
+We actually physically respond when someone tells us a story.
+In other words, the story is told on the same stage, but when the presentation is told, it becomes completely flat.
+And I wanted to know why.
+Why do we sit physically engrossed during the story, but quickly become engrossed when it comes to the presentation?
+So I wanted to know how to incorporate stories into my presentation.
+So, we've done thousands of presentations in the store, hundreds of thousands actually, so we knew the background of some really bad presentations.
+I decided to study film and literature to delve into and understand what was happening and why it broke.
+So I'd like to present some of the research that led to my findings in presentation form.
+It is therefore natural to start with Aristotle, who had a three-act structure of beginning, middle and end.
+We studied poetics and rhetoric, but many presentations do not include it in even its simplest form.
+And when I moved to study hero archetypes, I thought: "Okay, the presenters are the heroes. They're on stage, they're the stars of the show."
+As a presenter, it's easy to feel like you're the star of the show.
+I quickly realized it was really broken.
+I have an idea, so I can put it out there, but if you don't hold onto it and you don't care about it, it won't go anywhere and the world will never change.
+So in reality, the presenter is not the protagonist, but the audience is the protagonist of our ideas.
+Looking at Joseph Campbell's Heroic Journey, the first half of it had some very interesting insights.
+So there are these likable heroes in the ordinary world, and they get the call to adventure.
+So the world is kind of out of balance.
+And there is resistance at first.
+They don't know if they want to jump into this world, but a mentor appears to help them transition from the ordinary to the extraordinary.
+And that is the role of the presenter.
+It's about being a mentor. You are Yoda, not Luke Skywalker.
+You are the one who actually helps your audience move from one thing to a new, special idea, and that is the power of stories.
+So, in its simplest structure, the story has three parts.
+There are likable heroes with desires, they encounter obstacles and eventually emerge and change. This is the basic structure.
+But it wasn't until I stumbled upon Gustav Freitag's Pyramids. He drew this shape in 1863.
+Well, he was a German playwright...
+He was a German playwright who believed there was a five-act structure with a development, ascending action, climax, descending action, and a denouement that was the unfolding or resolution of the story.
+I love this shape. So let's talk about shape.
+Stories have arcs. Well, an arc is a shape.
+We talk about classical music having a form.
+So I thought, if a presentation had a shape, what would that shape look like?
+And how did the best communicators use that shape, or do they use it?
+So I will never forget, it was Saturday morning.
+Having completed this study, which has been several years of study, I have drawn a shape.
+And I thought, "Oh my God, if this shape is real, it should be able to display two completely different presentations on top of each other. And it must be true."
+So I took the obvious, I took Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I have a dream" speech, I took Steve Jobs' 2007 iPhone launch speech, and I put it on top of that. As it turns out, it worked.
+I sat in my office and was just amazed.
+I actually cried a little. Because it was like, "I was given this gift." This is a great form of presentation.
+Isn't it amazing?
+(laughs) I cried.
+It is so amazing that I would like to explain it in detail.
+It has a beginning, middle and end. I would like to explain it step by step.
+Because the greatest communicators, I have had speeches and all that, I can superimpose the forms.
+At the beginning of your presentation, you should establish the content of your presentation.
+This is the status quo and what is happening.
+And you have to compare it with what is possible.
+This gap should be as large as possible. Because you need to contrast the mundane of the status quo with the sublime aspect of your ideas.
+So this is the past, this is the present, but look at our future.
+There is a problem here, but see that problem removed.
+There are obstacles here, so let's destroy them.
+We really need to widen that gap.
+This would be like a movie hype incident.
+Then suddenly the audience has to contend with what you just presented. "Wow, do you want to agree and go along with this, or not?"
+And the rest of the presentation should back it up.
+So the in-between goes back and forth, between what is and what could be, between what is and what could be.
+Because what you're trying to do is make the status quo and the ordinary unappealing, and you want them to be drawn to what might happen in the future if your idea is adopted.
+Now that you are on your way to changing the world, people will resist.
+They may love the world as it is, with no intention of getting excited.
+Therefore, you will encounter resistance.
+So you have to go back and forth.
+It's like sailing.
+When you are sailing against the wind and there is wind resistance, you have to move the boat forwards and backwards.
+That way you can catch the wind.
+You really need to catch the resistance that comes your way while sailing.
+The interesting thing here is that if you catch the wind properly and set the sails properly, your ship will actually go faster than the wind.
+It's a physical phenomenon.
+So by instilling in it a way for them to resist between what is and what could be, you're actually drawing them to your ideas sooner than they would otherwise.
+So, after going back and forth between the status quo and what might come next, the final turning point is the call to action. This is required for all presentations, but it is done at the last minute.
+The world should be described as a new bliss.
+"This is a utopia in which my ideas have been adopted."
+“This is what the world will look like if we work together to solve this big problem.”
+You should use it as an ending in a very poetic and dramatic way.
+So, interestingly, when I finished, I thought, "Hey, this could be an analytical tool."
+I actually transcribe the speech and really plan how it corresponds to this tool.
+I would like to show you some of them today. I'd like to start with the two I used first.
+Jobs completely changed the world.
+He changed the world of personal computing, changed the music industry, and now he's changing the mobile device industry.
+So he definitely changed the world.
+And this is what the iPhone looked like when he launched it in 2007.
+It's a 90-minute talk, and you'll find him starting with the status quo, going back and forth, and ending with what could be.
+So I would like to expand on this. The white line is where he is talking, he is talking.
+A line of the next color will appear there, where he will switch to the video.
+So he made a variation and moved on to the demo.
+I mean, he's not the only one talking all the time.
+And these lines are representative of that.
+And at the end you will see a blue line, this is the guest speaker.
+Here's where it gets a little interesting. All the ticks here are when he made them laugh.
+And all the ticks here are when he got them to clap.
+They are very physically involved and physically responsive to what he says. that's actually great. Because you know you have an audience.
+So he began, "Today is the day I've been looking forward to for two and a half years."
+So he is about to launch a product that has already been known for several years.
+So this is not a new product for him.
+But look at this, he's doing something else. he is amazed
+He marvels at his product.
+Rather than the audience laughing and clapping, he marvels at himself.
+So he says, "Don't you think this is great? Isn't it beautiful?"
+He models what he wants the audience to feel.
+So he's actually doing the job of forcing certain feelings on them.
+So he started with the words, "Sometimes there's a revolutionary product that changes everything."
+So he started talking about new products.
+Well, in the first stage, he actually keeps the phone off.
+You can see that the line is fairly white up to this point. Therefore, he said: "Here's this new phone, and here's a terrible competitor.
+Here's this new phone, and here's a terrible competitor. "
+And just here, he has a star moment - one that we will always remember.
+he turns on the phone.
+The audience sees the scroll for the first time and hears the sound of oxygen being sucked out of the room.
+they gasped. you can actually hear it.
+There he created moments they will always remember.
+So, if you follow along with this model, you'll see the blue area where the external speakers are connected, and the broken line towards the bottom right.
+Because the clicker is broken.
+He wants to maintain this heightened excitement.
+He tells a personal story on the spot where technology didn't work.
+So he's a master of communication and turns to stories to engage his audience.
+So on the top right he ends with New Bliss.
+He left them with the promise that Apple would continue to develop innovative new products.
+And he says, "There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love: 'I don't skate where the puck was, I skate where the puck is going to come.'" I have tried to make it happen and will continue to do so. "
+Now let's look at Mr. King.
+He was an amazing visionary and a lifelong pastor who worked hard for equality.
+And this is the form of the "I Have a Dream" speech.
+We see him start with what is, move back and forth between what is and what could be, and end in a highly poetic new bliss. This is the famous part we all know.
+So I'm going to stretch it out a bit here, expand on it, and put the actual transcript in there with the text.
+I know you can't read.
+However, I ended up doing a line break every time a line break ended. Because he took a breath and stopped.
+Now he was a Southern Baptist preacher, but most people had never heard it, so it had a really new and authentic rhythm for the people there.
+Since we want to use this bar as an information device, we want to hide these lines of text with a bar.
+So let's see how he actually addressed people.
+The blue bar here is when he actually used the rhetoric of repetition.
+That is, he repeated himself and used the same words and phrases so that people could remember and recall them.
+But he also used a lot of metaphors and visual language.
+It was a way of making a very complicated idea memorable and knowledgeable, and people figured it out.
+In fact, he created almost, almost like a scene using his own words so they could imagine what he was saying.
+And there were also many familiar songs and scriptures that he used.
+This is just the front end of what you are looking at.
+He also made many political references to his promises to the people.
+So when you look at the very beginning end of what's now, it was the first time people actually clapped their hands or yelled really loudly at the very end of what's now.
+So what he ended up doing was saying, "America gave the Negroes a bad check, and it came back with an underfunded check."
+Well, we all know what it's like to have no money in your account.
+So he used a metaphor that people are familiar with.
+But when they actually charged in, the first thing they really shouted was, "So we've come to cash this check. This check will give you the wealth of liberty and the security of justice upon demand." It is a check that will give us the
+Then they really applauded.
+That was when he compared the present with the possibilities of the future.
+So if you go a little further in the model, you'll see that it's back and forth at a more furious pace.
+And this is when he's going back and forth, back and forth.
+The audience was going wild now.
+They were all excited, and actually doing this will make them even more excited.
+So he says, "I have a dream that one day this country will rise up and live up to the meaning of its creed.
+"We take these truths to be self-evident: that all humans are born equal." I tried to remind them of the promises they made to us, or the promises this country made.
+After that, it goes back and forth between ``I dream of someday, I have a dream of someday, I have a dream of someday'', and the end becomes very interesting.
+As you can see he has four shades of green, there was a lot of blue in there and he was using it over and over so he had a heightened sense of repetition.
+And green enhanced the sense of song and scripture.
+So the first part in green was the actual verse from Isaiah.
+The second batch of greens was 'My Country, 'Tis of Thee'.
+Now, this song is a well-known song that was especially very important to black people at the time. Because the song was a song they chose to reword as a protest that a promise was not kept.
+So the third batch of greens was actually a line from 'My Country, 'Tis of Thee'.
+And the fourth was Negro Spirituals.
+"At last free! At last free! Thank God Almighty, at last free!"
+I mean, what he did really reached the inside of the audience's mind.
+He quoted from important scriptures.
+He took a song they sang together in protest against this injustice and used it as a device to connect and resonate with the audience.
+The ending - using the very inner things they already had as divine to paint this new picture of bliss.
+So he was a great man. He had big, big dreams.
+There are so many people here, you all have really big dreams.
+You have a really big idea inside of you and you need to get it out there.
+But do you know? we run into difficulties.
+Changing the world is not easy. That's a big job.
+You know, he was. His house was bombed, he was stabbed with a letter opener, and in the end, he died for what he held dear.
+But many of us don't need to make such sacrifices.
+But what's really happening is that it's basically a bit like that basic story structure.
+Life can be like that.
+You know, all of you are likeable people, you have desires, you run into obstacles, but we stop there.
+We just said, 'We had this idea, but we're not going to put it out there.
+it was rejected. "
+As you know, we self-destruct our ideas and instead of choosing to change ourselves through struggle or choose to move forward and have a dream and make it a reality, we simply overcome obstacles. Just bump into things and bump into obstacles.
+And if anyone can do this, anyone can do this.
+I grew up in a financially and emotionally hungry environment.
+The first time I went camping with my sister, I was abused.
+This wasn't the first time I was abused, it was the most aggressive.
+And my mother and father have been married to each other three times, (audience mumbles) yeah it was loud and when they weren't fighting they were both sober alcoholics I helped an alcoholic who lived with us sober up.
+So my mother abandoned us when I was 16.
+And I assumed the role of custodian of the house and brothers.
+And then I got married. I met a man.
+fell in love. I went to college for a year.
+I did what every bright, bright young girl should do. I got married at the age of 18.
+And what do you know?
+I knew, I knew I was born for more than this.
+And at that very point in my life story, I had a choice.
+All of these things could crush me and cause all my ideas to fade away in me.
+All I can say is that life is too hard to change the world.
+It's too hard.
+But I chose a different story for my life.
+(laughs) Don't you know?
+So it feels like there are people in this room. You got a little Subitos baking spice and you're like, "Hey, it's no big deal."
+"I can't change everything in the world."
+But you know, the world can change.
+You can change your life.
+You can change the world you can control, you can change your realm.
+I would like to encourage you to do so.
+'Cause you know something, right?
+The future is not where we are going.
+It's a place where you can create.
+i want to thank you take care. god bless you.
+(applause)
+I want to talk about one of the big questions, probably the biggest one. How should it live together?
+How should groups of people, perhaps living in cities, continents, or even entire planets, share and manage common resources?
+How do we make the rules that govern us?
+This has always been an important question.
+And today, to name just a few of the big issues, I believe they are more important than ever if we want to address rising inequality, climate change, and the refugee crisis.
+This is also a very old question.
+Humanity has been asking itself this question ever since we lived in organized societies.
+This man, like Plato.
+He thought everyone needed a benevolent guardian who could make decisions for the greater good.
+Kings and queens thought they could be their guardians, but during various revolutions they tended to lose their heads.
+And this guy, you probably know.
+Here in Hungary, you have lived for years trying to implement his answer on how to live together.
+His answer was brutal, cruel and inhumane.
+But another answer, a different kind of answer, which has more or less hibernated for 2,000 years, has recently achieved great success.
+The answer, of course, is democracy.
+A quick look back at the modern history of democracy goes something like this:
+Here are the last 200 years.
+Put the number of democracies here.
+This graph shows this. The point is that this anomalous increase is increasing over time. This is why the 20th century is called the century of democratic triumph, and why some believe we have reached the democratic triumph, as Francis Fukuyama put it in 1989. At the end of history, the answer to the question of how we can live together is found, and the answer is liberal democracy.
+However, let's consider that claim.
+I want to know what you think
+I would like to ask you two questions.
+The first question is, who thinks that living in democracy is a good thing?
+Who likes democracy?
+If you've come up with a better system, hold your hand.
+Don't worry if you didn't raise your hand. I'm sure they mean it in a good way.
+The second question is, "Who thinks our democracy works?"
+Now, there must be a politician somewhere in the audience.
+(laughter) No.
+But my point is that if liberal democracy is the end of history, then there is a great paradox or contradiction here.
+why is that?
+Now, the first question is about democratic ideals, but all these qualities are very attractive.
+But it doesn't really work.
+That's the second question.
+Our politics are broken, our politicians are distrusted, and our political system is distorted by powerful vested interests.
+I think there are two ways to resolve this contradiction.
+One is to give up democracy. it doesn't work.
+Elect populist demagogues who ignore democratic norms, trample liberal liberties, and just get things done.
+Another option is to fix this broken system, bring practices closer to the ideal, let Congress reflect the diverse voices of society, and enact evidence-based legislation considered for the long-term benefits. I think you should get it. everyone.
+It sparks me and gives me a moment of enlightenment.
+And I want you to be critical.
+Ask yourself, "Why is this not working?"
+And then come talk to me about it.
+The technical name is "sort".
+But its common name is "random selection".
+And the idea is actually very simple. We randomly select people and send them to Congress.
+(Laughter) Let's think about that for a few more minutes, shall we?
+Imagine we picked you and you and you and you and a bunch of other random people out there and put you in our Congress for the next few years.
+Of course, we can also stratify our selection to ensure that it matches the country's socioeconomic and demographic profile and is a truly representative sample of people.
+50 percent of them will be women.
+Many of them are young, some are old, a few are rich, but most of them are ordinary people like you and me.
+This would be a microcosm of society.
+And this microcosm simulates how we all think, given the time and information and the right processes to get to the moral crux of political decisions.
+And while you may not be in that group, there will be people in that room who are your age, your gender, your locality, and your background.
+Decisions made by these people will be built on the wisdom of the crowd.
+They will be more than the sum of their parts.
+They become critical thinkers and have access to experts, but the experts aren't at the top.
+And it may prove that diversity trumps competence when faced with society's many questions and problems.
+It wouldn't be the government in the polls.
+It would not be a government by referendum.
+These informed and thoughtful people will go beyond public opinion to make public judgments.
+But it has one serious side effect. Replacing elections with selections and making parliaments truly representative of society would mean the end of politics.
+And I'm sure we would all be pretty sad if we saw that.
+(Laughter) Quite interestingly, random selection was an important part of how democracy worked in ancient Athens.
+This machine, this device, is called a cleroteria.
+This is an ancient Athenian random selection device.
+The ancient Athenians randomly elected their citizens to occupy the majority of political posts.
+They knew that elections were an aristocratic instrument.
+They knew that a career politician was something to avoid.
+And I think we know these things too.
+But more interesting than the ancient use of random selection is its modern resurrection.
+Recently, the rediscovery of the justification for random selection in politics has become very common, and the examples are endless.
+Of course, I am fully aware that it would be difficult to enact this in Congress.
+try this out. Say this to your friend. “I think we should put randomly selected people into Congress.”
+"Are you old?
+What if my neighbor gets picked?
+Fools can't even sort their recycling. "
+But the perhaps surprising but overwhelming and compelling evidence to come from all these latest examples is that it actually works.
+Give people responsibility and they will act responsibly.
+Don't get me wrong. This is not a panacea.
+The question is not "Is this perfect?"
+of course not.
+Humans are undeniably humans, and distorted influences will continue to exist.
+The question is, is it better?
+And the answer to that question is a clear yes, at least for me.
+Now we return to our first question. "How should we live together?"
+And now we have found the answer. It's a parliament that uses sorting.
+But how do we get from here to there?
+How can we fix broken systems and rebuild democracy for the 21st century?
+There are things we can do, and it's happening right now.
+Experiment with sorting.
+It can also be implemented in schools, workplaces and other institutions, as Democracy In Practice is doing in Bolivia.
+We can hold policy juries and public rallies, like the newDemocracy Foundation does in Australia, like the Jefferson Center does in the US, and now the Irish government does.
+We can build social movements for change. That's what the Sortition Foundation does in the UK.
+And at some point it has to be enacted.
+Perhaps the first step would be a second chamber of parliament, composed of randomly selected people, a civil senate, so to speak.
+There is a campaign for the National Senate in France, another in Scotland, and of course we could do it here in Hungary.
+It would be like sending a Trojan horse into the heart of government.
+And when it becomes impossible to bridge the cracks in the current system, we must step up and replace elections with selections.
+There is hope.
+Here in Hungary, systems have been built and systems have been destroyed and replaced.
+Change can and does happen.
+It's just a question of when and how.
+thank you. (Hungarian) Thank you.
+(applause)
+The digital divide refers to the fact that 45-year-old mothers cannot find jobs because they do not know how to use computers.
+An immigrant who doesn't know that he can call his family for free.
+A child who cannot solve his homework because he does not have access to information.
+The digital divide is the new illiteracy.
+The “digital divide” is also defined as the gap between individuals and communities who have access to information technology and those who do not.
+Why does this happen? It happens for three reasons.
+The first is that people cannot afford to use these technologies and therefore cannot access them.
+Second, because I don't know how to use it.
+Third, because they don't know the benefits they can get from technology.
+So let's consider some very basic statistics.
+The world population is about 7 billion people.
+Of these, about 2 billion have been digitized.
+This corresponds to approximately 30% of the world's population. That means the remaining 70% of the world (nearly 5 billion people) will not have access to computers or the internet.
+Let's think about this number for a moment.
+5 billion people. That's four times the population of India who have never touched a computer or accessed the internet.
+So this is the digital abyss we are talking about, not the digital divide.
+Here you can see Chris Harrison's map of internet connections around the world.
+What we are seeing is that most of the internet connections are concentrated in North America and Europe, while the rest of the world is overshadowed by the digital divide.
+Then you can see the connections between cities around the world. While most of the information generated is generated between North America and Europe, we can see that the rest of the world is not generating ideas and information.
+So what does this mean?
+We live in a world that seems to be undergoing a digital revolution. The revolution that everyone here thinks we're part of, but the 70% of our digitally excluded world aren't part of it.
+What does this mean?
+Well, digitally excluded people will be less competitive in the future labor market, less connected, less informed, less inspired and less capable. responsible person.
+The Internet should not be a luxury, it should be a right. Because it is a basic social necessity of the 21st century.
+Can't operate without it.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+It allows us to connect with the world.
+It empowers us.
+It gives us social participation. It's a tool for change.
+So how do we bridge this digital divide?
+Well, there are many models that try to bridge the digital divide or try to include the entire population.
+But the question is, do they really work?
+I'm sure everyone here knows One Laptop per Child, which is one computer per child.
+The question is, do we really want our children to bring computers into their homes, homes in squalid environments?
+You also need to understand that by giving your child a computer, you are also transferring very expensive costs such as internet connection, electricity bills, maintenance, software and updates.
+Therefore, we need to create different models, models that help families rather than adding a burden to them.
+And don't forget about your carbon footprint.
+Imagine 5 billion laptops.
+What would the world look like then?
+Imagine the harmful residue produced from it.
+Imagine trash.
+So if you give one person a computer and the laptop is $100, multiply by 5 billion and you get $483 trillion.
+Now suppose that we are only counting young people between the ages of 10 and 24.
+This represents approximately 30% of the digitally excluded population.
+That would be $145 trillion.
+What country has that much money?
+This is not a sustainable model.
+So, with this in mind, I created another model.
+We founded the RIA (Learning and Innovation Network in Spanish or English), a network of community centers that bring education through the use of technology.
+We wanted to reduce infrastructure costs, cost per user, and increase the number of users per computer so that we could bring education and technology to everyone in our community.
+Let's look at a basic comparison.
+The RIA has 1,650 computers.
+A 1:1 ratio of 1 laptop model per child would have benefited 1,650 users.
+Instead, what we have done is set up centers that have longer operating hours than schools and are open to all citizens. The youngest user is 3 years old and the oldest is 86 years old. This has allowed us to reach 140,000 users in less than two years. Eventually -- (Applause) Thank you.
+34,000 of them have already graduated from the course.
+Another thing about "one laptop per person" is that the computer is not guaranteed for educational use.
+Technology is meaningless without its content.
+We should use it as a means rather than an end.
+How did you achieve such a big effect?
+Well, you can't just walk into a community and pretend to change it. Many factors need to be considered.
+So what we are doing is called "Urban Acupuncture".
+Start by reviewing the basic geography of your site.
+Take Ecatepec, for example.
+It is one of Mexico's most densely populated municipalities.
+Income levels are very low.
+So we focus on basic geography, roads, streets, pedestrian and vehicle flow.
+Now let's look at income and education.
+Then we established a body healing center there with little needles to change the body of the city.
+And go.
+Therefore, there are four basic elements that need to be considered when embracing technology-enabled education.
+The first is that you need to create spaces.
+We need to create spaces that are welcoming to our communities, spaces that cater to the needs of children, seniors and everyone in the community.
+That's why we create these spaces that are all made out of recycled materials.
+We use a modular architecture to reduce our environmental impact.
+And the second is "connection".
+Connectivity doesn't just mean connecting to the Internet. It's too easy.
+We need to create connections that are human connections.
+The Internet is a highly complex organism fueled by human ideas, thoughts and emotions.
+We need to build networks that support information exchange.
+Third is content.
+Education is nothing without content.
+And you can't pretend to have a relationship that's just your child and the computer.
+So we create a very basic learning route that teaches people how to use computers, how to use the Internet, how to use office software, and in 72 hours they become digital citizens.
+People don't just touch a computer and become integrated into the digital world, there needs to be a process.
+And then they can go on a longer educational path.
+And the fourth is training.
+Not only should you train your users, but you should also train the people who facilitate your learning.
+People are prejudiced and fearful when talking about the digital divide. People don't understand how it can complement their lives.
+So what we do is train facilitators to break through the digital barrier.
+So we have four elements. Spaces, connections, content, and training created.
+We created a digital learning community.
+But there is one more factor. That's an advantage created by technology because it's not static printed content.
+it is dynamic. It can be changed.
+So what we need to do is provide content, train, and then analyze user patterns so that we can improve the content.
+This creates a virtuous cycle.
+This will allow us to provide different types of intelligence and education that meets the needs of different users.
+With this in mind, we should think of technology as something that can change in response to human processes.
+I would like to share a story.
+In 2006 I started living here.
+This is one of the poorest communities in all of Mexico.
+I went to shoot a documentary about people living on garbage. Their homes are built with garbage, they eat garbage, and they wear garbage.
+And after living with us for two months and seeing our children and the way they work, we understood that the only thing that can change and break the cycle of poverty is education.
+And we can leverage technology to bring education to these communities.
+Here is another shot.
+The main message is that technology will not save the world. So are we, and technology can be leveraged to help us.
+I think everyone here has experienced that. It is human energy that drives technology.
+Use this energy to make the world a better place.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+When we park in a big parking lot, how do we remember where we parked our car?
+This is the problem Homer faces.
+And we're trying to understand what's going on in his brain.
+Let's start with the memory organ, the hippocampus, shown in yellow.
+If there is damage there, like Alzheimer's disease, you won't be able to remember everything, including where you parked your car.
+It got its name from the Latin word for "seahorse".
+And like the rest of the brain, the brain is made up of neurons.
+Therefore, there are approximately 100 billion neurons in the human brain.
+Neurons then communicate with each other by sending small pulses or electrical spikes through their interconnections.
+The hippocampus consists of two cell sheets, which are very densely interconnected.
+And scientists have learned how spatial memory works by recording from individual neurons in rats and mice while they search and explore their environment for food. I'm starting to understand
+So let's imagine that we are recording from a single neuron in the hippocampus of this rat.
+And when a small spike of electricity fires, you'll hear a red dot and a click.
+So, we can see that this neuron is always aware when the rat enters a specific place in the environment.
+It then sends signals to other parts of the brain by sending small electrical spikes.
+Therefore, the firing rate of that neuron can be shown as a function of animal position.
+And if you record from a lot of different neurons, like the square boxes shown here, you'll see that different neurons fire when the animal goes to different parts of its environment.
+Together they therefore form a map for the rest of the brain, constantly telling the brain, “Where am I now in my environment?”
+Place cells have also been documented in humans.
+Therefore, epileptic patients may require electrical activity in brain monitoring.
+And some of these patients even played video games driving around small towns.
+And every time he drove past a specific part of the city, the cells in his hippocampus fired up and started sending out electrical impulses.
+So how do place cells know where a rat or human is in the environment?
+Two cells here show that the boundaries of the environment are particularly important.
+So the top one prefers to shoot in the middle of the wall of the box containing the rat.
+And expanding the box will expand the firing position.
+The lower individual likes to fire whenever there is a wall on the south side.
+And if you put another wall inside the box, when the animal explores inside the box, wherever there is a wall on the south side, the cell will fire in both places.
+That is, we predict that sensing the distance and direction of surrounding boundaries (such as extended buildings) would be particularly important for the hippocampus.
+And indeed, for hippocampal input, we find hippocampal projecting cells that respond precisely to the detection of boundaries and edges at specific distances and directions as rats and mice explore their surroundings.
+The left cell, as you can see, fires whenever the animal approaches the wall or the eastern border. It falls on the edge or wall of a square box, the circular wall of a circular box, or even the edge of a table with animals running around.
+And whenever there is a boundary to the south, whether it's a table edge, a wall drop, or a gap between two tables pulled apart, the cell to the right of it will fire.
+This is one possible way that place cells determine the position of an animal as it explores its surroundings.
+You can also test where an object is supposed to be in a simple environment, or where your car actually is, like this goal flag.
+So you can ask people to explore the environment and see places they should remember.
+And when you put them back in the environment, they're generally very good at putting that flag or marker where they thought their car was.
+However, in some trials I was able to change the shape and size of the environment as I did with the location cell.
+In that case, you can see how where the flag might have been would change depending on how you change the shape and size of the environment.
+And what you see is, for example, in a small square environment, if there was a flag where the cross was, and you asked people where it was, but if you made the environment bigger, people would say I would think it was growing. Exactly in the same way that the firing of the place cell was extended.
+It's like remembering where the flag was by storing the firing pattern across all place cells at that position. You can then return to that position by moving it to best match the firing pattern of the current place. A cell with its saved pattern.
+This allows you to return to places you want to remember.
+But we can also know where we are through movement.
+So if we choose some outbound route, perhaps park and walk out, we know our own movement and can integrate it on this route, roughly in which direction to go back. I know what to do.
+Placement cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell.
+Here the grid cells are again found at the input to the hippocampus, somewhat similar to the location cells.
+But now, as the rat explores its surroundings, each cell fires at different locations placed throughout the environment in a surprisingly regular triangular grid.
+And when recording from several grid cells (shown here in different colors), each cell has a grid-like firing pattern across the environment, and each cell's grid-like firing pattern is relative to the other cells. is slightly shifted.
+So red fires on this grid, green fires here, and blue fires here.
+Combined, it's as if the rat could place a virtual grid of launch sites throughout the environment. It's a bit like the lines of latitude and longitude you see on a map, but with triangles.
+And as it moves around, electrical activity can be passed from one of these cells to the next, allowing it to track where it is, so that it can use its own movements to move around the environment. you can know where it is.
+Do humans have lattice cells?
+As shown here in orange, the grid-like firing patterns all have the same axis of symmetry, grids with the same orientation, so the net activity of all grid cells in a particular part of the brain is associated with it. means that it should change accordingly. Is it running along those six directions, or is it running along any of the six directions in between?
+So you can put people in an MRI scanner and have them play a little video game like the one I showed you and look for this signal.
+And indeed, we see it in the human entorhinal cortex as well. This is the same part of the brain where rat grid cells are found.
+Now back to Homer.
+Perhaps he remembers where his car was in terms of distance and direction to extended buildings and boundaries around where he parked.
+and it will be represented by the firing of boundary detection cells.
+He also remembers the way out of the parking lot, which will be represented by firing grid cells.
+Now both of these types of cells can fire the cell at that location.
+You can then navigate back to where you parked your car in order to find the best match between the pattern remembered for where you parked your car and the current pattern of firing place cells in your brain.
+And that leads him back to that location regardless of visual cues like whether his car is actually there or not.
+Maybe he was towed.
+But he knows where it was, so he knows to go get it.
+So beyond spatial memory, looking for this grid-like firing pattern across the brain reveals a series of things that are always active when doing any sort of autobiographical memory task, such as remembering the last time you did it. We see this firing pattern throughout the place. for a wedding, for example.
+Thus, the neural mechanisms that represent the space around us generate visual images so that we can recreate the spatial scene of an event that happened to us, at least when we want to imagine it. It may also be used for
+So, if this is happening, your memory starts with the placement cells activating each other through these dense interconnections, then reactivating the boundary cells to create the spatial structure of the scene around your viewpoint. may create.
+And the grid cells can move this viewpoint through that space.
+Another type of cell, the head direction cell, which we haven't touched yet, fires like a compass depending on which direction you're facing.
+You can define the viewing direction that will generate images for your visual image, so you can imagine what happened when you attended this wedding ceremony, for example.
+This is just one example of a new era in cognitive neuroscience. There we are beginning to understand psychological processes such as how we remember, imagine and even think the activity of the billions of individual neurons that make up our brain.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Both my brother and I are in the under 30 demographic, which according to Pat is 70 percent under 30, but according to our stats it is 60 percent of the population in the area. increase.
+Qatar is no exception in this region.
+It's a very young country led by young people.
+We've been thinking about the latest technology, iPods and, for me, the abaya, the traditional dress we wear today.
+Now, this is not a religious garment or a religious statement.
+Instead, it's a statement of the diverse cultures we choose to wear.
+I recall a few years ago when a journalist asked Dr. Sheikh, Rector of Qatar University sitting here, if she thought Abaya was interfering or encroaching on her freedom. Dr. Sheika, by the way, she is a woman. anyway.
+Her answer was quite the opposite.
+Rather, she felt more free and free because she could wear whatever she wanted under the abaya.
+No one cared if she came to work in her pajamas.
+(Laughter.) You're not doing that. I'm just saying
+(Laughter) My point here is that people have a choice. Just like an Indian woman can wear a sari or a Japanese woman can wear a kimono.
+We are changing the culture from within, but at the same time reconnecting with tradition.
+We know modernization is happening.
+And yes, Qatar wants to become a modern nation.
+But at the same time, we are reuniting and reaffirming Arab traditions.
+It is important for us to grow organically.
+And we continually make conscious decisions to achieve that balance.
+In fact, research shows that the flatter the world, to use Tom Friedman's analogy, the more global it becomes, the more people want to be different.
+And for us young people, they are trying to become individuals and find their own differences.
+That's why I like Richard Wilk's analogy of globalizing the local and localizing the global.
+We don't all want to be the same, but we do want to respect and understand each other.
+Tradition is therefore becoming more and more important, not less.
+Life needs a universal world, but we believe it is safe to have a local identity.
+And this is what the leaders of the region are trying to do.
+We are trying to become part of this global village, but at the same time we are re-examining ourselves through cultural institutions and cultural development.
+I am representative of that phenomenon.
+And I think a lot of people in this room are in the same position as me.
+I don't see the people in Washington, but I'm sure they are in the same position.
+We cross different worlds and different cultures, and continue to meet the different expectations of ourselves and others.
+So my question is, what should culture be like in the 21st century?
+In an era where the world is becoming more personalized, when mobile phones, hamburgers, telephones, everything has its own identity, how should we perceive ourselves and others? ?
+What impact will it have on our desert culture?
+I don't know how many Washington residents are aware of the cultural developments happening in the area, and more recently the opening of the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar in 2008.
+I personally personalize these cultural developments, but I also understand that this has to be done organically.
+Yes, we have all the necessary resources to develop a new cultural institution, but I think more importantly, this is not going to happen from the outside, it has to be done from the outside. We are very lucky to have visionary leaders who understand. come from within.
+And what do you think?
+It may surprise you to learn that most of the people leading these cultural initiatives in the Gulf region happen to be women.
+I would like to ask, why do you think that is the case?
+Is it because it's a soft option? Don't you have anything else to do?
+No, I don't think so.
+I think women in this part of the world recognize that culture is an important factor that binds local and regional peoples together.
+It's a natural element of bringing people together and discussing ideas, much like we do here at TED.
+We are here to share and discuss ideas as part of a community.
+Art becomes a very important part of our national identity.
+The existential, social and political impact that artists have on the development of their country's cultural identity is of great importance.
+As you know, art and culture is big business.
+ask me.
+Just ask the Chairman and CEO of Sotheby's and Christie's.
+Ask Charles Saatchi about the fine art.
+they are making a lot of money.
+So I think women in our society are becoming leaders because they understand that it is very important to preserve our cultural identity for future generations.
+Why else would the Greeks want the Elgin marbles back?
+And why the fuss when private collectors try to sell their collections to foreign museums?
+Why does it take months to obtain an export license from London or New York to import goods into my country?
+In a few hours, Shirin Neshat, a friend of mine from Iran and a very important artist to us, will be speaking with you.
+Although she lives in New York City, she is not trying to become a Western artist.
+Instead, she seeks to engage in all-important dialogue about her culture, nation, and traditions.
+She does so through the important visual formats of photography and film.
+Similarly, Qatar is growing its national museum through an organic process from within.
+Our mission is cultural integration and independence.
+We don't want to get what we have in the West.
+We don't want their collection.
+We want to build our own identity, our own structure and create an open dialogue to share our ideas and yours with us.
+The Arab Museum of Modern Art will open in the next few days.
+We have done extensive research to ensure that Arab and Muslim artists, as well as non-Muslim Arabs (not all Arabs are Muslims, by the way), have found that they are not aware of this new Make sure you are represented by the institution.
+The institution is supported by the government and has been doing so for the past 30 years.
+The museum will open in a few days, so please fly Qatar Airways to visit us.
+(Laughter) Now, this museum is as important to us as the West.
+You may have heard of Algerian artist Baya Mahieddin, but few know that the artist worked in Picasso's studio in Paris in the 1930s.
+It was a new discovery for me.
+And I think over the next few years we will learn a lot about Picasso, Léger and Cézanne as time goes on.
+There is an artist, but unfortunately I haven't been able to find it yet.
+Today, visual representation is just one form of cultural integration.
+Recently, we have noticed that more and more people are using YouTube and other means of social networking to express their stories, share their photos, and tell their stories with their own voice.
+In a similar way, we established the Doha Film Institute.
+Today, the Doha Film Institute is an organization that teaches people about film and filmmaking.
+Last year there was not a single Qatari female director.
+Today, we are proud to have trained over 66 Qatari female filmmakers, edited and educated them to tell their stories with their own voice.
+(Applause.) So, if you'll allow me, I'd love to share a one-minute film that proves that a 60-second film can be as powerful as a haiku in conveying the big picture.
+This is one of our filmmaker products.
+(Video) BOY: Hey, listen! Did you know that stock prices are going up?
+who are you playing with?
+Girl: Uncle Khalid. Now put on your scarf.
+Khalid: Why do you want to wear it?
+Girl: Do what you're told, miss.
+Boy: No, you're the mom and I'm the dad. (Girl: But that's my game.) Then play alone.
+Girls: Ladies! In one word they are upset.
+Useless.
+thank you. thank you!
+(Applause) SM: Going back to crossing East and West, the second Doha Tribeca Film Festival was held here in Doha last month.
+The Doha Tribeca Film Festival took place at the new cultural hub of Katara.
+It drew 42,000 people and screened 51 films.
+Today, the Doha Tribeca Film Festival is not an imported festival, but an important festival between the cities of New York and Doha.
+It's important for two reasons.
+First, we can introduce Arab filmmakers and their voices to New York City, one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world.
+At the same time, we invite them to come explore our part of the world.
+They learn our culture, language and traditions and recognize that we are just as different and the same as each other.
+Now, people have said many times, 'Let's build bridges,' but frankly, I want to do more than that.
+I want to break down the wall of ignorance between East and West. No, not the soft option as previously discussed, but soft power as Joseph Nye previously spoke of.
+Culture is a very important tool for connecting people.
+It should not be underestimated.
+“Know thyself”, that is the journey of self-expression and self-realization we are on.
+Now, I don't think I know all the answers, but I do know that I personally and as a nation welcome this community of ideas worth spreading.
+This is a very interesting journey.
+We invite you to participate and discuss new ideas about how to bring people together through cultural engagement and discussion.
+Habituation destroys fear and overcomes it. Give it a try.
+Thank you very much to all of you. Shokran.
+(applause)
+It was August 5, 2010.
+A massive collapse at the San José copper mine in northern Chile left 33 people trapped 800 meters (800 meters) under the world's hardest rock, the equivalent of two Empire State Buildings.
+They will end up in a small shelter designed for this purpose. There they will find intense heat, filth, and ten days' worth of food for two men.
+On the ground, it doesn't take long for experts to realize there is no solution.
+No drilling technology in the industry can penetrate hard, deep rock fast enough to save their lives.
+It is not clear exactly where the evacuation sites are.
+It's not even clear if the miners are alive.
+And it's not even clear who is responsible.
+But within 70 days, all 33 of them will be brought to earth alive.
+This remarkable story is a case study on the power of teams.
+So what is "teaming"?
+Teaming is teamwork on the fly.
+Coordinating and collaborating with people across all kinds of boundaries – expertise, distance, time zone – to get work done.
+Think of your favorite sports team. This is different.
+The magic, the game-saving play of sports teams working together.
+Well, sports teams win because they practice.
+But you can practice only if you have the same members over time.
+So you can think of teaming...
+Sports teams embody the definition of a team, the formal definition.
+This is a stable, limited, moderately small group of people who are interdependent to achieve shared results.
+Teaming can be thought of as a kind of pick-up game at the park, as opposed to a formal, well-practiced team.
+So who will win the playoffs?
+The answer is clear.
+So why study teaming?
+Because that's how more and more of us have to do it today.
+With 24/7 global fast-paced work, fast-changing schedules, and increasingly narrow expertise, more and more people have to constantly collaborate with different people to get their jobs done.
+We can't afford a stable team.
+If you can afford that luxury, please do so.
+But in many of the jobs we do today, that option is disappearing.
+One place where this applies is in hospitals.
+This is where I have done a lot of research over the years.
+Therefore, it turns out that the hospital must be open 24/7.
+And patients, well, they're all different.
+They all differ in their complexity and uniqueness.
+The average hospitalized patient is seen by about 60 different caregivers during the hospital stay.
+They come from different shifts, different specialties, different specialties, and they may not even know each other's names.
+But the two need to work together if the patient is to receive good care.
+Failure to do so can have tragic consequences.
+Of course, teaming up isn't always a matter of life or death.
+Consider what it takes to create an award-winning animated film.
+I was fortunate enough to go to Disney Animation, where over 900 scientists, artists, storytellers, and computer scientists team up in ever-changing configurations to create amazing works like Frozen. was able to study
+They just work together, never in the same group twice, and you never know what happens next.
+Now, taking care of patients in the emergency room and designing an animated film are obviously very different jobs.
+Beneath the differences, however, are many commonalities.
+You'll have to acquire different expertise at different times, have no fixed roles or fixed deliverables, and end up doing a lot of things you've never done or can't do before. a stable team.
+Now, this way of working is not easy, but as I said, more and more of us have to work this way, so we need to understand it.
+And I would argue that it is especially necessary for complex and unpredictable tasks and solving big problems.
+Unilever CEO Paul Polman puts it very well: I have to invite people. "
+Problems like food and water shortages cannot be addressed by individuals, single companies, or even single departments.
+That's why we're reaching out to the whole big team building, big team building.
+Embark on your smart city pursuit.
+You've probably seen the rhetoric of mixed-use design, zero net energy buildings, smart mobility, green, livable, great cities.
+We have the vocabulary, we have the vision, not to mention the need.
+we have the technology.
+Two megatrends – urbanization, a rapidly urbanizing planet and climate change – are increasingly pointing to cities as important targets for innovation.
+And now, in many parts of the world, people are working together to design and create green, livable and smart cities.
+That is the challenge of large-scale innovation.
+To understand it better, I studied startups partnered with real estate developers, civil engineers, mayors, architects, builders and tech companies: smart city software startups.
+Their goal was to build a demo smart city from scratch.
+OK. It's been five years since the project started, but nothing too big has happened.
+Six years have passed and the ground is still not set.
+It seems that it was really, really hard to form a team that crossed the boundaries of the industry.
+Ok, so...
+We stumbled across what I call a "professional culture clash" on this project.
+As you know, software engineers and real estate developers think differently. Not at all. Different values, different timeframes. Timeframes are a big issue, with different terminology and different languages.
+So they don't always agree.
+I think this is a bigger problem than most of us realize.
+In fact, I think the clash of professional cultures is a major barrier to building the future we want to build.
+And it becomes a problem that we have to understand and find a way to solve it.
+So how do you make teaming work, especially at scale?
+This is a problem that I have been trying to solve for many years in various workplaces through my research.
+Now, let's go back to Chile for a glimpse of the answer to this question.
+In Chile, we witnessed 10 weeks of teams of hundreds of people from different professions, different companies, different fields and even different countries.
+And as this process unfolded, they had many ideas, tried many things, experimented, failed, failed catastrophically every day, and still bounced back, persevered, and moved on. .
+And indeed, what we saw there was that they were able to remain humble and curious in the face of the very real challenges ahead. All of these diverse individuals, especially those with diverse expertise and nationalities, were very interested in what they brought to each other.
+And they were willing to take risks to learn quickly what works.
+And finally, in 17 days of this remarkable story, ideas came from everywhere.
+They came from Mr. Andre Sougalette. Mr. André Sougretto is a brilliant mining engineer who has been appointed by the government to lead the rescue.
+They are from NASA.
+They are from the Chilean Special Forces.
+They came from volunteers all over the world.
+And as many of us, myself included, watched from a distance, they made slow, painful progress through the rocks.
+On the 17th day they burst into the shelter.
+It is truly a remarkable moment.
+And with only a very small incision, they were able to find it through many experimental techniques.
+And for the next 53 days, that thin lifeline provided a path for food, medicine, and communications, and for another 53 days on the ground, teams worked to find ways to drill bigger holes and design. capsule.
+Here is the capsule.
+And on the 69th day, after 22 painstaking hours, they managed to lift the miners one by one.
+So how did they overcome the clash of professional cultures?
+In a nutshell, it's leadership, but let's be a little more specific.
+When teamwork works, some leaders, leaders at all levels, should make it very clear that they don't have the answers.
+Let's call this "situational humility."
+Moderate humility.
+I don't know how to do it.
+Indeed, as I said before, people are very curious, and the combination of humility and curiosity in this situation gives me a sense of psychological safety that allows me to take risks against strangers. born. Because, frankly, it's hard to speak up.
+Asking for help is hard.
+If you don't know people well, it's hard to suggest ideas that might be stupid.
+For that you need psychological safety.
+They have overcome what I like to call a basic human challenge: something that is difficult to learn even if you already know it.
+And unfortunately, we tend to assume we know.
+So we have to remind ourselves to be curious, and we can. Be interested in what others bring.
+And that curiosity can lead to some kind of liberal interpretation.
+But there is another barrier. You all know that.
+If you didn't know, you wouldn't be in this room.
+To illustrate it, I'll quote from the movie The Paper Chase.
+By the way, this is what Hollywood thinks a Harvard professor should be.
+you be the judge
+This famous scene professor says, "Look left. Look right," as he welcomes the new 1L class.
+One of you won't be here next year. "
+What message did they hear? "It's me or you."
+In order for me to succeed, you must also fail.
+I don't think many organizations welcome newcomers that way anymore, but many still come in with the message that they're just short of talent.
+It's me or you
+It is very difficult to form a team if you inadvertently see others as competitors.
+So we have to overcome that as well, and if we can achieve that, the results are fantastic.
+Abraham Lincoln once said, "I don't really like that man. I should get to know him better."
+Think about it -- I don't like him. I mean, I don't know him well enough.
+that's abnormal.
+I must say that this is the mindset necessary for effective team building.
+We can get things done in silos.
+But if we step back and reach out and cross, miracles can happen.
+You can save miners, you can save patients, you can make beautiful movies.
+To get there, I don't think there is better advice than this. Look left, look right.
+How quickly can you discover your neighbor's unique talents, skills, and aspirations, and how quickly can you pass on what you bring?
+Because as we team up to build the future, we know we can create what no one can do alone, and that's the mindset we need.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+You wake up to a stranger (sometimes multiple strangers) posting online questioning your right to live, angry messages that wake you up, scared and worried about your safety Imagine a place.
+Welcome to the world of cyber harassment.
+The harassment faced by women in Pakistan is very serious and sometimes has fatal consequences.
+This kind of harassment denies women access to the internet, knowledge.
+It is a form of oppression.
+Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world, with 140 million people accessing mobile technology and an internet penetration rate of 15%.
+And this number doesn't seem to be going down with the rise of new technologies either.
+Pakistan is also the birthplace of Malala Yousafzai, the youngest Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
+But that's just one side of Pakistan.
+Another aspect is the distorted notion of honor associated with women and their bodies. There, men are allowed to disrespect and even kill women in the name of so-called "family honor". There, a woman is forced to die outside her home for calling a man on a mobile phone in the name of "family honor".
+Let me be clear, it's not an honor. It's cold-blooded murder.
+I come from a very small village in the Punjab province of Pakistan where women are not allowed to pursue higher education.
+The elders in my extended family did not allow women to pursue higher education or professional careers.
+But unlike the other male guardians in my family, my father was the one who truly supported my ambitions.
+Of course, getting a law degree was so difficult that I frowned in disapproval.
+But in the end, I knew it was either me or them, and I made the choice.
+(Applause.) My family traditions and expectations of women prevented me from having a cell phone until I was married.
+And even after I got married, this tool became my tool for monitoring myself.
+When I resisted the idea of ​​being monitored by my ex-husband, he really didn't approve of this and kicked me out of the house with my 6 month old son Abdullah.
+And that's when I asked myself for the first time.
+Why are women not allowed to enjoy the same equal rights enshrined in the Constitution?
+The law stipulates that women have equal access to information as well, so why is it always men – brothers, fathers, husbands – who give us these rights, effectively breaking the law? Are you going to make it meaningless?"
+So instead of continuing to question patriarchal structures and social norms, I decided to take a step forward.
+And I founded the Digital Rights Foundation in 2012 to address all issues and women's experiences in the online space and cyber harassment.
+From lobbying for a free and safe internet to convincing young women that access to a safe internet is a basic, basic human right, I have sparked to address questions that have plagued me for years. I'm trying to play a role to scatter.
+With hope in my heart and to provide a solution to this threat, I launched Pakistan and the region's first cyber harassment helpline in December 2016. (Applause.) To reach out to women who don't know when or who to turn to. They face serious threats online.
+I think of women who feel unsafe in the online space, who don't get the support they need to deal with their emotional trauma, and who go about their daily lives with rape threats in their inboxes.
+Secure access to the Internet is access to knowledge, and knowledge is free.
+When I fight for women's digital rights, I'm fighting for equality.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Shall we ask people of different generations to raise their hands or give them a round of applause?
+I'm curious how many there are from 3 to 12 years old.
+(laughs) Nothing, right?
+(Laughter) Okay.
+Remember dinosaurs when you were that age?
+(Applause) Dinosaurs are kind of funny.
+(Laughter) We're going in a slightly different direction now.
+So let me give you a message first. Try not to go extinct.
+(laughs) That's it.
+(Laughter) People ask me a lot. In fact, one of the most common questions I get is why do kids love dinosaurs so much?
+What is the attraction?
+And I always just say, "Dinosaurs were big, they were different, they're gone."
+everyone is gone.
+That's not true, but let's get back to the point.
+So that's kind of the theme. “Bigger, different, and gone.”
+The title of my talk is "Shape-shifting Dinosaurs: Causes of Early Extinction".
+Well, I think we remember dinosaurs.
+And there are many shapes.
+There are many different types.
+Back in the early 1900s, museums were looking for dinosaurs.
+They went out and collected them.
+And this is an interesting story.
+Every museum wanted a museum that was a little bigger or better than the others.
+So if the Toronto museum collected a large Tyrannosaurus, the Ottawa museum wanted something bigger and better.
+And it happened in every museum.
+We were all looking for a bigger and better dinosaur.
+And this was in the early 1900's.
+By about 1970, some scientists were sitting and thinking. "Hey, look at these dinosaurs. They're all big.
+where are all the little ones "
+(Laughter.) And they thought about it and even wrote a paper about it: "Where are the little dinosaurs?"
+(Laughter) Well, let's go to the museum and see how many baby dinosaurs there are.
+People thought that if there were small dinosaurs or juveniles, they would be able to identify them easily. This was a real problem.
+There will be big dinosaurs and little dinosaurs.
+(laughs) But all they had was a big dinosaur.
+And it comes down to a few things.
+First, scientists have egos, and scientists like to name dinosaurs.
+they like to name anything.
+Everyone likes to have their own animal named after them.
+(Laughter) So every time they found something a little different, they gave it a different name.
+And, of course, what happened was that we ended up with a plethora of different dinosaurs.
+In 1975, a light came on in someone's head.
+Dr. Peter Dodson of the University of Pennsylvania actually found that dinosaurs grew similarly to birds, and not like reptiles.
+And indeed, he used the cassowary as an example.
+And this is kind of cool. If you look at a cassowary or a bird with a crown on its head, it grows to about 80% of its adult size before the crown begins to grow.
+Now let's think about it.
+They basically retain juvenile characteristics very late in what we call ontogeny.
+Therefore, allometric cranial ontogeny is the relative skull growth.
+So if you actually find a cassowary that is 80% full grown, you would think they are two different animals if you didn't know it would grow into a cassowary.
+This was a problem, and Peter Dodson pointed this out with some duck-billed dinosaurs, then called Hypacrosaurus.
+He then took a baby and an adult, and calculated the average, and showed that if they grew in a sort of linear fashion, they would have a crest about half the size of an adult.
+However, 65% of the actual subadults had no crest at all.
+So this was interesting.
+So people got lost again.
+I mean, if they just took it as it was, took Peter Dodson's work, and continued with it, we would have far fewer dinosaurs than we do now.
+But scientists have egos. They like to name things.
+And they kept naming dinosaurs because they were different.
+Now we have a way to actually test whether a dinosaur or animal is young or old.
+And it's actually done by making an incision in their bone.
+But as you can imagine, cutting into dinosaur bones is difficult. Because bones are precious in museums.
+When you go to an art museum, they treat you very politely.
+They put them in a foamy little container.
+Very well taken care of.
+They don't want you coming in and opening the door to look inside.
+(Laughter) That's why they usually don't let me do that.
+(Laughter) But I have a museum, I collect dinosaurs, and I can see my museum open.
+that's what i do.
+(Applause) So when you cut open a little dinosaur, like A, it's very spongy inside.
+And when you cut out an old dinosaur, it becomes very gigantic.
+You can see that it is a mature bone.
+So it's very easy to distinguish between them.
+So what I want to do is show these to you guys.
+In North America, in the United States Northern Plains and the Southern Plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan, there is a rock formation called the Hell Creek Formation that gave birth to the last dinosaurs to ever live on Earth.
+And we all know 12 of them. That is, the 12 major dinosaurs that went extinct.
+And we evaluate them.
+And that's kind of what I've been doing.
+So our students, our staff, we've carved them out.
+As you can imagine, cutting open a leg bone is one thing, but going to a museum and saying, "Is it okay if I cut open a dinosaur skull?"
+They say 'Go away'.
+(Laughter) Here are 12 dinosaurs.
+And I want to look at these three first.
+So these are dinosaurs called Pachycephalosaurus.
+And we all know that these three animals are related.
+And then there's the premise that they're related like cousins ​​or something.
+But no one thought they could be more closely related.
+In other words, people saw them and noticed the difference.
+And we all know that when trying to determine if you are related to a brother or sister, you can't tell by looking at the difference.
+To determine relatedness, it is possible only by looking for similarities.
+People were looking at these and discussing how different they were.
+The pachycephalosaurus had a large, thick dome on its head, a small bump on the back of its head, and a lot of nasty stuff on the tip of its snout.
+And Stygimoloch, another dinosaur from the same period, has a spine sticking out from the back of its head.
+It has a tiny little dome and a lot of nasty stuff on its nose.
+And then there's this thing called Dracorex Hogwartssia.
+where do you think it came from?
+dragon.
+This is a dinosaur with spikes sticking out of its head, no dome, and a nasty nose.
+No one noticed the nasty resemblance.
+But they examined these three and said, "These are three different dinosaurs, and Dracorex is probably the most primitive of them all.
+And the other is more primitive than the other. "
+It's unclear to me how they actually categorized these three.
+But when you line them up, if you take just these three skulls and line them up, they line up like this.
+Dracorex is the smallest, Stygimoloch is medium, and Pachycephalosaurus is the largest.
+And some people think that should be a hint.
+(Laughter) But that didn't give them a clue.
+(Laughter) Because we know why.
+Scientists like to name things.
+So when I cut open the Dracorex, I cut open the Dracorex and look, it was spongy inside, really spongy.
+In other words, they are juveniles and grow quickly.
+So it keeps getting bigger.
+Cutting open Stygimoloch does the same thing.
+The dome, that little dome is growing really fast.
+It inflates very quickly.
+Interestingly, the spikes on the back of the Dracorex were also growing very quickly.
+The spikes on the back of Stygimoloch are actually absorbed, meaning that as the dome grows, so do the spikes.
+Looking at Pachycephalosaurus, Pachycephalosaurus had a solid dome and absorbed a small protrusion on the back of its head.
+So, as a scientist, looking at just these three dinosaurs, it's easy to hypothesize that it's just a series of growths from the same animal.
+This of course means that Stygimoloch and Dracorex are extinct.
+(laughter) Okay.
+(Laughter) Of course, this means we have 10 major dinosaurs to deal with.
+There, a colleague of mine at Berkeley, he and I were watching Triceratops.
+And remember, before the year 2000, Triceratops was first discovered in the 1800s. Prior to the year 2000, no one had seen a juvenile Triceratops.
+Triceratops can be found in museums all over the world, but no one has collected juveniles.
+You know why, right?
+So everyone had a big one.
+So we went out and collected a lot of stuff and found a lot of little things.
+So we have a lot of them in our museum.
+(Laughter.) And people say it's because I have a small museum.
+If you have a small museum, you have a small dinosaur.
+(Laughter) When you look at a Triceratops, you see that it's changing, it's changing shape.
+The horns actually bend back as the juvenile grows.
+And as it grows, the horns grow forward.
+That's great.
+When viewed along the edge of the frill, there are small triangular bones that actually grow as triangles and flatten against the frill like the spines of pachycephalosaurs.
+And the juveniles are in my collection, so I carved them out...
+(laughs) And look inside.
+And little ones are really sponges.
+And the middle size is really spongy.
+But what's interesting is that adult Triceratops were also spongy.
+And this is a 2 meter long skull.
+A big skull.
+However, another dinosaur found in this formation is called Torosaurus, similar to Triceratops, except Triceratops was larger.
+And if you cut a Torosaurus, it has mature bones.
+But the shield has a big hole in it.
+And everyone says, "Triceratops and Torosaurus can't be the same animal, because one is bigger than the other."
+(laughter) "There's a hole in the frill."
+Then they said, "No, but there are holes in the frills."
+So one of my graduate students, John Scannella, went through our entire collection and actually discovered that Triceratops was starting to have holes, and of course Torosaurus had holes. bottom. It was pretty cool.
+Now we know that Torosaurus is actually a full-grown Triceratops.
+Now, when you name a dinosaur, when you name something, the original name sticks and the second name gets thrown away.
+So the Torosaurus became extinct.
+Triceratops, if you've heard the news, many of the newscasters were all wrong.
+They thought they should leave the Torosaurus and ditch the Triceratops, but that's not going to happen.
+(Laughter) Okay. Now let's do this with lots of dinosaurs.
+So here we have Edmontosaurus and Anatotitan.
+Anatotitan: A giant duck.
+A giant platypus dinosaur.
+There is one more thing.
+Then examine the histology of the bone.
+Bone histology indicates that Edmontosaurus was a juvenile, or at least a subadult, and the other an adult, with ontogenesis.
+And eliminate Anatotitan.
+And the last is T. Rex.
+So there are these two dinosaurs, T. rex and Nanotyrannus.
+(Laughter) Again, I wonder.
+(Laughter.) But they asked good questions.
+They looked at them and said, "Some have 17 teeth, the largest has 12.
+And it makes no sense at all. Because we don't know of dinosaurs that grew teeth as they got older.
+So it must be true and they must be different. "
+So we cut to them.
+And sure enough, Nanotyrannus has juvenile bones, while the larger ones have more mature bones.
+It looks like it's going to be bigger.
+The Rocky Mountain Museum where we work has four Tyrannosaurus rexes, so we have plenty of Tyrannosaurus to cut.
+But I didn't really need to cut it. Just by aligning the jaws, we found that the largest had 12 teeth, the next smallest had 13 teeth, and the next smallest had 14 teeth.
+And of course the Nano has 17.
+And when I went to look at other people's collections, I found one with about 15 teeth.
+Again, it's very easy to say that the Tyrannosaurus ontogeny includes Nanotyrannus. So you can get rid of another dinosaur.
+(Laughter) So at the end of the Cretaceous period, there will be seven left.
+That's a good number.
+I think this number is enough for extinction.
+As you can imagine, this is not very popular with 4th graders.
+(laughter) Fourth graders love dinosaurs and remember them well.
+And they are not happy with this.
+(laughs) Thank you very much.
+If there's one city in the world where it's hard to find a place to buy or rent, it's Sydney.
+If you've tried to find a home here recently, you're familiar with this problem.
+Every time you walk into an open house, you're informed about what's there and what's on the market, but every time you step outside, you risk passing the best.
+So how do you know when to switch from considering an offer to being ready to make an offer?
+This is such a cruel and familiar problem that you might be surprised to find a simple solution.
+37 percent.
+(Laughter) If you want to maximize your odds of finding the best place, you should research 37 percent of what's on the market and then make an offer at the location you find. It's better than any place you've found. I've seen it before.
+Alternatively, if you have a month, spend 37 percent of that time (11 days) setting your baseline and you'll be ready to act.
+We know this because trying to find a place to live is an example of the optimal stopping problem.
+A class of problems that have been extensively studied by mathematicians and computer scientists.
+I am a computational cognitive scientist.
+I spend my time understanding how the human mind works, from amazing successes to miserable failures.
+It does this by thinking about the computational structure of problems that arise in everyday life and comparing ideal solutions to those problems with practical behavior.
+As a side effect, I've seen how a little application of computer science can make human decision-making easier.
+There are personal motives for this.
+I grew up in Perth as a very intelligent kid...
+(Laughter) I always tried to act in a way that I thought was reasonable, to think through every decision logically and try to figure out the best course of action to take.
+However, this is not an approach that scales up once you start running into problems that may arise in adulthood.
+At some point, I even tried to break up with her. Trying to find the perfect solution, considering her tastes and mine, was just exhausting (lol).
+(Laughter) She pointed out that I was taking the wrong approach to solving this problem. And she later became my wife.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Human life is about solving things as basic as deciding which restaurant to go to, or as important as deciding who to spend the rest of your life with. It's full of too hard math problems. By making a genuine effort.
+On such matters, it is worth consulting an expert, a computer scientist.
+(Laughter) When you're looking for life advice, a computer scientist probably isn't the first person you want to turn to.
+Living like a computer, the typical deterministic, exhaustive, and precise life, doesn't seem very enjoyable.
+But when you think about the computer science of human decision making, you'll find that it's actually the other way around.
+When applied to a variety of difficult problems that arise in human life, the way computers actually solve those problems more closely resembles real human behavior.
+Consider the example of deciding which restaurant to go to.
+This is a problem with a special computational structure.
+You have a series of choices, choose one, and you'll face exactly the same decision tomorrow.
+In such situations, we face what computer scientists call the "explore-exploit trade-off."
+You have to decide whether to try something new, explore and gather information that might be useful in the future, or go to places you already know. It's pretty good to leverage the information you've already gathered so far.
+The trade-off between exploration and exploitation, whether it's listening to music or deciding who to spend time with, is the choice between trying something new or choosing something you already know is good. Always show up when you have to.
+This is also the problem technology companies face when trying to do things like decide which ads to show on a web page.
+Should you show a new ad and learn something about it, or show an ad you already know you're more likely to click?
+Over the past 60 years, computer scientists have made great strides in understanding the trade-offs of exploration and exploitation, and the results offer some surprising insights.
+When trying to decide which restaurant to go to, the first question to ask yourself is how long will you be staying in the city?
+If you are only there for a short time, you should take advantage of it.
+Collecting information is pointless.
+Just go to places you already know are good.
+However, if you are staying for an extended period of time, explore.
+Try something new, because the information you gain may improve your future choices.
+The more you use information, the more valuable it becomes.
+This principle can also give insight into the structure of human life.
+Babies don't have a reputation for being particularly rational.
+They are always trying new things and trying to put it in their mouths.
+But really, this is what they should do.
+They are in the exploratory phase of life and some of them might turn out to be delicious.
+At the other end of the spectrum, the old man who always goes to the same restaurant and always eats the same thing is not boring, it is optimal.
+(Laughter) He's using the knowledge he's gained through a lifetime of experience.
+More generally, knowing the trade-off between exploration and exploitation can help you in a way relax and ease yourself when trying to make a decision.
+You don't have to go to the best restaurants every night.
+Take a chance, try something new and explore.
+you might learn something.
+And the information you get will be worth more than one good dinner.
+Computer science can also help make life easier at home and elsewhere in the office.
+If you've ever had to declutter your wardrobe, you've faced a particularly tough decision. You have to decide what to keep and what to let go.
+Turns out Martha Stewart was very serious about this -- (Laughter) and she has some good advice.
+She says, "Ask yourself four questions: How long have I had it?
+still working?
+Is it a duplicate of something I already own?
+When was the last time you wore or used it?"
+But perhaps there is another group of experts who have taken the issue more seriously, and they will say that one of these questions is more important than the others.
+Who is that expert?
+People who design computer memory systems.
+Most computers have two types of memory systems. One is a fast memory system, such as a series of memory chips that are expensive and therefore have limited capacity, and the other is a very large slow memory system.
+For your computer to run as efficiently as possible, the information you want to access must reside in a high-speed memory system and be readily accessible.
+Each time information is accessed, it is loaded into fast memory, which has a finite amount of space, and the computer must decide which items to remove from that memory.
+Over the years, computer scientists have tried several different strategies to determine what to remove from fast memory.
+They have tried to randomly select something, apply the so-called "first in, first out principle", i.e. remove the item that has been in memory the longest.
+However, the most effective strategy is to focus on items that have not been used recently.
+This says that if you want to remove something from memory, you should remove the most recently accessed one.
+And there is some kind of logic in this.
+If it's been a long time since you last accessed that information, it may be a long time before you need to access it again.
+A wardrobe is like a computer's memory.
+Capacity is limited, so you need to be able to get what you might need as quickly as possible.
+With that in mind, it might be worth applying some of the least used principles these days to organizing your wardrobe as well.
+So going back to Martha's four questions, a computer scientist would say the last of these is the most important.
+This idea of ​​organizing things so that the things you are most likely to need are most accessible can also be applied in the office.
+Japanese economist Yukio Noguchi actually invented a file system with exactly this property.
+He started with a cardboard box and put the documents into the box from the left side.
+Each time I added a document, I moved what was there and added the document to the left side of the box.
+And every time I accessed a document, I would pick it up, examine it, and put it back to the left.
+As a result, the documents are arranged left to right in order of most recently used.
+And I found that if I started on the left side of the box and worked my way up to the right, I would quickly find what I was looking for.
+Before you rush home and install this filing system -- (laughter) it's worth acknowledging that you probably already have.
+(Laughs) The pile of papers on the desk...
+Usually criticized for being messy and unorganized, the truth is that stacks of papers are perfectly organized -- (Laughter) All you have to do is take out the paper and put it back on top of the pile. , their documents are arranged. They are ordered top to bottom by most recently used, and if you start at the top of the pile, you'll probably find what you're looking for quickly.
+Organizing your wardrobe or desk is probably not the most pressing issue in your life.
+The problems you have to solve can be very difficult.
+But even in such cases computer science can offer some strategies and perhaps some solace.
+The best algorithms are those that do the most meaningful things in the least amount of time.
+When a computer is faced with a hard problem, it will handle it by transforming it into a simpler problem by taking advantage of randomness, dropping constraints, or allowing approximations.
+Solving these simple problems can provide insight into more difficult problems, and sometimes very good solutions on their own.
+Knowing all this helped me relax when I had to make a decision.
+As an example, you can take the 37 percent rule for finding a home.
+It's impossible to consider all options, so you have to take your chances.
+And even following the best strategy doesn't guarantee perfect results.
+Funnily enough, according to the 37 percent rule, the odds of finding the best spot are:
+(Laughter) 37 percent.
+Most of the time it fails.
+But it's the best you can do.
+Ultimately, computer science helps us become more tolerant of our own limitations.
+You can only control the process, not the result.
+And as long as you're using the best processes, you've done the best you can.
+In some cases, these best processes involve taking chances rather than considering all options, and in others, being willing to compromise on fairly good solutions.
+These are not the concessions we make when we cannot be reasonable. What it means to be reasonable.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Came here to share my photo.
+Or is it a photo?
+Because, of course, this is a picture that a camera cannot capture.
+However, my interest in photography began when I got my first digital camera at the age of 15.
+It was mixed with my previous passion for painting, but it was a little different because instead of using a camera the process was in the planning.
+And when the camera takes a picture, pressing the trigger ends the process.
+So it felt like photography to me was all about being in the right place and at the right time.
+I felt like anyone could do it.
+So I wanted to create something different, something that starts a process when you press the trigger.
+Photos like this: Construction going on along a busy road.
+However, it has an unexpected twist.
+Despite this, a certain level of realism is maintained.
+Alternatively, pictures like this are also dark and colorful, but with the common goal of maintaining a level of realism.
+When I say realism, I mean photorealism.
+Of course, it's not something that can actually be taken, but I always want to make something that can be taken as a photograph.
+A picture that requires a little thinking time to figure out the trick.
+So it's more about capturing the idea than actually capturing the moment.
+But what's the trick to making it look real?
+Is it about detail and color?
+Is it about light?
+What creates illusions?
+Sometimes perspective is an illusion.
+But in the end it comes down to how we interpret the world and how it can be realized on a two-dimensional surface.
+It's not something that's actually real, it's what we think actually looks real.
+So I think the basics are pretty simple.
+I see this as a real-life puzzle where you can take different parts of reality and combine them to create a different reality.
+And let me give you a simple example.
+Here are three perfectly imaginable physical objects that all of us can relate to living in a three-dimensional world.
+But when combined in certain ways, you can create things that still appear three-dimensional, as if they existed.
+But at the same time, I know I can't.
+We trick our brains because they simply won't accept the fact that they really don't make sense.
+The same process can be seen when combining photos.
+It's really about combining different realities.
+I think what makes a photo look real is what we don't even think about, what we see around us in our daily lives.
+However, it is very important to consider this when combining photos. Otherwise, you'll get the wrong impression.
+So I would say there are three simple rules to follow to achieve realistic results.
+As you can see, these images are nothing special.
+But when you combine them you can create something like this.
+So the first rule is that the joined photos should have the same perspective.
+Second, the combined photo should contain the same kind of light.
+And both of these two images satisfy two requirements: they were taken at the same height and in the same kind of light.
+The third is to make the beginning and end of different images indistinguishable by making them seamless.
+Avoid being able to explain how the image was actually constructed.
+Therefore, it erases the boundaries between different images by matching the color, contrast, and brightness of the boundaries between different images and adding photographic imperfections such as depth of field, desaturated colors, and noise. , to make it look like a single image. Basically one image can have hundreds of layers.
+Here's another example.
+(Laughter) You might think that this is just a landscape image, with the bottom part being manipulated.
+However, this image is actually composed of photos from completely different locations.
+I personally think it's easier to actually create a place than find it. Because then you don't have to compromise on the ideas you have in your head.
+But it takes a lot of planning.
+When I came up with this idea in Winter, I knew it would take months of planning, basically finding different places to put the pieces of the puzzle.
+For example, a fish may have been caught on a fishing trip.
+The coast is from another place.
+The underwater part was captured in a stone pit.
+Yes, I also painted the house on the island red to make it look Swedish.
+So I think you'll need some planning to achieve realistic results.
+It always starts with a sketch, an idea.
+Then combine different photos.
+And here every piece is very well planned.
+If you can take a picture well, you can get very beautiful and very realistic results.
+So there are all kinds of tools out there, and the only thing that limits us is our imagination.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I would like to start with a question for all of you. How many people are completely comfortable calling themselves a leader?
+I've asked that question all over the country, and wherever I ask it, most audiences don't raise their hands.
+And we realized that we were making leadership bigger than ourselves. something beyond us.
+We have succeeded in changing the world.
+We have treated this title of “Leader” as something we all deserved someday.
+But giving it to ourselves now means a level of arrogance and cockiness that we are uncomfortable with.
+And sometimes I worry that we spend too much time celebrating the great things that few people can do, convincing ourselves that these are the only things worth celebrating. Become.
+We begin to underestimate the value of what we can do every day. We cherish the moments when we are true leaders and do not take credit for it or feel good about it.
+Over the past decade, I have been fortunate to work with some amazing people who have helped me redefine leadership and have made me happier.
+In a short amount of time today, I would like to share with you one story that has probably had the most impact on that redefinition.
+I went to a small school called Mount Allison College in Sackville, New Brunswick.
+And on my last day there, a girl came up to me and said, "I remember the first time I met you."
+And she told me a story that happened four years ago.
+she said: "The day before college, I was in a hotel room with my mom and dad and I was so scared, thinking I couldn't do this and I wasn't ready for college. That's it." I just burst into tears.
+Mom and Dad were great.
+They said, "I know you're scared, but let's go tomorrow anyway, let's go to the first day, and if you feel like you can't do it, it's okay, we Tell me, I'll take you home.
+We love you no matter what," she says, "so I went the next day.
+I was in the line to register and I looked around and saw that I couldn't register. I wasn't ready.
+I made that decision, and the moment I made it, an incredible sense of peace came over me.
+I told my mom and dad I had to go home, and at that moment you walked out of the student union with the dumbest hat I've ever seen. "
+(Laughs) “It was great.
+And you were holding up a big billboard advertising Cinerama."--This is the charity Students Fighting Cystic Fibrosis with which I have worked for many years---"And you had a bucket full. I had a lollipop.
+You handed out lollipops to people in line and talked about Cinerama.
+Suddenly you approached me and stopped.
+and you stared. It was creepy. "
+(Laughter) This girl knows what I'm talking about.
+(Laughter) "Then you looked at the guy next to me and smiled, put your hand in the bucket, pulled out a lollipop, held it out to him, and said, 'I've got to give the beautiful lady next door a lollipop.'" Never in my life have I seen someone so embarrassed so quickly.
+He blushed and didn't even look at me.
+He just held out the lollipop like this. "
+(laughter) "I felt so sorry for this guy, so I picked up a lollipop.
+As soon as I did, you gave me an incredibly stern look and looked at my father and mother and said, "Look at that!" Look at that!
+It's your first day away from home and you're already getting candy from strangers? (laughs) She said, "I lost everyone.
+Twenty feet in all directions, everyone began howling.
+I know it's cheesy, and I don't know why I'm saying this, but the moment everyone laughed, I knew I had to stop.
+I knew I was where I should be. I knew I was home.
+And in the four years since that day, I have never spoken to you.
+But when I heard you were leaving, I had to come and tell you that you were a very important person in my life.
+Then she left and I was devastated.
+She turned around six feet away, smiled, and said, "You probably know this too. I'm still dating that guy after four years."
+(Laughter) A year and a half after I moved to Toronto, I got an invitation to their wedding.
+(Laughter) Here's the kicker: I don't remember it.
+I have no memory of that moment.
+I searched my memory bank because it was interesting and I should have remembered what I did, but I didn't.
+It was a transformative moment for me. Probably the biggest impact I have ever had on someone's life was when a woman, four years later, walked up to a stranger and said: He was an important person in my life,” was a moment I didn’t remember.
+How many of you have a lollipop moment, a moment when you feel like someone said or did something that fundamentally made your life better?
+See, why not?
+we celebrate birthdays I wish I didn't die 365 days -- (laughter) and yet we let people who have made our lives better walk around without knowing it.
+Each and every one of you is the catalyst for a lollipop moment.
+You made someone's life better by your actions.
+If you don't think so, think of all the hands that didn't go up when I asked.
+You're one of those people who haven't been told anything yet.
+It's terrifying to think of yourself as being that powerful, and it's terrifying to think that you're that important to others.
+As long as we make leadership greater than ourselves, as long as we keep leadership beyond us and committed to changing the world, we will give ourselves and each other an excuse not to expect it every day. give yourself
+Marianne Williamson said: "Our greatest fear is not that we are inadequate.
+It is that we are immeasurably powerful.
+It is not our darkness that scares us, but our light. "
+My call to action today is that we need to overcome our fears of how extraordinary we can be in each other's lives.
+We will get through it, get through it, and let our little brothers and sisters, and someday our children, or children now, observe and appreciate the impact we have on each other's lives. You need to be able to start More than money, power, titles and influence.
+We need to redefine leadership as how many lollipop moments we create, how much we acknowledge, how much we pay, how much we appreciate. there is.
+Because we have taken the leadership to change the world, and the world doesn't exist.
+And if you change a person's understanding of it, understand what they can do, understand how people care about them, understand how powerful a person is for change in this world. If you change your understanding of what can be a driver, the whole thing changes. .
+And if we can understand that kind of leadership, if we can redefine leadership in that way, I think we can change everything.
+It's a simple idea, but I don't think it's a small idea.
+Thank you so much for letting me share it with you today.
+Penelope Jagesar Chafer: I was going to ask you if you have a doctor at home.
+No, just kidding.
+Interestingly, it was six years ago, when I was pregnant with my first child, that I discovered that the most commonly used preservatives in baby care products mimic estrogen in the human body. is.
+Currently, it is actually very easy for compounds in products to enter the human body through the skin.
+And these preservatives were found in breast cancer tumors.
+That was the beginning of my journey to make this movie, Toxic Baby.
+And it doesn't take long to discover some truly amazing statistics on the matter.
+One, you and I both have 30 to 50,000 chemicals in our bodies that our grandparents didn't have.
+And many of these chemicals are now linked to the surge in childhood chronic diseases seen across the developed world.
+I'll show you some stats.
+For example, in the UK, the incidence of childhood leukemia increased by 20% in just one generation.
+Very similar statistics for childhood cancer in the United States.
+In Canada, 1 in 10 Canadian children currently has asthma.
+That's a fourfold increase.
+Again, there are similar stories all over the world.
+Perhaps the most startling statistic in the United States is the 600% increase in autism, autism spectrum disorders and other learning disabilities.
+Again, the trend is seen across Europe and across North America.
+And in certain parts of Europe, there is a four-fold increase in certain congenital genital anomalies.
+Interestingly, one such birth defect has increased by 200% in the United States.
+So there is a real surge in childhood chronic diseases, including obesity, juvenile diabetes and precocious puberty.
+So when I'm looking for someone who can actually talk to me about these things and speak to an audience, I think that probably one of the most important people in the world who can discuss baby toxicity is a frog expert. is interesting to me.
+(Laughter) Tyrone Hayes: It was a surprise to me, too, to talk about pesticides and public health. Because I never thought I would actually do anything useful.
+(laughs) Frog.
+In fact, I was once involved in the whole pesticide issue when I was approached by the world's largest chemical company and asked if I would assess how atrazine would affect amphibians and my frogs. It was a meaningful surprise.
+Atrazine turned out to be the number one selling product for the world's largest chemical company.
+It is the largest contaminant of groundwater, drinking water and stormwater.
+In 2003, after my research, this compound was banned in the European Union, but the same year the US EPA re-registered this compound.
+We were a little surprised when we found that exposing frogs to very low levels of atrazine (0.1 ppb) produced animals with this appearance.
+These are dissections of the gonads of an animal with 2 testes, 2 ovaries, another large testis and more ovaries, this is not normal...
+(Laughter) Amphibians too.
+In some cases, another species, such as the North American leopard frog, showed that atrazine-exposed males laid eggs within the testis.
+And you can see a large egg with a raised yolk breaking through the surface of this male's testis.
+Now my wife tells me, and I'm sure Penelope does too, there's nothing worse than giving birth--I've never experienced it, and I don't dispute it--but a dozen chickens give birth. I think. Eggs in my testicles are probably in the top 5.
+(Laughter) A recent study we published showed that when some of these animals were exposed to atrazine, some of the males grew up and became fully female.
+So these are actually two brothers who have consummated their relationship.
+And not only do these genetic males mate with other males, they actually have the ability to lay eggs while being genetic males.
+What we have proposed and now has support for is that atrazine is causing hormonal imbalances and wreaking havoc.
+Normally, the testicles are required to produce the male sex hormone, testosterone.
+But atrazine's job is to activate the enzyme, or machine, aromatase, that converts testosterone to estrogen.
+As a result, these exposed males lose testosterone, are chemically castrated, and then feminized to produce female hormones.
+Now, this is what got me into relationship issues.
+Because breast cancer, the largest cancer in women, is known to be regulated by estrogen and the enzyme aromatase.
+Therefore, when cancer cells develop in the breast, aromatase converts androgens into estrogens, which promote cancer growth and spread as tumors.
+In fact, this aromatase is so important for breast cancer that the newest treatment for breast cancer is a chemical called letrozole, which blocks aromatase and blocks estrogen, so even if the mutated cells develop, they'll never reach the tumor. It never grows.
+Now, the interesting thing, of course, is that we still use 80 million pounds of atrazine, the number one contaminant in drinking water. Atrazine has the opposite effect, activating aromatase, increasing estrogen, promoting and associated with tumors in rats. , human breast cancer.
+Interestingly, the same company that sold the breast cancer promoter atrazine for £80m is now actually selling the inhibitor. Exactly the same company.
+So I think it's interesting that instead of treating this disease by preventing exposure to the chemicals that drive it, we simply respond by putting more chemicals into the environment.
+PJC: Speaking of estrogen, another compound that Tyrone talks about in the movie is called bisphenol A, BPA, which has been in the news lately.
+It's a plasticizer.
+This is a compound contained in the polycarbonate plastic that is the raw material for baby bottles.
+And what's interesting about BPA is that it's such a potent estrogen that it was actually once considered for use as a synthetic estrogen in hormone placement therapy.
+And there are numerous studies showing that BPA can leach from bottles into milk, milk, and even babies.
+That's why we administer synthetic estrogens to babies, newborns and infants.
+About two weeks ago, the European Union passed a law banning the use of BPA in baby bottles and sippy cups.
+For non-parents, a sippy cup is a small plastic object that a child graduates from after using the bottle.
+But just two weeks earlier, the U.S. Senate had refused to even discuss banning BPA in baby bottles and sippy cups.
+So when you look at this, you really see the responsibility of parents to have to regulate and police this in their own lives, and how amazing it is.
+(Video) PJC: Many plastic baby bottles have been proven to leak the chemical bisphenol A, but sometimes the only thing that stands between the chemicals and their children is the awareness of parents. I understand.
+The baby bottle scenario proves that unnecessary exposure can be prevented.
+However, if we parents do not realize this, we are leaving our children to take care of themselves.
+TH: And what Penelope is saying here is even more true.
+For those who don't know, we are in the middle of the sixth mass extinction right now.
+Scientists now agree.
+We are losing species from the Earth faster than the dinosaurs went extinct, and amphibians are at the forefront of that loss.
+80% of all amphibians are threatened with extinction and will continue to decline.
+And I think many scientists believe that pesticides are a significant part of that decline.
+Amphibians are a better indicator and may be more sensitive because they are not protected from waterborne contaminants such as egg shells, membranes and placenta.
+In fact, one of our greatest inventions, and by "our," when we refer to us mammals, was the placenta.
+But we also start out as aquatic creatures.
+But this ancient structure that separates us from other animals, the placenta, evolves and adapts fast enough because of the speed at which it produces new chemicals never seen before. Turns out it can't be done.
+The evidence is that studies in rats, also with atrazine, have shown that the hormonal imbalance caused by atrazine causes abortion.
+This is because maintaining a pregnancy depends on hormones.
+In non-aborted rats, atrazine causes prostatic disease in offspring, so sons are born with geriatric disease.
+Among non-aborted daughters, atrazine causes breast or mammary dysgenesis in daughters exposed in utero, in which the breasts do not develop properly.
+As a result, as these rats grow, they are unable to produce enough milk to nourish the pups, which slows their growth and development.
+So the puppy you see below is affected by the atrazine that my grandmother exposed.
+And given that many of these chemicals will have lifespans of generations, years, decades, the materials we are putting into the environment today Meant to affect the health of our grandchildren's grandchildren.
+And this is not just philosophical, chemicals like diethylstilbestrol, estrogen, PCBs and DDT can cross the placenta and develop breast cancer, obesity and diabetes already while the baby is in the womb. is already known to effectively determine
+Besides that, another unique invention of us as mammals is to nourish our offspring after they are born.
+We already know that chemicals such as DDT, DES, and atrazine can also pass into milk and affect babies even after they are born.
+PJC: So when Tyrone says the placenta is an ancient organ, I'm wondering how to prove it.
+how do you show that?
+It's interesting to make a movie like this. Because we are stuck trying to visualize the science that cannot be visualized.
+And then you have to take a little bit of an artistic license.
+(video) (ringing) Old man: Placenta control.
+what is that?
+Oh what?
+(snoring) (honking) Puff puff, what?
+Perfluorooctanoic acid.
+Bloomy.
+Never heard of it.
+PJC: And I didn't really know either before I started making this movie.
+So when I learned that chemicals could cross the placenta and enter the fetus, I started thinking, what would my fetus say to me?
+What will our unborn children say to us if we are exposed day after day?
+(music) (video) Child: I drank octiphenol, artificial musk and bisphenol A today.
+help.
+PJC: It's a very deep thought that we women are at the forefront of this issue.
+this is our problem. Because we collect these compounds throughout our lives, we end up discarding them and dumping them in the unborn child.
+We are effectively polluting our children.
+And this is because a year ago I found out I was pregnant, the first scan found my baby had birth defects related to exposure to estrogen-like chemicals in the womb, and the second That's what I really remembered when my scan revealed no heartbeat.
+So the death of my child, the death of my baby, really reminded me of the resonance of what I was trying to create with this film.
+And when the communicator becomes part of the story, it can be a strange place rather than its original intention.
+So when Tyrone talks about a fetus trapped in a contaminated environment, this is my contaminated environment.
+This is my toxic baby.
+It's really deep and sad, but it's amazing how many of us don't actually know this.
+TH: One of the exciting things for me to be here at TEDWomen is when someone said to me at dinner last night. “Turn to the man at the table and tell him:” We are rooting for you when the revolution begins. ’” Actually, ladies, you’ve turned your back on this issue for too long, from Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” to Theo Colborne’s “Our Stolen Future.” . "Living Downstream" and "Having Faith" by Sandra Steingraber.
+And maybe it's our connection to the next generation - like my wife and my beautiful daughter who were here about 13 years ago - maybe that connection is what makes women activists in this particular field. .
+But for the men here, I want to say that it's not just women and children who are at risk.
+Frogs exposed to atrazine have pitted testicles and a hormonal imbalance that causes the tubules to empty and reduce fertility instead of producing sperm as in the testicles here. 50 percent too.
+This is not just my work on amphibians, similar studies have shown perforated testes and the absence of sperm in groups of European fish, South American reptiles, and the absence of sperm in the testicular tubules in rats as well. It is
+Of course, these experiments have not been done in humans, but by pure coincidence, my colleagues have shown that men with low sperm counts and semen quality have significantly higher levels of atrazine in their urine.
+They are just men living in farming communities.
+Men who actually work in agriculture have much higher atrazine concentrations.
+And the urine of men who are actually taking atrazine has even more atrazine, and these men's urine has 24,000 times more activity than we know. reach.
+Of course, most of them, 90 percent, are Mexican or Mexican American.
+And it's not just atrazine that they're exposed to.
+They are exposed to chemicals such as chloropicrin, which was originally used as a nerve agent.
+And many of these workers have a life expectancy of only 50 years.
+As Rachel Carson and others have warned, it should come as no surprise that what happens in the wildlife world is also a warning to us.
+Agricultural runoff from this crop flows into these buckets, as evidenced by this slide from Lake Navgabo, Uganda, which is the village's sole source of drinking, cooking and bathing water.
+Now, if I tell the men in this village that frogs have immune functions and develop eggs in their testes, the relationship between environmental health and public health will become clear.
+You wouldn't drink water if you knew you were having these effects on the wildlife that lives there.
+The problem is that most villages in Auckland, my village, don't see that kind of connection.
+We turn on the faucet and the water comes out, we think it is safe, we think we are the masters of the environment, not part of it.
+PJC: So it doesn't take long to realize that this is actually an environmental issue.
+And I kept thinking about this question over and over again.
+We know a lot about global warming and climate change, but we don't have the concept of what I call internal environmentalism.
+We know what we're putting out there and have a sense of those effects, but when we put something in, or what happens inside our body Totally clueless about the feeling of what happens when it's put in.
+And as we women move forward as communicators of this issue, and at the same time as bearers of the burden of bearing and bearing children, we want you to know that we hold the bulk of our purchasing power. That's what I feel coming here, and that's what drives me here. At home, it means that we will carry forward the work of Tyrone and other scientists around the world.
+And I urge you to remember that when you think about environmental problems, it's not just about melting glaciers and ice sheets, it's about our children too.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+A straw like a whip.
+A powerful, crushing blade.
+A sharp, piercing tube.
+There are about one million known species of insects in the world, and most of them have one of five common mouthparts.
+This is very useful for scientists. Because when you encounter an unfamiliar insect in the wild, you can learn a lot about it just by looking at how it eats.
+A scientific taxonomy or taxonomy is used to organize all living things into seven levels: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
+Characteristics of an insect's mouthparts not only help identify which order the insect belongs to, but also provide clues about how the insect evolved and what it eats.
+Chewing mouthparts are the most common.
+It is also the most primitive, as all other mouthparts are thought to have started in this form before evolving into something else.
+It is characterized by a pair of jaws, called mandibles, with toothed inner rims that chop and crush solid foods such as leaves and other insects.
+This mouthpart is found in ants of the order Hymenoptera, grasshoppers and crickets of the order Orthoptera, dragonflies of the order Olyptera, and beetles of the order Coleoptera.
+The stinging mouthparts consist of a long tubular structure called the beak.
+This beak can pierce the tissues of plants and animals and suck fluids such as tree sap and blood.
+It also produces saliva, which contains digestive enzymes that make food liquid and easier to swallow.
+Hemipteran insects have burrowing and sucking mouthparts and include bedbugs, cicadas, aphids and leafhoppers.
+Sucking mouthparts are a friendly version of stinging and sucking beaks, which also consist of a long tubular structure called a proboscis that acts like a straw for sucking nectar from flowers.
+Lepidopteran butterflies and moths keep their proboscises tightly curled under their heads when not feeding, and spread them when they encounter sweet nectar.
+The spongy mouth has yet another tube, this time ending in two spongy lobes containing many thin tubes called pseudotrachea.
+The pseudotrachea secretes enzyme-laden saliva and absorbs fluids and dissolved food by capillary action.
+The only insects that use this technique are house flies, fruit flies, and other non-biting insects of the order Diptera.
+However, there are pitfalls.
+Biting flies belonging to the order Diptera, such as mosquitoes, horseflies, and deer flies, have mouthparts that pierce and suck, rather than spongy mouthparts.
+And finally, the chewing and lapping mouthparts are a combination of a lower jaw and a proboscis terminating in a tongue-like structure for sucking up nectar.
+In this type of mouthparts, the mandible itself is not actually used for eating.
+For members of the order Hymenoptera, bees and wasps, they serve instead as tools for collecting pollen and shaping wax.
+Of course, there are always exceptions to the rules in nature.
+For example, juvenile stages of some insects have a completely different kind of mouth than adults. Caterpillars devour leaves using chewing mouthparts before transforming into butterflies and moths with sucking mouthparts.
+Still, identifying mouthparts almost always helps scientists—and you—classify insects.
+So why not get out your magnifying glass and take a closer look to see who's nibbling on your garden, biting your arm, or just flying in your ear.
+Each year in the United States alone, 2.077 million couples make the legal and emotional decision to spend the rest of their lives together -- (laughs) and not have sex with anyone else. there is
+ever.
+He buys a ring and she buys a dress.
+They go shopping for all sorts of things.
+She takes him to Arthur Murray for ballroom dancing lessons.
+And then the big day comes.
+And they stand before God and her family and the man her father used to trade with, and they never allow any little thing, not extreme poverty, or life-threatening illness, or perfect and utter misery. I swear. It ruins their eternal love and devotion.
+(Laughter) These optimistic young people, through hot flashes, mid-life crises, and cumulative 50-pound weight gain, respect and cherish each other until the distant day when one of them can finally sleep in peace. I promise.
+(Laughter) Because, you know, I can't hear snoring anymore.
+And they'll get stupid drunk, slam cakes in each other's faces, and play macarena.
+And we're there, showering them with towels and toasters, drinking free liquor, throwing bird seeds at them every time...
+Statistically, half of them will be divorced within 10 years.
+(laughs) Of course the other half isn't, right?
+They'll forget anniversaries, bicker and argue about where to spend their holidays -- (Laughter) about which direction the toilet paper should come off the roll.
+And some still enjoy each other's company even though neither of them can chew solids anymore.
+And researchers want to know why.
+So you don't need a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to figure out why marriages are failing. These include rudeness, boredom, too much time on Facebook, and sex with other people.
+But even with all these polar opposites—respect, excitement, broken internet connections, mind-boggling monogamy—it can still end up as hell in a cage.
+So what's going on when it's not?
+What do the people who reach neighboring burial grounds have in common?
+What can we learn from them?
+And if you're still happily sleeping alone, why should you stop what you're doing and make it your life's work to find that special someone who can haunt you for the rest of your life? do you have?
+Researchers are spending billions of tax dollars trying to figure it out.
+They follow happy couples and study their every move and mannerisms.
+And they try to pinpoint what sets them apart from their wretched neighbors and friends.
+And it turns out that these success stories have some similarities beyond not having sex with other people.
+For example, in the happiest marriages, the wife is thinner and better looking than her husband.
+(Laughter) It's clear. right?
+Clearly, this leads to a happy marriage. Because we care so much about women being skinny and good looking, whereas men focus primarily on sex, ideally with women who are skinnier and better looking than they are. because it emphasizes
+But the great thing about this study is that no one is suggesting that women have to be thin to be happy.
+We must be leaner than our partner.
+So instead of grueling diets and exercise, we can just wait for them to gain weight -- (Laughter) and maybe bake some pies.
+This is good information to know and not too complicated.
+(Laughter) Studies also show that the happiest couples are those who focus on the positive.
+Example: happy wife.
+Instead of pointing out my husband's gut growth or suggesting he go for a run, she might say, "Wow, honey, thanks for going out of your way to make me relatively thin."
+(laughs) A couple who can find a good relationship in any situation.
+"Well, it was a real shock when we lost everything in that fire.
+But it feels good to sleep under the stars.
+And good thing you have a lot of body fat to keep us warm. "
+(Laughter.) One of my favorite studies found that the more a husband does household chores, the more attractive a wife finds him.
+Because I needed research to tell it.
+(Laughter) But what's going on here is,
+The more attractive she finds him, the more they will have sex. The more sex he has, the nicer he gets to her. The nicer he was to her, the less she was picky about him about leaving wet towels on the bed, and eventually the two of them lived much happier.
+In other words, you guys might want to get a notch product in the domestic sector.
+Here's an interesting one.
+One study found that people who smiled in their childhood photos were less likely to get divorced.
+This is a real study, but let me be clear, the researchers did not look at documented self-reports of childhood well-being, nor did they study old journals.
+The data was based entirely on whether people looked happy in these early photos.
+Now, I don't know how old you are, but when I was a kid, my parents took pictures with a special kind of camera with something called "film."
+And yes, film was expensive.
+They didn't just take 300 pictures of you in rapid-fire digital video mode and chose the best, most smiling one for their Christmas card.
+Oh my god
+They dressed you up, got you in line, and you could smile for the camera as you were told, or kiss goodbye to a birthday party.
+Still, I have tons of fake happy childhood photos, and I'm glad I'm less likely to get divorced because of them than others.
+So what else can you do to protect your marriage?
+Don't win an Oscar for Best Actress.
+(laughs) I'm serious.
+Bette Davis, Joan Crawford, Halle Berry, Hilary Swank, Sandra Bullock, Reese Witherspoon--they're all single and just brought home that statue.
+In fact, they call it the Oscar curse.
+It is the marriage kiss of death and one to avoid.
+And it's not just being in the movies and being successful that's dangerous.
+It turns out that just watching a romantic comedy causes a sharp drop in relationship satisfaction.
+(Laughter.) Apparently, the bitter realization that it might happen to us, but clearly it doesn't and probably never, makes our lives feel unbearably dark in comparison. .
+And in theory, if you pick a movie where someone gets brutally murdered or dies in a violent car crash, you're likely to walk out of the theater feeling pretty satisfied.
+(Laughter.) Drinking seems to have a negative effect on marriage.
+yes.
+I stopped reading in the headlines, so I can't say any more about it.
+But the scary part here is that divorce is contagious.
+That's right, if a couple of good friends break up, they're 75 percent more likely to get divorced.
+Now, I must say that this is completely incomprehensible.
+My husband and I have seen quite a few friends split assets and struggle with being single at our age in the age of sexting and Viagra and eharmony.
+And I think they have done more for my marriage than a lifetime of therapy.
+You may be wondering, then, why do people get married?
+The U.S. federal government believes that being someone's spouse has over a thousand legal benefits.
+A list that includes visitation rights in prison, but I hope you never need it.
+But beyond the generous federal perks, married people make more money.
+We are healthier physically and mentally.
+We produce happier, more stable, and more successful children.
+Believe it or not, we have more sex than single friends who are supposedly swinging.
+we will live longer. This is a pretty compelling argument for marrying someone you really like in the first place.
+(Laughter) Now, if you're not feeling the joy of joint tax filing right now, I'm a near-ideal physique and charmer, horror movie fanatic and non-horror movie fanatic, who loves housework. I don't know how to find someone I have many friends who are on the verge of divorce, and as I pointed out, the benefits are great and I encourage you to give it a try.
+The bottom line is that whether you are married or looking for one, I believe marriage is an institution worth pursuing and defending.
+Therefore, I hope that you will use the information I have provided today to weigh your own personal strengths and risk factors.
+For example, in my marriage, I think things are going well.
+On the one hand, I have an annoyingly thin and incredibly handsome husband.
+So obviously we need to fatten him up.
+And, as I said earlier, we may have divorced friends who are secretly or unwittingly trying to separate us.
+So we have to keep an eye on it.
+And we like a cocktail or two.
+On the other hand, I have a fake happy photo.
+Besides, my husband does a lot of housework, so he probably won't be happy to see another romantic comedy in his lifetime.
+But just in case, I'm going to try harder to make sure I don't win an Oscar anytime soon.
+And to improve your relationships, I encourage you to do the same.
+See you at the bar.
+Thank you very much.
+i am a journalist
+My job is to speak to people from all walks of life around the world.
+Today I want to share with you why I decided to do this with my life and what I have learned.
+My story begins in Caracas, Venezuela, South America, where I grew up. For me, it has been and always will be a place full of magic and wonder.
+From an early age, my parents wanted me to have a wider view of the world.
+I remember when I was about seven years old, my father came to me and said, "Mariana, I'm going to send you and your sister...".
+- I was six years old at the time - "...to a place where no one speaks Spanish.
+I want you to experience different cultures. "
+He went on and on about the benefits of spending an entire summer at a summer camp in the United States, emphasizing a little phrase that I didn't really care about at the time: "Nobody knows what the future holds."
+On the other hand, in my 7-year-old mind, I was thinking of going to summer camp in Miami.
+(laughter) It could be better, and we were going to go a little further north, to Orlando, where Mickey Mouse lived.
+(laughs) I was really excited.
+But my father had a slightly different plan.
+From Caracas, he drove us to Brainerd, Minnesota.
+(Laughter) Mickey Mouse wasn't there.
+One of the first things we noticed when we got there was that the other kids had some shades of blonde hair and most had blue eyes.
+We were like this during that time.
+On the first night, the camp director gathered everyone around the campfire and said, "Guys, it's going to be a very international camp this year. The atencios are from Venezuela."
+(Laughter) Other kids were looking at us as if they were from another planet.
+"Do you know what a hamburger is?"
+Or "Do you go to school on a donkey or a canoe?"
+(Laughter) They just laughed when I tried to answer in broken English.
+I know they didn't mean to be mean. They were just trying to figure out who we were, trying to make a correlation with the world they knew.
+We can be like them, we can be characters in adventure-filled books like Aladdin and The Jungle Book.
+We certainly didn't look like them, we didn't speak their language, we were different.
+It hurts when you're 7 years old.
+But I had a younger sister who cried every day at summer camp.
+So I put on a brave face and embraced everything I could about the American way of life.
+After that, we conducted what we called the "Summer Camp Experiment" for eight years in various cities that many Americans had never heard of.
+The most memorable of these moments was when I finally hit it off with someone.
+Making friends was a special reward.
+We all want to feel valued and accepted, and we think it should happen spontaneously, but it doesn't.
+When you are different, you must strive to belong.
+You have to be very kind, smart, funny, and cool to the people you want to hang out with.
+Later, when I was in high school, my dad expanded his summer plans and sent me from Caracas to Wallingford, Connecticut for my senior year of high school.
+This time, I remember fantasizing about the “American high school experience” with lockers on the plane.
+It was supposed to be perfect, like my favorite TV show Saved by the Bell.
+(Laughter) When I got there, I was told that my assigned roommate was looking forward to it.
+I opened the door and saw her sitting on the bed wearing a scarf.
+Her name was Fatima, a Muslim from Bahrain, but she was not the kind of woman I expected.
+I didn't hide it so much that she could sense my disappointment by looking at her.
+As a teenager, I wanted to fit in more, be popular, maybe have a boyfriend for prom, but Fatima felt the shy, strict dress code was just getting in the way. was
+I didn't realize I was making her feel the same way the kids at summer camp made me feel.
+This was the equivalent of asking her in high school, "Do you know what a hamburger is?"
+I was so caught up in my selfishness that I couldn't stand her.
+To be honest, we were only together for a few months because she ended up living with a counselor instead of another student.
+I remember thinking, 'Oh, she'll be fine.
+she's just different "
+You know, when we label someone as “different,” we dehumanize them in a way.
+They become "others."
+They don't deserve our time and they aren't our problem. In fact, they, or “others,” are probably the cause of our problems.
+So how can we recognize our blind spots?
+It starts with understanding what makes you different and accepting those traits.
+Only then will you be able to understand what makes other people special.
+I remember when this shocked me.
+It was several months later.
+I found a boyfriend to go to prom, made a group of friends, and pretty much forgot about Fatima until we all signed up to attend this charity's talent show.
+It was necessary to provide talent for the auction.
+Everyone seemed to have something special.
+Some of the students played the violin, while others read a monologue from a play.
+But I was determined to find something worthwhile.
+The day of the talent show came, I walked up on stage with my little boombox, put it by my side, hit play, and my favorite emerging artist, Shakira, was playing.
+And I said, "Anytime, anywhere, we're going to be together," and I said, "My name is Mariana. I'm going to auction my dance class."
+It is said that the entire school raised its hand to bid.
+My dance class stood out from the 10th violin class that opened that day.
+Back in my dorm room, I didn't feel like anything had changed.
+It felt really special.
+It was then that I began to remember Fatima, whom I had never treated as special when we first met.
+She was from the Middle East, just like Shakira's family was from the Middle East.
+If I had been open to belly dancing, she probably could have taught me something about belly dancing.
+Now, I would like you all to take a look at the stickers that were handed out at the beginning of today's session, on which you wrote your special things.
+If you're watching at home, get a piece of paper and write down what makes you different.
+You might feel alarmed, a little embarrassed, or even proud when you see it.
+But you have to start accepting it.
+Remember, it's the first step in understanding what makes other people special.
+When I returned to my hometown in Venezuela, I began to understand how these experiences changed me.
+Being able to speak different languages ​​and move around different people and places has given me a unique sensibility.
+I'm finally starting to understand the importance of putting yourself in someone else's shoes.
+That's a big reason why I decided to become a journalist.
+Especially since I come from a part of the world that is often labeled as 'backyard', 'illegal', 'third world' and 'other', so I wanted to do something to change that. .
+But that was just around the time the Venezuelan government shut down our country's biggest TV station.
+Censorship tightened and my father came to me again and said, 'How can you be a journalist here?
+you have to get out "
+Then I was shocked.
+That's what he was preparing me for.
+That was the future for me.
+So in 2008, I packed my bags and came to the US without a return ticket.
+At 24, I was acutely aware that I was becoming a kind of refugee, immigrant, or something else. and now forever.
+I got a scholarship to study journalism.
+I remember when I was given my first assignment to cover the historic election of President Barack Obama.
+I was very lucky and felt very hopeful.
+I said, "Yes, this is it.
+I came to a post-racist America where the concept of us and them has been eroded and will probably be eradicated in my lifetime. "
+Boy, was I wrong?
+Why didn't Barack Obama's inauguration reduce racial tensions in our country?
+Why do some people feel threatened by immigrants, LGBTQ, minority groups who are just trying to find a place for us all in this United States?
+There was no answer at the time, but when Donald Trump became president on November 8, 2016, it became clear that a large portion of voters saw them as "others."
+Others see people coming to steal their jobs, and potential terrorists who speak a different language.
+Minority groups, on the other hand, often see hatred, intolerance, and bigotry only the other way around.
+It's like we're trapped in a bubble that no one wants to burst.
+The only way to do that, and the only way out of it, is to understand that being different means thinking differently.
+It takes courage to show respect.
+In the words of Voltaire, "I may not agree with you, but I will fight to the death for your right to say it."
+If you can't see anything good on the other side, dialogue becomes impossible.
+Without dialogue, we can't learn anything new, so we keep repeating the same mistakes.
+I covered the 2016 election for NBC News.
+This was my first big job in this mainstream network that I came across from Spanish TV.
+And I wanted to do something different.
+I watched the election results with my undocumented family.
+Few thought to share the moment with the people who weren't citizens, but who actually lost the most that night.
+When it became clear that Donald Trump had won, this 8-year-old girl named Angelina ran up to me crying.
+She sobbed and asked me if my mother was about to be deported.
+I hugged her back and said, "I'm fine," but I really didn't understand.
+This is a picture I took that night that will forever be etched in my mind.
+This was a little girl about my age when I went to Brainard's camp.
+She already knows that she is "the other one".
+Every day she comes home from school in fear that her mother might be taken away.
+So how do you put yourself in Angelina's shoes?
+How can I make her understand that she is special and not just unworthy of being with her family?
+By giving her and her family like her camera time, she tried to get people to see them as human beings and not just "illegal immigrants."
+Yes, they broke the law and have to be fined for it, but like so many immigrants before them, they have given their all for this country. .
+I have already told you how my path to personal growth began.
+Lastly, I would like to tell you about the worst step I have ever encountered and it shook me to the core.
+On that day, April 10, 2014, I was driving to the studio when my parents called me.
+"Are you on the air?" they asked.
+I knew immediately that something was wrong.
+"What's wrong?" I said.
+"This is your sister, she was in a car accident."
+It was as if my heart had stopped.
+My hand was on the steering wheel and I remember hearing the words, "She'll never walk again."
+It is said that life can change in an instant.
+Mine was at that moment.
+My sister, my successful half, who was only a year older, lost the ability to move her legs, sit, and dress on her own.
+This was nothing like a summer camp that could magically get better.
+This was terrifying.
+My sister had 15 surgeries in two years, most of them in a wheelchair.
+But it wasn't the worst.
+At my worst, it still hurts so badly that it's hard to put into words.
+It changed the way people viewed her, the way people viewed us.
+People didn't get to see successful lawyers or millennials with sharp wit and kind hearts.
+I noticed that everywhere I went, people only saw a poor girl in a wheelchair.
+They couldn't see more.
+After fighting like a warrior, thankfully today my sister can walk and I can say that she has recovered better than anyone expected.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+But in that traumatic ordeal, I learned that there are differences that are simply uncomfortable, and it is hard to see the positive in them.
+My sister's condition is not getting better because of what happened.
+But she told me: "Don't define yourself by your differences."
+Being able to rethink yourself beyond what others see is the most difficult task of all, but also the most beautiful.
+As you know, we are all born into this world with a physical body.
+People with physical or neurological difficulties, environmentally affected communities, immigrants, boys, girls, boys who want to cross-dress, girls wearing veils, women who have been sexually assaulted, kneeling as a sign of protest. Bend Athlete, Black, White, Asian, Native American, Sister, You, or Me.
+We all want what everyone else wants: dreams and achievements.
+But sometimes society tells us, and to ourselves, that we are unconventional.
+Well, if you look at my story from being born in a different place, to belly dancing in high school, to telling stories that you don't usually see on TV, what makes me different is that I stand out and succeed. It means that you have received it.
+I have traveled the world and talked to people from all walks of life.
+do you know what i learned?
+What we all have in common is that we are human.
+So stand up to protect your race, humanity.
+Let's appeal it.
+Be a humanist first and foremost.
+Finally, I want you to receive a sticker or piece of paper with your character on it, and celebrate it every day today and shout it out from the rooftops.
+It is also recommended to ask with interest, "What is written on other people's papers?"
+"What's the difference?"
+Celebrate the imperfections that make us special.
+I hope you've learned that no one can argue about the word "normal."
+we are all different.
+We are all quirky and unique, and that's what makes us great people.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+More welcome! Hello San Francisco!
+TEDx – What a dazzling light!
+hello everyone! how are you?
+(audience cheers) Are you sure? Oh my God! and...
+My name is Mel Robbins. For the past 17 years, I've done nothing but help people get everything they want.
+Within the bounds of common sense! my husband is here
+So I've done it in courtrooms, in boardrooms, in bedrooms, in people's living rooms, in any room you want, if I'm there, I'll use any means you need to help you get what you want.
+For the past three years, I have hosted a syndicated radio show.
+Five days a week, I live in 40 cities and talk to men and women who feel stuck across the country.
+Did you know that one-third of Americans are dissatisfied with their lives right now?
+That's 100 million people!
+It's insane!
+And I've faced it with this new show I'm doing, which is also insane, it's called "In-laws."
+I move with my family across the US – (Laughter) You guessed it.
+– People who are at war with their parents-in-law.
+Move them into the same house, verbally assassinate everyone, open a Pandora's box, and get people to stop arguing about donuts and Thanksgiving dinner hosts and talk about the real deal.
+That's what I want to tell you.
+I'm here for you
+In 18 minutes, I'll tell you everything I know about how to get what you want.
+So I want you to take a millisecond right now and think about what you want.
+you!
+And I want you to be selfish.
+Not Simon and 'us'. This is me now!
+(Laughter) (Applause) I'm sorry, Simon.
+what do you want? And this is the contract.
+I don't want to make a good impression on others.
+You don't need to ride a treadmill if you're healthy.
+Losing my man's chest so I can connect with someone is my motivation right now. (Laughter) So I ask, what do you want?
+want to lose weight? Want to triple your income?
+Want to start a nonprofit? Want to find love?
+what is that? Ok, here we are.
+I know what it is, but don't analyze it thoroughly, just pick something.
+That's part of the problem. you won't choose
+So let's talk about how to get what you want.
+And frankly, getting what you want is easy.
+But please note I'm not saying it's easy.
+It's very simple.
+In fact, come to think of it, we live in the most wonderful moment.
+Here's what it is, whatever it is: I want to cure my diabetes with a healthy diet, I want to find a way to care for the elderly and start a new hospice center, I want to move to Africa and I want to build a school... see. deaf?
+Let's go to the bookstore now! – and buy at least 10 books written by qualified professionals on how to do it.
+How about looking it up on Google?
+And maybe, at least, I don't know, you'll find a thousand blogs documenting the transformation that someone else has already done.
+You can find and netstalk anyone online.
+(Laughter) You can follow in their footsteps. Just use the science of drafting.
+Someone else has already done it, so follow what others have done.
+You have all the information you need, the connections you need, start a business, join a group, or what the heck?
+It all boils down to one word: F*©#.
+Please close the front door, do you know what I mean?
+F-bomb. It's everywhere!
+I hear you all the time!
+To be honest, I don't understand the appeal of this word.
+I mean, it doesn't sound smart when you say it.
+And it's not an expression of my true feelings.
+It's kind of a cheesy shot.
+And of course you know I'm talking about the word "okay".
+"How are you?" "Oh, I'm fine."
+oh really? you?
+Are you okay while dragging an extra 40 pounds?
+I feel like my spouse and roommate, is that okay?
+I haven't had sex in 4 months, is that okay?
+TRUE? !
+i don't think so!
+But hey, here's how to deal with saying you're okay. It's actually genius.
+Because if you're fine, you don't have to do anything.
+But the thought of this word "okay" makes me so angry.
+We are at a conference about being alive, are you going to describe the experience of being alive as "wonderful"?!
+What flimsy and feeble words!
+If it's bullshit, say it's bullshit!
+If it's amazing, say it's amazing!
+Tell the truth!
+And this is like, "Oh, I don't want to burden you with the fact that I hate my life" or "Hey, I'm great! But that would make you feel terrible." It applies only to social structures.
+The Bigger Problem – The bigger problem with “fines” is telling yourself it.
+I assure you that what you want is telling yourself it's okay if you don't have it.
+That's why I don't overdo it.
+It is the area in your life that you have given up.
+If you say, "Oh, I'm fine. I can't have that conversation because my mother is never going to change."
+"It's okay. We have to wait until the kids graduate before we get divorced. So we just sleep in separate bedrooms."
+"I'm fine. I've lost my job and can barely pay my bills, but whatever it is, it's hard to find a job."
+One of the reasons this term irritates me so much is that scientists have calculated – oh yeah, I'm coming down!
+That is correct. they calculated the numbers. I see you up there.
+They've been slamming you with a lot of numbers – yes you guys are standing, but this is where you want to sit.
+They calculated the number when you were born.
+And they factored in all wars, natural disasters, dinosaurs, and everything else.
+And you, that potential, your potential, yes, here it is, put away your computer and stand up for me, Doug! , is the probability of saying hello to everyone, i.e. the probability of being born with the DNA structure you have to your birth parents at the moment Doug is born. , 1 in 400 trillion!
+Isn't that amazing? Doug: You're so lucky!
+Mel: Yes! It's okay, you're great!
+There's a reason you have life-changing ideas. It's not to hurt yourself.
+thank you. Thank you Doug. (Applause.) Christine was right when she said you could all be on stage.
+Because you all belong to this category.
+1 in 400 trillion.
+All day long you think of ideas that might change your life, change the world, change how you feel, and what do you do with it? none!
+(grunts) I hope I don't corner you. (Laughter) You didn't pay for it. (Laughter.) And just think about it, I like to use the "inner snooze button" metaphor because I have a great idea that just pops up.
+You watch people all day, but like a ping-pong ball, bang bang bang, what do you do every time you have an idea? – Snooze!
+What was the first decision you made this morning?
+It must have been to go back to bed.
+"Yes, today's first decision, I'm 1 in 400 trillion, I'm going to bed."
+And I got it! Your bed is comfortable! Cozy and warm!
+If you're lucky, you might have a loved one next to you. In my case, I have a husband, two children, and possibly a dog.
+And the reason I bring up this first decision you made today, and your inner snooze alarm, is because in any area of ​​your life you're looking to change, there's one fact you need to know. .
+This will never feel like that.
+ever.
+No one comes, no motivation, no motivation.
+Scientists call it activation energy.
+It's what you call the power you need to change what you're doing on autopilot to do something new.
+So try this test tomorrow.
+You think you're so fashionable, I know, you're at TED.
+(Laughs) Try this.
+Please set your alarm 30 minutes earlier tomorrow morning.
+And when the fire is out, grab your sheets, strip it down, get up and start your day.
+No snooze, no delay, no, "Mel's not standing here, just wait 5 seconds here" – do it.
+And the reason I want you to do that is because you're going to be facing something physical, the physical force you need to change your behavior.
+Do you think people who have to lose weight sometimes want to go on a diet?
+of course not!
+Would they ever want boiled chicken and peas instead of croissants?
+i don't think so!
+The activation energy it takes to step off your computer, out the front door, and go for a walk is exactly the same amount of force you need to push yourself. From a warm bed to a cold room.
+The interesting thing about being an adult is that when you turn 18, no one says it's your job to raise your parents from now on.
+And by "cultivating yourself" I mean that it's your job to make yourself do things you don't want to do so that you can be everything you were meant to be. .
+And you are so busy waiting to be in that mood.
+And you never intend to!
+My son doesn't want to leave DS. That's my job!
+Get away from the fucking DS!
+Kendall, put away the Barbie dolls!
+If you're going to have a nude party in my bathroom, at least clean it up!
+(laughs) God, please close your mouth and chew! We are not a crying barn!
+All right, dinner, get out of the pantry.
+As a parent, and when you were a kid, your parents make you do things you don't want to do.
+Because you don't. ever.
+Now, then, and from now on!
+And even if something goes well, you'll come up with something else you don't want to do.
+And then you get stagnant and bored, and you're like, "I hate this job. Well, it's boring."
+But are you looking for something new? no! You just whine about it.
+Getting what you want is very, very easy.
+But it's not easy.
+You have to force yourself.
+And I mean power.
+And the reason I use the word "power" is when Roz was here and we were talking about emotion tracking and she had pictures of both sides of the brain, but I don't see the brain exactly the same. I'm watching it.
+I'm the only one who describes one side of your brain as the autopilot and the other as the emergency brake.
+The only two speeds available are autopilot and emergency braking.
+And guess which one your brain prefers on autopilot.
+You've probably driven to work, and when you got there, you were like, "Oh my God, I don't remember driving here."
+(laughs) I wasn't drunk! It was your brain on autopilot.
+It was working just at this level.
+And the problem with your mind is that every time you do something out of your usual routine, your brain guesses what it's doing and hits the emergency brakes.
+And it has its reaction to everything. All!
+When you enter the kitchen, you can see everyone laying out the breakfast dishes.
+And for the 100th time you think, "I'm going to kill them.
+In fact, I'm going to leave it here and let them do it. "
+But that's not your normal routine, is it?
+So your mind goes "Emergency brake!"
+And immediately go into autopilot.
+"If I just load up and get pissed off, I don't have sex.
+That's what I'm trying to do." (Laughter) (Applause) So when I say "compulsion," I mean any break from the routine requires compulsion.
+And when I think about my life, it's kind of funny. Because we are children and then we become adults. And we spend so much time trying to force our lives into some kind of steady routine, and then we get bored.
+Wake up at the same time every day, eat about the same breakfast, drive to work the same way, go to work the same way, look busy, avoid making phone calls, update Facebook, attend meetings, doodle all the time. Then go back and update Facebook, make plans for the night, look a little bit busier, drive home the same way, eat about the same dinner or something of that kind, watch the same kind of media, and go to the next place. going to. Go to bed and do the same thing again!
+No wonder you are sorely bored.
+It's the routine that kills you.
+I have the following theories about why people get stuck in life.
+So most of you have probably taken a Basic Psychology 101 class and encountered Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
+Hmm, the body is kind of cool. Because you have these basic needs.
+And your body is wired to send signals.
+How would you feel if you needed food?
+How do you feel when you need water?
+If sex is necessary, what do you think? (laughs) Thank you.
+I think it's a sign when you feel stuck or dissatisfied with your life.
+And it's not a sign that your life is falling apart.
+It shows that one of our most basic needs is not being met.
+need for exploration.
+Everything in your life, your body grows!
+Your cells regenerate and your hair, nails, and everything grows throughout your life.
+And your soul needs exploration and growth.
+And the only way to get it is to make yourself feel uncomfortable.
+Get out of your head and force yourself to go out. thank you.
+If you're in the head, you're behind enemy lines.
+That's not what God is talking about, okay? it's not!
+In fact, if I put up speakers and broadcast what you say to yourself, we would institutionalize you. (Laughter) I wouldn't hang out with people talking to themselves.
+So get out of your head!
+your feelings! Your emotions ruin you!
+I don't care how you feel! I wonder what you want!
+And even if you listen to what you want and how you feel, you won't get it.
+Because you will never feel like it.
+And you have to step outside your comfort zone.
+It's not about taking risks, it's about stepping out of your comfort zone.
+The first three seconds of getting out of bed will take your breath away.
+But when you get up, it's great.
+When you're sitting in a stadium like this and someone says, 'Get up and come dance,' for the first three seconds, you're like, 'Oh, you have to do that,' and then you're like, 'Hmm. "
+The experience of the emergency brake being pulled when you had the urge to do it but didn't perform the activation energy needed to force yourself – "I'm sitting here.
+I don't want to hang out with those crazy people, I don't like dancing..."
+What happened to me was I walked up, bumped into Rachel, and then started talking. And then she found herself tweeting.
+and we are friends. And don! Please go outside.
+That's the magic.
+1 in 400 trillion exists there.
+So all I do is – oh ok, this is the last part. sorry.
+So there's one more thing that I call the 5 second rule.
+Your mind can process facial expressions in 33 milliseconds.
+You can move pretty quickly.
+Another is that it runs very quickly. If you have a small urge to pull yourself together, if you don't turn it into action within five seconds, you'll hit the emergency brake and kill the idea.
+kill it!
+If you get the urge to get up and go dancing while the band is playing, you'll pull the emergency brake if you don't get up in five seconds.
+If you have an impulse, get inspired by someone's speech today, and don't take action within five seconds, write a note, text yourself, etc. If you don't do something, you'll pull the emergency brake. and kill the idea.
+Your problem is not an idea. Your problem is that you don't act on them.
+you kill them It's not my fault. It's no one's fault.
+you are doing it to yourself. Stop!
+I am relying on you. 1 in 400 trillion.
+I have work to do!
+And it doesn't happen in your head.
+So I want you to put this into practice today.
+When it's time to go to a party, thankfully it's almost here. I think we can all have cocktails, so please follow the 5 second rule.
+Do you look at someone and feel the urge, do they look interesting? walk there!
+Do you have any requests for inspiration from someone?
+success!
+That's why you are here!
+Give it a try and I think you'll be amazed at what happens.
+And I want you to know that everything I do, whether it's a radio show, a TV show, a book I've written, or a column, is for you. is.
+And if there's anything I can do, let you do what you don't want to do and get what you want, I will.
+But you have to walk in, open your mouth and make a request.
+I got it? good. Try it.
+(Applause.) Thank you! Thank you, yes! stand up!
+If you have the urge, stand up! thank you!
+You probably don't realize it now, but you're actually seeing something very unusual.
+Because I'm a millennial computer scientist on stage at TEDx and a book author, but I've never had a social media account.
+How this happened was actually somewhat random.
+My first interest in social media was during my sophomore year of college. It was at this time that Facebook appeared on campus.
+At the time, it was right after the initial dot-com collapse. I had a dorm room business and had to close it due to bankruptcy and suddenly another boy from Harvard named Mark did this . The product Facebook and the people who are excited about it.
+So I was like, in a sort of bout of immature professional jealousy, "I'm not going to use this.
+I will not help this child with his work. it will be anything. "
+As I went through life, I quickly looked up and saw that everyone I knew was obsessed with this.
+And I realized that this seemed a bit dangerous, given the clarity that comes with a certain degree of objectivity and perspective.
+So I never signed up.
+I have no social media accounts since.
+I am here for two reasons. I would like to send you two messages.
+My first message is that if you've never had a social media account, don't worry.
+Turns out I still have friends and still know what's going on in the world. As a computer scientist, I still work with people all over the world, stumble upon interesting ideas on a regular basis, and rarely say I have no entertainment options.
+So, I'm fine, but I think I've gone further and not only been fine without social media, I've actually gotten better.
+I think I'm happier because I don't use social media. I feel sustainable in my life. I also think I am more successful professionally.
+So my second goal on stage is to convince more people to believe the same.
+Let's see if you can actually convince more people to quit social media too.
+So if the theme of this TEDx event is "Future Tense," in other words, this is my vision of the future, one where fewer people actually use social media.
+That's a big claim, I think it needs to be backed up.
+So I thought I'd take three common objections I hear when suggesting people quit social media, try to defuse the hype about each objection, and see if it actually works. . Let's push reality a little more.
+This is the first and most common objection I hear.
+It's not a hermit, it's actually an 8th Avenue hipster web developer. don't know.
+Hipster or hermit? Sometimes it's hard to tell.
+This first rebuttal goes like this: “Ladies and gentlemen, social media is one of the foundational technologies of the 21st century.
+Rejecting social media would be an extreme [bloody] act.
+It would be like commuting on horseback or using a mobile phone.
+I can't take that big a stance in my life. "
+My reaction to the contrary is that I think it's nonsense.
+Social media is not foundational technology.
+It leverages some basic technology, but a good way to understand it is this:
+So it is an entertainment source and an entertainment product.
+Technologist Jaron Lanier describes these companies as offering shiny rewards that they can package and sell in exchange for a few minutes of your attention and some of your personal data. increase.
+So saying you don't use social media shouldn't be a big social stance, you're just denying one form of entertainment for others.
+Nothing is more controversial than saying, "I don't like newspapers. I like to get my news from magazines" or "I prefer watching cable series, not network television series."
+Not using this product is not a major political or social stance.
+It's no coincidence that I used slot machine images here. Because if you look a little closer at these technologies, you'll find that they're not just sources of entertainment, but rather nasty sources of entertainment.
+Many of the major social media companies employ people called Attention Engineers, who borrow principles specifically from Las Vegas casino gambling to try and make these products as addictive as possible. I already know.
+This is the preferred use case for these products. In other words, using it in an addictive way maximizes the benefits you can derive from your attention and data.
+So it's not the underlying technology, it's just a source of entertainment, one of many, and if you look a little closer, it's somewhat jarring.
+This is the second objection I often hear when suggesting people quit social media.
+The objection goes like this: "Cal, I can't quit social media because it's essential to my success in the 21st century economy.
+If I don't have a well nurtured social media brand, people don't know who I am, people can't find me, opportunities don't come my way, I'm effectively out of the business world. It will disappear. "
+My reaction is, once again, that this objection is also nonsense.
+I recently published this book, in which I show several people that in the competitive 21st century economy, what markets value is the ability to produce rare and valuable things. claims based on different evidence.
+If you produce something rare and valuable, the market will appreciate it.
+What the market ignores is mostly activities that are easily reproducible and generate small amounts of value.
+Well, social media use is the epitome of easily replicated activity that doesn't generate much value. Any 6-year-old with a smartphone can do it.
+By definition, the market does not attach much value to these actions.
+Rather, it will reward the deep and focused work required to build authentic skill and apply that skill like a craftsman to create something rare and valuable.
+In other words, if you could write an elegant algorithm, if you could write a legal brief that could change a case, if you could write a thousand words of prose that would keep you glued to the end. If you can dig through a sea of ​​obscure data and apply statistics to derive insights that can change your business strategy, then you can do this type of activity that requires meticulous work and produce rare and valuable results. If you can create it, people will notice. you.
+Create your own ticket and lay the foundation for a meaningful and successful professional life, no matter how many Instagram followers you have.
+This is the third objection I hear when I suggest people quit social media. In a way, I think it might be one of the most important things.
+This objection goes like this: “Cal, maybe I agree, but maybe you're right. This is not basic technology.
+Perhaps social media use is not at the core of my professional success.
+But did you know?
+It's harmless, I enjoy it - it's weird: Twitter is funny - I don't use it much, I'm a first adopter, it's kind of interesting to try it stuff, and maybe I'm missing something if I don't use it.
+what's the harm? "
+Once again, in retrospect I say, this opposite is also nonsense.
+In this case, I think what is being missed is a very important reality that we need to speak more openly about. It is that social media is causing multiple, well-documented and significant harms.
+We actually have to face these harms head-on when trying to decide whether to embrace this technology and bring it into our lives.
+One of the ills of this technology has to do with your professional success.
+I argued earlier that the ability to focus, to produce rare and valuable things, and to hone the skills the market appreciates, is what will be important in our economy.
+But just before that, I argued that social media tools were designed to be addictive.
+The practically designed and preferred use case of these tools is to fragment attention as much as possible during waking hours. These tools are designed that way.
+When we spend most of the day in a state of fragmented attention, when we spend most of the day just looking or just checking, with our attention scattered. , "Look at Instagram now" - this can permanently reduce your concentration.
+In other words, it could permanently diminish the ability to do just the kind of deep effort that is increasingly needed in an increasingly competitive economy.
+So social media use is not harmless and can actually have a significant negative impact on your ability to thrive in the economy.
+I am particularly concerned about this when I look at the younger generation, who are most saturated with this technology.
+Losing your ability to stay focused will make you less and less relevant to this economy.
+The psychological harm that social media poses is also well documented and needs to be addressed by us.
+Research literature shows that the more you use social media, the more likely you are to feel lonely and isolated.
+We know that constantly seeing carefully curated, positive portrayals of our friends' lives can make us feel inadequate and increase our rates of depression.
+And what I think we will learn more about in the near future is that there is a fundamental difference between how our brain works and this behavior of being exposed to intermittent rewarding stimuli throughout our waking hours. there is a discrepancy.
+It's a different thing than spending two hours at a slot machine in Las Vegas, but if we were to bring it in and pull its handle all day from the time we wake up until the time we go to sleep, we wouldn't be. I wired from there.
+It short-circuits the brain, and we're starting to see it have real cognitive effects, one of which is this kind of pervasive background anxiety noise.
+The coal mine canary in this issue is actually a college campus.
+Speaking to mental health professionals on college campuses, they said anxiety-related disorders had exploded on campus due to the widespread use of smartphones and social media among students on campus. prize.
+It's the canary in the coal mine.
+This kind of behavior is inconsistent with your brain wiring and can make you feel miserable.
+So there are real costs to using social media. In other words, "it's harmless" isn't enough when deciding "should I use this?"
+In practice, we need to identify very positive and definite benefits that outweigh these potential, not entirely insignificant harms.
+People often ask me, "Okay, but what would life be like without social media?"
+It might be a little scary when you actually think about it.
+According to those who have gone through this process, it can be a difficult few weeks.
+It's actually like a real detox process.
+You may feel uncomfortable for the first two weeks. You may feel a little uneasy or feel like you have lost a limb.
+But things calmed down after that, and life after social media can actually be very positive.
+There are two things I can report from the world without social media.
+First, it can be very productive.
+I am a professor at a research institute and have written 5 books. I rarely work past 5pm on weekdays.
+One of the ways I try to do that is because if we treat our attention with respect, it turns out that our attention isn't fragmented. You can stay focused, and when it's time to work, you can focus on one task after another, and focus can be traded for time.
+It's amazing how much you can accomplish in eight hours a day if you can focus on one thing at a time.
+Another thing I can report from life without social media is that things are very peaceful outside of work.
+I often joke that it would have been so much easier to be a farmer in the 1930s. Because if you look at my spare time, I read newspapers while the sun is up. I listen to baseball on the radio. To be honest, at night I sit in a leather chair and read a hardcover book after the kids have gone to bed.
+It sounds dated, but they were on to something at the time.
+This is a restorative and gentle way to actually spend time outside of work.
+No constant noise of stimulation and the background noise of anxiety that comes with it.
+So life without social media isn't so bad either.
+Putting these threads together, you get my full argument that not everyone, but far more people than we are now, should be using social media.
+That's because, in summary, you can first drop your main concern that it's the underlying technology you have to use.
+Nonsense: It's a slot machine inside your phone.
+You can throw away the idea that you can't get a job without it.
+Nonsense. Everything a 6-year-old with a smartphone can do is not rewarded by the market.
+And I emphasized that there is real harm in that.
+So it's not just harmless.
+For this trade-off to be worth it, it must actually provide significant benefits.
+Finally, I realized that life without social media really has a positive side.
+So when many of you actually go through this same calculation, I hope you at least consider the point of view I'm presenting. In other words, more people would have a better life without it. technology.
+Some may disagree, and others may offer scathing but accurate criticism of me and my arguments. Of course, I welcome all negative feedback.
+Please direct your comments to Twitter.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi guys.
+I'm Sam and I just turned 17.
+A few years ago, before my freshman year in high school, I wanted to play snare drum in the Foxboro High School Marching Band. And it was a dream I had to fulfill.
+But the snare drum and harness weigh about 40 pounds each and I have a disease called Progeria.
+For reference, I only weigh about 50 pounds.
+So, logistically, I couldn't carry a normal sized snare drum. So the band's director assigned me to play pit percussion during the halftime show.
+Pit percussion was fun now.
+It included some very cool auxiliary percussion instruments like bongos, timpani, timbales and cowbells.
+It was fun, but there was no marching or anything, and I was so devastated.
+But nothing stopped him from playing the snare drum with the marching band at the halftime show.
+So my family and I worked with an engineer to design a snare drum harness that is lighter and easier to carry.
+So, as a result of continuous work, we have created a snare drum device that weighs only about 6 pounds.
+(Applause.) I want to talk a little bit more about Progeria.
+Currently, only about 350 children are affected worldwide.
+Therefore, it is fairly rare, and the effects of Progeria include stiff skin, lack of weight gain, stunted growth, and heart disease.
+Last year, my mother and her team of scientists published the first successful Progeria treatment study. That got me interviewed by NPR and John Hamilton asked me a question. "What is the most important thing people should know about you?"
+And my answer was simply that I live a very happy life.
+(Applause.) So there are many obstacles in my life, many of which are caused by progeria, and I don't want people to think badly of me.
+I don't think about these obstacles all the time and I can overcome most of them anyway.
+So I am here today to share my philosophy for a happy life.
+So for me there are three sides to this philosophy.
+This is a famous quote by Ferris Buehler.
+The first aspect of my philosophy is that there are so many things I can do that I eventually allow what I can't do.
+Now people sometimes ask me questions like, "Isn't it hard to live with Progeria?" or "What daily challenges do you face with Progeria?"
+And even though I have Progeria, I want to say that most of my time is spent thinking about things that have absolutely nothing to do with Progeria.
+This does not mean ignoring the negative aspects of these disorders.
+When I can't do things like run long distances or ride intense roller coasters, I know what I'm missing.
+But instead, I decided to focus on what I could do through my passion, whether it was scouting, music, cartoons, or my favorite sports team in Boston.
+Well, yeah -- (Laughter) But sometimes you have to tweak things and find alternatives, so I like to put those in the "can do" category.
+It's like what you saw earlier on the drums.
+Here's a clip of me playing Spider-Man with the Foxboro High School Marching Band at halftime a few years ago.
+(Video) ♫ Spider-Man theme song ♫ (Applause) Thank you.
+Okay, okay, so -- it was so cool that I was able to fulfill my dream of playing snare drum in a marching band. I believe I can do it for all my dreams.
+With this outlook, I hope you too can achieve your dreams.
+The next aspect of my philosophy is to surround yourself with people you want to be with, quality people.
+I am very lucky to have a wonderful family who have always supported me throughout my life.
+And I am really lucky to have really good friends at school.
+Now, even though we're a bit goofy and many of us are band geeks, we really enjoy hanging out with each other and help each other out when needed.
+We see each other as we are inside.
+So this is a bit of a joke.
+This means that we are now in our senior year of high school and are now able to mentor younger band members as a single collective unit.
+What I love about being in a group like the band is that the music we make together is true and authentic and it replaces Progeria.
+So when you really enjoy making music, you don't have to worry about that.
+But even though I've made a documentary and made a few TV appearances, I feel at my best when I'm with the people that surround me every day.
+They have a really positive impact on my life. I hope I can make a positive impact in their lives too.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+So the point here is love your family, your friends, love you guys, love your brothers, acknowledge your mentors and your community. They are possible because these are very real aspects of everyday life. A really important and positive impact.
+The third aspect of the philosophy is "keep moving forward".
+This is one of my favorite quotes from a man named Walt Disney that you may know.
+I always try to look forward to something.
+What you should do to make your life richer.
+It doesn't have to be big.
+Whether it's looking forward to the next comic book release, going on a big family vacation, hanging out with friends, or going to the next high school football game.
+But all these things keep me focused and confident that there is a bright future ahead, and may help me get through some of the tough times I may face.
+Now, this mindset involves maintaining a positive thought state.
+I try not to waste my energy feeling bad about myself. Doing so creates a paradox in which there is no room for happiness or any other emotion.
+Now, I am not ignoring you when I am not feeling well. You accept and tolerate when you feel bad, so you acknowledge it and do what it takes to get over it.
+When I was young, I wanted to be an engineer.
+I wanted to be an inventor who would lead the world to a better future.
+Perhaps this comes from my love for Lego and the freedom of expression I felt while building with Lego.
+And this comes from my family and my mentors who always make me feel complete and good about myself.
+Today my ambitions have changed a bit. I would like to pursue a career in biology, such as biology, cell biology, genetics, or biochemistry.
+This is my friend and esteemed NIH Director Francis Collins. And this is chatting with us at TEDMED last year.
+I believe that whatever I choose to be, I can change the world.
+And I will be happy because I am striving to change the world.
+About four years ago, HBO started shooting a documentary about my family and me called A Life by Sam.
+It was a great experience, but that was four years ago.
+And like everyone else, my perspective on many things has changed and hopefully matured, as have my potential career choices.
+But there are some things that haven't changed in all that time.
+Like my mentality and life philosophy.
+So I'd like to show you a clip of me as a young man in a movie that I think embodies that philosophy.
+(Video) Genetic details.
+So it's not embodied now.
+It used to be like this was holding me back from everything, causing my other kids to die and stressing everyone out, but now it's an abnormal protein that weakens the structure of cells.
+So now that I don't have to think of Progeria as an entity, my burden has been lightened.
+ok, pretty good right?
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+As you can see, I've been thinking this way for years.
+But until last January, I've never had to apply all these aspects of my philosophy to a test at once.
+I was pretty sick, had a chest cold and was in the hospital for a few days. And I was isolated from every aspect of life that I felt made me who I am. I felt it gave me my identity.
+But I knew it was going to get better, and I was looking forward to when I felt good again, so I was able to keep going.
+Sometimes you have to be brave, and it hasn't always been easy.
+Sometimes I felt lost and had bad days, but I realized that being brave is not easy.
+And for me, I feel it's an important way to keep moving forward.
+So, all in all, I don't waste energy feeling bad for myself.
+Surround yourself with people you want to be with and move forward.
+With this philosophy, I hope that everyone can live a happy life even if they have a disability.
+Oh wait, one more piece of advice – (laughter) never go to a party if you can.
+My school's homecoming dance is tomorrow night, so I'll be there.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+You are bold, smart, and beautiful.
+There is no other woman like you.
+you are capable
+Back fat, I can see it popping out of my bra today, but it's okay.
+I'm going to choose to love you
+And thick thighs, so sexy, I can't stop rubbing.
+(laughs) It's okay. I'm going to keep you
+And cellulite, I haven't forgotten about you.
+I would choose to love you even if you wanted to take over my entire lower body, but you are a part of me.
+I love you.
+Honestly, it's true.
+Once I realized that I wasn't going to fit into the narrow mold that society tried to fit me into, I felt free.
+I was never perfect in this industry that defines perfection from outside to inside.
+that's ok.
+Rolls, curves, cellulite, it's all there.
+I love every part of myself
+My name is Ashley Graham and I am a model and body activist.
+Over the past 15 years, I have come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as a perfect body.
+Because, just like you, I have an amazingly unique and diverse body type.
+Now, while the fashion industry may continue to label me as "plus size," I like to think of it as "my size."
+In fact, did you know that the plus size fashion industry actually starts at a US size 8?
+Up to US size 16.
+Basically what I'm trying to say is that most of this room is now considered plus size.
+How does it feel to be labeled?
+In 2015, I feel like we need to move beyond the plus-size model paradigm and start thinking about what being a model really means.
+My journey begins in Lincoln, Nebraska.
+I was scouted at a mall at age 12.
+At 13, I was signed to a major modeling agency and traveling the world.
+I shoot large campaigns and have been to multiple countries before graduating from high school.
+At 17 I graduated and moved to New York. Most kids go through their self-discovery phase in college, but my self-discovery phase was in the midst of catwalks, catalogs, and casting calls.
+I worked as a full time plus size model.
+Back in Nebraska, I was known as the "Fat Model."
+A pretty girl for a big girl.
+I always hated answering the question, "What do you do for a living?"
+"I'm a model!" I answered, raising his eyebrows.
+You have to quickly decide, "Well, I'm a plus-size model."
+In fact, this is my first article for YM magazine.
+And you read it right, "cantaloupe - big breasts."
+When I was 15, I was helping women across America dress up their big breasts.
+But do you know what someone in middle school pointed out to me first?
+It was the fold above my knee.
+Those fat folds above your knees.
+As a young model, my confidence was tugged and tugged in all directions.
+I struggled to find real confidence.
+When I got home and looked in front of the mirror, I hated only what I saw.
+And in order to fill the void within me, I began to give in to all the vices thrown at me.
+Between parties, men, and alcohol, I was looking for self-love and affirmation from others, but I didn't actually love myself for who I was and had trouble controlling my weight. It seemed
+I began to face my insecurities head-on.
+Instead, I filled my life with temporary solutions.
+Like many young women, I have struggled to love myself for who I am.
+And for Dove's global report on beauty perceptions, we actually surveyed thousands of women in 10 countries.
+And do you know what the most shocking result was?
+Only 2% of women consider themselves beautiful.
+2%！
+We need to work together to redefine our global vision of beauty.
+And it starts with being your own role model.
+As a curvy woman, my assumption that I should look up to Marilyn Monroe and Jennifer Lopez was largely because they were two of the most remarkable curvaceous women out there, and their curves were admired. bottom.
+But these weren't my role models.
+In fact, the woman I admired the most was my mother.
+She told me I was beautiful and never put herself down.
+So why?
+She taught me that true beauty must come from within, as well as legitimacy and self-worth.
+When I was in the depths of my anxiety, I realized that I had to reclaim my body and its image.
+Plus-size fashion is an $18 billion industry.
+And now IMG, the world's #1 modeling agency, has signed me and other models not defined by size.
+My body, like my self-confidence, has been dismembered, manipulated and controlled by others who don't necessarily understand it.
+I had to learn to take my body back as my own.
+And in reclaiming my body, I realized that as a woman, I have a greater purpose.
+I had a big purpose to redefine beauty.
+feminine beauty.
+Curvy models are becoming increasingly vocal about the isolating nature of the term plus size.
+We call ourselves what we want to call ourselves. That is, women in our own unique form.
+I believe beauty transcends size.
+No wonder we all suffer so much on the inside because the body and the outside are so stressed.
+But you know, people in the fashion industry actually said I wouldn't be on the magazine cover, let alone on the magazine cover.
+Well, I think we proved them wrong.
+Five covers in a little over a year.
+And I was one of the first curvaceous models to appear in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+Never let anyone tell you "it can't be done".
+I have achieved and continue to achieve the seemingly impossible.
+My goal is to give young women a voice.
+To give a voice to young women who are struggling to find someone they can look up to.
+To the girl who struggles to look in the mirror and say "I love you".
+For women who are reluctant to express their self-confidence.
+For women who have surrendered their rights to others.
+It is important to create a healthy environment for both men and women.
+Uplift the important women in your life.
+Create a safe space where you can express your body and beauty because it's not who you really are.
+be you Be real. Be authentic.
+Be your favorite type of woman.
+Do not let anyone else take the job.
+And remember, this is a generation of body diversity.
+The tide is turning.
+We invite you to #TEDxBV15 with your own words of self-affirmation.
+I may not have a full-length mirror in front of you today, but I would like you to think about what you want to say to yourself in the mirror in terms of self-affirmation.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi.
+I have a question, how many people here say they can draw?
+(Laughter) I think maybe one or two percent will raise their hand, but it's interesting.
+It's a bit like how people think of spells and songs.
+They think, "either you can or you can't."
+But I think we can.
+Because when people say they can't draw, I think it has more to do with belief than talent or ability.
+So I think it's just an illusion to say that you can't paint. I want to prove it today.
+When I say "paint," I'm not saying that everyone should draw like Michelangelo.
+We are not going to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
+But by the end of this session, would you be happy if you were able to draw even a little like this?
+(audience murmurs) Oh yes!
+(Laughter) Or is it even a little like this?
+(Laughter) In fact, there are only two things you need to do to achieve this.
+One is to be open minded. OK?
+(audience) Yes!
+And two, be prepared to give it a try.
+So get your pen and paper ready.
+Well here's how it works. I'll show you the first cartoon I'm about to do, so please watch it first.
+please.
+Just looking.
+It will be our first cartoon.
+A character named Spike.
+I want you to draw with me.
+I draw the first line, you draw it, and when you're done with it look up and you'll see you're ready to draw the next line.
+Okay, let's go.
+Start with your nose.
+Now for the eyes.
+Things like 66 and speech marks.
+that's it.
+Next is the mouth. nice big smile.
+Now here are the ears.
+Then spiky hair.
+Next, place the pen on the left side of your mouth and draw a small line like this.
+Put the pen under the ear and drop such a line.
+A pen on the top of the T-shirt, on the left side of the neck.
+Line to the left, line to the right.
+Hold up the picture you drew and show it to everyone.
+(laughs) How are you all doing?
+(laughter) Okay.
+Ok, great.
+So it looks like you learned to draw a comic, but you're actually learning more than that. Just add a few variations to this sequence, and you've learned a sequence that could draw hundreds or thousands of different comics.
+try this out.
+Come draw with me.
+nose.
+eye.
+smile.
+that's it.
+I have some hair now.
+Place the pen under the hair on the left side of the mouth, the top is a small V shape, the line on the left, the line on the right.
+So we got another character. Let's call her Thelma.
+(laughs) So Spike and Thelma appeared.
+Let's try another. please.
+Another small variation. you get the idea.
+Start with your nose.
+However, this time we will change the eyes slightly.
+Look, two circles come together like this.
+that's it.
+Then put two small dots on the eyes.
+And this time I'm going to change it up a bit. clock.
+There is a small colored circle on it.
+try it.
+Next are the ears.
+Now let's have some fun with our hair.
+nice curly hair.
+Then the same thing: put the pen on the left side of the mouth and draw a small line like that.
+Draw a line under your ear.
+on the t-shirt.
+Line to the left, line to the right.
+I will call him Jeff.
+(Laughter) I'll do another one.
+One more time. please.
+you get the idea.
+(Laughter) So let's start again with the nose.
+Notice the slight variation.
+Then modify the eyes to separate them.
+I will add some small dots like this.
+Then the mouth is slightly different.
+Let's add a little V like this.
+triangle.
+And then draw a little line on the side to give it some color.
+Now look carefully at this part. Look at my hair.
+Come on, such a small line.
+Then there's a little more.
+And then look at some triangles and make a small bow.
+Bottom triangle, remaining hair.
+Place the pen again on the left side of your mouth. I understand.
+Drop the line on your neck.
+It is now V-shaped.
+Line to the left, line to the right.
+Let's go.
+Let's call her Pam.
+(Laughs) So it's over...
+(Laughs) So you've drawn four comics. You can rest for a while now.
+(Laughter) Take a rest.
+you get the idea. All we do is just a few variations.
+I'll explain a few.
+Can we continue all day long?
+You can draw someone who looks a little unhappy, or maybe... draw a straight line and try someone who looks a little bored.
+Or you can try doing whatever you like. Try it yourself.
+Look at this. small wavy lines. there you are
+So there was anything we could do.
+Actually, let me do one more idea.
+This is a great little technique.
+People who wear glasses should try this.
+Just draw the nose a little like a spike.
+Then draw some frames. You should now see two circles with a small gap between them.
+Now, let's put a dot inside such an eye.
+Next are the ears.
+It's a bit similar to last time, but this time we're going to combine frames.
+that's it. Look at this.
+(Laughter) And I really like this part. clock.
+(Laughter) And then, just a little bit.
+Draw lines under the mustache, on the shirt, left and right.
+You are done. Can we continue?
+We hope you will do your best to convince us that in fact we can all draw.
+It's not just the people here. I've worked with... 3 examples of other people who learned to paint and really surprised them too.
+I'll save for last what I think are my favorite and most amazing examples.
+Here's the first example: I have worked a lot with children and students in schools.
+In fact, small children can draw well, but by the time they reach the age of 15 or 16, most children think they can't draw.
+But I worked with them.
+This week I was teaching school how to use pictures for memory.
+A girl was trying to remember the function of red blood cells. She drew a small picture of a red blood cell carrying a handbag containing O2 as a reminder that red blood cells carry oxygen to every part of the body.
+It was wonderful.
+Others I have worked with, many of whom are adults in all fields, especially in business, want their presentations to be memorable.
+Again, a quick cartoon or sketch could be very suitable for this.
+Again, most people think they can't draw, but consider this example.
+A few wavy lines, a little boat may be a metaphor for us all being together.
+Wouldn't it be very memorable if it was drawn in the presentation?
+yes.
+But a third example is that you shouldn't have favorites.
+this is my favourite.
+Have you ever been to a party and someone asked you what you were doing?
+I get a little skeptical when people ask me that.
+This woman said to me: ``I'm doing a little training, teaching people to draw,'' she said, ``Come with me and draw for our group. ?"said.
+"I work with several people," she said. She was a volunteer with a group of people who had a stroke.
+So I said, "Of course, you can take some time to do that."
+So I said I would and booked a time.
+Have you ever done that?
+As the time approaches, you'll think, "What am I here for?"
+"Is it possible?"
+I thought, "What can they do?" you see.
+"Okay. I'll draw a cartoon. They'll love it."
+But as the time approached, I became even more anxious. Because then I thought, 'I've worked with children and all kinds of adults, but I've never worked with a group like this.
+It turns out that it was all part of a charity called TALK.
+The TALK charity is a great charity that helps people who have had a stroke but still have a peculiar condition known as aphasia.
+You may have heard of aphasia (also called aphasia).
+Importantly, it affects their ability to communicate.
+So, for example, reading, writing, speaking, and understanding can be difficult.
+It can be quite detached. It can be very frustrating and can lead to a loss of confidence.
+Anyway, I spent a few hours preparing for this session, with a tea break in between, but it made me even more anxious.
+But really, I didn't need to worry. Because I'm going to show you the work they've done.
+It was one of the best I've ever done.
+I'll show you the first slide.
+I taught them to spike like I did to you. I want you to see the reaction on their faces when they do this.
+(audience) Oh.
+Visible here are two stroke survivors on the left and right, and a volunteer helper in the center.
+Each stroke survivor has approximately 36 people in the room with volunteers and a one-to-one helper.
+You can see the joy on their faces.
+Let's look at another photo.
+This is a gentleman named David holding up a picture of himself, and you can see that it's a picture of Spike, right?
+In fact, I think he draws Spike even better there.
+But what I didn't realize until after the session was that many of the people in the session, including David, were drawing with the wrong hands.
+David's stroke affected the right side of his body and, like many people, he also painted with his left hand.
+No one mentioned it to me, no one complained.
+they've done it.
+It was an inspirational session for me.
+It was a very humbling session and one of the best I have ever felt.
+Finally, I got a nice email from Dr. Mike Jordan. He is the Chairman of TALK Group. He happens to be a doctor, but he's the chairman of the group.
+He writes to me and quotes, "Our healers have learned today that they can draw.
+It's more than that. This kind of activity really gives them confidence. "
+So me and him are happy, everyone is happy, he invited me again and now I go there every 3 or 4 months.
+It is wonderful. I thought this was a great example to share.
+Would you like to draw another picture?
+(audience) Yes.
+please. have a pen
+please. right.
+Have them draw someone you know.
+Start with a big nose like a spike.
+Then do some eyes. You may be thinking, "This is also similar to spikes."
+See next part.
+It's getting warmer, isn't it?
+Here you go.
+There is a small line there.
+here.
+A small V, a line to the left, a line to the right.
+And then there's Albert Einstein.
+(Laughter) So having a pen proves that you can draw.
+You are welcome to take your pen home and practice it at home or show it to someone else.
+But really, I'd like to leave my thoughts for the last time.
+When I came here today, many people didn't believe they could paint.
+I have a question about that.
+How many other beliefs and limiting thoughts do we carry around with us every day?
+A belief that can potentially challenge us and make us think differently.
+If we challenged these beliefs and thought about them differently, what else would be possible for all of us, besides painting?
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I would like to talk about why many ehealth projects fail.
+And I really think the most important thing is that I stopped listening to my patients.
+One of the things we did at Radboud University was to appoint a Chief Hearing Officer.
+In a less scientific way, she brews a cup of coffee or tea and asks patients, family members and relatives:
+And we believe this is one of the big problems that causes most, if not all, ehealth projects to fail. because we stopped listening.
+This is my scale.
+It's that simple. It has one on/off knob.
+And jump on it every morning.
+Yes, as you can see, I have a problem.
+And I challenged 95 kg.
+But the point is, every time I ride, my data is also sent to Google Health, which is pretty simple.
+And it's also collected by my GP so he can look back and know what my weight problem is, not just the very moment I need cardiac support or something like that. can.
+But there is another thing.
+As some of you may know, I have over 4000 Twitter followers.
+So every morning when I get on the scale, people talk to me before they get in the car. “Lucien, I think we need a light lunch today.”
+(Laughter.) But this is peer pressure, so that's the nicest thing that could happen.
+Ambient pressure is used to help the patient. Because it can be used for obesity, it may also be used to help patients stop smoking.
+But on the other hand, it could also be used to get people out of their chairs and cooperate in certain gaming activities to enhance their health care.
+Starting next week, this little sphygmomanometer connected to an iPhone or something will be available soon.
+And people will be able to measure their blood pressure from home, send it to their doctor, and eventually share it with others for, say, $100 or more.
+And this is not only because the patient is in the right position and can regain control of himself and become the captain of his own ship, but also because of the challenges we face, such as the exploding healthcare costs. There is also a point where our medical care can help. , Demand Doubling, and more, we're starting now to create easy-to-use techniques and bring patients into your team.
+This can be achieved not only with techniques like this, but also with crowdsourcing.
+I would like to show you a small video of one of the things we did.
+(music) (heartbeat) We all have navigation controls in our cars.
+Our cell phones may have it too.
+We know exactly where all ATMs in Maastricht are located.
+Another is knowing where all the gas stations are.
+Indeed, we also found fast food chains.
+But where is the nearest AED to help this patient?
+I asked around, but no one knew.
+At this time, no one knew where to find the closest life-saving AED.
+So we crowdsourced Holland.
+We set up a website and asked the audience, "If you find an AED, turn it in and let us know where it is and when it's open." Of course, the AED may be closed during business hours.
+And more than 10,000 AEDs have already been submitted in the Netherlands.
+Then you built an iPad application.
+To find these AEDs, I created an application for Layar: Augmented Reality.
+And whenever you're in a city like Maastricht and someone collapses, you can use your iPhone and within a few weeks your Microsoft phone as well to find the nearest AED, saving lives. can do.
+And from today onwards, I would like to refer to this as AED4US as well as AED4EU, which is the product name.
+And we want to start doing this on a global level.
+And to all of our colleagues, colleague universities around the world, to act like a hub for crowdsourcing all AEDs in the world so that when someone falls while you are on vacation, we can find you. work together and act like a hub. Whether it's your own relatives or the person in front of you, you can find this.
+Another thing we would like to ask is for companies around the world to help validate these AEDs.
+For example, it could be a courier or a cable man just checking to see if a submitted AED is still installed.
+So please help us with this issue and try to not only improve our health a little bit but also keep it under control.
+(applause)
+"listen.
+do you hear that? "
+my grandmother asked me
+"listen.
+Listen to the beetles. "
+I listened for hours to the sound of tiny beetles rolling giant poop balls. During that time, various environmental sounds were heard.
+I listened carefully and could hear family chatter, laughter, the howl of the wind, and even the chirping of crickets.
+All these sounds intersected with each other, and a rhythm was heard between them.
+Then I patted the plate with my spoon and patted my chest with my little hand, trying to recreate the sounds I was hearing.
+Since then, I have been banging the same plates, shakers, drums, pans, etc. to become a professional drummer and percussionist.
+(Applause.) As I grew up, I felt an unconscious urge to hide my newfound hobbies.
+Somehow I knew what I was doing was wrong, even if it wasn't said out loud.
+In most of the ceremonies, I noticed that most of the women and girls were out of sight, but when they did, they wore dance skirts and crouched at their waists while the men packed out. I found myself waving, singing, clapping, and growling. Up the rhythm section.
+Years later, I came to understand what tradition and culture meant and what was considered taboo.
+In most African cultures, it has long been forbidden for women to play drums and percussion.
+I believe this taboo stems from the psychological and traditional belief that women are inferior.
+I grew up hearing that a woman's place was in the kitchen or some other room.
+hmm?
+(Laughter.) Women have been brainwashed and guided for so long that we became victims and actually started believing it ourselves.
+This, combined with the lack of interest in educating women, has played a large role in imprinting this on our minds.
+Drum sounds evoke emotion and movement.
+At its core, the drum is a highly sensual instrument.
+Once at a festival, a man asked me how I dare to put a drum between my legs.
+I've been seen as slovenly and dirty for playing an instrument.
+I was asked many times why I chose to play the drums instead of the supposedly "more decent" journalism practice I learned in undergrad.
+The sight of a woman playing the drums makes her emaciated, defeminine, and undesirable, but all this puts her in a lower social position for the best.
+Drumming inherently represents a strong African tradition, and its importance can be seen in many aspects of African tradition.
+Many communities have incorporated taiko drumming into their daily activities, and it is still played today at births, entrance ceremonies, welcome ceremonies, marriages, and even burials.
+However, these same drums are rapidly disappearing from the music scene, and the traditional genre is also rapidly losing popularity among people.
+Inspired by the need to preserve this culture, I teach young boys, women and girls the importance and importance of drumming.
+In my experience as a percussion teacher, I have noticed that so many women actually want to play the drums, but are afraid of it at the same time.
+Some are afraid of how society will perceive them.
+Some fear the physical pain that comes with playing.
+Oh, it's not so easy.
+Some say it's because their spouse doesn't approve of them, and others generally fear the responsibility of being a bearer of culture.
+I believe all these fears are ingrained in the collective vigilance of women. Because when we learn about the atrocities that have happened to women, especially on the continent, we are constantly reminded that one step outside the designated area may end up with dire consequences. with very serious consequences.
+Well, I use drums to tell my stories and people's stories.
+My roots shaped me and my culture remains here.
+Women can also be guardians of culture.
+We are born to create and nurture life.
+We can definitely preserve our traditions in a very nice way.
+Drums and I will stay here.
+(Applause.) We will definitely stay here.
+If a woman led a country, a woman went to space, and a woman won a Grammy, would that same woman be able to drum and perform and reach a five-star rating?
+No, up to 1 million star rating.
+thank you.
+(applause) (chime) (metallic drum playing) (chime) (rattle) (taiko playing) (applause)
+Basking sharks are amazing creatures.
+Just great.
+They grow to 10 meters in length. Some say it's bigger.
+Weight can reach 2 tons.
+It is said to be up to 5 tons.
+They are the second largest fish in the world.
+They are also harmless animals that eat plankton.
+And they are thought to be able to filter 1 cubic kilometer of water per hour and eat 30 kilograms of zooplankton per day to survive.
+they are wonderful creatures.
+Ireland is very lucky, there are many basking sharks and many opportunities to study them.
+They have been of great importance to coastal communities for hundreds of years, especially around Cladaduff, Connemara, where subsistence farmers used prostitutes and in open boats, sometimes far offshore, about 30 miles to the west, called Sunfish shore. I was sailing to a place. To kill a basking shark on Achill Island.
+They were very important for draining oil from the liver.
+A basking shark is one-third the size of its liver, and it's full of gallons of oil.
+The oil was used specifically for lighting, but it was also used to treat wounds and other things.
+In fact, in 1742 Galway, Dublin and Waterford lampposts were lit with sunfish oil.
+"Sunfish" is one of the words that refers to basking sharks.
+So they were very important animals.
+They have been around for a long time and are very important to coastal communities.
+Perhaps the most recorded basking shark catch in the world is the Achill Island basking shark catch.
+This is Keem Bay on Achill Island.
+Once upon a time, sharks would come to the bay, and fishermen would tie their nets from the cape and string the old nets of Manila, and when the sharks approached, they would hit the nets and the nets would topple over.
+Or sometimes they were killed by rowing out with a small crow and stabbing them in the back of the neck with a spear.
+The sharks were then towed to Port Partin and boiled in oil.
+They also used shark meat as fertilizer and took shark fins.
+This is probably the biggest threat to sharks in the world: shark finning.
+Thanks to "Jaws" we are often frightened by sharks.
+Probably five or six people die each year from shark attacks.
+Have you seen someone recently? It was just a few weeks ago.
+We kill about 100 million sharks each year.
+So I don't know the balance of that, but I think sharks have a right to fear us more than we do towards them.
+It was a well documented fishery.
+As you can see here, the peak was in the 50's when 1,500 sharks were killed annually.
+And it declined very quickly. A typical boom-bust fishery, suggesting stock depletion or low reproduction rates.
+They literally killed about 12,000 sharks in this period just by making a manila rope from the tip of Keem Bay to Achill Island.
+Especially in places like Dunmore East, Waterford, sharks were being killed until the mid-80s.
+By 1985, 3,000 sharks had been killed, mostly by Norwegian ships, for about two and a half years.
+You can't see it very well, but it's a Norwegian basking shark hunting boat.
+The black line in the crow's nest indicates that this is a shark ship, not a whaler.
+The importance of basking sharks in coastal areas is recognized through this language.
+I don't pretend [to know many Irish words], but in County Kerry they were often known as 'Einmihide na Solta', or 'Monster with Sails'.
+Another title is "liop an dá lapa", that is, "an unwieldy beast with two fins".
+"Liavan mór" is associated with large animals.
+Or my favorite "Big Fish of the Sun".
+It's a lovely, evocative name.
+On Tory Island, a strange place anyway, they were known as "Muldoon".
+(Laughter) Nobody seems to know why.
+I hope there are no Conservatives here. nice place.
+However, it was more commonly known throughout the island as sunfish.
+And this shows their habit of basking on the surface of the water when the sun is out.
+There is great concern that basking sharks are declining dramatically around the world.
+Some say that this is not a population decline, but a change in plankton distribution.
+It has been suggested that these sharks could be excellent indicators of climate change because they are essentially continuous plankton recorders that keep their mouths open to swim.
+In Europe, there is a movement to stop the capture.
+It is now prohibited to catch or land them, including those caught by mistake.
+They are not protected in Ireland. In fact, despite the importance of basking sharks in Ireland, and the historical context in which basking sharks live, they have no legislative status at all in Ireland.
+We know very little about them.
+And most of what we know is based on their habits of appearing on the ground, and we try to infer what they do from their actions on the ground.
+It was at a conference on the Isle of Man that I first learned how unusual it was for basking sharks to live in places where they surfaced regularly, frequently and predictably for 'basking in the sun'. I first learned about it at a conference on the Isle of Man.
+For scientists, it's a great opportunity to see and experience basking sharks.
+they are wonderful creatures.
+It gives us a great opportunity to study them and access them.
+Something that we've been working on over the last few years is that we started tagging sharks, which gave us some idea of ​​things like visual fidelity and movement.
+So I mainly focused on two areas: North Donegal and West Kerry.
+And not very high tech, very simple, tagged with a big, long pole.
+A beachcaster rod with a tag on the end.
+You board the boat and tag the shark.
+And we were very effective.
+Last summer we tagged 105 sharks.
+I caught 50 fish in 3 days off the Isisho Peninsula.
+Half the challenge to access is being in the right place at the right time.
+But this is a very simple and easy technique. I'll show you what it looks like.
+Set up a pole camera on the boat and actually shoot the shark.
+One is to figure out the gender of sharks.
+We also deployed some satellite tags, so we used high tech stuff too.
+These are archive tags.
+What they do is store data.
+Satellite tags only work when there is no water in the air and can send signals to satellites.
+And sharks and fish are most often in the water. So this tag actually locates sharks depending on when the sun sets and water temperature and depth.
+What happens is that if you set the tag to detach from the shark after a certain period of time (8 months in this case), it literally floats off the tag that day, and instead of greeting the satellite and being transmitted, everything data, but enough data to use.
+This is the only way to really understand their behavior and movements underwater.
+In this example you can see that I tagged both from Kelly.
+Basically, it spent all its time in Irish waters for the last eight months.
+It was on the edge of the shelf at Christmas.
+Again, the second shark spent most of its time in and around the Irish Sea, although this has not yet been precisely investigated for sea surface temperature and depth.
+A colleague on the Isle of Man last year tagged a shark that actually traveled from the Isle of Man to Nova Scotia in about 90 days.
+95,000 kilometers - I never thought that would happen.
+Another US colleague tagged about 20 sharks off the coast of Massachusetts.
+His tag didn't really work.
+All he knows is where he tagged and where he jumped out.
+His tag has popped out in the Caribbean and even Brazil.
+We thought basking sharks were temperate animals and lived at our latitudes, but in fact they apparently cross the equator as well.
+It's such a simple thing, but we're trying to learn about basking sharks.
+What I find very surprising and strange is how low the genetic diversity of sharks is.
+I'm not a geneticist, so I don't pretend to understand genetics.
+That's what makes collaboration great.
+I am a field worker and have panic attacks when I have to spend long hours in a lab wearing a lab coat.
+take me away
+So when we looked at the genetics of basking sharks, we found that diversity was incredibly low.
+Looking at the first row, we can see that all these different shark species are very similar.
+I think this means they are all sharks and came from a common ancestor.
+But when we look at nucleotide diversity, the genetics inherited from the parents, the first study shows that basking sharks are orders of magnitude less diverse than other shark species.
+It turns out that this work was done only in 2006.
+Until 2006, I knew nothing about the genetic diversity of basking sharks.
+we had no idea. Were they separated into different groups?
+Were there subpopulations?
+And that is very important if you want to know the size of the population and the status of the animals.
+So Les Nobles of Aberdeen found this a bit unbelievable.
+So he did another study using microsatellites, which was much more expensive and took much longer, and surprisingly yielded about the same results.
+So for some reason basking shark diversity seems incredibly low.
+And perhaps it was a genetic bottleneck thought to have existed 12,000 years ago that caused the very low diversity.
+But when we look at another large plankton-eating shark, the whale shark, the diversity is far greater.
+So it doesn't really make sense at all.
+They found no genetic differences in any of the world's oceans where basking sharks live. Even though basking sharks are worldwide, they couldn't tell a genetic difference from basking sharks in the Pacific, Atlantic, New Zealand and Ireland. , South Africa.
+They all basically look the same.
+Either I don't understand this, or I pretend to understand it. I suspect most geneticists don't either, but they give numbers.
+Therefore, population size can actually be estimated based on genetic diversity.
+And Rus Hoelzel came up with an effective population number of 8,200.
+That's it - there are 8,000 animals in the world.
+You're probably thinking, "That's ridiculous. It's not true."
+So Les did some more digging and found it to be about 9,000.
+Different nanosatellites gave different results, but the average for all these studies is about 5,000, which I personally find hard to believe.
+But I am skeptical.
+But even with some numbers, the effective population is probably about 20,000.
+Remember how many Achilles you killed in the 70's and 50's?
+So, in fact, the population of this species is so small that it is actually in danger of extinction.
+In fact, 8,000 of the 20,000 were believed to be women.
+don't know. That's unbelievable.
+The problem with this is that the sample is constrained.
+They were unable to obtain enough samples to investigate the genetics in sufficient detail.
+So where do we get samples for genetic analysis?
+Well, one obvious source is shark carcasses, or washed-up shark carcasses.
+If you're lucky, Ireland might wash up two or three dead sharks a year.
+Another source would be bycatch from fishing.
+It's now banned, but it would be good news for sharks.
+And some are caught in nets and trawl nets.
+This was actually a shark that was landed in a house just before Christmas, illegally landed because it is prohibited by EU law, and actually sold as shark steak for 8 euros a kilo.
+They even had the recipe posted on the wall until they said it was illegal.
+In fact, they were fined for it.
+So if you look at all the studies I have shown, the total number of samples worldwide at this time is 86.
+So this is a very important job, they ask some very good questions and tell us about population size, subpopulations, structure, but are constrained by the lack of samples .
+When we're tagging sharks outside, this is how we tag sharks on the front of the RIB. Let's go there early. Occasionally, sharks may react.
+Once, when we were at Marine Head, County Donegal, a shark tapped the side of the boat with its tail, and it was more startled by the approaching boat than by a tug entering. think.
+And when Emmett and I returned to Marine Head pier, we noticed black slime on the front of the boat.
+I used to spend a lot of time on commercial fishing boats, and I remember the fishermen telling me that when a basking shark gets caught in a net, it leaves a black slime behind.
+So it must come from a shark.
+Well, we were genetically interested in obtaining a tissue sample. He knew that tissue samples were invaluable.
+Use traditional method. I have a crossbow You can see it in my hand here, it's also used to take samples of whales and dolphins for genetic research.
+So I gave it a try and tried many techniques.
+Shark skin is so strong that it just broke my arrow.
+There was no way to get a sample from there.
+So when I saw the black slime on the bow of the ship, I thought, "If only I could receive what I was given in this world...".
+So I scraped it off.
+I had a little tube of alcohol to send to the geneticist.
+So I scraped off the slime and sent it to Aberdeen and said, "You can try that."
+And they sat on it for months.
+It was only because there was a conference on the Isle of Man.
+But I kept emailing Les, "Have you had a chance to see my slime?"
+And he was like, "Yes, yes. Later."
+He thought it would be better because I had never met him before. If I hadn't done what I sent him, he might have lost face.
+And he was surprised that the DNA was actually obtained from the slime.
+They amplified it, tested it, and found, indeed, that it was actually basking shark DNA from slime.
+So he was very excited.
+And I thought, 'Look, we can build on this.'
+So we thought, 'Okay, let's go out and get some slime.
+So I spent $35000 on a satellite tag...
+So I invested 7.95 cents in a mop handle at my local hardware store in Kilrush, and for less, I thought I'd buy some oven cleaner.
+Then wrap the oven cleaner around the end of the mop handle ......
+(Laughter) I wanted a chance to catch a shark.
+And now we're in August, usually the peak for sharks is June, July, and in August you rarely see sharks and you're rarely in a good spot to spot them. .
+We were desperate so as soon as we heard there were sharks we rushed out to Blasketts and managed to find a few.
+So I managed to collect some slime, although I could see sharks running under the boat by just rubbing the mop handle on the sharks swimming under the boat.
+Look at this adorable black shark slime.
+And 5 samples were obtained in about 30 minutes.
+Five sharks were individually sampled using Simon's Shark Slime Sampling System.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I've been studying whales and dolphins for 20 years in Ireland, and they're a little more dramatic.
+You've probably seen footage of humpback whales off the coast of County Wexford a month or two ago.
+And I always think that I might have some kind of legacy that I can leave behind in the world. I was thinking of humpback whale breeches and dolphins.
+But, you know, there are times when something like this is sent, and when it arrives, all you have to do is receive it.
+So this will probably be my legacy - Simon's Shark Slime.
+This year we have more funding to continue collecting more samples.
+One thing that is very convenient is using a pole camera. This is my colleague Joanne with a pole camera. You can see under the shark.
+What you're going to see is like the male has a clasper and hangs behind the shark's back.
+Therefore, it is very easy to tell the gender of sharks.
+Knowing the gender of a shark before taking a sample allows geneticists to tell whether this is from a male or female.
+At the moment they have no way to genetically distinguish between males and females, which I find surprising. Because they don't know which primer to look for.
+The basking and other shark trade is illegal, so being able to identify the gender of sharks is very important, for example, when policing the trade in basking sharks and other species by sightings.
+They are then caught and put on the market.
+So as a field biologist, I just want to encounter these animals and learn as much as possible.
+They are often very brief and often very constrained seasonally.
+I just want to learn as much as possible as quickly as possible.
+But wouldn't it be great to be able to offer these samples and opportunities to other disciplines, such as geneticists, who could benefit from it even more?
+Like I said, these things are sent to you in strange ways.
+I take it as my scientific heritage.
+Hopefully we can get something a little more dramatic and romantic before we die.
+But for now, thank you very much.
+And be careful of sharks.
+Thank you very much for your attention.
+(applause)
+The humanitarian model has changed little since the early 20th century.
+Its origins are firmly rooted in the analog age.
+And big changes are on the horizon.
+The catalyst for this change was the devastating earthquake that hit Haiti on January 12, 2010.
+Haiti was a game changer.
+The earthquake destroyed the capital city of Port-au-Prince, claimed the lives of about 320,000 people, and left about 1.2 million homeless.
+Government offices, including the presidential palace, were completely decapitated.
+I remember standing on the roof of the Ministry of Justice in downtown Port-au-Prince.
+It was about two meters high and was completely crushed by the force of the earthquake.
+For those of us who were on the ground in the early days, it was clear to even the most devastated veterans that Haiti was something different.
+Haiti was unlike anything we've seen before.
+But Haiti has offered us something unprecedented.
+Haiti provided a glimpse into the future of disaster response in a hyper-connected world where people have access to mobile smart devices.
+Because from the urban devastation of Port-au-Prince came a torrent of SMS texts of people screaming for help, begging us for help, sharing data, offering help, looking for loved ones. is.
+This was a situation that traditional aid agencies had never experienced before.
+We were in one of the poorest countries on earth, yet 80% of the population had mobile devices.
+And we weren't ready for this, so they were shaping the aid effort.
+Outside Haiti, the situation was different.
+Tens of thousands of so-called digital volunteers scoured the internet, transforming tweets that had already been converted from text into open source maps, overlaying all sorts of important information – Crisis Mappers and Open Streets. • People like maps and publish these on the web for participation and use by the media, aid agencies and the community itself.
+In Haiti, people were increasingly turning to the medium of SMS.
+Hungry and wounded people showed distress and needed help.
+Along the streets of Port-au-Prince, an entrepreneur has emerged offering charging stations for mobile phones.
+They understood people's innate desire to connect more than we do.
+Having never faced anything like this before, we wanted to see how we could take advantage of this amazing resource and how we could really take advantage of this amazing use of mobile and SMS technology. I wanted to understand
+We started talking to a local telecom provider called Voilà, a subsidiary of Trilogy International.
+There were basically three requirements.
+We wanted to communicate in a two-way communication format.
+we didn't want to scream we needed to hear too.
+We wanted to be able to target specific geographic communities.
+I didn't have to speak to the whole country at the same time.
+And we wanted it to be easy to use.
+Out of this rubble in Haiti and this devastation came what we call TERA, a trilogy emergency response application that has been used ever since to support aid efforts.
+It has been used to help communities prepare for disasters.
+It has been used for advance warning of weather-related disasters.
+Used for public health awareness campaigns such as cholera prevention.
+Additionally, it is used on sensitive issues such as raising awareness about gender-based violence.
+But does it work?
+We just published the evaluation of this program and the evidence there is very remarkable for everyone to see.
+About 74% of people received the data.
+Of those who were expected to receive data, 74% received it.
+96% of them said it was helpful.
+83% of them took action. This is proof that it is indeed empowering.
+And 73% of them shared it.
+The TERA system was developed from Haiti with the assistance of Haitian engineers.
+This is user-friendly technology and has been used to great effect for humanitarian benefit.
+Technology brings change.
+All over the developing world, citizens and communities are using technology to bring about change and positive change in their communities.
+Grassroots is powered by the social power of sharing, challenging the old model - the old analog model of control and command.
+Kibera is one example of the transformative power of technology.
+Kibera is one of Africa's largest slums.
+It is located on the outskirts of Nairobi, the capital of Kenya.
+An unknown number of people live there, but estimates range from 250,000 to 1.2 million.
+If you were to arrive in Nairobi today and pick up a tourist map, Kibera would be presented as a lush, remote national park.
+With simple handhelds, GPS handhelds and SMS-enabled cell phones, young people in Kibera's communities literally put themselves on the map.
+They collated crowd-sourced data and made the invisible visible.
+People like Josh and Steve continue to layer information on information, tweet real-time information, and text onto these maps for everyone to use.
+Find out what the latest improvisational music sessions are like.
+Get to know the latest security incidents.
+Learn about places of worship.
+You can know about the health center.
+You can feel the dynamism of this lively community.
+It also has its own news network on YouTube, currently with 36,000 viewers.
+They show us what can be done with mobile digital technology.
+They show that the magic of technology can make the invisible visible.
+And they are giving themselves a voice.
+They bypass the official narrative and tell their own story.
+And we see similar stories all over the planet.
+For example, in Mongolia, where 30% of the population is nomadic, SMS information systems are used to track migration and weather patterns.
+SMS has also been used to host pastoral summits attended remotely.
+Also, if people are about to move to an unfamiliar and concrete environment in the city, they can help in advance, with SMS knowledgeable social supporters ready and waiting.
+In Nigeria, an open-source SMS tool is used by Red Cross community workers to collect information from communities to better understand and mitigate the spread of malaria.
+According to my colleague Jason Peet, who runs the program, it's 10x faster and 10x cheaper than traditional methods.
+And it not only empowers the community, but very importantly, this information stays with the community where it is needed to develop long-term health policy.
+We live on a planet with 7 billion people and 5 billion mobile subscriptions.
+By 2015, there will be 3 billion smartphones worldwide.
+The United Nations Broadband Commission recently set a goal of supporting broadband access in 50 percent of developing countries (currently 20 percent).
+We are marching toward a hyper-connected world where citizens of all cultures and all social strata have access to smart, fast mobile devices.
+From Cairo to Auckland, people are beginning to understand that there are new ways to come together, new ways to mobilize, and new ways to influence.
+There is a transformation coming that needs to be understood by humanitarian structures and humanitarian models.
+The collective voice of the people must not only be recycled for fundraising and marketing, but it must be further integrated into organizational strategies and action plans through new technologies.
+For example, we need to embrace big data, the learnings coming from market leaders who understand the implications of using and leveraging big data.
+For example, one idea I'd like you to consider is to look at our IT department.
+They are typically backroom or basement hardware service providers, but they need to be promoted to software strategists.
+Our organization needs people who know what it's like to work with big data.
+We need technology as a core principle of our organization.
+You need a tech strategist in your boardroom who can answer the question, "What would Amazon or Google do with all this data?"
+And turn it into a humanitarian benefit.
+The possibilities offered by new digital technologies not only help humanitarian organizations to ensure that people's right to information and their right to I think you have to make a prediction. People will have access to critical communication technologies to ensure that their voices are heard, that they are truly participating in the humanitarian world, and that they are truly empowered. increase.
+Enabling people affected by disasters to fully participate in humanitarian efforts has always been an elusive ideal.
+Now you have the tools. We now have the potential.
+There is no reason not to do it anymore.
+We believe the world of humanitarianism needs to move from analog to digital.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+The world's largest and most destructive environmental industrial project is located in the heart of Canada's boreal forest, the world's largest and most pristine forest.
+Spread across northern Canada's Labrador province, it's home to the world's largest extant wild caribou herd, the George River Caribou herd, numbering around 400,000.
+Unfortunately I couldn't find one of them when I went there, but I have the corner as proof.
+Across the North, we are blessed with an incredible abundance of wetlands.
+Wetlands are one of the most threatened ecosystems globally.
+These are absolutely vital ecosystems that clean the air, clean the water, sequester large amounts of greenhouse gases, and are home to a great diversity of species.
+The northern region is also the habitat where nearly 50% of the 800 bird species found in North America migrate north to breed and raise young.
+In Ontario, the north winds down to the north shore of Lake Superior.
+And these incredibly beautiful boreal forests have been the source of inspiration for some of the most famous art in Canadian history, and the Group of Seven was very much inspired by this landscape. rice field. The boreal forest is therefore not only a really important part of our natural heritage, but an important part of our cultural heritage.
+Manitoba, this image is from the east side of Lake Winnipeg, a newly designated UNESCO World Heritage site.
+Saskatchewan, like all of the north, is home to some of the most famous rivers, an incredible network of rivers and lakes that any school-age child will learn about, the Peace River, the Athabasca River, the Churchill River here, Mackenzie River, etc. These networks were developed from indigenous peoples to the Voyagers and the Cours de Bois, the first non-Indigenous explorers of northern Canada to explore trade routes by canoe and rowing: the Northwest Passage for the fur trade. It was the historic route of .
+To the north, the Boreal region borders the tundra, just below in the Yukon Territory is the spectacular Tombstone Valley.
+And Tombstone Valley is home to herds of porcupine caribou.
+You've probably heard of herds of porcupine caribou at their breeding grounds at the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
+Well, wintering grounds are also important, but they are unprotected and can potentially, potentially, be exploited for gas and mineral rights.
+The western boundary of British Columbia's northern region is marked by the Coast Ranges, opposite which lies the world's largest remaining temperate rainforest, the Great Bear Rainforest. More on this later. A little more detail.
+Across the North is an incredibly diverse indigenous population and a rich and diverse culture.
+And I think part of the reason why so many of these groups retain ties to the past and know their native language, songs, dances and traditions is because of their remote location and range. And nature with this nearly 95 percent untouched ecosystem.
+And especially now that we are in a time of environmental crisis, I think we can learn a lot from these people who have lived sustainably within this ecosystem for over 10,000 years. think.
+At the heart of this ecosystem are the exact opposites of all these values ​​we've talked about so far, and these are some of the core values ​​that make us proud to be Canadians. I think.
+This is Alberta's Tar Sands, the largest oil reserve on Earth outside of Saudi Arabia.
+Trapped beneath the boreal forests and wetlands of northern Alberta are vast reserves of this sticky, tar-like asphalt.
+And mining and exploitation is wreaking havoc on a scale the planet has never seen before.
+I would like to convey the feeling of this size even a little.
+If you look at the truck there, it's the largest truck of its kind on the planet.
+This is a 400 ton capacity dump truck and its dimensions are 45 feet long, 35 feet wide and 25 feet high.
+Standing next to the truck, my head rests on the bottom of the yellow hubcap.
+Within that truck's dimensions, you could very easily build a 3,000-square-foot two-story house.
+I calculated.
+So don't think of it as a truck, think of it as a 3,000 square foot house.
+It's not a bad size house.
+And then line those trucks and houses back and forth all the way from bottom to top.
+And just think how big that tiny section of one mine is.
+Similar considerations apply here.
+Now, as you can see, of course, if we go further, these trucks are like pixels.
+Again, imagine walking back and forth there.
+How big is that one piece of mine?
+It will be a sprawling metropolitan area, perhaps much larger than the city of Victoria.
+And this is just one of many mines. There are currently 10 mines.
+This is one section of one mining facility with about 40-50 more sections in the approval process.
+The tar sands mine has never actually been denied approval and is essentially a rubber stamp.
+Another extraction method is called in situ.
+And here, large volumes of water are superheated and pumped into the ground through a vast network of pipelines, seismic lines, drilling channels and compressor stations.
+While this doesn't seem as nasty as landmines, it's even more harmful in some ways.
+It has affected and fragmented large areas of wilderness where major species such as forest caribou and grizzly bears have declined by 90 percent, consuming even more energy and water and generating at least as much greenhouse gases. increase.
+These in situ developments are therefore at least as bad for the environment as mines.
+Oil produced by either method emits more greenhouse gases than any other oil.
+This is one of the reasons why it is called the dirtiest oil in the world.
+This is one of the reasons Canada is Canada's largest and fastest growing single carbon source, and why Canada is currently the third largest carbon producer per capita.
+Obazura Pond is the largest reservoir of toxic substances on earth.
+The oil sands, or rather the tar sands, should be used to prevent oil companies from trying to advertise something like the world's dirtiest petroleum, a sticky tarry substance. It's a term made up for PR.
+So they decided to call it Oil Sands.
+Tar sands consumes more water than any other petroleum process, with 3-5 barrels of water being extracted, contaminated and returned to tailings ponds, the largest toxic reservoirs on the planet.
+Just one licensee, SemCrude, dumps 250,000 tons of this toxic material into just one tail pond each day.
+It creates the largest reservoir of toxic substances in Earth's history.
+So far, this is enough toxin to coat the surface of Lake Erie at a depth of one foot.
+And tailings pond sizes range up to 9,000 acres.
+That's two-thirds of the entire island of Manhattan.
+It's like the south end of Manhattan from Wall Street to maybe 120th Street.
+So this is one of the big Odasu Ponds.
+What could this possibly be? I don't know, but it's half the size of Manhattan.
+For context, we can see that this is only a relatively small section of one of the 10 mining facilities, with another 40-50 mining facilities due to be approved soon.
+And of course, we can't see many of these ponds from space, but maybe we should stop calling them ponds because we can actually see them. These huge toxic wastelands are built on unlined banks. Athabasca River.
+And the Athabasca River flows downstream, feeding various indigenous communities.
+At Fort Chipewian, 800 people there have found toxins in the food chain, and this has been scientifically proven.
+Tar sands toxins enter the food chain, causing cancer rates up to 10 times higher than in other parts of Canada.
+Nevertheless, one must live, one must eat this food in order to live.
+Airlifting food to remote indigenous communities in the north is incredibly expensive and unemployment is high, making this an absolute necessity for survival.
+And not too long ago, I had an Indigenous man lend me a boat. Then he said, "When you go out into the river, under no circumstances should you eat fish.
+It is carcinogenic. "
+And yet there were four fish on the doorstep of the man's hut.
+And as a parent, I can't imagine what that would do to your soul.
+That's what we do.
+Boreal forests are also perhaps our best defense against global warming and climate change.
+Boreal forests sequester more carbon than other terrestrial ecosystems.
+And this is absolutely critical.
+So what we're doing is tapping into the most concentrated greenhouse gas sinks. Twice as much greenhouse gases are sequestered in the northern regions per acre as in rainforest.
+And what we're doing is destroying this carbon sink and turning it into a carbon bomb.
+And we are replacing it with the world's largest industrial project to produce the world's most carbon-intensive, greenhouse-gas-emitting oil.
+And we are doing this with the second largest oil reserves on the planet.
+This is one of the reasons why Canada was originally a climate change hero, and was one of the first signatories to the Kyoto Agreement.
+We are now a country with full-time lobbyists in the European Union and Washington, D.C., and we want these countries to introduce aggressive legislation to limit imports of high-carbon fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, etc. Threatening a trade war as we speak. Thus, at international conferences on climate change, whether in Copenhagen or Cancun, our country is the country that receives the Dinosaur Award every day as the biggest obstacle to progress on this issue.
+Just 110 miles downstream is the Peace Athabasca Delta, the world's largest freshwater delta and the only delta at the junction of all four migratory flyways.
+This is a wetland of global importance and probably the largest wetland on earth.
+An incredible habitat where half of the bird species found in North America come here.
+It is also the last refuge of the largest herd of wild bison and, of course, important habitat for all other species.
+But it, too, is threatened by large volumes of water drawn from the Athabasca River, which feeds these wetlands, and is also home to an incredible amount of toxic substances in the largest unlined toxic reservoir on earth. Depending on the load, it is leached into the food chain of all organisms. downstream species.
+So as bad as everything is, things will get worse, much worse.
+This is the infrastructure we see today.
+This is the plan for 2015.
+You can see the Keystone pipeline here. It transports raw tar sands to the Gulf Coast and pipelines to agricultural centers in North America and the United States, securing contracts with the world's dirtiest fuel by consumption. It's driving major roadblocks to a sustainable clean energy future for the United States.
+Here you will see the route down the Mackenzie Gorge.
+This will allow the pipeline to extract natural gas from the Beaufort Sea through the heart of the world's third-largest watershed and the only watershed that is 95 percent intact.
+And building pipelines with industrial roads would change forever this incredible wilderness that is truly rare on earth today.
+The Great Bear Rainforest is just beyond the hills there, and within a few miles you walk through a dry boreal forest with trees that are 100 years old and perhaps 10 inches in diameter, and then immediately into the temperate rainforest along the coast. - Soggy 1,000-year-old trees, six-foot-diameter trees, and a whole different ecosystem.
+And the Great Bear Rainforest is commonly thought to be the largest coastal temperate rainforest ecosystem in the world.
+It is home to the greatest number of some of the most iconic and endangered species on earth.
+Still, there are, of course, proposals for building a pipeline to carry a giant tanker ten times the size of the Exxon Valdez through some of the world's most difficult waters. Just a few years ago, a BC ferry ran aground.
+If the dirtiest oil tar sands tanker, with ten times the amount of the Exxon Valdez, eventually hits a rock and sinks, we are in for the worst ecology this planet has ever experienced. You will experience one of the academic disasters.
+And here are the plans for 2030.
+Their proposal is to almost quadruple production, which would industrialize an area the size of Florida.
+In doing so, we will remove most of the largest carbon sinks and in the future replace them with oil, the largest greenhouse gas emitter.
+The world doesn't need more tar mines.
+The world doesn't need more pipelines to end its dependence on fossil fuels.
+And the world certainly doesn't need the largest reservoir of toxic substances to grow, proliferate, and further threaten downstream communities.
+And let's be honest, we all live downstream in an age of global warming and climate change.
+What we need is that we all need to act to ensure that Canada respects the vast amounts of freshwater it holds in this country.
+We need to ensure that these wetlands and forests, our best, biggest and most important defense against global warming, are protected, and we need to stop releasing carbon bombs into the atmosphere. I have.
+And we all need to come together and say no to tar sands.
+And it can.
+We have a huge network all over the world fighting to stop this project.
+And I simply don't think this is a decision for Canada alone.
+I think everyone in this room, everyone across Canada, everyone listening to this presentation has a role and a responsibility to play.
+Because what we do here will change our history, and it will color our chances of survival and the chances of our children to survive and have a prosperous future. Because it becomes
+We have a great gift in the north and a great opportunity to maintain our best defenses against global warming, but we may miss it.
+Tar sands don't just threaten large swaths of the north.
+It endangers the lives and health of some of the most disadvantaged and vulnerable, the indigenous communities that have so much to teach us.
+It could destroy the Athabasca Delta, the largest and possibly the largest freshwater delta on Earth.
+The Great Bear Rainforest, the world's largest temperate rainforest, could be destroyed.
+And it could have a significant impact on the future of North America's agricultural hub.
+If you were moved by this presentation, you too should join the growing international community to help Canada do more of its responsibilities and to persuade Canada to return to being a climate change advocate instead of a climate change advocate. I hope you will. Say no to tar sands and yes to a clean energy future.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+The sky is inherently democratic.
+Anyway, in principle anyone, anywhere can access it by simply looking up.
+But like so many beautiful things around us, it slips away from us, and we honestly don't see it much, so we don't realize it.
+So what should we focus on instead?
+Well, we look at mobile phones, we look at computers, we look at all kinds of screens.
+And let's be honest, we rarely even look up high enough to see each other, let alone take the next step of looking up at the actual sky.
+Today, we tend to think of the loss of dark skies as an inevitable consequence of progress, change and technology.
+And you know, it's simply not true.
+I'll explain why later.
+First of all, I would like to talk about my experience with dark night skies.
+I had never seen a really dark night sky until I was 15.
+I was here in Arizona.
+I was on a road trip. I stopped somewhere.
+I know which state it is, but I have no idea where I was.
+And looking up, the sky was filled with an incredible number of stars.
+As you know, I'm from New York City and I can see the moon and some stars in New York.
+Often you can tell it's an airplane when it lands.
+(Laughter) But not much else.
+As a result, most of my astronomer colleagues spent at least part of their adolescence in their backyards looking up at the sky.
+I have never had such an experience and am really disappointed with the camping trip.
+I don't know much about constellations.
+What I know, you probably know too.
+But I will never forget that experience when I saw the dark night sky for the first time.
+And I was just amazed at the number of stars.
+And I felt small.
+I also felt, "Where has this been hiding all this time?"
+Who hid this sky from me? "
+Of course, if you think about it, or look at the photo on the left of the same area taken during a power outage and during a normal night, the answer is obvious.
+A star becomes invisible when it is drowned out by light.
+Let's take a look at our planet Earth.
+This is our planet as seen from space.
+Unlike stars, which are hot as we can see and emit invisible light, our planet is pretty cold, astronomically speaking.
+So it doesn't really light up.
+When the planet looks like blue-green marble, like this picture, it's visible because the sunlight is reflecting off it, so you can see oceans, clouds, and land.
+So you can't see the earth without the sun shining on it.
+Or do you?
+This is Earth at night and one of the most striking examples of how we have affected the Earth on a global scale.
+You can see the light popping out everywhere in the world.
+Of course, there are still dark seas out there, and darkness still lingers in many undeveloped areas.
+But you can see that this is a pretty global impact.
+When we think of lit places, we tend to think of very extreme examples, such as Times Square or the Las Vegas Strip.
+But what this photo really shows is that it's not just these extreme cases, it's the case anywhere you use outdoor lighting.
+This tends to have a very dramatic effect on the ground.
+To understand why, just think about the shape of the light bulb.
+Light bulbs are, for all practical purposes, more or less circular.
+This is perfect for its intended purpose of lighting indoors.
+When you turn on the switch, the light spreads all the way.
+Individual bulbs can illuminate an entire room more or less.
+For indoor lighting this is great, but for outdoor lighting applications traditional bulb shapes like spheres that spread light everywhere are really inefficient.
+When I'm outdoors, the only thing I'm worried about is lighting the ground underneath and the surroundings.
+Light that scatters outwards and upwards doesn't really help illuminate the surroundings.
+It scatters into the sky and causes so-called "light pollution".
+Even if you have absolutely no interest in stargazing, this should worry you. 60-70% of the energy used in outdoor lighting is wasted by extinguishing the stars.
+Now, as I said earlier, I'm a big fan of technology.
+Obviously, I use technology every day. i am a scientist
+And I tend to say that it's progress. You know, I'm not suggesting everyone live by candlelight.
+In fact, technology has made it possible to access the sky in ways otherwise impossible.
+One of the greatest examples of this is, of course, the Hubble Space Telescope.
+Hubble flies into space and gives us pictures every day. And thanks to Hubble, we can see things that the naked eye can't see in ways never before in human history.
+Another example is a planetarium show.
+Over the last few years, planetarium shows have gotten even more hi-tech with these great visualizations, which don't give you direct access to the sky, but at least give you access to knowledge about it.
+And indeed, a planetarium allows you to experience the sky in a way that would not be possible if you just sat and watched in the dark.
+You've probably heard of the Hubble Space Telescope and planetariums.
+But there are also ways to use technology to allow you to participate in unfamiliar people's sky experiences.
+These are called "citizen science projects".
+Citizen science is when large-scale research projects put data online, teach ordinary people like you to go and interact with it, and make interesting or necessary characterizations of the data that make it practical. to contribute to research.
+An example of this is the “Galaxy Zoo” introduced this time.
+Galaxy Zoo is a project where people get a 20 minute (actually shorter) tutorial on how to interact with these galaxy images.
+They'll learn how to annotate images and within minutes they'll be up and running creating very useful taxonomies and taxonomies of these galaxies.
+Now, it's easy to see why the Galaxy Zoo is easy for people to participate in. Because it contains beautiful pictures. Generally speaking, galaxies are very attractive.
+But there are different kinds of citizen science projects that people have delved into, with varying degrees of abstraction, but you wouldn't necessarily think people would jump on them.
+An example of this is the citizen science project associated with a mission I am involved in called the Kepler mission.
+Kepler is a space telescope that looks for planets around other stars by measuring the light from other stars with great precision.
+And we're looking for dimming caused by stars blocking some of that light.
+We have an associated citizen science project called "Planet Hunters".
+Planet Hunters, like Galaxy Zoo, offers a short tutorial to get you up and running within minutes. You are looking for planets looking at data from the Kepler program.
+The idea behind this is that it sells easily, right?
+However, the actual process of planetary exploration often involves looking at and annotating graphs like the one shown here.
+I've been doing this all day and it just doesn't seem that interesting to me.
+But not only are people interested in this, citizen scientists working with Planet Hunter have actually discovered planets in the data that otherwise wouldn't have been discovered. .
+Here is a list of the authors of the papers they published about the planets they discovered.
+You can see all the people who contributed are listed below. It's like a weird combination of people's real names and login names.
+As you can see, this is the first academic recognition of the importance of Irish coffee in the discovery process.
+(Laughter) I don't want to give the idea that they're just out of work scientists or just a bunch of geeks really interested in this stuff.
+There are 60,000 people involved in these projects, most of whom have no technical background.
+Clearly, what this affects is people's curiosity and willingness to participate in the process of scientific discovery.
+People want to do this.
+But all these technologies and digital ways to experience the sky still feel like watching animals in a zoo to me.
+This is a valid way to experience it. In fact, lions in cages are still real, Hubble images are certainly real, and you can get closer to lions in zoos than in the wild.
+However, something is missing.
+It lacks the savage beauty of experiencing that very nature for yourself, without going through a screen.
+The experience of looking up at the sky and knowing that the sky you see surrounds all known creatures in the universe is profound.
+Let's think about that for a second.
+We are the only planet that we know of that has life.
+The sky you see is shared by all other creatures we know exist.
+One of the things I really love about my job is the ability to step away from the everyday and experience the larger context. It's like we go out and try to find a planet in space that looks like this. A constant reminder of how precious our things are here.
+Our night sky is like a natural resource, like a park you can visit without traveling.
+But like any other natural resource, if we don't protect it, preserve it and cherish it, it will slip away from us.
+So, if you're interested in this and want to learn more, I especially recommend visiting darksky.org to learn more about the choices you can make to protect your dark night skies. It belongs to everyone, it belongs to all of us, and therefore it is ours to experience as we wish.
+And we are the ones who lose.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+There is one thing that we make that is the best quality. It is to outlive us.
+We perish, but they survive. We have one life, they have many lives, and each life means something different.
+I mean, we all have one biographies, but they have many biographies.
+This morning I want to talk about a story, a biography, or rather a biography, of a particular object, of some remarkable thing.
+I agree, but not very similar.
+It's about the size of a rugby ball.
+It is made of clay, molded into a cylindrical shape, finely written, and baked in the sun to dry.
+As you can see, it's a bit broken, which isn't surprising as it was built 25,000 years ago and was excavated in 1879.
+But today, I believe this plays a major role in Middle Eastern politics.
+And it is an object with a fascinating story and a story that is not yet finished.
+The story begins with the Iran-Iraq War and a series of events that culminate in the invasion of Iraq by foreign forces, the removal of the tyrant and the immediate regime change.
+And I would like to begin with the episode of Belshazzar's Feast, a series of events that most of you are familiar with. Because we are talking about the Iran-Iraq war of 539 BC.
+And the similarities between the events of 539 BC and 2003 BC, and the events in between are striking.
+What you are looking at is a painting by Rembrandt, now in the National Gallery in London, depicting the writings of the prophet Daniel from the Hebrew Scriptures.
+And you know the general story.
+Belshazzar was the son of Nebuchadnezzar, the conqueror of Israel, who sacked Jerusalem, captured the people, and brought the Jews back to Babylon.
+Not only the Jews, but also the vessels of the temple.
+He ransacked and desecrated the temple.
+And the great golden vessels that were in the temple in Jerusalem were carried away to Babylon.
+His son Belshazzar decided to throw a feast.
+And to make it even more exciting, he added a bit of profanity to the rest of the fun and brought out the temple vessels.
+He is already at war with the Iranians, the Persian king.
+And that night, in the middle of the festival, a hand appeared and wrote on the wall, Daniel says.
+And on that very night Cyrus the Persian king entered Babylon and the whole government of Belshazzar fell.
+Of course, it is a great moment in Jewish history.
+Great story. It's a story we all know.
+"Wall letters" are part of our everyday language.
+What happened next is amazing and from here our cylinder enters the story.
+Cyrus, king of the Persians, entered Babylon without a fight—the Great Babylonian Empire, which stretched from central-south Iraq to the Mediterranean Sea, fell to Cyrus.
+And Cyrus declares.
+And that is what this cylinder is, the declaration made by the God-led ruler who wanted to overthrow the Iraqi tyrant and bring freedom to his people.
+Sounding the Babylonian language--it was written in Babylonian--"I am Cyrus, the king of all the universe, the great king, the mighty king, the king of Babylon, the king of the four quarters of the world."
+As you can see, they are not shy about exaggerating.
+This is probably the first real press release by Victorious Army that we have obtained.
+And this article was written by a very seasoned PR consultant, as you'll see later.
+So this exaggeration is not really surprising.
+And what is the great king, the mighty king, the king of the four corners of the world going to do?
+He further said that after conquering Babylon, the Babylonians--Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar--will immediately release all the captives and enslaved peoples.
+He will let them go back to their country.
+And more importantly, have them all recover the confiscated gods, statues, and temple vessels.
+All the nations that the Babylonians oppressed and expelled will return home and take their gods with them.
+And they will be able to restore the altar and worship God in their own way and in their own place.
+This is the decree, and this object is proof of the fact that the Jews were allowed to return home after their exile to Babylon, after which they spent several years sitting by the waters of Babylon and weeping over Jerusalem. be.
+They were allowed to return to Jerusalem and rebuild the temple.
+This is the central document of Jewish history.
+And the Chronicles of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Book of Ezra, reported in resounding words.
+This is the Jewish version of the same story.
+"Cyrus king of Persia said, 'All the kingdoms of the earth have been given to you by the Lord, the God of heaven, and he commanded me to build a house in Jerusalem.
+Who among you is among his people?
+May the Lord God be with him and lift him up. 'Come up.'—Aale.
+It remains a central element of the concept of the return and a central part of Jewish life.
+As we all know, the exiled Second Temple reshaped Judaism.
+And that change, that great historical moment, was made possible by the Persian king Cyrus, and was reported to us in Hebrew in the Bible and Babylonian in clay.
+Two great texts, but what about politics?
+What was taking place was a fundamental shift in the history of the Middle East.
+The Iranian Empire, the Medes, and the Persians were united under Cyrus to form the first great world empire.
+Cyrus begins in the 530s BC.
+And in the time of his son Darius, the entire eastern Mediterranean was under Persian rule.
+This empire is, in fact, the Middle East as we know it, and what makes up the Middle East as we know it now.
+It was the largest empire the world had ever known.
+More importantly, the state was the first large-scale multicultural and multi-religious nation.
+And it had to be done in a whole new way.
+I had to run it in different languages.
+The fact that this decree is in Babylonian says one thing.
+And we had to recognize their different customs, different ethnicities, different religions, different beliefs.
+Cyrus respects them all.
+Cyrus sets a model for how to run a great multinational, multireligious, multicultural society.
+The result was an empire containing the region you see on screen, which survived stably for 200 years before being crushed by Alexander.
+It left a dream of the Middle East as a unit and a unit where people of different faiths could live together.
+The Greek invasion ended it.
+And of course Alexander could not keep the government and the government split.
+But what Cyrus represented was still absolutely central.
+The Greek historian Xenophon wrote the Cyropedia, a book touting Cyrus as a great ruler.
+And throughout subsequent European culture, Cyrus remained a model.
+This 16th-century image shows just how far-reaching his cult really was.
+And Xenophon's book on Cyrus, describing how he managed a diverse society, was one of the great textbooks that inspired the Founding Fathers of the American Revolutionary War.
+Jefferson was a great admirer. Cyrus' ideals clearly spoke to eighteenth-century ideals of how to create religious tolerance in a new nation.
+Back in Babylon, on the other hand, things went awry.
+After Alexander and other empires, Babylon declined and fell into ruins, and all traces of the great Babylonian empire were lost, until a cylinder was discovered by the British Museum exhibit excavated in Babylon in 1879.
+And now we get into another story.
+A major debate in the mid-19th century begins: “Can Scripture Be Trusted?” can you trust them?
+We only knew about the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus from the Hebrew Bible.
+No other evidence.
+Suddenly this appeared.
+And in a world where people who believe in the scriptures have had their belief in creation shaken by the theory of evolution and geology, it was exciting to see evidence that the scriptures are historically true.
+A great 19th century moment.
+But of course, this is where things get complicated. The facts were true. Long live archeology, but the interpretation was rather complicated.
+This is because the cylinder description and the Hebrew Scripture description differ in one important respect.
+The Babylonian Cylinder was written by a priest of the great god Marduk of Babylon.
+And not surprisingly, they say, all this was done by Marduk.
+"We believe that Marduk called Cyrus by that name."
+Marduk takes Cyrus by the hand, calls upon him to lead the people, and gives them the rule of Babylon.
+Marduk tells Cyrus that he will do the great and merciful thing of liberating the people.
+That is why we should all thank and worship Marduk.
+It wouldn't surprise me to learn that the Hebrew writers of the Old Testament take a rather different view on this.
+For them, of course, it is inconceivable that Marduk caused all this.
+It is Jehovah alone.
+And there is a wonderful document in Isaiah that attributes all this credit not to Marduk, but to the Lord God of Israel. The Lord God of Israel, who called Cyrus by name, also took Cyrus by the hand and said: he shepherds his people.
+This is a remarkable example of the same event being appropriated by two different clerics, and a political fact hijacked by two different religions.
+As we know God is usually on the side of the battalion.
+The question is which god it was.
+And this argument upset those in the 19th century who recognized that the Hebrew scriptures were part of the wider religious world.
+And even though this cylinder obviously predates the text of Isaiah, Jehovah still speaks in words very similar to those used by Marduk.
+And there is a slight sense that Isaiah knows this. Because this is God speaking, of course, because it says, "You didn't know me, but I called your name."
+I think it is accepted that Cyrus was unaware that he was acting on Jehovah's orders.
+And likewise he would have been surprised that he had acted according to Marduk's orders.
+Interesting, of course, because Cyrus is a superior Iranian with an entirely different set of gods not mentioned in any of these texts.
+(Laughter) It was 1879.
+Forty years later, in 1917, Cylinder enters another world.
+This time it is the real politics of the modern world – the year of the Balfour Declaration, the year when Britain, the new imperial power of the Middle East, decides to declare the Jewish homeland and allow the return of Jews. .
+And the reaction of Eastern European Jews to this is rabid.
+And all over Eastern Europe, Jews are displaying side by side photographs of Cyrus and George V, the two great rulers who allowed the return of Jerusalem.
+Cyrus' cylinder was then returned to the public, and in 1918 the text was released as a document proving that what would happen after the war was over was part of God's plan.
+We all know what happened.
+Fifty years after the establishment of the State of Israel in the late 60s, it is clear that Britain's role as imperial power was over.
+And so, a new story of the cylinder begins.
+Britain and the United States will decide that the region needs to be protected from communism, and the superpowers created to do so will be Iran, the Shah.
+And the Shah invented the history of Iran, or a return to the history of Iran, placing him at the center of the great tradition and producing coins that marked himself with Cyrus' cylinder.
+When he held a grand celebration at Persepolis, he summoned a cylinder, which was loaned from the British Museum and traveled to Tehran, where it became part of the grand celebration of the Pahlavi dynasty.
+Cyrus Cylinder: Shah's guarantor.
+Another story ten years later: the 1979 Iranian Revolution.
+Islamic revolution, no more Cyrus. We're not interested in its history, we're interested in Islamic Iran - until the new superpower Iraq strikes which we all decided should be in the region.
+And then the Iran-Iraq War.
+And it has become important for Iranians to remember their great past, their great past of fighting and winning Iraq.
+It has become important to find a symbol that unites all Iranians: Muslims and non-Muslims, Christians and Zoroastrians, Jews living in Iran, pious and non-pious.
+And the obvious crest is Cyrus.
+Therefore, when the British Museum and the National Museum of Tehran work together, as we have done in the past, Iranians only ask for one thing: financing.
+That's the only object they want.
+They want to borrow Cyrus' cylinders.
+And last year Cyrus' cylinders were sent to Tehran for the second time.
+Here it is on display, cased by Mrs. Ardakhani, director of the Tehran National Museum and one of many women in very high positions in Iran.
+It was a big event.
+This is the other side of the same photo.
+Between one and two million people were sighted in Tehran over the course of several months.
+This goes beyond blockbuster exhibitions in the West.
+And what this column means and what Cyrus stands for is the subject of much debate, but above all Cyrus represented through this column, the defender of the fatherland and of course the Iranian Cyrus as defender of identity and Iran. Iranian people are tolerant of all faiths.
+And now in Iran, Zoroastrians and Christians are guaranteed seats in the Iranian parliament, which is something to be very proud of.
+Thousands of Jews living in Iran came to Tehran to see this object in Tehran.
+It has become a great symbol and the subject of great debate at home and abroad about what Iran is.
+Will Iran continue to be a champion of the oppressed?
+Will Iran liberate a people enslaved and exploited by tyrants?
+This was national rhetoric, all wrapped up in a massive contest to initiate a return.
+Here, this oversized Cyrus column stands on a stage where the great figures of Iranian history gather to sit on Iranian heritage.
+It was a story told by the president himself.
+And for me, taking this object to Iran, being allowed to take this object to Iran, is all about what Iran is, how Iran is different, and what were allowed to participate in a special discussion led by the highest level on how they differed. The history of Iran may shape the world today.
+This debate is still ongoing and will continue to rage, as this object is one of the great manifestations of human aspirations.
+It complies with the US Constitution.
+It certainly says a lot more about true freedom than the Magna Carta.
+This is a document that means so much to Iran and to the region.
+There is a replica of this at the United Nations.
+There will be a big debate about the future of the Middle East in New York this fall.
+And I'd like to end by asking what the next story with this object will be.
+Certainly, it will appear in many more Middle Eastern stories.
+And what stories of the Middle East, what stories of the world would you like to see reflected in what is being told and represented in this cylinder?
+The right of people to live together in the same nation while freely practicing different worships--a Middle East and a world where religion is not subject to division or controversy.
+Right now, in the Middle East world, as you know, there is a heated debate going on.
+But I think that perhaps the most powerful and wisest of all those voices could be the voice of this Silent One, the voice of Cyrus' Cylinder.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Gabriel García Márquez is one of my favorite authors for his storytelling, but I think even more for the beauty and accuracy of his prose.
+And whether it's the opening sentence of One Hundred Years of Solitude or the fantastical stream of consciousness in The Patriarch's Fall, the words whirl and the images unbroken take you from page to page. It surges and flows as if the Arakawa meanders. Reading Marquez in the pristine jungles of South America provides an instinctive experience.
+This was especially noticeable when, while reading this novel, I found myself swept up in this amazing and vivid journey of translation.
+Now, I was majoring in comparative literature in college, which was like an English major, and instead of being stuck studying Chaucer for three months, I could read all the great literature in translation from all over the world. I made it.
+And while these books were great, I could always tell they were nearing their maximum effect.
+But Marquez, instead, once praised a translator's work as superior to his own, which is a surprising compliment.
+So when I heard that translator Gregory Labassa had written his own book on the subject, I couldn't wait to read it.
+It is named after the Italian maxim I quoted from his forward, "If This Be Treason".
+And it's a fascinating read.
+Highly recommended for anyone interested in the art of translators.
+But the reason I mention this is because Labassa early on offers an elegantly simple insight: "Every act of communication is an act of translation."
+Perhaps it has been clear to all of you for a long time, but to me, although I have encountered such difficulties many times on a daily basis, the challenges inherent in communication have never been so clear. I never saw it in a bright light.
+Communication has been a core passion of mine ever since I remember thinking about such things consciously.
+Even as a child, I remember thinking that what I really wanted most in life was to be able to understand everything and be able to convey it to others.
+So no ego issues.
+It's funny, my wife Daisy, who has a lot of schizophrenic people in her family, I mean, a lot of schizophrenic people, once said to me, "Chris, I already have a brother who thinks he's a god.
+I don't need the husband I want to be. "
+(Laughter) Anyway, as I hit my twenties, I realized more and more how impossible the first part of my childhood ambitions was, but it was about whatever knowledge I had. It was the second part of being able to communicate well to others, and the wasted part of myself. The quest has started in earnest.
+Many times when I tried to share great truths with someone who was instantly appreciated, it backfired.
+Interestingly, when the first line of communication is, "Hey, listen. I'm going to tell you something serious about you," you discover both ice and firing squad surprisingly quickly.
+After about ten years of alienating friends and strangers alike, I finally understood a new personal truth about myself. If you want to successfully communicate your ideas to others, you should find the following. another way about it.
+And then I met comedy.
+Comedy now travels along a different wavelength than other forms of language.
+If I were to put this in any realm, I would say it sits somewhere between poetry and lies.
+And I'm not talking all comedies here. Because, obviously, there's a lot of humor that can be safely framed within what we already think and feel.
+What I want to talk about is the peculiar ability to evade the point of view with which the best comedy and satire are ingrained in us: comedy as a philosopher's stone.
+It transforms the base metal of our common sense through ridicule into a different way of seeing the world and ultimately being.
+Because that's what I got from the theme of this conference, 'what you get from translation'.
+It is about communication that not only creates deeper understanding within individuals, but also leads to real change.
+In my experience, this means communication that speaks to and extends our selfish notions.
+My emphasis now is on talking about people's self-interest. Because we are all designed to do so.
+It's part of our survival package, that's why it's become so important to us, and that's why we're always listening on that level.
+And also because that is where we finally begin to understand our capacity to respond, our responsibility to the rest of the world, in terms of our own interests.
+Now, what I mean by the best comedies and satires is, first and foremost, works that are born of honesty and sincerity.
+Thinking back now on Tina Fey's impersonation of newly-nominated Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin on Saturday Night Live, they were shocking.
+Fey demonstrated the candidate's fundamental lack of seriousness more effectively than any political commentator, cementing the impression that most Americans still hold today.
+And an important detail in this matter is that Fey's script was not written by her, nor was it written by an SNL screenwriter.
+These are verbatim quotes from Palin himself.
+(Laughter.) Here was a Palin imitator quoting Palin word for word.
+That's honesty and sincerity, and it's also why Faye's performance leaves such a lasting impression.
+On the political side, the first time I heard Rush Limbaugh refer to presidential candidate John Edwards as a Breck girl, I was convinced he had a hit.
+We don't often associate the words honesty and integrity with limbo, but this punch line is very difficult to discuss.
+This account perfectly captured Edwards' personal vanity.
+And what do you think?
+It was the very character trait that was at the heart of the scandal that ended his political career.
+Now, Jon Stewart's Daily Show is by far the best -- (applause) (laughter) the best documented example of the efficacy of this kind of comedy.
+Research after study, from Pew Research to the Annenberg Center for Public Policy, shows that viewers of the Daily Show know more about current affairs than viewers of all major network and cable news programs. found.
+(Applause.) Now, whether or not this speaks less to Stewart's audience vigilance than to the discrepancy between honesty and profitability in corporate journalism, the more important point is that Stewart's material is always factual. It remains the case that it is based on a commitment to - to inform that it was not Stewart's intention. it's not.
+His intention is to be funny.
+As it happens, Stewart's brand of fun doesn't work unless the facts are true.
+The result is a great comedy that is also an information delivery system that scores significantly higher than specialized news outlets for both credibility and retention.
+Now, this is doubly ironic, given that what gives comedy its edge over people's walls is the way it uses deliberate misdirection.
+A great piece of comedy is a verbal sleight of hand where you think you're going and you're suddenly transported here.
+And after mental joy comes the physical response of laughter, which, not coincidentally, releases endorphins in the brain.
+And just like that, you've been tempted to look at things differently because the endorphins have lowered your defenses.
+This is the exact opposite of how anger, fear, and panic—the flight-or-fight response—act.
+Fleeing or fighting will release adrenaline and cause walls to sky-high.
+And then comes comedy, which deals with many of the same areas where human defenses are strongest, such as race, religion, politics, and sexuality, but just approaching them through humor instead of adrenaline will give you endorphins. and the alchemy of laughter takes place. Turning walls into windows reveals fresh and unexpected perspectives.
+Here's an example of what I do.
+There is some material on the so-called radical gay agenda, which begins with the question of how radical the gay agenda is.
+Because, as far as I know, the three things gay Americans most want are to join the military, to get married, and to start a family.
+(Laughter) There are three things I've tried to avoid all my life.
+(laughter) Go for it, you ravenous bastards. The field is yours.
+(Laughter) And then there's this one sentence about gay adoption: What's the problem with gay adoption?
+Why is this controversial?
+If you have a baby and you think the baby is gay, you should be allowed to put it up for adoption.
+(Laughter.) You created an abomination.
+Please remove it from your home.
+Now, this joke takes the biblical adjective "abhorrence" and ties it to the ultimate image of innocence: a baby, thereby short-circuiting the emotional wiring behind the argument and letting the audience know its legitimacy through laughter. It leaves an opportunity for questioning.
+Misdirection isn't the only trick comedy is good at.
+The economy of language is also a powerful aspect of great comedy.
+Few phrases pack more subject matter and symbolism than the perfect punchline.
+Bill Hicks -- if you don't know his work, just google it -- Hicks used to enter bragging rights on the playground as a kid. So at the end the other child said to him: Well, my dad can hit your dad," to which Hicks replies, "Really? How quickly?"
+(Laughter) In three words, this is my whole childhood.
+(Laughter.) Not to mention what it reveals about the adults who talk about it.
+And the last powerful property that comedy has as communication is that it is inherently viral.
+People can't wait to tell you that new great joke.
+And this is not a new phenomenon in our wired world.
+Comedy has crossed borders at breakneck speed long before the internet, social media, or even cable TV.
+When comedian Richard Pryor accidentally self-immolated in a freebase accident in 1980, I was in Los Angeles the day after the accident and in Washington D.C. two days later.
+And I heard the exact same punchline on both coasts—something about the black college fund being ignited.
+Clearly, it didn't come out of a monologue on The Tonight Show.
+My guess here is that I've never researched this, but if I could really look back and research, comedy would be the second oldest of the viral professions.
+First there were drums, then knock-knock jokes.
+(Laughter) But that's when you combine all these elements. When you get the viral appeal of a great joke with a powerful punchline made out of sincerity and honesty, it can have a real-world impact that changes conversations.
+Now I have a best friend, Joel Pett. He is an editorial cartoonist for the Lexington Herald Reader.
+He used to be the Monday morning reporter for USA Today.
+Joel and I were there the weekend before the Copenhagen Conference on Climate Change opened in December 2009.
+And Joel reminded me that since USA Today is one of America's four papers of record, almost everyone in attendance at the conference will scan it, which means if you run the comics out of the park on Monday. I explained what I meant. , on the first day of the conference, this opinion can spread at the highest level among practical decision makers.
+So we started talking about climate change.
+And it turns out that Joel and I struggled with the same thing. It was that much of the debate was still focused on science, how complete the science was. This seems like a somewhat deliberate off-point for both of us.
+Because, first of all, there is a false premise that there is such a thing as perfect science.
+Well, my newly appointed Governor Perry of Texas pushed this same line at the start of the oops-fate Republican presidential nomination campaign this summer, declaring over and over again that the science wasn't perfect at the same time. was Fires broke out in 250 of Texas' 254 counties.
+And Perry's policy solution was to ask people in Texas to pray for rain.
+Personally, I was hoping for four more fires so that we could finally complete our science.
+(Laughter.) But back in 2009, the question that Joel and I kept pondering over and over again was, if the policies needed to deal with climate change were clearly beneficial to humanity, why did they come to an endgame? The question was, how much energy is spent talking about science? In the long run regardless of science.
+So we threw it back and forth until Joel came up with this.
+Cartoon: "What if it's a big hoax and we make a better world for free?"
+(Laughter) I think you'll love the idea.
+(Applause.) What do you think? Want to make a better world for free?
+Not for God's sake, not for nation's sake, not for profit, but just as a basic index for global decision-making.
+And this cartoon hit the mark.
+Shortly after the meeting, Joel received a request from the EPA Administrator in Washington for a signed copy, which now hangs on the wall.
+Shortly thereafter, it was again requested by the EPA Administrator in California to be used as part of a presentation at the International Conference on Climate Change in Sacramento last year.
+And it didn't stop there.
+To date, Joel has been commissioned by over 40 environmental organizations in the United States, Canada and Europe.
+And earlier this year, following a request from Australia's Green Party, the party used this carbon tax in its campaign and became part of the debate, resulting in Australia's parliament adopting the toughest carbon tax regime of any country in the world. is what happened.
+(Applause) That's quite a punch for 14 words.
+So my suggestion to anyone who is serious about making the world a better place is to take a little time each day to practice thinking about interesting things. Because you might find the question you were looking for.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+My story actually started here in Rajasthan about two years ago.
+I was in the desert under the stars with Sufi singer Muktiar Ali.
+And we were having a conversation about how nothing has changed since the time of the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata.
+In the old days, when we Indians wanted to travel, we jumped into chariots and crossed the skies.
+Now do the same with the plane.
+At that time, the great Indian warrior prince Arjuna, when he was thirsty, took out his bow and thrust it into the ground, and water came out.
+Now we do the same with drills and machines.
+The conclusion we reached was that magic was replaced by machines.
+And this made me really sad.
+I found myself becoming a bit technophobic.
+The thought terrified me that I would never be able to enjoy and appreciate a sunset without holding my camera and tweeting to my friends.
+And I felt that technology should enable magic, not kill it.
+When I was little, my grandfather gave me a small silver pocket watch.
+And this 50-year-old technology became the most magical to me.
+It was a golden gateway to a world full of pirates, shipwrecks and images from my imagination.
+So I felt like my cell phone, luxury watch, and camera were preventing me from dreaming.
+They prevented us from being inspired.
+So I jumped into this world of technology to see how it could be used to enable magic instead of killing it.
+I have been drawing illustrations for books since I was 16 years old.
+So when I saw the iPad, I thought it was a storytelling device that could connect readers around the world.
+It lets us know how we hold it.
+It lets us know where we are.
+Combine images, text, animation, sound and touch.
+Storytelling is becoming more and more multisensory.
+But what are you doing with it?
+So let's actually launch Khoya, an interactive app for iPad.
+So it says "put your finger on each light".
+So -- (music) It says "This box belongs to...", so type your name.
+And actually I become a character in the book.
+At various points, little letters descend on me. Your iPad knows where you live thanks to GPS. It was actually addressed to me.
+The child in me is really excited about this possibility.
+Well, I've talked a lot about magic.
+And I don't mean wizards and dragons, I mean the magic of childhood, the thoughts we all had when we were children.
+This idea of ​​having fireflies in a jar has always been very exciting for me for some reason.
+So here we have to tilt the iPad and take out the firefly.
+And they actually light the way for the rest of the book.
+Another idea that really fascinated me as a kid was that the entire galaxy could fit inside one marble.
+And here each book and each world becomes a little marble and I pull into this magical device within a device.
+Then the map will open.
+Historically, all fantasy books have always included maps, but these maps have been static.
+This is the map that grows and glows and serves as navigation for the rest of the book.
+It is also evident in certain passages of the book.
+So we'll just go in.
+Another thing that's really important to me is creating content that is Indian yet very modern.
+Here are the Apsaras.
+Now, we've all heard of fairies and nymphs. But how many outside of India know about their Indian counterpart, Apsara?
+These pathetic Apsaras have been trapped in Indra's chambers for thousands of years in old musty books.
+So we bring them back to modern stories for kids.
+And stories that actually deal with new issues like the environmental crisis.
+(music) Speaking of the environmental crisis, I think the big problem in the last decade is that kids are stuck in their rooms, glued to their computers, and can't get out.
+But now, thanks to mobile technology, we can actually use it to take our kids outside into the natural world.
+One of the interactions in the book is that you are sent out on this quest that requires you to go outside, pull out your iPad camera, and collect photographs of various natural objects.
+When I was a kid, I had multiple collections of sticks, stones, pebbles and seashells.
+And somehow the kids don't do that anymore.
+So to recapture this childhood ritual, you have to go out and photograph flowers in a chapter and tag them.
+Another chapter requires you to take a picture of the bark and tag it.
+And you can actually create a digital collection of photos and publish it online.
+A child in London puts up a picture of a fox and says, "Oh, I saw a fox today."
+A child in India says, "I saw a monkey today."
+And this kind of social network is built around a collection of real-world digital photos.
+The possibilities of combining magic, earth and technology are multiple.
+In my next book, I'm planning to have an interaction where if you bring out your iPad with the video on, layers of pixie animation will appear on the houseplants outside your house through augmented reality.
+At some point, the screen fills with leaves.
+There you have to blow away with some wind noise and read the rest of the book.
+We, and all of us, move here, to a world where the forces of nature can be closer to technology, and magic and technology closer.
+We harness energy from the sun.
+We bring children and ourselves closer to the natural world and the magic, joy and childhood love we all had through the simple medium of storytelling.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today we talk about saving more, but today, not tomorrow.
+Talk about Save More Tomorrow.
+This is a program that Richard Thaler and I at the University of Chicago devised maybe 15 years ago.
+In some ways, this program is an example of enhanced behavioral finance and shows how behavioral finance can be used in practice.
+Now you may be wondering what is behavioral finance?
+So let's think about how to manage money.
+Let's start with the mortgage.
+At least in the United States, it's a hot topic these days.
+Many people buy the biggest house they can afford, actually a little bigger than that.
+And they do foreclosure.
+And they blame the bank as the bad guy who gave the mortgage.
+Consider also how you manage risk, such as investing in the stock market.
+Two years ago, three years ago, about four years ago, the market was doing well.
+Of course, we took risks.
+Then the market stocks skyrocketed and we were like, 'Wow.
+They feel that these losses are emotionally very different from what we really thought when the market was going up. "
+So in terms of taking risks, we probably aren't doing very well.
+How many people have iPhones?
+Who? wonderful.
+I'm sure more people have their iPhones insured. By purchasing an extended warranty, you are implicitly insured.
+What if I lose my iPhone?
+What if we do this?
+How many people have children?
+who?
+Raise your hand if you have adequate life insurance.
+I see many hands coming down.
+If you're a representative sample, I would expect more people to insure their iPhones than their lives, even if they have children.
+As for insurance, we're not doing very well.
+The average American household spends $1,000 a year on lottery tickets.
+And I know it sounds crazy too.
+How many people spend $1,000 a year on lottery tickets?
+no one.
+So we know that people who aren't in this room spent over $1,000 to get the average to 1,000.
+Low-income people spend over a thousand dollars on lottery tickets.
+So where are we going?
+We are not good at managing money.
+Behavioral finance is actually a combination of psychology and economics, trying to understand the money mistakes people make.
+And for the remaining 12 minutes and 53 seconds, I can just stand here and make fun of all manner of money management. And finally, you'll ask, "How can I help people?"
+And that's what I really want to focus on today.
+How can we understand the financial mistakes people make and turn behavioral challenges into behavioral solutions?
+Today we're talking about "saving more tomorrow".
+I would like to bring up the issue of savings.
+The screen shows a representative sample of 100 Americans.
+And look at their savings behavior.
+The first thing to notice is that half of them don't even have access to a 401(k) plan.
+Saving cannot be made easier.
+They can't move money from their paycheck to a 401(k) plan before they can actually see it, before they can actually touch it.
+What about the other half of the people?
+Some of them choose not to save.
+they are just lazy.
+They never log into a complicated website and click 17 times to join a 401(k) plan.
+And they had to decide how to invest in 52 options, but they had never even heard of what a money market fund was.
+And they were overwhelmed and stopped participating.
+How many people will end up saving in a 401(k) plan?
+one-third of Americans.
+Two-thirds are not saving now.
+Are they saving enough?
+Get rid of those who say you have too little savings.
+1 in 10 people have enough savings.
+Nine in 10 people are either unable to save through a 401(k) plan, have decided not to save, or are saving too little.
+We think the problem is that people are saving too much.
+Let's see it.
+We have one -- well, we're actually going to slice him in half. Because it's less than 1%.
+About half of Americans feel they are saving too much.
+what are you going to do about it?
+That's what I really want to focus on.
+We need to understand why people aren't saving so we can turn behavioral challenges into behavioral solutions and see how powerful that can be. .
+Now let me digress for a moment by identifying the problems, challenges and behavioral challenges that are preventing people from saving.
+Let's digress and talk about bananas and chocolate.
+Let's say you have another great TED event next week.
+There was a snack during the break, you could choose banana or chocolate.
+How many of you would like to eat a banana during this hypothetical TED event next week?
+Who's going to eat bananas?
+wonderful.
+Science predicts that 74% of people will eat bananas.
+At least, that's what one great study predicted.
+And then count down the days to see what people ended up eating.
+The same person who imagined himself eating a banana was eating chocolate a week later.
+Self-control is fine in the future.
+The only problem is when the chocolate is next to it.
+What does time and savings have to do with this immediate question of gratification?
+Alternatively, some economists call it "current bias."
+We think about savings. We know we should save.
+I know we will do it next year, but let's go and spend today.
+Christmas is fast approaching, so it might be a good idea to buy lots of presents for everyone you know.
+Thus, due to the present bias problem, we end up spending even though we intend to save.
+Now let's talk about another behavioral obstacle to inertia-related savings.
+Again, we digress a little from the topic of organ donation.
+Great study comparing different countries.
+Let's take a look at two similar countries: Germany and Austria.
+And in Germany, if you want to donate your organs, when you get your driver's license or ID card, you check the box that says "I want to donate my organs."
+Not many people like checking boxes.
+Effort is required. I have to think.
+12 percent do.
+A little similar, a little different, neighboring country Austria.
+What's the difference?
+Well, there are still options.
+You decide whether or not to donate your organs.
+But when you get your driver's license, you check the box if you don't want to donate your organs.
+No one checks the checkbox.
+That's a little too much effort.
+1 percent ticks the box. The rest do nothing.
+Doing nothing is very common.
+Not many people check the checkbox.
+What impact will it have on saving lives and making organs available?
+In Germany, 12% tick the checkbox.
+12% are organ donors.
+There is a severe shortage of organs. God forbid if necessary.
+In Austria, again, nobody checks the checkbox.
+Therefore, 99% of people become organ donors.
+Inertia, lack of action.
+What are the default settings if you do nothing, keep procrastinating, or don't check the box?
+very powerful.
+We talk about what happens when people are overwhelmed and afraid to make a 401(k) choice.
+Are you going to automatically include them in the plan, or are you going to exclude them?
+With too many 401(k) plans, if people don't do anything, if they don't check a box, they're not saving for retirement.
+And checking the box takes effort.
+So we discussed some behavioral challenges.
+One more thing about monkeys and apples before I turn the challenge into a solution.
+No, no, no, this is real research and has a lot to do with behavioral economics.
+One group of monkeys got apples and was very happy.
+The other group receives 2 apples and 1 is taken away.
+They still have apples left.
+they are really angry
+why did you take our apples
+This is the concept of loss aversion.
+We hate losing things, even if it doesn't represent a big risk.
+You don't want to go to the ATM, withdraw $100, only to discover that you've lost one of your $20 bills.
+It makes no sense but it hurts so much.
+That $20 could have been a quick lunch.
+Therefore, this concept of loss aversion also has implications when it comes to savings. Because people mentally, emotionally, and intuitively think that saving is a loss because they have to cut spending.
+So we ended up discussing all sorts of behavioral challenges related to saving.
+Whether you're thinking of instant gratification or comparing chocolate to bananas, saving now is a pain.
+I really enjoy spending time now.
+We talked about inertia and organ donation and checkboxes.
+If you have to check a lot of boxes to get into a 401(k) plan, people will keep procrastinating and won't join.
+And finally, we talked about loss aversion and monkeys and apples.
+If people mentally set retirement savings as a loss, they wouldn't save for retirement.
+We have these challenges, and what has always fascinated Richard Thaler and I is whether we can take behavioral finance and make it behavioral finance on steroids, or behavioral finance 2.0, or actually behavioral finance. The question is whether it will be financed. Turn challenges into solutions.
+And we came up with an embarrassingly simple solution: Save More, not today, not tomorrow.
+How will the challenges we talked about be resolved?
+Given the banana vs. chocolate issue, I think I'll be eating bananas next week.
+I think I will be able to save more next year.
+Save More Tomorrow encourages employees to save more, perhaps next year. The day will come when we can imagine eating bananas, volunteering more in our communities, exercising more, and doing all that is right on the planet.
+We also talked about the difficulty of ticking boxes and taking action here.
+You can save more tomorrow.
+It's autopilot.
+Say you want to save more in the future, and every January you automatically start saving more, and before you even see it, it disappears from your paycheck into a 401(k) plan. Please try to touch it before you are immediately satisfied.
+But what about monkeys and loss aversion?
+Come January next year, people may find it painful to save more and have to spend less.
+Well, it may not just be January.
+Perhaps when people make more money, they should start saving more.
+That way, even if your income goes up or your salary goes up, you won't have to cut your spending.
+They take home a little more of their paycheck and spend more. Take a little extra and put it in your 401(k) plan.
+Here is the program. It's embarrassingly simple, but as we'll see, it's very powerful.
+Richard Thaler and I first implemented this in 1998.
+At Midwestern midsize businesses, blue-collar workers struggling to pay their bills repeatedly told us they couldn't save more right away.
+Saving more is no longer an option.
+We encouraged them to save 3 percentage points more every time they got a raise.
+And here are the results.
+Here, over a three-and-a-half-year period, with four pay raises, people who had trouble saving saved 3 percent of their paychecks, and after three-and-a-half years they were saving almost four times as much, almost 14 percent. I understand.
+This graph also includes items such as shoes and bicycles. Because I don't want to just throw the numbers out there.
+I'd really like to consider the fact that 4x savings makes a big difference in terms of allowing people to live comfortably.
+It's real.
+It's not just numbers on paper.
+Save 3% and you might need to add nice sneakers for walking because you can't afford anything else, but save 14% and you'll have nice dress shoes for walking to the car. may be possible. drive.
+This is the real difference.
+About 60% of large companies currently have such programs in place.
+It is part of the Pension Protection Act.
+And needless to say Thaler and I were fortunate to be part of this program and to make a difference.
+I would like to conclude with two important messages.
+One is that behavioral finance is very powerful.
+This is just one example.
+Message 2 is that there is still much work to be done.
+This is just the tip of the iceberg.
+When you think of people, mortgages, homebuying, you also have to think about not being able to pay for it.
+If we're thinking about people taking too many risks and not understanding how much they're taking, or if they're taking too little, we need to think about it. there is.
+Given that people spend thousands of dollars a year on lottery tickets, we need to think about it.
+In fact, the average is the record in Singapore.
+The average household spends $4,000 a year on lottery tickets.
+When it comes to spending money after retirement, there is a lot to be done and solved in the post-retirement space as well.
+Last question. When you are planning your retirement, do you have a solid plan for when you will retire, when you will claim Social Security benefits, what kind of lifestyle you envision, and how much money you will receive? How many people feel safe? Do you spend every month so that you do not run out of money?
+How many of us feel like we have a solid plan for the future when it comes to our retirement decisions?
+1 2 3 4。
+Less than 3% of the audience is highly sophisticated.
+Behavioral finance has a long way to go.
+There are many opportunities to make it powerful again and again.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+How to talk in 10 minutes about the bond between three generations of women, and how the amazing strength of that bond took root in the life of a four-year-old girl who spent five years with her little sister, mother, and grandmother. can you do it? More than 30 years ago, I spent days and nights on a small boat in the China Sea.
+A bond that was firmly rooted in that little girl's life and never let go—that little girl now lives in San Francisco and is speaking to you today.
+This is not the end of the story.
+A jigsaw puzzle that is still being assembled.
+I would like to introduce some of my works.
+Imagine your first creation. A man who is burning with his life's work.
+He is a poet, a playwright, a man whose life has been balanced by one hope: the unity and liberty of his country.
+Imagine him facing the fact that the communists have invaded Saigon and his life has been a complete waste.
+Words that had long been his friends now ridiculed him.
+He retreated into silence.
+He died devastated by history.
+he is my grandfather
+But our life is more than memories.
+My grandmother never let me forget his life.
+My duty was not to let it go to waste, and my lesson was to learn that indeed history tried to crush us, but we persevered.
+The next piece of the jigsaw depicts a boat silently sliding into the sea at dawn.
+My mother, Mai, was 18 when my father died. I was already in an arranged marriage and already had two little girls.
+For her, life boiled down to one task: escaping her family and finding a new life in Australia.
+For her, it was unthinkable that she would not succeed.
+Thus, after four years of ignoring fiction, a ship disguised as a fishing boat sailed out to sea.
+All adults knew the risks.
+The greatest fears were pirates, rape, and death.
+Like most adults on the boat, my mother had a vial of poison in her hand.
+If we were caught, first my sister and I, then her and my grandmother would drink.
+My earliest memories are from boats. The steady beat of the engine, the bow that sinks in the waves, the vast, empty horizon.
+I don't remember when pirates came many times but were deceived by the bravado of the men on our boat, or when the engine failed and wouldn't start for six hours.
+But I remember the lights of the oil rigs off the coast of Malaysia, the young man who fell and died, how the end of the journey was too heavy for him, and the taste of the first apples I gave the rig men. increase.
+No two apples taste the same.
+After three months in refugee camps, we arrived in Melbourne.
+And the next piece in the jigsaw puzzle is four women from three generations together shaping a new life.
+We settled in Footscray, a working-class suburb with a large immigrant population.
+Unlike the settled middle-class suburbs I was unaware of its existence, there was no sense of entitlement in Footscray.
+The smell of the world wafted from the door of the shop.
+And snippets of halted English were exchanged between like-minded people. It means they started again.
+My mother worked on a farm and then on an automobile assembly line, working two shifts for six days.
+I managed to find time to study English and get an IT qualification.
+we were poor
+Every dollar was allocated and extra tuition for English and Math was budgeted regardless of what was missed. It was usually new clothes. They were always second hand.
+There are two pairs of school stockings that are used to hide the holes in each.
+I have to wear school uniforms up to my ankles for six years.
+And then there were the rare but searing cries of "breaks" and the occasional graffiti: "Asians, go home."
+where are you going home
+A determination was gathered, and a quiet voice was heard: "I will bypass you."
+My mother, sister and I slept in the same bed.
+Even though my mother was exhausted every night, we talked to each other about the day and listened to her movements around the house.
+My mother had nightmares about boats.
+And my job was to stay awake until her nightmares came and be able to wake her up.
+She opened a computer shop, then studied hairdressing and started another business.
+And women brought stories of angry, inflexible men who were unable to change, and troubled children caught between two worlds.
+Grants and sponsors were sought.
+Center was established.
+I lived in a parallel world.
+At one point, I was a typical Asian student, relentless in the demands I placed on myself.
+On the other, I was caught up in a precarious life tragically scarred by violence, substance abuse and isolation.
+But it has helped many over the years.
+And for that achievement, when I was in my final year of law school, I was named 'Young Australian of the Year'.
+Then I jumped from jigsaw piece to piece and the edges didn't line up.
+Anonymous Footscray resident Tan Lee, now refugee and social activist Tan Lee, was invited to speak in venues he had never heard of and in homes he never imagined existed.
+I didn't know the protocol.
+I didn't understand how to use the cutlery.
+I didn't know what to say.
+I wanted to return to the routine and comfort of a lesser known suburb. As grandmother, mother, and two daughters have done for almost 20 years, we finished each day, told each other stories of the day, and went to sleep. we are still in the same bed.
+I told my mother, "I can't do that."
+She reminded me that I am now the same age as when I was on the boat.
+"No" was never an option.
+"Just do it," she said. "Don't be who you are not."
+There I spoke out about youth unemployment and education, the neglect of the marginalized and disenfranchised.
+And the more openly I spoke, the more I was asked to speak.
+I met people from all walks of life, and many of them were living at the forefront of what was possible, doing what they loved.
+And even though I had my degree, I found myself unable to settle into a career in law.
+There should have been another piece in the jigsaw puzzle.
+And at the same time, I also realized that it's okay to be an outsider, a recent arrival, a newcomer to the scene. And I realized that it wasn't just okay, it was something to be grateful for, perhaps a gift from the ship.
+Because being an insider can easily mean collapsing the horizon, and easily accepting the assumptions of your province.
+I have now stepped far enough out of my comfort zone to know that the world will certainly fall apart, but not in the way you fear it.
+Possibilities that were not allowed were exorbitantly encouraged.
+There was an energy, a relentless optimism, a strange mixture of humility and boldness.
+So I followed my intuition.
+Around me I gathered a small team of people for whom the label "I can't do it" was an irresistible challenge.
+For a year we were penniless.
+At the end of each day, I made a big pot of soup to share with everyone.
+Most of our ideas were outlandish, but some were great and we were able to break through.
+I made the decision to move to America after just one trip.
+My hunch again.
+Three months later, I have moved and the adventure continues.
+Finally, let me tell you about my grandmother.
+She grew up in a time when Confucianism was the social norm and the local Chinese language was valued.
+Life hadn't changed for centuries.
+Her father died soon after she was born.
+Her mother raised her single handedly.
+At the age of 17, she became Mandarin's second wife, beaten by her mother.
+Lacking support from her husband, she took him to court and created a case of her own to create a sensation and, when she won, an even greater sensation.
+(Laughter) (Applause) "You can't do that" has been shown to be wrong.
+I was showering in my Sydney hotel room at the moment she died in Melbourne, 900 miles away.
+I looked through the shower screen and saw her standing opposite.
+I knew she had come to say goodbye.
+A few minutes later I got a call from my mother.
+A few days later we went to a Buddhist temple in Footscray and sat around her coffin.
+We told her the story so far and assured her we were still together.
+In the middle of the night a priest came and said that the coffin must be closed.
+Mother wanted us to touch her hands.
+She asked the monk, "Why are her hands so warm and the rest so cold?"
+"Because I've been holding back since morning," he said.
+"You didn't let it go."
+If there is a streak in our family, it runs through the women.
+Given who we are and how life has shaped us, we now see that the men who might have come into our lives would have thwarted us.
+Defeat came too easily.
+Now I want to have kids of my own but am wondering about boats.
+who can wish it for themselves?
+But I fear privilege and comfort and rights.
+Can I pay homage to each wave, the steady beat of an engine that never falters, the life they bravely immerse themselves in a vast, unassailable horizon?
+don't know.
+But if I give it and they can safely follow through, I will.
+(Applause.) Trevor Nielson: And Tan's mother is also in the fourth or fifth row here today.
+(applause)
+I am a computer science professor with a specialization in computers and information security.
+When I was in graduate school, I had the opportunity to hear my grandmother explain to one of the same elderly people how I earned my living.
+Apparently, I was in charge of keeping the computer from being stolen from the university. (Laughter) And, you know, it's totally normal for her to think that way. Because I told her I work in computer security. And it was interesting to understand her point of view.
+But it's not the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard anyone say about my job.
+The most ridiculous thing I ever heard was when I was at a dinner party and a woman asked me out when she heard I worked in computer security. She said her computer had a virus and was very worried. That she might get sick from it, she might catch this virus. (Laughter) And I'm not a doctor, but the chances of something like this happening are very, very low, but if she feels more comfortable, feel free to use latex gloves when using the computer. I reassured her that it was all right. It does no harm.
+I really want to go back to the notion that a computer can be infected with a virus.
+What I am going to share with you today are some hacks and real-world cyberattacks that have been carried out by people in my community, the academic research community. I think most people don't know about this. So intriguing and terrifying at the same time, this talk is like the academic security community's biggest hacking hit.
+None of my works are mine. This is all work done by my colleagues and in fact I commissioned their slides and incorporated them into this talk.
+The first thing I want to talk about is implantable medical devices.
+Today, medical devices have made great technological progress.
+It turns out that the first pacemaker was invented in 1926.
+In 1960, the first internal pacemaker was implanted. Preferably a little smaller than the pacemakers out there, and the technology kept advancing.
+In 2006, we achieved an important milestone in terms of computer security.
+And why do I say that?
+That's when devices embedded in the human body began to have network capabilities.
+One thing that brings us closer is to look at Dick Cheney's apparatus. He had a device that pumped blood from the aorta to another part of the heart. And like the bottom there, it was controlled by a computer controller. If you've ever thought software liability is very important, let one of these be yours.
+Well, what the research team did was get something called an ICD.
+It was a defibrillator, a device inserted into a person's body to control the heart's rhythm, and it saved many lives.
+Well, to save the person having to open the device every time they want to reprogram or diagnose it, they enabled the device to communicate wirelessly, and what this research team did was It's that they reverse-engineered the radio protocol and they built a device like the one pictured here with a tiny antenna. This device was able to communicate protocol with the device to control the device.
+We were unable to find volunteers to make their experience a reality. So they got some ground beef and bacon and wrapped everything up to roughly the size of a human area that the device could reach. , and they stuck a device in it to run the experiment somewhat realistically.
+They launched so many attacks and they were successful.
+The emphasis here is on changing the patient's name.
+I don't know why you would want to do that, but I certainly don't want you to do that to me.
+And by simply reverse-engineering and sending a wireless signal, they were able to alter the treatment, including disabling the device. This is using a real off-the-shelf off-the-shelf device.
+NPR had an article saying that some of these ICDs can actually disrupt performance just by holding up your headphones.
+Today, wireless and the Internet greatly improve healthcare.
+The screen shows some examples of situations in which doctors are considering implanting devices in the body. Now it's the norm for all of these devices to communicate wirelessly, which I think is great, but what could an attacker do if they didn't fully understand Trusted Computing? , if you don't understand the security risks from the beginning, there are a lot of dangers involved.
+Now let's change gears and introduce another target.
+Here are a few of these different targets. This is my story. So let's look at cars.
+This is a car, now with many components and electronics.
+In fact, there are so many different computers in it, more Pentiums than in my university lab, connected by a wired network.
+There is also a wireless network in the car, which can be accessed in various ways.
+There's Bluetooth, there's an FM radio and an XM radio, there's actually Wi-Fi, and there's a sensor in the wheel that communicates tire pressure wirelessly to the on-board controller.
+Modern automobiles are sophisticated multi-computer devices.
+And what if someone tries to attack this?
+Well, that's what the researchers I'm talking about today did.
+Basically, it traps attackers in wired and wireless networks.
+They now have two areas they can attack.
+One is short-range wireless, which allows you to actually communicate with your device from a short distance via Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. The other is long-range wireless, which can communicate with your car via the cellular network or either: Radio stations.
+please think about it. When the car receives radio signals, they are processed by software.
+That software has to receive a radio signal, decode it, and decide what to do with it, even if it's just music that the radio needs to play. If there's a bug in the software that does that decoding, it could create a vulnerability for someone to hack your car.
+The way the researchers did this work was by reading the software inside a computer chip that was in the car, then using sophisticated reverse engineering tools to figure out what that software was doing, A software vulnerability was discovered. We then built an exploit to abuse them.
+They actually carried out attacks in the real world.
+They bought two cars, and they probably have more money than I do.
+Our first threat model was to see what an attacker could do if they actually got access to the car's internal network.
+Well, it's like, someone went to your car, messed with it, and walked away, and now consider what trouble you're in.
+Another threat model is that they contact you in real time via your cell phone or other wireless network without actually having physical access to your vehicle.
+This is what the first model setup will look like and will give you access to the car.
+They put down their laptops, hooked them up to diagnostic units on the in-car network, and did all sorts of stupid things. For example, here is a picture of a speedometer showing 140 mph while the car is parked.
+Once you have control over your car's computer, you can do anything.
+Now you might say, "That's ridiculous."
+But what if you had the car constantly say it was going 20 miles an hour slower than it actually was?
+Speeding tickets can be issued in large numbers.
+They then proceeded to an abandoned airstrip with two vehicles, the targeted victim's vehicle and a pursuer vehicle, and launched numerous other attacks.
+One thing they were able to do from the chasing car was to put the brakes on other cars simply by hacking the computer.
+They were able to disable the brakes.
+I was also able to install malware that wouldn't activate and trigger until the car was over 20 mph.
+The results were so amazing that when they gave this talk, even though they gave it at a conference for a large number of computer security researchers, everyone gasped. It was about
+They were able to hijack a number of critical computers in the car (brake computer, lighting computer, engine, dashboard, radio, etc.) and run them on the actual commercial vehicle they purchased. wireless network.
+They were able to compromise any piece of software that controls every radio function in the car.
+All of these have been successfully implemented.
+How would you steal a car in this model?
+Well, your car is at risk from buffer overflows due to software vulnerabilities.
+Locates using in-car GPS.
+Remotely unlock the doors, start the engine, bypass anti-theft devices through the computer that controls it, and you have the car.
+Watching was really interesting.
+The authors of the study have a video showing them hijacking a car, turning on a microphone inside the car, and eavesdropping on the car as it is tracked by GPS on a map. The car never knew what was going on.
+am i still scaring you?
+I have a few more interesting ones like this.
+These are the things that happened when I went to a conference and was shocked and said, "I have to share this with other people."
+This was Fabian Monrose's lab at the University of North Carolina, and what they did was intuitive once you saw it, but it was kind of surprising.
+They videotaped people on the bus and then post-processed the video.
+The first thing you see here is the reflection of someone's smartphone glasses as they type.
+They created software to stabilize and handle your phone, even if you were on a bus and someone held it at an angle. On your smartphone, the keys will pop when you enter your password. They could use it to reconstruct what the person was typing, and they had a language model to detect input.
+What's interesting is that by filming a video inside the bus, we were able to reproduce exactly what people were typing on their smartphones, with surprising results afterwards. That is, their software was doing the same thing to other people, not just the target. The people who happened to be in the photos were able to generate what they were typing. It was kind of a coincidence of what the software was doing.
+I will introduce two more. One is the P25 radio.
+P25 radios are used by law enforcement and all kinds of government agencies and people in combat to communicate, and these phones have encryption options.
+The phone looks like this. It's not actually a phone.
+It's more of a two-way radio.
+Motorola manufactures the most widely used standards, used by the Secret Service and used in combat, you see. This is a very common standard in the US and elsewhere.
+One of the questions the researchers asked themselves was, can this be blocked?
+Since they are first responders, can they perform a denial of service?
+So would a terrorist organization want to cut off the ability of police and fire departments to communicate in an emergency?
+They happened to discover that there was a GirlTech device used for sending text messages that ran on the exact same frequency as the P25, and built what they called My First Jammer. (Laughter) If you look closely at this device, it has an encrypted or plaintext switch.
+Slide forward and back.
+See the difference?
+This is plain text. This is encrypted.
+A single small dot appears on the screen, and you just need to turn a switch.
+So the researchers asked, ``How many times have highly secure, important, and sensitive conversations taken place over two-way radios that you forget to encrypt, or don't realize you haven't encrypted? ?” I asked myself.
+So they bought a scanner. These are completely legal and run on the P25 frequency. And what they've done is they've jumped frequencies and written software to listen.
+If they find encrypted communications, they stay on that channel, make a note that it's the channel this people and law enforcement communicate on, visit 20 metropolitan areas, and see what's happening on that frequency. I overheard the conversation.
+They found that they captured more than 20 minutes of plaintext communication per day in all metropolitan areas.
+And what were people talking about?
+Well, they found the name and information of the informant. They found information that had been recorded by wiretaps, a string of crimes being discussed, and classified information.
+It was mostly about law enforcement and criminals.
+They anonymized this and then reported it to law enforcement. The vulnerability here is simply that the user interface wasn't good enough. If you're talking about really secure and sensitive content, it should be obvious that this conversation is encrypted.
+It's very easy to fix.
+I thought the last one was really, really cool. And I had to show you this. This probably isn't something like a car or a defibrillator that makes you sleep deprived, but it steals your keystrokes.
+Well, we've all seen smartphones upside down.
+Security experts all want to hack smartphones and tend to look at USB ports, GPS for tracking, cameras and microphones, but until now no one has looked at the accelerometer.
+The accelerometer is what determines the vertical orientation of the smartphone.
+So they had an easy setup.
+They put their smartphones next to their keyboards and let people type. The goal was to use the vibrations caused by input to measure changes in accelerometer readings to determine what the person was typing.
+Here's a graph of the perturbations caused by typing when I tried it on my iPhone 3GS. Knowing when someone was typing and what they were typing can be very difficult, but with the iPhone 4, things have changed a lot. The same measurements produced this graph because accelerometers have improved.
+This gave me a lot of information while someone was typing. What they did then was use an advanced artificial intelligence technique called machine learning to set up a training phase, presumably forcing graduate students to input a lot of information. And it learns to let the system use the available machine learning tools to learn what people are typing and match it against accelerometer readings.
+Then there's the attack phase, where you get someone to type something. We don't know what it was, but we use the model we built in the training phase to figure out what they were typing.
+They have achieved considerable success. This is an article from USA Today.
+They entered, "The Supreme Court of Illinois has ruled that Rahm Emanuel is eligible to run for mayor of Chicago," and added, "I tied to the previous story, but I don't want him to remain on the ballot." I ordered you to," he said.
+Now, this system is an interesting one. Because this system produced the "Illinois Supreme" and I wasn't sure after that.
+This model has tons of options and this is the beauty of some A.I. Technology has things that computers are good at and things that humans are good at, and it takes advantage of the strengths of both to let humans solve these problems.
+Don't waste computer cycles.
+Humans would not consider it to be the supreme power.
+Supreme Court, right?
+So now we can reproduce typing just by measuring the accelerometer.
+Why is this important? For example, on the Android platform, to prevent hackers from hijacking it, developers have a manifest that every device out there, microphone, etc. must be registered if they want to use it, but No one controls the accelerometer.
+So what do you mean? Just put your iPhone next to someone's keyboard, walk out of the room, and later restore that person's control without using the microphone.
+If someone can plant malware in your iPhone, they can steal the typing you do every time you put your iPhone next to your keyboard.
+There are a few other notable attacks that unfortunately I don't have time to discuss here, but one I wanted to point out is the Michigan attack that was able to take over the voting machine Sequoia AVC Edge DRE. It was a university group. It was left in a hallway for use in the New Jersey election, with Pac-Man on it.
+So they ran the Pacman game.
+What does all this mean?
+Well, I think society tends to adopt technology very quickly. I love my next cool gadget.
+But these developers need to consider security from the beginning and realize that while there may be a threat model, attackers may not be good enough to limit it. Very important, and what these researchers show. As you fit yourself into that threat model, you need to think outside the box.
+What we can do is recognize that devices can be compromised and anything with software embedded can be vulnerable. A bug occurs.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+Hi. My name is Kevin Allocca. I'm a trend manager on YouTube and watch YouTube videos professionally.
+That's true.
+So today I want to talk a little bit about how videos go viral and why it matters.
+Celebrities, singers, comedians, everyone wants to be a star, but when I was younger it seemed very, very difficult.
+But now, thanks to web video, any of us, or any creative activity we do, can become completely famous in some part of the world's culture. .
+Some of you may be internet famous by next Saturday.
+However, more than 48 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute.
+And only a few of them go viral, get tons of views, and become cultural moments.
+So how does that happen?
+Three elements: Sense Makers, Participating Communities, and Unexpectedness.
+OK, let's go.
+(Video) Bear Vazquez: Oh my God. oh my god.
+oh my god!
+Wow!
+Ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh!
+KA: Last year Bear Vazquez posted this video taken outside his home in Yosemite National Park.
+It was viewed 23 million times in 2010.
+(Laughter) Here's a graph of what it looked like last summer when it started trending.
+But he wasn't actually trying to make a viral video, Bear.
+He just wanted to share the rainbow.
+Because that's what you do when your name is Yosemite Mountain Bear.
+(Laughs) And actually he was posting a lot of videos about nature.
+This video was originally posted in January.
+So what happened here?
+Actually Jimmy Kimmel.
+Jimmy Kimmel posted this tweet, which eventually made the video popular.
+Because sensemakers like Jimmy Kimmel introduce us to new and interesting things and reach a wider audience.
+(Video) Rebecca Black: ♫ It's Friday, it's Friday. I have to get off on Friday. ♫ ♫ Everyone is looking forward to the weekend, weekend. ♫ ♫ Friday, Friday. Get depressed on Friday. ♫ KA: So you didn't think you could actually have this conversation without talking about this video?
+Rebecca Black's "Friday" is one of the most popular videos of the year.
+It has been viewed nearly 200 million times this year.
+This is a graph showing the situation.
+And just like "Double Rainbow," it seems to have sprouted out of nowhere.
+So what happened on this day?
+Well it was Friday, this is true.
+If you're wondering about the other spikes, they're also Fridays.
+(Laughter) But what about this particular Friday?
+Tosh.0 picked it up and many blogs started writing about it.
+Mystery Science Theater's Michael J. Nelson was one of the first to post a joke about the video on Twitter.
+But what is important is that an individual or group of sense makers had a point of view and shared it with a wider audience, accelerating the process.
+And then this community formed of people who shared this big inside joke and started talking about it and doing things with it.
+And now there are 10,000 "Friday" parodies on YouTube.
+Even in the first seven days, there was one parody for each day of the week.
+(Laughter) Unlike the one-way entertainment of the 20th century, participation in this community means that we are part of that phenomenon by spreading it or doing something new with it. How to become
+(music) So "Nyan Cat" is a looping animation with looping music.
+This is it, as it is.
+It was viewed about 50 million times this year.
+If you think that's weird, you should know that there is a 3 hour version of this that has been viewed 4 million times.
+(Laughter) The cat was also watching this video.
+(Laughter) The cats were watching other cats watching this video.
+(Laughter) But what's important here is the creativity that inspired it in this techie-geek Internet culture.
+There was also a remix.
+(Laughter) Someone made an old version.
+(Laughter) And it became international.
+(Laughter) The whole remix community was born, and the remix community evolved from being just a silly joke to something we could all really be a part of.
+Because we don't just enjoy the moment, we participate.
+And who could have predicted something like this?
+Who could have predicted 'Double Rainbow', 'Rebecca Black' and 'Nyan Cat'?
+What script could you have written to include this?
+In a world where more than two days worth of videos are uploaded every minute, only the truly unique and unexpected can stand out among them.
+When a friend asked me to watch this great video about men protesting bicycle fines in New York City, I admit I wasn't too interested.
+(Video) Casey Niestat: So I got ticketed for not riding in a bike lane, but often there are obstacles that prevent you from riding the bike lane properly.
+(laughter) KA: Casey Niestad has gotten 5 million views with his funny ideas and points with a mix of sheer surprise and humor.
+So this approach applies to anything new we do creatively.
+And all this brings us to one big question...
+(Video) Bear Vasquez: What does this mean?
+oh oh
+(laughs) KA: What does that mean?
+Sense makers, creative and participatory communities, complete surprises, these are the hallmarks of a new kind of media and a new kind of culture that are accessible to everyone and whose popularity is determined by the audience.
+So, as I mentioned earlier, Justin Bieber, one of the biggest stars in the world right now, got his start on YouTube.
+No one has to give your idea the go-ahead.
+And we now have some sense of ownership in our pop culture.
+These weren't the hallmarks of old media, and hardly applicable to today's media, but they will define entertainment in the future.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The ocean covers about 70 percent of the earth.
+And I think Arthur C. Clarke was probably right in saying that we should probably call our planet Planet Ocean.
+And as evidenced by satellite images of photosynthesis, the creation of new life, the oceans are highly productive.
+In fact, the ocean produces half of the new life on Earth every day and about half of the oxygen we breathe.
+In addition, there is a lot of biodiversity on Earth, much of which we don't know.
+But today I will tell you some of them.
+This is not included in the entire protein extraction we do from the ocean.
+This represents about 10 percent of our global needs, and 100 percent in some island countries.
+If you were to land on 95 percent of the habitable biosphere, it would quickly become pitch black, blocking only pinpoint light from bioluminescent organisms.
+And when you turn on the lights, you may regularly see magnificent creatures swimming by. Because they are deep-sea dwellers, that is, those who live in the deep sea.
+And then you can see the deep seabed.
+This type of habitat covers more of the earth's surface than all other habitats combined.
+But we know more about the surface of the Moon and Mars than this habitat. Yet, we have not extracted a single gram of food, a single drop of oxygen, or a single drop of water from these bodies.
+So 10 years ago, an international program called the Marine Life Census was launched with the goal of improving our understanding of the world's marine life.
+It involved 17 different projects around the world.
+As you can see, these are the footprints of various projects.
+And I hope you appreciate the level of global coverage it has achieved.
+It all started when two scientists, Fred Grassle and Jesse Orsbell, met in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Both of them were guests of the famous marine research institute.
+And Fred lamented the state of marine biodiversity and the fact that it is in dire straits and nothing is being done about it.
+Now, from that discussion, 2,700 scientists from more than 80 countries around the world will participate and invest a total of $650 million to study the distribution, diversity and abundance of life in the global oceans. The program has grown with participation in 540 ocean expeditions.
+So what did we find?
+We've found stunning new species, the most beautiful and visually stunning, everywhere, forming everything from coastlines to abysses, from microbes to fish and everything in between. .
+And the limiting stage here was not the unknown diversity of life, but rather the taxonomic experts who could identify and catalog those species that became the limiting stage.
+In fact, they themselves are an endangered species.
+In fact, 4-5 new species are reported every day in the ocean.
+And like I said, it can be a much larger number.
+Well, I'm from Newfoundland, Canada. Newfoundland is an island off the east coast of the continent where it experienced the worst fishing disaster in human history.
+So this photo shows a little boy next to Tara.
+It's around 1900.
+Well, when I was a boy about my grandfather's age, I went fishing with him and caught a fish about half that size.
+I had never seen a fish like this before, so I thought it was normal.
+If you could go out there and catch a fish today, 20 years after this fishery collapsed, it would still be half that size, although it would be a little more difficult.
+So what we're going through is what's called a baseline shift.
+Our expectations of what the ocean will produce are hard to understand because we have never seen it in our lifetime.
+Most people today, myself included, believe that human exploitation of the oceans really became serious in the last 50, maybe 100 years.
+The Census actually tried to go back in time using every available source of information.
+It contains everything from restaurant menus to monastery records to ship logbooks for keeping track of the ocean.
+Because most of the scientific data actually goes back to World War II at most.
+There they discovered that the exploitation, in fact, began in earnest with the Romans.
+Of course, there were no refrigerators in those days.
+As a result, fishermen could only catch what they could eat or sell that day.
+But the Romans developed salting.
+And salting made it possible to preserve the fish and transport it over long distances.
+And industrial fishing began.
+And these are the sort of estimates we have of what kinds of losses we have suffered compared to the previous impacts of humans on the oceans.
+The percentages of these major groups of organisms range from 65 to 98 percent, as indicated by the dark blue bars.
+Now, the species that we manage to leave alone and that we protect, such as marine mammals and seabirds in recent years, have seen some recovery.
+So not everything is hopeless.
+But most of the time we were exhausted from salting.
+Now, this other line of evidence is very interesting.
+It is from a trophy fish caught off the coast of Florida.
+And this is a photo from the 1950s.
+Notice the scale on the slide. If you look at the same picture from the 1980s, you'll see that the fish are much smaller, and the composition of those fish has also changed.
+By 2007, the catch was ridiculously large for a trophy fish.
+But this is no laughing matter.
+The oceans have lost much of their productivity and we are to blame.
+So what's left? Quite a lot actually.
+There are a lot of interesting things, so I will tell you a little about it.
+And I would like to start by talking a little bit about technology. Because, of course, this is the TED conference and we want to hear something about technology.
+Therefore, one of the tools used for deep-sea sampling is a remotely operated vehicle.
+So these are the tethered vehicles that we bring down to the seafloor, our eyes and hands working on the seafloor.
+So, a few years ago, I was supposed to go on an ocean cruise, but my schedule didn't allow me to go.
+But over a satellite link, I could sit in my home den, dog curled up at my feet, tea in my hand, and say to the pilot, "I want the sample there."
+And that's exactly what the pilot did for me.
+It's the kind of technology available today that wasn't really available even ten years ago.
+So you can sample these amazing habitats that are so far from the surface and so far from the light.
+So one of the tools we can use to sample the ocean is acoustics, or sound waves.
+And the advantage of sound waves is that they actually pass through water well, unlike light.
+It can then transmit sound waves, which bounce off objects such as fish and bounce back.
+In this example, a Census scientist has taken out two ships.
+A person will emit a sound wave that will be reflected back.
+They would be received by a second ship, which in this case would give a very accurate estimate of 250 billion herrings in about one minute.
+Its area is about the same as the island of Manhattan.
+And what it can do is a great fishing tool. Because it's really important to know how many fish there are.
+Satellite tags can also be used to track animals as they move through the ocean.
+So for animals that come to the surface to breathe, like this elephant seal, it's an opportunity to send data back to shore, telling them their exact location in the ocean.
+And from there you can produce these tracks.
+For example, dark blue shows where elephant seals migrated in the North Pacific.
+For those of you who are colorblind, I found this slide not very useful, but please bear with me nonetheless.
+For non-surfacing animals, we have what we call pop-up tags that collect data about light and sunrise and sunset times.
+Then, at a certain time, it rises to the surface and relays the data to the coast again.
+Because GPS doesn't work underwater. That's why you need these tools.
+From this, we can identify these blue highways, ocean hotspots. These should be real priority areas for marine protection.
+Another possibility is that when you go to the supermarket and buy something, it will be scanned.
+The product has a barcode that tells the computer exactly what the product is.
+Geneticists have developed a similar tool called genetic barcoding.
+And what barcoding does is use a specific gene called CO1 that is consistent within a species but varies from species to species.
+So what it means is that we can unambiguously identify which species is which, even though they may be very different biologically, even if they are similar to each other.
+One of the greatest examples of this I would like to cite is the story of two young women who were high school students in New York City who participated in the Census.
+They collected and barcoded fish from New York City markets and restaurants.
+Well, what they found was a mislabeled fish.
+For example, what was sold as a very valuable tuna turned out to be actually a much less valuable fish, tilapia.
+They also found endangered species sold as common.
+Barcoding therefore allows us to know what we are dealing with and what we are eating.
+The Marine Biogeographic Information System is the database for all census data.
+It's open access. Data can be downloaded as needed.
+And it contains all the data from the Census, plus other datasets that people have been happy to contribute.
+So what you can do with it is plot the distribution of species and where they occur in the ocean.
+Plotted here is the data we have.
+This is where our sampling efforts are focused.
+What we can see here is that we have sampled the North Atlantic, especially the North Sea, and regions of the East Coast of North America fairly well.
+This is a warm color that indicates well-sampled areas.
+Cool blue and black indicate areas with little data.
+So, after a decade of census, there are still many unexplored areas.
+There is a group of scientists currently living in Texas and working in the Gulf of Mexico. They truly love to gather all the knowledge they can about the biodiversity of the Gulf of Mexico.
+So they put this together and made a list of all the species they were known to live in, and it really seemed like a very arcane, scientific type of exercise.
+But then, of course, came the Deep Horizon oil spill.
+So all of a sudden, this labor of love with no apparent financial reason for how that system will recover, how long it will take, how lawsuits and billion-dollar debates will play out. It turned out to be important information. Problems that will arise in the next few years are likely to be resolved.
+So what did we find?
+Well, I could stand here for hours, but of course I can't.
+But I'll tell you some of my favorite findings from the Census.
+One of the things we discovered was where are the diversity hotspots?
+Where can you find the most types of marine life?
+And plotting the well-known species gives us the distribution of this species.
+And what we see is that for coastal tags, organisms that live close to the coastline, they are most diverse in the tropics.
+This is actually something we've known for a long time, and it's not really groundbreaking.
+What is really interesting, however, is that marine tags, that is, tags that live far from the coast, are actually more diverse in the mid-latitudes.
+This is also the kind of data that administrators can use when they want to prioritize marine areas that need to be protected.
+This can be done on a global scale, but it can also be done on a regional scale.
+That is why biodiversity data are so valuable.
+Many of the species found in the census are small and hard to see, but that wasn't always the case.
+For example, it's hard to believe a 3-kilogram lobster could escape scientists, until a few years ago a South African fisherman applied for an export license and scientists realized this was new to science. was.
+Similarly, this Golden V kelp, collected just below the low waterline in Alaska, is probably a new species.
+It's three meters long, but in fact it's still beyond science.
+Well, this bigfin reef squid is 7 meters long.
+But to be fair, it lives in the deep waters of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which made it very difficult to find.
+But it's still possible that something big and exciting will be discovered.
+We call them Jurassic shrimp, but they are thought to have gone extinct 50 years ago. At least, it was extinct until the census showed it was alive and well off the coast of Australia.
+And it shows that the ocean, because of its vastness, can hide secrets for a very long time.
+So, Steven Spielberg, eat to your heart's content.
+If you look at the distributions, they actually change dramatically.
+And one of the records we had was this petrel. As this petrel completes its life, it makes epic migrations from New Zealand all the way to Alaska and again in search of endless summers.
+We also talked about the White Shark Cafe.
+This is where great white sharks congregate in the Pacific Ocean.
+I don't know why they focus there. I simply don't know.
+It's a question for the future.
+One of the things we are taught in high school is that all animals need oxygen to survive.
+Now, this tiny creature, only about half a millimeter in size, isn't all that charismatic.
+However, it was not discovered until the early 1980s.
+What's really interesting, though, is that a few years ago, Census scientists discovered that this species can live in oxygen-poor sediments deep in the Mediterranean.
+So they know, in fact, that at least some animals can live without oxygen and can adapt to the harshest conditions.
+When you suck all the water out of the ocean, what you're left with is the biomass of seafloor life.
+What we are seeing now is a huge amount of biomass towards the poles and not much in between.
+We have found life in extremes.
+A new species was discovered that lives in the ice and supports the ice food web.
+We also spotted this stunning yeti crab that lives near a boiling hot hydrothermal vent on Easter Island.
+And this particular species really caught the public eye.
+They also discovered the deepest crater known so far, 5,000 meters deep and the hottest crater at 407 degrees Celsius, the South Pacific and a previously undiscovered Arctic crater.
+So even in a new environment it is still within detectable territory.
+Now, when it comes to the unknown part, there are many.
+I will briefly summarize some of them.
+First of all, you might ask how many fish are there in the sea?
+In fact, we know more about fish than any group in the ocean except marine mammals.
+So based on the discovery rate, we can actually estimate how many more species are likely to be discovered.
+And from there, we calculate that we actually know about 16,500 marine species, with probably another 1,000 to 4,000 remaining.
+So it worked out pretty well.
+We caught about 75 percent of the fish, maybe 90 percent.
+But as I say, fish are the best known.
+Our knowledge level is therefore much lower than that of other groups of organisms.
+Now, the numbers are actually based on a new paper due for publication in PLoS Biology.
+It then predicts how many more species there will be on land and in the sea.
+And what they found is that they think we know about nine percent of the marine species.
+That means 91 percent still haven't been found after the census.
+After all, it turns out to be about 2 million species.
+So in terms of the unknowns, we still have a lot of work to do.
+The bacterium is now part of a mat found off the coast of Chile.
+And these mats actually cover an area the size of Greece.
+So this particular bacterium is actually visible to the naked eye.
+But we can imagine the biomass that represents it.
+But what's really interesting about microbes is how diverse they are.
+A single drop of seawater can contain 160 species of microorganisms.
+And the ocean itself is thought to potentially contain a billion different species.
+I'm really looking forward to it. what are they all doing there?
+I don't know actually.
+I would say the most interesting part of this census is the role of world science.
+As you can see in this nighttime light image, there are many regions of the Earth that are far more developed and less developed by humans, but in between them lie vast stretches of relatively unexplored oceans. You can see dark areas.
+Another point I would like to make about this is that this ocean is interconnected.
+Marine life doesn't care about borders. they move wherever they want.
+Therefore, the importance of global cooperation becomes even more important.
+We have lost many paradises.
+For example, tuna, once abundant in the North Sea, have now virtually disappeared.
+In the deep waters of the Mediterranean there was trawl fishing, collecting more garbage than animals.
+And that is the deep sea, an environment that we consider to be one of the most pristine environments left on Earth.
+There are many other pressures.
+Ocean acidification, like ocean warming and its impact on coral reefs, is a very big issue that people are concerned about.
+On a scale of decades, coral reefs will suffer a lot in our lifetime.
+And while the remaining time, which has been very limited, could be devoted to this series of concerns about the ocean, I would like to end on a more positive note.
+The grand challenge, therefore, is to try to ensure that what remains is preserved, as it still has great beauty.
+And the ocean is so productive and there is so much human stuff going on there that we need to try to be better than the past, even from a selfish point of view.
+So we need to be aware of those hotspots and do our best to protect them.
+Looking at pictures like this makes us not only breathe with the oxygen that the ocean provides, but it also makes us feel breathless.
+Census scientists worked in the rain and the cold, in the water and on the water, striving to unravel the astonishing discoveries, still vast unknowns, and amazing adaptations we see in marine life. .
+So whether you're a yak herder in the mountains of Chile, a stockbroker in New York City, or a TED star in Edinburgh, the ocean matters.
+And as the sea goes, so will we.
+Thank you for listening.
+(applause)
+Suppose you want to conduct an experiment.
+In this experiment, people are randomly assigned to live in blast or controlled areas where explosives do not detonate overhead.
+They have lived for years in areas downwind and downstream of the site where large amounts of explosives are used on an almost daily basis.
+And millions of gallons of water have been contaminated.
+Random assignment allows us to carefully study the long-term health effects of living in these explosive communities without eliminating a large number of troubling confounders and covariates.
+Random allocation works wonders.
+It will be a rigorous and powerful scientific investigation into the effects of these environmental exposures.
+Of course, such research would never be possible.
+Most scientists wouldn't be willing to accept that.
+The Institutional Review Board would never approve it. It would never pass screening on human subjects because it is unethical and immoral.
+But in fact, it's happening right now.
+In my mind this raises some questions.
+What are the ethical obligations of scientists who believe that humanity is in danger?
+How much evidence is enough to convince us of our conclusions?
+Where is the line between scientific certainty and imperative for action?
+An unplanned experiment currently underway is called "mountain removal."
+The abbreviation is MTR.
+This is a form of open-pit coal mining that is done here in Appalachia, USA.
+MTR operates in four states: Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
+Over 1.2 million acres have been mined this way.
+It's roughly the size of Delaware, but it's as big as Vermont and New Hampshire combined.
+This process involves clearing the ancient forests of Appalachia, home to some of the richest biodiversity on earth.
+The trees are usually burned or dumped in adjacent valleys.
+Then use explosives to remove up to 800 feet of mountain elevation to reach the buried coal seam.
+Over 1,500 tons of explosives are used in coal mining in West Virginia alone.
+every day.
+Rocks and soil debris are dumped on the sides of the valley, permanently burying the headwaters.
+Over 500 mountains have been destroyed so far.
+About 3,000 miles of streams were permanently buried.
+The water coming out of the bottom of the valley is highly polluted and remains polluted for decades.
+The coal then has to be chemically treated, crushed and washed before being transported to the power plant and burned.
+This cleaning is done on site.
+The process also causes air pollution, contaminating billions of gallons of water with metals, sulfates, cleaning chemicals, and other impurities.
+All of this to produce 3 percent of US power demand, but only 3 percent of US power demand.
+You see, this raises all sorts of other questions.
+What are the health implications of mountaintop removal mining?
+More than one million people live in the counties where the MTR takes place, with millions more living downstream and downwind.
+What was the reaction of industry and government when these issues were documented?
+And again, what is the ethical imperative of science in the face of this alarming situation?
+I started researching this issue in 2006.
+I had just got a job at West Virginia University.
+Before that, I had never done any research on coal.
+But I got to hear from people who live in these mining communities.
+They said the water they were drinking was not clean and the air they were breathing was polluted.
+They told me about their own illnesses and family illnesses.
+They were concerned about how prevalent cancer was in their neighborhood.
+I have met many people in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky to hear their stories and hear their concerns.
+I searched the scientific literature and was surprised to find nothing published about the public health impact of coal mining in the United States.
+Again, nothing was published about the public health impact of coal mining in the United States.
+So I thought, ``A new contribution could be made, regardless of what I found, to support or mitigate these concerns.''
+I had no personal or organizational purpose.
+Many of my colleagues were initially skeptical that there was any link between public health and mining.
+They predicted that health problems could be explained by poverty, or lifestyle issues such as smoking and obesity.
+When I started, I thought maybe they were right.
+We started by analyzing an existing database. This allowed us to link population health and mining activity and statistically control age, gender, race, smoking, obesity, poverty, education, health insurance, and anything else that could be measured.
+We found evidence to support residents' concerns and began publishing our findings.
+In a very brief summary, we found that people living in areas of mountaintop logging had significantly higher prevalence of chronic lung diseases such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and COPD.
+Mortality from cancer has risen significantly, especially from lung cancer.
+We see evidence that babies are born with a high incidence of birth defects and low birth weight.
+The difference in all-cause mortality equates to approximately 1,200 excess deaths annually in the MTR region when other risks are taken into account.
+1200 excess deaths each year.
+Not only is mortality higher, but it increases in a dose-response manner as mining levels increase.
+Next, we started community door-to-door health surveys.
+We surveyed people living within a few miles of the MTR and those living in similar rural communities without mines.
+Findings indicate higher levels of individual and family illness, poorer self-reported health status, and more prevalent symptoms of widespread illness.
+These studies show mere relevance.
+We all know that correlation does not prove causation.
+These studies did not include data on real environmental conditions in mining communities.
+So we decided to collect it and report it.
+Violations of public drinking water standards were found to be seven times more common in MTR areas than in non-mining areas.
+We collected air samples and found an increase in particulate matter, especially in the ultrafine range, in the mining area.
+Dust from mining areas contains a complex mixture, containing high levels of silica, known lung carcinogens, and potentially harmful organic compounds.
+We used the dust in laboratory experiments and found that it induced cardiovascular dysfunction in rats.
+This dust also promoted the development of lung cancer in human extracorporeal lung cells.
+This is a brief summary of some of our research.
+The coal industry doesn't seem to like what we say.
+The same is true for coal-state governments.
+Just as the tobacco industry paid for research to make smoking safe, the coal industry is doing the same by paying people to write papers claiming that MTR is safe.
+Lawyers sent me harassing requests under the Freedom of Information Act that were ultimately dismissed by the court.
+During my public testimony before Congressional hearings, I was attacked by lawmakers with ties to the energy industry.
+One governor has publicly declared that he refuses to read the research results.
+And after I specifically shared my research in a meeting with a Congressman, I later heard him say he knew nothing about it.
+I worked with scientists from the US Geological Survey on environmental sampling for over two years.
+And just as I was about to start presenting my research, my boss suddenly told me to stop working on this project.
+In August of this year, the National Academy of Sciences was abruptly instructed by the federal government to suspend independent research into the public health effects of open-pit mining.
+In my view, these actions are politically motivated.
+However, researchers have also voiced their objections.
+At meetings and gatherings, they express skepticism.
+Well, as scientists, we are all taught to be skeptical.
+They ask, "What about this possible explanation?"
+"Have you thought of another interpretation of that?"
+They think there must be some confounding factor that we missed.
+There are other variables we haven't considered. "
+"In vitro study, what does it prove?"
+"The rat study -- how do we know the same effect is seen in humans?"
+Maybe so.
+Technically, we have to admit they could be right, but perhaps these health problems aren't the result of unmeasured disruptions.
+Maybe it's the result of blowing up mountains above people's heads.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Doubt can always be there if that's what you're after.
+Because we can never do that definitive experiment.
+The following research should always be relevant.
+So you might understand why I started wondering how much evidence would be enough.
+I have published over 30 papers on this subject so far.
+Other researchers, along with my co-authors, are adding to the evidence, but governments won't listen and industry claims it's just a correlation.
+Appalachians are said to have a lifestyle problem.
+As if we never thought about controlling smoking, obesity, poverty, education, health insurance, and so on.
+We controlled them all and more.
+There comes a point when no more research is needed, and reluctant people can't be the subject of research to do the next one.
+As scientists we track data wherever it goes, but sometimes data can only take us far and as humans we think and feel and what it means. You must decide if and when to act.
+I think this applies not only to MTR, but to other situations where the evidence is strong and concerning but incomplete.
+And if you don't act when you're wrong, people's lives will be at stake.
+It may seem strange that there is controversy over the health effects of mountaintop removal mining.
+Yet somehow, the subject has been placed in a scientific and political twilight zone alongside the debate over climate change and the age-old debate about whether smoking causes cancer. It's gone.
+In this Twilight Zone, much of the data seems to point to one conclusion.
+But economics, politics, or public opinion in general argues to the opposite conclusion.
+When you're a scientist and you think you have a valid insight that the health of an entire nation is at stake, but you find yourself in the Twilight Zone of denial and disbelief, your moral, What is your ethical obligation?
+Scientists clearly have a responsibility to tell the truth as they see it, based on the evidence.
+Simply put, we have an obligation to protect data.
+Waiting for public opinion and political consensus to catch up with scientific understanding can be very frustrating.
+But the more controversial the subject and the more frustrating the debate, the more important it is for scientists to maintain a reputation for objectivity and integrity.
+Because honesty is an important coin in science and public policy debates.
+In the long run, our reputation for integrity is the most powerful tool we have, even stronger than the data itself.
+No amount of data can persuade people to believe painful or difficult truths without recognition of their honesty on the part of scientists.
+But we have the greatest impact when we continue to build and protect our reputation for integrity, patiently defend our data, continue our research, and calmly present our results to the public.
+Ultimately, scientific truth triumphs.
+How many lives will be lost while we wait?
+Too many already.
+But we will win.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'll tell you about just a small idea.
+And this is about changing the baseline.
+The idea can be explained in 1 minute, so I'll do the previous 3 stories to fill the time.
+And the first story is about one of my heroes, Charles Darwin.
+And you know, he's been here for 35 years.
+And you might think he was chasing Finch, but he wasn't.
+He was actually collecting fish.
+And he described one of them as very "common".
+This was grouper.
+Until the 1980s, there was a large-scale fishing industry.
+This fish is now on the IUCN Red List.
+Well, this story is a story that I often heard in places like Galapagos, so there is nothing special about it.
+But the point is, we're still coming to Galapagos.
+We consider it still pristine.
+The pamphlet says it's still pristine.
+So what happens here?
+The second story is meant to illustrate another concept, called "shifting waistlines."
+(Laughter) Because I was there in 1971, studying the lagoons of West Africa.
+I was there because I grew up in Europe and later wanted to work in Africa.
+And I thought it would fit.
+And then I got a big sunburn, and I was convinced that it wasn't really from there.
+It was my first sunburn.
+And as you can see the lagoon was surrounded by palm trees and some mangroves.
+And it was about 20 centimeters tilapia, a type of tilapia called black tilapia.
+And this tilapia fishery produced a lot of fish, they had a good time and earned above average in Ghana.
+When I went 27 years later, the fish had shrunk to half its size.
+It had grown to about 5 cm.
+They were genetically forced.
+We still had fish.
+They were still kind of happy.
+And the fish were happy to be there.
+In other words, nothing has changed, but everything has changed.
+A third small story is that I was complicit in the introduction of trawl fishing in Southeast Asia.
+In the 70's, or early 60's, Europe had many development projects.
+Fish development meant imposing industrial fisheries on countries that already had 100,000 fishermen.
+And this boat, which is pretty ugly, is called the Mutiara 4.
+And I sailed on it, conducting research in the southern South China Sea, especially throughout the Java Sea.
+And there were no words for what we caught.
+We now know that what we caught was the bottom of the ocean.
+And 90 percent of what we caught was sponges and other animals that were anchored to the bottom.
+And in fact most of the fish were reef fish, albeit in small specks on the rubble, in piles of rubble.
+In short, the seabed came out on deck and was then thrown down.
+These photos are special because this change is so rapid.
+Surveys will be conducted and commercial fishing will begin within a year.
+In this case, the seabed changes from hard seabed and soft coral to muddy.
+This is a dead turtle.
+They couldn't be eaten and were thrown away because they were dead.
+And once, I caught a live individual.
+I hadn't drowned yet.
+And they tried to kill it because it tastes good.
+This pile of rubble is actually collected every time fishermen enter a previously unfished area.
+But it's not documented.
+We change the world, but we don't remember it.
+We adjust the baseline to a new level and can't remember what was there.
+Generalizing this results in something like this:
+The Y-axis shows some good things like biodiversity, number of killer whales, how green your country is, and water supply.
+And over time it changes. Because people do something or it changes naturally.
+Every generation uses as a standard the images it acquired at the beginning of its conscious life, extrapolating into the future.
+And they perceive the difference as a loss.
+But they do not perceive what happened before as a loss.
+You can make changes continuously.
+You'll want to keep the miserable leftovers at the end.
+And that, in large part, is what we want to do now.
+We want to keep things that are gone and things that weren't there before.
+Now, we should think that this problem certainly affected people when they killed animals in a predatory society and generations later they didn't know they were killing them.
+Because, apparently, animals that are very abundant become scarce before they go extinct.
+So you don't lose an abundance of animals.
+We lose rare animals all the time.
+Therefore, they are not perceived as large losses.
+Over time we will focus on big animals and, in the ocean, big fish.
+As we fish, they become rarer.
+There are a few fish left over time and I consider this a baseline.
+And the question is, why do people accept this?
+Because they don't know it's different.
+And indeed, many, scientists, would argue that it really was different.
+And they will dispute this because the evidence presented in the previous mode is not how they want to present the evidence.
+For example, the anecdote that a captain observed that there were many fish in this area is not "scientific" and therefore cannot or is not usually used by fisheries scientists.
+So even though we live in a literate society, people don't know the past because they don't trust the sources of the past.
+Therefore, the role that marine protected areas can play is enormous.
+Because in marine reserves, we are really recreating the past.
+The baseline shifts and is so low that it recreates the past that people cannot imagine.
+It's for those who can see marine reserves, benefit from the insights they provide, and reset their baselines.
+What about people in the Midwest who can't because they don't have access?
+I think art, film, and simulation can fill that gap.
+This is a Chesapeake Bay simulation.
+500 years ago, there were gray whales in the Chesapeake Bay.
+And you've probably noticed that the shades and tones resemble "Avatar".
+(Laughter.) And when you think about "Avatar," why people were so moved, why was the film so moving, let alone the story of Pocahontas?
+Because it evokes what is lost in a way.
+So my recommendation, which is the only one I offer, is to have Cameron do "Avatar II" underwater.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Let's start with the four words that provide context for the week, the four that define this century.
+the earth is filled
+It is full of us, our stuff, our waste, our demands.
+Admittedly, we are a bright and creative race, but the result of overbuilding a little is that our economy is larger than its host, the Earth.
+This is not a philosophical statement, just science based on physics, chemistry and biology.
+There are many science-based analyzes of this, but they all come to the same conclusion: we are living beyond our means.
+For example, a prominent scientist from the Global Footprint Network has calculated that it takes about 1.5 planets to sustain this economy.
+In other words, we would need 50 percent more Earth than we have today to continue at our current levels of activity.
+From an economic standpoint, this is like spending 50% more than you earn all the time and adding more debt each year.
+But, of course, we cannot borrow natural resources, so we either burn our capital or steal it from the future.
+Therefore, when I say I am perfect, I really mean perfect. It's far beyond the margin of error, far beyond the dispute over methodology.
+What this means is that our economy is unsustainable.
+I'm not saying it's not good, it's not fun, or it's bad for polar bears and forests, but it certainly is.
+My point is that our approach is totally unsustainable.
+In other words, thanks to the pesky laws of physics, things stop when they become unsustainable.
+However, you may think that this is not possible.
+Economic growth cannot be stopped.
+Because it stops economic growth.
+Stop due to the end of the trade resource.
+It will stop because our demands on all resources, all capacities and all systems on Earth are increasing and are now being economically damaged.
+When we think of economic growth stopping, we think, "That's impossible." Because economic growth is so vital to our society that it is rarely questioned.
+Growth has certainly brought many benefits, but it's such an essential idea that we tend not to see the possibility that it doesn't exist.
+It has brought many benefits, but it is based on a crazy idea. The crazy idea is that you can grow infinitely on a finite planet.
+And I am here to tell you that the emperor is undressed.
+Crazy ideas are just crazy and when the earth is full it's game over.
+Come on, you're thinking
+it is not possible.
+Technology is amazing. People are innovative.
+There are many ways you can improve the way you do things.
+I'm sure this can be resolved.
+It's all true.
+Well, that's mostly true.
+We are certainly brilliant, and we regularly solve complex problems with amazing creativity.
+So if our problem is to bring humanity's economy down from 150 percent to 100 percent of Earth's capacity, it is possible.
+The problem is that we are just warming up this growth engine.
+We plan to double and quadruple this highly stressed economy. Not in the far future, but in the next 40 years, while most of you are still alive.
+China plans to get there in just 20 years.
+The only problem with this plan is that it's not possible.
+Some would argue that we need growth, and we need it to end poverty.
+We need it to develop technology.
+It is necessary to maintain social stability.
+I find this discussion interesting, as if the laws of physics can be bent to suit our needs.
+The Earth doesn't seem to care what we need.
+Mother Nature does not negotiate. She just sets the rules and explains the consequences.
+And these are not arcane restrictions.
+This is about food and water, soil and climate, the basic practical and economic foundations of our lives.
+Therefore, the idea of ​​a smooth transition to a technology-transformed, high-efficiency, solar-powered, knowledge-based economy that will enable 9 billion people to enrich their lives with digital downloads in 2050 is a delusion. It's not too much.
+It is not impossible to feed, clothe, house and live a decent life for all of us.
+It is certainly so.
+But the idea that you can grow up peacefully with a few minor problems is just plain wrong and dangerously wrong. Because it means you are not ready for what really happens.
+What happens when you push the system beyond its limits and then continue to accelerate is that the system stops working and fails.
+And it happens to us too.
+Many people think that, but surely it should be possible to stop this.
+If it's that bad, I'll take care of it.
+Think about that idea.
+It's been 50 years since the warning was issued.
+The urgency of change is proven by science.
+Economic analysis points out that not only can you afford it, but it's cheaper to act early.
+But the reality is that we are doing very little to change course.
+It doesn't even slow down.
+When it comes to climate, for example, last year global emissions hit an all-time high.
+Food, water, soil, and climate are all pretty much the same story.
+In fact, I do not say this out of despair.
+I'm done grieving over the loss.
+I accept the situation as it is.
+It's sad, but that's the reality.
+But it is also time for us to stop denying and realize that we are not acting, we are not close to acting, and we are not going to act until this crisis hits the economy.
+That is why the end of growth is the central issue and the event we need to be prepared for.
+So when will this transition begin?
+When will this collapse begin?
+The way I see it, it's going well.
+I know most people don't see it that way.
+We tend to see the world as a series of discrete problems rather than as an integrated system.
+We see the Occupy movement, we see the spiral of the debt crisis, we see rising inequality, we see the influence of money on politics, resource constraints, food and oil prices.
+But we mistakenly see each of these problems as separate problems to be solved.
+In fact, it is a system that is in the painful process of collapsing. Our system of debt-backed economic growth, inefficient democracy, and overloading the planet is eating itself alive.
+I could provide you with the myriad of studies and evidence to prove this, but I will not. Because the evidence is all around you if you want to see it.
+I want to talk about fear.
+I want to do this because I think the most important question we face is how to answer this question.
+Crisis is now inevitable.
+The question is how do we react?
+Of course, we never know what will happen.
+The future is inherently uncertain.
+But let's reflect on what science tells us is likely to happen.
+Imagine the economy when financial markets realize the oil and coal industry is over, with no hope of preventing a bursting carbon bubble and an out-of-control climate progression.
+Imagine China, India, and Pakistan going to war as climate effects provoke conflicts over food and water.
+Imagine a Middle East with no oil revenues and collapsed governments.
+Imagine a highly coordinated, just-in-time food industry and a highly stressed agricultural system crumbling and empty supermarket shelves.
+Imagine US unemployment reaching 30% while the global economy is dominated by fear and uncertainty.
+Imagine what that means for you, your family, friends and personal financial security.
+Imagine why this was allowed and what it means for your personal safety as heavily armed civilians become increasingly angry.
+Tell your children, "So, Mom and Dad, what was it like in 2012, the 30th hottest year on record? Oil and food prices are soaring when the oceans are acidifying." When, when the streets of London were rioting and occupying Wall Street, did the world say you were in big trouble?
+What were you doing, what were you thinking, Mom and Dad, when the system was apparently crumbling?"
+So how do you feel when the lights of the global economy in your mind go out, your assumptions about the future fade away, and something completely different emerges?
+Take a moment to take a deep breath and think. What are you feeling at this point?
+probably denied.
+probably angry.
+Maybe fear.
+Of course, we don't know what will happen and we have to live with uncertainty.
+But you should be a little intimidated by the possibilities I'm drawing.
+We are all in danger. And we have evolved to react to danger with fear to motivate strong reactions and help us brave threats.
+But this time it's not a tiger in the mouth of a cave.
+You can't see the danger on your doorstep.
+But take a closer look and you'll see that it's at the doorstep of your civilization.
+That is why we need to feel our response while the light is still on. Because if you wait until the crisis is in full swing, you may panic and go into hiding.
+If you feel it now and think about it, you will see that there is nothing to fear but fear itself.
+Sure, things will get worse, and it will happen soon — in our lifetimes, of course — but we are well equipped to get through all that is yet to come.
+Those who believe that humans can solve any problem, that technology knows no bounds, and that markets can be a force for good, are actually right.
+The only thing they miss is that we need a substantial crisis to move forward.
+When we are frightened and fear loss, we can do some very amazing things.
+Think about war.
+After the attack on Pearl Harbor, it took only four days for the government to ban the production of civilian automobiles, reorient the auto industry, and move from there to food and energy rationing.
+Consider how companies respond to the threat of bankruptcy, and how seemingly impossible changes can come to fruition.
+Consider how individuals respond to life-threatening disease diagnoses, and how lifestyle changes that were previously too difficult are suddenly relatively easy.
+We're smart, we're actually really nice, but we love a good crisis.
+And the good news is this is a monster.
+(Laughter) Sure, if we're wrong, we could be facing the end of this civilization, but if we get it right, it could be the beginning of civilization instead.
+And how wonderful it would be if you could tell your grandchildren that you were one of them.
+Indeed, there are no technical or economic barriers.
+Scientists like James Hansen say we may need to get net CO2 emissions out of our economy in just a few decades.
+I wanted to know what that entailed, so I worked with Professor Jorgen Landers from Norway to find the answer.
+We have developed a plan called the "One Degree War Plan". The name comes from the level of mobilization and concentration required.
+Surprisingly, getting rid of net CO2 emissions from the economy in just 20 years is actually very easy, not very cheap, but certainly less than the cost of a collapsing civilization.
+I haven't calculated it exactly, but I know it's very expensive.
+Read on for the details, but in a nutshell, we can transform the economy.
+Proven technology makes it possible.
+It can be realized at a reasonable cost.
+We can do that with the existing political structure.
+The only thing we need to change is how we think and feel.
+Now is your turn.
+When you think about the future I envision, of course you will feel a little bit of fear.
+But fear can paralyze or motivate behavior.
+We must accept our fear and then act.
+We must act as if the future depends on it.
+We must act like we only have one planet.
+I can do it.
+Free market fundamentalists will say more growth, more stuff, and 9 billion people going shopping is the best we can do.
+they are wrong
+We can be more, we can be more and more.
+We have made remarkable progress since studying how to grow food some 10,000 years ago.
+We have built a strong foundation of science, knowledge and technology. This is enough to build a society where nine billion people can live decent, meaningful and satisfying lives.
+If we choose the right path, the earth will support it.
+We can choose this moment of crisis to ask and answer the big questions about the evolution of society. For example, what do you want to be when you grow up, when you're past this clumsy adolescence where you suffer from delusions of thinking there are no limits. Immortality?
+Well, now is the time to grow up, to be wiser, to be calmer, to be more considered.
+Like generations before us, we will grow up in war. It's not a war between civilizations, it's a war for civilizations, for a special opportunity to build a stronger, happier society and plan to survive into middle age.
+We can choose life over fear.
+We can do what we do, but it involves every entrepreneur, every artist, every scientist, every communicator, every mother, every father, every child, and all of us. Is required.
+This may be the best time for us.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(Applause) (Video) ANNOUNCER: Threats have skyrocketed in the wake of bin Laden's death.
+Announcer 2: Hunger in Somalia. Announcer 3: Police pepper spray.
+Announcer 4: A vicious cartel. Announcer 5: A corrosive cruise company.
+Announcer 6: The decline of society. Announcer Seven: 65 dead.
+Announcer 8: Tsunami warning. Announcer Nine: Cyberattack.
+Multiple Announcers: War on Drugs. mass destruction. tornado.
+recession. Default. Doomsday. Egypt. Syria.
+crisis. die. disaster.
+oh my god.
+Peter Diamandis: So these are just some of the clips I've collected over the last six months. It could easily be clips you've collected in the last 6 days or 6 years.
+The point is that the news media prioritize negative stories because that's what our minds are paying attention to.
+And for good reason.
+Every second of every day our senses bring us more data than our brains can handle.
+And because nothing is more important to us than survival, the first destination for all data is an ancient fragment of the temporal lobe called the amygdala.
+Now the amygdala is our early warning detector, our danger detector.
+We categorize and scrutinize all information, looking for things in the environment that can harm us.
+So, given a dozen news articles, I would prefer to look at the negative news.
+And the old newspaper adage, “If it bleeds, it connects” is just true.
+So, it's no wonder we're pessimistic when digital devices bring us all kinds of negative news 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
+No wonder people think the world is getting worse and worse.
+But probably not.
+Perhaps it's a distortion brought on us to what's really going on.
+Perhaps the astonishing progress we've made over the past century by a series of forces is actually accelerating to a point where it has the potential to create a world of abundance in the next 30 years.
+I'm not saying we don't have a set of problems like the climate crisis, species extinction, water and energy shortages, but we do.
+And as humans, we are much better at understanding problems in advance, but we beat them in the end.
+So let's take a look at what this past century has been like to see where we're headed.
+Over the past 100 years, human life expectancy has more than doubled and average inflation-adjusted per capita income around the world has tripled.
+Child mortality has been reduced by a factor of ten.
+In addition to this, the cost of food, electricity, transportation and communications has fallen by a factor of 10-1,000.
+Steve Pinker taught us that we are indeed living in the most peaceful times in human history.
+And Charles Kenny said that the world's literacy rate has risen from 25 percent to over 80 percent in the last 130 years.
+We live in truly extraordinary times.
+And many forget this.
+And we keep raising our expectations.
+In fact, we are redefining what poverty means.
+please think about it. In America today, the majority of people on the poverty line still have electricity, water, toilets, refrigerators, televisions, cell phones, air conditioners, and cars.
+The richest robber barons of the last century, emperors on earth, would never have dreamed of such luxury.
+A lot of it is underpinned by technology, and these days it's growing exponentially.
+A good friend of mine, Ray Kurzweil, showed that any tool that becomes information technology follows Moore's Law along this curve, doubling in price performance every 12-24 months.
+That's why a cell phone in your pocket is literally a million times cheaper and a thousand times faster than a '70s supercomputer.
+Now look at this curve.
+This is Moore's Law for the last 100 years.
+Notice two things about this curve.
+First, how smoothly things go through good times and bad, wartime and peace, recessions, depressions and booms.
+This is the result of using faster computers to build faster computers.
+No matter how grand our challenges are, we never slow down.
+It's also plotted on the logarithmic curve on the left, but curved up.
+The speed at which technology is getting faster is itself getting faster.
+And on this curve, based on Moore's Law, lies a set of very powerful technologies available to all of us.
+Cloud Computing, what our friends at Autodesk call Infinite Computing. sensors and networks. robotics. 3D printing is the ability to democratize and distribute personalized products around the world. synthetic biology; fuels, vaccines and food; digital medicine. nanomaterials. And A.I.
+I mean, how many people saw IBM's Watson win Jeopardy?
+I mean, it was epic.
+In fact, I scoured newspaper headlines for the best possible headlines.
+And i love this. "Watson defeats the enemy of man".
+Jeopardy is not an easy game.
+It's about the nuances of human language.
+And imagine AI like this in the cloud, available to everyone with a mobile phone.
+Four years ago here at TED, Ray Kurzweil and I founded a new university called Singularity University.
+And we teach our students all these technologies, and especially how they can be used to solve humanity's grandest challenges.
+And each year, we ask them to launch companies, products and services that can positively impact the lives of 1 billion people within 10 years.
+Think about the fact that literally a group of students can impact the lives of a billion people today.
+Thirty years ago that would have sounded silly.
+Today we can point to dozens of companies that have done just that.
+When we think about creating abundance, it's not about creating a life of luxury for everyone on the planet. It's about creating a life that is possible.
+It is to take out what was lacking and enrich it.
+As you know, scarcity is situational and technology is the force that frees up resources.
+Let's take an example.
+This is the story of Napoleon III in the mid-1800s.
+It's the man on the left.
+He invited the King of Siam to dinner.
+All of Napoleon's armies were given silver crockery, and Napoleon himself was given gold crockery.
+However, the King of Siam was given aluminum utensils.
+As you know, aluminum was the most precious metal on earth and was more valuable than gold and platinum.
+This is why the tip of the Washington Monument is made of aluminum.
+As you know, aluminum makes up 8.3 percent of the Earth's mass, but it doesn't exist as a pure metal.
+It's all bound together by oxygen and silicates.
+But then the technology of electrolysis came along and literally made aluminum so cheap that we use it in a throwaway spirit.
+So let's project this analogy forward.
+We think about energy shortages.
+Folks, we live on a planet that is 5,000 times more energetic than we use in a year.
+16 terawatts of energy reaches the surface every 88 minutes.
+It's not about rarity, it's about accessibility.
+And here's the good news.
+For the first time this year in India, the price of solar power is 50% of the price of diesel power, Rs 8.8 vs Rs 17.
+Last year, the cost of solar power dropped by 50%.
+Last month, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology released a study that by the end of the decade, solar power will be 6 cents per kilowatt-hour in sunny areas of the United States, compared with a national average of 15 cents. bottom.
+And where energy is plentiful, water is also plentiful.
+We are talking about water wars here.
+Remember when Carl Sagan turned the Voyager spacecraft back toward Earth in 1990 just after passing Saturn?
+He took a famous photo. what was it called?
+"Light Blue Dots"
+Because we live on a water planet.
+We live on a planet that is 70% water covered.
+Yes, it's 97.5 percent salt water, 2 percent ice, and we're fighting over 0.5 percent water on Earth, but there's hope here too.
+And technology will be online now, not 10 or 20 years from now.
+Nanotechnology and nanomaterials are emerging.
+And I'd like to share a conversation I had with Dean Kamen this morning with one of the great DIY innovators, Dean Kamen. He gave me permission to do so. About his technology, called the Slingshot, which many of you may have heard about, it's about the size of a small dorm room refrigerator.
+It can generate 1,000 liters of clean drinking water per day at less than 2 cents per liter from any source, including seawater, polluted water, and toilets.
+The Coca-Cola chairman has just agreed to test hundreds of these at scale in developing countries.
+And if it works, I'm sure it will, Coca-Cola will roll this out globally to 206 countries on the planet.
+This is the kind of innovation that exists today, powered by this technology.
+And this was also seen on mobile phones.
+Surprisingly, mobile phone penetration in developing countries will reach 70 percent by the end of 2013.
+Think about it, a Maasai warrior using a cell phone in the middle of Kenya has better cell communications than President Reagan did 25 years ago.
+And with Google on your smartphone, you'll have access to more knowledge and information than President Clinton did 15 years ago.
+They live in a world rich in information and communication that no one could have predicted.
+Better yet, what you and I have spent tens and hundreds of thousands of dollars on, GPS, HD video and stills, book and music libraries, medical diagnostic technology is now literally non-existent. Materialized, embedded in your phone, and non-monetized.
+Perhaps the best part is that my health has taken a turn for the worse.
+Last month, along with the Qualcomm Foundation, I was honored to announce what we called the $10 million Qualcomm Tricoder X Prize.
+We are asking teams around the world to integrate these technologies into what is essentially an AI-powered, talking mobile device that can cough and take a finger blood.
+And to win, you need to be able to diagnose better than a team of certified doctors.
+So literally, imagine this device in the middle of a developing country with no doctors, 25 percent of the disease burden, and 1.3 percent of health workers.
+Sequencing an RNA or DNA virus that the instrument does not recognize will contact the CDC and prevent a pandemic from occurring in the first place.
+However, the greatest power to realize a prosperous world is here.
+I call it "Rising Billion".
+So the white line here is the population.
+We have just crossed the 7 billion mark on the planet.
+By the way, the best defense against population explosion is to bring the world to education and health.
+In 2010, less than 2 billion people were connected online.
+By 2020, the number of Internet users will grow from 2 billion to 5 billion.
+Three billion new, never-before-heard people are joining the global conversation.
+What do these people want?
+what do they consume? what do they want?
+And instead of the economic activity coming to a halt, the largest economic injection in history is about to take place.
+These people represent the tens of trillions of dollars that have been injected into the global economy.
+And they're healthier with Tricorder, better educated with Khan Academy, and literally more productive than ever with 3D printing and limitless computing. improve.
+So what will an emerging healthy, educated and productive human race of 3 billion people offer us?
+How about a set of voices you've never heard before?
+What about giving oppressed people everywhere a voice to hear and a voice to act for the first time?
+What will this 3 billion bring?
+What about contributions that are not even predictable?
+One of the things I learned at XPRIZE is that small teams driven by a clear focus and passion can do extraordinary things that in the past only big companies and governments could do.
+Finally, let me share a story that really got me excited.
+There is a program that some of you may have heard of.
+It's a game called Foldit.
+It came out of the University of Washington in Seattle.
+This is a game that allows individuals to actually get sequences of amino acids and understand how proteins fold.
+And how you fold it determines its structure and function.
+And it is very important for medical research.
+And until now, it's been a matter of supercomputers.
+And this game has been played by university professors and others.
+And literally hundreds of thousands of people went online and started playing.
+And indeed, today we show that human pattern recognition machines are better at folding proteins than the best computers.
+And when these guys went and looked at who was the best protein folder in the world, it wasn't an MIT professor, not a Caltech student, but an Englishman, a woman from Manchester. Executive assistant at a rehab clinic by day, world's best protein folder by night.
+Ladies and Gentlemen, what gives me great confidence in the future is the fact that we, as individuals, are more empowered to take on the grand challenges of this planet.
+We have tools with this exponential technology.
+We are passionate DIY innovators.
+We have technology philanthropist capital.
+And we have 3 billion new brains coming online to work with us to do what we have to do to solve our grand challenges. .
+We are living in an amazing time in the next few decades.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+good morning.
+I'm here today to talk about autonomous flying beach balls.
+(Laughter) No, these agile flying robots.
+I would like to talk a little bit about the challenges in building these and the great opportunities for applying this technology.
+These robots are therefore related to unmanned aerial vehicles.
+But the vehicles you see here are big.
+They weigh thousands of pounds and are by no means agile.
+Nor are they autonomous.
+In fact, many of these vehicles are operated by flight crews that include multiple pilots, sensor operators and mission coordinators.
+We are interested in the development of such robots. And here are two other pictures, of ready-made robots.
+So these are helicopters with four rotors, about a meter in size and weighing a few pounds.
+So we modified these robots with sensors and processors so they could fly indoors.
+No GPS.
+This is the robot I have in my hand, built by two students, Alex and Daniel.
+So this weighs just over a tenth of a pound.
+Power consumption is about 15 watts.
+As you can see, it's about 8 inches in diameter.
+Now let's walk through a quick tutorial on how these robots work.
+So there are 4 rotors.
+Rotate these rotors at the same speed and the robot will hover.
+Increasing the speed of each of these rotors will cause the robot to rise and accelerate.
+Of course, if the robot is tilted and tilted relative to the horizontal, it will accelerate in this direction.
+So you have one of two ways to tilt.
+In this picture you can see that rotor 4 is spinning faster and rotor 2 is spinning slower.
+And when that happens, there's a moment when this robot spins.
+Conversely, increasing the speed of rotor 3 and decreasing the speed of rotor 1 causes the robot to lean forward.
+And finally, spinning the opposite pair of rotors faster than the other will cause the robot to yaw around the vertical axis.
+So the on-board processor basically looks at the motions that need to be performed, combines these motions, and calculates which commands to send to the motors (600 times per second).
+That's basically how this works.
+So one of the benefits of this design is that when you shrink things down, the robot naturally becomes agile.
+where R is the characteristic length of the robot.
+It's actually about half the diameter.
+And there are many physical parameters that change as R is reduced.
+Most important is inertia, or resistance to movement.
+Thus, we find that the inertia that governs angular motion scales as R to the fifth power.
+Therefore, the smaller R is, the more dramatically the inertia is reduced.
+As a result, the angular acceleration, here denoted by the Greek letter alpha, is 1 with respect to R.
+Inversely proportional to R.
+The smaller it is, the faster it can rotate.
+So this should become clear in these videos.
+Bottom right shows the robot performing a 360 degree flip in less than 0.5 seconds.
+It takes a few more flips and a little more time.
+So here, the on-board process is getting feedback from the on-board accelerometer and gyro and calculating commands 600 times per second to stabilize this robot as I said before.
+On the left you can see Daniel throwing this robot up in the air. This shows how robust the controls are.
+No matter how you throw it, the robot will heal and come back.
+So why build a robot like this?
+Now, robots like this have a variety of uses.
+You can send them inside buildings like this to look for intruders as first responders, or look for biochemical or gas leaks.
+It can also be used for applications such as construction.
+Here is a robot that carries beams and columns and assembles a cube-like structure.
+I'll explain this in a little more detail.
+Robots can be used to transport packages.
+So one of the problems with these small robots is their ability to carry payloads.
+Therefore, you may want multiple robots to carry the payload.
+Here's a photo of a recent experiment we did just after the earthquake. In fact, not so recently, it took place in Sendai.
+So such a robot could be sent into a collapsed building to assess damage after a natural disaster, or into a nuclear reactor building to map radiation levels.
+So one of the fundamental problems that a robot must solve in order to become autonomous is essentially finding a way to get from point A to point B.
+The dynamics of this robot are quite complex, so this becomes a little more difficult.
+In fact, they live in 12-dimensional space.
+So we use a little trick.
+Transform this curved 12-dimensional space into a flat 4-dimensional space.
+And that 4-dimensional space consists of X, Y, Z, and yaw angles.
+What the robot does is plan a so-called minimum snap trajectory.
+Remember physics. It has position, derivative and velocity. Then accelerate. And then comes the jerk, then comes the snap.
+So this robot keeps snaps to a minimum.
+So what this effectively does is create a smooth, graceful movement.
+And it helps avoid obstacles.
+Therefore, these minimal snap trajectories in this flat space are translated back into this complex 12-dimensional space, which the robot must do for control and execution.
+So let's give some examples of what these minimum snap trajectories look like.
+In the first video, you can see the robot moving from point A through an intermediate point to point B.
+(whoosh) So the robot is obviously able to perform an arbitrary curved trajectory.
+So these are circular orbits and the robot draws about 2 G's.
+Here we have an overhead motion capture camera on top that tells the robot where we are 100 times a second.
+It also tells the robot where these obstacles are.
+And obstacles can be moving.
+Here we see Daniel throwing this hoop into the air while the robot calculates the hoop's position and tries to find the best way to go through it.
+So as academics, we're always trained to be able to jump through hoops to raise money for our lab, and let robots do it.
+(Applause.) So another thing a robot can do is remember parts of the trajectory it learned or was pre-programmed.
+Here you can see the robot combining motions of gaining momentum, changing direction and recovering.
+This gap in the window is only slightly larger than the width of the robot, so it should be this way.
+In other words, just like a diver stands on a springboard, jumps off to gain momentum, and then does a pirouette, two and a half somersaults to gracefully recover. This robot basically does that.
+Therefore, it knows how to combine small pieces of orbit to perform these rather difficult tasks.
+That's why I want to change gears.
+So one of the drawbacks of these small robots is their size.
+Earlier I said that we may need to employ a very large number of robots to overcome the size limitation.
+One problem is how to coordinate these large numbers of robots.
+So we turned to nature.
+So I'd like to show you a clip of Aphenogaster Sabak Ali carrying an object in Professor Stephen Pratt's lab.
+So this is actually a piece of fig.
+In fact, if you pick up an object with fig juice on it, the ants will bring it back to their nest.
+In other words, these ants have no central coordinator.
+They feel their neighbors.
+No clear communication.
+But they sense their neighbors and they sense objects, so there is implicit coordination across the group.
+This is the kind of coordination we want in robots.
+So if we have a robot that is surrounded by neighboring robots, let's look at robot I and robot J. What we want the robots to do is monitor the distance between them as they fly in formation.
+And you have to make sure that this separation is within acceptable levels.
+The robot therefore monitors this error and calculates control commands 100 times per second, which are translated into motor commands (600 times per second).
+So this also has to be done in a decentralized way.
+Again, with so many robots, it is impossible to centrally coordinate all the information fast enough for the robots to complete their tasks.
+Additionally, robots should only act based on local information sensed from nearby people.
+And finally, we argue that robots are agnostic about who their neighbors are.
+This is what we call anonymity.
+So what I want to show you next is a video of 20 little robots flying in formation.
+They monitor the location of their neighbors.
+they keep the formation.
+Formation is subject to change.
+They can be planar structures or three-dimensional structures.
+As you can see here, they collapse from a 3D structure to a planar structure.
+And the formation can be adapted on the fly to fly through obstacles.
+Again, these robots are very close together.
+As you can see in this figure eight flight, they are within inches of each other.
+And it can maintain stable flight despite the aerodynamic interaction with these propeller blades.
+(Applause) So once you learn to fly in formation, you can actually pick up objects cooperatively.
+As you can see, this shows that you can double, triple, quadruple your robot's power simply by teaming it up with its neighbors.
+One of the downsides of doing this is that as you scale things up, if you have a lot of robots carrying the same thing, you're essentially increasing inertia, hence the price. They are not very agile.
+However, it does improve in terms of load-bearing capacity.
+Let me introduce you to another application. This is also in our lab.
+This is the work of graduate student Quentin Lindsay.
+So his algorithm basically tells these robots how to autonomously build cubic structures out of truss-like elements.
+So his algorithm tells the robot when and where to place which parts.
+In this video, sped up by a factor of 10 or 14, you can see three different structures being built by these robots.
+Again, everything is autonomous and all Quentin has to do is give them a blueprint of the design he wants to build.
+So all the experiments and demonstrations we've seen so far have been done with the help of motion capture systems.
+But what happens when you leave the lab and enter the real world?
+What if there was no GPS?
+This robot is actually equipped with a camera, a laser rangefinder and a laser scanner.
+Then use these sensors to build a map of your environment.
+This map consists of features such as doorways, windows, people, furniture, etc., and determines where their positions are relative to the features.
+A coordinate system is defined based on the robot's position and what it is looking at.
+and navigate on those functions.
+So I would like to show you a clip of an algorithm developed by Frank Shen and Professor Nathan Michael. This clip shows the robot entering a building for the first time and creating this map on the fly.
+The robot knows what the features are, creates a map, knows where it is relative to the features, and estimates its position 100 times a second. This will allow you to use the control algorithm I described. just a while ago.
+So this robot is actually remotely controlled by Frank, but the robot can also decide where to go on its own.
+So let's say you decide to send this into a building. And I had no idea what this building was like.
+You can have this robot go inside, map it out, and come back and tell you what the building looks like.
+So here the robot is not only solving the problem of how to get from point A to point B on this map, but it also always knows where the best point B is at the moment.
+So basically we know where to go to look for the least informative places and that's how we add data to this map.
+Finally, I would like to introduce one more application.
+And this technology has many applications.
+I am a professor and passionate about teaching.
+Such robots could revolutionize the way we teach from kindergarten to high school.
+But since we're in Southern California, close to Los Angeles, we need to wrap up with something focused on entertainment.
+I would like to conclude with a music video.
+We would like to introduce the creators of this video, Alex and Daniel.
+(Applause.) So before I play this video, I want to tell you that I got a call from Chris and they made this video in the last three days.
+And the robot you play in the video is completely autonomous.
+Nine robots can be seen playing six different musical instruments.
+Made especially for TED 2012, of course.
+let's see
+(sound of air escaping from valve) (music) (whistling) (music) (applause) (cheering)
+When I was 9 years old, I went to summer camp for the first time.
+And my mother packed a suitcase full of books, and it just seemed natural to me.
+Because reading was the main group activity in my family.
+This may sound antisocial to you, but for us it was actually another way to be social.
+With the animal warmth of family right next door, you are free to roam the adventure land of your heart.
+And I had the idea that camp would be like this, but better.
+(Laughter) I had a vision of 10 girls in matching nightgowns sitting comfortably in a cabin reading.
+(Laughter) Camping was like a barrel party without alcohol.
+And on the first day, our counselor brought us all together and gave us the cheer she said would continue every day for the rest of the summer to instill the spirit of camp.
+And it went like this: "R-O-W-D-I-E, that's how to spell thugs.
+Catch thugs, thugs, thugs. "
+(Laughter) Right.
+So for the rest of my life I never understood why we had to be so violent and why we had to misspell this word.
+(laughs) But I yelled. I chanted ale with everyone.
+i did my best.
+And I was just waiting for the time to go out and read a book.
+But the first time I took a book out of my suitcase, the coolest girl in the bunk came up to me and asked, "Why are you so calm?" -- Mellow, of course, the exact opposite of R-O-W-D-I-E.
+And when I tried it a second time, the counselor came to me with a worried look on his face, repeated a point about the spirit of camp, and said that we should all work hard to be social. .
+So I put the book away, put it back in my suitcase, put it under my bed, and stayed there for the rest of the summer.
+And I kind of felt guilty about this.
+I felt like I was abandoning the book, even though it somehow needed me and was calling to me.
+But I abandoned them and didn't open that suitcase again until I got home with my family at the end of the summer.
+Now, let's talk about summer camp.
+I could have said the same to 50 other people - somehow the message was that my quiet, introverted way of life wasn't always the right path, and that I should try to go through it with a more extroverted personality. each time i received.
+And I always felt deep down that this was a mistake and that introverts are just as good as they are.
+But over the years, I've denied this intuition, which is why I became a Wall Street lawyer above all else, rather than the writer I always aspired to be. Partly because I needed to prove to myself that I could be bold and assertive. .
+And when I really wanted to have a nice dinner with friends, I always went to a crowded bar.
+And I was making these self-denying choices so reflexively that I didn't even realize I was doing it.
+This is what many introverts do, and it's certainly our loss, but also our colleagues and community's loss.
+It may sound grandiose, but it's a world loss.
+Because when it comes to creativity and leadership, introverts need to do what they are good at.
+One-third to one-half of the population is introverted.
+That means 1 in 2-3 people you know.
+I mean, even if you're an extrovert yourself, I'm talking about your co-workers, your spouse, your children, and the person sitting next to you right now. All of them are subject to this prejudice that is so deeply and real in our society. .
+We all internalize it from an early age without even having a language to describe what we do.
+Now, to clearly understand biases, we need to understand what introversion is.
+It's not the same as being embarrassed.
+Shyness is fear of social judgment.
+Introversion is how you respond to stimuli, including social stimuli.
+So while extroverts really want a ton of stimulation, introverts feel most alive, most switched on, and most competent in quieter, more reserved environments.
+Not always, these things are not absolutes, but often they are.
+So the key to maximizing our talents is for all of us to put ourselves in the right zone of stimulation for ourselves.
+But here prejudices arise.
+Our most important institutions, schools and workplaces, are designed primarily for extroverts, and extroverts need a lot of stimulation.
+And also, we now have this belief system that I call the new groupthink, where all creativity and all productivity comes from a very strange collective place.
+Imagine a typical classroom today. When I was in school, we sat in rows.
+We sat in rows of desks like this, doing most of the work almost autonomously.
+Today, however, the typical classroom has rows of desks with four or five, six or seven children all facing each other.
+And kids are working on countless group assignments.
+Children are now expected to act as members of committees, even in subjects such as mathematics and creative writing that might be thought of as solitary thinking.
+And for children who prefer to go out alone, or who prefer to work alone, those children are often viewed as deviants or, worse, problematic cases.
+And research shows that the majority of teachers believe the ideal student is an extrovert rather than an introvert, even though introverts actually perform better and are more knowledgeable. reported that
+(Laughter) Well, the same is true in our workplace.
+Most of us now work in open-plan offices with no walls and are constantly exposed to noise and stares from our colleagues.
+And when it comes to leadership, introverts tend to be very cautious, much less likely to take outsized risks, yet they routinely assume leadership positions. It is
+An interesting study by Adam Grant of the Wharton School found that introverted leaders often produced better results than extroverted leaders. Because when managing proactive employees, they are much more likely to let employees implement their ideas. Extroverted leaders, on the other hand, may, quite unconsciously, get so excited about things that they put their own stamp on things, and other people's ideas don't come to the surface so easily.
+In fact, some transformational leaders throughout history have been introverts.
+Here are some examples.
+Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, Gandhi - all these people described themselves as quiet, quiet, even shy.
+And they all got the spotlight, even though every bone in their body told them not to.
+And this turned out to have a special power of its own. Because people could feel in control, not because these leaders enjoyed directing others, not because they enjoyed being the center of attention. They were there driven to do what they thought was right because they had no other choice.
+At this point, I think it's important for me to say that I actually love extroverts.
+I want to say that some of my best friends, including my beloved husband, are extroverts.
+And, of course, we all fall at different points along the introvert/extrovert spectrum.
+Even the psychologist Carl Jung, who first popularized the term, said there is no such thing as a pure introvert or a pure extrovert.
+If such a man existed, he said, he would be put in an insane asylum.
+And there are people who fall right in between introverts/extroverts, and we call them ambiverts.
+And I often think they have the best of all worlds.
+However, many of us identify ourselves as one or the other.
+My point is that culturally we need a better balance.
+Between these two types there must be more yin and yang.
+This is especially important when it comes to creativity and productivity. Because when psychologists look at the lives of the most creative people, they find that they're very good at exchanging ideas and pushing ideas forward, yet they're still serious about their work. their introversion.
+And that's because solitude is often a key ingredient to creativity.
+So Darwin took a long walk alone in the woods and flatly declined an invitation to a dinner party.
+Theodore Geisel, better known as Dr. Seuss, dreamed up his astonishing works in a lonely bell tower office behind his home in La Jolla, California.
+And in fact he fears that young children reading his books will expect this kind of jolly Santa Claus-like appearance from him and will be disappointed by his more reserved personality. , was afraid to meet.
+Steve Wozniak invented the first Apple computer sitting alone in a private room at Hewlett-Packard, where he worked at the time.
+And if he was too introverted to leave the house when he was a kid, he wouldn't have become such an expert in the first place, he says.
+Of course, this doesn't mean we should all stop working together. Steve Wozniak famously co-founded Apple Computer with Steve Jobs, but that means solitude is important, and for some people, solitude is important. the air they breathe.
+And indeed, we have known for centuries about the transcendental power of solitude.
+Strangely enough, we've only recently begun to forget about it.
+If you look at most of the world's major religions, seekers like Moses, Jesus, Buddha, Muhammad, etc., travel alone into the wilderness, where they obtain and bring about deep revelations and revelations. Go back to the rest of the community.
+Therefore, there is no wilderness and no revelation.
+But if we turn to the insights of modern psychology, this should not come as a surprise.
+It turns out that we cannot even be in a group of people without instinctively echoing and imitating their opinion.
+Without realizing that it is what you are doing, you will begin to imitate the beliefs of those around you, even about seemingly personal and intuitive things, such as who you are attracted to.
+And it's notorious for groups to follow the opinion of the most dominant or charismatic person on the spot. Even though there is absolutely no correlation between speaking the best and having the best ideas: zero.
+So -- (laughter) you may be following whoever has the best idea, but you may not be.
+And can we really leave it up to chance?
+A way for everyone to act alone, generate their own ideas free from the distortions of group dynamics, and then come together as a team to discuss it in a well-managed environment and bring it to life from there. is much better.
+Now, if all this is true, why are we so wrong?
+Why do we set up schools and workplaces this way?
+And why do we make introverts feel guilty about going out alone sometimes?
+One answer lies deep in the history of our culture.
+Western societies, especially the United States, have always preferred people of action to people of contemplation.
+But in America's early days, we lived in what historians call a culture of character, at a time when we still valued people's inner and moral correctness.
+If you look at self-help books from this era, they all have titles like "Individuality, the Greatest Thing in the World."
+Then came role models like Abraham Lincoln, who was hailed as a modest and reserved person.
+Ralph Waldo Emerson called him "a man who doesn't take offense at feelings of superiority".
+However, in the 20th century, a new culture entered, which historians call the "culture of individuality."
+What happened is that we evolved the agricultural economy into the world of big business.
+And suddenly people are starting to move from small towns to cities.
+And instead of working with people they've known all along, they now have to prove themselves among a crowd of strangers.
+So, quite understandably, qualities like charm and charisma suddenly seem very important.
+And sure enough, self-help books have changed to meet these new needs, with names like "How to Win Friends and Influence People."
+And they have really great salesmen as role models.
+That is the world we live in today.
+That is our cultural heritage.
+I'm not saying social skills aren't important, and I'm not calling for the abolition of teamwork altogether.
+The same religion that sends the wise to lonely mountaintops also teaches us love and trust.
+And the problems we face today in areas such as science and economics are so vast and complex that solving them will require an army of people working together.
+But my point is, the more freedom you give introverts to be themselves, the more likely they are to come up with their own solutions to these problems.
+So today I would like to share with you the contents of my suitcase.
+guess what?
+Book.
+I have a suitcase full of books.
+"Cat's Eye" by Margaret Atwood.
+A novel by Milan Kundera.
+And here is The Guide for the Perplexed by Maimonides.
+But these aren't exactly my books.
+I brought these books because they were written by my grandfather's favorite authors.
+My grandfather was a rabbi and a widower. I lived alone in a small apartment in Brooklyn, and it was my favorite place in the world when I was a kid. One of the reasons was that it was filled with my grandfather's very kind and very polite atmosphere. It was full of books.
+Literally every table, every chair in this apartment did what it was supposed to and now serves as a rocking surface for a pile of books.
+Like the rest of my family, my grandfather's favorite thing in the world was reading.
+But he loved his congregation. During my 62 years as a rabbi, I could feel this love in my weekly sermons.
+He took the fruits of his weekly readings and woven an intricate tapestry of ancient humanistic thought.
+And people came from all over the world to listen to him.
+But here it is about my grandfather.
+Under this ceremonial role, he was so humble and so introverted. So much so that when I preached, it was difficult to make eye contact with the very same congregation I had been speaking to for 62 years.
+And even away from the rostrum, when you called to greet him, he would often prematurely end the conversation for fear of taking up too much of your time.
+But when he died at the age of 94, police had to block neighborhood streets to accommodate the large number of people who had gathered to mourn him.
+So these days, I'm trying to learn from my grandfather's example.
+So I just published a book on introversion, which took about seven years to write.
+And for me, those seven years were pure bliss. Because I read, I wrote, I thought, I studied.
+It was my reenactment of my grandfather spending time alone in the library.
+But now all of a sudden my job has changed a lot and my job is to come out here and talk about introversion.
+(Laughter) And it's a lot harder for me. Because as honored as I am to be here with you, this is not my natural environment.
+So I prepared as much as I could for moments like this.
+I've been practicing public speaking as much as I can over the last year.
+And I call this year "The Year of Dangerous Speech."
+(Laughs) And it was actually very helpful.
+But more helpful is my sense, my belief, my hope that we are on the brink of a truly dramatic change when it comes to attitudes towards introversion, silence and loneliness.
+I mean, we are.
+So I leave here three calls to action for those who share this vision.
+The first is to stop the madness of continuous group work.
+stop it.
+(laughs) Thank you.
+(Applause.) And just to be clear on what I'm talking about, in our office, we have a casual, chatty, cafe-style interaction, where people can come together and interact by chance. Because I deeply believe that interaction should be encouraged. of ideas.
+wonderful.
+Great for both introverts and extroverts.
+But we need more privacy, more freedom, and more autonomy in our work.
+Sure we need to teach our children to work together, but we also need to teach them how to work on their own.
+This is especially important for extroverted children as well.
+they have to work on themselves. Because that's where deep thoughts come from.
+Now part 2: Let's go to the wilderness.
+Be like Buddha and receive your own revelation.
+I'm not saying that we should all build our own huts in the woods right now and never have to talk to each other again, but we should all unplug a little more often and talk to ourselves. I am saying that I can withstand being inside the head of .
+Number 3: Take a good look at what's in your suitcase and why you put it there.
+If you're an extrovert, your suitcase might be full of books too.
+Or maybe it's full of champagne glasses and skydiving gear.
+Whatever it is, we want you to take these things out whenever you get the chance and bless us with your energy and joy.
+But as an introvert, you probably have the urge to keep the contents of your suitcase very carefully.
+that's ok.
+But once in a while, just once in a while, I wish I could open my suitcase for someone else to look at. Because the world needs you and it needs what you carry.
+So I hope that you can make your journey as successful as possible and that you have the courage to speak softly.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, this is a really special honor for me.
+I spend most of my time in prisons and prisons and on death row.
+I spend most of my time on projects and in desperate situations in very low income communities.
+Being here at TED and seeing and hearing the stimulus has been very, very energizing for me.
+One of the things I've seen in my short time here is that TED has an identity.
+And you can say things here that actually affect the world.
+And when it comes through TED, it can have meaning and power that otherwise doesn't exist.
+I mention that because I think identity really matters.
+And there were some great presentations, too.
+And what we've learned is that if you're a teacher, your words can be meaningful, but if you're a caring teacher, your words can be especially meaningful. is that there is
+If you're a doctor, you can do some good things, but if you're a caring doctor, you can do other things.
+So I want to talk about the power of identity.
+And I had no idea about this person actually practicing law and doing a job like mine.
+I actually learned this from my grandmother.
+I grew up in a traditional African-American household ruled by a patriarch, who was my grandmother.
+She was tough, strong, and powerful.
+She was the end of every argument in our family.
+She was the beginning of many arguments within our family.
+She was actually the daughter of enslaved people.
+Her parents were born slaves in Virginia in the 1840s.
+Born in the 1880s, her experience of slavery shaped her worldview.
+And while my grandmother was strict, she was also a loving person.
+When I saw her when I was little, she would come up to me and give me a hug.
+And she squeezed me so tight that I couldn't breathe. And she let me go.
+And an hour or two later, when I saw her, she came up to me and said, "Brian, can you still feel me hugging you?"
+And if I say no she will attack me again and if I say yes she will leave me alone.
+And she had a quality that made you want to be close to her all the time.
+And the only challenge was that she had ten children.
+My mother was the youngest of ten children.
+And sometimes when I went to spend time with her, it was difficult to get her time and attention.
+My cousins ​​were running everywhere.
+And when I was about eight or nine, I remember waking up one morning and walking into the living room to find all my cousins ​​running around.
+And my grandmother was sitting across the room, staring at me.
+And at first I thought you were playing a game.
+I looked at her and smiled, but she was very serious.
+After about 15 or 20 minutes, she got up and came across the room and took my hand and said, "Come on, Brian. You and I are going to talk."
+And I remember this like it was yesterday.
+Never forget.
+She took me back and said, "Brian, I'm trying to tell you something, but please don't tell anyone what I said."
+I said, "Okay, Mom."
+She said, "From now on, let's be careful not to do that." I said, "Of course."
+Then she sat me down, looked at me and said: "I want you to know that I was watching you."
+And she said, "I think you're special."
+"I think you can do whatever you want," she said.
+Never forget.
+And she said, "Brian, just promise me three things."
+I said, "Okay, Mom."
+“The first thing I want you to promise me is that you will always love your mother,” she said.
+She said, "This is my baby girl. Promise me that you will take care of her forever."
+Well, I loved my mother, so I said, "Yes, Mom. I will."
+She then said, "The second thing I want you to promise me is that you will always do the right thing, even if it's hard to be right."
+So I thought about it and said, "Yes, Mom. I will."
+And finally she said: "The third thing I want you to promise me is that you will never drink alcohol."
+(Laughter) Well, I was nine years old, so I said, "Yes, Mom. I will."
+I grew up in the rural South with a one older brother and a younger sister.
+When I was about 14 or 15, my brother came home one day with a six-pack of beer - I don't know where he got it - and he was me and my sister. and went out into the woods. .
+And we were just there, doing what we were crazy about.
+And he took a sip of this beer, gave it to my sister, and she was drinking a little too, so they gave it to me.
+I said, ``No, no, no.
+said my brother. "Well, we're going to do this today. You always do what we do.
+I had some and your sister had some too. have a beer "
+I said, "No, I don't think that's right. Go ahead, everyone. Go ahead, everyone."
+And my brother started staring at me.
+He said, "What's wrong? Have a beer."
+Then he looked at me seriously and said, "Oh, I hope you haven't gotten carried away with the conversation with Mommy yet."
+(Laughter) I said, "So what are you talking about?"
+"Oh, Mama tells all her grandchildren that they are special," he said.
+(laughter) I was devastated.
+(Laughter.) And I'll admit something to you.
+I'll tell you what you probably shouldn't say.
+I am aware that this may be widely broadcast.
+But I'm 52 and I confess I've never had a drop of alcohol.
+(Applause.) I'm not saying that because I think it's a virtue. I say that because identities are powerful.
+Creating the right kind of identity allows you to tell the world around you things that don't really seem to make sense.
+We can get them to do what they think they can't.
+When I think of my grandmother, of course she thinks all her grandchildren are special.
+My grandfather was in prison during Prohibition.
+My male uncles died of alcohol-related illnesses.
+And these were the things she thought we needed to work on.
+Well, I want to say something about the criminal justice system.
+The country is very different today than it was 40 years ago.
+In 1972, 300,000 people were in prisons and detention centers.
+Now that number is 2.3 million.
+The United States currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world.
+Seven million people are on probation or on parole.
+In my judgment, mass incarceration has radically changed our world.
+There is hopelessness in poor communities and communities of color, and there is hopelessness that is shaped by these outcomes.
+One in three black men ages 18 to 30 is in prison, jail, probation or on parole.
+In the nation's urban areas—Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington—50 to 60 percent of all young people of color are in prison or jail, or on probation or parole.
+Our system not only seems to be warped around race, but it is also warped by poverty.
+This country has a justice system that favors the rich and guilty far more than the poor and innocent.
+Wealth, not guilt, determines the outcome.
+Still, we seem to feel very comfortable.
+The politics of fear and anger make us believe that these are not our problems.
+I lost connection.
+That's interesting to me.
+We see a very interesting development in our work.
+My state of Alabama, like many others, permanently disenfranchises you if you are convicted.
+Currently, 34 percent of the black male population in Alabama is permanently disenfranchised.
+In fact, we predict that in the next decade, the level of disenfranchisement will be as high as it was before the Voting Rights Act was passed.
+And then there's this amazing silence.
+I represent children.
+Many of my clients are very young.
+The United States is the only country in the world that sentences 13-year-olds to death in prison.
+Children have life sentences without parole in this country.
+And I'm actually filing a lawsuit.
+the only country in the world.
+I represent an inmate on death row.
+Interesting, this question about the death penalty.
+In many ways we have been taught to think that the real question is whether a person deserves to die for the sins he has committed.
+And that's a very smart question.
+But there is another way of thinking about where we are in our identities.
+Another way of thinking about this is that people deserve to die for their sins, but do we deserve to kill?
+I mean, it's attractive.
+The death penalty in America is defined by error.
+For every nine people executed, one innocent person is actually acquitted and released from death row.
+Kind of a staggering error rate: 1 in 9 is innocent.
+I mean, it's attractive.
+In the aviation industry, if one plane crashes for every nine planes that take off, we will never let people fly.
+But somehow we can protect ourselves from this problem.
+It's not our problem.
+It's not our burden.
+It's not our struggle.
+I talk a lot about these issues.
+I talk about race and the question of whether we deserve to kill.
+Interestingly, when I teach my students about African American history, I also talk about slavery.
+I tell them about the era of terrorism that began at the end of the reconstruction leading up to World War II.
+we don't know much about it.
+But for African Americans in this country, it was an era defined by terrorism.
+In many communities, people have had to worry about being lynched.
+They had to worry about being bombed.
+It was the threat of terrorism that shaped their lives.
+And these older folks come to me now and say, "Mr. Stevenson, you gave the talk, you gave the speech, you dealt with terrorism for the first time in our country's history since 9/11. I told people to stop saying they were "
+They tell me, 'No, just say we grew up with it.
+And, naturally, the era of terrorism was followed by racism and decades of racial subordination and apartheid.
+Nevertheless, there are dynamics in this country that are reluctant to talk about their problems.
+We don't like talking about our history.
+So we don't really understand what it means to do what we've done historically.
+We bump into each other all the time.
+We are constantly creating tension and conflict.
+We're not good at talking about race, but I think that's because we're reluctant to commit to the truth and reconciliation process.
+In South Africa, people understood that apartheid could not be overcome without a commitment to truth and reconciliation.
+In Rwanda, we had this promise even after the genocide, but we have not made it in this country.
+I was giving some lectures on the death penalty in Germany.
+It was very interesting because one of the scholars stood up after the presentation and said,
+“There is no death penalty in Germany.
+And of course Germany can never accept the death penalty. "
+And the room became very quiet, and this woman said, 'Given our history, we can never engage in systematic human murder.
+It is unconscionable for us to start executing people in a deliberate and premeditated way. "
+And I thought about it.
+What does it feel like to live in a world where the German nation-state is executing people, especially in a world with too many Jews?
+I couldn't stand it.
+That would be irrational.
+Yet in this country, the states of the Old South, we are executing people. White victims are 11 times more likely to be sentenced to death than black victims, and 22 times more likely to be sentenced to death. If the defendant is black and the victim is white, then it's allowed -- in that very state, the bodies of lynched people are buried in the ground.
+Yet this disconnect exists.
+Well, I think our identities are at stake.
+Even when we don't really care about these hard things, it's still implied to be positive and wonderful.
+We love innovation.
+we love technology. we love creativity.
+We love entertainment.
+Ultimately, however, these realities are overshadowed by suffering, abuse, degrading and marginalization.
+And for me it becomes necessary to integrate the two.
+Because ultimately we are talking about the need to be more hopeful and more committed to the fundamental challenges of living in a complex world.
+And for me, that means spending time thinking and talking about the poor, the less fortunate, the people who will never come to TED.
+But let's integrate them into our own lives.
+After all, we all have to believe what we have not seen.
+that's right. As much as we are rational, as much as we value intelligence.
+Innovation, creativity and progress don't just come from the ideas in our heads.
+They are born from ideas in our minds and are underpinned by convictions in our hearts.
+And it is that heart-to-heart connection, I believe, that compels us to pay attention not only to the bright and dazzling things, but also to the dark and difficult things.
+The great Czech leader Vaclav Havel spoke about this.
+"When we were in Eastern Europe and dealing with oppression, we wanted all sorts of things, but mostly what we needed was hope, direction of the spirit, sometimes despair. It was a willingness to be a witness in a good place," he said.
+Well, that mentality is at the heart of what I believe even the TED community should be involved with.
+There is no disconnect between technology and design, and we can be fully human if we pay no attention to suffering, poverty, exclusion, injustice and injustice.
+Now, I warn you that this kind of identity is a much more difficult identity than one that doesn't pay attention to it.
+it will reach you.
+When I was a young lawyer, I had the great privilege of meeting Rosa Parks.
+And Ms. Parks would come back to Montgomery from time to time to meet with two of her dearest friends, the older women, and Johnny Carr, the organizer of the Montgomery Bus Boycott -- an amazing African-American woman. were gathered. - and Virginia Darr, a white woman whose husband, Clifford Darr, represented Dr. King.
+And these women get together and just talk.
+And now and then Mr. Kerr would call me and say, "Brian, Mr. Parks is coming to town. We'll meet and talk."
+Why don't you come over here and ask? "
+And I say, "Yes, ma'am, you are."
+And she said, "So what are you going to do when you get here?"
+I said, "I will listen."
+And I would go there and just listen.
+It will be very energizing and very empowering.
+Once, when I was there listening to the women, a few hours later, Mr. Parks turned to me and said, "Now, Brian, tell me what is the Equality and Justice Initiative? .
+Please tell me what you are trying to do. "
+And I started giving her the rap.
+I said, 'We are challenging injustice.
+We are trying to save those who have been wrongfully convicted.
+We seek to tackle prejudice and discrimination in the administration of criminal justice.
+We want our children to end their lives without parole.
+We are trying to do something about the death penalty.
+We are trying to reduce the prison population.
+We are trying to end mass incarceration. "
+I gave her a full rap, and when it was over she looked at me and said, "Hmm, hmm, hmm."
+She said, "It tires you, tires you, tires you."
+(laughter) At that point, Mr. Kerr leaned forward, put his finger on my face and said, "So you have to be brave, brave, brave."
+And I actually believe the TED community needs to be more courageous.
+We need to find a way to accept these challenges, problems and suffering.
+Because, after all, our humanity depends on everyone's humanity.
+I have learned very simple things through my work.
+I just learned something very simple.
+I have come to understand and believe that each of us is more than the worst act we have ever committed.
+I believe it is the same for everyone on earth.
+I believe that if someone tells a lie, it is not just a liar.
+I believe that a person who steals something that doesn't belong to him is not just a thief.
+Even if you kill someone, I don't think you're just a murderer.
+And so there is a basic human dignity that must be respected by law.
+I also believe that in many parts of this country, and arguably much of the globe, the opposite of poverty is not wealth.
+i don't believe that
+In fact, in too many places I believe the opposite of poverty is justice.
+And finally, I think despite the fact that it's so dramatic, so beautiful, so moving and so exciting, in the end we're not judged by technology or judged by design. I believe you won't. Judged by our intellect and reason.
+Ultimately, we judge the character of a society not how it treats the rich, the powerful, and the privileged, but how it treats the poor, the convicted, and the imprisoned. It depends on whether
+Because in that connection, we actually begin to understand something really deep about who we are.
+I lose my balance sometimes. This is the end of the story.
+Sometimes I push too hard.
+Like all of us, I get tired.
+Sometimes those ideas pre-empt our thinking in important ways.
+And I have represented children who have been sentenced to these very harsh sentences.
+And when I went to prison, I met clients who were 13 and 14 years old. He is certified to stand trial as an adult.
+You start thinking, how did that happen?
+How can a judge turn you into something you're not?
+And the judge found him an adult, but I see this kid.
+And as I stayed up late one night, I began to think that if the judge can change you into something different, then the judge must have magical powers.
+Yes, Brian, Judges have magical powers.
+You should ask for some of it.
+And I woke up too late and wasn't thinking straight, so I started working on motion.
+And I had a client, a young poor black kid who was 14 years old.
+And so I started working on this motion, and the beginning of the motion was: "Treat my poor 14-year-old black male client like a privileged white 75-year-old corporate executive. motion to judge."
+(Applause.) And I put forward the motion that there was prosecutorial misconduct, police misconduct, and judicial misconduct.
+There was a crazy sentence there that said there was no activity in this county and that it was all illegal.
+And then the next morning, I woke up and wondered, was I just dreaming about that crazy move or did I actually write it?
+And to my horror, I not only wrote it, I sent it to court.
+(Applause.) Months later, I completely forgot about it.
+And finally I decided, oh, I have to go to court and do this crazy case.
+And when I got in the car, I was really overwhelmed and overwhelmed.
+And I got in the car and went to this court.
+And I thought this would be very difficult and very painful.
+And I finally got out of the car and started walking towards the courthouse.
+And as I was walking up the steps of this courthouse, there was this old black man who was the janitor of this courthouse.
+When this man saw me, he came up to me and said, "Who are you?"
+I said, "I am a lawyer." He said, "Are you a lawyer?" I said, "Yes, sir."
+Then the man came up to me and hugged me.
+And he whispered in my ear.
+“I am very proud of you,” he said.
+And I have to tell you, it was energizing.
+It was deeply connected to the identity within me, the ability of everyone to contribute to the community, and the hopeful perspective.
+Now I'm in court.
+And as soon as I was inside, the judge found me coming in.
+He said, "Mr Stevenson, did you write this crazy motion?"
+I said, "Yes, I did." And we started arguing.
+And people started coming just because they were furious.
+I was writing such a funny thing.
+Then the police came, and the assistant prosecutor and the clerk came.
+And when I came to my senses, the courtroom was full of people angry that we were talking about race, talking about poverty, talking about inequality.
+And out of the corner of my eye I could see this janitor going back and forth.
+And he was looking out the window all the way, and he could hear all of this screaming.
+He kept going back and forth.
+And finally, this older black man came into the courtroom with a very worried look on his face and sat almost behind me in the attorney's chair.
+After about ten minutes, the judge said to take a break.
+And during the intermission, there was a deputy sheriff who was upset that the janitor had gone to court.
+Then this lieutenant jumped up and ran over to this elderly black man.
+He said, "Jimmy, what are you doing in this courtroom?"
+And this older black man stood up and looked at that agent and he looked at me and said, “I came to this court to tell this young man.
+I come to TED because I believe many people understand that the moral arc of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice.
+We cannot be fully evolved humans unless we respect human rights and basic dignity.
+All of our survival is linked to the survival of everyone.
+Our vision of technology and design, entertainment and creativity must be combined with a vision of humanity, compassion and justice.
+And above all, I'm just here to tell those of you who share it to keep an eye on the prizes and wait.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Chris Anderson: So you've heard and seen a clear desire for this audience, this community, to help you on your way and to do something about this issue.
+What can I do other than write a check?
+BS: Well, opportunities are all around us.
+For example, if you live in California, there is a referendum scheduled for this spring where efforts will be made to redirect some of the money we actually spend to punitive politics.
+For example, here in California we will spend $1 billion on the death penalty over the next five years.
+Yet 46 percent of all homicides do not result in an arrest.
+Fifty-six percent of all rape cases go unsolved.
+So you have a chance to change that.
+And in this referendum, he will propose to put that money safely with law enforcement.
+And I think that opportunity exists all around us.
+CA: Over the last 30 years, crime has dropped significantly in America.
+And part of that story can be about rising incarceration rates.
+What do you say to those who believe it?
+BS: Well, the fact is that the violent crime rate is relatively stable.
+The massive increase in mass incarceration in this country has not really been in the category of violent crime.
+It was a misguided war on drugs.
+Here is a dramatic increase in the prison population.
+And we got carried away with the rhetoric of punishment.
+So we enacted the 3 Strikes Act, which puts people who steal bikes or commit low-level property crimes in jail forever instead of having their resources returned to the victims.
+We believe we need to do more, not less, to help those who are victims of crime.
+And I don't think our current penal philosophy does anyone any good.
+And I think that's the direction we have to change.
+(Applause) CA: Brian, you struck a big chord here.
+you are an inspiration.
+Thank you for coming to TED. thank you.
+(applause)
+A backpacker through the Scottish Highlands stops at a pub for a drink.
+And the only people there are the bartender and the old man pouring the beer.
+And he ordered a pint and they sat in silence for a while.
+Then suddenly an old man turned to him and said, "Do you see this bar?"
+I handcrafted this bar from the finest wood in the county.
+I gave them more love and care than my own children.
+But will they call me a McGregor Barbuilder? no. "
+Point out the window.
+"Can you see that stone wall over there?
+I made the stone wall with my bare hands.
+I found all the stones and left them alone in the rain and cold.
+But would they call me a MacGregor 'stone wall architect'? no. "
+Point out the window.
+"Can you see the pier on the lake over there?
+I made the pier with my bare hands.
+I drove stakes into each plank against the flow of sand.
+But will they call me a McGregor Pier builder? no.
+But you fuck a goat..." (laughter) Storytelling -- (laughter) is a joke.
+It's about knowing your punchline and ending, knowing that everything you're saying, from the first sentence to the last, leads to a single goal, and ideally, knowing who you are as a human being. It is to confirm some truth that deepens our understanding.
+We all love stories.
+we were born for them.
+Stories affirm who we are.
+We all want affirmation that our lives have meaning.
+And there is nothing more positive than when we connect through stories.
+It transcends the time barriers of past, present and future, and allows us to experience similarities to ourselves through real and imaginary others.
+Mr. Rogers, a children's television host, always kept in his wallet the social worker's saying, "Frankly, once you hear it, you can't love it."
+And how I like to interpret that is probably the story's greatest commandment. It's "take care of me". Emotionally, intellectually, aesthetically, just care about me.
+We all know what it's like to not care.
+You've been watching hundreds of TV channels, switching from one channel to another, and all of a sudden, it actually stops.
+I'm already halfway through, but I'm getting caught up in something and being drawn into it.
+It's not by chance, it's by design.
+So it got me thinking, what if my history was a story and I told you how I was born for it and how I learned this subject along the way?
+To make it even more interesting, I'll start with the ending and go to the beginning.
+So if I were to tell you the ending of this story, it would be this: And that's what ultimately got me here at TED to talk about the story with you.
+And the most recent narrative lesson I learned was finishing a movie that just finished this year, 2012.
+The movie is "John Carter". Based on "The Princess of Mars" by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
+And Edgar Rice Burroughs actually introduced himself as a character in this film and as the narrator.
+He is summoned to the mansion by a telegram from his wealthy uncle, John Carter, saying, "See you soon."
+However, upon arrival, they find that their uncle has died a mysterious death and is buried in the mausoleum on the property.
+(Video) Butler: You can't find the keyhole.
+Things can only open from the inside.
+He claimed no embalming, no opening of the coffin, no funeral.
+Can't you get the kind of riches your uncle ordered like us?
+Let's go inside.
+AS: What you're doing in this scene, and what you're doing in the book, is basically making a promise.
+I promise you that this story will lead you to a place worth spending your time.
+And the first thing every good story should do is give a promise.
+There are endless ways to do it.
+Sometimes it's as simple as "Once upon a time...". These Carter books always feature Edgar Rice Burroughs as the narrator.
+And I always thought this was such a great device.
+It's like a guy inviting you around a campfire, or someone at a bar saying, "Come on, let me tell you a story."
+It didn't happen to me, it happened to someone else, but it's worth the time spent. "
+Well-told promises are like pebbles pulled back in a slingshot, pushing the story forward to the end.
+In 2008, I pushed every theory I had about the story at the time to the limits of my understanding of this project.
+(video) (mechanical sounds) ♫ That's all ♫ ♫ About that love ♫ ♫ And we remember ♫ ♫ When time runs out ♫ ♫ That's it ♫ (laughter) AS: Storytelling without dialogue.
+It is the purest form of cinematic storytelling.
+It's the most comprehensive approach you can take.
+It confirmed what I really expected. It's that the audience actually wants to work for the meal.
+They just don't want to know they are doing it.
+Your job as a storyteller is to hide the fact that you're making them work for a meal.
+We are natural problem solvers.
+We are forced to reason and deduct because we do it in real life.
+It is this lack of organized information that fascinates us.
+We are drawn to toddlers and puppies for a reason.
+It's not just super cute. It's because I can't fully express what I'm thinking or intending.
+And it's like a magnet.
+I can't control my desire to complete and fill out sentences.
+The first time I really started to understand the mechanics of this story was when I was writing Finding Nemo with Bob Peterson.
+This is called the unified theory of 2 plus 2.
+Let the audience wrap things up.
+Instead of giving four, give two plus two.
+The elements you offer and the order in which they are placed are critical in determining your success or failure in engaging your audience.
+Editors and screenwriters have known this all along.
+It is the invisible application that draws our attention to the story.
+I don't mean to pretend that this is actual exact science, but it isn't.
+That's what's special about Stories, Stories aren't widgets, they're not accurate.
+It's inevitable if the story is good, but it's not predictable.
+This year, I took a seminar by an acting teacher named Judith Weston.
+And I learned important insights about character.
+She believed that all well-drawn characters have spines.
+And the idea is that the characters have an inner motor, a dominant unconscious goal they're aiming for, an itch that can't be scratched.
+She gave the great example of Al Pacino's Michael Corleone in The Godfather, and said his spine was probably to please his father.
+And it was always the driving force behind all his choices.
+Even after his father died, he continued to scratch the itch.
+I approached this like a duck out of water.
+Wally was about finding beauty.
+Merlin, the father of Finding Nemo, was meant to prevent harm.
+And Woody should have done what was best for his child.
+And these spines aren't always driven to make the best choices.
+In some cases, we also make terrible choices with them.
+I am really happy to be a parent, and watching my children grow up, I see that people are born with a temperament, a kind of heritability, and there is nothing to say about it. You can't, and don't change it.
+All you can do is learn to recognize it and own it.
+And some of us are born with a positive temperament, while others are born with a negative temperament.
+But when you're mature enough to recognize what's driving you and get behind the wheel, you cross a big threshold.
+As a parent, you are constantly learning who your child is.
+They are learning who they are.
+And you are still learning who you are.
+So we are all learning all the time.
+That is why change is so fundamental to the story.
+Life is never static, so stories die when things become static.
+In 1998, I finished writing Toy Story and A Bug's Life, and I was totally hooked on writing scripts.
+So I wanted to get better and learn whatever I could.
+So I researched everything I could.
+Finally, I came across the wonderful words of English playwright William Archer. “Drama is expectation mixed with uncertainty.”
+An incredibly insightful definition.
+When you tell a story, do you make predictions?
+In the short term, would you like to know what happens next?
+But more importantly, did it make you want to know how it all ends up in the long run?
+Have you built an honest confrontation with the truth that raises questions about what the outcome will be?
+An example would be 'Finding Nemo', where I was constantly worried that in the short tense, Dory's short-term memory would cause her to forget what Merlin said.
+Underlying it, however, was the global tension of whether Nemo could be found in this vast expanse of ocean.
+In our early days at Pixar, before we truly understood the unseen mechanics of storytelling, we were just a group of people acting on intuition.
+And it's interesting to see how it actually led to a pretty good place.
+It should be remembered that at this time in 1993, what were considered successful animated films were "The Little Mermaid," "Beauty and the Beast," "Aladdin," and "The Lion King." I have.
+So the first time I pitched Tom Hanks for "Toy Story," he walked in and said, "You don't want me to sing, do you?"
+And I thought it perfectly embodied what everyone thought animation should be like at the time.
+But we wanted to prove that animation can tell a completely different story.
+We didn't have any clout at the time, so we had a little secret list of rules we kept to ourselves.
+And they had no songs, no "wanted" moments, no happy villages, no love stories.
+And ironically, the first year our story didn't work at all and Disney panicked.
+So they got some personal advice from a well-known lyricist who, whose name was withheld, faxed in some suggestions.
+And we got that fax.
+The fax said there should be a song, there should be an "I want" song, there should be a happy village song, there should be a love story, and there should be a villain. rice field.
+And thankfully we were too young, rebellious, and rebels at the time.
+This gave us even more determination to prove that you can build better stories.
+And a year later, we got over it.
+And it just proved that storytelling has guidelines, not hard and fast rules.
+Another basic thing we learned is to like the main character.
+And we naively thought that Woody in "Toy Story" had to start somewhere because he needed to be selfless at the end.
+So let him be selfish. And this is what you get.
+(Voiceover) Woody: What do you think you're doing?
+Stay out of bed.
+Hey, get out of bed!
+Mr. Potato Head: Are you going to make us, Woody?
+Woody: No, that's right.
+Slinky? Slink... Slinky!
+Stand here and do your work.
+are you deaf?
+I said take care of them.
+Slinky: I'm sorry Woody, but I can't help but agree with them.
+I don't think what you did was right.
+Woody: What? am i listening correctly?
+Don't you think I was right?
+Who said your job was to think, spring wiener?
+AS: So how do you make a selfish character likable?
+We have found that we can make him kind, generous, funny and caring as long as one condition is met for him. That means he remains the top toy.
+The fact is that we all live our lives conditionally.
+We are all willing to play by the rules and follow things as long as certain conditions are met.
+After that, all bets are void.
+And I can now see key events that happened in my youth that opened my eyes to certain things about stories before I decided to make storytelling my profession.
+In 1986, I really understood the concept of having a theme in a story.
+And that was the year they restored and re-released "Lawrence of Arabia."
+And I watched that thing seven times in a month.
+It was unbearable.
+With every shot, every scene, every line, I could tell there was a grand design underneath.
+On the surface, however, it seemed to draw a historical lineage of what had happened.
+But something more was said. What was it all about?
+And then, on a later viewing, when I saw the veil lifted in the scene where he walks across the Sinai Desert to reach the Suez Canal, I suddenly understood it.
+(Video) Boy: Hi! oi! oi!
+Cyclist: Who are you?
+who are you?
+AS: That was the theme, 'Who are you?
+Here were all the seemingly disparate events and conversations that merely chronologically told his history, but underneath were immutable guidelines and roadmaps.
+Everything Lawrence did in that movie was for him an attempt to figure out where he was in the world.
+A well-told story always has a strong theme running through it.
+When I was five years old, I was introduced to probably the most major elements I think a story needs, but they are seldom called upon.
+And this is what my mother took me to when I was 5 years old.
+(Video) Thumper: Come on. are you OK.
+look.
+The water is hard.
+Bambi: Yippie!
+Thumper: How fun, Bambi?
+come. get up.
+like this.
+Haha no no no.
+AS: I came out of there with wide-eyed surprise.
+That's if the magic ingredient, the secret sauce, I think, can conjure wonders.
+Wonder is honest, it's completely innocent.
+It cannot be artificially induced.
+To me, there is no greater ability than any other human gift to give you such feelings. Allow them to stand still and be amazed for just a moment in the day.
+With a tap, the affirmation of being alive reaches down to the cellular level.
+And when an artist does it to another artist, it's kind of like you're forced to tell it.
+It is like a dormant command that is suddenly activated within you, like a call to the Devil's Tower.
+Do to others what you did to them.
+The best stories surprise.
+When I was four years old, I vividly remember finding two punctate scars on my ankle and asking my dad what they were.
+And he said I had such a matching pair on my head, but I couldn't see it because of my hair.
+And he explained that when I was born, I was born premature and was born too early and not completely burned. I was very, very sick.
+And when the doctor saw this yellow child with black teeth, he looked straight at my mother and said, "He won't live."
+and was hospitalized for months.
+And after many transfusions, I survived, and that made me special.
+I don't know if I really believe that.
+I don't know if my parents really believed that, but I didn't want to prove them wrong.
+Whatever I end up being good at, I'm going to try to make it worth every second chance I'm given.
+(video) (crying) Merlin: There, there, there.
+It's okay, Daddy's here.
+Daddy caught you
+I promise you, Nemo, nothing will ever happen to you.
+AS: That's the first storytelling lesson I learned.
+Use what you know. Draw from there.
+It doesn't necessarily mean conspiracies or facts.
+It means capturing the truth from your own experience and expressing the values ​​that you personally feel in the depths of your heart.
+And that's what ultimately led me to speak to you today on this TEDTalk.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+What is it that I, a taciturn Midwestern scientist, know that would cause me to be arrested in front of the White House during a protest?
+And what if you know what I know?
+Let's start with how we got here.
+I was lucky enough to grow up in a time when it wasn't too difficult for a sharecropper's kid to get into state college.
+I was fortunate enough to go to the University of Iowa and study under Professor James Van Allen, who built the equipment for the first US satellite.
+Professor Van Allen said of his observations of Venus that it has strong microwave radiation.
+Does that mean Venus had an ionosphere?
+Or was Venus very hot?
+The correct answer, confirmed by the Soviet Venera spacecraft, was that Venus was extremely hot at 900 degrees Fahrenheit.
+And the heat was maintained by a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere.
+I was fortunate enough to join NASA and successfully propose a flight experiment to Venus.
+Our instruments captured images of Venus' veil, which turned out to be sulfuric acid smog.
+However, I became involved in calculating the greenhouse effect here on Earth because I noticed that the composition of the atmosphere changed while our device was being built.
+In the end, I resigned as the principal investigator of the Venus experiment. Because the planet changing before our eyes is more interesting and important.
+The change affects all mankind.
+The greenhouse effect has been well understood for over a century.
+British physicist John Tyndale made laboratory measurements of infrared heat in the 1850s.
+He then showed that gases such as CO2 act like a blanket warming the surface of the Earth because they absorb heat.
+I collaborated with other scientists to analyze Earth's climate observations.
+In 1981, we published an article in Science concluding that the 0.4°C warming observed over the last century was consistent with the greenhouse effect of increased CO2.
+The Earth likely warmed in the 1980s, and that warming will exceed random weather noise levels by the end of the century.
+We also said that the 21st century will see changes in climate zones, the formation of drought-prone regions in North America and Asia, erosion of ice sheets, rising sea levels, and the opening of the fabled Northwest Passage.
+All of these effects have since occurred or are ongoing.
+This paper made the front page of The New York Times and inspired me to testify before Congress in the 1980s, in which I emphasized that global warming was increasing the poles of the planet's water cycle.
+While heatwaves and droughts are directly caused by warming, rainfall will be more extreme as warmer atmospheres hold more water vapor as potential energy.
+The storms will get stronger and the floods will get more intense.
+The global warming fuss has taken up my time and distracted me from my science studies. Partly because I was unhappy that the White House had falsified my testimony.
+So I went back to doing science rigorously and left the communication to others.
+Fifteen years later, the evidence of global warming is even stronger.
+Most of what was said in our 1981 paper was true.
+I had the privilege of speaking twice with the President's Climate Action Committee.
+However, energy policy continued to focus on finding more fossil fuels.
+By then we had two grandchildren, Sophie and Connor.
+I decided that in the future I didn't want them to say, "Opa knew what was going on, but didn't clarify."
+So I decided to give a talk criticizing the lack of proper energy policy.
+I spoke at the University of Iowa in 2004 and at the American Geophysical Union meeting in 2005.
+This led to a phone call from the White House to NASA headquarters, who told me that I could not give any speeches or interact with the media without express prior approval from NASA headquarters.
+NASA was forced to stop censorship after I reported these restrictions to The New York Times.
+But there were also consequences.
+I used the first line of NASA's mission statement, "to understand and protect our home planet," to justify my story.
+Soon the first line of the mission statement was deleted and never seen again.
+In the years that followed, while studying the physics of climate change, I became increasingly drawn to trying to communicate the urgency of changing energy policy.
+Let me explain the most important conclusions from physics. First, from the Earth's energy balance, and then from the history of Earth's climate.
+Adding CO2 to the air is like adding another blanket to your bed.
+There is a temporary energy imbalance due to reduced thermal radiation from the Earth to space.
+Until the earth warms up enough to radiate back into space the same amount of energy it absorbs from the sun, there will be more energy coming in than going out.
+An important quantity is therefore the energy imbalance of the earth.
+Is there more energy coming in than going out?
+If so, further warming is likely to proceed.
+It happens without adding any more greenhouse gases.
+Finally, by measuring the amount of heat in the Earth's thermal reservoirs, we can now accurately measure the Earth's energy imbalance.
+The largest reservoir, the ocean, was the least accurately measured until more than 3,000 Argo floats were distributed across the world's oceans.
+These floats reveal that the upper half of the ocean is heating up at a significant rate.
+The deep ocean is also gaining heat at a lesser rate, putting energy into the net melting of all the Earth's ice.
+And the land is also warming up to a depth of several tens of meters.
+Currently, the total energy imbalance is about 6/60 watts per square meter.
+That may not sound like much, but it adds up to a whole world.
+This is about 20 times the energy use rate of the entire human race.
+This is equivalent to detonating 400,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs a day, 365 days a year.
+That's the amount of extra energy the Earth is getting every day.
+This imbalance means that if we want to stabilize the climate, we must cut CO2 from 391 ppm (parts per million) to 350 ppm.
+It's a necessary change to restore the energy balance and prevent further warming.
+Climate change deniers claim that the sun is the main cause of climate change.
+But the measured energy imbalance occurred during the deepest solar minimum on record, when the least amount of solar energy reached Earth.
+Still, there was more energy coming in than going out.
+This indicates that the impact of solar variability on climate is being overwhelmed by increases in greenhouse gases, primarily from burning fossil fuels.
+Now consider the history of the Earth's climate.
+These curves for Earth's temperature, atmospheric CO2, and sea level are closely related to ocean cores and Antarctic ice cores, the marine sediments and snow that have accumulated annually for more than 800,000 years to form an ice sheet two miles thick. It is obtained from crystals.
+As you can see, there is a high correlation between temperature, CO2 and sea level.
+A closer look reveals that changes in temperature precede those in CO2 by only a few centuries.
+Climate change deniers use this fact to confuse and trick the public by saying, "Look, carbon dioxide changes with temperature, not the other way around."
+But the delay is exactly as expected.
+Small changes in the Earth's orbit that occur over tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years alter the distribution of sunlight on Earth.
+High latitudes and more sunlight in the summer melt the ice sheets.
+As the ice sheets shrink, the planet darkens and absorbs more sunlight, making it warmer.
+Just like hot Coca-Cola, when the ocean warms up, it releases CO2.
+And more CO2 will cause more warming.
+So CO2, methane, and ice sheets are feedbacks that amplify global temperature changes, making these ancient climate oscillations enormous, even though climate change was initiated by very weak forcings.
+The point is that this same amplifying feedback happens today.
+Physics remains the same.
+As the Earth warms, it releases excess carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, causing ice to melt, releasing carbon dioxide and methane through warming oceans and thawing permafrost.
+We can't say exactly how quickly these amplifying feedbacks will happen, but we can be sure they will happen unless we stop warming.
+There is evidence that feedback has already begun.
+Precise measurements by the gravitational satellite GRACE reveal that both Greenland and Antarctica are currently losing hundreds of cubic kilometers of mass per year.
+And the speed has accelerated since measurements began nine years ago.
+Methane is also starting to seep out of the permafrost.
+How much sea level rise is expected?
+When the last CO2 concentration was today's value of 390 ppm, sea level was at least 15 meters and 50 feet higher.
+Where you are sitting now will be under water.
+Most predict that we will have at least 1 meter by the end of this century.
+If we continue to burn fossil fuels, I think we'll probably have 5 meters, or even 18 feet, more in this century or soon after.
+The point is that we are going to start a process that is beyond the control of humanity.
+Ice sheets will continue to collapse for centuries.
+No stable coastline will exist.
+The economic impact is highly unlikely.
+Hundreds of New Orleans-like devastation around the world.
+Species extinction may be more to blame if climate change denial continues.
+Monarch butterflies account for 20 to 50 percent of all species that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates will be ticketed to extinction by the end of the century if we continue to use fossil fuels as usual. could be one of them.
+Global warming is already affecting people.
+Heatwaves and droughts in Texas, Oklahoma, and Mexico last year, Moscow the previous year, and Europe in 2003 were all exceptional events, exceeding more than three standard deviations.
+Fifty years ago, such anomalies covered only 2 to 30 times less than 1% of land area.
+In recent years, due to global warming, they cover about 10%, increasing by 25-50 times.
+Therefore, we can say with high confidence that the severe heat waves in Texas and Moscow were not natural. They were caused by global warming.
+If global warming continues, it will have a significant impact on our nation and the world's breadbaskets of the Midwest and Great Plains, which will suffer extreme drought worse than the Dust Bowl within just a few decades. expected to be We let global warming continue.
+Why did I become increasingly embroiled in attempts to communicate, speaking in 10 countries, getting arrested, and using up more than 30 years of vacation time?
+More grandchildren helped me.
+Jake is a very positive and enthusiastic boy.
+The two-and-a-half-year-old thinks he can protect his two-and-a-half-day-old sister.
+It is immoral to leave these young people in a climate system that is spiraling out of control.
+Now, the tragedy about climate change is a gradual rising carbon tax that will be collected from fossil fuel companies without government intervention and distributed electronically 100 percent monthly to all legal residents. A simple and honest approach can solve it. Keep 10 cents.
+Most people will get more in monthly dividends than they pay in price increases.
+These fees and dividends will stimulate the economy and innovation, creating millions of jobs.
+This is a key requirement to move us quickly into a clean energy future.
+Several top economists are co-authors of this proposition.
+"It's transparent and market-based," said Jim DiPeso, an Environmental Republican.
+Don't expand your government.
+Energy decisions are a personal choice.
+Sounds like a conservative climate change plan. "
+But instead of imposing carbon emission tolls to pay the costs that fossil fuels actually pay society, our governments will subsidize fossil fuels globally by $400 billion to $500 billion a year. It forces its citizens to pay, thus encouraging the extraction of all fossil fuels. Mountaintop removal, longwall mining, hydraulic fracturing, tar sands, tar shale, deepwater Arctic drilling.
+If this path continues, we are certain to pass a tipping point that will lead to ice sheet collapse at an uncontrollable rate for future generations.
+Most species will become extinct.
+And the severity of droughts and floods will severely impact the world's breadbasket, causing mass hunger and economic decline.
+Imagine the course of a giant asteroid colliding directly with Earth.
+It corresponds to what we are facing now.
+But despite the difficulty and expense of waiting the longer we wait, we falter, taking no action to redirect the asteroid.
+If we had started in 2005, we would have needed a 3% annual reduction in emissions to restore the planet's energy balance and stabilize the climate during this century.
+If you start next year, it will be 6 percent annually.
+If you wait 10 years, it's 15 percent per year. This would be very difficult, expensive and probably impossible.
+But we haven't started yet.
+Now you can see what motivates me to sound this alarm.
+Clearly I didn't get this message.
+Science is clear.
+We need your help to more effectively communicate the seriousness and urgency of this situation and its solutions.
+We owe it to our children and grandchildren.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So a few years ago, I started a program to give Rockstar engineers and designers a year off to work in one environment that represented almost everything they hated. We have them work in government.
+The program is called Code for America, and it's a bit like Peace Corps for geeks.
+We select a few fellows each year to work with the city government.
+Instead of sending them to the Third World, we send them to the wilderness of City Hall.
+So they developed a great app and collaborated with city officials.
+But what they're really doing is showing what's possible with today's technology.
+So let's meet Al.
+Al is a fire hydrant in the city of Boston.
+Here he looks like he's looking for a date, but what he's really looking for is someone to shovel the snow away. Because he knows he's not very good at fighting fires when he's covered in four feet of snow.
+So how did he come to ask for help in such a very unique way?
+Last year, a team of fellows came to Boston through the Code for America program.
+It was February when they were there and there was a lot of snow last February.
+And they realized that the city could never dig out these hydrants.
+But one man in particular, named Eric Michaels Over, noticed something else. That is, citizens are shoveling the sidewalks right in front of these things.
+So he did what any good developer does and created an app.
+A cute little app that lets you employ fire hydrants.
+So we agree to dig out when it snows.
+Then he could give it a name, and he named his first child Al.
+Otherwise someone could steal it from you.
+Cute little game dynamics built in.
+This is a modest little app.
+This is probably the smallest of the 21 apps the researchers created last year.
+But it does what no other government technology can.
+It's spreading virally.
+I have a guy in the IT department. The City of Honolulu department saw the app and realized it could be used not just for snow, but to educate citizens about tsunami sirens.
+It's very important that these tsunami sirens work, but people steal their batteries.
+So he asks the public to be tested.
+And the city of Seattle decided to use it to help citizens unclog storm drains.
+And Chicago just introduced the program to encourage people to register to clear sidewalks when it snows.
+So we know 9 cities that plan to use it.
+And this spread naturally, frictionlessly, organically.
+Anyone who knows anything about government technology knows that this is not normal practice.
+Acquisition of software usually takes several years.
+We had a team working on a project in Boston last year, and it took three people about two and a half months.
+This was how parents could determine which public school was right for their child.
+I was later told that if this had been done the normal route, it would have taken at least two years and cost about $2 million.
+And it's nothing.
+There is currently one project in the California court system that has cost taxpayers $2 billion so far, but it is not working.
+And there are such projects at every level of government.
+So when an app that takes days to create goes viral, it's like hitting a government agency.
+This suggests how governments can work better instead of working like private corporations, as many think they should.
+It looks more like the internet itself than a technology company.
+And that means permissionless, open and generative.
+And it matters.
+But more importantly, the app presents how a new generation is approaching government issues as a matter of collective action rather than a matter of rigid organization.
+This is great news. Because we are good at collective action using digital technology.
+There is now a very large community of people building the tools we need to do things effectively.
+Not just your Code for America peers, hundreds of people across the country stand in their own communities and write citizen apps every day.
+They have not given up on government.
+They're furiously annoyed by it, but they're fixing it instead of complaining about it.
+And these people know we're lost.
+When it gets rid of all the feelings about politics, queuing at the DMV, and anything else that really pisses us off, the heart of government is, in Tim O'Reilly's words, "What are we doing? Are you there?” Let's do together what we can't do alone. "
+Many are now out of government.
+If you are one of those people, I urge you to reconsider, as the situation is changing.
+Politics haven't changed. Government is changing.
+And remember, "Are we the people?" because governments ultimately derive their power from us. -- How we think about it affects how that change happens.
+When I started this program, I didn't know much about government.
+And like many people, I thought government was basically about getting people elected.
+Two years later, I've come to the conclusion that local government is specifically about opossums.
+This is a call center for services and information.
+Calling 311 in your city will usually lead you here.
+If you have the opportunity to staff your city's call centers, as our buddy Scott Silverman did as part of the program, which they all do, in fact, people You will find yourself calling the government on a very wide range of issues. , an opossum trapped inside a house, and so on.
+So Scott got this call.
+He entered "opossum" into this official knowledge base.
+He really can't come up with anything. He starts with animal control.
+And finally he says: “Could you open all the doors in your house, turn on some loud music, and see if the object moves away?”
+That worked. So Booya to Scott.
+But the opossums didn't stop there.
+Boston isn't just about call centers.
+There is an app called Citizens Connect, a web and mobile app.
+Well, we didn't write this app.
+This is the work of some very smart people at Boston's New City Mechanics Department.
+One day this is a real report. "There's an opossum in the trash can. I don't know if it's dead.
+How can I remove this?"
+But what happens at Citizens Connect is different.
+So Scott was talking person to person.
+But Citizens Connect makes everything public, so everyone can see it.
+And in this case, a neighbor witnessed it.
+And the next report we received was, "Walked to this place and found a trash can behind the house.
+opossum? check. life? yes.
+I threw the trash can on its side. I walked home.
+Good night, cute opossum. "
+(Laughter) It's very simple.
+This is great. This is digital meets physical.
+And it's also a great example of governments getting into the crowdsourcing game.
+But it's also a great example of government as a platform.
+I don't necessarily mean the technical definition of a platform here.
+I'm talking about a platform for people to help themselves and help others.
+So one nation helped another, but government played a key role here.
+That's what brought them together.
+They could have been hooked up to government services if they wanted to, but neighbors are a much better and cheaper alternative to government services.
+We strengthen communities when neighbors help other neighbors.
+We call it animal control, and it costs a lot of money.
+Now, one of the important things we have to think about about government is that government is not the same thing as politics.
+Most people understand that, but think of one as an input to the other.
+That our input into the government system is the vote.
+Now, how many times have we elected political leaders—and sometimes we expend a great deal of energy electing new political leaders—and then the government decides our values? We hoped that it would reflect our needs and meet our needs, but it didn't. many changes?
+That's because government is like a vast ocean, and politics is a six-inch layer above it.
+And below that is the so-called bureaucracy.
+And we say that word with great contempt.
+But it is that contempt that keeps what we own, and what we pay to own, as something that works against us, that is, as something else, and our own power. I am stealing.
+People seem to think politics is sexy.
+If we want this institution to work for us, we're going to have to make the bureaucracy sexy.
+Because that is where the real work of government takes place.
+We must engage with government machinery.
+This is the outcome of the “OccupytheSEC” movement.
+Have you seen these people?
+This is a group of concerned citizens who have written a highly detailed 325-page report in response to the SEC's request for comment on the proposed financial reform bill.
+It's not about being politically active, it's about being bureaucratically active.
+For those of us who have given up government, it's time to ask ourselves about the world we want to leave for our children.
+We have to see the big challenges they will face.
+Do you really think we can get where we are going without fixing a single agency that can act on behalf of all of us?
+We cannot live without government, but we need it to be more effective.
+The good news is that technology is making it possible to fundamentally reshape the functioning of government in ways that can actually scale by strengthening civil society.
+And there are generations who grew up on the Internet. They know it's not that hard to do something together, they just need to build the system the right way.
+Now, the average age of our peers is 28, so reluctantly I'm nearly a generation older than most of them.
+This generation has grown up taking their voice for granted.
+They're not fighting the kind of battle we're all fighting over who has the say. They all get to speak.
+They can and do voice their opinions on any channel at any time.
+As such, they are less bothered to voice their opinions when faced with government issues.
+they use their hands
+They're doing their part to create applications that improve government operations.
+And with these applications, we can use our hands to make our community better.
+That might be raking out a fire hydrant, pulling up weeds, or overturning a trash can with possums in it.
+And sure, we could have been raking hydrants from the beginning, and many do.
+But these apps are like a small digital reminder that we're not just consumers, or government consumers who put tax dollars in to get their services back.
+We are more than that, we are citizens.
+And we're not going to fix government until we fix citizenship.
+So I have a question for everyone here. Are we all going to be just a bunch of voices together, or are we going to be too, about the big, important things we have to do together? A flock of hands?
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I will tell you about an unexpected discovery.
+Currently, I work in the photovoltaic technology industry.
+And my small startup is trying to force its way into that environment by paying attention to...
+...focus on crowdsourcing.
+Here's a quick video of what we do.
+teeth. wait a minute.
+It may take some time to load.
+(Laughter) We just -- you can skip -- skip the video instead...
+(laughter) No.
+(laughter) (laughter) (music) This is not...
+(Laughter) Okay.
+(Laughter) Solar technology...
+Oh my time is over
+have understood. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I'm Kelly Anderson.
+I work as an artist and designer.
+And I like trying to find hidden talents in everyday life.
+So before I start, I'd like to show you a few quick examples of what I'm doing.
+But today's story is less about what I make than why I make these things.
+So I get to tinker with everyday experiences.
+As we go about our daily lives, visual and experiential things always exert this invisible authority on our brains.
+And they generate this power in subtle and sneaky ways.
+So visuals, for example, say a lot through these small details, organized by type, shape, color, texture, and so on.
+So these little, sticky things form a vocabulary that together make sentences that allow us to make concrete things like...
+A solar-powered popsicle truck.
+(Laughter) Educate the public about renewable energy.
+This is basically a physical infographic on wheels.
+And this unexpected combination of sugar, bright colors, and the threat of human self-destruction actually makes for a pretty compelling argument for Solar.
+People arrive at experiences like this with expectations.
+And when we build things, we are actively choosing how to deal with those expectations.
+In my work, I want to create disruptive wonders.
+I want to disrupt these expectations. Because I think that every day, basic things and experiences shape our reality in ways we take for granted.
+The little things we make can serve to reinforce our beliefs about the world.
+Alternatively, small events may emerge from the Left that draw us into reassessing our complacent expectations of reality.
+This rarely happens, but it's great when it does.
+Because these little things act as a kind of humble back door to understanding an infinitely amazing reality.
+So, for a little demonstration, let's go back to my most basic and fundamentals. My name, kellianderson.com, is spelled in block letters.
+This is how people find me in the world.
+that means me
+But in a more objective sense, it's really just a bunch of random letters that limit my chances of getting my name to one.
+Naturally, I thought: "What other spellings are there for these letters?"
+After all, I found all sorts of interesting phrases like...
+"Ken doll is near dot com."
+(laughs) It's a little creepy.
+and "cold melon skin".
+period.
+(laughter) I'm sure you'll agree to make better use of letters from kellianderson.com.
+It's a silly game, but it underscores my belief that the world is full of orders that don't necessarily deserve respect.
+Sometimes there is meaning, justice and logic in the way things are.
+However, this may not always be the case.
+I think the moment we realize this is the moment we become creative people. Because it prompts us to screw things up and try to use the basic bits of experience to create something better.
+This is really what I'm looking for in my work. The hidden talents of the mundane: all of the overlooked powers that are bestowed upon the things around us only by the wonders of physics, the intricacies of cultural relevance, and billions of others. is. Something that can be partially charted.
+So today I would like to present three projects that rethink the vast nature of the mundane experience and try to make something better by doing something even more ridiculous.
+This first project is a holiday card I made for a friend.
+My goal with this was to make people aware of this over-the-top holiday event that I think everyone has felt before.
+Of course, I did it through my holiday card.
+From the outside it looks pretty ordinary.
+But paper has this memory. Paper never forgets how it was bent.
+I was able to use that physical memory to guide the recipient through the card experience.
+So when you first pick it up, it's clear that you want it to bend in all these specific ways, albeit floppy.
+As people tinker with it, they discover that bending a card brings this simple story to life.
+And as you can see, it's a story about itself.
+(Laughs) This card is literally a four-panel documentary of the process of receiving the card.
+(Laughter.) So it's a recursive experience.
+(Applause) Oh, thank you.
+this excites me. Because it's a recursive experience of holiday cards, making the viewer feel this repetitive ritual of every holiday card.
+And it starts out as plain paper coming out of my inkjet printer.
+I think that's great.
+In a way, that project was about ritual becoming an empty gesture.
+And it speaks to the fact that the more an experience is repeated, the less meaningful it becomes -- (laughter) because we begin to take it for granted.
+That's why clichés aren't funny and why people get into car crashes near their homes.
+When we experience things over and over again, they just lose their gravity.
+So, paper has all these amazing and often overlooked features, but it takes a great deal of intervention to perceive it as new again.
+The next thing I want to show you is the wedding invitation. This is a format that essentially needs to be reinvented.
+(Laughter) This is a card I made for my friends Mike and Karen. they are really great people.
+In fact, it's much nicer than the wedding invitation format.
+So this was a very good excuse to push the limits of this format.
+And as for how to push it forward, the historical facts we shared made it clear that this card should be about music.
+We are all total music geeks and Karen and Mike have even recorded a song together.
+But you find inspiration even in the scariest of places.
+And then we found this guy, Mr. Wizard, and some -- (laughter) he has a very popular TV show that teaches kids about the science behind everyday things. I was.
+And I was reminded of this episode that proved that sound is physical with this simple experiment.
+He rolled up a cone of paper, taped it closed, and taped a needle to the edge. And voila! --It was a record player.
+I remember seeing this as a kid and being completely blown away.
+If you could make a record player with a piece of paper and a sewing needle, nothing would be impossible.
+So I explained this idea to Mike and Karen and came to the conclusion that it would be much better if all of our guests provided their guests with paper record players rather than the traditional boring invitations.
+We started getting really, really excited.
+And I started to get really nervous because I'm the one who actually has to make it work.
+So I started spending a ton of time thinking about needles. For example, can we find a needle with adequate fidelity?
+I called my paper supplier and started looking for paper with the best audio characteristics.
+(Laughter.) And they thought I was crazy.
+Meanwhile, Mike and Karen were recording a song and mastering it onto a transparent flexi disc.
+I printed out this black and white character, so when I spin the disc, I get a couple of different looks.
+(Laughter) So we did it, we really did!
+We built a paper record player -- a paper record player that can be operated by 200 recipients.
+This is a recording of what it sounds like in real life.
+Then we move on to the actual song for comparison.
+(music and singing) (music ends) We were so excited when it finally worked.
+(Laughter) And I was thrilled to discover the hidden talents of paper in the process.
+I also like this project because it draws attention to the fact that we approach the media with different expectations that are not necessarily necessary.
+We assume that paper should be silent and websites should be flat when it comes to physical experience.
+But we also have these assumptions -- (laughter) that are scarier in a democracy, because they're like little thought loopholes.
+We sleepwalk through the assumptions about media authority and the assumptions that newspapers and other media present about political reality.
+But I personally believe that these small hacked experiences inspire a sense of skepticism about this limited reality we are given.
+And this next project demonstrates just that.
+Imagine your normal habit of reading a newspaper on your daily commute.
+But what if you were handed a piece of paper filled with stories from another reality?
+(Laughter) Specifically, what if some lunatic meticulously recreated a typical thesis describing an alternate reality?
+This is what we actually did in the fall of 2008, a project conceived by artist Steve Lambert, organized by Yes Men and executed by so many people, including me. was also included.
+We created a completely faked "New York Times".
+We didn't ask anyone for permission, we just did it ourselves.
+(Laughter) We mass-produced it and put it into the hands of hundreds of thousands of commuters in New York City on Thursday morning.
+(laughter) (applause and cheers) Thank you!
+(Applause.) "Why?" you might ask.
+"Why do you make fake newspapers?"
+Well, because, frankly, real newspapers are depressing.
+We live in democracies that ostensibly should have some say in what happens in the world.
+But the truth is, we never see the articles we want to see in the newspaper.
+So we created a newspaper with only good news.
+(Laughter) We took all the policy ideas that we thought would actually help the world.
+We ended the Iraq war years before withdrawal was even discussed.
+Years before Occupy Wall Street, we enacted the Maximum Wage Act -- (Laughter) to end the enormous wage inequality between the lowest and highest earners. is.
+Reverted civics class to high school curriculum.
+(laughs) Do you understand? Good idea!
+Then students will be able to see again how government works.
+There is a very important difference between these two papers.
+(Laughter) The real New York Times has the slogan, 'Everything you want to print,' but we gave it a more advanced message: 'Everything you want to print.'
+(Laughter) That's because our paper is dated six months into the future. So when people are handed this on the street, they literally have an artifact from the utopian future, a blueprint for the achievable utopian future that this brings. A very important idea about mass pressure.
+And our hoax worked perfectly.
+We have trapped people in this strange mental space. Because even though the article written in the newspaper can't be real, it felt so perfect, so perfectly real.
+Here's a video -- (Laughter) Yes, we did! -- Shows the first few seconds of contradictory beliefs, and what people felt in that moment -- (Laughter) Yes!
+(laughs) He's a good person.
+(Laughter) But to get this kind of response, our paper had to be thoroughly credible.
+And my half, Daniel Dunham, and I put together a reliability team.
+He made sure that the typography, the layout, the ink smell, everything was the real New York Times.
+And I served fake ads from utopian future.
+(Laughter) We've decided that a utopian future is the perfect place to help companies that have wronged in the past try to make amends for their wrongdoing.
+(Laughter) And we do this through their own advertising vocabulary.
+So what if IKEA could buy its own wind farm instead of cheap furniture?
+It comes flat-packed and is obviously easy to assemble--lol with a little zig-zag tool and wooden pegs.
+That's great, right?
+Even more pernicious are companies like De Beers, who compensate for the sale of blood diamonds by donating prosthetics to war-torn African countries.
+This is our take on used car dealership advertising.
+They now offer a "cash for polluters" program.
+You can now replace your car with a clean mode of transportation: the bicycle.
+(Laughter) And here's my favorite, Dr. Zizmore. He gives you a beautiful and clear conscience.
+If you've never ridden the New York City subway, you may not know Doctor Z.
+But if you have, you probably do, because his cheesy rainbow ads are all over the place.
+But now he has given up this superficial service.
+He's no longer cleaning your face, he's cleaning our mess in Iraq now.
+(Laughter) So our fake news became real news around the world.
+It is not only our sheer impudence in stealing the "New York Times" that these unexpected messages of hope have been able to come out into the world, but we have taken this route that no one expected. It is also because of the utilization of
+We have pushed newspapers beyond their expected role in news reporting and created a blueprint for a better world.
+In these three projects, I have demonstrated that by rejecting the usual order, messing things up, and rearranging parts, we can expand our notion of what reality demands.
+So today I would like to put forward the idea that the way to something better is to experience millions of tiny, tiny disruptions to what's in front of you.
+So spoil your smug rationality.
+You can see more of my work at I'll snore bare dot com.
+(laughs) Thank you.
+(applause)
+Words matter.
+They can heal, they can kill...
+Still, there are limits.
+When I was in eighth grade, my teacher gave me a flashcard with the word "massacre" written on it.
+I hated.
+The word genocide is clinical...
+too common...
+Bloodless...
+deprive of humanity.
+Words cannot describe the impact this will have on the nation.
+You must know that in this kind of war, husbands kill wives, wives kill husbands, and neighbors and friends kill each other.
+Those in power say, "Those people over there..."
+they don't belong
+they are not human. "
+And people believe it.
+I don't want to describe this kind of behavior in words.
+I want words to stop it.
+But where are the words to stop this?
+And how do you find the words?
+But I believe we really have to keep trying.
+I was born in Kigali, Rwanda.
+I felt loved by my whole family and neighbors.
+I was always teased by everyone, especially my two older siblings.
+When I lost my front tooth, my brother looked at me and said, "Oh, so did you?"
+It never goes back. "
+(Laughter) I enjoyed playing everywhere, especially my mom's garden and my neighbor's garden.
+I loved kindergarten.
+We sang songs, played everywhere, and ate lunch.
+I had the kind of childhood I wish I had.
+But when I was 6 years old, the adults in my family started talking quietly and shut up when I asked a question.
+One night my father and mother came.
+They had a weird look when they woke us up.
+They sent my sister Claire and I to my grandparents' house hoping that whatever happened would blow us away.
+Soon we had to flee from there too.
+We hid, crawled, and sometimes ran.
+Occasionally, I heard laughter, followed by screams and cries and noises I had never heard before.
+You see, I didn't know what that sound was.
+They weren't human—and they were human at the same time.
+I also saw people who were not breathing.
+I thought they were sleeping.
+I still didn't understand what death was, or what killing itself was.
+When I would stop for a short rest or for food, I would close my eyes and hope that when I opened them I would be awake.
+I had no idea which direction was home.
+Day was the time to hide, night was the time to walk.
+You go from homeless to homeless.
+A place that needs you has driven you out and no one will accept you.
+No one needs you.
+you are a refugee
+From the ages of 6 to 12, I lived in seven countries, moving from one refugee camp to another, hoping to be wanted.
+My older sister Claire, she became a young mother...
+And a master at getting things done.
+At the age of 12, Claire and her family came to the United States as refugees.
+It's just the beginning. Because even though I was 12, sometimes I felt like I was 3, and sometimes I felt like I was 50.
+My past receded, jumbled, and distorted.
+Everything was too much and nothing.
+Time seemed to rip out the pages of a book and be scattered here and there.
+This still happens to me as I stand here.
+Since arriving in America, Claire and I haven't talked about our past.
+In 2006, after 12 years of being separated from my family, then 7 years of knowing they were dead and they thought we were dead, we were reunited...
+In the most dramatic and American way possible.
+Live, on TV -- (laughs) on The Oprah Show.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I said, I said.
+(Laughs) But after the show, spending time with my mom and dad, my sister, and two new brothers I hadn't met yet, I felt angry.
+I felt a deep pain inside me.
+And I know that absolutely nothing, nothing can bring back the time we lost to each other or the relationship we could have had.
+Soon my parents moved to America, but like Claire, they don't talk about our past either.
+They live in an endless present.
+Don't ask too many questions, don't let yourself feel, and take small steps forward.
+Of course, no one can understand what happened to us.
+My family is alive but yes we were broken and yes we were numb and silenced by our own experiences.
+Not just my family.
+Rwanda is not the only country where people have turned against each other and killed each other.
+Humanity as a whole is, in many ways, like my family.
+Not dead; yes, shattered, numbed, and silenced by the violence of the world it inherited.
+As you know, the turmoil of violence continues in the words we use and the stories we create every day.
+But that also applies to the labels we impose on ourselves and each other.
+Believe me when we call someone 'the other', 'less than', 'one of them', 'better'...
+Under the right conditions, it's a shortcut to further destruction.
+There will be more confusion and noise than we can comprehend.
+Words are never enough to quantify and qualify the scales of human-caused destruction.
+To stop the violence going on in the world, I would at least ask you to stop.
+Ask yourself: Who are we without words?
+Who are we without labels?
+Who are we in our breath?
+Who are we in the heartbeat?
+(applause)
+This afternoon we would like to discuss why you are unable to have a great career.
+(Laughter) I'm an economist.
+After all, gruesome remarks await.
+I only want to speak to you guys who want a great career.
+I am sure some of you have already decided that you want to have a good career.
+you will fail too.
+(Laughter) Because- oh my god, you guys can fail.
+(laughs) Definitely a Canadian group.
+(Laughter) People who try to build good careers will fail because the really good jobs are disappearing right now.
+There are great jobs and great careers, high load, high stress, blood-sucking, soul-destroying kinds of jobs, and pretty much nothing in between.
+Therefore, those looking for a good job will fail.
+I want to talk about people looking for great jobs, great careers, and why they fail.
+The first reason is that no matter how many times people say, "If you want to build a great career, you must pursue your passion, you must pursue your dreams, you must pursue the greatest attraction in life." Because it's in your ears. Over and over again and you decide not to do it.
+No matter how many times I download Stephen J.'s Stanford Commencement Address, I still watch it and decide not to do it.
+I'm not sure why you decided not to do it.
+You are lazy to do that. too hard.
+They worry that they will think they're stupid if they don't find their passion, and make excuses as to why they haven't found it.
+Guys, those are excuses.
+If you want to build a great career, we'll comb through your long list of creative ideas to come up with excuses for not doing what you really should be doing.
+For example, one of your great excuses is: (sighs) "Well, for most people, a great career is actually really a matter of luck.
+So I'm going to go out there and try to get lucky, and if I'm lucky, I'll have a great career.
+Otherwise I would have a good career. "
+And your other excuse is, "Sure, there are some special people who pursue their passions, but they're geniuses.
+They are Stephen J.
+At age 5, I thought I was a genius, but my professors pushed that idea out of my head long ago. "
+(Laughter) "And now I know I'm totally competent."
+If this were 1950, a perfectly competent person would have had a great career.
+But guess what?
+It's almost 2012, and to tell the world, "I'm totally, totally competent," is to blame yourself for even the tiniest of praise.
+And of course you can give another excuse. "Well, I would do this, I would do this, but but, well, I'm not a weirdo after all.
+We all know that people who pursue their passions are obsessed to some degree.
+As you know, there is a fine line between madness and genius.
+"I'm no weirdo. I've read the biography of Stephen J.
+Well, I'm not that person. I am gentle
+I'm normal
+I'm a good, normal person, but good, normal people don't have passion. "
+(Laughter) "Oh, but I still want a great career.
+I'm not ready to pursue my passion, but I know what I'm going for because I have a solution.
+i have a strategy.
+That's what Mom and Dad told me.
+Mom and Dad said that if I worked hard, I would get a good career.
+So if you can work hard and have a good career, if you work really, really, really hard, you can have a great career.
+Doesn't that make sense mathematically? "
+Hmm. no.
+you know what? Here's a little secret: Do you want to work? Do you want to work really, really, really hard?
+you know what? you will succeed
+The world gives you the opportunity to work really, really, really, really hard.
+But despite all the evidence to the contrary, are you really sure it will land you a great career?
+So let's deal with those who are trying to find their passion.
+You don't mind making excuses and you actually know that you really should.
+You are trying to find your passion -- (sigh) and you are very happy.
+I found something of interest.
+"I'm interested! I'm interested!"
+You say, "I'm interested!" I said, "That's great!
+"Yes, I am interested."
+"Do you have a passion?" I say.
+"What does your interest compare to?"
+"Well, I'm interested in this."
+"And what about the rest of human activity?"
+"I am not interested in them."
+"Did you see it all?"
+"No, not exactly."
+Passion is your greatest love.
+Passion helps you reach your full potential.
+Passion and interest are not the same.
+Are you really going to go to your lover and say "Marry me! You're an interesting person"?
+(Laughter) It won't happen.
+(Laughter) What you want, what you want, what you want is passion.
+Requires 20 interests. One of them might captivate you and one of them might be more into you than any other. Then you might find your greatest love compared to all your other interests. And that is passion.
+He was economically rational.
+He said to his lover, "Let's get married."
+Let's consolidate our interests. "
+(laughter) Yes, he did.
+"I really love you," he said. "I love you dearly.
+I love you more than any woman I've ever met.
+I love you more than Mary, Jane, Susie, Penelope, Ingrid, Gertrude, Gretel -- I was on an exchange program in Germany at the time.
+I love you more - "Okay.
+She left the room while he was listing his love for her.
+After getting over the shock of being rejected, he concluded that marrying an unreasonable partner was a win-win.
+However, he noted to himself that the next time he proposed, he wouldn't have to list every woman who auditioned for the role.
+(Laughter.) But the point remains the same.
+Do you have to look for alternatives to find your destiny, or are you afraid of the word "fate"?
+Does the word "fate" scare you?
+that's what we're talking about.
+And do you know what it means and what happens at the end of a long life if you don't reach your full potential and are satisfied with being 'interesting'?
+Your friends and family will gather at the cemetery, and a tombstone will be erected next to your grave with the inscription: "Here lies the famous engineer who invented Velcro."
+But that tombstone, in another life, should have said, if it were the highest expression of your genius, "Here is the last time you formulated grand unified field theory and demonstrated its utility." The Nobel Laureate in Physics Sleeps 'Warp Drive'. "
+(laughs) Velcro, sure!
+(Laughter) One was a great career.
+One was opportunity loss.
+But some of you will find your passion despite all these excuses.
+And it will fail again.
+You will fail because you will not do it, because you will invent new excuses, excuses for not taking action, and this excuse I have heard many times. “Yes, I would love to pursue a great career, but I value relationships more than accomplishments [laughs].
+I want to be great friends.
+I want to be a great parent and I'm not going to sacrifice them on the altar of great achievement. "
+(laughs) What are you trying to say to me?
+Now, do you really want me to say, "Seriously, I swear I won't kick the kids."
+(Laughter) Look at the worldview you gave yourself.
+You are a hero no matter what.
+And I must hate kids for suggesting so subtly that you might want a great career.
+Yes, there was a little kid wandering around in this building when I got here, and no, I didn't kick him.
+(Laughter) Of course, I had to tell him that this building was for adults only and tell him to go outside.
+He mumbled something about his mother and I said she would find him outside anyway.
+The last time I saw him, he was crying on the stairs.
+(laughs) What a wimp.
+(Laughter) But what do you mean? That's what I expect you to tell me.
+Do you really think it's appropriate to actually take children and use them as shields?
+Do you know what will happen one day, ideal parent, do you?
+One day he will come to you and say, "I know what I want to be.
+I know what I do with my life. "
+I am very happy.
+This is the conversation parents want to hear. Because we know your child is good at math and will love:
+Your child says, "I decided I wanted to be a magician.
+I want to do magic tricks on stage. "
+(laughter) So what do you say?
+You say, you say, 'That's dangerous, boy.
+You may fail, boy. Don't make a lot of money with it, boy.
+I don't know, you should think again, dude.
+You're very good at math, why can't you either--" The child interrupted you, saying, "But that's my dream. It's my dream to do this." is."
+And what are you going to say?
+do you know what i mean?
+"Hey boy, I had a dream once, but--but--" So how are you going to end the sentence with a ``but''?
+"But you know, I used to have dreams, but I was afraid to follow them."
+Or are you going to tell him, "I had a dream once, boy.
+But then you were born. "
+(Laughter) (Applause) Do you really want to take advantage of your family, do you ever really want to see your spouse, your children, your guards?
+When your child said, "I have a dream," you had something to say.
+You could have said - you could have looked into the child's face and said, "Go for it, child!"
+just like I did. "
+But you didn't, so I can't say that.
+(Laughter.) And the sins of the parents fall upon the poor children.
+Why run into relationships as an excuse not to find and pursue your passion?
+you know why
+Deep down you know why, and I'm dead serious.
+I know why you get hot, fluffy, and get caught up in relationships.
+Because you know who you are.
+You are afraid to look silly.
+I am afraid to try.
+Great friends, great spouses, great parents, great careers.
+Isn't it a package? Isn't that you?
+How can one be without the other?
+But you are scared.
+And that's why you can't have a great career.
+However, the most reminiscent of all English words is 'unless'. It is "unless".
+But the word "unless" accompanies even the most terrifying phrase "if I have...".
+"If I had..."
+When those thoughts bounce around in your brain, it can hurt a lot.
+These are the many reasons why you may not have a great career.
+Unless -- unless otherwise.
+thank you.
+It's hard to understand when you think of the brain. Because if I were to ask you now how the heart works, you would immediately answer that it is a pump.
+It pumps blood.
+If you ask about the lungs, they will tell you that they exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide.
+It's easy.
+If you ask how the brain works, it's hard to understand. Because you can't understand what it is just by looking at the brain.
+It's not a mechanical object, it's not a pump, it's not an airbag.
+If you hold it in your hand when it dies, it's just like a lump of fat.
+To understand how the brain works, we have to go inside the living brain.
+Because the brain is electrical and chemical, not mechanical.
+Your brain is made up of 100 billion cells called neurons.
+These neurons then communicate with each other through electricity.
+You will then eavesdrop on the conversation between the two cells and hear what is called a spike.
+But we're not going to record my brain or your brain or your brain. We're going to use our best friend, the cockroach.
+It's not just because we think they're cool, but because they have brains that are very similar to ours.
+So if we learn a little about how their brain works, we will learn a lot about how our brain works too.
+I'm going to put it in ice water here, and then -- AUDIENCE: Uh! Greg Gabe: Well...
+Now they are being anesthetized.
+Since they're cold-blooded, they end up with the temperature of the water and can't control it, so they basically just "chill", right?
+They won't feel anything, but it might tell us something about what we're about to do: a scientific experiment to understand the brain.
+So...
+This is a cockroach leg.
+Cockroaches have beautiful hairs and spines all over their body.
+Underneath each of them is a cell, a neuron that transmits information about wind and vibrations.
+Trying to catch a roach is difficult because they feel you coming and start running before you are there.
+These cells use tiny axons that contain electronic messages to compress this information into the brain.
+Stick a pin in there and record.
+It is necessary to remove the legs of the cockroach. please do not worry. It will grow again. Then put two pins in there.
+These are metal pins.
+A person will receive this electronic message, this electronic message will pass.
+So we're going to operate now, let's see if you can see this too.
+yeah, it's terrible...
+have understood. Let's go.
+I can see his feet there.
+Well, I'm going to put this leg into this invention that we came up with called the Spikerbox. It replaces many expensive instruments in the lab. So you guys can do this at home in your high school, or in your basement if I am.
+(Audience: laughter) Well then.
+can you see it?
+Alright, let's turn this on.
+I'll try plugging it in.
+(Tuning sound) To me, this is the most beautiful sound in the world.
+This is what your brain is doing right now.
+100 billion cells make sounds like raindrops.
+Let's see what it looks like. Let's display it on the iPad screen.
+I also connected my iPad here.
+So remember we said that axons look like spikes.
+So let's take a quick look at what one of them looks like.
+Tap here to calculate the average for this person.
+There you will find it. It's an action potential.
+Your brain has 100 billion cells doing this right now, sending back all the information about what you see and hear.
+I also said that this is the cell that captures information about wind oscillations.
+What if we did an experiment?
+Let's actually breathe on this and see if we see any change.
+Are you ready?
+Let me know if you hear anything when you blow on it.
+(Blowing sound) (Sound changes) Let me touch a little with a pen here.
+(noise) That was the firing rate of the nerve.
+In fact, neuroscience took time to understand this.
+This is called rate coding. The harder you press something, the more spikes it makes and all that information gets to your brain.
+That's how you perceive things.
+This is one way of experimenting with electricity.
+Another way is that the brain not only receives electrical impulses, but also transmits them.
+That's how you move your muscles.
+Now let's see what happens when we connect electricity to a cockroach's leg.
+Prepare two pins and insert them into the cockroach.
+Connect the other end to your iPod.
+It's actually my iPhone.
+Do you know how earphones work in your ears?
+Cell phones and iPods have batteries, right?
+A current flows through the magnets in the earphones, causing them to sway back and forth to hear the sound.
+But that current is the same currency that our brains use, so we can send it to the legs of a cockroach and hopefully we can actually see what happens when we play music to a cockroach. prize.
+Let's see.
+(Music beat) Can you turn the volume up? Let's go.
+(audience reacts and gasps) GG: So what's going on?
+Audience: Wow!
+(Laughter) You can see what's going on. I am running on the base.
+Any audiophile with a great car stereo knows that the bass speaker is the loudest speaker.
+The largest speakers have the longest waves and have the most current, which is what causes these things to move.
+So it's not just the speakers that generate electricity.
+Microphones also generate electricity.
+(beat) So I'm going to go ahead and invite another person to the stage here to help with this.
+Let's go.
+(Beatboxing) This is the first time in human history.
+Human beatbox to cockroach legs.
+When you go back to high school, think about neuroscience and how you can start a neural revolution.
+thank you very much. bye bye.
+(applause)
+A typical day at school is spent endless hours learning the answers to questions, but now we're doing the opposite.
+I don't know, so I'm going to introduce you to the problem that I don't know the answer to.
+When I was a boy, I was confused about many things. For example, "What would it be like to be a dog?"
+Do fish feel pain?
+What about insects?
+Was the Big Bang just a coincidence?
+And is there a God?
+If so, how can we be sure it's him and not her?
+Why do so many innocent people and animals suffer misery?
+Do I really have a plan for my life?
+Is the future not yet written, or is it already written and we just can't see it?
+But do I have free will then? I mean, who am I in the first place?
+Am I just a biomachine?
+But then why am I conscious? What is Consciousness?
+Will robots ever become conscious?
+I mean, I knew that one day I would be told the answers to all these questions.
+Someone should know, right?
+guess what? nobody knows
+Most of those questions baffle me more than ever.
+But diving into them is exciting because it takes you to the cutting edge of knowledge and you never know what you'll find there.
+So, two questions that no one on the planet knows the answer to.
+(music) [How many universes are there?] During long flights, I sometimes look at mountains and deserts and try to understand how vast the earth is.
+Then I remembered that the object we see every day that could literally fit a million Earths inside it is the Sun.
+It seems impossibly big.
+But in the big picture of things, it's Pimprick, one of about 400 billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy, and can be seen on a clear night as a pale fog that spreads across the sky.
+And things get even worse.
+There are probably 100 billion galaxies detectable by our telescopes.
+Therefore, if each star is the size of a grain of sand, the Milky Way alone would have enough stars to fill a 30-by-30-foot area of ​​a 3-foot-deep beach with sand.
+And the entire planet does not have enough beaches to represent the stars of the entire universe.
+There are literally hundreds of millions of miles of beaches like this.
+St. Stephen Hawking, Ph.D., that's a lot of stars.
+But he and other physicists now believe there is an even more unimaginable reality.
+So, first of all, the 100 billion galaxies within our telescopes are probably only a small fraction of the total.
+The universe itself is expanding at an accelerating rate.
+Most of the galaxy is moving away from us so rapidly that the light from it may never reach us.
+Yet our physical reality here on Earth is inextricably linked to a distant, invisible galaxy.
+We can think of them as part of the universe.
+They obey the same laws of physics and compose a single gigantic structure made of the same kinds of atoms, electrons, protons, quarks and neutrinos that compose you and me.
+However, recent theories of physics, including what is called string theory, suggest that there may be countless other universes built on different kinds of particles with different properties and following different laws. is telling us
+Most of these universes are incapable of sustaining life, and can exist and disappear within nanoseconds.
+But nevertheless, when combined they constitute a vast multiverse of possible universes up to eleven dimensions, featuring wonders beyond our imagination.
+The leading version of string theory predicts a multiverse consisting of between 10 and 500 universes.
+This is 1 followed by 500 zeros, and this number is so huge that every atom in the observable universe has its own universe, and every atom in all those universes has its own universe. and repeat it two more cycles, ” is still only a small part of the whole, 1 trillion 1 trillion 1 trillion 1 trillion 1 trillion 1 trillion.
+(Laughter) But even that number is insignificant compared to another number, which is infinity.
+Some physicists believe that the space-time continuum is literally infinite, containing infinite so-called pocket universes with different properties.
+how is your brain doing?
+Quantum theory adds a whole new wrinkle.
+So while this theory has proven unquestionably true, it is puzzling to interpret it, with huge numbers of parallel universes being generated every second, and many of these universes actually is very similar to the world we live in and will contain multiple copies of you.
+In one world, you would graduate with honors and marry your dream partner, but not in another.
+Well, some scientists still call it "silly."
+The only meaningful answer to the question how many universes are there is one.
+only one universe.
+And a few philosophers and mystics might argue that even our universe is an illusion.
+As you can see, there is no consensus on this matter at this time, and we are not even close to it.
+All we know is that the answer lies somewhere between zero and infinity.
+Well, I think we know one more thing.
+It's a very good time to study physics.
+We may be experiencing the greatest paradigm shift in knowledge that humanity has ever experienced.
+(music) [Why can't we find evidence of extraterrestrial life?] Somewhere in that vast universe, there must be countless planets teeming with life.
+But why can't we find that evidence?
+Well, this is the famous question asked by Enrico Fermi in 1950. "Where are they all?"
+Conspiracy theorists claim that UFOs are always there and that the reports are just being covered up, but honestly that's not very convincing.
+But it leaves a real mystery.
+Over the past year, the Kepler Space Observatory has discovered hundreds of planets around nearby stars.
+And extrapolating that data, it looks like there could be 5 trillion planets in our galaxy alone.
+Even if 1 in 10,000 could sustain life, there are 50 million potentially life-sustaining planets here in the Milky Way galaxy.
+Here lies the mystery. Our Earth didn't form until about 9 billion years after the Big Bang.
+The myriad other planets in our galaxy must have formed billions, or indeed millions of years earlier than they did on Earth, and were given the chance to give birth to life.
+If only a few of them gave birth to intelligent life and began to create technology, those technologies would have grown in complexity and power over millions of years.
+On Earth, we have seen how dramatically technology can accelerate in just 100 years.
+Millions of years later, intelligent alien civilizations have easily spread across the galaxy, producing giant energy-harvesting artifacts, colonizing spaceships, or brilliant works of art that fill the night sky. Maybe.
+At the very least, it would appear that they are revealing their presence through some electromagnetic signal, intentionally or not.
+However, no convincing evidence for that has yet been found.
+why?
+Well, there are many possible answers, some of which are very dark.
+Perhaps a single superintelligent civilization has actually taken over the galaxy, imposing strict radio silence for paranoid reasons on potential competitors.
+It just sits there ready to wipe out any threat.
+Or maybe they aren't that intelligent, or perhaps the evolution of intelligence capable of producing sophisticated technology is much rarer than we might assume.
+After all, it's something that only happens once every four billion years on Earth.
+Maybe even that was incredibly lucky.
+Perhaps we are the first such civilization in the galaxy.
+Or perhaps civilization harbors the seeds of its own destruction through its inability to control the technologies it creates.
+But there are many more hopeful answers.
+First of all, we haven't looked into it that hard, and we're spending a pathetic amount of money on it.
+Only a handful of the stars in our galaxy have been probed for interesting signal signatures.
+And maybe we are not pointing in the right direction.
+Perhaps as civilization develops, we will soon discover communication technologies far more sophisticated and useful than electromagnetic waves.
+Perhaps all the action takes place in the recently discovered mysterious dark matter or dark energy, which seems to make up most of the mass of the universe.
+Or maybe you're looking at the wrong scale.
+Perhaps an intelligent civilization will come to realize that life, after all, is nothing more than complex patterns of beautifully interacting information, which can happen more efficiently on a smaller scale.
+So perhaps intelligent life itself has miniaturized itself to reduce its impact on the environment, in the same way that clunky stereo systems have shrunk to beautiful little iPods on Earth. .
+So maybe our solar system is full of aliens, but we just don't realize it.
+Maybe the very ideas in our heads are some kind of extraterrestrial life form.
+Well, okay, that's a crazy idea.
+Aliens made me say that.
+But it's nice when ideas seem to have a life of their own and outlive their creators.
+Perhaps biological life is just a passing stage.
+Well, within the next 15 years we may see real spectroscopic information from promising nearby planets, revealing just how life-friendly they are.
+And meanwhile, SETI (Extraterrestrial Intelligence Exploration Agency) is now making its data available to the public, allowing millions of citizen scientists, perhaps including you, to rally the power of the crowd and join the search. I'm trying
+And here on Earth, amazing experiments are taking place to create life from scratch that may be very different from the DNA form we know.
+All of this helps us understand if the universe is teeming with life or if it's really just us.
+Both answers are awe-inspiring in their own way. Because even if we are alone, the fact that we think, dream and ask these questions can turn out to be one of the most important facts about the universe. .
+And there is another good news.
+The quest for knowledge and understanding never slows down.
+it's not. The opposite is actually true.
+The more you know, the better the world looks.
+And what drives us forward is the crazy possibilities, the unanswered questions.
+So stay curious.
+As you know, I had a very hard time as a student with ADD. I have a Ph.D.
+I did my PhD, but biology, geology, physics, chemistry, it was so hard to pay attention to, it was really hard for me.
+The only thing that has caught my attention is a planet called Earth.
+But in this picture you can see that most of the earth is water.
+That's the Pacific Ocean.
+70% of the earth is covered with water.
+You can say, "Hey, I know the Earth. I live here."
+you don't know the earth
+you don't know this planet Because most of it is covered by a planet that averages two miles deep.
+If you step outside and look up at the Empire State Building or the Chrysler Building, the average ocean depth is 15 times the superimposed depth.
+We looked at about 5 percent of what that water contained.
+"Explored" means to look into it for the first time and see what's there.
+So what I want to do today is introduce a few things about this planet and the oceans.
+I want to take you from shallow water to deep water. And hopefully, you, too, will see something that inspires you to explore the Earth, as I did.
+You know corals. If you've ever been to a beach or snorkeled, you've seen plenty of coral. We know corals are a great place. It's full of life, big and small animals, nice sharks and dangerous sharks. whales or something like that.
+They need to be protected from humans.
+It's a wonderful place.
+But what you probably don't know is that there are volcanic eruptions occurring very deep in the ocean.
+More than 80% of most volcanoes on Earth are under the sea.
+And fires have actually started, and fires are still happening in the depths of the ocean.
+All over the world, including the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
+Here, on the ocean floor, the rocks actually become liquid.
+In other words, there are actually waves on the ocean floor.
+It may be said that nothing can live there, but upon closer inspection, even the deepest and darkest places on earth have life, and that is what life really wants to happen. will tell us.
+So, it was pretty amazing.
+Every time we go to the bottom of the ocean, explore it with submarines and robots, and usually see something amazing, sometimes amazing, sometimes revolutionary.
+You can see the puddle left there.
+And around the water there are small cliffs and small white sand beaches.
+We're closer and you'll see the beach a little better, some of that water waves are there.
+What makes this water special is that it lies at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.
+You are sitting in a submarine looking out the window at a small pond under the sea.
+You can see a pond, you can see a lake, you can see a river. In fact, there is a river running from the bottom left to the top right at the bottom of the sea here.
+Water is actually flowing there.
+This completely blew our minds.
+How can I put this at the bottom?
+You are in the ocean and looking at more water.
+And there are animals that can only live in that water.
+It's the bottom of the sea. i love this map Because it shows that there is a mountain range in the middle of the sea.
+Called the Mid-Ocean Ridge, it's the largest mountain range on Earth, 50,000 miles long, but we've rarely seen it.
+We find valleys, thousands of valleys, bigger, wider and deeper than the Grand Canyon.
+As I said earlier, we find lakes, rivers and waterfalls in the water.
+The largest waterfall on earth is actually under the sea near Iceland.
+That 5 percent we surveyed includes everything.
+So the deal with the ocean is that you need technology to explore it.
+It's not just technology, it's not just Dave Gallo or one researcher, it's a team of people.
+It takes talent and a team.
+You have to have the technology.
+In this case, it is our ship, Atlantis, and our submarine, Alvin.
+There are three people in that submarine - this is Alvin's launcher.
+They are carried out on deck.
+There are 47 other people and teamwork on the ship is making sure these people are safe.
+Everyone on that submarine is thinking about one thing right now. Should I have gone to the bathroom again?
+Because you are ten hours there, ten hours in that little sphere.
+With the three of you together, there will be no one around you.
+Once in the water and touching the water it's amazing.
+There is a beautiful blue color that permeates inside of you.
+I no longer hear the sound of surface ships, I hear the sound of sonar.
+If you have an iPhone, sonar is there. This is the same sound going all the way down and back.
+Divers check the submarine to make sure it's okay outside, say 'go' and they can go to the bottom of the ocean and have a great trip.
+So for two and a half hours you sink to the bottom.
+And two of those hours are pitch black.
+In that world at the bottom of the sea, we thought that nothing could survive.
+And if you look into it, you'll discover something amazing.
+From the top of the ocean to the bottom, which we call middle water, all the way down there we find life.
+Every time we stop and stare, we discover life.
+I will introduce some jelly.
+They are arguably some of the coolest creatures on the planet.
+Look, I'm just swinging my arms around.
+It's like a little lobster.
+Those are like animals with hooked mouths, colonial animals.
+Some animals are small, others longer than this stage.
+Just wonderful animals.
+And you can't collect them with a net. We have to bring our cameras and see them.
+So every time we go, a new kind of life is born.
+The sea is full of life.
+On the other hand, if you go to the deepest part of the sea, the mountain range, there is a hot spring.
+Now, this is poisonous water, the depth of which would crush the Titanic in the same way that you would crush an empty cup in your hand, so we are convinced that there is absolutely no life there. was doing.
+Instead, we see more life, diversity and density than in rainforests.
+So, in some cases, just looking out the window of a submarine, we discover something that revolutionizes the way we think about life on Earth. This means that you don't need constant sunlight to live.
+There are big animals there, and some familiar ones.
+The man's name is Dumbo. i love him. Dumbo is great.
+This guy -- oh, I wish there was more footage of this.
+We are trying to put together an expedition to investigate this, probably within a year.
+Go online and take a look.
+Vampirotheutis Infernalis. vampire squid.
+Incredibly cool.
+In the darkness of the deep sea he has glowing tentacles so if I come towards you like he does I hold out my arm in the dark so all you see here is a little glow It's just stuff.
+Meanwhile, I am coming towards you.
+When it wants to escape, it attaches glowing pods that look like eyes to its buttocks.
+Eyes that shine on the buttocks. How cool is that?
+A truly amazing animal.
+(Laughter) Because when the "vampire" squid protects itself, it wraps this black cloak around its entire body and curls up into a ball.
+incredible animals.
+This ship, the "Dream Ship," was supposed to appear in New York 100 years ago this April.
+It's the Titanic.
+I co-led an expedition last year.
+We are learning a lot about that ship.
+The Titanic is an interesting place for biology because it is inhabited by animals.
+Microbes are actually eating the Titanic's hull.
+That's where Jack was king of the world on the bow of the Titanic.
+So we get along really well.
+And what's interesting to me is that we're building a virtual Titanic. So you can sit there at home with your joystick and headset on and actually explore the Titanic for yourself.
+It's not Dave Gallo or anyone else exploring the world because that's what we want to do: create virtual worlds. That is you.
+The conclusion is: The ocean is unexplored and I can't begin to say how important it is. Because the ocean is important to us.
+There are 7 billion people on this planet and we are all affected by the ocean. Because the ocean controls the air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat.
+All of these are somehow managed by the ocean, which we haven't even investigated - 5%.
+All I want to leave you with is that we showed you some great things with that 5 percent.
+There are many more wonderful things. Every time I dive in the ocean, I discover something new about the ocean.
+So what's in the other 95 percent?
+Got something exciting or is there more?
+And what I came here for is that the ocean is full of surprises.
+There is a quote by Marcel Proust that I love. “The real voyage of exploration is not in seeking new landscapes, but as we are doing it, in having new eyes.”
+So today, by showing you some of this, I hope that it will give you a new perspective on this planet and make you think about it differently for the first time.
+thank you very much. thank you.
+(applause)
+One of the interesting things about owning a brain is that you have no control over what it collects and holds: facts and stories.
+Things can linger for years before you realize why they are of interest to you and how important they are to you.
+When Richard Feynman was a boy in Queens, he would go for a walk with his father with a wagon and a ball.
+When he pulled the cart, he noticed that the ball had gone behind the cart.
+He asked his father, "Why is the ball going behind the carriage?"
+Then my father said, "It's inertia."
+Inertia is the name scientists have given to the phenomenon of the ball heading towards the rear of the wagon. "
+(Laughter) "But the truth is, no one really knows."
+Feynman earned a degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Princeton, solved the Challenger disaster, and won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his Feynman diagrams, which describe the motion of subatomic particles.
+And he credits that conversation with his father with giving him a sense that the simplest questions can push him to the limits of human knowledge, and that's what he wants to do.
+and he played.
+Eratosthenes was the third librarian of the Great Library of Alexandria and made many contributions to science.
+But what he remembers most began with a letter he received as a librarian from the town of Swennet, south of Alexandria.
+The letter contained this fact that stuck in Eratosthenes' mind. In fact, the writer said that when he looked down into this deep well at noon on the day of the summer solstice, he could see himself reflected in the bottom, and also: His head blocked the sun.
+Let me tell you, the idea that Christopher Columbus discovered that the world is spherical is quite bullish.
+That's not true at all.
+In fact, every educated person has understood that the world is spherical since the time of Aristotle.
+Aristotle proved it with a simple observation.
+He realized that whenever he saw the Earth's shadow on the moon, it was circular, and the only shape that always produced a circular shadow was the sphere, Q.E.D. The earth is round.
+But no one knew how big it was until Eratosthenes received a letter stating this fact.
+There he realized that the sun was directly above the city of Swennet. Because when you look down at the well, it's a straight line all the way to the bottom of the well, past the man's head to the sun.
+Eratosthenes knew another fact.
+He knew that a stick was stuck in the ground of Alexandria at the same time. And on the same day, at noon, the Sun's zenith on the summer solstice, it cast a shadow indicating that the Sun is 7.2 degrees off-axis.
+If you know the circumference of a circle and have two points on it, all you need is the distance between those two points and you can extrapolate the circumference.
+360 degrees divided by 7.2 equals 50.
+I think the numbers are a bit rough, and I have some doubts about this story, but it's a good story, so I'm going to keep going.
+He needed to know the distance between Swennet and Alexandria, which was useful, as Eratosthenes was good at geography.
+In fact, he invented the word geography.
+(Laughter) The road between Swennett and Alexandria is a commercial road, and commerce needed to know how long it would take to get there.
+Since he needed to know the exact distance, he knew very precisely that the distance between the two cities was 500 miles.
+Multiply that by 50 and you get 25,000. This is within 1% of the actual diameter of the Earth.
+He did this 2,200 years ago.
+We now live in an era where multi-billion dollar machines are looking for the Higgs boson.
+We are discovering particles that can travel faster than the speed of light, and all these discoveries have been made possible by technologies developed over the last few decades.
+But for most of human history, we've had to use our eyes, ears, and hearts to discover these things.
+Armand Fizeau was an experimental physicist in Paris.
+In fact, his specialty was improving and confirming the results of others. This may sound a bit overkill, but really this is the soul of science. There is no such thing as a fact that cannot be independently corroborated.
+And he was familiar with Galileo's experiments that tried to find out whether light has speed.
+Galileo came up with this really wonderful experiment in which he and his assistant had a lamp, each with a lamp.
+Galileo opened his own lamp and his assistant opened his own.
+They timed it really well.
+They just knew the timing.
+Then they stood on top of two hills two miles apart and did the same. It was based on Galileo's assumption that if light had a perceptible speed, he would notice the delay in the light returning from his assistant's lamp.
+But for Galileo the light was too fast.
+He assumed the speed of light to be about ten times the speed of sound, which was several orders of magnitude off.
+Fizeau was aware of this experiment.
+He lives in Paris and has two experimental stations in Paris about 8.5 miles away.
+And he solved this problem for Galileo, and he really did it using relatively simple equipment.
+He used one of them to do it.
+I'm going to put the clicker aside for a moment because I want to get your head around this.
+So this is a gear.
+It has a lot of notches and a lot of teeth.
+This was Fizeau's solution for transmitting discrete light pulses.
+He put a beam behind one of these cuts.
+If I direct a beam through this cut into a mirror 5 miles away, the beam bounces off the mirror and comes back to me through this cut.
+He notices that the door seems to begin to close with the rays returning to his eyes.
+why is that?
+That's because the light pulse doesn't return through the same notch.
+And he spins the wheel fast enough to block the light completely.
+Then, based on the distance between the two stations, the speed of the wheels, and the number of wheel notches, we calculate the speed of light to within 2% of the actual value.
+And he did this in 1849.
+This is what got me interested in science.
+When I have trouble understanding a concept, I trace back to the people who discovered it.
+Let's see how they come to understand it.
+When we look at what the discoverers were thinking when they made their discoveries, we can see that they are not so different from us.
+We are all bags of meat and water. We all start with the same tools.
+I love the idea that different areas of science are called areas of study.
+Most people think of science as a closed black box, but it's actually an open field.
+And we are all explorers.
+The people who made these discoveries took a little more seriously and were a little more curious about what they were seeing.
+And their curiosity changed the way people thought about the world, and that changed the world.
+They changed the world, and you can too.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I have a question, are you religious?
+Raise your hand now if you consider yourself religious.
+Well, I think it's about 3 or 4 percent.
+I didn't know there were so many followers at the TED conference.
+(laughter) Now another question, do you see yourself as any form, shape, spiritual thing? Please raise your hand.
+Yes, that's the majority.
+My talk today is about the primary reason, or one of the primary reasons, that most people consider themselves to be spiritual in some way, shape, or form.
+My talk today is about self-transcendence.
+It's a basic fact about being human, but sometimes our selves seem to melt away.
+And when that happens, the feeling becomes ecstatic and we reach for the metaphor of rising and falling to describe these feelings.
+We talk about being uplifted or elevated.
+Now, it's very difficult to think about abstract things like this without a suitable concrete metaphor.
+Here is the metaphor I offer today.
+Think of the mind as a house with many rooms that we are all familiar with.
+However, sometimes a doorway appears out of nowhere, leading to a staircase.
+We climb the stairs and experience an altered state of consciousness.
+In 1902, the great American psychologist William James wrote about various religious experiences.
+He collected all kinds of case studies.
+He quoted all sorts of people with different experiences.
+I think one of the most exciting things for me is that this young man, Stephen Bradley, met Jesus in 1820.
+And Bradley said of it:
+(music) (video) Steven Bradley: I think I saw a Savior in human form in a room for a second, with his arms outstretched and seemingly saying, "Come on." bottom.
+The next day, I was trembling with joy.
+I was so happy that I even said, "I want to die."
+This world had no place in my love.
+Up until this point, I had been very selfish and self-righteous.
+But now I wished for the well-being of all mankind and was able to emotionally forgive my worst enemy.
+JH: So, notice how Bradley's petty amoral self dies on the way up the stairs.
+And at this higher level he becomes loving and tolerant.
+Many religions of the world have found so many ways to help people climb stairs.
+Some people use meditation to shut themselves down.
+Some people use psychedelics.
+This is a 16th-century Aztec scroll that depicts a man being dragged up a flight of stairs by a god just as he tries to eat a psilocybin mushroom.
+Some use dancing, spinning, and circling to promote self-transcendence.
+But you don't need religion to pass the stairs.
+Many people find self-transcendence in nature.
+Some overcome themselves at raves.
+But this is the strangest place of all: war.
+So many books about war say the same thing: nothing brings people together like war.
+And connecting them opens up the possibility of extraordinary self-transcendence experiences.
+I will be playing an excerpt from this book by Glenn Gray.
+Gray was a soldier in the United States Army during World War II.
+And after the war, he interviewed many other soldiers and wrote about the men's experiences in combat.
+This is an important passage where he basically describes stairs.
+(Video) Glenn Gray: Many veterans will admit that the experience of joint efforts in combat was the pinnacle of their lives.
+"I" unwittingly becomes "our", "mine" becomes "our", and personal faith loses its central importance.
+The relative ease of self-sacrifice in moments like this, I believe, is nothing less than a guarantee of immortality.
+I may fall, but I will not die. For what is real in me will move forward and live on among the companions to whom I have given my life.
+JH: So what all these cases have in common is that the self seems to be thinning and melting away, and it feels very good, in a way that is very different from what we feel in our normal lives. , is that it feels really good.
+I feel a sense of elation.
+This idea of ​​us moving up was central to the writings of the great French sociologist Émile Durkheim.
+Durkheim even called us Homo duplexes, two-layered humans.
+The lower level he called the profane level.
+Now profane is the opposite of sacred.
+It simply means ordinary or common.
+And we exist as individuals in our ordinary lives.
+We want to satisfy individual needs.
+We pursue each goal.
+But sometimes something happens that causes a phase change.
+Individuals unite to form teams, movements, or nations that are far more than the sum of their parts.
+Durkheim called this level the sacred level because he believed that the function of religion was to unite people into groups, into moral communities.
+Durkheim believed that everything that unites us takes on a sacred air.
+And when people circle around something sacred or valuable, they work as a team and fight to protect it.
+Durkheim writes of a series of intense collective emotions that accomplish the miracle of E pluribus unum, making the group out of the individual.
+Remember the collective joy of Britain the day World War II ended.
+Think of the collective outrage in Tahrir Square that overthrew the dictator.
+And think of the collective grief in the United States that we all felt and brought us all together after 9/11.
+So let's summarize where we are.
+My point is that the capacity for self-transcendence is only a basic part of being human.
+I offer the metaphor of the stairs of the mind.
+We are Homo Duplex, and this staircase will take us from the worldly to the divine.
+When we climb that staircase, the selfishness vanishes, we are completely selfless, and we feel better, nobler, somehow uplifted.
+So here's the million-dollar question for social scientists like me. Are stairs a design feature of our evolution?
+Is it a product of natural selection, like our hands?
+Or is it a bug or a mistake in the system -- this religious thing happens when wires are crossed in the brain -- Jill had a stroke and she had this religious experience. , is it just a mistake?
+Many scientists who study religion take this view.
+For example, the New Atheists believe that religion is a series of memes, a kind of parasitic meme that infiltrates our minds and causes all sorts of insane religious acts, suicide bombings and other self-destructive acts. is what makes us do
+After all, how could it be any good for us to lose ourselves?
+How can organisms adapt to overcome selfishness?
+Well, let me show you.
+Charles Darwin wrote much about the evolution of morality in The Human Lineage. Where did morality come from and why do we have it?
+Darwin pointed out that many of our virtues are of little use to ourselves, but very useful to our collective.
+He wrote of a scenario in which two tribes of early humans meet and compete.
+He said, "If a tribe contains many brave, sympathetic and loyal tribes who are always ready to help and protect each other, this tribe will be more successful in conquering other tribes. I would.”
+"Selfish, argumentative people don't unite, and without unity, they make no difference," he continued.
+In other words, Charles Darwin believed in group selection.
+The idea has been highly controversial for the past 40 years, but is about to make a comeback this year, especially after E.O. Wilson's book, published in April, makes a strong case that we and some other species are products of group selection.
+But actually there is a way to think of this as a multi-level selection.
+Look at it like this. There is competition within and between groups.
+Here is a member of the university crew team.
+There is competition within this team.
+There are men competing with each other.
+The slowest and weakest rowers will be eliminated from the team.
+And only a few of these players continue in the sport.
+Maybe one of them will make it to the Olympics.
+So within the team, their interests are actually at odds with each other.
+And in some cases it can be advantageous for one of these guys to try to interfere with the others.
+Perhaps he will speak ill of his biggest rival to his coach.
+But while that competition is within the boat, this competition is over the boat.
+And when you put these guys in a boat that competes with another boat, they're all in the same boat this time, so they have no choice but to work together.
+Only by working together as a team can we win.
+So, as mundane as these things sound, they are a deep evolutionary truth.
+The main argument against group selection was, admittedly, it would be nice to have a group of collaborators, but as soon as there was a group of collaborators, they would just be taken over by the freeriders. An individual who seeks to exploit the efforts of others.
+Let me explain this.
+Suppose we have a small group of organisms. It can also be bacteria or hamsters. it doesn't matter. And let's just assume this little group here has evolved to be cooperative.
+That's wonderful. They eat grass, protect each other, work together, and create wealth.
+As you can see in this simulation, they gain points as they interact, grow so to speak, and then see them split when they double in size. Then they reproduce and the population increases.
+But suppose one of them mutated.
+There are mutations in the genes and one of them mutates to follow a selfish strategy.
+it makes use of others.
+So, we know that when green interacts with blue, it becomes more green and less blue.
+Now, how things unfold.
+Start with just one green and earn wealth, points or food as it interacts.
+And soon the collaborators will end.
+Freeriders have taken over.
+If the group cannot solve the free-rider problem, it will not be able to get the benefits of cooperation and the selection of the group cannot be started.
+But the freerider problem has a solution.
+It's not that hard a problem.
+In fact, nature has worked it out many times.
+And nature's preferred solution is to put everyone in the same boat.
+For example, why do all cells' mitochondria have their own DNA, completely separate from the nuclear DNA?
+That's because bacteria that were previously separate and free-living have come together to become super-organisms.
+Somehow, perhaps one swallowed the other. I'll never know exactly why -- but once a membrane was formed around them, they were all in the same membrane, now the division of labor that all wealth produced, all cooperation produced. Greatness remains trapped within the membrane, and we have super-creatures.
+So let's rerun the simulation with one of these super-creatures in a band of freeriders, defectors, and crooks and see what happens.
+Super-creatures can basically get what they want.
+It is so large, powerful and efficient that it can rob resources from green spaces, exiles and crooks.
+And soon, practically the entire population will consist of these new super-creatures.
+What I have shown here is sometimes called a major shift in evolutionary history.
+Darwin's Law hasn't changed, but now there are new types of players on the field and things are starting to change drastically.
+Now, this change was not a one-off natural phenomenon that occurred in some bacteria.
+It happened again about 120 or 140 million years ago, when some solitary wasps began building small, simple, primitive nests and nests.
+When several wasps congregate in the same nest, they quickly find themselves locked in competition with other nests, so they had no choice but to work together.
+And, as Darwin said, the most cohesive hives won.
+These early wasps gave rise to bees and ants that covered the world and changed the biosphere.
+And it happened again during the past half a million years, and even more amazingly, our own ancestors became cultural creatures, gathering around hearths and campfires, dividing labor, and painting their bodies. They started painting, spoke their own dialect, and eventually they worshiped their god.
+If they all belong to the same tribe, the benefits of cooperation can be kept within.
+And they unleashed the most powerful force ever known on this planet, the power of human cooperation, building and destruction.
+Of course, human groups are less cohesive than beehives.
+Human clusters may temporarily look like hives, but then tend to fall apart.
+We are not bound to cooperation like bees and ants.
+In fact, as we have seen with many Arab Spring rebellions, those divisions are often along religious lines.
+Nevertheless, when people unite and commit themselves to the same cause, they can move mountains.
+Look at the people in these pictures that I have shown.
+Do you think they are there to pursue their own interests?
+Or are they pursuing communal interests that require them to lose themselves and simply become part of the whole?
+So that was my talk, done in standard TED fashion.
+And now, in a more comprehensive way, I'll go through the whole talk again in 3 minutes.
+(music) (video) Jonathan Haidt: As William James explained, we humans have different religious experiences.
+The most common is climbing a secret staircase and losing yourself.
+This staircase leads us from mundane or mundane life experiences to divine or deeply interconnected life experiences.
+As Durkheim explained, we are homoduplexes.
+And, as Darwin explained, we are homoduplexes because we evolved by multiple steps of selection.
+I'm not sure if this staircase is an adaptation rather than a bug, but if it is, the implications are serious.
+If it is an adaptation, then we have evolved religiously.
+I do not mean that we evolved to participate in a huge organized religion.
+Such things have emerged recently.
+In other words, we evolved to see the sacredness around us and team up with others to revolve around sacred objects, people, and ideas.
+This is why politics is so tribal.
+Politics is partly profane, partly about self-interest, but politics is also about holiness.
+To pursue moral ideas in collaboration with others.
+This is a story about the eternal struggle between good and evil, and we all believe we are part of a good team.
+And most importantly, if the staircase is real, it explains the undercurrent of dissatisfaction that persists in modern life.
+Because humans are, in some ways, as motley creatures as bees.
+we are bees We jumped out of the nest during an enlightenment campaign.
+We broke the old system and brought freedom to the oppressed.
+We have unleashed earth-changing creativity, creating immense wealth and comfort.
+Today we fly like free bees.
+But sometimes we wonder. "Is that all?"
+What should I do with my life?
+What am I missing?
+What is missing is that we are homobiracial, but modern secular society was built to satisfy our lower and blasphemous selves.
+The lower floors here are really comfortable.
+Now sit in my home entertainment center.
+One of the great challenges of modern life is finding a staircase in the clutter, climbing to the top and doing something good and noble.
+We see this desire among students at the University of Virginia.
+They all want to find a cause or mission they can devote themselves to.
+They are all looking for stairs.
+People aren't completely selfish, and that gives me hope.
+Most people want to overcome the little things and become part of something bigger.
+And this explains the extraordinary resonance of this simple metaphor that was recalled some 400 years ago.
+"Man is not an island in itself.
+Everyone is part of a continent, part of a major continent. "
+JH: Thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I want to talk to you about virtual worlds, digital globes, the 3-D web, and the metaverse.
+What does this mean for us?
+What that means is that the web is once again an exciting place.
+The transition to this highly immersive and interactive world will be very exciting.
+With graphics, computing power, and low latency, this kind of application and possibility means a wealth of data will be streaming into your life.
+Therefore, the Virtual Earth initiative and other types of initiatives are all about extending the current search metaphor.
+Come to think of it, we're very limited in browsing the web, remembering URLs, and saving favorites.
+As we transition to search, we rely on relevance ranking, web matching, and index crawling.
+But I want to use my head!
+We want to navigate, explore, and discover information.
+To do that, we need to put you back in the driver's seat as the user.
+It requires cooperation between you and your computing network and computers.
+So what better way to put you back in the driver's seat than to put you in the real world you interact with every day?
+Why not apply what you have learned in your life so far?
+In short, Virtual Earth aims to start creating the first comprehensive digital representation of the entire world.
+What we want to do is mix all kinds of data.
+Please tag. give attributes. metadata. Let the community add local depth, global perspective, and local knowledge.
+So when you think about this problem, you realize what a big task. where do i start?
+We collect data from satellites, planes, ground vehicles and people.
+This process is an engineering problem, a mechanical problem, a logistical problem, and an operational problem.
+Here is an example of an aerial camera.
+This is panchromatic. Actually, there are four color cones.
+Moreover, it is multispectral.
+If you can imagine this kind of data stream coming down, we collect 4 gigabits of data per second.
+This corresponds to a constellation of 12 satellites with the highest resolution.
+We fly these planes at 5,000 feet.
+You can see the camera in front of you. Collect multiple perspectives, vantage points, angles and textures. Restore all data.
+We're sitting here -- thinking about ground vehicles and human scale -- what do you see in person? Shoot it up close to establish what it's like need to do it.
+I'm sure many of you have seen Apple commercials. It's like poking at a PC for its vividness and simplicity.
+Little-known secret, have you seen a photo of this guy? He has a webcam.
+Poor PC bastard. They put duct tape on his head. They just have it wrapped around him.
+Well, a little-known secret is that his brother actually works on the Virtual Earth team.
+(laughter). So they have a bit of a sibling rivalry going on here.
+But let me tell you, it doesn't affect his day job.
+We believe that many good things can come out of this technology.
+This was after Katrina. We were the first commercial aircraft permitted to enter the disaster affected area.
+We flew around the area. we imaged it. We sent people. I took pictures of the room and the damaged area. We assisted first responders, search and rescue.
+In many cases, it was on Virtual Earth that someone first saw what happened to their home.
+We have made it all available for free on the web. Because it was clearly an opportunity to support this cause.
+Given how it all fits together, it's all about software, algorithms and math.
+As you know, we capture this image, but we need to geolocate it to build a 3D model. You need to do a geographic registration of your images.
+You have to bundle them. Find tie points.
+Extract geometry from an image.
+This process is a very calculated process.
+In fact it was always done manually.
+Hollywood spends millions of dollars building small corridors of cities for movies. because it has to be done manually.
+They used lasers called LIDAR to navigate the city.
+I was gathering information with pictures. They were constructing each building by hand.
+We do all this through software, algorithms and mathematics. A highly automated pipeline that produces these cities.
+We take the decimal point out of the cost of building these cities so we can scale up and make this reality a dream.
+Think about the user interface.
+What does it mean to be multifaceted?
+Ortho view, nadir view. How can we maintain image fidelity accuracy while maintaining model fluidity?
+I'll show you one last time. This is a brand new look that we haven't really seen in the Virtual Earth lab area yet.
+What we do is this bird's eye view image that people like very much. That is this high resolution data.
+But what we discovered is that they love the fluidity of 3D models.
+Kids can interact with an Xbox controller or game controller.
+What we're trying to do here is take a photo and project it into 3D model space.
+You can check all kinds of resolutions. From here, slowly pan the image.
+I get the following image: You can blend and transition.
+This way you don't lose the original detail. In fact, I may be recording history.
+freshness and capacity. You can rotate this image.
+You can look at it from different perspectives and angles.
+What we are trying to do is build a virtual world.
+We hope that you can compute familiar user models and really draw insights from different directions.
+Thank you very much for your time.
+(applause)
+Recent debates over copyright laws such as SOPA in the US and the ACTA agreement in Europe have been very emotional.
+And I think that with sober, quantitative reasoning, it could really have a big impact on this discussion.
+Therefore, whenever we tackle this subject, I would like to suggest that we take advantage of and cooperate with the cutting-edge field of copyright mathematics.
+For example, just recently the Motion Picture Association revealed that our economy is losing $58 billion annually to copyright theft.
+Instead of just arguing about this number, when a copyright mathematician analyzes it, it quickly becomes apparent that this money could run from this auditorium over Ocean Boulevard to the Westin to Mars. prize...
+(Laughter) ... with pennies.
+This is clearly a powerful insight, some might say dangerously powerful.
+But it is also morally important.
+Because this is not just the virtual retail price of some pirated movies we are talking about, but the actual financial loss.
+This is equivalent to the failure of the entire American corn crop, along with all American fruit crops, whether wheat, tobacco, rice, sorghum or sorghum.
+However, identifying the actual loss to the economy is nearly impossible without using copyright calculations.
+Today, music revenue is down about $8 billion a year since Napster first came out.
+Here's part of what we're looking for.
+But combined movie revenue from theatres, home video and pay-per-view is on the rise.
+And TV, satellite and cable revenues have increased significantly.
+Other content markets, such as book publishing and radio, are also on the rise.
+So this little missing piece here is puzzling.
+(Laughter) (Applause) The big content market has grown along historical norms, so it's not that piracy has prevented further growth, but according to copyright calculations, therefore historical norms Growth should be postponed in a market without Something that didn't exist in the 90's.
+What we are looking at here is the immeasurable cost of ringtone piracy.
+(Laughter) $50 billion a year of that could be enough for a 30-second ringtone, stretching from here to Neanderthal times.
+(laughs) It's true.
+(Applause.) I have Excel.
+(Laughter) Film officials also say that our economy is losing more than 370,000 jobs to content theft. Considering the number of 270,000 people.
+According to other data, the music industry has a population of about 45,000.
+And the job losses associated with the Internet and all content theft have led to job losses in the content industry.
+And this is just one of many amazing statistics that copyright mathematicians have to deal with every day.
+And some people think string theory is hard.
+(Laughter) Now, here's an important number from the copyright mathematician's toolkit.
+This is the exact amount of damage done to media companies every time a single copyrighted song or movie is pirated.
+Hollywood and Congress came up with this number mathematically when they finally worked to improve copyright damages and enacted this law.
+While some consider the figure a bit high, media lobby expert copyright mathematicians are simply surprised that the figure does not spur inflation each year.
+When the law was first passed, the world's most popular MP3 player could only hold 10 songs.
+And it was a Christmas hit.
+After all, no thug wants $1.5 million worth of stolen goods in his pocket.
+(Laughter) (Applause) These days, an iPod Classic can hold 40,000 songs. This equates to $8 billion worth of stolen media.
+(Applause) About 75,000 jobs.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Now, the copyright math may seem strange, because it's an area best left to the experts.
+So that's it for now.
+We hope you'll join us for our next, similarly scientific and fact-based study of the cost of foreign music piracy to the American economy.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+A little bit about my TEDxHouston Talk.
+The morning after I gave that talk, I woke up with the worst hangover of my life.
+And I actually didn't leave the house for about three days.
+The first time I left home was to go to lunch with a friend.
+And when I entered she was already at the table.
+As I sat down, she said, "God, you are like hell."
+I said, "Thank you. I'm really sick and it's not working."
+And she said, "What's going on?"
+And I said, "I told 500 people that I became a researcher to avoid vulnerabilities.
+And when my data revealed that I was vulnerable, I told these 500 people that I was out of order, as it was absolutely necessary to live from the heart.
+There was a slide called "Breakdown". At what point did you think it was a good idea? "
+(Laughter.) And she said, 'I saw your talk on livestream.
+It wasn't really you.
+It was a little different from what I usually do.
+But it was great. "
+And I said, 'It can't be.
+YouTube, they publish this on YouTube.
+And we'll be talking about 600, 700. "
+(Laughter.) And she said, "Well, I think it's too late."
+And I said, "Let's just ask."
+And she said, "Yes."
+I said, "Remember when we were in college? Was it really wild and kind of silly?"
+I said, "Remember when you left your ex-boyfriend's answering machine a really bad message?"
+So you have to break into his dorm room and erase the tapes? "
+(Laughter.) And she says, "Um... no."
+(Laughter) Of course, at that point, all I could say was, "Oh, neither am I."
+And I think to myself, 'Brené, what are you doing?
+why did you bring this up?
+Have you lost your mind?
+(Laughter) So I turned around and she said, “Do you really want to break in and steal the video before it is published on YouTube?”
+(Laughter) So I said, "I'm just thinking about it."
+(Laughter) She said, "You're like the worst role model of weakness ever."
+(Laughter.) Then I looked at her and said something that felt a little dramatic at the time, but ended up being more prophetic than dramatic.
+"When 500 becomes 1000 or 2000, my life is over."
+(Laughter) We didn't have a contingency plan for 4 million.
+(Laughter.) And when that happened, my life was over.
+And perhaps the most painful thing about the end of my life is that I learned something painful about myself. As much as I was frustrated by not being able to present my work to the world, there was something inside me that said: Despite my small size, I worked hard as an engineer to keep a low profile.
+But I want to talk about what I learned.
+The first is that vulnerability is not weakness.
+And that myth is very dangerous.
+Let's be honest -- and I'll warn you, I'm a trained therapist, so I can wait uncomfortably for you -- so it would be great if you could raise your hand -- how many To be honest, whenever you're thinking of doing or saying something vulnerable, think, "God, vulnerability is weakness."
+How many people consider vulnerability and weakness synonymous?
+majority of people.
+Now let me ask you this question. At TED last week, how many of you thought it was pure courage when you saw vulnerability here?
+Vulnerability is not weakness.
+I define vulnerability as emotional risk, exposure, and uncertainty.
+It energizes our daily life.
+And I've been doing this research for 12 years now, and I've found that vulnerability is the most accurate measure of courage, and honestly, it's about being vulnerable, about having yourself seen. I reached my belief.
+One of the strangest things that happened was that after the TED explosion, I received a flood of speaking offers all over the country, from schools and parent-teacher conferences to Fortune 500 companies.
+And many of the calls were like, "Dr. Brown, we loved your TED talk.
+I would love for you to come in and talk to us.
+I hope you don't mention weakness or shame. "
+(laughter) What do you want to talk about?
+There are three big answers.
+To be honest, this is mostly from the business sector: innovation, creativity and change.
+(Laughter) So, for the record, vulnerability is the birthplace of innovation, creativity, and change.
+(Applause) To create is to make something that has never existed before.
+Nothing is more vulnerable.
+Adaptability to change is about vulnerability.
+In addition to finally really understanding the relationship between weakness and courage, another thing I learned is that "we have to talk about shame."
+And I'll be very honest with you.
+When I became a "vulnerability researcher" and it came to prominence thanks to a TED talk, I was no joke.
+Let's take an example.
+About three months ago, I was at a sporting goods store, buying goggles, shin guards, and everything a parent would buy at a sporting goods store.
+About 100 feet away, a voice can be heard saying, "Vulnerability TED! Vulnerability TED!"
+(laughter) (end of laughter) I'm a fifth generation Texan.
+Our family motto is "Lock and Load".
+I'm not a natural vulnerability researcher.
+So I just keep walking and she's my sixth, kind of.
+(Laughter) And then I heard, "Vulnerability TED!"
+I turned around and said hello.
+She was here and said, "You're a shame researcher who's had a breakdown."
+(Laughter) At this point, parents are kind of pulling their kids together.
+(Laughter) "Look away."
+And I was so exhausted at this point in my life that I looked at her and actually said, 'It was a spiritual awakening.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) And she turned around and said, "I know."
+(Laughter.) And she said, 'We saw your TED talk at the book club.
+Then we read your book and renamed ourselves 'Breakdown Babes'. ' [Laughter] And she said, 'Our catchphrase is 'We're falling apart and it feels great.' [Laughter] I can only imagine what it is. In my case, it was like at a faculty meeting.
+(sigh) So when I became Vulnerability TED like an action figure, like Ninja Barbie, but I'm Vulnerability TED -- I thought I'd forget the shame. Because I have previously studied shame for six years. I started writing and talking about vulnerability.
+And I wanted to thank God. Because shame is such a scary subject that no one wants to talk about it.
+It's the best way to silence people on an airplane.
+"What is your occupation?" "I am studying shame."
+(laughter) And then I'll see you.
+(Laughter) But in surviving this last year, I remembered a cardinal rule. Not a rule of study, but a moral obligation from my education. "You have to dance with the person who raised you."
+And I didn't learn about vulnerability and courage, creativity and innovation from vulnerability research.
+I learned these things from my study of shame.
+So I would like to shame you.
+Jungian analysts call shame the swamp of the soul.
+And then we go inside.
+And the purpose is not to go in and build a house and live in it.
+It's about putting on your galoshes, going through, and finding your way.
+Here's why.
+We have heard the most compelling call ever to discuss race in this country and globally.
+yes? we heard it
+You can't have that kind of conversation without being shy.
+Because you can't talk about race without talking about privilege.
+And when people start talking about privilege, they become paralyzed with shame.
+We've heard great, simple solutions for non-killing surgeries. It's all about having a checklist.
+You can't solve the problem without solving shame. For when they teach you how to suture, they also teach you how to suture your worth to be omnipotent.
+And the Almighty does not need checklists.
+And I had to write down the name of this TED Fellow so I wouldn't make a mistake here.
+Myshkin Ingaware, I think I was right.
+(Applause) I met my TED Fellows on my first day here.
+And he stood up and explained his motivation for developing technology to help test for anemia, as people are dying unnecessarily.
+And he said, "I see this need.
+So do you know what I did? Hooray. "
+And he said, 'And it didn't work.
+(laughs) And then I made it 32 more times and it worked. "
+Do you know what the big secret of TED is?
+I think that's what I'm doing right now.
+(laughs) This is like a failed meeting.
+(Laughter) No, that's right.
+(Applause.) Do you know why this place is so great?
+Because few people here are afraid of failure.
+And as far as I've seen, no one has failed on stage.
+I have failed miserably many times.
+I don't think the world understands it because of the embarrassment.
+There are some wonderful words from Theodore Roosevelt that have saved me this past year.
+Many call this the "man in the arena" quote.
+And it goes like this: "It's not the critics that matter.
+Not someone who sits and points out how the person who did the deed could have done things better and how he falls and stumbles.
+Credit goes to the man whose face was marred with dust and blood and sweat in the arena.
+But when he is in the arena, he wins at best and loses at worst, but when he fails, when he loses, he acts very boldly. "
+And that, to me, is the purpose of this conference.
+Life is about taking big, bold challenges and standing in the arena.
+When you walk into the arena, put your hand on the door, and think, "Let's go in and try this," the embarrassing thing is the gremlin who says, "Uh-huh."
+you are not good enough
+You never completed that MBA. your wife left you
+I know your father was in Sing Sing, not really in Luxembourg.
+I know what happened to you growing up.
+I know you don't think you're beautiful, smart, talented, or powerful enough.
+I know your dad didn't pay any attention, even when you became CFO. "
+That's what shame is.
+And if we keep it quiet and walk in and say 'I'm going to do this' then when we look up the critics we see pointing fingers and smiling are 99% with the probability of who?
+we.
+Shame is "Never Enough" two big rolls of tape, and if you can talk about one of them, "Who do you think you are?"
+The thing to understand about shame is that it is not guilt.
+Shame means "I'm bad".
+How many people are willing to say, "I'm sorry, I made a mistake" when you've done something wrong to me?
+How many people can say that?
+Guilt: I'm sorry. I made a mistake.
+Shame: I'm sorry. I'm wrong
+There is a big difference between shame and guilt.
+And here's what you should know:
+Shame is highly correlated with addiction, depression, violence, aggression, bullying, suicide, and eating disorders.
+Here are some more things to know:
+Guilt is inversely correlated with those things.
+The ability to hold what you want to do and what you fail to do compared to who you want to be is incredibly adaptive.
+It's uncomfortable, but it's adaptable.
+Another thing to know about shame is that it is absolutely organized by gender.
+If shame hit me and hit Chris, it would feel the same.
+Everyone sitting here knows that they have been warmly baptized with shame.
+We believe that the only people who do not experience shame are those who lack the capacity for connection and empathy.
+I mean, yes, I'm a little embarrassed. No, I'm a sociopath.
+So I choose, "Yes, you are a little embarrassed."
+Shame feels the same for men and women, but it's organized by gender.
+For women, the best example I can give is Anjoli in commercials.
+“I can hang up the laundry, pack my lunch, give out kisses and go to work from 5 to 9.
+Bringing home some bacon and frying it up will never make you forget you're a man. "
+The shame for a woman is to do it all, do it perfectly, and never show yourself sweating.
+I don't know how many perfumes were sold in this commercial, but I can assure you that many antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs were sold.
+(Laughter.) For women, shame is a web of conflicting, unmanageable, competing expectations about who they should be.
+And straight jacket.
+For men, shame is not a mass of competing and contradictory expectations.
+Shame is one, but what is not recognized as?
+weak.
+For the first four years of my research, I did not interview any men.
+After signing the book, a man looked at me and said, "I love your words about shame. I wonder why you didn't mention men."
+Then he said, "That's convenient."
+(Laughter) And I said, "Why?"
+And he said, "Because you reach out and tell our story and tell us to be weak.
+But can you see the book I just signed for my wife and three daughters? "
+I said yes.
+"They would rather die on a white horse than see me fall.
+If we reach out and are defenseless, we are hit hard.
+Don't tell me it's from the players or the coaches or the fathers.
+Because the women in my life are tougher on me than anyone else. "
+So I started interviewing men and asking questions.
+And here's what I learned: You show me a woman who can actually sit with a man in sheer weakness and fear, show me a woman who has done an incredible job.
+Show me a man who can sit with a woman who has just eaten. She can't do everything anymore, but his first reaction wasn't "I put the dishwasher down!"
+(Laughter) But he really listens -- because that's all we need -- and I'm going to show you a guy who's done a lot of work.
+Shame is pervasive in our culture.
+And to get out from under it, to find a way back to each other, how it affects us, how it affects the way we parent, the way we work, the way we look. We must understand what to give to each other.
+This is a study by Dr. Mahalik of Boston University.
+He asked what women needed to do to follow the feminine norm.
+The most common answer in this country is to be nice, thin, modest, and use all available resources for appearance.
+(Laughter.) When he asked about men, what men in this country need to do to live up to male norms, the answer was: Always control your emotions, work first, status. and pursue violence.
+We need to understand and know empathy if we want to find our way back to each other. Because empathy is the antidote to shame.
+If you put shame in a Petri dish, you need three ingredients for it to grow exponentially: secrecy, silence, and judgment.
+If you put the same amount in a petri dish and poured it with sympathy, it wouldn't survive.
+There are two words that are most powerful when we are in conflict. That's me too.
+So let's leave this thought alone.
+If we try to find our way back to each other, vulnerability will be the way.
+And we know that standing outside the arena is glamorous. Because I think I've done it all my life. And I think to myself, when I'm bulletproof and perfect, I'm going to walk into the arena and kick ass.
+And it's charming.
+But the truth is that it will never happen.
+And even if you were as perfect as you could be and as bulletproof as possible when you got in there, that's not what we want to see.
+I want you to come in.
+We want to be with you and across from you.
+And we urge you to take great courage for yourself, for the people we care about, and for the people we work with.
+Thank you very much to all of you. Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I'm an industrial designer. So most of the time, geek people are creating all this cool stuff out of ideas that are around us, in this case nerd people.
+I have absolutely no background in biology, chemistry, or engineering, but please bear with me today as I will be talking about biomedical engineering.
+(Laughter) And until then, please stay here.
+Industrial design is about making many things the same.
+The downside is that it becomes somewhat impersonal when there are many of the same things. Because when one person tries to design one thing to solve one problem, when they create something more specific, they really can't. We live by it, based on demographic models and marketing requirements documents.
+So I got discouraged by the whole process, rethought it, completely redesigned the design, and went back to my early, early design inspirations, and when I was about 8 years old, and that's what made me this guy. led.
+Anyone here from MIT knows him or has a tattoo or poster of him somewhere.
+(Laughter) Other people in this room, let me just say, he's an engineer's engineer, or a designer's designer.
+He's the man who made bionics a household word in the form of the polyester-clad six-million-dollar man I grew up with.
+The real lessons I learned from this pop culture show are two main things. If you're designing for that person, for real people, you don't have to settle for minimal functional requirements. You'll see how far you can go beyond that and the rewards you actually get will tell you how far you can go beyond that document.
+And if we can achieve that, we can improve someone's quality of life every moment of the rest of their lives.
+I boiled it down to a design philosophy and injected it into my current studio. I would like to encourage you to think along these lines.
+It's not a deep philosophy, but it works for us.
+We are dealing with prosthetic limbs, and the first thing we know about prosthetic limbs is that they are well engineered.
+they can do amazing things. It can bring all sorts of features and performance back into someone's life.
+But from an industrial designer's point of view, they still fall short.
+What we don't see is sculpture, beauty, individuality, uniqueness and grace.
+These are nice, mechanical, practical devices.
+That's great, but for all but a lot of people it just doesn't work.
+People come to our studio all the time, using bubble wrap and duct tape to try and get as close to their original shape as possible.
+Alternatively, gymnastic socks may be stuffed with other gymnastic socks to try to recreate the shape they once had. For us it is not prosperity.
+For us, the body is not a mechanical entity and cannot be addressed by mechanical solutions alone.
+It is our personal sculpture, our kinematic sculpture.
+It's our canvas. It represents not only our physicality, but also many of our personalities.
+So when designing a body, it's important to design it with the body in mind rather than designing for mass production, to think seriously about curves rather than rigid geometries, or uniqueness rather than identity. maybe.
+The problem is that we are constrained by mass production, we can make a million of the same thing, but we can't make a single one that is unique and individual.
+So in the new design process we decided to do away with that and start with people.
+It's a 3D scanner, and the same thing happens when you scan a person. 3D data is imported into the computer.
+You can take the sound side limbs there, that is, the surviving limbs, and reflect them in the mirror. And from now on, everything will reproduce symmetry in the process. This is as personal and difficult to achieve as body symmetry.
+And create a product that will be as unique as your fingerprint, no matter what.
+In fact, no two of our processes are the same.
+So we use computer modeling, 3D CAD to do it.
+Here, the taste and individuality of the person are actually poured into the product, and the result is printed three-dimensionally.
+We call the resulting part a "fairing". It's named after the panels that transform the bike from mechanical to sculptural.
+Tried this with Chad.
+Chad is a competitive footballer who lost his leg to cancer eight years ago.
+As you can imagine, it's very difficult to play football when you have titanium pipes where your legs used to be.
+The finished parts replicated his shape and were intentionally made to look like sports gear.
+I wanted it to look like I just pulled it out of my gym bag, so it's pretty practical in that regard.
+Two things happened.
+First, as we expected, his bodily sensations returned.
+The reason he could suddenly control and feel the ball was because his body remembered what it was supposed to be eight years ago.
+But the other thing is that the rest of the team stopped thinking of him as the team's amputee.
+Not that they didn't know, it was no longer a focus for him.
+And we would like to believe that there is some kind of very quiet value there.
+James lost his leg in a motorcycle accident.
+And motorcycles are still a big part of James' personality and style.
+Check out his forearm tattoo.
+I printed it three-dimensionally on his calf.
+He has tattoos, he has his morphology, he has bike material.
+And the results are interesting, at first glance it's impossible to tell where the bike will stop and where James will start.
+It's like a chimeric hybrid of the two, and James likes it.
+(Laughter) So we never try to make something look human.
+Our overall goal is to take something that is unapologetically man-made, something that is already there, a form, and make it really cool and beautiful. That's because it's something that someone can't wait to show the world, and it changes the look.
+You don't look at him and say, "He's an amputee with a prosthetic leg."
+You say, 'He's a really great guy.
+Deborah wanted her curves back, but she also wanted what came out of it to be really sexy. That's great for us.
+I created a lace pattern suitable for 3D printing.
+For the first leg, I think the lace defined the contour of the leg rather than the leg giving shape to the lace.
+we switched things up.
+What I love about this shot is how the sunlight shines through.
+So we are not trying to hide anything. Load-bearing carbon components are in full view.
+We're just giving it the shape, shape, and outline that originally belonged to her.
+I made another leg to match her handbag whenever I could.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I made another one with laser tattoos on leather. Because how cool would it be if you could change your tattoo every second?
+I love it.
+We try to capture the personality of the person as much as possible.
+I'm George. His completion is next week.
+This is the raw computer data we work with.
+He's a classic, timeless type of personality, so I used herringbone tweed, but made it in polished nickel.
+(Laughter) And Uwe was so proud to show his tattoos that we have them laser tattooed on leather.
+Part of it is that yes we are showing off because we can do this, but another part is that this ties him to what he is part of.
+It's really precious. we believe in it.
+Tattoos are especially exciting for us.
+If you get a tattoo that is a combination of someone's personal tastes, choices, and forms, what happens when you remove that person, for example?
+They get floating tattoos that characterize their bodies.
+So everything we do is about recreating and expressing what is meaningful to that person, and capturing and suggesting that person in the best way we can – speed, attitude, brilliance. Whatever you do, express it through your body.
+Back to 3D printing and this whole process. We have the right process to make one for each person. It has a lot of character and is actually very good for complexity.
+So why not print the whole leg?
+That is the concept that precedes the work we are currently working on.
+Three-dimensionally printed legs. Symmetrical with the other leg.
+It's made in the USA, has a very low carbon footprint, is recyclable at the store, costs about $4,000 to make, and is dishwasher safe.
+(laughs) It's worth it too.
+People don't always think like that, but yes, throw it in the dishwasher, it works very well.
+It was based on the original idea that you could go anywhere in the world with just a camera and a laptop computer and use the camera as a 3D scanner to create very high quality images for someone in a matter of hours. I'm here. We offer 3D printed legs at a very low cost.
+The proof of concept is working fine and we are discovering it. get there.
+Alternatively, I upped the quality of the material and made this for John.
+The funny thing about John's feet is that his fiancé saw this and joked, "I like that leg better than that one."
+(Laughter) It's a joke - she knows what he's going through - but at the same time, it's also very valuable.
+He turned to us and said, "No one says that."
+He has never heard of such a thing in his life.
+It had a very deep connection with him.
+So I'd like to think of this as a new type of design, one that flips the original process upside down and creates a dialogue between the designer and the end user, letting the designer relinquish some control. - Designers hate that sort of thing. Instead, the designer becomes the manager of the process.
+And the end user surrenders his body to the process and his taste buds.
+I'd like to think that this speaks to a larger shift happening across the world of design. In this case, the product will be judged on how well it responds to the individual.
+In fact, the individual becomes part of the DNA of the final product itself.
+We rate products based on how well they cater to unique individuals, not demographic models.
+On one of the first legs we did, this all came as a real shock to us. When Chad puts his foot here and reaches out and touches it and thinks for a moment.
+He then turned to us and said, "This is the first time in eight years that I have felt this shape."
+we thought about it.
+And given all the technology and all the nights and energy we put into it, that's all we really wanted to hear.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+i am a believer
+I believe in global warming and have done well on this issue.
+But my subject is national security.
+We must stop buying oil from our enemies.
+I'm talking about OPEC oil.
+And let's go back 100 years to 1912.
+You probably think it's my birthday.
+(Laughter) It wasn't. It was 1928.
+But go back 100 years to 1912 and see what we, our country, faced at that time.
+This is the same energy issue you are looking at today, but with a different fuel source.
+100 years ago we were, of course, looking at coal, whale oil, and crude oil.
+At that point we were looking for cleaner, cheaper fuel, but it was theirs, not ours.
+So in 1912 we chose crude oil over whale oil and coal.
+But 100 years later, moving into this era, we are actually back at another decision point.
+What is the decision point?
+That's what we will use in the future.
+From here it is very clear to me. We would prefer something cleaner, cheaper, domestic, and we have it, it's natural gas.
+So all this costs the world more or less 89 million barrels of oil every day.
+And that cost reaches $3 trillion a year.
+And one trillion of them will go to OPEC.
+it has to stop.
+Now, if you look at the cost of OPEC, according to last year's Milken Institute study, it cost $7 trillion. $7 trillion is what we paid for oil from OPEC since 1976.
+This includes military and fuel costs.
+But this is the greatest transfer of wealth from one group to another in human history.
+And so it goes on.
+Now, if we look at where the wealth transfer is, we can see the arrow pointing towards the Middle East and away from us.
+And with that, we found ourselves to be the world's police officers.
+We guard the world, but how do we do it?
+I know the reaction to this.
+I don't think 10% of you in this room know how many aircraft carriers there are in the world.
+Raise your hand if you think you know.
+There are 12 of them.
+One is being built by the Chinese and the remaining 11 are ours.
+Why are there 11 aircraft carriers?
+Are there corners in the market?
+Are we smarter than everyone else? don't know.
+If you look at where those bases are, on this slide it's the red blobs there, five are active in the Middle East and the rest are in the US.
+They just go back to the Middle East and will come back again.
+So actually most of the 11 countries we have are tied up in the Middle East.
+why? Why are they in the Middle East?
+They're there to control, keep the shipping lanes open, and make the oil available.
+And the United States uses about 20 million barrels a day, which is about 25 percent of the world's daily oil consumption.
+And we're doing it for 4 percent of the population.
+Somehow that doesn't seem right.
+it's not sustainable.
+So where do we go from here?
+Will it last?
+Yes, it will continue.
+The slides you're looking at here are from 1990 to 2040.
+During that period, demand doubles.
+And if you look at what oil is used for, 70 percent of it is used as a transportation fuel.
+So if someone says, "Let's go nuclear, let's go wind, let's go solar," that's fine. I support anything American.
+But if we want to manage our dependence on foreign oil, we must address the transportation problem.
+So we're using 20 million barrels per day here. It produces 8 barrels, imports 12 barrels, and 5 of the 12 are supplied by OPEC.
+If you look at the largest and second largest users, we use 20 million barrels and China uses 10 barrels.
+The Chinese have a better plan – or they have a plan. we don't have a plan
+Never in the history of America have we had an energy plan.
+We are not even aware of the resources available to us.
+Over the last decade, $1 trillion has been transferred to OPEC.
+Capping oil prices at $100 a barrel over the next 10 years would pay $2.2 trillion.
+It's also not sustainable.
+But the days of cheap oil are over.
+It's over.
+So are the Saudis, they make it very clear to you that they have to have $94 a barrel to be socially responsible.
+Now, I asked people in Washington last week and they said, "Saudi Arabia can produce oil at $5 a barrel.
+nothing to do with it.
+What they have to pay is what we pay for oil. "
+There is no free market for oil.
+Crude oil prices are breaking margins.
+And it is the OPEC countries that set the price of oil.
+So where do we go from here?
+We are moving towards natural gas.
+Natural gas will do everything we want.
+130 octane fuel.
+25% cleaner than oil.
+It's ours, we have a lot of it.
+And you don't even need a refinery.
+It emerges from the ground at 130 octane.
+Pass it through the separator and it's ready to use.
+It becomes very easy to use.
+Achieving this is easy.
+It's easy to see what you're looking for to make that happen. I will tell you soon.
+But you can see the list here.
+Natural gas fits all of these.
+You can replace it or use it.
+It's power generation, transportation, peak fuel, all of that.
+Do you have enough natural gas?
+Look at the bar on the left. 24 trillion.
+It is for one year use.
+Let's take a look at estimates from the EIA and industry estimates -- the industry knows what they're talking about -- we have 4,000 trillion cubic feet of natural gas available.
+How is this converted to oil equivalent barrels?
+It is three times the amount claimed by the Saudi side.
+And they claim they have 250 billion barrels of oil, which I don't believe.
+I think it's probably 175 billion barrels.
+But anyway, whether they say it right or not, we have plenty of natural gas.
+So I narrowed down my target to places that use natural gas.
+And my target is heavy trucks.
+Their number is 8 million.
+Eight million trucks, which are 18-wheelers, can carry natural gas and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 30%. It's cheaper, and it cuts imports by 3 million barrels.
+That means 8 million trucks cut OPEC by 60 percent.
+There are 250 million cars in America.
+So, my view is that natural gas is the fuel of the bridge.
+At this age, you don't have to worry about bridges going anywhere.
+(Laughter) That's your concern.
+But if you look at our natural gas holdings, we have plenty of natural gas, so it could very well be a bridge to natural gas.
+But as I said earlier, I stand by all Americans.
+Now let me take you -- I was a realist -- I went from an early theorist to a realist.
+I am back to being a theorist.
+Looking around the world, methane hydrate exists in the oceans surrounding every continent.
+And here you see methane, if you're going to do that, you'll find there's a lot of methane -- natural gas is methane, and methane and natural gas are interchangeable -- but if you use a little Methane if you decide to -- and I'm gone, so that's up to you -- but we have plenty of methane hydrate.
+So I think I got my point across that in America we have to use our own resources.
+If we did, it would cost us $1 billion a day for oil.
+Nevertheless, we have no energy plan.
+So, other than that I'm going to focus on 8 million 18-wheelers, nothing impresses me about what's happening in Washington on that plan.
+If we can do that, I think we can take the first step towards an energy plan.
+Then we find our own resources easier to use than anyone could have imagined.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you.
+So, from your point of view, you had a great Pickens plan based on wind energy, but you basically abandoned it because the economic situation changed.
+what happened?
+TBP: I lost $150 million.
+(Laughter) Then you're giving up something.
+No, what happened to us, Chris, that power is the price off the margin.
+And that margin is natural gas.
+When I got into the wind business, natural gas was $9.
+Today it's $2.40.
+You cannot trade wind power for less than $6 per MCF.
+CA: So what happened was that the increased ability to use hydraulic fracturing technology exploded the calculated reserves of natural gas and prices plummeted, making wind power uncompetitive. It was.
+In a nutshell, is that the case?
+TBP: That's what happened.
+It turns out that you can go to the source rock, which is the coalbed shale of the basin.
+The first was Barnett Shale in Texas, then Marcellus in the northeast across New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. and Hainesville, Louisiana.
+These things are everywhere.
+We are overwhelmed with natural gas.
+CA: And now you're a big investor in it and are you bringing it to market?
+TBP: Well, big investors.
+it's my life.
+I'm a geologist, graduated from school in 1951, and have been in the industry my whole life.
+I own stock now.
+I am not a large natural gas producer.
+Someone said the other day that I am the second largest natural gas producer in the United States.
+I do not think so.
+But it's not. i own the stock
+But I also have a refueling job.
+CA: But natural gas is a fossil fuel.
+Burning produces CO2.
+You believe in the threat of climate change.
+Why would that outlook not concern you?
+TBP: Well, you have to use something.
+What should I do instead?
+(laughs) CA: No, no. Since the amount of CO2 per unit of energy is lower than that of oil or coal, it makes sense to argue that it is a bridge fuel.
+So everyone can at least rejoice in the transition from coal or oil to natural gas.
+But if that's the reason why we don't invest in renewable energy, in the long run, we're screwed anyway, aren't we?
+TBP: Well, I'm not going to give up yet, but Jim and I talked there when he left. And I said, "What do you think of natural gas?"
+And he said, "Well, this is bridge fuel, that's what it is."
+And I said, 'Bridge to what?
+where are we going? "
+See, I said it again, don't worry about that.
+I think you are too.
+CA: But I don't think that's right, Boone.
+I think you are someone who believes in your heritage.
+I made the money I needed.
+You are one of the few people in a position to have a real impact on the debate.
+Do you support the idea of ​​putting a price on carbon?
+does that make sense?
+TBP: I don't like it. Because ultimately the government will run the program.
+I would say it fails.
+The government has not been successful in these matters.
+They don't, it's a bad deal.
+Look at Solindra, or whatever it is.
+I mean, ten times I was told it was a bad idea, and they did it anyway.
+But it only blew 500 million.
+I think it's close to 1 billion.
+But Chris, where are we going in the long term, I would be fine with going back to nuclear development.
+And tell me what the last page of a report they'll take five years to write will look like.
+The first is not to build reformers on faults.
+(Laughter.) And second, don't build reformers in the ocean.
+And now I think reformers are safe.
+Move them inland to very stable ground and build reformers.
+There is nothing wrong with the nucleus.
+You will need energy. I do not have any questions.
+You can't -- ok.
+CA: One of the questions from the audience is, with regard to hydraulic fracturing and natural gas processes, what about the methane leaking out of them? Methane is a worse global warming gas than CO2.
+Worried about it?
+TBD: Hydraulic fracturing? What is fracking?
+CA: Hydraulic fracturing.
+TBP: I'm kidding.
+(laughs) CA: There's a bit of an accent mismatch here.
+TBP: No, let me tell you, I already told you my age.
+I graduated from school in 51.
+I witnessed the first fracking operations at the Texas border in 1953.
+Hydraulic fracturing came out in 1947, but it's hard to believe for a moment when the president of the United States stands up and says the Department of Energy developed hydraulic fracturing 30 years ago.
+I don't know what the heck he's talking about.
+Seriously, the Department of Energy had nothing to do with fracking.
+The first fracking operation was in 1947.
+I saw it for the first time in 1953.
+I have broken over 3,000 wells in my life.
+Never had a problem with messing up aquifers or anything else.
+Today, the largest aquifer in North America spans eight states, from Midland, Texas to the South Dakota border—large aquifer: Triassic Ogallala.
+Aquifers in Oklahoma, Texas, and Kansas must have had 800,000 wells fractured.
+No problem.
+I don't understand why the media is focusing on Eastern Pennsylvania.
+CA: Okay. So you don't support any kind of carbon tax or carbon price.
+In your image, how do you think the world will eventually move away from fossil fuels, do you think that ultimately through innovation, solar and nuclear power will one day become more cost competitive?
+TBP: For solar and wind, Jim and I agreed in 13 seconds.
+That is, unreliable, so small portions.
+CA: So how will the world move away from fossil fuels?
+TBP: How do you get there?
+We have plenty of natural gas, so there will never come a day when we say, "Let's not use it anymore."
+I will continue to use it. It's the cleanest of all.
+If you look at California, there are 2,500 buses in use.
+LAMTA has been using natural gas for 25 years.
+Fort Worth T has been doing this for 25 years.
+why? Air quality was the reason they used natural gas and moved away from diesel.
+Why are all garbage trucks in Southern California powered by natural gas today?
+It's because of the air quality.
+I know what you mean and I'm not going to disagree with you.
+How on earth can we get out of natural gas at some point?
+And I say, that's your problem.
+(Laughter) CA: Okay, so bridge fuel.
+What lies on the other side of that bridge is for this audience to figure out.
+If someone actually came up with a plan that could be part of this solution, would you be ready to invest in that technology? May be maximized for sanity. ?
+TBP: We lost 150 million to the wind, okay.
+Yeah sure, I'll try that.
+Because, again, I'm trying to solve the energy problem for America.
+And anything American works for me.
+CA: Boone, thank you so, so much for coming here and participating in this conversation.
+I am sure there are many people who would like to be associated with you.
+That was a real gift you gave this audience.
+Thank you very much. (TBP: Right, Chris. Thank you.) (Applause)
+One in two women will develop cardiovascular disease in her lifetime.
+So this is the main killer of women.
+I don't know why, but it's a closely guarded secret.
+In addition to making this personal, we talk about the relationship between you and your heart, and all women and their hearts, but we also want to get into politics. increase.
+Because, as you know, the personal is the political.
+And not enough has been done in this regard.
+And those of us who have seen women overcome breast cancer through breast cancer campaigns need to do this wholeheartedly now.
+Since 1984, more women than men have died in the United States.
+So we used to think that heart disease was primarily a male problem, which was never true, but in the 1950s and 60s everyone thought so and all textbooks It was on
+That's certainly what I learned during my training.
+If we continue to be sexist, it's not right, but if we move forward and become sexist, it's actually a disease of women.
+In other words, it is now a woman's disease.
+And one of the things you're seeing is male-line mortality is going down, down, down, down.
+And since 1984, the number of women's lines has increased, widening the gap.
+More and more women are dying from heart disease, two, three and four times as many as men.
+And that's too short a period of time to change all the different risk factors we know about.
+So what this really suggests to us at the national level is the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that have been developed over the past 50 years by men, by men, and for men. And they work pretty well for men too, don't they? --It didn't work out so well for women.
+This was a big wake-up call in the 1980s.
+At all ages, heart disease kills more women than breast cancer.
+And the breast cancer campaign, again, this is not a competition.
+We are trying to do as good as the breast cancer campaign.
+We need to do as much to tackle this crisis as we do to fighting breast cancer.
+Now sometimes people see this and hear this gasp.
+We all think of people with breast cancer, often young women.
+We often don't think young women have heart disease.
+I'll tell you why.
+Heart disease often kills people very quickly.
+Therefore, in women and men who have heart disease for the first time, half of them are sudden cardiac deaths. No chance to say goodbye, no chance to take her to chemo, no chance to help her pick out a wig.
+Breast cancer mortality drops to 4 percent.
+That's what women have been advocating for forty years.
+Betty Ford and Nancy Reagan stood up and said, "I'm a breast cancer survivor," and it was okay to talk about it.
+Then the doctors went to the scene.
+Investigation completed.
+There are now effective treatments.
+Women are living longer than ever before.
+With heart disease it should happen, and the time has come.
+It's not happening and it's time.
+We are immensely grateful to these two women.
+As Barbara portrayed in one of her great films, Yentl, she played a young woman who wants an education.
+And she wanted to study the Talmud.
+So how did she get an education?
+She had to pretend to be a man.
+She had to look like a man.
+She had to convince others that she could look like a man and have the same rights as men.
+Dr. Bernadine Healy was a cardiologist.
+And just around that time, in the 1980s, when she saw the death toll from women and heart disease going up, up, up, up, she wrote an editorial for the New England Journal of Medicine, saying, Yentl He said of the syndrome:
+Women die from heart disease twice, three times and four times more than men.
+Mortality isn't going down, it's actually going up.
+She wondered and hypothesized that it might be Yentl's Syndrome.
+And this is what the story is about.
+We have spent the last 50 years understanding and getting really good diagnoses and really good treatments to make women look less like men and more like male heart disease. Is it because you can't see it? Their heart disease was recognized.
+And they just pass by.
+They are untreated, undetected, and ill-equipped with modern medicine.
+Healy then became the first female director of the National Institutes of Health.
+And this is the study of the world's largest biomedical company.
+And it funds my research a lot.
+We fund research everywhere.
+It was a big deal for her to become a director.
+And in the face of a lot of controversy, she launched the Women's Health Initiative.
+And every woman here benefits from the Women's Health Initiative.
+We talked about hormone replacement therapy.
+I learned about osteoporosis.
+Information on women's breast cancer and colon cancer.
+Despite so many people telling her to stop, so much knowledge was accumulated that it was too expensive.
+And there was also the disrespect that women were worthless.
+She said, "No, I'm sorry. Women are worth it."
+Now, a small portion of the Women's Health Initiative has been sent to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the NIH.
+So we ended up doing the WISE study -- WISE stands for Female Ischemic Syndrome Assessment -- and I've been chairman of that study for the past 15 years.
+It was a study to specifically ask what was happening to women.
+Why are more women dying from ischemic heart disease?
+At WISE 15 years ago, we started saying, ``Well, there are some important observations, and perhaps we should follow up on them.''
+And our colleagues in Washington, D.C.
+A recently published paper compares the death of a woman from a heart attack to the death of a man from a heart attack -- which also happens to millions of people every day. The thing is - women have fatty spots - this is their coronary artery, so the main blood supply going into the heart muscle is done. Women are eroded and men explode.
+You'll find some interesting parallels in this physiology.
+(Laughter) So let me start with the male pattern heart attack.
+Heart attack in Hollywood. Hmm.
+Severe chest pain.
+The ECG goes out of order, so the doctor can see this very abnormal ECG.
+There is a large clot in the middle of the artery.
+Then they go to the catheterization lab and have the clot removed boom, boom, boom.
+It's a man's heart attack.
+Some women have heart attacks like this, but many women have this type of heart attack. The heart erodes, the clot does not fill completely, the symptoms are subtle, and the ECG findings vary. This is a female pattern.
+So what do you think will happen to these girls?
+They often go unrecognized and sent home.
+I don't know what it was. It could have been gas.
+So we sensed it and said, ``You know, we now have the ability to look inside the human body with a special catheter called IVUS (intravascular ultrasound).'' Told.
+And we said, "We're going to hypothesize that women's steatorrhea is actually probably different and deposited differently."
+And because there is a common knowledge of how women and men gain weight.
+Where do men get fat when they see people getting fat?
+Here, it's just the focus, it's there.
+Where do women gain weight?
+all over.
+Cellulite here, cellulite here.
+So we said, 'Look, women seem to be very good at cleaning up the trash, and they clean it up smoothly.
+Men should throw it away in one place. "
+So we said, "Let's see this."
+Yellow is fatty spots, panel A is male.
+And as you can see, there are bumps and dents.
+His coronary arteries have a beer belly.
+Panel B is female and very smooth.
+She just put it down nicely and neatly.
+(Laughter) And when you do an angiogram of the red area, you can see the disease in the man.
+So after 50 years of honing and crafting these angiograms, we can now easily recognize androgenic disorders.
+Diseases peculiar to women are difficult to understand.
+It was a discovery.
+Well what does that mean?
+Again, women get an angiogram and no one can tell them they have a problem.
+Therefore, we are currently working on non-invasive studies. Again, these are all invasive studies.
+Ideally, we would like to do all of this non-invasively.
+Again, with 50 years of good non-invasive stress testing, we are pretty good at recognizing male pattern disorders with stress testing.
+This is cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
+We do this at the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute within the Women's Heart Center.
+I chose this for my research.
+This is not in your local hospital, but we would like to translate it.
+About two and a half years have passed since the five-year research began.
+This was the only modality that allowed us to see the inner lining of the heart.
+And if you look closely you can see that there is black blush in there.
+And that is microvascular occlusion.
+This syndrome, or female pattern, is now called microvascular coronary insufficiency, or occlusion.
+The second reason we love MRIs is that there is no radiation.
+So for a woman whose chest is in the way of looking at her heart, every time I order anything that contains even trace amounts of radiation, unlike CAT scans, X-rays, and thallium, we say, 'That test is Do you really need it?" "
+So we are very excited about MR.
+While not yet available for ordering, this is an area of ​​active research and actually studying women will advance the fields of women and men.
+So, if female heart disease goes unrecognized, what are the downstream implications?
+Here is a diagram from an article I published in the European Heart Journal last summer.
+And it was just an emoji to show why more women are dying of heart disease despite all these good treatments we know.
+And if a woman has a male pattern disease, which means she looks like Barbara in the movies, they get treatment.
+And if you're feminine and look like a woman, as Barbara does to her husband here, they don't get the treatment.
+These are the remedies that save our lives.
+And those little red boxes are death.
+That's the result.
+And that's the pattern in women, which is why we think Yentl's syndrome actually accounts for many of these gaps.
+There was also great news about women's heart disease research.
+And one cutting-edge area that we're incredibly excited about is stem cell therapy.
+What are the major physiological differences between women and men?
+Why are there women and men?
+Because women breathe new life into the world.
+It's all about stem cells.
+We hypothesized that female stem cells might be better at identifying damage, repairing cells, and even generating new organs. This is one of the things we're trying to do with stem cell therapy.
+These are female stem cells and male stem cells.
+And if an organ is damaged, if you have a heart attack, if you want to repair the damaged part, do you need a strong and abundant stem cell on top of it?
+Or do you want guys who look like they're out to lunch?
+(Laughter.) And some of our research teams are saying that female stem cells, which are in animals, and increasingly in humans, have been proven that female stem cells, even when put into a man's body, Proven to work better than men. Stem cells enter the male body.
+One of the things we're saying about this female physiology is as much as we're talking about women and heart disease, because women live longer than men on average. It's about revealing the secret. Understanding female physiology and understanding it will help both men and women.
+So this is by no means a zero-sum game.
+Well, here's where it all starts.
+And remember that paths crossed in 1984, and more and more women are dying of cardiovascular disease.
+What happened to this work in the last 15 years?
+We are curving.
+We are curving.
+So just like in the case of breast cancer, doing research and raising awareness works, and we just have to keep going.
+Are you satisfied with this?
+Two to three more women die for every man.
+And I would suggest that given that women are living longer overall, they should theoretically do better, if they can even get treatment.
+This is where we stand, but we have a long way to go.
+We have been working on this for 15 years.
+And I told you that we have been working on male pattern heart disease research for 50 years.
+That means we are 35 years behind.
+And I would like to think that it will take less than 35 years.
+And indeed, probably not.
+But now I can't stop.
+Too many lives are at risk.
+So what do we need to do?
+I hope you are building a more personal relationship with your heart now.
+Women heard the call for breast cancer and participated in awareness campaigns.
+Women are now very willing to undergo mammography.
+And women do fundraisers.
+Women also participate.
+They paid for their advocacy and campaigns.
+This is what we have to do with heart disease now.
+And it's political.
+In terms of women's health, federal funding, sometimes it's popular, sometimes it's not so popular.
+So we have this cycle of feasting and starvation.
+So please join us in this fundraiser for the Red Dress campaign.
+As I said earlier, breast cancer kills women, but heart disease kills even more women.
+So if we can do as well as we do with breast cancer and give women this new responsibility, we have a lot of lives to save.
+Thank you for your attention.
+(applause)
+So my name is Taylor Wilson.
+I am 17 years old and a nuclear physicist. A little unbelievable, but yes.
+And I would argue that fusion is the point and the bridge T. Boone Pickens spoke of will lead us there.
+In short, nuclear fusion is our energy future.
+And the second point is to argue that children can really change the world.
+So you might ask -- (applause) You might ask me, so how do we know what our energy future looks like?
+Well, I built a fusion reactor when I was 14.
+That's the inside of a fusion reactor.
+I was 12 or 13 when I started making this project.
+I decided that I wanted to make a star.
+Now, most of you would say that there is no such thing as nuclear fusion.
+I don't see any nuclear power plants using nuclear fusion energy.
+Well, it won't break even.
+It doesn't produce more energy than you put in, but it still does some pretty cool things.
+It was built in my garage and is now stored in the Physics Department at the University of Nevada, Reno.
+It then collides with deuterium (just hydrogen with extra neutrons).
+So this is similar to the proton chain reactions that are happening in the sun.
+Then hit it hard to fuse its hydrogens. There are some by-products in the process. I take advantage of those by-products.
+The year before, I won the Intel International Science and Technology Fair.
+I developed a detector to replace the current detector that the Department of Homeland Security has.
+Hundreds of dollars spent developing a system that exceeds the sensitivity of hundreds of thousands of dollars of detectors.
+I made this in my garage.
+(Applause.) And I developed a system for producing medical isotopes.
+I have developed a device that can produce these isotopes on a very small scale instead of requiring multi-million dollar equipment.
+Behind me is my fusion reactor.
+That's me in the control panel of the fusion reactor.
+Oh, and by the way, I'm making yellowcake in my garage, so my nuclear program is as advanced as the Iranians.
+Maybe that's why I don't want to admit it.
+This is me at CERN, the world's leading particle physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland.
+Here's me and President Obama showing homeland security research.
+(Applause.) So, in about seven years of nuclear research, I started with the dream of building a "star in a bottle," a star in my garage. And in the end, I met with the president and decided to develop something that I thought could make a difference. I believe other children can do the same.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I am here to give you the recommended intake of poetry through diet.
+And how I do it, here are my 5 poems in 5 animations.
+And let me tell you a little bit about how that happened.
+Because mixing these two media is kind of unnatural or unnecessary.
+But when I was Poet Laureate of the United States, I love to say yes.
+(Laughter) It's a great way to start a sentence.
+When I was him at the time, it was like J. Walter Thompson from the advertising company approached me and they kind of got hired by the Sundance Channel.
+And the idea was to have me record some of my poems and find an animator to animate them.
+At first, I was hesitant because I always think that poetry can stand on its own.
+Attempts to convert my poetry to music have been disastrous in each case.
+And if the poem is written by ear, it already has its own verbal music when it is composed.
+And certainly, if you're reading a poem that mentions cows, you don't need to draw a cow on the facing page.
+That is, let the reader do a little work.
+But it seemed like an interesting possibility, and I've been a total comic book freak since I was a kid, so I gave up.
+Warner Bros., Merrie Melodies, and Looney Tunes cartoons have probably had a greater influence on my imagination than Emily Dickinson, Coleridge, or Wordsworth.
+Bugs Bunny is my muse.
+Thus, the poem became broadcast on television everywhere.
+And I'm all for poetry in public places -- poetry on the bus, poetry on the subway, poetry on billboards, poetry on cereal boxes.
+When I was Poet Laureate, I went there again -- I can't help it, really -- (Laughter) I started a poetry channel at Delta and it went on for a few years.
+So I could listen to poetry while flying.
+My feeling is that it would be good if poetry disappeared from the shelves and made more public appearances.
+Begin the meeting with a poem. That would be an idea you might bring back.
+When poetry appears on billboards, radios, cereal boxes, etc., it happens so suddenly that there is no time to deploy the anti-poetry deflection shields installed in high schools.
+So let's start with the first one.
+It's a little poem called "Budapest" in which I reveal, or pretend to reveal, the secrets of my creative process.
+(Video) Narration: "Budapest".
+My pen is shaped like a human arm and moves along the page like the nose of a strange animal in loose green sweater sleeves.
+I watch it constantly smell the paper. It's the same collector who thinks of nothing but larvae and insects to survive another day.
+If you come here tomorrow, probably in a plaid shirt sleeve, nose pressed to the page, while I look out the window and imagine Budapest or some other city I've never been to, I just dutifully write a few more lines.
+BC: If you think about it that way, it feels a little easier.
+(Applause.) Writing is actually not that easy for me.
+But I like to pretend it's easy.
+One of my students came in after an introductory class and said, "You know, poetry is harder than writing." felt.
+(Laughter.) So I like to at least pretend it's just flowing.
+A friend of mine has this slogan: he is another poet.
+He says, "If you don't succeed the first time, hide all the evidence you've ever tried."
+(laughs) The next poem is also quite short.
+Poetry just says a few things in different ways.
+I think the verse can be summarized as follows: "Some days you eat the bear, some days the bear eats you."
+And I use the image of dollhouse furniture.
+(Video) Narration: "One day."
+One day I put people in place at a table, bend their legs at their knees, and secure them to small wooden chairs if they have that feature.
+All afternoon they were facing each other, the man in the brown suit and the woman in the blue dress not moving at all and perfectly well behaved.
+But another day, I'll be lifted by the ribs and lowered into the dollhouse dining room to sit at a long table with others.
+very funny.
+But from one day to the next, will you be strutting like a living god with your shoulders in the clouds, or will you be sitting in your wallpaper staring straight ahead with a little piece of plastic? How would you feel if you had no idea what was going to happen? face?
+(Applause) BC: There's a horror movie somewhere.
+The next poem is called "Oblivion" and is really just a kind of poetic essay on the subject of mental slip.
+And this poem begins with a kind of forgetfulness that someone called literary amnesia, in other words, forgetting what you read.
+(Video) Narration: "Forgetfulness".
+First there's the author's name, followed by the straightforward title, the plot, the heartbreaking ending, and suddenly the whole novel is a novel you've never read or heard of before.
+It's as if, one by one, the memories you once had decided to retire to a small, phoneless fishing village in the southern hemisphere of your brain.
+Long ago, you kissed the names of your nine muses goodbye and watched the quadratic equation pack its bags.
+And even now, when you remember the order of the planets, something else, perhaps the national flower, the capital of Paraguay, your uncle's address, slips away.
+Whatever you're having trouble remembering isn't floating on the tip of your tongue or lurking in the obscure corner of your spleen.
+For as long as you can remember, it flows through dark mythical rivers whose names begin with L, and you join those who have forgotten even how to swim or ride a bike on their way to oblivion.
+No wonder we get up in the middle of the night to look up famous battle dates in books about war.
+No wonder the moon reflected in the window seems to flow out of a love poem you once memorized.
+(Applause.) BC: The next poem is called "The Country," and it's based on when I was in college, I met a classmate who I'm still friends with.
+He lived and still lives in rural Vermont.
+I used to live in New York City.
+and we visited each other.
+And when I went to the countryside, he taught me about deer hunting, which basically means getting lost with a gun (laughs), trout fishing, etc.
+Then he came to New York City and told him what I knew, it was mostly smoking and drinking.
+(Laughter.) That's how we exchanged lore with each other.
+The poem that follows is based on what he was trying to tell me about the points of domestic etiquette in country living that I had great difficulty understanding at first.
+It is called "Country".
+(Video) Narration: "Country".
+I wondered about you when you said you shouldn't leave a box of matches anywhere around the house, lest mice could get into the box and start a fire. rice field.
+But you said your face was perfectly straight when you twisted the lid of the round can in which matches were always kept.
+Who could have slept that night?
+Who can dispel the idea that an unlikely rat is trudging along cold water pipes behind floral wallpaper, clutching a single wooden match between needles in its teeth?
+The moment he turned a corner, a blue tip scratching a rough beam, a sudden flare and its creatures flashed brightly for a moment, suddenly ahead of his time - now a firestarter, now a torch. Who couldn't see you there? -A forgotten bearer of rituals, a little brown druid who lights up the ancient nights?
+And who doesn't notice the little look of surprise on fellow rats--the inhabitants of what was once a country house--lit in the fiery insulation?
+(Applause) BC: Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. And the last verse is called "The Dead".
+I wrote this after a friend's funeral, but it wasn't so much about the friend as it was about what mourners keep saying all the time, as all mourners tend to do, the deceased is looking down. She kept saying how happy she would be to see us all together.
+And for me, it was a bad start to the afterlife, having to attend my own funeral and feel satisfied.
+So this little poem is called "The Dead".
+(Video) Narration: "The Dead"
+The dead always look down on us, they say.
+While we put on our shoes and make our sandwiches, they paddle through eternity, looking down from heaven's glass-bottomed boat.
+They watch the top of our head move under the earth.
+And when we lie in the field or on the couch, perhaps drugged by the noise of a warm afternoon, they think we're looking back at ourselves, raise the oars and be silent, like a parent. wait for us to close the house. eye.
+(Applause) BC: I don't know if the other poems will be animated.
+It took a long time to bring these two together--this marriage is rather unusual--a long time.
+But again, it took me a long time to assemble the wheels and suitcase.
+(Laughter.) I mean, for a while, we were behind the wheel.
+And shrepping is an ancient and honored art.
+(laughter) I have time, so I'd like to read you a recent poem.
+If there is a subject, that subject is adolescence.
+And it was addressed to someone.
+The title is "To my favorite 17-year-old high school girl".
+"Do you know that if you had started building the Parthenon on the day you were born, it would be finished in a year?
+Of course, I couldn't do it alone.
+So don't worry. You can be yourself and it's okay.
+You are loved just for who you are.
+But did you know at your age that Judy Garland won $150,000 for a painting, that Joan of Arc led the French to victory, and that Blaise Pascal was cleaning his room? ?
+Of course, later in life, after you've walked out of your room and the flowers are starting to bloom, or at least you've picked up all your socks, you'll have time to do all of that.
+For some reason, I always remember that Lady Jane Gray was Queen of England when she was only 15 years old.
+But then she was decapitated, so never mind that she's a role model.
+(Laughter) Centuries later, when he was your age, Franz Schubert was cooking for his family, yet from a young age he wrote two symphonies, four operas and two complete operas. I was not prevented from composing masses.
+(Laughter) But of course that was in Austria at the height of Romantic Lyricism, not here in the suburbs of Cleveland.
+(Laughter) Frankly, who cares if Annie Oakley was a genius at 15 or Maria Callas debuted as Tosca at 17?
+We think that if you play with food or stare into space, you are special just because you are you.
+(Laughter) By the way, Schubert lied about washing the dishes, but that doesn't mean he didn't do any chores around the house. "
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+See, I've really had second thoughts about whether I can talk about this to a vibrant, lively audience like you.
+I was then reminded of the words of Gloria Steinem, "The truth will set you free, but it will first make you angry." (Laughter) So -- (Laughter) With that in mind, I'm here to set out to try those things and talk about dying in the 21st century.
+Now, the first thing that will undoubtedly piss you off is that we are all actually going to die in the 21st century.
+There are no exceptions to that.
+Surveys show that about 1 in 8 people think they're immortal, but -- (laughs) unfortunately, that doesn't happen.
+While I am telling this story, 100 million of my cells will die within the next 10 minutes and 2,000 of my brain cells will die today and never come back. So you could say that the dying process has pretty much started. early in the work.
+Anyway, the second thing I want to say about dying in the 21st century is that apart from it happening to everyone, it's a bit of a train wreck for most of us unless we try to get something back. The thing is that it's becoming something like this process is breaking out of the rather unrelenting trajectory it's currently on.
+Well then, please. that is the truth.
+It will definitely piss you off. So let's see if we can set you free. I promise nothing.
+Now, as you heard in the intro, I work in an intensive care unit and feel like I've lived through the heyday of intensive care. It was fun, dude.
+This was great.
+I have a machine to ping.
+There are many over there.
+And we have some magical technology that I think works very well. Australian male mortality was halved while I worked in intensive care, and intensive care had something to do with it.
+Indeed, a lot of the technology we use has something to do with it.
+So, we had great success, but we got so caught up in our success that we started using phrases like "saving lives."
+Obviously we are not and I really apologize to all of you for doing something like that.
+What we are doing is extending people's lives, delaying death, and redirecting death, but strictly speaking, we cannot save lives on any kind of permanent basis.
+And what really happened while I was working in the intensive care unit is that the lives we started saving in the 70's, 80's and 90's are now dying in the 21st century. . The answer to illness no longer exists as it did then.
+So what's happening now is that there's been a big shift in how people die, and most of what they're dying now isn't what we can do like it was when I was doing this. It means you don't follow. 80's and 90's.
+So, we've gotten a little caught up in this stuff, and haven't really been talking to you guys about what's really going on right now, but it's time to do so.
+I woke up to this when I met this guy in the late 90's.
+This guy was called Jim, Jim Smith, and he looked like this.
+I was summoned to the ward to see him.
+His hands are small.
+I was called into the ward to see a pulmonologist.
+He said, "Look, there's a man here.
+He has pneumonia and appears to need intensive care.
+His daughter is also here and wants her to do all she can. "
+This is a familiar phrase for us.
+So I went to the ward and looked at Jim and his skin was translucent like this.
+You can see his bones through the skin.
+He was very, very thin, actually had pneumonia, and was too sick to talk to me, so I spoke to his daughter, Kathleen, and said: What if he finds himself in this situation? "
+Then she looked at me and said, "No, of course not!"
+I thought, "Okay, hold on."
+And I started talking to her, and after a while she said to me, "You know, we always thought we had time."
+Jim was 94 years old. (Laughter) And then I realized something wasn't going on here.
+There was no dialogue like I had imagined.
+So our group set out to do research, examining 45,000 residents of Newcastle nursing homes in the Newcastle area, and found that only 1 in 100 of them had any idea what they would do if their heart broke. It turns out I have a plan. stopped beating.
+1 in 100.
+And only 1 in 500 of them had a plan for what they would do if they got seriously ill.
+And, of course, I realized that this dialogue is definitely not taking place in the general public.
+I am currently working in an acute care setting.
+This is John Hunter Hospital.
+And we certainly thought we were better than that.
+So my nursing colleague Lisa Shaw and I went through hundreds of notes in the medical records department for evidence that someone had some sort of conversation about what would happen to them if they received treatment. I checked whether They failed to death.
+And from the series of notes initiated by doctors and patients, we found no records of preferences about goals, treatments, or outcomes.
+So we started to realize that we had a problem that made it worse.
+What we do know is that obviously we all die, but how we die is actually very important, and obviously not just us, but we're going to live afterwards It also affects how it is reflected in everyone's life.
+How we die lives on in the minds of all who survive. And the stress caused to families by dying is enormous, in fact, dying in an intensive care unit receives seven times more stress than dying anywhere else. If you have a choice, going into intensive care is not the first option.
+And, of course, if that's not bad enough, all of this is fast moving towards the fact that many of you, actually about 1 in 10 at this point, will die in intensive care. increase.
+1 in 5 in the US.
+In Miami, 3 out of 5 people die in intensive care units.
+That's the momentum we're getting at the moment.
+As for why this is happening, this is the cause and I need to explain what this is all about.
+There are 4 ways to do this.
+So any of these things will happen to us all.
+The one you are most familiar with is sudden death, which is of increasing historical interest.
+With an audience of this size, it's very likely that something like this won't happen to anyone.
+Sudden death has become very rare.
+No more Little Nell and Cordelia deaths or anything like that.
+The death process we have just seen for terminally ill people also happens to young people.
+By the time you're 80, that won't happen anymore.
+Only 1 in 10 people over the age of 80 will die from cancer.
+These are the big growth industries.
+When you die, your respiratory system, heart, kidneys, and all other organs become clogged and organ failure progresses. These are all acute hospital admissions, and at the end or some point in between, someone says, "Enough is enough," and we stop.
+And this is the biggest growth industry of all, and at least 6 out of 10 people in this room will die in this form. This is the decline in ability that comes with increasing frailty, and frailty is an unavoidable part of aging and increasing frailty. Years, or the last year of your life, will be spent with major disabilities.
+Are you enjoying yourself so far? (Laughter) (Laughter) Sorry, I'm feeling so Cassandra here.
+(Laughter.) How can you say it's positive? The good thing is that this is happening now at very old ages.
+We all live for most of us to reach this point.
+Historically, we didn't do that.
+This is what happens when you live longer, but unfortunately longer life means more aging, not more youth.
+very sorry. (Laughter) What we've done, anyway, look, what we've done wasn't just laying this down at John Hunter Hospital or anywhere else.
+We launched a series of projects to see if we could actually involve people more deeply in what happens to them.
+But, of course, we found ourselves dealing with cultural issues. I mean, I love this Klimt painting. Because the more I look, the more I understand the whole issue going on here. Death, the separation of the living, and the terror—when you actually look at it, it feels like there's a woman there with her eyes wide open.
+She is the person he is looking for and the person he is looking for. can you see it?
+She seems frightened.
+That's a great picture.
+Anyway, we had a big cultural problem.
+Clearly, people didn't want us to talk about death, or we thought we did.
+So, with significant funding from the federal government and local health departments, we introduced what John Hunter called "respecting patient choice."
+We trained hundreds of people to go to hospital wards and tell people about the fact that they were going to die one day and what they wanted under the circumstances.
+they liked it Both the family and the patient loved it.
+98% of people really thought this should be normal practice and things should be this way.
+And when they expressed their wishes, all those wishes came true, so to speak.
+We were able to make it happen for them.
+But when the funds ran out and I went to see it again half a year later, everyone stopped again and no one was having that conversation anymore.
+For us this was really heartbreaking. Because I thought this would work really well.
+Cultural issues were reaffirmed.
+Here's the pitch: Especially now that we're older and more frail and need less in ICU, we all don't really think twice about whether we want to go there eventually. Also, I think it's important to go to ICU instead of just getting on this highway to ICU. We have less and less to offer.
+There needs to be a small side street off it for those who don't want to walk down that road.
+And I have one small idea and one big idea of ​​what's going to happen.
+And here is a small idea.
+The little idea is, let's all get more involved in this, in the way Jason described.
+Why can't we have these conversations with our elders and those who may be facing this problem?
+There are several things you can do.
+One of them is to ask a simple question: This question never fails.
+"If you get sick and can't talk about yourself, who would you like to speak for?"
+This is a very important question to ask people. Because giving people control over who they are has great results.
+The second thing I can say is, "Did you talk to the person about what's important to you to better understand what we can do?"
+That's just an idea.
+I think the big ideas are more political.
+I think we have to work on this.
+I suggested, "Occupy death."
+(Laughter) My wife said, 'Well, we're going to have a sit-in in the mortuary.
+yeah yeah. (Laughs) It didn't actually happen, but I was really shocked by it.
+Now I'm an old hippie.
+I don't know, I don't think it looks that way anymore, but yes, two of my kids were born at home in the 80's and home birthing was all the rage back then and us baby boomers were to blame. If I were to replace all those birth words I'm used to having, I like "Peace, Love, Natural Death" as an option.
+I think we need to get political and take this process back from the medicalized model.
+Now listen, that sounds like euthanasia propaganda.
+I want to make it clear to everyone, I hate euthanasia. I think it's a sideshow.
+I don't think euthanasia has anything to do with it.
+In fact, in places like Oregon where physician-assisted suicide is possible, you'd probably end up ingesting poison, but only 0.5 percent of people would do that.
+I'm more interested in what happens to the 99.5 percent who don't want it.
+I think most people don't want to die, but I think most people would like some control over how their dying process goes.
+So, even though I am against euthanasia, I think people have to take some control back.
+It deprives euthanasia of its oxygen supply.
+I think we should consider making euthanasia illegal or legal, or thwarting the desire for euthanasia rather than worrying about it at all.
+These are the words of Dame Cicely Sanders that I met when I was a medical student.
+She founded the hospice movement.
+And she said, "You matter because you are, and you matter until the last minute of your life."
+And I strongly believe that is the message that we must deliver.
+thank you. (applause)
+Imagine finding yourself a performance artist after seven years at MIT and labs.
+(Laughter) I'm also a software engineer, and I use computers to create all kinds of art.
+And I think what interests me the most is trying to find ways to make the computer a personal way of expression.
+And a lot of you guys out there are heads of Macromedia and Microsoft, and in a way they're my bane. I think there is a great homogenizing force that software forces on people, limiting the way people think about what a computer can do.
+Of course, it's also a great liberating force that makes publishing and such and standards possible.
+But in some ways computers can do more than most people realize. My art is just trying to find ways to use computers for personal use, and writing software for it.
+Chris asked me to do a short performance, so this time I'm going to do it for maybe 10 minutes. And hopefully at the end I'd like to show you some of my other projects. in video format.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) We have about a minute left.
+I would like to show you a clip of a recent project.
+I performed with two singers who are good at making strange sounds with their mouths.
+And it was just announced at ARS Electronica last September. We repeated it in England as well.
+And the idea is to visualize their speeches and songs on the big screen behind them.
+To find out where they are, we used a computer vision tracking system.
+And we know where their heads are and we put wireless mics on them to process the audio, so the visuals are very closely linked to what they're doing in their speech. You can create a ligation.
+This takes about 30 seconds.
+He's making a cheek-flapping noise.
+Well, suffice it to say that not all are, but that's part.
+Thank you very much. There are always more.
+I'm working overtime, so I just wanted to say that if you're in New York, check out my work at the Whitney Biennale next week and at the Bitforms Gallery in Chelsea.
+I think I'm going to quit the stage now, thank you very much.
+Last year, I told you three things.
+He said that world statistics are not properly published.
+So we still have the old idea of ​​developing in developed countries, which is wrong.
+And animated graphics can make a difference.
+Things are changing and today the United Nations Statistics Office website states that full access to the database will be granted by May 1st.
+(Applause.) And if I could share the image on the screen with you.
+So three things happened.
+The United Nations has published a statistical database. Also, new versions of the software have been posted online as betas, so there's no need to download them anymore.
+And let me repeat what you saw last year.
+A bubble is a country.
+Here we have the fertility rate, the number of children per woman, which gives us the life expectancy in years.
+This is 1950. There were developed countries and developing countries.
+At that time there was "us" and "them".
+There was a big difference in the world.
+But then things changed and it worked out very well.
+And this happens.
+You can see how China is a big red bubble.
+The blue there is India.
+And they're going to explore all of this -- this year they're going to be a little more serious and show how things have really changed.
+Africa stands out as a problem here, right?
+Large families still remain, and the HIV epidemic has wrecked countries in this way.
+This is more or less what we saw last year and this will continue in the future as well.
+I will continue to talk about this, but is this possible?
+Because I presented non-existent statistics.
+Because this is where we are.
+Is it possible for something like this to happen?
+I'm going to end my life here, you know?
+I expect to live 100 years.
+And this is where we are today.
+Now, can we look instead at the global economic situation?
+And I want to show that to my children's survival.
+Try swapping the axles.
+Here we have child mortality, or survival, where 4 children die and 200 die.
+And here is GDP per capita on this axis.
+And this was in 2007.
+We went back in time and added historical stats. 100 years ago there weren't many statistics.
+Some countries still had statistics.
+Our archives show that, going back to 1820, only Austria and Sweden can give figures.
+(Laughter.) But they were here. They had $1,000 a year per person.
+And they lost a fifth of their children before their first birthday.
+So what happens in the world when you play the whole world.
+Add stats on how they gradually got richer.
+Don't you think statistics are beautiful?
+Do you see how important that is?
+And here children do not live long.
+The last century, 1870, was a bad year for European children. Because most of this statistic is about Europe.
+It was the first time in this century that more than 90 percent of children survived their first year.
+This is India. First data from India appear.
+And this means the US is making more money away from here.
+And soon China will appear in the farthest corners here.
+And it goes on as Mao becomes healthier, not so wealthy.
+There he died, after which Deng Xiaoping brought the money.
+Move over here.
+And the bubbles keep moving up, and this is how the world looks today.
+(Applause.) Look at the United States.
+we have a role here. I can tell the world to stay there.
+And I'll take the United States -- we still want the background -- I've laid them out like this, but now I'm going backwards.
+And you can see that the US is leaning to the right of the mainstream.
+They are always on the money side.
+And in 1915, the United States was a neighbor of India, which is now India.
+That is, the United States was richer, but proportionately lost more children than India does today.
+And look here - compare to the Philippines today.
+The Philippines economy today is about the same size as the United States during World War I.
+But to find America's sanity similar to that of the Philippines, we have to push America forward for quite some time.
+Around 1957, the health situation in the United States was the same as in the Philippines.
+And this is the drama of this world that many call globalization, where Asia, Arabian countries and Latin America are far more advanced in terms of health, education and human resources than they are economically.
+There is a contradiction in what is currently happening in emerging countries.
+There is now more social gain, social progress than economic progress.
+And in 1957 -- the US had the same economy as Chile does today.
+And how long will it take for the United States to have the same health status as Chile does today?
+I think we have to go there, we have 2001 or 2002, but the US is as healthy as Chile.
+Chile has caught up!
+Within a few years, Chile may have better child survival than the United States.
+This is really a change, more or less a 30, 40 year difference in health.
+And behind health lies the level of education.
+And there's a lot of infrastructure stuff, and general talent is there.
+Now you can get rid of this. And I want to show the speed, the speed of change, how fast they went.
+And I would like to go back to 1920 and look at Japan.
+And I would like to focus on Sweden and the United States.
+And I'm going to organize a race here between a yellowish Ford like this and a red Toyota there and a brownish Volvo.
+(Laughter) So let's go. please.
+Toyota is off to a very bad start here and US Ford is going off-road there.
+And Volvo is doing very well.
+This is war. Toyota has gone off track and now Toyota is on the healthier side of Sweden - get it?
+And they have taken over Sweden and are now healthier than Sweden.
+That's the part where I sold the Volvo and bought the Toyota.
+(Laughter) And now you can see that the speed of change in Japan has been tremendous.
+They really caught up.
+And this will change gradually.
+You have to look across generations to understand it.
+And let me show you my own family history. I created these graphs here.
+And this is the same thing, money and health out there, you know?
+And this is my family.
+This is Sweden in 1830, when my great-grandmother was born.
+Sweden was like Sierra Leone today.
+And my great-grandmother was born in 1863.
+And Sweden was like Mozambique.
+And this is 1891, when my grandmother was born.
+She took care of me when I was a kid, so I'm not talking about statistics now. Now that's my family's oral history.
+I believe in statistics when they are verified by grandma.
+(Laughter) I think that's the best way to validate historical statistics.
+Sweden was like Ghana.
+It's interesting to see the diversity of sub-Saharan Africa.
+I said it last year, and I'll say it again, my mother was born in Egypt, and I - who am I?
+I am Mexican in my family.
+And my daughter was born in Chile, and my granddaughter was born in Singapore, which is now the healthiest country on earth.
+It bypassed Sweden about 2-3 years ago and improved child survival.
+But it's very small, you know?
+They are so close to the hospital that you can never beat them in this forest.
+(Laughter) But it's an homage to Singapore.
+Singapore is the best.
+This also sounds like a very good story.
+But it's not all that easy when it comes to good news.
+Because you have to guide other facilities.
+You can also represent variables with colors here. And what are we choosing here?
+Carbon footprint, tons per person.
+This was in 1962 and the US was emitting 16 tons per person.
+And China emitted 0.6 tons per capita and India 0.32 tons.
+And what happens when you move on?
+Well, the great story of getting richer and healthier, everyone did it at the expense of their carbon footprint.
+No one has ever done it before.
+And since this is very hot data today, we don't have all the updated data anymore.
+And there it is in 2001.
+In my discussions with world leaders, many said the problem now is that emerging countries are emitting too much carbon.
+India's environment minister said 'you are the one who caused the problem'.
+It is the OECD countries, the high-income countries, that have caused climate change.
+"But you didn't know that, so we forgive you.
+But from now on I will count per person.
+From now on, I will count per person.
+And everyone is responsible for per capita emissions. "
+Indeed, nowhere in the world has economic and health progressed so successfully without destroying the climate.
+And this is what really needs to change.
+It's been criticized for showing too positive an image of the world, but I don't think so.
+The world is a rather messy place.
+You can call this Dollar Street.
+Everyone lives on the streets here.
+The amount they earn here, the amount they live on, is their daily income.
+This family earns about $1 per day.
+We drove down the streets here and saw a family earning about $2-3 a day.
+And we drove away from here - we found the first gardens on the street and they make $10 to $50 a day.
+and how do they live?
+If you look at the bed here, you can see that they sleep with a rug on the floor.
+This is the poverty line. Eighty percent of household income just covers energy needs and food for the day.
+This is between $2 and $5. You have a bed.
+And here is a nicer bedroom, as you can see.
+I gave a lecture on this at IKEA and they immediately wanted to see this sofa.
+(Laughter) And here's the sofa. how it comes out of there.
+And what's interesting is that if you go around here in the panorama, you can still see the family sitting on the floor.
+There are sofas, but if you look at the kitchen you'll see that $1-$10 isn't much different for women.
+It is here that families can get really good working conditions.
+If you really want to know the difference, look at the toilet here.
+This is subject to change. This is subject to change.
+These are all photos and images from Africa and could be even better.
+We can lift ourselves out of poverty.
+My own research is not about IT or anything like that.
+For 20 years, I have been reporting to farmers in Africa who were on the verge of starvation.
+This is the result of a survey of farmers' needs.
+The good thing here is that you can't see who the researcher is in this picture.
+That's when research works in poor societies. You really have to live with people.
+In poverty, survival is all that matters.
+It's about eating.
+And these two young farmers, now girls because their parents died of HIV and AIDS, talk to a trained agronomist.
+This is Junathambe Kumbira, one of Malawi's foremost agronomists, discussing what species to plant in cassava, the best converter of sunlight into food that mankind has discovered.
+And they are very keen to seek advice on how to survive in poverty.
+That's one context.
+to get out of poverty.
+The women told us one thing. "Give me your technology.
+We hate enduring this mortar for hours.
+Prepare a mill so that you can mill the flour. Then we can pay the rest of the costs ourselves. "
+Technology can lift us out of poverty, but we need markets to lift us out of poverty.
+And this woman is very happy to have her product on the market now.
+But she appreciates the public investment in schooling so much that she can count and won't be fooled when she hits the market.
+She wants her children to be healthy so they don't have to stay at home and can go to the market.
+And she wants infrastructure - just paved roads.
+Credits are fine.
+Microcredit gave her the bike.
+And information tells us which products to bring to market and when.
+you can do this
+Twenty years of experience in Africa has taught me that the seemingly impossible is possible.
+Africa did nothing wrong.
+In 50 years they have changed from a pre-medieval situation to a very decent 100-year-old Europe with working nations and nations.
+Over the past 50 years, Sub-Saharan Africa has arguably been the world's best performer.
+Because it doesn't consider where they came from.
+Fifty years ago, to put us together, Argentina and Mozambique, and claim that Mozambique did worse is a stupid notion of developing countries.
+We have to know a little more about the world.
+There is a person in my neighborhood who is familiar with 200 types of wine.
+he knows everything
+He knows the name of the grapes, the temperature, everything.
+I know only two kinds of wine, red and white.
+(Laughter) But my neighbor only knows two kinds of countries: developed and developing.
+And I know about 200 small data.
+But it can.
+(Applause.) But I have to be serious. And how do you get serious?
+You're making powerpoints, right?
+(Laughter) It's an homage to the Office package.
+What is this, what is this, what am I saying?
+I would like to say that development has many facets.
+Everyone wants your pet's.
+If you are in the corporate sector, you love microcredit.
+Those who fight in non-governmental organizations value equality between men and women.
+Alternatively, if you are a teacher, you will love UNESCO. etc.
+At the global level, we must have more than what we have.
+we need everything
+All of this is important for development, especially if you have just emerged from poverty and need to head towards welfare.
+Now what we have to think about is what are the goals of development and what are the means for development.
+Tell me first what is the most important measure.
+For me, a public health professor, economic growth is paramount for development because it explains 80% of survival.
+governance. Having a functioning government is what saved California from the misery of 1850.
+It was the government that finally made the law work.
+Education and human resources are important.
+Health is important too, but it's not that important in the sense.
+Environment is important.
+Human rights are also important, but there is only one cross.
+What about goals? where are we going?
+We are not interested in money.
+Money is not the goal.
+The best average, but zero as a goal.
+Reign, it's fun to vote for little things, but that's not the goal.
+Going to school is a means, not a goal.
+Health I would like to make two points. I mean, it's great to be healthy -- especially at my age -- and it's okay to stand here, you're healthy.
+That's good. It has two advantages.
+Environment is very very important.
+If I don't save money, I have nothing for my grandchildren.
+But where are the important goals?
+Of course it is a human right.
+Human rights are a goal, but a less powerful means of achieving development.
+and culture. I say culture is the most important thing. Because it brings joy to life.
+That's what life is worth.
+Thus, seemingly impossible things become possible.
+African countries can also achieve this.
+And I showed you shots that make seemingly impossible shots possible.
+And remember my main message. This means that the seemingly impossible is possible.
+we can have a better world.
+I showed you the shots and proved it in powerpoint. I think you can understand it depending on the culture.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Bring me my sword!
+The act of swallowing a sword comes from ancient India.
+It's a cultural expression that has inspired humans to think beyond the obvious for thousands of years.
+(Laughter) And I'm going to prove that the seemingly impossible is possible by using this piece of steel -- solid steel -- this was Sweden in 1850 when there was a war last year. A military bayonet used by the military.
+And it's all solid steel - you can hear it here.
+And I will take this steel blade and thrust it into a body of blood and flesh to prove that the seemingly impossible is possible.
+Can I request a moment of complete silence?
+(applause)
+The electricity that powers the lights in this theater was just generated.
+In the current situation, there must always be a balance between power demand and power supply.
+If tens of megawatts of wind power had stopped flowing into the grid by the time I was on this stage, the difference would have to be made up immediately from other generators.
+But coal-fired and nuclear power plants cannot respond quickly enough.
+A huge battery is possible.
+Giant batteries would address the intermittent problems that prevent wind and solar from contributing to the grid, much like coal, gas, and nuclear power do today.
+As you know, the battery is the device that fulfills the important function here.
+With it, you can get electricity from the sun even when the sun isn't shining.
+And that changes everything.
+Because renewable energy such as wind and solar comes out of the wings and takes center stage here.
+Today I would like to talk about such a device.
+They are called liquid metal batteries.
+This is a new form of energy storage that I invented at MIT with a team of students and postdocs.
+Well, the theme of this year's TED conference is full spectrum.
+The OED defines the spectrum as "the entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays, with visible light being only a fraction".
+So I'm not here today just to tell you how my team at MIT derived a solution to one of the world's greatest problems from nature.
+I would like to share with you all aspects of how, in the process of developing this new technology, we uncovered an astonishing heresy that could serve as a lesson for innovation and ideas worth spreading.
+And you know, if we're going to get this country out of its current energy situation, it's more than just securing an exit. You can't just punch a hole and escape. You cannot escape by bombing.
+We're going to do it the old American way, we'll work together to invent our own way.
+(Applause) So let's get started.
+This battery was invented about 200 years ago by Professor Alessandro Volta of the University of Padua, Italy.
+His inventions spawned new scientific disciplines, electrochemistry, and new technologies such as electroplating.
+Perhaps overlooked, Volta's invention of the battery also proved the usefulness of the professor for the first time.
+(Laughter) Until Volta, no one could have imagined that a professor would be useful.
+This is my first battery. A bundle of zinc and silver coins separated by cardboard soaked in salt water.
+This is the starting point for battery design. Two electrodes (metals of different compositions in this case) and an electrolyte (in this case a salt dissolved in water).
+Science is very simple.
+Admittedly, we left out some details.
+Well, the science of batteries is simple and has taught us that the need for grid-level storage is dire, but the fact is that today we can meet the stringent performance requirements of the grid, i.e. anomalously high power Battery technology does not exist. , long service life and ultra-low cost.
+We have to look at the problem differently.
+We need to think big and we need to think cheap.
+So let's abandon the paradigm of trying to find the coolest chemistry and, if possible, just chase the cost curve by making lots of products.
+Instead, consider electricity market prices.
+This means that certain parts of the periodic table are axiomatically off-limits.
+This battery must be made from elements that are abundant on Earth.
+If you want to make something very cheap, I say, make it out of dirt. (laughs) If possible, use local soil.
+And we need to be able to build this using simple manufacturing techniques and factories without breaking the bank.
+So about six years ago I started thinking about this problem.
+And to take a fresh perspective, we sought inspiration from beyond the field of energy storage.
+In fact, I looked at technologies that neither store nor generate electricity, but consume large amounts of it instead.
+We are talking about the production of aluminum.
+This process was invented in 1886 by a 22-year-old couple, Hall of the United States and Herault of France.
+And in just a few short years of its discovery, aluminum has gone from being a precious metal as expensive as silver to a common structural material.
+You are looking at a modern aluminum smelter cell house.
+It's about 50 feet wide and about half a mile deep. There are many rows of cells. Internally, it resembles a Volta battery, but with three key differences.
+Volta batteries work at room temperature.
+It is equipped with solid electrodes and an electrolyte, which is a solution of salt and water.
+Hall-Hellouser operates at high temperatures, which are high enough to turn aluminum metal products liquid.
+Electrolytes are dissolved salts, not salt and water solutions.
+The combination of liquid metal, molten salt, and high temperature makes it possible to pass large currents through this object.
+Today we can produce virgin metal from ore at a cost of less than 50 cents per pound.
+That is the economic miracle of modern electrometallurgy.
+This caught my attention and made me obsessed with inventing batteries that could capture this huge economy of scale.
+And I did.
+I made the battery all liquid, i.e. used liquid metal for both electrodes and molten salt for the electrolyte.
+Here's how.
+So I put a low density liquid metal on top, a high density liquid metal on the bottom, and a molten salt in between.
+So how should you choose the metal?
+For me, the design exercise always starts here, with the periodic table published by another professor, Dimitri Mendeleev.
+Everything we know is made up of combinations of what is pictured here.
+And that includes our own bodies.
+I remember one day searching for a pair of metals that would satisfy the constraints of Earth's abundance, different opposing densities, and high mutual reactivity.
+It was a real thrill when I knew I had found the answer.
+Magnesium in the top layer.
+And the bottom layer is antimony.
+You know, I have to say that one of the biggest perks of being a professor is colored chalk.
+(Laughter) To produce an electric current, magnesium loses two electrons to become a magnesium ion, moves through the electrolyte, receives two electrons from antimony, and mixes with antimony to form an alloy.
+Electrons work here in the real world and power our devices.
+Then connect the power to charge the battery.
+It could be something like a wind farm.
+and reverse the flow.
+This releases the magnesium from the alloy back to the top electrode, restoring the battery's initial configuration.
+And the current flowing between the electrodes generates enough heat to maintain the temperature.
+At least in theory, that's pretty cool.
+But does it really work?
+So what next?
+we go to the laboratory.
+Should I hire an experienced professional this time?
+No, I hire a student to guide me, teach me how to think about a problem, how to see it from my point of view, and then I let him go.
+This is that student, David Bradwell. In this image it looks like you are wondering if this will work.
+What I didn't tell David at the time was that I myself wasn't sure it would work.
+But David is young, he's smart, he wants to get a PhD, and he's going to build -- (Laughter) He's going to build the first ever liquid metal battery with this chemistry.
+And, based on David's first promising results, paid for with MIT seed funding, I was able to raise significant research funding from the private sector and the federal government.
+As a result, I was able to expand my group to 20 people, including graduate students, postdocs, and even undergraduates.
+And I've been able to attract some really, really great people, people who share my passion for science and service to society, rather than science and service for career building.
+Ask these people why they are working on liquid metal batteries, and their answers will recall President Kennedy's remarks made at Rice University in 1962. President Kennedy said, let him be free here, "We have chosen to work on the power grid." Flat storage isn't because it's easy, it's because it's hard. "
+(Applause) This is the evolution of liquid metal batteries.
+We'll start here with the flagship 1 Watt-hour cell.
+I used to call it a shot glass.
+We have operated over 400 of these to date and have perfected their performance using multiple chemicals as well as magnesium and antimony.
+Along the way I scaled up to a 20 watt hour cell.
+I call it a hockey puck.
+And got similar amazing results.
+And it was on the saucer.
+That's 200 watt hours.
+The technology was proving to be robust and scalable.
+But the pace wasn't fast enough for us.
+So a year and a half ago, David and I, along with another research staff, founded a company to accelerate the pace of progress and the race to manufacture products.
+So LMBC is now building cells that are 16 inches in diameter and have a capacity of 1 kilowatt-hour, or 1,000 times the capacity of early shot glass cells.
+We call it pizza.
+And 4-kilowatt-hour batteries are on the horizon.
+36 inches in diameter.
+We call it the Bistro Table, but it's not ready for primetime viewing yet.
+And one variation of this technology is to stack the bistro tabletops into modules and aggregate them into giant batteries that fit in a 40-foot shipping container for on-site installation.
+And it has a nameplate capacity of 2 megawatt hours, or 2 million watt hours.
+That's enough energy to meet the daily power needs of 200 American homes.
+This is grid level storage. Quiet, no emissions, no moving parts, remotely controlled, subsidized and designed for market price.
+So what have we learned from all this?
+(Applause.) So what have we learned from all this?
+Let's share some of the surprises and heresy.
+They are beyond the visible.
+Temperature: Common sense says that you should set the temperature at or near room temperature and have a control system in place to maintain that temperature.
+Avoid thermal runaway.
+Liquid metal batteries are designed to operate at high temperatures with minimal regulations.
+Our batteries can handle very high temperature rises due to current surges.
+Scaling: Conventional wisdom dictates that you reduce costs by producing more.
+Liquid metal batteries are designed to reduce production volume and reduce costs, but the batteries are bulky.
+And finally, human resources. Conventional wisdom dictates that you should hire a battery expert, an experienced professional who can draw on their wealth of experience and knowledge.
+I hired and mentored students and postdocs to develop liquid metal batteries.
+In batteries, we strive to maximize the potential. When I coach, I strive to maximize human potential.
+So the story of the liquid metal battery is not just a description of technical invention, but a blueprint for inventors to invent all sorts of fields.
+(applause)
+You should be nice to nerds.
+In fact, I would go so far as to say that if you don't already have a geek, you should get one.
+I'm just saying
+Scientists and engineers change the world.
+I would like to talk to you about DARPA, a magical place where scientists and engineers try the impossible and are not afraid to fail.
+Well, these two ideas are more connected than you might think. Because once you get rid of the fear of failure, the impossible suddenly becomes possible.
+If you want to know how, ask yourself these questions: "What are you going to do when you know you can't fail?"
+If you really ask yourself this question, you can't help but feel uncomfortable.
+I feel a little uncomfortable.
+Because when you ask, you begin to understand how the fear of failure binds you, how it prevents you from trying great things, and makes life boring and great things stop happening. .
+Sure, good things happen, but amazing things stop happening.
+Let me be clear here: I'm not encouraging failure, I'm alleviating the fear of failure.
+Because it is not the failure itself that binds us.
+The road to something truly new and never-before-seen always involves failure.
+we are being tested.
+And partly, I feel that testing is the right part to accomplish something great.
+"Failure makes life interesting," Clemenceau said, "because it's a sign that you're beyond yourself."
+In 1895, Lord Kelvin declared a heavier-than-air flying machine impossible.
+In October 1903, the prevailing opinion among aerodynamics experts was that we could probably build a flying aircraft within 10 million years.
+And two months later, on December 17th, Orville Wright powered the first plane to cross the beaches of North Carolina.
+Flight time was 12 seconds and range was 120 feet.
+It was 1903.
+A year later, the next Impossible Proclamation began.
+"Airplanes are interesting toys, but they have no military value," said French General Ferdinand Foch, considered one of the most original and sensitive thinkers in the French army.
+Forty years later, aviation experts coined the term transonic.
+They debated whether to have one S or two.
+As you know, they had problems with this regime of flight and it was not at all clear that we could fly above the speed of sound.
+In 1947 there was no wind tunnel data above Mach 0.85.
+Yet, on Tuesday, October 14, 1947, Chuck Yeager climbed into the cockpit of the Bell X-1 and flew into the unknown, becoming the first pilot to fly above the speed of sound in doing so.
+Six of the eight Atlas rockets exploded on the pad.
+After 11 complete mission failures, we got our first image from space.
+And that first flight captured more data than all U-2 missions combined.
+It took a lot of failures to get there.
+Ever since we took to the skies, we've wanted to fly faster and farther.
+And to do so, we had to believe in the impossible.
+And we had to refuse to fear failure.
+It still holds true.
+Today we are not talking about transonic or supersonic flight. We're talking about hypersonic flight, not Mach 2 or Mach 3 or Mach 20.
+At Mach 20, you can fly from New York to Long Beach in 11 minutes and 20 seconds.
+At that speed, the surface of the wing is at the temperature of molten steel, 3,500 degrees Fahrenheit like a blast furnace.
+We are basically burning our wings in flight.
+And we're flying it, or about to be.
+DARPA's hypersonic test vehicle is the fastest maneuverable aircraft ever built.
+It will be launched to near space on a Minotaur IV rocket.
+Here, the Minotaur IV has too much thrust, so we need to remove the thrust by flying the rocket at an 89 degree angle of attack for part of its trajectory.
+That's an unnatural act for a rocket.
+The third stage has a camera.
+We call it Rocket Cam.
+And it is aimed at hypersonic gliders.
+This is actual rocket camera footage from the first flight.
+I changed the aspect ratio a bit to hide the shape.
+But this is what it looks like when you see an unmanned glider entering Earth's atmosphere from the third stage of a rocket.
+We flew twice.
+For the first flight, no aerodynamic control of the vehicle was used.
+But the hypersonic flight data we've collected has collected more data than 30 years of ground testing combined.
+The second flight was three minutes of fully controlled aerodynamic flight at Mach 20.
+we have to fly again. Because the wonders that have never been done require flight.
+You can't learn how to fly at Mach 20 without flying.
+There is no substitute for speed, but maneuverability is a close second.
+If a Mach 20 glider takes 11 minutes and 20 seconds to get from New York to Long Beach, it would take a hummingbird a few days.
+As you know, hummingbirds are not hypersonic, but they are maneuverable.
+In fact, hummingbirds are the only birds that can fly backwards.
+You can fly up, down, forward, backward and even upside down.
+So if you want to fly in this room or anywhere humans can't go, you're going to need an aircraft small enough and maneuverable enough to be able to do that.
+This is a hummingbird drone.
+It can fly in all directions and even backwards.
+It can hover and rotate.
+This prototype is equipped with a video camera.
+It weighs less than a single AA battery.
+I don't eat honey.
+In 2008, it flew for a whopping 20 seconds, but a year later it was 2 minutes, then 6 minutes, and finally 11 minutes.
+Many prototypes crashed.
+But there's no way to learn to fly like a hummingbird unless you're flying.
+(Applause) Beautiful.
+oh.
+it's great.
+Matt is the first ever hummingbird pilot.
+(Applause.) To create something new and great, you have to make mistakes.
+We cannot both fear failure and create amazing new things. For example, a robot with dog-like stability over rough terrain and ice. A robot that can run like a cheetah and climb stairs like a human, albeit clumsily like a human at times.
+Or maybe Spider-Man will one day become Gekko-Man.
+Geckos can support their entire weight on one toe.
+One square millimeter of a gecko's sole has 14,000 hair-like structures called setae.
+They are used to help grip onto surfaces using intermolecular forces.
+It is now possible to manufacture structures that mimic gecko foot hairs.
+The result is a 4x4 inch artificial nano gecko glue.
+It can support a static load of 660 pounds.
+That's enough to stick six 42-inch plasma TVs to the wall without nails.
+So much for Velcro, right?
+And that applies not only to passive structures, but to the entire machine.
+This is a spider mite.
+It's only 1mm in length, but it looks like Godzilla when it's next to this micromachine.
+In the world of Godzilla Spider Mite, millions of mirrors one-fifth the diameter of a human hair can be made and moved hundreds of thousands of times per second to create a large-screen display. This allows you to watch movies like "Godzilla". ” in high image quality.
+And if we can build machines at that scale, what about Eiffel Tower-like trusses at the microscale?
+Now we are making a metal that is lighter than Styrofoam. It is so light that if you sit on a dandelion cotton, it will be blown away with a swipe of air. It's so light that you can build a car that two people can lift, but it's very strong. It has the same crash safety as an SUV.
+From the tiniest air to the mighty force of natural storms.
+There are 44 lightning strikes every second around the world.
+Each lightning bolt heats the air to 44,000 degrees Fahrenheit. It gets hotter than the surface of the sun.
+What if these electromagnetic pulses could be used as beacons within a moving network of powerful transmitters?
+Experiments show that lightning could be the next GPS.
+Electrical pulses form thoughts in our brains.
+Using a thumb-sized grid with 32 electrodes on the surface of his brain, Tim uses his thoughts to control his advanced prosthetic hand.
+And his thoughts reached out to Katie.
+This is the first time a human has controlled a robot using only his thoughts.
+And it's been seven years since Tim held Katie's hand.
+That moment was important to Tim and Katie, and this green goo might be important to you one day.
+This green goo is probably the vaccine that will save your life.
+Made in a tobacco factory.
+Tobacco factories could produce millions of doses of the vaccine in weeks instead of months, and this could be the very first healthy use of tobacco.
+And if smoking makes people healthier is crazy, what about gamers who can solve problems that experts can't?
+Last September, Foldit gamers solved the three-dimensional structure of the retroviral protease that causes AIDS in rhesus monkeys.
+Understanding this structure is crucial for developing therapeutics.
+For 15 years it remained unsolved in the scientific community.
+Foldit gamers solved this problem in 15 days.
+Now they could do it by working together.
+They were connected through the internet, so they could work together.
+Those also connected to the Internet used the Internet as an instrument of democracy.
+Together they changed the fate of the country.
+Two billion people, 30% of the world's population, live on the Internet.
+It allows us to contribute and be heard as individuals.
+It allows us to expand our voice and power as a group.
+But it was also a humble beginning.
+In 1969, the Internet was just a dream with a few sketches on paper.
+And on October 29th, the first packet-switched message was sent from UCLA to SRI.
+Only the first two letters (L and O) of the word "Login" got through, after which a buffer overflow crashed the system.
+(Laughter) Two letters, L and O, are now a global force.
+So who are the scientists and engineers in the magical place called DARPA?
+They are geeks and heroes among us.
+They challenge existing perspectives under the most demanding conditions at the cutting edge of science.
+They are a reminder that if you don't be afraid to try the impossible and fail, you can change the world.
+They remind us that we all have geek powers.
+sometimes we forget.
+See, there was a time when you weren't afraid to fail. When you were a great artist, a great dancer, you could sing, you were good at math, you could build things, you were an astronaut, you were an adventurer. Jacques Cousteau, you could jump higher, run faster and kick harder than anyone else.
+You believed in the impossible and you were fearless.
+You were fully and completely connected to your inner superhero.
+Scientists and engineers can certainly change the world.
+So can you.
+you were born to do that.
+So ask yourself, what would you do if you knew you couldn't fail?
+My point here is that this is not easy.
+It's hard to keep this feeling going, it's really hard.
+In a way, I believe that it is difficult.
+Doubt and fear always creep in.
+We think someone else, someone smarter than us, someone more capable, someone with more resources will solve the problem.
+But no one else. there is only you
+And if you're lucky, at that moment someone might step into that doubt and fear, take your hand, and say, "Let me help you believe."
+Jason Hurley did it for me.
+Jason joined DARPA on March 18, 2010.
+He was on our transportation team.
+I see Jason almost every day, sometimes twice a day.
+And he has been through more good times and bad times, celebrations and disappointments than most.
+And on a particularly dark day for me, Jason sat down and wrote an email.
+He was encouraging but firm.
+And when he hit the submit button, he probably didn't realize how much difference it made.
+it was important to me.
+In that moment, and even now, when I have doubts, when I feel fear, when I want to reconnect with that feeling, I think of his words. It was so powerful.
+Text: "You only have enough time to iron your cape and fly back to the sky for you."
+♫ Superheroes, superheroes. ♫ ♫ Superheroes, superheroes. ♫ ♫ Superheroes, superheroes. ♫ ♫ Superheroes, superheroes. ♫ ♫ Superheroes, superheroes. ♫ Voice: Because that's what being a superhero is all about.
+RD: "We only have enough time to iron the cape and fly it back to the sky for you."
+And please be nice to geeks.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you, Regina.
+I have a few questions.
+So I think your glider, the Mach 20 glider, the first glider, got out of control and fell somewhere in the Pacific Ocean.
+RD: Yes, yes. It was. (CA: What happened on that second flight?) Yes, it also went to the Pacific. (CA: But under control this time?) We didn't fly it into the Pacific.
+No, the trajectory has multiple tough spots in terms of actually flying at that speed.
+And on the second flight, I was able to maintain full aerodynamic control for three minutes before I lost it.
+CA: I don't think there are plans to start passenger service from New York to Long Beach anytime soon.
+RD: It might be a little hot.
+CA: What do you think the glider is used for?
+RD: Well, our responsibility is to develop the technology for that.
+How it is ultimately used is determined by the military.
+But the purpose of today's vehicles, the purpose of technology, is to be able to get anywhere in the world in less than 60 minutes.
+CA: So to carry a payload over a few pounds? (RD: Yes.) How much load can you carry?
+RD: Well, I don't think you know what will happen in the end.
+You have to fly first.
+CA: But it's not necessarily just the camera?
+RD: No, not necessarily just the camera.
+CA: It's amazing.
+Hummingbird?
+RD: Really?
+CA: I'm curious, it started with a beautiful in-flight sequence where the plane tried to flap its wings and failed horribly, but there haven't been that many planes made since it flapped its wings. .
+Why do you think now is the time to biomimic and copy hummingbirds?
+Isn't that a very expensive solution for small maneuverable flying objects?
+RD: So, partly, we thought we could do that.
+And we need to revisit these questions over time.
+The folks at AeroVironment tried over 300 different wing designs, 12 different forms of avionics.
+It took 10 complete prototypes before we had one that could actually fly.
+But there is something very interesting about this familiar flying machine.
+That's why we often talk about stealth as a means of avoiding detection of any kind, but when things look natural, sometimes they don't.
+CA: Oh. So it's not necessarily just performance.
+That's partly how it looks. (RD: Of course.) It's actually, "Watch that cute hummingbird fly over to my headquarters."
+(Laughter.) Because not only is it awe-inspiring to see it, but I think some of the people here are thinking, Technology is catching up so fast, how long will it be before some crazy geek grabs a tiny remote control and flies around the world? Windows of the White House?
+I mean, are you worried about the Pandora's box problem?
+RD: Well, our sole mission is to create and prevent strategic raids.
+that's what we do.
+If what we do doesn't excite people and make them uncomfortable at the same time, then they wouldn't be able to think of doing it.
+It's just the nature of what we do.
+Now our responsibility is to boost that dominance.
+And, of course, we have to be careful and responsible for how the technology is developed and how it is ultimately used, but we just turn a blind eye and the technology isn't progressing. You can't pretend. it's progressing.
+CA: So you're obviously a really inspirational leader.
+And you convince people to work on these great feats of invention, but on a personal level, in a way, I can't imagine doing your job.
+Do you sometimes wake up in the middle of the night asking questions about the unexpected consequences of team excellence?
+RD: Right.
+I don't think you can be human if you don't ask such questions.
+CA: How would you answer?
+RD: Well, I don't always have the answers.
+I think we will learn as time goes on.
+My job is one of the most exhilarating jobs you can have.
+I work with the most amazing people.
+And with that exhilaration comes a really deep sense of responsibility.
+And then, on the one hand, you have this tremendous increase in potential and this tremendous seriousness that it implies.
+CA: Regina, as you say, it was a jaw-dropping event.
+Thank you for coming to TED. (RD: Thank you.) (Applause)
+I travel all over the world to give talks, and people ask me questions about my struggles, my moments, my regrets.
+1998: A single mother of four, three months after the birth of my fourth child, I began working as a research assistant.
+I have been to northern Liberia.
+And as part of the job, the village will provide you with an inn.
+And they offered me a boarding house with a single mother and her daughter.
+This girl happened to be the only girl in the entire village who went on to grade 9.
+She was the laughingstock of the community.
+Her mother was often told by other women, "You and your children will die of poverty."
+After working in that village for two weeks, it was time to go back.
+The mother came up to me, knelt down, and said, 'Reima, please take my daughter.
+I want her to become a nurse. "
+Being poor and living with my parents, I couldn't afford that.
+With tears in my eyes, I said, "No."
+Two months later, I went to another village on the same mission, but was asked to live with the village chief.
+The head lady of the village has a completely dirty girl with the same fair skin as me.
+And all day she walked around in only her underwear.
+When asked, "Who is that?"
+She said, "It's Wei.
+Her name means pig.
+Her mother died while giving birth to her and no one knew who her father was. "
+For two weeks she became my companion and slept with me.
+I bought her used clothes and bought her first doll.
+The night before I left, she came to my room and said, "Reima, please don't leave me here.
+I want to go with you
+i want to go to school "
+I was very poor, had no money, and lived with my parents, but I said no again.
+Two months later, both these villages were again at war.
+To this day, I have no idea where those two girls are.
+Back in 2004: At the height of our activity, the Minister of Gender of Liberia called me and said, "Miss Leyma, I have a 9-year-old child.
+We don't have a safe home, so I want you to take her home. "
+This girl's story: She was raped daily by her paternal grandfather for six months.
+She came to me bloated and very pale.
+Every night I came home from work and lay on the cold floor.
+She slept next to me and said, "Auntie, I want to get well.
+i want to go to school "
+2010: A young woman stands before President Sirleaf to testify how she and her siblings live together and how her father and mother died during the war.
+she is 19 years old. Her dream is to go to college so she can support them.
+She is very athletic.
+One thing that happened is she applies for a scholarship.
+Full Scholarship. she understands that.
+Her dream of going to school, her desire to get an education has finally come true.
+She goes to school on the first day.
+The sports director responsible for getting her into the program asks her to come out of class.
+And for the next three years, her fate is to have sex with him every day in return for letting her go to school.
+Globally, we have policy, international instruments and working leaders.
+Great people made promises. We protect our children from want and fear.
+The United Nations has the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
+In countries like America, you've heard things like "No Child Left Behind."
+Other countries come with different ones.
+There is a millennium development called Three that focuses on girls.
+I think all the great efforts by great people to get young people where we expect them globally have failed.
+For example, in Liberia, the teenage pregnancy rate is 3 per 10 girls.
+Teenage prostitution is at its peak.
+In one community, when they wake up in the morning, they see used condoms that look like used chewing gum paper.
+A 12-year-old girl is prostituted for less than $1 a night.
+Disappointing, sad.
+And a few days ago, just before a TEDTalk, someone asked me: "So where is hope?"
+A few years ago, some friends of mine decided that we needed to bridge the divide between our generation and that of young women.
+It is not enough to say that there are two Nobel laureates from the Republic of Liberia when your daughters' children are fully out in society and seem hopeless or hopeless.
+We created a space called "Young Girls Transformative Project".
+When we go to a rural community, all we do is create space, as is done in this room.
+When they sit, their intellect is released, their passion is released, their commitment is released, their focus is released, and great leaders are released.
+Currently, we are working with over 300 people.
+And some of the girls who used to walk around the room so shy have taken the bold step of coming out as young mothers and advocating for other young women's rights.
+I met a young woman, a teenage mother of four who never thought she would finish high school, but she did. I didn't think about going to college, so I entered college.
+One day she said to me, "My wish is to finish college and be able to support my children."
+She's in a place where she can't find the money to go to school.
+She sells water, soft drinks and cell phone charging cards.
+And you would think she would take that money and put it back into her education.
+Juanita is her name.
+She takes the money and finds single mothers in the area to send them back to school.
+"Reima, my wish is to get an education.
+And even if I am not educated, my wish is fulfilled to see some of my sisters being educated.
+i wish for a better life
+I want to give food to children.
+I hope that there will be no more sexual abuse and exploitation in schools. "
+This is an African girl's dream.
+A few years ago there was an African girl.
+This girl had a son who asked for donuts because he was so hungry.
+Angry, frustrated and truly upset by the situation in her society and the situation of her children, this girl started a movement of ordinary women to unite for peace.
+Make your wish come true.
+This is also the wish of African girls.
+I couldn't fulfill the wishes of those two girls.
+I couldn't do this.
+What ran through this young woman's mind was this: I failed, failed, failed.
+So I do this.
+Women came out to speak out fearlessly against the brutal dictator.
+Not only did my wish for one donut come true, but my wish for peace also came true.
+This young woman also wanted to go to school.
+she went to school
+This young woman wanted something else to happen, and it happened to her.
+Today, this young woman is me, a Nobel laureate.
+I am now embarking on a journey to fulfill the wishes of African girls, that is, to receive an education.
+We set up a foundation.
+We offer full four-year scholarships to village girls who we believe have potential.
+I don't have much to ask you.
+I have also been to this American place and know that girls in this country have wishes too. A wish to live a better life somewhere in the Bronx, a wish to live a better life somewhere in downtown Los Angeles, a wish to live a better life. A life somewhere in Texas, a wish for a better life somewhere in New York, a wish for a better life somewhere in New Jersey.
+Whether it's an African girl, an American girl, or a Japanese girl, why don't you travel with me to help that girl, fulfill her wishes, fulfill her dreams, and achieve her dreams?
+Because the great innovators and inventors we've talked to and met over the last few days are also sitting in little corners of the world, and what they're asking us to do is increase our intelligence. , unleash their passion and all the wonderfulness they hold within themselves.
+Let's travel together. Let's travel together.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you very much.
+What do you think are the main problems plaguing you in Liberia right now?
+LG: I was asked to lead the Liberia Reconciliation Initiative.
+As part of my work, I conduct such tours in different villages and towns. It takes 13, 15 hours to travel on dirt roads, but I haven't seen a community where I haven't met an intelligent girl.
+But sadly, a vision of a great future or a dream of a great future, with all these vices, is just a dream.
+As I said earlier, teenage pregnancies are in vogue.
+So what's bothering me is that I was in that place and somehow I'm in this place, but I don't want to be the only one in this place.
+I'm looking for a way for other girls to be with me.
+Looking back 20 years from now, I want to know that there is one more Liberian girl, one more Ghanaian girl, one more Nigerian girl, one more Ethiopian girl on this TED stage.
+And perhaps, perhaps, you might say, "I'm here today because of that Nobel Prize winner."
+That's why I'm in trouble when it looks like there's no hope.
+But I know it won't take long to charge, so I'm not too pessimistic.
+CA: And tell us about one hopeful event you've witnessed in the past year.
+LG: I will tell you a lot of hopeful events that I have witnessed.
+But last year, in her village where President Sirleaf is from, we went there to work with them.
+And 25 high school girls were not found.
+These girls all went to the gold mines and had other jobs, mainly as prostitutes.
+We took 50 of those girls and worked with them.
+And this was the beginning of the election.
+This was one of those places where women never existed, and even older women barely sat in circles with men.
+They banded together to form a group and launch a voter registration campaign.
+This is a real country village.
+And the theme they raised is "Even pretty girls vote".
+They were able to mobilize young women.
+But they didn't stop there, they went to people running for election and asked, "If you win, what are you going to give the girls in this community?"
+And one of the people who had already won the seat said that Liberia had one of the strongest rape laws he called the law barbaric and that he fought hard in parliament to overturn it. I was one of those people.
+Rape is not barbaric, he said, but the law is barbaric.
+And when the girls started getting involved with him, he was very hostile towards them.
+These little girls turned to him and said, "I'm running you out of office."
+He is not at work today.
+(Applause) CA: Thank you, Reima. Thank you for coming to TED.
+LG: You're welcome. (CA: Thank you.) (Applause)
+As strange as it sounds, I'm a big fan of concrete blocks.
+The first concrete blocks were manufactured in 1868 with a very simple idea. It consisted of mating modules made of cement of fixed dimensions.
+Concrete blocks soon became the most used building unit in the world.
+Thanks to them, one brick at a time, we were able to build buildings, bridges, and other things bigger than ourselves.
+Essentially concrete blocks have become the building blocks of our time.
+Almost 100 years later, in 1947, Lego invented this.
+It was called Auto Binding Brick.
+And within a few years, Lego bricks became popular in every household.
+It is estimated that over 400 billion bricks were produced, equivalent to 75 bricks per person on Earth.
+You don't have to be an engineer to create beautiful homes, beautiful bridges and beautiful buildings.
+Lego made it accessible.
+Lego basically made the world's building block, the concrete block, the building block of our imagination.
+Meanwhile, that very same year, Bell Labs was about to unveil its next revolution, its next building block.
+Transistors were little plastic units that took us from a world of static bricks to a world where everything was interactive.
+Like concrete blocks, transistors allow you to build much larger and more complex circuits one block at a time.
+But there is a big difference. Transistors were intended for professionals only.
+I personally don't like the idea that modern architectural elements are reserved for professionals, so I decided to change it.
+Eight years ago, when I was in the Media Lab, I started exploring the idea of ​​how to put the power of engineers in the hands of artists and designers.
+A few years ago I started developing littleBits.
+Let me explain how they work.
+LittleBits are electronic modules each with one specific function.
+Pre-engineered to incorporate lights, sounds, motors and sensors.
+And the best thing about this product is that it snaps together with a magnet.
+So you can't put them in the wrong direction.
+Bricks are color coded.
+Green is output, blue is power, pink is input, orange is wire.
+So just snap the blue to the green and you can start creating large scale circuits right away.
+You can make light by adding blue to green.
+Putting a knob in between makes it a little darker.
+Toggling the knobs on the pulse module here created a little blinker.
+Add this buzzer for more punch and you have a noise machine.
+stop it.
+So beyond simple play, littleBits is actually very powerful.
+Instead of programming, wiring and soldering, littleBits let you program using very simple and intuitive gestures.
+So to speed up or slow down this blinking, turn this knob to basically speed up or slow down the pulse.
+The idea behind littleBits is that it is a growing library.
+We want every interaction in the world to be a ready-to-use brick.
+Everything should be accessible: lights, sounds, solar panels, motors.
+We have given littleBits to children and watched them play.
+And it was an incredible experience.
+The best thing is that you start to understand everyday electronics that you don't learn in school.
+For example, how the night light works, why the elevator door stays open, and how the iPod responds to touch.
+We're also bringing littleBits into our design schools.
+For example, I had a designer with zero electronics experience use littleBits as a material.
+As you can see, I used a felt and paper water bottle to make a Geordie...
+(clacking) (bumming) A few weeks ago we brought littleBits to RISD and handed a few designers with zero engineering experience nothing but cardboard, wood and paper and said, 'Make something'. Told.
+Here's an example of a project they created. A motion-activated confetti cannon ball.
+(Laughter) But wait, this is actually my favorite project.
+A lobster made of playground that is afraid of the dark.
+(laughter) For these non-engineers, littleBits became another material and electronics became just another material.
+And we want this material to be accessible to everyone.
+LittleBits is therefore open source.
+You can visit our website to download all the design files and create your own.
+We want to encourage a world of creators, inventors and contributors. Because this world we live in, this interactive world, is ours.
+Now let's start inventing.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Marco Tempest: What I want to show you today is kind of an experiment.
+Today is that debut.
+A demonstration of augmented reality.
+And what you're about to see isn't pre-recorded.
+They are live and reacting to me in real time.
+I like to think of it as a kind of technology magic.
+So I crossed my fingers.
+And keep your eyes on the big screen.
+Augmented reality is the blending of the real world with computer-generated images.
+This seems like the perfect medium to explore magic and ask why in the age of technology we continue to have a sense of magical wonder.
+Magic is deception, but we enjoy it.
+In order to enjoy being deceived, the spectator must first suspend disbelief.
+The first to suggest this receptive state of mind was the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
+Samuel Taylor Coleridge: I seek to convey in my writings something like truth, in the shadows of the imagination, in order to voluntarily suspend the disbelief that temporarily constitutes poetic faith. is.
+MT: This belief in fiction is essential to any kind of theatrical experience.
+Without it, the script would be just words.
+Augmented reality is just the latest technology.
+And sleight of hand is just a skillful demonstration of dexterity.
+We are all good at withholding disbelief.
+We do it every day, reading novels, watching TV, going to the movies.
+We happily enter a fictional world, cheer on our heroes, and cry for friends we never met.
+Without this ability there is no magic.
+The first to recognize the magician's role as storyteller was Jean Robert Houdin, France's greatest illusionist.
+What he said is what I put on my studio wall.
+Jean Robert Houdin: A magician is not a juggler.
+He is an actor playing the role of a magician.
+MT: So Magic is theater and every trick is a story.
+Magical tricks follow the archetype of the narrative novel.
+There are stories of creation and loss, death and resurrection, and obstacles to overcome.
+Many of them are very dramatic now.
+Magicians play with fire and steel, defying the wrath of the buzzsaw, daring to dodge bullets, and make desperate escape attempts.
+But the audience does not come to see the magician die, but to see him live.
+Because the best stories always have a happy ending.
+Magic tricks have one special element.
+Those are stories with a twist.
+Well, Edward de Bono argued that our brain is a pattern matching machine.
+He said magicians intentionally exploit the mindset of the audience.
+Edward de Bono: Stage magic relies almost entirely on momentum error.
+Audiences are induced to make assumptions and details that are perfectly reasonable but inconsistent with what is actually happening in front of them.
+MT: Magic tricks are like jokes in that regard.
+Jokes lead us on the road to the expected destination.
+But we laugh when the scenarios we imagined suddenly become completely unexpected.
+The same thing happens when people watch magic tricks.
+The finale defies logic, gives new insight into the issue, and leaves the audience in amazement with laughter.
+It's fun to be tricked.
+One of the key qualities of all stories is that they are made to be shared.
+We feel compelled to tell them.
+When I do a trick at a party, the person immediately pulls a friend over and asks me to do it again.
+They want to share their experience.
+That makes my job even harder. Because if you want to wow them, you need to tell a story that starts the same but ends differently: a trick with a twist.
+It keeps me busy.
+Experts now believe that stories are beyond their ability to keep us entertained.
+We think in terms of narrative structure.
+We connect events and emotions and translate them into sequences that are intuitively understandable.
+It is a feat peculiar to mankind.
+Whether it's a trick you saw at a party, a bad day at the office, or a beautiful sunset you saw on vacation, we all want to share our stories.
+Today, technology makes it easier than ever to share these stories via email, Facebook, blogs, tweets, TED.com, and more.
+Tools of social networking, these are digital campfires around which an audience can gather and listen to us.
+We turn facts into similes and metaphors and even fantasies.
+We polish the rough edges of life to give us a sense of the big picture.
+Our stories make us who we are and sometimes who we want to be.
+They give us a sense of identity and community.
+And if the story is good, it might even make us smile.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+Don't think too romantically. Imagine that you light your house with kerosene and candles every night and do all your cooking over charcoal.
+This is how the world's 2 billion poorest people cook and light their homes every day.
+Not only is this inconvenient, it is inefficient, expensive, harmful to human health and the environment, and unproductive.
+And that is energy poverty.
+So let's look at some examples.
+I work in Haiti, where about 80% of the population lives in energy poverty.
+The average household spends 10% of their income on kerosene for lighting. This is orders of magnitude more than the average US household spends on electricity to light their homes.
+The 2008 Haiti hurricane season caused approximately $1 billion in damage.
+This is equivalent to one-sixth of GDP.
+The damage was so severe because Haiti's main energy source is charcoal, which is made from trees, and the country's forests are almost completely cleared.
+Without trees, as a result, they are unable to absorb heavy rains and large floods.
+That is why developed countries have built walls that protect us from the externalities of energy use. We can afford to solve serious environmental disasters. And we can afford to adapt to chronic conditions like climate change.
+Not so with Haiti. They can't afford that.
+The only way they can get out of energy poverty is by adapting fuels that are more efficient, cheaper, healthier for human health, better for the environment and more productive.
+So it turns out those fuels and technologies exist, and this is an example of that.
+This is a solar LED bulb sold in rural Haiti for a retail price of about $10.
+This equates to a payback period of less than three months for the average Haitian household.
+The recipe for solving energy poverty seems very simple. If you develop technology with a high return on investment, people will get it.
+But it's not.
+My first trip to Haiti was in August of 2008, on a whim of sorts, on a field trip in the rural southern part of the country to assess the extent of energy poverty.
+And at night, I would sometimes walk around and talk to street vendors to see if they would be interested in purchasing a solar LED lamp.
+A woman I met declined my offer and said "Mon chéri, c'est trop Cher". It basically means "my darling, it's too expensive". But I tried to explain to her, "Hey, this will save you a lot of money and give you an even better light than what you're using with kerosene right now." So I didn't make a sale, but I learned a really important lesson. Technology and products cannot end energy poverty.
+Instead, access is now made.
+Specifically, there are two types of access to end energy poverty. physical access and economic access.
+So what does physical access mean?
+It is very expensive for low-income households in developing countries to reach major commercial centers.
+And it's basically impossible for them to order anything from Amazon.com.
+The term "last mile" is commonly associated with the telecommunications industry.
+This represents the final wire required to connect the customer to the provider.
+What we need to end energy poverty are the last mile retailers who bring these clean energy products to people.
+The kerosene and charcoal value chain already understands this. These fuels are ubiquitous throughout the country.
+If you go to the most remote villages in Haiti, you will find people selling kerosene and charcoal.
+Another type of access is financial.
+We all know that clean energy products and technologies are characterized by high initial costs but very low operating costs.
+Developed countries therefore have very generous subsidies designed specifically to reduce initial costs.
+Such subsidies do not exist in Haiti.
+What they do is microfinance.
+But expecting someone in Haiti to go out, get a small loan, and then go back to the retail store to buy a clean energy product would greatly reduce the value proposition of the clean energy product.
+The recipe for ending energy poverty is therefore much more complex than just a product.
+We need to integrate financial access directly into new and innovative distribution models.
+what do you mean?
+It is meant to connect consumer finance and retailers.
+For Bloomingdale's this is a no-brainer, but not so easy for distributors in rural Haiti.
+We need to channel the cash flow currently flowing from those diaspora in the United States through Western Union cash wire transfers directly into clean energy products that can be delivered to or received by their friends and family in Haiti. There is
+So the next time you hear about a world-changing technology or product, be a little skeptical.
+Dean Kamen, the inventor of the Segway, is a genius by anyone's standards, but he once said, ``My job is easy. . To deliver technology and products to people who need them. It is most necessary.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+[Stories from the Sea] [Fish Tale My Secret Life as Plankton] How did you get here?
+Well, it's a stranger story than you might think.
+I come from the world of the Drifters, a place few humans have seen.
+The world of plankton.
+I was born from a million eggs, but only a few survived.
+As larvae, they moved among other castaways.
+[“Plankton” comes from the Greek word “planktos,” meaning wandering.] My fellow plankton ranged in size from tiny algae and bacteria to animals longer than a blue whale.
+I shared my nursery with other fetuses and juveniles, from clams and crabs to sea urchins and sea anemones.
+(high pitch) We call these drifting animals zooplankton.
+The most common animals here are copepods and krill.
+(chuckles) I can't find a more diverse place in the world than my childhood home.
+One teaspoon of seawater can contain over a million living things.
+However, it can be quite tough.
+Trillions of people are born here, but only a few reach adulthood.
+He may not be bigger than a needlehead, but this crab larva is a arrowworm's worst nightmare.
+(crumbling) (buzzing) These epic battles between carnivores are just one way to get food.
+But the real power of this place comes from the phytoplankton.
+A single-celled life form that converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into edible gold.
+Phytoplankton are the basis of the world's largest food web.
+At night, many animals, like myself, crawl out of the depths to feast on this sun-powered feast.
+(Sound of maracas) I was part of the largest migration of life on Earth every day.
+The day returns to darkness and joins strange companions.
+(high-pitched buzzing) (pattering) A cannibal that eats closely related species, such as this sea butterfly mollusk.
+And comb jelly that beats the cilia like iridescent eyelashes.
+Some capture prey with their sticky tentacles, while others simply bite their cousins.
+and siphonophores that catch prey with poisonous fishing lures.
+But my favorite would be the crustacean furonima.
+Its monstrous appearance inspired the movie "Alien".
+They can catch small prey with their bristles, but they prefer larger prey like salps.
+This female has two eyes and prowls in deep water.
+With her prey in hand, she performs one of the strangest acts in the entire animal kingdom.
+She delicately constructs a barrel-like house using body parts of her victims and feeds the children until they are adrift and can survive on their own.
+Best of all, it makes a perfect treat for little fish like me.
+The plankton food web here is so complex and tangled that even scientists don't know who eats who.
+But I'll do it
+At least that should give you some idea of ​​what I'm talking about.
+I have so much more than good food.
+I just got an email from my daughter Rebecca wishing me luck.
+Her email read, "Mom, you'll be fine."
+i love this.
+Receiving that text was like being hugged.
+That's all there is to it.
+I embody the central paradox.
+I'm a woman who loves getting messages, but I would say that too many messages can be a problem.
+In fact, the memory of my daughter was the beginning of my story.
+In 1996, when I gave my first TEDTalk, Rebecca was five years old and she was sitting in the front row.
+I had just written a book that celebrated our lives on the Internet and was about to grace the cover of Wired magazine.
+In those hectic times, we were experimenting with chat rooms and online virtual communities.
+We were exploring different sides of ourselves.
+and unplugged.
+I was excited.
+And as a psychologist, what excites me the most was the idea that what we learn about ourselves and our identities in the virtual world can be used to live a better life in the real world.
+Well, let's fast forward to 2012.
+I'm back on the TED stage again.
+My daughter is 20 and in college.
+She sleeps with her phone in hand, so do I.
+I've just written a new book, but this time it won't be on the cover of Wired magazine.
+what happened?
+I'm still excited about technology, but I believe it's taking us where we don't want to go, and we're here to make a case.
+Over the past 15 years, I have researched mobile communications technology and interviewed hundreds of people, young and old, about their plugged-in lives.
+And what I've discovered is that our little device, the little device that's in our pocket, is psychologically very powerful, and it doesn't just change what we do, it changes who we are. That's it.
+Some of the things we do with our devices today that would have seemed strange and uncomfortable just a few years ago are quickly changing in terms of how we do them. Some of them have come to look familiar.
+Here are some simple examples. People send text messages and emails during corporate board meetings.
+They text, shop, and Facebook during classes, presentations, practically every meeting.
+People tell me about the important new skill of making eye contact while texting.
+(Laughter) People tell me it's hard, but it can be done.
+Parents text and email at breakfast and dinner, and children complain that they don't get enough attention.
+But then the same children completely deny each other attention.
+Here's a recent shot of my daughter and her friends together while they weren't together.
+And I will send text messages at funerals as well.
+i will study this
+We turn away from our sorrows and reverie and turn to our phones.
+Why is this important?
+that's important to me. Because I think we're getting ourselves into trouble. It certainly poses a question not only of how we relate to each other, but also of how we relate to ourselves and our ability to introspect.
+We are getting used to new ways of spending time alone together.
+People not only want to be with each other, they also want to be in other places. In other words, it connects you to all the different places you want to be.
+People want to customize their lives.
+The most important thing for them is to control where they put their attention, so they want to go in and out of everywhere they are.
+In other words, you want to attend board meetings, but you only want to focus on the parts that interest you.
+And some people think it's a good thing.
+But even though we are connected to each other all the time, we can hide from each other.
+A 50-year-old businessman lamented to me that he felt he had no colleagues at work.
+He doesn't talk to anyone when he goes to work, he doesn't call anyone.
+And he doesn't want to disturb his colleagues because "they're too busy emailing," he says.
+But then he stopped himself and said, "I am not telling you the truth.
+I don't want to be disturbed.
+I know you want to, but you really want to do something with your Blackberry. "
+Across generations, we find that people can't feel each other enough. Only if we were able to have each other at a distance that we could control.
+I call this the Goldilocks effect. Not too close, not too far, just right.
+But what might seem right for a middle-aged business owner can be a problem for a young person who needs to build relationships face-to-face.
+An 18-year-old boy who uses texting for almost everything wistfully told me, "Someday, but definitely not right now, I'd like to learn how to have a conversation."
+When I asked people, "What's wrong with talking?"
+People say, "I'll tell you what's wrong with conversation.
+It happens in real time, so you have no control over what you say. "
+That's the conclusion.
+Text messages, emails, posts, they all allow us to express who we want to be.
+We can edit, which means we can delete, we can retouch the face, the voice, the flesh, the body just right, not too little, not too much.
+Relationships are rich, messy, and demanding.
+And use technology to purify them.
+And one thing that can happen when doing so is sacrificing conversation for mere connection.
+We change ourselves easily.
+And as time goes on, we seem to forget or care less about this.
+I was caught off guard when Stephen Colbert asked me a deep question.
+he said: “Don’t these little tweets and little tidbits of online communication add up to make a real conversation cohesive?”
+My answer was "No, the addition doesn't add up".
+Connecting little by little can help you glean disparate information, it can help you say "I'm thinking of you," or even say "I love you." It might help. I got that email from my daughter, but it doesn't help us to get to know each other and really get to know and understand each other.
+And we learn how to interact with ourselves by talking to each other.
+So running away from the conversation can be very important as it can impair your ability to introspect.
+For growing children, those skills are the foundation of their development.
+How many times do you hear the phrase, "I'd rather text than talk."
+And what I see is that people are so accustomed to being quickly sidetracked from real conversations that they are so accustomed to getting away with not having too much conversation that they don't mind not having a conversation with people at all. It means that they are beginning to think that they are not.
+For example, many people share this wish with me. I hope that one day, a more advanced version of Siri, Apple's iPhone digital assistant, will be more like a best friend, someone who listens when others don't. .
+I believe this wish reflects a painful truth I have learned over the last fifteen years.
+The feeling that no one is listening to you is very important in your relationship with technology.
+That's why it's so appealing to have Facebook pages and Twitter feeds, so many automatic listeners.
+And when we feel that no one is listening to us, we want to spend time with machines that seem to care about us.
+We are developing a robot called a social robot. It is designed to be a partner especially for seniors, children and us.
+Have we lost all confidence that we will be there for each other?
+During my research, I worked in a nursing home and introduced social robots designed to give seniors a sense of being understood.
+Then one day, I came to see a woman who had lost her child, talking to a robot in the shape of a baby seal.
+It was like looking into her eyes.
+It was like following a conversation.
+It comforted her.
+And a lot of people found this great.
+But the woman was trying to make sense of her life with a machine that had never experienced the arc of human life.
+The robot put on a great show.
+And we are vulnerable.
+People experience feigning empathy as if it were real.
+So the moment the woman pretended to empathize, I was thinking, 'That robot can't empathize.
+it does not face death.
+It doesn't know life. "
+And when that woman was being comforted by her robot companion, I didn't find it great. It felt like one of the most painful and complicated moments in my fifteen years of work.
+But when I took a step back, I felt like I was in the cold, hard center of a perfect storm.
+We expect a lot from technology and less from each other.
+And I ask myself, "Why did things turn out like this?"
+I believe it's because technology is most appealing where we are most vulnerable.
+And we are vulnerable.
+We are lonely but afraid to be intimate.
+So, from social networks to social robots, we're designing technologies that don't require friendship but give the illusion of companionship.
+We turn to technology to feel connected in ways that are comfortable and controllable.
+But we are not so comfortable.
+We don't have much control.
+These days, mobile phones in our pockets are changing our thoughts and minds as they offer us three satisfying fantasies.
+One is that you can direct your attention anywhere. Second, make sure our voices are always heard. And third, we never have to be alone.
+And that third thought, that we never have to be alone, is central to transforming our minds.
+Because when people are alone, even for a few seconds, they become anxious, panicked, fidgety and reach for their devices.
+Think of people waiting in line at checkout lines and red lights.
+Being alone feels like a problem that must be solved.
+So people try to solve problems by connecting.
+But here the connection is more of a symptom than a cure.
+It represents the underlying problem, but it doesn't solve it.
+But more than just symptoms, the ongoing connection is changing the way people think about themselves.
+We are shaping a new way of being.
+The best way to describe it is "I share, so I am."
+We use technology to define ourselves by having and sharing our own thoughts and feelings.
+It used to be, "I feel like calling you."
+Now it looks like this: I need to text you because I want to feel your emotions.
+The problem with this new regime of 'I share, therefore I am' is that you can't feel yourself without connection.
+We hardly feel ourselves.
+What should I do? We are getting more and more connected.
+But in the process, we tend to isolate ourselves.
+How do we move from connectedness to isolation?
+Unless you develop the capacity to tolerate loneliness, the capacity to separate, the capacity to collect yourself, you will eventually become isolated.
+Solitude is where you find yourself, where you can reach out and build real attachments with other people.
+When loneliness is unbearable, we rely on others to ease our anxiety or to make us feel alive.
+We can't understand who they are.
+It's as if we use them as spare parts to sustain our fragile self-consciousness.
+We tend to think that staying connected makes us less lonely.
+But we are at risk because the opposite is actually true.
+When you can't be alone, you become more and more lonely.
+And if we don't teach our children to be alone, they will only know how to be lonely.
+When I spoke at TED in 1996 and reported on early work on virtual communities, I said, “People who make the most of their lives on screen do so with a spirit of self-reflection.”
+That's what I'm asking here now. Reflection, and more than that, a discussion of where the use of current technology will take us and what it will cost us.
+We are obsessed with technology.
+And just like young lovers, we worry that talking too much will ruin our romance.
+But it's time to speak.
+We grew up with digital technology, so we see digital technology as everything we grew up with.
+But no, it's still early days.
+We have plenty of time to rethink how we use and build.
+I'm not suggesting turning away from your devices, just building a more conscious relationship with them, with each other, and with yourself.
+I can see the first step.
+Start thinking of loneliness as a good thing.
+Make sure you have space for that.
+Find ways to show this as a value to your children.
+Create a sacred space in your home, such as the kitchen or dining room, and reclaim it as a place for conversation.
+Do the same at work.
+At work, we are so busy communicating that we often don't have time to think about or talk about the really important things.
+Please change that.
+Most importantly, we all need to listen to each other, even the boring parts.
+Because it is when we stumble, hesitate, or lose our words that we reveal ourselves to each other.
+Technology is redefining human connection—how we care for each other and ourselves—but it also gives us the opportunity to validate our values ​​and orientation. increase.
+I am optimistic.
+We have everything you need to get started.
+we have each other
+And you are most likely to succeed if you can recognize your vulnerability.
+We listen when technology says it needs something complex and promises something simpler.
+So, in my work, I hear that life is hard and relationships are full of risks.
+And then there is technology. Simpler, hopeful, optimistic, and forever youthful.
+It's like calling in cavalry.
+The ad campaign promises that, using online and avatars, you can "finally love your friends, love your body, and love your life online and in avatars."
+We are drawn to virtual romances, computer games that look like the world, and the idea that robots will one day become our true companions.
+We spend the night on social networks instead of going to the pub with our friends.
+But our alternate illusions have come at a cost to us.
+Now we are all focused on so many ways technology brings us back to our real lives, our own bodies, our own communities, our own politics, our own planet. must be guessed.
+they need us
+Let's talk about how we can use the technology of our dreams, digital technology, to make this life the one we can love.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The first place we want to show you is what many believe is the deepest natural abyss in the world.
+And I say believe because this process is still in progress.
+We are currently planning a big expedition for next year, and I'll tell you a little bit about it.
+One of the things that has changed here in the last 150 years, since Jules Verne created the excellent sci-fi concept of what the underworld is like, is that, thanks to technology, the previously unknown It means that we can now go to places that we hadn't guessed before.
+We can now descend several thousand meters to Earth relatively innocently.
+Along the way, we discovered amazing abysses and cavities so large that we could see hundreds of meters without breaking our line of sight.
+When working on something like this, we typically stay on site for 2-4 months with a team of 20, 30 people up to 150 people.
+And a lot of people ask me, what kind of people do projects like this attract?
+Our selection process is less rigorous than NASA's, but still thorough.
+We want competence, discipline, endurance and strength.
+For your information, this is our strength test.
+(Laughter) But we also value the spirit of the group and the ability to diplomatically resolve conflicts between individuals in remote locations and under great stress.
+We are already well past the limits of human endurance.
+From the entrance, this place is completely different from commercial caves.
+You are looking at Camp 2 at a location called J2, not K2.
+At this point, it is about 2 days from the entrance.
+It's like high altitude climbing in reverse, except you're performing a series of tasks.
+The idea is to try to provide some level of physical comfort while you're there, or in a damp, damp, cold environment in complete darkness.
+By the way, I should mention that everything you see here is artificially lit with a lot of effort.
+Otherwise these places will be completely dark.
+The deeper you go, the more you encounter collisions with water.
+In short, it is like a tree collecting water and flowing.
+And in the end, we reach a formidable and dangerous place, but unfortunately slides are not enough.
+So here's a very short clip shot in the late 1980's.
+Descend to the Huoutla Plateau in Mexico.
+(Video) Now, I must say that the techniques presented here are outdated and dangerous.
+I wouldn't do this today if it wasn't for the movies.
+(Laughter) In a similar vein, in the Hollywood movies that came out last year, I have to say that we haven't seen an underground monster, or at least a man-eating kind of monster.
+If there's a monster in the basement, it's an overwhelming sense of psychological detachment that starts attacking the entire team about three days after the nearest entrance.
+Next year, he will lead an overseas team and move up to J2.
+We plan to shoot from a point 30 kilometers from the entrance, minus 2,600 meters, or just over 8,600 feet.
+The main crew will go underground for 30 consecutive days.
+It's been a long time since I've had a mission like this.
+If you keep going, you'll eventually come across a place like this.
+It is a place where there are folds in the stratum, where water accumulates and accumulates up to the roof.
+When I found these things, they were labeled Terminal Siphon on the map.
+There are two reasons why I remember that word so well now.
+First, because it's the name of my rock band, and second, because these things forced me to become an inventor.
+Since then, we've developed generations of gadgets to explore places like this.
+This is a closed cycle life support system.
+And it can now be used to travel several kilometers horizontally in water, or to go straight through water to a depth of 200 meters.
+Doing this makes me feel like I'm playing EVA.
+It's like doing a spacewalk in space, but at a much greater distance and with much greater physical danger.
+Therefore, we need to think about how to design equipment for long distances away from safe havens.
+This is a clip from a National Geographic movie released in 1999.
+(Video) Narrator: Exploration is the physical process of setting foot where no human has ever set foot before.
+This is where the last little blob of utterly unknown territory remains on Earth.
+It's a privilege to be able to experience it.
+Bill Stone: That was taken in Wakulla Springs, Florida.
+There are a few things to note about that movie. All the equipment we saw there did not exist before 1999.
+Developed within two years and used in a real expedition project.
+This gadget here is called a digital wall mapper and it created the first 3D map of a cave that anyone has ever created. It happened to be underwater in Wakulla Springs.
+It was that gadget that accidentally opened the door to another unexplored world.
+This is Europa.
+Carolyn Porco mentioned another one the other day called Enceladus.
+This is one of the places where planetary scientists believe the ocean below is the most likely place to discover the first extraterrestrial life.
+For those of you who haven't seen this story, Jim Cameron made a really great IMAX movie a few years ago called Alien of the Deep.
+There was a short clip -- (video) Narrator: A mission to explore beneath Europa's ice would be the ultimate robotic challenge.
+Europa is so far away that even at the speed of light, it takes more than an hour for a command to reach a vehicle.
+You need to be smart enough to avoid terrain hazards and find a suitable landing spot on ice.
+Now we have to make our way through the ice.
+Requires a melt probe.
+It's basically a nuclear torpedo.
+Ice depths can range from 3 to 16 miles.
+Week after week, the rover sinks under its own weight into the ancient ice until—well, what are you going to do when you reach the surface of that ocean?
+You need an AUV, an autonomous underwater vehicle.
+It needs to be a smart pup who can navigate and make decisions on its own in foreign waters.
+BS: What Jim didn't know when that movie came out was that NASA was funding the team I assembled six months earlier to develop a prototype European AUV.
+So after three years of engineering meetings, design, and system integration, we introduced DEPTHX (Deep Hydrothermal Explorer).
+As the movie says, this is a smart puppy.
+It has 96 sensors, 36 onboard computers, 100,000 lines of behavioral autonomy code, and electrically carries over 10 kilos of TNT.
+This is the destination, the world's deepest hot springs at Cenote Sacaton in northern Mexico.
+It has been explored to depths of over 292 meters and no one knows anything.
+This is part of the DEPTHX mission.
+There are two main goals we are working towards here.
+One is how to achieve scientific autonomy underground.
+How do you turn a robot into a field microbiologist?
+There are too many stages involved here that I don't have time to explain, but basically we go through space and set environment variables (sulfide, halide, etc.) in space.
+Calculate slope faces and drive bots into walls with a high chance of life.
+Move along the wall with a so-called proximity maneuver and look for color changes.
+When I see something interesting, I pull it into the microscope.
+After passing the microscopy, go to collection.
+Inhale a liquid sample or actually take a solid core from the wall.
+There are no hands to hold the steering wheel.
+All action autonomy here is carried out by the robot itself.
+But the real hat-trick of this vehicle is a disruptive new navigation system, known as 3D SLAM, developed by us for simultaneous localization and mapping.
+DEPTHX is the all-seeing eyeball.
+Its sensor beam looks both forward and backward at the same time, allowing new probes to be made while achieving geometric sensor lock to what has already passed.
+Next up is the first ever fully autonomous robotic underground exploration.
+In May of this year we will start from Zakaton minus 1,000 meters. If very lucky, DEPTHX will bring back the first division of bacteria discovered by robots.
+The next step is an experiment in Antarctica, which could be launched by 2016, subject to continued funding and NASA's determination, and by 2019 the first evidence of life on this extraterrestrial planet. may be able to obtain evidence of
+So what will happen to manned space exploration?
+The government recently announced plans to return to the moon by 2024.
+Successful completion of this mission will make rare visits to the moon by a small number of government scientists and pilots.
+With this, humanity's general expansion into space will not proceed as it did 50 years ago.
+To have common access to the universe in our lifetime, something fundamental has to change.
+Here's a controversial idea.
+And I hope that you will have some faith in the credibility of what we are trying to say here.
+There are three basics to working personally in space.
+One is the requirement for economical transportation from Earth to space.
+Mr. and Mrs. Burt Rutan and Mr. and Mrs. Richard Branson of this world have this in mind, and I salute them.
+go! go! go.
+The next thing you need is a place to stay in orbit.
+First is the Orbital Hotel, but after that it's a workshop for the rest of the members.
+The final missing piece, the true paradigm breaker, is this. It's a gas station on the track.
+It won't.
+If it existed, it would change all future spacecraft designs and space mission plans.
+Now, in order to understand why this word has power, we need to explain the basics of Space 101.
+First of all, you pay by the kilogram for everything you do in space.
+Anyone drinking this here this week?
+In orbit, you will pay $10,000.
+That's more than Google would pay TED if it stopped sponsoring it.
+(Laughter) Second, over 90 percent of the vehicle's weight is propellant.
+So, every time you want to do something in space, you're literally blowing huge sums of money with every step on the accelerator.
+Not even Tesla employees can match the physics.
+But what if you could buy gasoline for 1/10th the price?
+There are places where you can.
+In fact, if we can find propellant on the moon, we can get better. Available at 1/14th the cost.
+There is a little-known mission called Clementine, launched by the Pentagon 13 years ago from now.
+And the most surprising takeaway from that mission was the powerful hydrogen signature at the Shackleton crater at the lunar south pole.
+That signal was so strong that it could have been produced solely by 10 trillion tons of water buried in sediments, collected over millions and billions of years by impacts of asteroids and cometary material. .
+If we want to make that happen and make gas stations possible, we'll have to find a way to carry massive payloads into space.
+I can't do that now.
+Now the usual way to build a system requires launching the tube stack from the ground and resisting all sorts of aerodynamic forces.
+you have to overcome it.
+It is possible because there is no aerodynamics in space.
+You can use your inflatable system for almost any application.
+This is also an idea originated by Dr. Lowell Wood's group at Livermore in 1989.
+And now you can extend that to just about anything.
+Bob Bigelow now has a test article in orbit.
+You can go further.
+We can build space tugs, orbital platforms to hold coolant and water.
+There is one more thing.
+Orbital dynamics have to be dealt with when returning from the moon.
+It says you're traveling 10,000 feet per second faster than you actually want to get back to the gas station.
+You have two options.
+You can burn rocket fuel to get there, or you can do really incredible things.
+It can dive into the stratosphere, distribute its velocity with precision, and return to the space station.
+It has never been done.
+It's risky and would be a better ride than Disney.
+The traditional approach to space exploration has been to carry all the fuel needed to get everyone home in an emergency.
+Trying to do that on the moon would consume $1 billion in fuel just to send a crew to the moon.
+But if you're going to send a mining team there without a return propellant, first -- (laughter) has anyone heard of Cortez?
+This is not so. I'm more like Scotty.
+I like this equipment. I'm not going to burn my equipment because I value it so much.
+But if you're really daring, you can get it and manufacture it. And it will be the most dramatic demonstration that anything of value can be done outside Earth that has ever been done.
+There is a common myth that nothing can be done in space for less than $1 trillion and 20 years.
+it's not true.
+Within seven years, we will be able to successfully complete an industrial mission to Shackleton and demonstrate that we can deliver commercial reality from there in low Earth orbit.
+We live in one of the most exciting times in history.
+We are at a magical confluence where personal wealth and imagination drive demand for space access.
+The orbital refueling station I just described could spawn a whole new industry and provide the final key to opening up space to general exploration.
+Breaking this paradigm requires a radically different approach.
+It can do so by launching an industrial expedition by Lewis and Clark to Shackleton Crater to demonstrate that resources can be mined on the Moon and form the basis of a profitable business in orbit.
+Space stories always seem to be trapped in an ambiguity of purpose and timing.
+I'd like to conclude by placing a bet on TED.
+I will lead the expedition.
+(Applause.) With the right support, it's possible within seven years.
+Those who make it happen with me will be part of history, joining other brave men from the past who would have wholeheartedly agreed if they were here today.
+There was a time when people took bold action to open up frontiers.
+We collectively forget that lesson.
+We are in a time when boldness is required to move forward.
+One hundred years after Sir Ernest Shackleton wrote these words, I will plant an industrial flag on the Moon and complete the final work that will open the space frontier to all of us today.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi.
+(Laughter) I did that for two reasons.
+First of all, I wanted to make a good first impression visually.
+But the main reason I did that is because the same thing happens to me when you put on a dirty Lady Gaga mic.
+(laughs) I'm used to fixed mics.
+A smart shoe for public speaking.
+(Laughter) But when you put this in my head, something happens.
+It just makes you grumpy.
+And I'm already leaving the message.
+(Laughter) Guys, I've devoted my life to book design for the last 25 years.
+("Yes, it's a book. It's a bound book with ink on paper.
+Tell your children ’) It all started with a benign mistake like penicillin (laughs).
+But when I arrived there in the fall of 1986, and after many interviews, I discovered that the only job offered was that of assistant art director for book publisher Alfred A. Knopp. I was.
+Well, I was stupid, but I wasn't stupid enough to say no.
+I had no idea what I was getting into, but I was incredibly lucky.
+I immediately had an idea of ​​what my job was.
+My job was to ask the question, "What is the story like?"
+Because that's Knopf.
+It's one of the world's best story factories.
+We publish our stories to the public.
+Stories can be anything, but some of them are actually true.
+But they all have one thing in common. That is, everything should resemble something.
+They all need faces.
+why? To give a first impression of what you are about to start with.
+Book designers not only give form to content, but also manage the balance between the two very carefully.
+Well, on the first day of my graphic design training at Penn State University, my teacher, Lanny Sommies, walked into the room, drew an apple on the blackboard, wrote the word "Apple" underneath it, and said, "Okay. Lesson 1. Listen carefully."
+And he hid the picture and said, 'You say this or hide the words from it', 'Otherwise I'll show you this.
+But you don't. "
+Because this would treat the viewer like an idiot.
+(Laughter.) And they deserve better.
+And, surprisingly, soon I was able to test this theory in two books I was working on for Knopp.
+The first was a memoir of Katharine Hepburn, the second a biography of Marlene Dietrich.
+Now, Hepburn's book is written in a very conversational style, it was as if she was sitting across the table and telling you everything.
+Dietrich's book was an observation by her daughter. It was a biography.
+In other words, Hepburn's stories are words, and Dietrich's stories are pictures.
+Pure content and pure form sit side by side.
+Don't fight, girls.
+(“What is Jurassic Park?”) So what are we talking about here?
+Someone is extracting dinosaur DNA from prehistoric amber and reengineering dinosaurs.
+genius!
+(Laughter) Well, fortunately, I live and work in New York City, where dinosaurs abound.
+(Laughter) So we went to the Natural History Museum, examined the bones, went to the gift shop, bought some books.
+And I was particularly fascinated by this page of the book, more specifically the lower right corner.
+Okay, so I took this drawing and put it in the photostat device (lol) and took out some tracing paper and scotch taped it over the photostat - stop if I go too hurry up -- (Laughter) -- Then I took the Rapidograph pen -- explained it to the young people -- (Laughter) and just started reconstructing the dinosaurs.
+I had no idea what I was doing or where I was going, but at some point I stopped. When to continue seemed like overkill.
+And what I ended up with was a graphic representation of what we are watching as this animal is born.
+We are in the middle of that process.
+Then I added typography to it.
+Very basic but slightly suggestive of public park signage.
+(Laughs) Everyone in the family liked this work, so I would like to give it to the author.
+And even then, Michael was on the cutting edge.
+(“Michael Crichton faxed back:”) (“Wow! Fucking great jacket”) (Laughter) (Applause) It was a relief to see it pour out of the machine.
+(laughs) I miss Michael.
+And sure enough, someone at MCA Universal called our legal department and asked if we could consider purchasing the rights to the image in case we wanted to use it.
+Well they used it.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And I got excited.
+We all know it's a great movie, but it's been very interesting to see how it permeates the culture to become this phenomenon and how it has changed.
+But a while ago I found this on the web.
+no it's not me
+But whoever it is, one day they wake up and can't help but think, 'Oh my God, it wasn't there last night.
+It was so wasteful. "
+(Laughter) But if you think about it, from my head to my hands to his feet.
+(Laughs) It's my responsibility.
+And that is a responsibility that I cannot take lightly.
+Book designers have three responsibilities. To readers, publishers, and above all to authors.
+I want people to look at the author's book and think, "Wow, this is a must read."
+David Sedaris is one of my favorite authors and the title essay for this collection is about his trip to a nudist colony.
+And the reason he went there was because he was terrified of his body image, and he wanted to explore the roots of it.
+For me, it was just an excuse to design a book that literally takes your pants off.
+However, when I actually try it, I don't get what I expected.
+You can get even deeper than that.
+David especially liked this design. Because at his frequent book signings, he can do this with a magic marker.
+(laughs) Hello!
+(Laughter) Augusten Burroughs wrote a memoir ["Dry"] about his rehab years.
+In his 20s, he was a hot-selling advertising executive who, as Mad Men told us, was a raging alcoholic.
+However, he didn't think so, but a colleague stepped in and was told, "Go to rehab or you'll be fired and die."
+Well, for me, I always thought this was going to be a typographic solution, or what I would call the inverse of Type 101.
+what do you mean?
+Usually, on the first day of an introduction to typography, you will be given the task of choosing a word and making it appear verbatim. That's formula 101, right?
+It's very simple.
+This is vice versa.
+I want this book to look like an alcoholic, hopelessly and hopelessly lying to you.
+The answer was the most low-tech imaginable.
+I set the type, printed it on an Epson printer with water-soluble ink, taped it to the wall, and threw buckets of water at it. Presto!
+Then when I went to print, the printer applied a spot gloss to the ink and it looked like it was actually printed.
+Shortly after the book was published, Augusten was ambushed at the airport, hiding in a bookstore to watch who would buy his book.
+And then this woman walked up to it, squinted her eyes, took it to the cash register, and said to the guy behind the counter, "This is a mess."
+(laughter) And the guy behind the counter said, "I know, miss. That's how they all came."
+(Laughter) Now, this is a good print job.
+The book cover is distilled.
+It's a haiku of the story, so to speak.
+This story by Osama Tezuka, his epic life of Buddha, is in eight volumes. But the best part is that when it's on your shelf, you can get the life of the Buddha while moving from one era to the next.
+All these solutions come from the text of the book, but after the book designer has read the text, he should become an interpreter and translator.
+Here is its content.
+("Conspiracies and Murders of 16th-Century Ottoman Court Painters") (Laughter) Okay, so I collected a collection of paintings, looked at them, dismantled them and put them back together.
+So this is the design, right?
+This is the front and spine, flattened.
+But the real story begins when you wrap it around a book and put it on a shelf.
+ah! We meet them, secret lovers. Let's pull them out.
+Hmm! They were found by the Sultan.
+he won't like it
+Hmm! And now the Sultan is in danger.
+And now I have to open it to find out what happens next.
+Experience it on your Kindle.
+(Laughter) Don't let me get started.
+E-books offer many benefits, including ease, convenience, and portability.
+But something is definitely missing. Tradition, sensual experience, the comfort of materiality, and a touch of humanity.
+Do you know what the first thing John Updike did when he received a new copy of the book from Alfred A. Knopp?
+He will smell it.
+Then he traced his hand across the rag, tracing the pungent ink and ragged edges of the page.
+Over the years, he never got tired of reading many books.
+Now, I'm an all-out iPad advocate, believe me. Just smelling it won't do anything.
+(Laughter) Now the people at Apple are sending emails saying, "Please develop an odor emission plug-in."
+(Laughter) And the last story I'm going to tell you is quite a story.
+In 1984 Japan, a woman named Aomame finds herself negotiating down a spiral staircase from a highway overpass. When she hits rock bottom, she can't help but feel that she's suddenly entered a new reality that's a little different, but similar but different from the one she left.
+So we are talking about parallel planes of existence. It's like the cover of a book and the book it's covered on.
+So how do we show this?
+We return to Hepburn and Dietrich, but integrate them here.
+So we are talking about different planes, different papers.
+This is on translucent parchment.
+It's part form and part content.
+Place it on the other side of the paperboard and this is what it will form.
+So even if you know nothing about the book, you are forced to think about a person who straddles two planes of existence.
+And the object itself provokes exploration interaction, reflection, and contact.
+It debuted at number two on the New York Times bestseller list.
+This is unprecedented for us publishers and authors alike.
+We're talking about a 900-page book that's as bizarre as it is compelling, and features the climactic scene of a German Shepherd exploding as hordes of tiny humans emerge from the mouth of a sleeping girl. I'm here.
+(Laughter) Not exactly Jackie Collins.
+It has been on the bestseller list for 14 weeks, has been printed eight times, and is still going strong.
+So while we love publishing as art, we know all too well that it's also a business, and that if you do your job right and get a little lucky, great art can be great business. .
+That's my story. to be continued.
+what does it look like?
+yes. It can and does, but for the book's designers—page-turners, dog-eared placeholders, margin-taking notes, ink-sniffers—the story goes like this.
+(applause)
+As you know, autopsy is the traditional way of learning human anatomy.
+Quite an experience for students, but can be very difficult and expensive for schools to maintain.
+We found that most anatomy classes did not have a necropsy lab.
+Possibly for those reasons, or by location, corpses may not be readily available.
+So, to address this, we worked with Dr. Brown at Stanford University to develop a virtual dissecting table.
+So we call it the Anatomage Table.
+Therefore, this anatomy table allows students to experience dissection without the human corpse.
+The table's format is important and touch-interactive, so you can literally manipulate the table the way a dissection is done in the lab, or even the way a surgeon operates on a patient.
+Since our digital bodies are 1:1 life size, this is exactly how students see their real anatomy.
+We will be doing some demonstrations.
+As you can see, I use my fingers to manipulate my digital body.
+I'm going to do some cuts.
+You can cut it however you like, so I cut it here.
+Then you can see inside.
+You can also change the cut to show different parts.
+Maybe we can cut there, look at the brain, and change the cut.
+You can see some internal organs.
+Hence, we call it slicer mode.
+Yes, I will cut it.
+right there.
+This shows a lot of internal structure.
+If you want to see the back side, you can flip it over and see it from behind.
+like this.
+So if these images are offensive to you or make you feel uncomfortable, it means we did the right job.
+So our doctor said this is eye candy.
+Therefore, instead of simply dissecting the body, we would like to perform a more clinically relevant dissection.
+What I'm going to do is peel off all the skin, muscles and bones to see some internal organs.
+here.
+Let's say you cut the liver here.
+OK。
+Let's say I'm interested in looking at the heart.
+I am going to have surgery here.
+I'm going to cut a vein or an artery.
+Oops! ...
+I don't want to hear that "oops" sound in a real surgery.
+(Laughter) But luckily our digital guys have an 'undo' feature.
+(Laughter) Okay.
+got it.
+Let's zoom in.
+I will cut it there.
+Then you can see the inside of your heart.
+You can see how blood flows in the atria and ventricles, arteries and veins.
+This way, students can isolate anyone and dissect them as they please.
+You don't necessarily have to do an autopsy.
+Since it is digital, reverse dissection is also possible.
+Now let's start with the skeletal structure and add some internal organs.
+yes.
+You may be able to add it quickly this way.
+And you can gradually build up your muscles that way.
+You can see tendons and muscles.
+I wish I could build muscle so quickly.
+(Laughter) This is another way to learn anatomy.
+Another thing I can show you is that doctors often meet with patients on X-rays.
+The Anatomage Table therefore shows exactly how the anatomy will appear on an X-ray.
+You can also manipulate the radiographs and optionally compare how the anatomy appears on the radiographs.
+So when you're done, just put your body back on and you're ready for the next session.
+Our table seems to be able to change the gender as well.
+It's female now.
+This is the anatomical table. thank you.
+(applause)
+Tonight, I want to discuss this amazing global problem at the intersection of land use, food and the environment, a problem we can all relate to, and what I call another inconvenient truth. .
+But before that, I want to take you on a little journey.
+First visit our planet at night and from space.
+This is what the Earth would look like from space at night if you traveled around it aboard a satellite. And of course, the first thing to notice is how dominant human presence is on Earth.
+We can see cities, see oil fields, and even see fishing fleets at sea. It turns out that we control most of the Earth, and mainly through the use of energy that we see here at night.
+But let's go back and drop a little deeper and see during the day.
+What we see during the day is the landscape.
+This is part of the Amazon Basin, a place called Rondonia in the south central part of the Brazilian Amazon.
+If you look closely at the upper right corner, you can see the thin white line, which was built in the 1970s.
+Coming back to the same place in 2001, these roads split into more roads, and more roads after that, ending in a small clearing in the rainforest where the cows lived. become several.
+These cows are used as beef. We are going to eat these cows.
+And these cows are basically eaten in South America, Brazil and Argentina. Not shipped here.
+However, this kind of fishbone-like deforestation pattern is common in tropical areas, especially in this part of the world.
+A little further south on our little world trip takes us to the Bolivian edge of the Amazon River. It was 1975 here too. If you look carefully, you can see thin white lines on such seams. And there is a farmer in the middle of the primeval jungle.
+Years later, let's go back here again to 2003. Then you can see that the landscape actually resembles Iowa much more than it does a rainforest.
+In fact, what you're looking at here is a soybean field.
+These soybeans are shipped to Europe and China as animal feed, and especially since the mad cow disease scare about a decade ago, they are a potential disease vector, so feeding animals with animal protein is discouraged. no longer wanted.
+Instead, we want to give them more plant protein.
+I mean, soybeans have really exploded and how trade and globalization really play a part in the link between the rainforest and the Amazon, the incredibly strange and interconnected world we have today. It shows what you are doing.
+Now, as we look around the world on our little trip around the world, we find again and again how landscapes are being carved out and altered to grow food and other crops.
+So one of the questions we've been asking is how much of the world is used to grow food, where exactly is it, and how can that change in the future? , and what does that mean?
+Our team has explored this globally by using satellite and ground data to track agriculture on a global scale.
+And this is what we found, and it's amazing.
+This map shows the presence of agriculture on Earth.
+Green areas are areas used to grow crops such as wheat, soybeans, corn, and rice.
+That's 16 million square kilometers of land.
+It is said that if these are collected in one place, it will be as wide as South America.
+The second area in brown is the meadows and pastures of the world inhabited by our animals.
+It covers an area of ​​about 30 million square kilometers, which is a vast area comparable to the land of Africa, and of course, as you can see, it's the best land. And what's left is the middle of the Sahara, Siberia, or the middle of the rainforest.
+We are already using the equivalent of the Earth.
+If you look closely at this, about 40 percent of the Earth's surface is devoted to agriculture, and that's all the areas we're dissatisfied with, the suburban sprawl, and where we mostly live. We can see that it is 60 times larger than the city.
+Today, half of humanity lives in cities, but 60 times that area is used to grow food.
+This is an amazing result and we were really shocked when we saw it.
+So we use a huge amount of land for agriculture, but we also use a lot of water.
+This is a photo that flew to Arizona, and when I look at it, I wonder, "What's growing here?" It turned out that they were growing lettuce in the middle of the desert by spraying water.
+Now, ironically, it's probably sold on the shelves of the Twin Cities supermarkets.
+But what's really interesting is that this water must be coming from somewhere, it's coming from the Colorado River here in North America.
+Well, Colorado on a typical day in the 1950s. This is, you know, not a flood or a drought, but some sort of average day. It is like this.
+But today when I go back to the exact same place under normal conditions this is what remains.
+The main difference is irrigating the desert for food or irrigating the Scottsdale golf course, the choice is yours.
+Well, this is a lot of water. Again, we mine water and use it to grow food. And now, further down the Colorado River, the water dries up completely and no longer flows into the ocean.
+We have literally consumed entire North American rivers for irrigation.
+Well, it's not even the worst example in the world.
+Perhaps this is the Aral Sea.
+Now, you probably remember this from your geography class.
+This former Soviet territory between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan is one of the world's leading inland seas.
+But there is some kind of contradiction here. Because it looks like it's surrounded by desert. Why is this ocean here?
+It's here because on the right side you can see two small rivers flowing through the sand to feed this basin.
+These rivers drain meltwater from the mountains far to the east, where the snow melts and flows down rivers through the desert to form the vast Aral Sea.
+Well, in the 1950s the Soviet Union, believe it or not, diverted that water to irrigate the desert to grow cotton in Kazakhstan and sell it on the international market to introduce foreign currency into the Soviet Union. I made it
+they really needed the money.
+Well, you can imagine what would happen. What would happen if the water supply to the Aral Sea was cut off?
+This was in 1973, 1986, 1999, 2004, and about 11 months ago.
+That's pretty insane.
+Well, a lot of the audience here lives in the Midwest.
+Imagine it was Lake Superior.
+Imagine it was Lake Huron.
+Amazing change.
+This is not only a change in the location of water bodies and coastlines, but also a fundamental change in the environment of the region.
+Let's start with this.
+There was actually no Sierra Club in the Soviet Union.
+Let's do so.
+In other words, nothing found at the bottom of the Aral Sea is beautiful.
+There is a lot of toxic waste there, and much of what was dumped there is now floating in the air.
+One of the small, remote and inaccessible islands was a Soviet biological weapons test site.
+I can walk there today.
+The weather pattern has changed.
+Nineteen of the 20 endemic fish species found only in the Aral Sea are now extinct from the planet.
+This is a large-scale environmental disaster.
+But let's take it home.
+Here is a picture of a fishing fleet in the Aral Sea that Mr. Al Gore gave me a few years ago, taken long ago when he was in the USSR.
+Can you see the canal they dug?
+They desperately tried to float their boats in the remaining puddles, but were eventually forced to give up when the piers and moorings could no longer keep up with the receding coastline.
+I don't know about you, but I'm afraid future archaeologists will dig this up, write stories about our time in history, and wonder, "What were you thinking?" .
+Well, that's the future we should look forward to.
+We already use about 50 percent of the planet's sustainable freshwater, and agriculture alone accounts for 70 percent.
+So we use a lot of water and land for agriculture.
+A lot of air is used for agriculture.
+Normally when we think of the atmosphere, we think of climate change and greenhouse gases, and mostly energy, but agriculture has also turned out to be one of the biggest emitters of greenhouse gases.
+Focusing on carbon dioxide from burning rainforests, methane from cattle and rice, and nitrous oxide from excess manure, agriculture accounts for 30 percent of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by human activity. It can be seen that
+It transcends all our modes of transportation.
+It exceeds all our power.
+In fact, it's more important than any other manufacturing industry.
+Earth is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases from human activity.
+Still, we don't talk much about it.
+So we have an astonishing presence today in which agriculture dominates the planet, accounting for 40 percent of the land surface, 70 percent of the water we use, and 30 percent of our greenhouse gas emissions. increase.
+We are doubling the flow of nitrogen and phosphorus worldwide just by using fertilizers, causing major problems with water quality in rivers, lakes and even oceans, which are also the biggest contributors to biodiversity loss. .
+Agriculture, therefore, is arguably the single most powerful force unleashed on this planet since the end of the Ice Age. No question.
+And it rivals climate change in importance.
+And they are both happening at the same time.
+But the really important thing to remember here is that it's not all bad. Agriculture is not bad.
+In fact, we are totally dependent on it.
+Not an option. It's not luxury. It's an absolute must.
+We have to provide food, feed, and even fiber and biofuels to the world's seven billion people today. And if anything, the demand for agriculture will increase in the future. it never goes away.
+It will be even bigger, mainly due to population growth. Today, 7 billion of us are headed for the end of at least 9, probably 9 and a half hours.
+More importantly, change your diet.
+As the world becomes richer and more populous, dietary consumption of meat is increasing, but this requires far more resources than a vegetarian diet.
+So more people are eating more, getting richer, and of course there is an energy crisis happening at the same time, and oil will need to be replaced by other sources of energy, and eventually there will be. Seed biofuels and bioenergy sources should be included.
+So we combine these. It's really hard to imagine how we're going to get through the rest of the century without at least doubling global agricultural production.
+Well, how do we do that? How do we double global agricultural production around the world?
+Well, you can also try farming more land.
+This is the analysis we did. The left side shows the current position of the crops and the right side shows where the crops are based on soil and climate. Assuming climate change won't have a big impact on this, it doesn't matter. good assumption.
+You can cultivate more land, but the problem is that the rest of the land is in dangerous areas.
+They have a lot of biodiversity and carbon and something we want to protect.
+Therefore, although you can grow more food by expanding your farmland, it is ecologically very dangerous and should be avoided.
+Instead, we may want to freeze our agricultural footprints and cultivate better land.
+This is the work we do to highlight places around the world where yields can be improved without negatively impacting the environment.
+The green areas here indicate where corn yields are already very high. This is probably the maximum we can find on Earth today for that climate and soil, but the brown and yellow areas are the only places we can achieve. You'll probably get 20-30 percent of what you should get.
+This situation is common in Africa and Latin America, but interestingly, Eastern Europe, once home to the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, is still in agricultural turmoil.
+Now, this will require nutrients and water.
+To achieve that, it will either be organic or conventional, or a combination of the two.
+Plants need water and nutrients.
+But we can do it, and we have the chance to make it happen.
+But we must do it in a sensitive way to meeting future food security needs and environmental security needs.
+We need to find ways to better achieve this trade-off between growing food and creating a healthy environment.
+At the moment, it's kind of an all-or-nothing proposition.
+We can grow food in the background -- it's a soybean field -- and this flower diagram shows that we grow a lot of food, but we don't have clean water. It doesn't have much and doesn't store a lot of carbon. We don't have much biodiversity.
+In the foreground there is a meadow that is environmentally nice, but you can't eat anything. what do you eat?
+We need to find ways to integrate both to create new kinds of farming.
+Now, when I talk about this, people often say, "Well, blank is the answer, isn't it?" -- organic foods, local foods, GMOs, new trade subsidies, new farm bills -- well, there are a lot of good ideas here, but none of these are silver bullets.
+In fact, I think they resemble silver bullets.
+And I love Silver Buckshot. When you combine them, you get something very powerful, but we have to combine them.
+So what we have to do is create a new kind of farming that combines the best ideas of commercial farming and the green revolution with the best ideas of organic farming and local food and the best ideas of environmental conservation. I think it's about inventing. They are fighting each other, but together they are working together to form a new kind of farming, what I call 'terraculture', or farming for the whole planet.
+Now, this conversation has been really hard and we've been working hard to get people across these key points to reduce controversy and increase collaboration.
+I would like to show you a short video showing our current efforts to bring these positions together in one conversation. So let me show you.
+(music) ("University of Minnesota Environmental Research Institute: The Willingness to Discover") (music) ("The world's population is growing by 75 million people each year.
+This is about the same size as Germany.
+Today, the population is approaching 7 billion.
+At this rate, the population will reach 9 billion by 2040.
+And we all need food.
+But how?
+How can we feed a growing world without destroying it?
+We already know that climate change is a big problem.
+But the problem doesn't stop there.
+We need to face "another inconvenient truth." A global crisis in agriculture.
+Population growth + meat consumption + dairy consumption + energy costs + bioenergy production = stress on natural resources.
+More than 40% of the land on earth has been cleared for agriculture.
+The world's agricultural land covers 16 million km².
+It is roughly the size of South America.
+There are 30 million km2 of grasslands on earth.
+It's the size of Africa.
+Agriculture uses 60 times more land than urban and suburban areas combined.
+Irrigation is the largest use of water on earth.
+We use 2,800 cubic kilometers of water for our crops each year.
+That's enough to fill 7,305 Empire State Buildings every day.
+Currently, the flows of many large rivers are decreasing.
+Some wither completely.
+Look at the Aral Sea, which is now a desert.
+Or the Colorado River, which no longer flows to the ocean.
+Fertilizers have more than doubled phosphorus and nitrogen in the environment.
+What was the result?
+Widespread water pollution and massive degradation of lakes and rivers.
+Surprisingly, agriculture is the biggest contributor to climate change.
+It accounts for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions.
+This exceeds emissions from all electricity and industry, or from all planes, trains and cars in the world.
+Most agricultural emissions come from tropical deforestation, methane from animals and rice fields, and nitrous oxide from excess fertilizer.
+Nothing will change the world like agriculture.
+And nothing is more important for our survival.
+I have a dilemma here...
+As the world's population grows by billions more, global food production will need to double, perhaps even triple.
+So where do we go from here?
+We need a bigger dialogue, an international dialogue.
+We need to invest in real solutions: farmer incentives, precision agriculture, new crop varieties, drip irrigation, gray water recycling, better farming practices, smarter diets.
+Everyone should be at the table.
+Advocate for commercial agriculture, environmental conservation, organic farming...
+We must cooperate.
+There is no single solution.
+There is no room for failure, so cooperation, imagination and determination are required.
+How can we feed the world without destroying it?
+Yes, we are facing one of the greatest challenges in human history today. It means feeding nine billion people and doing it sustainably, equitably and justly, while protecting the planet for present and future generations.
+This is going to be one of the hardest things in human history, and we have to do it absolutely right, and on the first and only try.
+I appreciate it very much. (applause)
+I call myself a body architect.
+I am classically trained in ballet and have experience in architecture and fashion.
+As a body architect, I am fascinated by the human body and exploring how it can be transformed.
+I worked in the Far Future Design Lab at Philips Electronics, looking 20 years into the future.
+I explored human skin and how technology can change the body.
+I have worked on concepts such as electronic tattoos that are enhanced by touch and dresses that turn red and tremble with light.
+I started my own experiment.
+These were a low-tech approach to the high-tech conversations I was having.
+These are swabs that were stuck to my roommate with wig glue.
+(Laughter) I started collaborating with my friend Bert Hess. He doesn't usually look like this, but we used ourselves as a model.
+We converted an apartment into a laboratory and worked very spontaneously and immediately.
+We were creating visual images that would encourage human evolution.
+During my time at Philips, we discussed the idea of ​​technology that was not either on or off, but somewhere in between.
+Possibly it could take a gaseous or liquid form.
+And I fell in love with this idea of ​​blurring around the body. Then you won't know where the skin starts and where the immediate environment starts.
+I set up a studio in the red light district, immersed myself in plumbing tubes, and found a way to redefine my skin to create this dynamic textile.
+I was introduced to Swedish pop star Robin, who also explored how technology can coexist with raw human emotions.
+And she talks about these new feathers, this new face paint, this punk-equipped technology, and how we identify with the world, and we made this music video.
+I'm interested in the idea of ​​what happens when you combine biology and technology. I remember reading about this idea that biology could be reprogrammed away from disease and aging in the future.
+And then I thought about this concept. If we could reprogram, modify, and biologically enhance our body odor, how would that change the way we communicate with each other?
+Or is it a way to attract a sexual partner?
+And will we return to a more animalistic state, a more primitive mode of communication?
+I worked with a synthetic biologist to create a perfume that can be swallowed. This is a cosmetic product that emits fragrance from the surface of the skin when eaten and sweated.
+We will completely break the common sense of perfume so far and propose a completely new format.
+It's a scent that comes from within.
+It redefines the role of skin and our bodies become atomizers.
+I learned that there are no boundaries. When I look at the evolution of my work, I see meaningful threads and connections.
+But looking to the future, the next project is completely unknown and the possibilities are endless.
+I feel like all these ideas are embedded inside me. It's these conversations and experiences that bind these ideas together, and they kind of come out instinctively.
+As a body architect, I have created this endless platform to help you discover whatever you want.
+And it feels like we're just getting started.
+Well then, another day at the office.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you!
+thank you!
+yeah yeah yeah Place your hands on your head.
+just relax. Just keep calm. Relax and join us and everything will be fine
+yes. OK, please put your hands down.
+don't be a hero please put your hands down have understood?
+have understood. now. nice. good.
+Please implement any financial assistance.
+Yes, worst of all, put a scholarship in your bag, yes, yes.
+Please put the scholarship in your bag. Yes, you too, yes, yes, yes.
+Yes you. yeah yeah. You there Pell Grant in the bag.
+Put Pell Grant in there too. Yes you. go. yeah yeah yeah
+You, go to that booth and get me some subsidies, some subsidy loans.
+It's not a game anymore. I know you're hiding money somewhere here.
+All this tuition you paid for me and my peers -- wow! -- I'm about to bring a gangster here.
+It's up here. I'm going to N.W.A. If you don't have cash, you can meet the Beastie Boys, dude.
+Because we are not going to accept it. ♪ Oh...
+Oh, you thought I was playing
+Oh, you would have thought this was a game. backup, backup. Take care, that's all.
+What do you think, do you think this is a game? what?
+teeth? You don't even know me
+Say something else. Don't call me crazy
+Don't Call Me Crazy -- Livs, before I go crazy, please don't call me crazy.
+Let me tell you, I'm driving insane right now. I'm about to start my Tupac Thug life here.
+Like, "I'm not a murderer, but don't impose. Revenge is like the sweetest pleasure--".
+I'm going to be like Biggie Smalls in Brooklyn, like, "SNES, Sega Genesis. When I was broke—" I'm aiming for a KRS-One cuckoo with a cocoa puff type wild.
+It's like, "Wa-da-da-dum, wah-da-da-dum, listen to my 9mm go bang." you know what?
+you are an idiot you are really stupid
+Hide the children, hide the wives, because we have financial aid around here. do you think this is a game?
+do you think i want to do this here?
+Do you know how hard it was to find these guns?
+Ok, sorry. you understand?
+I'm just trying to get an education. you know what i mean?
+I'm just trying to fight for the chance that my great-grandfather died, you know what I mean?
+You know how my ancestors sat down so that I could sit in the classroom.
+And all these years, you've been strangling your life out of my bank statements, leaving my pockets as empty as my parking lot.
+Professor Willie Lynch taught me a lot.
+Keep your body and take your money.
+Force my people to deceive and fail.
+Tune your brain to malfunction when you see success. Just keep the cycle going.
+Make them pay for the education that ends up failing.
+They put us in debt and pay us back the money they earned from their hard work.
+This seems all too familiar.
+It's like rust on the shackles that hold a degree in place.
+Sounds like the 13th Amendment to the Constitution reversed.
+The auditorium should not feel like a cotton field, nor should it sound like a muffled song of freedom trapped in a generational dream. Oh! Oh it all makes sense.
+Give us enough to keep us fed. But not enough to feed yourself.
+It weakens us psychologically and makes us lose purpose in the process.
+Stop stealing our dreams from our sleep.
+If you're not helping someone, don't call it financial aid.
+we've been fighting
+We have fought too hard not to let the green paper build a barricade in front of our future.
+I do not allow any possibility of stealing food from my children's stomachs.
+Trust me I'm going out with a blast.
+I'm not a killer, but please don't impose.
+I wish this hadn't happened, but for my Haitian cousins ​​who don't know what college is like, for my best friend Raymond who's sitting in cell 9 instead of college, the hanging noose I have to do it for the sake of My GPA is on my neck.
+I have no other choice.
+Please put the money in your bag.
+Please put the money in your bag. I just want to go to school, dude.
+I just want an education. I just want to learn. I just want to grow.
+Just put the money in your bag.
+Hello my name is Frank. Collecting secrets.
+It all started with a wild idea in November 2004.
+I printed 3,000 return postcards like this.
+One side is blank and the other side has some short descriptions.
+I asked people to anonymously share their clever secrets that they had never told anyone before.
+And I randomly handed these postcards out on the streets of Washington, D.C., not knowing what would happen.
+But soon, the idea started going viral.
+People started buying their own postcards and making them themselves.
+In addition to postmarks from Washington, D.C., my mailbox now receives secrets from Texas, California, Vancouver, New Zealand, and Iraq.
+Pretty soon, my crazy ideas seemed less crazy.
+PostSecret.com is the world's most visited ad-free blog.
+And here is my postcard collection for today.
+I can see my wife struggling to stack postcard bricks on top of a pyramid of over 500,000 secrets.
+What I want to do now is start with this collection and share with you some special secrets from that collection.
+"I found this stamp when I was a kid and have been waiting for someone to send it to me.
+I never had anyone. "
+Secrets come in many forms.
+It can be shocking, it can be silly, it can be soulful.
+They connect us to our deepest humanity and to people we will never meet.
+(Laughter) Maybe one of you sent this.
+don't know.
+This does a great job showing the creativity people have when making postcards and mailing them to me.
+It was apparently made from half a Starbucks cup, with a stamp and my home address on the other side.
+"Dear Mother, I have wonderful parents.
+I found love I'm happy. "
+Secrets remind us of the myriad human dramas of weakness and heroism that still play quietly in the lives of those around us.
+"Everyone who knew me before 9/11 believes I'm dead."
+"I worked with devout religious people, so sometimes I would giggle to myself without panties and with a wide smile on my face."
+(Laughter) I'll explain a little bit about what's next before I share it with you.
+I love speaking on college campuses and sharing secrets and stories with students.
+And sometimes after that I stay there to sign books and take pictures with the students.
+And the following postcard was made from one of those photos.
+And just like today, I used a wireless microphone at the PostSecret event as well.
+"The mic wasn't turned off during soundcheck.
+We all heard you pee. "
+(Laughter) I was really embarrassed when this happened, but then I realized it could be worse.
+right. You should understand what I'm saying.
+(Laughter) "Inside this envelope is the torn remains of a suicide note that I never used.
+I feel (now) the happiest person on earth. "One of these men is the father of my son.
+He paid me a lot of money to keep it a secret. "
+(Laughter.) "That Saturday, when you wondered where I was, I received your ring.
+It's in my pocket now. "
+Two years ago on Valentine's Day, I posted this postcard on the PostSecret blog.
+It was the bottom, last secret of a long column.
+And it wasn't even hours before I received this enthusiastic email from the person who sent this postcard.
+And he said, "Frank, I have to share with you this story that happened in my life."
+"My knees are still shaking," he said.
+“For three years, my girlfriend and I have made it a habit to visit the PostSecret blog together on Sunday mornings and read the secrets aloud,” he said.
+I read some books to her and she read some to me. "
+He says, "It's really brought our bond closer over the years.
+So when I found out you posted a surprise proposal to my girlfriend at the bottom, I was stunned.
+And I tried to keep my cool so that I wouldn't leak anything.
+And like every Sunday, we started reading secrets aloud to each other. "
+"But this time it seemed like it took her forever to get over each one," he said.
+But she finally did.
+She found out the secret: his proposal.
+And he said, "She read it once and then read it again."
+And she turned to him and said, "Is that my cat?"
+(Laughter.) And when she looked at him, he was on one knee and had his ring off.
+When he asked her, she said yes. It was a very happy ending.
+So I emailed him and said, "What kind of image would you like to share with the entire PostSecret community to let everyone know how the fairy tale ends?"
+And he emailed me this photo.
+(laughs) "I found your camera at Lollapalooza this summer.
+I've finally developed the photos, so I'd love to share them with you. "
+The photo was never returned to those who lost it, but the secret touched the lives of many, including a student in Canada named Matty.
+Matty's secret inspired him to launch his own website, IFoundYourCamera.
+Matty is asking for the digital camera he found and the memory stick he lost along with the photos of the orphans to be sent.
+Matty then takes pictures from these cameras and posts them to his website every week.
+And people come here to see if they can identify a lost photo, or to help someone else find the one they're desperately looking for.
+this is my favourite.
+(Laughter) Matty has found this ingenious way to capitalize on the kindness of strangers.
+It may seem like a simple idea, and it is, but the impact it can have on people's lives can be enormous.
+Matty shared with me an emotional email he received from the mother in the photo.
+"That's me, my husband and my son.
+The other photo is of my seriously ill grandmother.
+Thank you for creating the site.
+These pictures mean more to me than you might think.
+The birth of my son is captured in this camera.
+He will be 4 years old tomorrow. "
+All the photos you see there, and thousands more, have crossed oceans, crossed language barriers, and found their way back to the people they lost.
+This is the last postcard I send to you today.
+"When my loved ones leave voicemails on my cell phone, I always save them in case they die tomorrow and there is no other way to hear them again."
+Dozens of people sent me voicemail messages from their cell phones when I posted this secret. Sometimes I received messages that I had saved for years, and messages from deceased family members and friends.
+By preserving and sharing their voices, they said, they can keep the souls of their loved ones alive.
+One girl posted the last message she heard from her grandmother.
+Secrets come in many forms.
+It can be shocking, it can be silly, it can be soulful.
+They can connect us to our deepest humanity and to people we will never see again.
+Voicemail Recording: First saved voice message.
+Grandma: ♫ Today is someone's birthday ♫ ♫ Today is someone's birthday ♫ ♫ Candles are lit ♫ ♫ On someone's cake ♫ ♫ And we are all invited ♫ ♫ Somebody's For ♫ You are 21 today.
+I wish you a very happy birthday and I love you.
+I'll say goodbye for now.
+FW: Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) June Cohen: Frank, it was so beautiful and moving.
+Have you ever sent yourself a postcard?
+Have you ever sent a secret to PostSecret?
+FW: Every book has one secret of mine.
+I think part of the reason I started this project was because I was struggling with my own secrets, even though I didn't know anything about it at the time.
+And through crowdsourcing, through the kindness shown to me by strangers, I was able to uncover the parts of my past that haunted me.
+JC: So has anyone discovered your secrets in this book?
+Is there anyone in your life who could tell you that?
+FW: We share that information from time to time.
+(laughter) (applause)
+I was born in Den Bosch, where the painter Hieronymus Bosch took his name.
+And I have always loved this painter who lived and worked in the 15th century.
+And what is interesting about him in relation to morality is that he lived at a time when the influence of religion was waning. I think I was wondering what would happen to society if there were no religion, or if there were less religions.
+There he painted this famous painting, The Garden of Earthly Delights, which some interpret as mankind before the fall, or mankind without any fall at all.
+So you wonder what would have happened if we had not tasted the fruit of knowledge, so to speak, and what kind of morality would we have?
+Much later, being a student, I went to a completely different garden - the zoo in Arnhem, which kept chimpanzees.
+This is me and a baby chimpanzee when I was little.
+(Laughter) So I discovered that chimpanzees are very power hungry and wrote a book about it.
+And at the time, much of animal research focused on aggression and competition.
+I painted the big picture including the animal kingdom and mankind. So, at heart, we are competitors, aggressive, and basically all for our own benefit.
+This is my book release.
+I don't know how much the chimpanzees read, but they definitely seemed interested in the book.
+(Laughter) Now, in the process of doing all the research on power, dominance, aggression, etc., I discovered that chimpanzees reconcile after fighting.
+What you see here are two men who have had a fight.
+They ended up on a tree and one of them held out his hand to the other.
+And about a second after I took the picture, they gathered in the tree fork, kissed and hugged.
+This is very interesting. Because back then it was all about competition and attack, so it didn't make sense.
+All that matters is whether you win or lose.
+But why make up after fighting? It makes no sense.
+This is how bonobos do it. Bonobos will do anything with sex.
+And they even reconcile with sex.
+But the principle is exactly the same.
+The principle is that conflict is damaging a valuable relationship and something needs to be done about it.
+From then on, my whole picture of the animal kingdom, including humans, began to change.
+So we have the image of man being a wolf to man in politics, economics, humanities, and even philosophy.
+And deep down, our nature is actually nasty.
+I think it's a very unfair image for wolves.
+After all, wolves are very cooperative animals.
+That's why so many people have dogs at home, who also have all these characteristics.
+And this is really unfair to humanity. Because humans are actually far more cooperative and empathetic than people give them credit for.
+So I became interested in those issues and started researching other animals.
+So these are the pillars of morality.
+If you ask someone, "What is morality based on?"
+These two elements come up all the time.
+One is reciprocity, and associated with it is a sense of justice and fairness.
+And the other is empathy and sympathy.
+Human morality is much more than this, but if you remove these two pillars, I think there will be very little left.
+So they are an absolute must.
+So here are some examples.
+This is a very old video taken by the Yerkes Primate Center where chimpanzees were trained to cooperate.
+So we were already experimenting with cooperation about 100 years ago.
+Here are two young chimpanzees with a box, but the box is too heavy for one chimpanzee.
+Of course, the box also contains food.
+Otherwise they wouldn't pull so hard.
+So they are bringing boxes.
+And you can see they are in sync.
+You can see them working together and pulling at the same time.
+That's already a huge improvement over many other animals that can't do that.
+One of the two chimpanzees was fed and will provide even more interesting pictures.
+That means 1 in 2 people aren't really interested in the task anymore.
+(laughter) (laughter) (laughter) [- And sometimes gestures seem to convey their wishes and meanings. ] Well, see what happens at this last minute.
+(Laughter) He basically accepts everything.
+(Laughter) There are two interesting things about this.
+One is that the chimpanzee on the right perfectly understands the need for a partner, and thus the need for cooperation.
+The second is being willing to work even though your partner isn't interested in food.
+Why?
+Well, it probably has something to do with reciprocity.
+In fact, there is plenty of evidence that primates and other animals return favors.
+He will repay the favor at some point in the future.
+That's how it all works.
+We do the same with elephants.
+Another problem with elephants is that you can't build equipment that is too heavy for one elephant.
+I could probably make one with this, but I think it would be a pretty clumsy device.
+What we did in that case is that we are doing these studies in Thailand for Josh Plotnik. We have a device with a rope, a single rope around it.
+And when you pull this side of the rope, it disappears on the other side.
+Therefore, two elephants must grab it and pull it at exactly the same time.
+Otherwise nothing will happen and the rope will disappear.
+The first tape you see is two elephants released together arriving at the device.
+On the left side there is a utensil, on which food is placed.
+And they gather together, they arrive together, they pick it up together, they pull it together.
+there you are
+So they bring it in.
+But from now on, we're going to make it even more difficult.
+Because the purpose of this experiment is to see how well they understand cooperation.
+The next step is to release one elephant in front of another. The elephant must be smart enough to stay there and wait without pulling on the rope. Because when he pulls on the rope, it disappears, completing the whole test. finished.
+Now this elephant is doing something illegal that we didn't tell you.
+But it shows he understands. Because he puts his big feet on the rope, stands on the rope, and waits there for his opponent, who will do all the work for him.
+This is the so-called living room.
+(Laughter) But that shows the intelligence that elephants have.
+They have developed some of these alternative technologies, not necessarily ones we endorse.
+(Laughter) Another elephant is coming...
+And I'm going to pull it in.
+Then look at the other. Of course, don't forget to eat.
+(Laughter) This was the cooperation and reciprocity part.
+Empathy is the main theme of my current research.
+And empathy has two qualities. One is the understanding part.
+This is just a general definition. It is the ability to understand and share the emotions of others.
+and the emotional part.
+There are basically two channels of empathy. One is the body channel. When you talk to a sad person, you will have a sad expression and a sad posture, and before you know it, you will become sad.
+And it's like a physical channel of emotional empathy that many animals have.
+That's why people keep mammals in their homes instead of turtles, snakes, etc., which don't have that kind of empathy.
+And then there is the cognitive channel. This means being able to take someone else's point of view.
+And it's even more limited.
+I don't think there are many animals like elephants or apes that can do that.
+So attunement, part of the whole empathy mechanism, is very old in the animal kingdom.
+Of course, in humans, yawning contagion can be studied.
+Humans yawn when other people yawn.
+And it has to do with empathy.
+It activates the same areas in the brain.
+We also know that people with more contagious yawning are more empathetic.
+Yawning is not contagious for people with empathy problems, such as children with autism.
+And we study that by presenting animated heads to chimpanzees.
+That's the yawning animated head in the top left.
+And we have real chimpanzees looking at the computer screens that we play these animations on.
+(Laughter.) You probably know all too well that yawning is contagious, and you're probably going to start yawning soon, but it's the same for us and other animals.
+And it is related to the synchronization channels throughout the body that underlie empathy and are essentially ubiquitous in mammals.
+Also study more complex expressions -- this is a consolation.
+This is how a male chimpanzee loses a fight and screams, when a young chimpanzee comes up and holds him in his arms to calm him down.
+It's comforting.
+And the act of consolation -- (laughter) it's based on empathy.
+In fact, a way to study empathy in human children is to instruct a family member to act in distress and then observe what young children do.
+And it's related to empathy, and we're looking at expressions like that.
+We also recently published an experiment that you may be familiar with.
+It is about altruism and chimpanzees, and the question is "Do chimpanzees care about the welfare of others?"
+And for decades it was thought that only humans could do that, and only humans would care about the well-being of others.
+Well, I tried a very simple experiment.
+We did it with chimpanzees living at the Yerkes field station in Lawrenceville.
+And that's how they live.
+Then call them into the room and do the experiment.
+In this case, we have two chimpanzees placed side by side, one with a bucket full of tokens, and the tokens have different meanings.
+One type of token feeds only selected partners, and the other type of token feeds both.
+This is a study we did with Vicki Horner.
+And here we have two color tokens.
+So they have buckets full of them.
+I know how it goes.
+So if this chimpanzee makes a selfish choice, in this case a red token, he has to give it to us and we pick it up and put it on a table with a reward of 2 food. but in this case the one on the right receives the food.
+The woman on the left already knows this is not a good test for her, so she walks away.
+Next is the pro-social token.
+So the person making the choice, which is the interesting point here, but for the person making the choice, it doesn't really matter.
+So she gave us prosocial tokens and both chimpanzees were allowed to feed.
+Therefore, those who make a choice always receive a reward.
+So it has nothing to do.
+And she should actually be blindly choosing.
+But what we discovered is that they prefer prosocial tokens.
+This is the 50% line, the random expected value.
+And they choose even more, especially if their partner draws attention to themselves.
+And if a partner puts pressure on them, that is, if they start spitting water and threatening them, the options are reduced.
+(Laughter) It's like saying, "If you're not well behaved, I'm not going to socialize today."
+And this is what happens when you don't have a partner sitting there if you don't have one.
+There, it turns out that chimpanzees care about the well-being of someone else, especially other members of their own group.
+So the final experiment I want to share with you is our equity study.
+And this has become a very famous study.
+After doing this about 10 years ago, it became so well known that now there are even more.
+And we did it with capuchin monkeys first.
+I'll show you the first experiments we did.
+Now dogs, birds and chimpanzees do it too.
+But for Sarah Brosnan, we started with the Capuchin.
+So what we did was put two capuchin monkeys side by side.
+Again, these animals live in herds and know each other.
+We take them out of the group and put them in the exam room.
+And there are very simple tasks they need to do.
+And if you put two monkeys side by side and give them both a cucumber for this challenge, they're going to do this 25 times in a row.
+Cucumbers are just water in my opinion, but cucumbers are perfectly fine with them.
+Now, let's say you give your partner grapes. Capuchin monkey food preferences match supermarket prices exactly. So give them grapes and it's much better food. Then there will be injustice between them.
+That's the experiment we did.
+I recently videotaped it with new monkeys who had never done this task and thought maybe they would have a stronger response, and it turns out I was right.
+On the left is a monkey receiving a cucumber.
+The person on the right is the one who receives the grapes.
+Who gets the cucumber -- note that the first cucumber is perfectly fine.
+Then she sees another one getting grapes and sees what happens.
+So she gave us a stone. that is the task.
+And we give her a piece of cucumber and she eats it.
+Another person needs to give us a stone.
+And that's what she does.
+And she gets grapes...
+and eat it.
+Another sees it.
+She now gives us a stone and gives us another cucumber.
+(laughter) (laughter ends) She's going to hit the wall with a stone now.
+She needs to give it to us.
+(Laughter) So this is basically the Wall Street protests you see here.
+(Laughter) (Applause) We still have two minutes -- let's have a funny story about this.
+The work became very famous and received many comments, especially from anthropologists, economists and philosophers.
+They didn't like it at all.
+Because, I think, they decided in their hearts that fairness is a very complicated issue, and animals cannot have it.
+And one philosopher even wrote that it was impossible for monkeys to have a sense of fairness, because fairness was invented during the French Revolution.
+(Laughter.) And another wrote a whole chapter that if the person who got the grapes refused the grapes, they would believe it had something to do with fairness.
+Now, what's interesting is that Sarah Brosnan, who does this with chimpanzees, has done several combinations where a chimpanzee actually tries to get the grapes and refuses the grapes until the other chimpanzee also gets the grapes. That's it.
+So we are very close to a human sense of fairness.
+And I think philosophers need to rethink their philosophies for a while.
+So let's wrap up.
+I think there is an evolved morality.
+I think morality is far more important than anything I've talked about so far, but without the empathy, comfort, pro-social tendencies, reciprocity, and sense of fairness that we see in other primates, it would be useless. Is possible.
+So we look at these particular problems to see if we can create morality, so to speak, from the bottom up, without necessarily involving God or religion, and how we can arrive at an evolved morality. is working on
+And thank you for your attention.
+(applause)
+Today I would like to talk to you about a subject that is completely uncontroversial.
+Unfortunately, though, it's incredibly controversial.
+Come to think of it, more than a billion couples will have sex this year.
+Couples love this, love this, love this.
+(Laughter) My take is this -- all these men and women should be free to decide whether or not they want to have children.
+And you should be able to act on your decisions using one of these contraceptive methods.
+Now, I think it's hard to find many people who disagree with this idea.
+More than 1 billion people use contraception without hesitation.
+They want the power to plan their lives and raise healthier, more educated, and more prosperous families.
+But despite being a very widely accepted idea in the private sector, birth control certainly raises a lot of public opposition.
+Talking about contraception, some people think it's the norm for abortion, but it's not.
+To be honest, some people find it offensive because it's about sex.
+Some worry that the real purpose of family planning is to control the population.
+These are all collateral issues attached to this central idea that men and women should be able to decide when they want to have children.
+As a result, contraception has almost completely and completely disappeared from the global health agenda.
+Victims of this paralysis are people in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
+Here in Germany, about 66 percent of people use contraception.
+You guessed it.
+The same was true for El Salvador, at 66%.
+Thailand, 64 percent.
+But let's compare this to other places like Uttar Pradesh, one of India's largest states.
+In fact, if Uttar Pradesh were its own country, it would be the fifth largest country in the world.
+Their birth control rate is 29 percent.
+Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa, has 10%.
+Chad, 2 percent.
+Take the African country of Senegal, for example.
+That percentage is about 12 percent.
+But why so low?
+One reason for this is the limited availability of the most popular contraceptives.
+African women will tell you over and over again that injectables are now preferred.
+They go to inject it in their arms, and they have to inject it about four times a year, every three months.
+The reason African women like it so much is that they can sometimes hide it from their husbands who want many children.
+The problem is that every time a woman goes to a clinic in Senegal, the syringes are out of stock.
+150 days a year are out of stock.
+So can you imagine the situation? She walks up here to get an injection.
+She leaves the fields, sometimes leaving her children behind, but they are not there.
+And I don't know when it will be available again.
+This is the same story across the African continent today.
+And the world we built became a life-or-death crisis.
+There are 100,000 women [yearly] who say they don't want to get pregnant and die in childbirth.
+There are 600,000 more women [yearly] who say they never wanted to conceive in the first place, give birth to a baby who dies in the first month of life.
+I know everyone wants to save this mother and her children.
+But halfway through, we got confused by our conversation.
+And we stopped trying to save these lives.
+So if we want to move this issue forward, we need to be clear about what our agenda is.
+We are not talking about abortion.
+We are not talking about population control.
+My point is to empower women to save their lives, save their children's lives, and give their families the best possible future.
+The world as a whole now has much to do in the global health community, including fighting disease, if we want to make the world a better place in the future.
+Too many children are dying today from diarrhea and pneumonia, as you just heard.
+They literally kill millions of children a year.
+We also need to help smallholder farmers working the small tracts of land in Africa so that they can grow enough food to feed their children.
+And we must ensure that children around the world have access to an education.
+But one of the simplest and most transformative things we can do is make birth control methods available to almost all Germans, and all Americans to use these tools at some point throughout their lives. It's about making it accessible to everyone.
+And I think as long as we're really clear about what our agenda is, we're waiting for a global movement to happen, ready to back this totally uncontroversial idea.
+I grew up in a Catholic household.
+I still consider myself a Catholic.
+My mother's great-uncle was a Jesuit priest.
+My great-aunt was a Dominican nun.
+She was a lifelong school teacher and principal.
+In fact, she was the one who taught me how to read at a young age.
+I was very close with her.
+I went to Catholic school all my childhood until I left home to go to college.
+At my high school, Ursuline Academy, the nuns made service and social justice a top priority in the school.
+I think the lessons I learned in high school are being applied to the activities of the [Gates] Foundation today.
+Thus, in the tradition of Catholic scholars, nuns taught us to question known teachings.
+And one of the teachings that we girls and my peers questioned was whether birth control was really a sin.
+Because I think one of the reasons we feel so uncomfortable talking about contraception is the persistent concern that the separation of sex and reproduction promotes promiscuity.
+And I think this is a natural question to be asked about birth control. How does contraception affect sexual morality?
+But like most women, my decision on birth control had nothing to do with promiscuity.
+I had plans for my future. I wanted to go to university.
+I studied hard in college and was proud to be one of the few female computer science graduates in college.
+I wanted a career, so I went to business school and became one of the youngest female executives at Microsoft.
+But I still remember when I left my parents' house and moved across the country to start a new job at Microsoft.
+They sacrificed a lot to get me five years of higher education.
+But when I left home, and when I literally walked down the front steps of their home, they said, 'Even if you've had such a great education, you're going to get married and have kids. As soon as we decide, we'll be fine."
+They wanted me to do what makes me happiest.
+I was free to decide what that would be.
+It was a wonderful feeling.
+In fact, I wanted kids, and I wanted to have them when I was ready.
+So now Bill and I have three.
+And when our first daughter was born, I can say that we weren't quite sure how to be great parents.
+Maybe some of you know that feeling.
+So we waited a little while before having our second child.
+And it's no coincidence that we have three children, three years apart.
+Now, as a mother, what do I want most from my children?
+I want them to feel like I can do whatever they want in life.
+Over the last ten years, traveling around the world for this foundation, I have felt that all women want the same thing.
+Last year I was in a slum in Nairobi, in a place called Korogocho. Literally translated, it means "to stand shoulder to shoulder".
+And I spoke with this group of women pictured here.
+And the women were very candid about family life in the slums, what it was like.
+And they discussed very intimately what they had done for contraception.
+In the center of the screen, in a red sweater, Marianne summarized the entire two-hour conversation in words I will never forget.
+"I want to bring all the good things to this child before the next one is born," she said.
+And I thought, that's all.
+it is universal.
+We all want to bring all the good things to our children.
+What is not universal, however, is our ability to offer all kinds of good things.
+Too many women suffer from domestic violence.
+And they can't even bring up the topic of contraception, even within their own marriage.
+Many women do not have basic education.
+Even many knowledgeable and empowered women do not have access to contraceptives.
+For 250 years, parents around the world have decided to have small families.
+This trend has remained stable for 5000 years across cultures and regions, with the exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
+The French began reducing family sizes in the mid-1700s.
+Over the next 150 years, the trend spread across Europe.
+What surprised me when I learned this history was that it stretched along cultural boundaries rather than along socio-economic boundaries.
+People who speak the same language made that change as a group.
+They made the same choices for their families, whether rich or poor.
+The reason the trend toward small families was so widespread was that this whole idea was driven by the idea that couples could consciously control the number of children they had.
+This is a very powerful idea.
+Parents have the ability not only to accept the future as it is, but also to influence it.
+In France, the average family size declined every decade for 150 consecutive years until it stabilized.
+It took a long time because contraceptives weren't that good back then.
+In Germany, this transition began in the 1880s and it took just 50 years for family sizes to stabilize in the country.
+And while in Asia and Latin America the transition began in the 1960s, it happened much earlier thanks to modern contraceptive methods.
+As we go through this history, I think it's important to pause for a moment and remember why this has become such a controversial issue.
+That's because some family planning programs rely on unfortunate incentives and coercive policies.
+For example, in the 1960s India adopted very specific numerical targets and paid women to accept the insertion of IUDs into their bodies.
+Well, Indian women were really smart in this situation.
+When they went to have their IUDs inserted they received 6 rupees.
+So what did they do?
+They waited hours or days and went to another service provider to have the IUD removed for 1 rupee.
+For decades, African-American women in the United States have been sterilized without their consent.
+The operation was so common that it became known as the Mississippi appendectomy. This is a tragic chapter in my country's history.
+And in the 1990s, Andean women in Peru were unknowingly anesthetized and sterilized.
+The most amazing thing about this is that such coercive policies were not even necessary.
+The plan has been implemented where parents already want to reduce the size of their families.
+Because in every region, parents again and again want to have a small family.
+There is no reason to believe that African women have different desires by nature.
+If they had a choice, they would have fewer children.
+The question is, will we invest in helping every woman get what she wants now?
+Or are we going to drive them into a century-long struggle, as if this is still revolutionary France and the best way is abortion?
+Empowering Parents -- No need to justify.
+But here's the problem. Our desire to bring all good things to our children is a force for good in the world.
+That's what drives society forward.
+In the same slums of Nairobi, I met a young businessman. She used to make backpacks at home.
+She used to go with her young children to the local jeans factory and collect scraps of denim.
+She planned to create and resell these backpacks.
+And when I spoke to her, she had three children and asked about her family.
+And she and her husband said they decided they didn't want to have children after the third.
+So when I asked her why, she just said, "Well, if I had another child, I wouldn't be able to keep the business going."
+And she explained that the income she earns from her business allows her to provide education for all three children.
+She was incredibly optimistic about her family's future.
+This is the same mental calculation that hundreds of millions of men and women have gone through.
+And the evidence proves they are just right.
+You can give your children more chances by controlling when you give them chances.
+Bangladesh has a district called Matlab.
+This is where researchers have collected data on more than 180,000 residents since 1963.
+I would say that this is one of the longest running studies in the global health community.
+Lots of great health stats.
+What did they do in one study?
+Half of the villagers were selected to obtain contraceptives.
+They were educated and had access to birth control pills.
+Twenty years later, we tracked those villages and found that their quality of life was superior to that of neighboring villages.
+Families are healthier.
+Women were less likely to die in childbirth.
+Their children were less likely to die in the first 30 days of life.
+The nutritional status of children has improved.
+My family became wealthy.
+Wages for adult women were higher.
+Households had more assets such as livestock, land, and savings.
+Finally, their son and daughter have access to more schooling.
+So when you multiply this kind of effect across millions of families, the result could be massive economic development.
+People talk about the Asian economic miracle of the 1980s, but it really wasn't a miracle.
+One of the main drivers of economic growth across the region has been this cultural trend towards small families.
+Radical change begins at the individual family level, where families decide what is best for their children.
+When they make that change and decision, they become a major trend locally and nationally.
+If families in Sub-Saharan Africa were given the opportunity to make such decisions for themselves, I believe there would be a virtuous cycle of development in communities across Africa.
+We can help poor families build a better future.
+We can argue that everyone has the opportunity to learn about contraception and have access to all types of contraception.
+I think the goal here is very clear. It is the universal access to contraception that women want.
+And for that to happen, it means that rich and poor governments alike must make contraception an absolute priority.
+In this room and around the world, we will discuss the hundreds of millions of families who do not have access to contraceptives today, and how their lives could be changed if they had access. can play their part.
+If Marianne and her women's group members can talk about this openly and discuss it among themselves and in public, so can we.
+And you have to start now.
+Because, like Marianne, we all want to bring all the good things to our children.
+And where is the controversy?
+thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you.
+I have a few questions for Melinda.
+(Applause ends) Thank you for your courage and for everything.
+So, Melinda, over the last few years, I've heard many smart people say things to this effect. "We don't have to worry about population problems anymore.
+Family sizes are naturally declining around the world.
+The peak will be 9 billion or 10 billion. that's all. "
+are they wrong?
+Melinda Gates: If you look at the statistics across Africa, they're wrong.
+But I think we need to look at it through a different lens.
+We have to look at it from the ground up.
+I think that's one of the reasons we got into so much trouble with this contraceptive issue.
+We thought about it top down and wanted to have different population numbers over time.
+Yes, we care about our planet. Yes we have to make the right choice.
+But the choice must be made at the family level.
+And only by giving people access and letting them choose what they do, the kind of sweeping change we've seen all over the world, with the exception of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia and Afghanistan. can be obtained.
+CA: Some right-wing people in America and many conservative cultures around the world might say things like: "It's so good to talk about things like saving lives and empowering women.
+But sex is sacred.
+What you're proposing increases the chances of having sex frequently outside of marriage.
+And it's wrong. "
+what would you say to them?
+MG: I think sex is absolutely sacred.
+And it is sacred in Germany, sacred in America, sacred in France and many other places around the world.
+And the fact that 98 percent of sexually active women in my country say they use contraception does nothing to diminish the sanctity of sex.
+It means they are being forced to make choices about their lives.
+And I think in that choice we also honor the sanctity of the family, the sanctity of the lives of mothers and children by saving lives.
+To me it is also incredibly sacred.
+CA: So what is your foundation doing to further this issue?
+And what can people here and people listening on the web do? What do you want them to do?
+MG: I'd like to say -- join the conversation.
+I have listed the website here. Join the conversation.
+Tell your story about how birth control changed your life, or the life of someone you know.
+And say you agree with this.
+We need an upsurge of people saying, "This makes sense."
+We must give access to all women, no matter where they live. "
+One of the things we are trying to do is have a big event in London on July 11th. Many countries, African countries, will join us in arguing to put this back on the global health agenda. .
+We will put resources into it and work with governments to plan from the bottom up to ensure that women have access to education. Then if women want the tools, they'll have them, and they'll have a lot more. Some of the options available through local health workers or local rural clinics.
+CA: Melinda, I'm sure some of the nuns who taught you at school will see this TED talk one day.
+Will they be frightened or will they cheer you on?
+MG: They know I'm giving a TED Talk, so they know I'm going to send them a TED Talk.
+And, you know, the nuns who taught me were incredibly progressive.
+I hope they are very proud of me for doing what they taught us about social justice and service.
+What I have seen in developing countries has made me very passionate about this issue.
+And for me, this subject has become very familiar. Because you meet these women, and they are often silent.
+But they shouldn't be. They should have a voice and be accessible.
+And I hope they feel they are living what I have learned from them and from the decades of work I have already done with the Foundation.
+CA: So you and your team have put together an amazing group of speakers today that we all appreciate.
+Did you learn anything?
+(laughter) MG: Wow, I learned so much. I have a lot of follow-up questions.
+And I think a lot of this work is travel.
+You've probably heard the debate "why aren't there women on this platform?" about journeys through energy, journeys through social design, or future journeys.
+And I think for all of us working on these development issues, we can learn from talking to others.
+You learn by doing. You learn by trying and failing.
+And that's the question you ask.
+In some cases, the questions you ask help the next person come up with an answer.
+I would like to ask a number of questions to the panelists today.
+And I thought it was a really great day.
+CA: Melinda, thank you for inviting us all on this journey.
+Thank you very much. MG: Great. Thank you Chris.
+I'm a process engineer and know a lot about boilers, incinerators, fiber filters, cyclones, etc.
+But I also have Marfan Syndrome.
+This is a genetic disease.
+Then in 1992, I joined genetic research. The result, as you can see from the slide, was that, to my horror, the ascending aorta was not within the normal range (green line below).
+Everyone here will be between 3.2 and 3.6, but I was already at 4.4.
+And as you can see, my aorta was slowly dilating and getting closer and closer to the point where I needed surgery.
+The proposed surgery was rather disastrous.
+Anesthesia is given, the chest is opened, a heart-lung machine is put on, the temperature is lowered to about 18 degrees Celsius, the heart is stopped, the aorta is removed and replaced with a plastic valve and a plastic aorta.
+And most importantly, lifelong anticoagulant therapy.
+usually warfarin.
+The idea of ​​surgery was not appealing.
+It was really scary when you think about warfarin.
+So I said to myself: "I'm an engineer, I'm in R&D. It's just a plumbing problem."
+"We can do this, we can change this"
+So I decided to change the whole aortic dilatation treatment.
+The purpose of the project is really simple.
+The only real problem with the ascending aorta in people with Marfan syndrome is some lack of tensile strength.
+So simply wrapping the pipe from the outside will keep it stable and may work very well.
+If your high-pressure hose pipes or hydraulic lines are a little bulging, you can just wrap them with tape. It's very easy.
+I have an idea, but haven't implemented it.
+The big advantage of external support for me was that I could keep all my parts, all my endothelium and flaps, and not need anticoagulant therapy.
+So where do we start?
+This is a sagittal cut of me.
+In the center you can see a small structure being extruded. That is the left ventricle, which pumps blood through the aortic valve.
+You can see two of the aortic valve leaflets working there.
+up to the ascending aorta.
+And that part, the ascending aorta, dilates and eventually ruptures, of course, fatally.
+We began by organizing image acquisition from the magnetic resonance and CT imaging equipment to create a model of the patient's aorta.
+This is a model of my aorta.
+I have the real thing in my pocket, so please take a look and play with it.
+(Laughter) You can see that it's a pretty complex structure.
+At the bottom is an interesting trefoil shape with the aortic valve inside.
+It then returns to a round shape, then tapers and curves.
+It's a very difficult structure to build.
+This is like my CAD model, one of my later CAD models.
+We went through an iterative process to create better models.
+In making that model, as you can see, we used another engineering technique, the rapid prototyping technique, to turn it into a solid plastic model.
+The former was then used to fabricate a fully bespoke porous fiber mesh that took the shape of the former and perfectly fit the aorta.
+So this is truly personalized medicine at its best.
+All of our patients have fully custom implants.
+Once made, installation is very easy.
+Bless his heart John Pepper, Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery.
+Having never done it before in his life, he put the first one in, but he didn't like it, so he put in the second one.
+I am happy to go.
+So surgical implantation was actually the easiest part.
+When comparing our new treatment to the existing alternative, compound aortic root graft, there are one or two surprising comparisons that I think are obvious to you.
+It takes 2 hours to install one of our devices compared to 6 hours with existing treatments.
+As I mentioned earlier, existing treatments require a cardiopulmonary bypass machine and need to cool the whole body.
+You don't need that. We work on a beating heart.
+He opens your heart and accesses your aorta while your heart is beating, all at the right temperature.
+It does not invade the circulatory system.
+It's really great.
+But the absolute best thing for me is that I don't need anticoagulant therapy.
+I do not take any drugs except those I take for recreational purposes.
+(Laughter) And in fact, when you talk to people who are taking warfarin long-term, it greatly impairs your quality of life, and worse, inevitably shortens your life.
+Similarly, if you have a prosthetic valve option, you will be treated with antibiotics whenever you undergo invasive treatment. Even going to the dentist requires taking antibiotics in case the valve develops an internal infection.
+Again, I have nothing of the kind, I am completely free, and my arteries are pinned.
+No more worries. It's been reborn for me.
+Returning to the subject of my presentation, interdisciplinary research, how did a process engineer who was used to working with boilers end up producing a medical device that changed his life?
+Well, the answer to that is a multidisciplinary team.
+This is a list of core teams, and you can see that there are not only two major technical fields, medicine and engineering, but also various experts in those two fields.
+John Pepper was the heart surgeon who did all the actual work for me.
+But everyone else had to contribute in some way.
+Rad Mohyaddin, a radiologist.
+I needed to acquire high quality images to create a CAD model.
+Warren Thornton, who still creates all our CAD models today, had to write custom CAD code to create this model from this extremely difficult input data set.
+However, this has some barriers and some problems.
+Terminology is a big thing.
+I don't think anyone in this room understands the first four jargons.
+Engineers know “rapid prototyping” and “CAD”.
+If there is a doctor among you, you will know the first two, but no other doctor here can understand all four words.
+Eliminating jargon was very important to ensure that everyone on the team understood exactly what a particular phrase meant when it was used.
+Our discipline competition was also interesting.
+We got a lot of horizontal slice images through mine, made those slices, and used them to build a CAD model.
+And the first CAD model that we created, which the surgeon was playing with, was completely incomprehensible.
+Then I realized it was a mirror image of the actual aorta.
+And it was a mirror image. Because in the real world we are always looking at drawings, houses, roads, maps, etc. from below.
+In the medical world, consider planning.
+That is, all landscape images were flipped.
+Therefore, disciplinary rules must be observed.
+Everyone should understand what is expected and what is not.
+Institutional barriers were also a major thorn in the side of this project.
+Brompton Hospital was taken over by the Imperial College School of Medicine.
+And there are some seriously bad relationship issues between the two organizations.
+I was working with an Imperial and a Brompton and this caused some serious problems with the project.
+It really shouldn't be a problem.
+Research and Research Ethics Committee.
+If you want to do something new in the surgical field, you will need to obtain a license from your local research institution. ethics.
+I'm sure it's the same in Poland.
+There will be some equivalent form of authorizing new types of surgery.
+There was professional jealousy as well as the bureaucratic problems that came with it.
+There were study and study people. The Ethics Committee who really didn't want to see John Pepper succeed again.
+because he is very successful.
+And they caused us extra trouble.
+bureaucratic problem.
+After all, we need guidance notes for every hospital in the country if we are going to take a new treatment.
+The UK has a National Institute and Clinical Excellence.
+And I had to solve the NICE problem.
+Good clinical guidance is now available online.
+So other interested hospitals are welcome to come, read the NICE report, contact us and then do it yourself.
+Financial barriers are also a major concern.
+I have a big problem understanding one of those perspectives.
+When we first approached one of the big UK charities funding this sort of thing, we basically made an engineering proposal.
+They didn't understand it, they were doctors, next to God, it must be garbage, they threw it in the trash.
+In the end, I chased individual investors, but gave up.
+Most research and development will be funded systematically by, for example, the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Research Council for Engineering and Physical Sciences.
+And we have to get over those people.
+Everyone in the engineering world understands CAD and RP, so jargon becomes a big problem when trying to work across disciplines.
+Not in the medical world.
+I think ultimately funding bureaucrats need to get their act together.
+They'll actually start talking to each other, and if you don't ask too many questions, you'll have to use a little imagination.
+(Laughter) I think that's probably true.
+(Laughter.) I coined the term "disruptive conservatism."
+There are many people in the medical world who do not want change.
+Especially when the jumping-up engineer comes with the answer.
+they don't want to change.
+They just want to do whatever they did before.
+And indeed, many surgeons in the UK are still waiting for one of their patients to have an episode and say, "I told you it didn't work."
+We actually have 30 patients.
+Seven and a half years have passed, and I have been a patient for 90 years after the operation, but I have had no problems.
+Yet there are those in the UK who say, "That external aortic root will never work."
+It really matters.
+I'm sure everyone in this room has seen arrogance among doctors, physicians, and surgeons at one time or another.
+The middle ground is simply how doctors protect themselves.
+"Of course, I take care of my patients."
+I don't think it's good, but that's my take.
+Of course, ego is also a big problem.
+If you work in a multidisciplinary team, you must show your support for your subordinates without giving them any suspicion.
+Tom Treasure, Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery.
+Unbelievable man.
+It's very easy to respect him.
+Does he respect me? A little different.
+(Laughter) That's the end of the bad news.
+The good news is that the benefits are surprisingly large.
+Please translate it! I'm sure it's impossible.
+(Laughter) If you have a group of people with different professional training and different professional experience, they not only have different knowledge bases, they have different perspectives on everything.
+And if you can bring them together and talk to each other and get them to understand each other, you'll get great results.
+Very quickly and easily find truly novel solutions never seen before.
+You can save a lot of work just by using the extensive knowledge base you have.
+The result is an entirely different use of surrounding technology and knowledge.
+As a result of all this, you can progress incredibly fast on an incredibly small budget.
+The cost from my idea to the implant was so cheap that I'm ashamed to say I'm not ready to tell you how much it cost. Because I suspect there are probably more expensive, completely standard surgical treatments in the US. For a one-time patient than the cost of us getting from dream to reality.
+That's all I want to say, we have three minutes left.
+So Ewa will like me.
+If you have any questions, please feel free to come and talk to us later.
+Thank you very much.
+Today we are going to talk about turning fear into hope.
+Today, when we go to the doctor, when we walk into the doctor's office, there are words we don't want to hear.
+There are words that we really fear.
+The debilitating diseases we know, such as diabetes, cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart failure, and lung failure, are relatively limited in what we can do.
+And what I want to explain to you today is how to treat debilitating diseases, why it matters, and why our healthcare system wouldn't collapse without it. I would like to explain a different way of thinking about what will happen and where we will disrupt the healthcare system. What are we doing clinically today, where are we going tomorrow and what are some of the hurdles.
+I promise to finish all this in 18 minutes.
+I would like to start with this slide. Because this slide conveys the idea of ​​Science magazine verbatim.
+This issue was published in 2002 and contained various articles on bionic humans.
+It was basically a question of regenerative medicine.
+Regenerative medicine is a very simple concept that everyone can understand.
+It simply accelerates the pace at which the body heals to clinically relevant timescales.
+So we know how to do this in many ways out there.
+We know that if the hip joint is damaged, we can insert an artificial hip joint.
+This is the idea that Science magazine used for its cover.
+This is the complete antithesis to regenerative medicine.
+This is not regenerative medicine.
+Regenerative medicine is something that Business Week covered a while ago when it ran an article about regenerative medicine.
+The idea is not to think of ways to ameliorate symptoms with devices, drugs, etc. (a subject that I will return to several times), but instead to regenerate by regenerating lost bodily functions. Thing. Functions of organs and damaged tissues.
+Even after the treatment is over, you can be in the same state as when the treatment started.
+I have few good ideas. Few really new ideas if you agree that this is a good idea.
+And this is exactly the same.
+If you look back in history, Charles Lindbergh, the famous aviator, was one of the first to start wondering if organs could be cultured, along with Alexis Carrell, one of the Rockefeller-born Nobel laureates. was one of the characters.
+And they published this book in 1937, where they started thinking about what could be done in bioreactors to actually grow whole organs.
+We have come a long way since then.
+Here are just a few of the exciting initiatives we are currently working on.
+But before I do that, I want to share with you my feelings of depression about the healthcare system and its needs.
+Many of yesterday's talks were about improving quality of life, reducing poverty and increasing life expectancy inherently around the world.
+One of the challenges is to live long enough to make us wealthy.
+And the longer you live, the more expensive it is to treat illnesses as you age.
+It is simply a measure of a country's wealth and the proportion of its population aged 65 and over.
+And basically, it turns out that the richer a country is, the older its citizens are.
+why is this important?
+And why is this a particularly dramatic challenge now?
+If the average age of the population is 30, the average kind of illness that has to be treated is probably an occasional broken ankle or mild asthma.
+Given that the average age in your country is 45-55, the average person is currently focusing on diabetes, juvenile diabetes, heart failure, and coronary artery disease. They are inherently difficult to treat and much more expensive to treat.
+Now let's look at the US demographics.
+This is from "The Untied States of America".
+In 1930 there were 41 workers for every retiree.
+Forty-one paid for the treatment of one retiree who had a debilitating illness, essentially non-serious.
+In 2010, there were 2 workers for every retiree in the United States.
+And this is the same in every industrialized and wealthy country in the world.
+How can we really afford to care for patients when aging is such a reality?
+This is the relationship between age and medical expenses.
+And just at age 45, from age 40 to 45, we see that medical costs skyrocket.
+It's actually very interesting. With the right research, you can chart and see how much an individual spends on their health care over their lifetime.
+Then, about seven years before you die, there will be a surge.
+And it actually can -- (laughter) -- we won't go into that.
+(Laughter) There is very little that can really be done to treat this kind of disease and change the way we experience so-called healthy aging.
+I think there are four, but none of them include the insurance system or the legal system.
+All these just change who pays.
+The actual cost of treatment will not change.
+One thing you can do is not treat. Medical care can be distributed.
+I won't talk about it anymore. I'm too depressing
+can be prevented.
+It is clear that we need to invest a lot of money in prevention.
+But perhaps the most interesting, and most important to me, is the idea of ​​diagnosing the disease fairly early in its progression and treating the disease to cure it rather than treating the symptoms.
+For example, consider diabetes.
+What should we do about diabetes today?
+We finally diagnose the disease when symptoms appear and then treat the symptoms over the next 10, 20, 30, 40 years.
+That's OK. Insulin is a very good treatment.
+But eventually it stops functioning and diabetes predictably develops a debilitating illness.
+Why couldn't the pancreas be injected with something that would regenerate it in the early stages of the disease, perhaps before symptoms appeared?
+It may have cost you a little bit at the time you did this, but if it works, you'll really be able to do something different.
+I think this video gives a pretty dramatic understanding of the concept I'm talking about.
+This is a newt with regrown limbs.
+If newts can do this, why can't we?
+In fact, we will introduce more important functions of limb regeneration later.
+But what we are talking about in regenerative medicine is doing this with every organ system, tissue or organ of the body itself.
+So the reality today is the message that if we get sick, we will treat your symptoms, and you need to adjust to a new way of life.
+I would like to suggest to you that tomorrow, and tomorrow we may be able to discuss, but it is for the foreseeable future, regenerative rehabilitation.
+There are prosthetic limbs here, similar to those that were actually worn by soldiers returning from Iraq.
+As many as 370 soldiers who have returned from Iraq have lost limbs.
+Imagine what it would be like if instead of facing it, you could actually face the regeneration of that limb.
+It's a wild concept.
+I will introduce what kind of situation we are currently in towards that concept.
+But this also applies to any organ system.
+How can we do that?
+The way to do that is to develop a conversation with your body.
+We have to learn to speak body language.
+And to turn on the processes we knew how to do when we were fetuses.
+Mammal fetuses grow back their limbs if they lose them early in pregnancy.
+So our DNA has the ability to carry out this kind of wound healing mechanism.
+It is a natural process, but it is lost with age.
+Even if a child loses a fingertip in an accident up to about 6 months old, the fingertip grows back.
+By the time you're five, you won't be able to do that anymore.
+Therefore, to participate in a conversation with your body, you must speak body language.
+And we have certain tools in our toolbox today that allow us to do this.
+Here are three examples of tools for interacting with the body.
+The first is cell therapy.
+Obviously, we use cells to do most of our work and heal ourselves through natural processes.
+Therefore, if the right cells can be found and implanted into the body, there is a chance of a cure.
+Second, you can use materials.
+We heard yesterday about the importance of new materials.
+If we can invent materials, design materials, or extract materials from the natural environment, we may be able to induce the body's natural healing powers with those materials.
+Ultimately, we may have smart devices that reduce the burden on the body and allow it to heal.
+I'll give you an example of each, starting with the documentation.
+About a decade ago, Steve Budillak of the University of Pittsburgh came up with an amazing idea.
+The idea is that a pig's small intestine may contain all the necessary elements and signals to send signals to the body if all the cells are discarded and discarded in a way that allows them to remain biologically active. It was something. to heal yourself.
+And he asked a very important question.
+He asks if you take the substance (usually a natural substance that induces healing in the small intestine) and put it in another part of the human body, does it have a tissue-specific reaction or does it have a reaction? I asked if they could make it smaller. Guts when trying to make new ears?
+I wouldn't tell this story if it wasn't compelling.
+The pictures I am going to show you are very attractive.
+(Laughter.) But if you're even a little picky, dim the lights, even if you don't want to admit it in front of your friends. This is a good time to check your feet, check out your Blackberry, or do something other than look at your screen.
+(Laughter) What I'm going to show you is a diabetic ulcer.
+However, it's good to have a laugh before watching this.
+This is the reality of diabetes.
+We hear a lot about diabetes and diabetic ulcers, but we just don't associate them with amputation, which is the ultimate treatment if the ulcer doesn't heal.
+Now let's put the slides on. It won't last long.
+This is a diabetic ulcer. It's tragic.
+The remedy in this case is amputation.
+This is an elderly woman. She had liver cancer and diabetes and was determined to die with what was left of her body.
+And after trying to treat the ulcer for a year, this woman decided to try this new treatment that Steve had invented.
+This is what the wound looks like after 11 weeks.
+The material contained only natural signals.
+And the substance caused the body to switch back on a healing response that hadn't been there before.
+For those of you, we have a few more harrowing slides. We will let you know when it becomes available again.
+this is a horse The horse is not in pain.
+If the horse was in pain, I wouldn't show this slide.
+This horse only developed another nostril from a riding accident.
+Just a few weeks after treatment, in this case, the horse recovers by simply taking the material, turning it into a gel, packing the area, and repeating the treatment a few times.
+An ultrasound of the area will look fine.
+This is a dolphin with its fins reattached.
+Currently, 400,000 patients around the world use the material to heal their wounds.
+Can you regenerate the limbs?
+DARPA has just given Steve $15 million to lead an eight-agency project to begin the process of asking that question.
+And I'll show you the $15 million photo.
+A 78-year-old man who lost his fingertips.
+Remember what I said before the children who lost their fingertips?
+This is what it looks like after treatment.
+This is what is happening today.
+This is clinically relevant today.
+We have the materials to make this happen. Here is the heart patch.
+But could you go a little further?
+For example, instead of using the material, can we take some cells along with the material, remove the damaged pieces of tissue, and put the biodegradable material on it?
+Here you can see the heart muscle beating a little in the dish.
+This was done by Teruo Okano of Tokyo Women's Hospital.
+He can actually grow a beating tissue in a dish.
+He cools the dish to change its properties and removes it immediately from the dish.
+It's the coolest thing ever.
+Next, we discuss cell-based regeneration.
+What I'm showing you here is taking stem cells from a patient's hip joint.
+I repeat, if you are not good at it, you should not watch it.
+But this is kind of cool.
+So this is a bypass operation similar to what Al Gore did, but with a difference.
+In this case, at the end of the bypass surgery, you would see the patient's stem cells, taken at the beginning of the surgery, injected directly into the patient's heart.
+And I'm standing here to show you how nascent this technology is at some point.
+Stem cells go directly to the patient's beating heart.
+And if you look carefully, you can actually see the backflash right around here.
+You can see the cells coming back.
+All kinds of new technologies and new devices are needed to get the cells to the right place at the right time.
+Just a little bit of data, just a little bit of data.
+This was a randomized trial.
+N was 20 then, but now N is around 100.
+Basically, you see a severely ill patient, give him a bypass, and he gets better little by little.
+Administration of stem cells and their bypass made these particular patients asymptomatic.
+Two years have passed since then.
+The best thing would be if we could diagnose the disease early and prevent it from getting worse.
+This is the same surgery, but it's minimally invasive, with only three holes made in the body to remove the heart and a laparoscopic procedure to inject the stem cells.
+Cells go there.
+I don't have time to go into all these details, but basically this works too.
+This type of treatment can return patients with mild symptoms to an almost asymptomatic state.
+Here's another example of stem cell therapy, which isn't clinical yet, but I think it will be soon.
+This is the work of Kacey Marra from Pittsburgh and many colleagues around the world.
+They decided to use liposuction fluid. There are a lot of liposuction fluids in the US.
+(Laughter) It's a great source of stem cells.
+The liposuction fluid is packed with stem cells.
+So you can go in and tighten your stomach.
+Liposuction comes out, but in this case the stem cells are separated and turned into neurons.
+Everything is done in the lab.
+And I think very soon, patients will be treated with their own adipose-derived or adipose-derived stem cells.
+I have previously spoken of the use of devices to dramatically change the way we treat disease.
+Just one example before the final discussion.
+It's equally tragic.
+We have a very lasting and heartbreaking partnership with our colleagues at the Army Surgical Research Institute who now have to treat 11,000 children who have returned from Iraq.
+Many of those patients have severe burns.
+And if there's one thing we've learned about burns, it's that we don't know how to treat them.
+Everything done to treat burns basically takes the approach of painting the lawn.
+We're going to make something here, transplant it to the wound site, and try to get them to receive it.
+In this case, a new wearable bioreactor has been designed by Jörg Gerlach of Pittsburgh and will be put into clinical trials at ISR later this year.
+And the bioreactor lies on the wound bed.
+The gun there sprays the cells.
+It will spray cells on the area.
+Because nuclear reactors play a role in fertilizing the environment and supplying other things at the same time, we end up seeding the lawn as opposed to the approach of planting a lawn.
+It's a completely different way of doing things.
+So, the remaining 18 minutes are over.
+So I'd like to end with some good news and maybe a little bit of bad news.
+The good news is that this is happening today.
+It's a very powerful piece.
+You can clearly see that from the pictures.
+It is very difficult because it is very interdisciplinary.
+Nearly all fields of scientific engineering and clinical practice are involved in achieving this.
+Many governments and many regions recognize that this is a new way of treating the disease.
+The Japanese government was probably the first, deciding to invest first 3 billion and then another 2 billion in this sector.
+It's no coincidence.
+Japan is the oldest country on earth in terms of average age.
+They need this to function, otherwise the medical system will not work.
+As such, they are making significant strategic investments focused on this area.
+So is the European Union.
+The same is true for China.
+China has just launched a national tissue engineering center.
+The budget for the first year was US$250 million.
+In the US, a slightly different approach is taken.
+(Laughter) Oh, Al Gore coming to the real world as president.
+We took a different approach.
+And that approach was basically to fund it as things happened.
+However, no strategic investments have been made to deliver and carefully focus all that is necessary.
+And finally, I'd like to end with a slightly cheesy quote to the director of the NIH. He is a very attractive person.
+Just a few months ago, Harvard's Jay Vacanti and I visited him and several directors at his institute to convince him that it was time to take a fraction of the $27.5 billion he was planning. Tried. Over the next year, we want to focus strategically so that we can accelerate the pace of ensuring these reach patients.
+And at the end of a very tough meeting, the NIH Director said, "Your vision is bigger than our appetites."
+I'd like to end by saying that none of us can change our vision, but together we can change his appetite.
+thank you.
+If you had caught me in the halls of the Vermont State Capitol right out of college, where I was training as a lobbyist, and asked what I was going to do with my life, I would have said I passed Hanyu. Horizontal Huashi, the Chinese Equivalent Test, and I intended to go to Beijing to study law and improve US-China relations through top-down policy change and judicial system reform.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I had a plan, but I had no idea it had anything to do with the banjo.
+Little did I know how much it would affect me. One night, when I was at a party, I heard a sound coming from a record player in the corner of the room.
+And it was Doc Watson singing and playing "Shady Grove."
+♫ Shady Grove, my little love ♫ ♫ Shady Grove, my darling ♫ ♫ Shady Grove, my little love ♫ ♫ Back to Harlan ♫ That sound was so beautiful, Doc's voice and banjo ripples sound of.
+And after being completely immersed in the immense richness and history of Chinese culture, it was such a complete relief to hear something truly American and truly wonderful.
+I knew I had to take my banjo to China.
+So, before going to law school in China, I bought a banjo, threw it in a little red truck, traveled through Appalachia, learned a lot of old American songs, and ended up at the International Bluegrass Music Society convention in Kentucky. I decided to participate. .
+One night, I was sitting in the hallway when several girls approached me.
+And they said, "Hey, do you want to jam?"
+And I thought, "Sure."
+So I picked up my banjo and tensely played four songs that I actually knew.
+Then a record company executive came up to me and invited me to Nashville, Tennessee, to make a record.
+(Laughter) Eight years later, I can say that I didn't go to China to become a lawyer.
+I actually went to Nashville.
+And after a few months, I started writing songs.
+The first song I wrote was in English and the second was in Chinese.
+(music) [Chinese] The world is waiting outside your door.
+A voice is calling in your heart.
+Because the four corners of the world are watching, travel girl, travel.
+Go get it, girl.
+(Applause.) It's been eight years since that fateful night in Kentucky.
+And I've done thousands of shows.
+And I have collaborated with many great and inspirational musicians around the world.
+And feel the power of music.
+I really appreciate the power of music to bring cultures together.
+I saw it when I started singing a Chinese song as I stood on stage at a bluegrass festival in Eastern Virginia, looking out at a sea of ​​lawn chairs.
+[Chinese] And open your eyes so wide that everyone's head is about to fall off.
+And they're like, 'What is that girl doing?
+And after the show they come to me and we all have a story.
+They're all like, "You know, my aunt's sister's babysitter dog chicken went to China and adopted a girl."
+And what can I say, I feel like everyone has a story.
+It's really unbelievable.
+Then I went to China, stood on the university stage, started singing a song in Chinese, and everyone sang along, cheering for this girl with her hair and her instrument singing their own music. Raise.
+And more importantly, I feel that music has the power to connect hearts.
+The same thing happened when I was in Sichuan Province singing to children at a school that had been relocated to an earthquake-stricken area.
+And this little girl comes up to me.
+[China] 'Wong sister' Washburn, Wong, same difference.
+“Won sister, can I sing the song my mother sang to me before the earthquake engulfed me?”
+Then I sat down and she sat on my lap.
+She started singing her song.
+And with the warmth of her body and the tears running down her rosy cheeks, I began to cry.
+And the light that shone from her eyes was where I could stay forever.
+And in that moment, we weren't American, we weren't Chinese. Just mortals sitting together in the light that keeps us here.
+I want to live in that light with you and everyone else.
+And I know that US-China relations don't need new lawyers.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I started out writing and researching as a surgical resident, but I was far from being an expert at anything.
+So the natural question you have at that point is how do you get better at what you're trying to do?
+And the question arose as to how we could successfully do what we were trying to do.
+Learning to master a skill is hard enough, but try to learn everything you have to absorb in whatever job you're doing.
+I had to think not only about how to sew, how to cut, but also how to choose the right people to come to the operating room.
+And in the midst of all this, a new context has arisen for thinking about what is good.
+In recent years, we have come to realize that health care's existential crisis is at its deepest end due to something that physicians who are thinking about how they can help people usually don't think about: the cost of health care. I noticed that
+There is no country in the world that is not questioning whether we can afford the work of doctors.
+The political battles we have waged have been about whether the government is the problem or the insurance companies.
+The answer is both yes and no. It's deeper than all.
+The cause of our troubles is actually the complexity that science has given us.
+To understand this, let's go back a few generations.
+I would like to go back to the days when Lewis Thomas wrote The Youngest Science.
+Lewis Thomas was a medical writer and one of my favorite authors.
+And he wrote this book, among other things, to explain what it was like to be a Boston City Hospital resident in 1937, before penicillin.
+There was a time when drugs were cheap and ineffective.
+If you are in a hospital, he said, it will be good for you because it will provide you with warmth, food, shelter, and perhaps the care of a nurse. rice field.
+No change in doctors or medicines.
+Still, he explained, the doctors were able to keep busy.
+What they were trying to do was determine if you fit a diagnosis that you could do something about.
+And there were some.
+For example, if you may have lobar pneumonia and the resident has correctly classified its subtype, an injection of an antiserum, i.e. rabies antibody against streptococcus, may be given.
+If you have acute congestive heart failure, you can bleed a pint of blood by opening a vein in your arm and administering a raw preparation of digitalis leaf and administering oxygen in a tent.
+If you have early signs of paralysis and are good at asking personal questions, you may find that someone's paralysis is due to syphilis. In that case, you can give them this wonderful concoction of mercury mixed with arsenic. Do not overdose and kill.
+Other than this, there was not much the doctor could do.
+This is when the core structure of healthcare was created: what it means to be good at what we do and how we want to structure healthcare.
+It was a time when the known could be known, all could be kept in one's mind, and all could be done.
+If you have a prescription pad, if you have a nurse, if you have a hospital to give you a place to recuperate, maybe some basic tools, you can really do it all.
+Fractures were fixed, bled, blood spun, viewed microscopically, cultures were plated, and antiserum was injected.
+That was my life as a craftsman.
+As a result, we've built it around a culture and values ​​where a person's strengths are to be bold, courageous, independent and self-sufficient.
+Autonomy was our highest value.
+But a few generations down the road to where we are, it seems like a whole other world.
+We have now found cures for nearly every possible tens of thousands of human conditions.
+You can't cure everything.
+We cannot guarantee that everyone will live a long and healthy life.
+But we can make it possible for most people.
+But what does it take?
+Well, we've now found 4,000 medical and surgical procedures.
+I have now discovered 6,000 drugs that are licensed to prescribe.
+And we are going to deploy this capability town by town, to everyone alive, let alone around the world, but also in our own countries.
+And we've come to the realization that as doctors, we can't know everything.
+We can't do it all by ourselves.
+There have been studies that have looked at how many clinicians are needed to care for you if you are admitted to the hospital, which changes over time.
+By 1970, we needed just over two full-time clinicians.
+So basically it took nursing time and a little bit more time to see the doctor almost once every day.
+By the end of the 20th century, the same typical hospital patient had more than 15 clinicians, including specialists, physiotherapists, and nurses.
+We are all experts now, including primary care physicians.
+It's just that everyone has a part they care about.
+But clinging to that structure we built around the boldness, independence and self-sufficiency of each of these people has become a disaster.
+We have trained, hired and rewarded people to be cowboys.
+But what we need is a pit crew, a pit crew for patients.
+There is evidence all around us that 40% of patients with coronary artery disease receive incomplete or inadequate care.
+60% of asthma and stroke patients receive incomplete or inappropriate treatment.
+Two million people end up in hospitals with infections they didn't have because someone didn't follow basic hygiene practices.
+Our experience as people who get sick and need help from others is that we have great clinicians to rely on, hard working, incredibly well trained, very smart, We have access to incredible technology that gives us great hope. But there is little feeling that everything is coherently coherent from start to finish.
+There is another indication that we need a pit crew, and that is an unmanageable cost to our care.
+I think we medical professionals are currently confused by this cost issue.
+We want to say "This is exactly what it is.
+Changing from a world where arthritis was treated with aspirin with little effect to a world where hip replacements and knee replacements can take years, maybe even decades, if they get worse. If there are no obstacles, it is a dramatic change. Is it surprising that a $40,000 hip replacement is more expensive than a 10-cent aspirin?
+That's exactly right.
+But we seem to be ignoring certain facts that tell us something about what we can do.
+After examining the data on the outcomes obtained as complexity increases, we find that the most expensive care is not necessarily the best care.
+Vice versa, the best treatments are often the least expensive. This means fewer complications and people being able to do their jobs more efficiently.
+And what that means is that there is hope.
+Because if you really needed the most expensive health care in the country, or in the world, to get the best results, you would really have a rationing debate about who to cut off from Medicare.
+Really that would be our only option.
+But if we look at the positive deviants, the ones that get the best results at the lowest cost, we find that those that most closely resemble the system are the most successful.
+So they found a way to bring all the different parts, the different components together into one whole.
+Having good components is not enough, we have obsessed over components in medicine.
+We want the best drugs, the best technology, the best professionals, but we don't really think about how it all fits together.
+In fact, this is a terrible design strategy.
+There is a famous thought experiment that touches on exactly this. What if we made a car out of the best auto parts?
+That means Porsche brakes, Ferrari engine, Volvo body and BMW chassis.
+And when you put it all together, what do you get?
+A pile of very expensive junk with nowhere to go.
+And that's what medicine feels like sometimes.
+it's not the system.
+But now it's the system, and when things start to come together, you realize that the system has certain skills to act and look the way it does.
+Skill number one is the ability to recognize success and the ability to recognize failure.
+When you become an expert, you lose sight of the end result.
+It may not be sexy, but you should be really interested in your data.
+One of my colleagues is a surgeon in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He was interested in the question of how many CT scans were done for the Cedar Rapids community.
+He got interested in this because of government reports, newspaper reports and magazine articles about too many CT scans.
+He didn't see it in his patients.
+So he asked the question, "How many times have we done it?"
+And he wanted to get the data.
+It took him three months.
+No one in his community had ever asked this question before.
+And what he found was that 52,000 CT scans had been done in the previous year on 300,000 people in the community.
+they found a problem.
+Now let's talk about Skill 2 that the system has.
+Skill 1 is finding your faults.
+Skill 2 is devising solutions.
+I got interested in this when the World Health Organization came to my team and asked if we could work together on a project to reduce surgical deaths.
+The amount of surgery spread around the world, but the safety of surgery did not.
+Our usual tactics for tackling issues like this now are to do more training, give people more specialization, and bring in more technology.
+The field of surgery cannot be staffed with more specialized personnel, nor can it be staffed with better trained personnel.
+But we are witnessing a level of death and disability beyond compunction that could be avoided.
+So we looked at what other high-risk industries are doing.
+We watched skyscraper construction and aviation, and we found that they had the technology, they had the training, and one more thing: checklists.
+I never expected to spend so much of my time as a Harvard surgeon worrying about checklists.
+Still, what we discovered was that these are tools that can help make professionals better.
+Boeing's chief safety engineer helped me out.
+Couldn't you create a checklist for surgery?
+It wasn't for the people at the bottom of the totem pole, it was for the people who were all the way around the chain, the whole team, including the surgeons.
+And what they taught us was that creating checklists to help people deal with complexity was actually harder than I realized.
+You have to think of things like pause points.
+We need to identify moments in the process where we can actually discover a problem and take action on it before it becomes a hazard.
+You should realize that this is a pre-takeoff checklist.
+And you have to focus on killer items.
+This aviation checklist for single-engine aircraft is not a recipe for how to fly an airplane, but a reminder of important things that if left unchecked are forgotten or overlooked.
+So we did this.
+We created a 19-item, 2-minute checklist for surgical teams.
+Stopping points were set just before anesthesia was administered, just before the knife hit the skin, and just before the patient left the room.
+And there was a ridiculous mix of things -- making sure antibiotics are given in the right timeframe cuts the rate of infection in half -- and it was interesting because it's so complicated. Because you can't make a recipe for things as a surgery.
+Instead, you can craft a recipe for building a team for the unexpected.
+There were also items such as making sure everyone in the room introduced themselves by name at the beginning of the day. Because sometimes there are 6 or more people who gather as a team for the first time that day. ' comes in again.
+We intentionally implemented this checklist in eight hospitals around the world, from rural Tanzania to the University of Washington in Seattle.
+After adopting this, we found a 35% reduction in the incidence of complications.
+occurred in all hospitals in which they were admitted.
+Mortality decreased by 47 percent.
+This was bigger than drugs.
+(Applause.) And skill number three is the ability to implement this, to get colleagues across the chain to actually do these things.
+And it was slow to spread.
+This is not yet standard in the surgical field. Let alone creating a checklist for moving on to childbirth or any other area.
+There is a deep resistance to using these tools because they force us to act with different values, not systems.
+Even using a checklist requires embracing different values ​​such as humility, discipline, and teamwork.
+This is the exact opposite of our foundation of independence, self-sufficiency and autonomy.
+By the way, I also met a real cowboy.
+I asked him what it was really like to have a thousand cows hundreds of miles away.
+how did you do
+And he said, "We have cowboys stationed in different locations around the country."
+They're in constant electronic communication and have protocols and checklists on how to handle everything from bad weather to emergencies to cattle vaccinations (laughs).
+Now cowboys are pit crews too.
+And it seemed like it was time for us to become like that too.
+Making the system work is a big challenge for my generation of doctors and scientists.
+But I would like to go further and say that making systems like health care, education, climate change work, and creating pathways out of poverty is the great challenge of our entire generation.
+The explosion of knowledge in every field has brought with it complexity and specialization.
+And we come to a point where, although we want to be individualistic, we are forced to recognize that complexity requires collective success.
+We all need to be pit crews now.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Last January, my company Fark.com was sued along with Yahoo, MSN, Reddit, AOL, TechCrunch and others by a company called Gooseberry Natural Resources.
+Gooseberry held patents for the production and distribution of news releases by e-mail.
+(Laughter) It might seem strange that something like this can actually be patented, but it happens all the time.
+Take something that's already done and patent it as a new technology. For example, Internet calls and video listings for TV shows and radio (for mobile phones).
+The problem with these patents is that the mechanism is unclear and the patent system is dysfunctional, and as a result, most of the lawsuits end in settlement.
+And since these settlements are based on non-disclosure agreements, no one knows what the terms were.
+As a result, the patent troll can claim to have won the lawsuit.
+In the case of Gooseberry Natural Resources, this patent for emailing news releases had a fatal flaw involving myself. It turns out that there is only one definition of a news release in the mainstream media world. And it turned out that it was: Press Release -- Similar to PR
+My company, Fark, now ostensibly deals with news and as a result did not violate this patent.
+So the matter is settled, right?
+error.
+One of the big problems with patent law is that when sued by a patent troll, the burden of proof is actually on the defendant to prove that they have not infringed the patent. This means that you will have to prove that you have not infringed the patent. Do not infringe the patents they are suing you for.
+And this can take quite some time.
+You should know that the average cost of defending a patent troll is $2 million and it takes 18 months to win.
+That's the best outcome when you're sued by a patent troll.
+Now, I was hoping to team up with some of these big companies to defend myself against this lawsuit, but none of these companies have infringed my rights, yet they have been out of the lawsuit. We have settled one by one. This patent is not those patents.
+And they began to settle.
+The reason they settled is because it's cheaper to settle than to fight a lawsuit -- apparently $2 million cheaper in some cases, and even worse if they actually lose.
+It would also be a huge distraction for a company, especially a small store with 8 employees like mine.
+After six months of litigation, we have finally reached the discovery stage.
+And during the discovery stage, we asked patent trolls to provide screenshots of Fark, where patent infringement actually occurred.
+Perhaps it was because such a screenshot didn't really exist, but suddenly Gooseberry wanted to solve it.
+Their lawyer: "Oh yes, my company is undergoing a restructuring."
+Never mind the fact that the address led to a strip mall somewhere north of Los Angeles.
+with no employees.
+"And we would like to go ahead and close this matter.
+So, can I have your best and final offer? "
+My answer is "What about nothing?!"
+(Applause.) We didn't have high hopes for the outcome.
+(Laughter) But they solved it.
+No counter offer.
+Now, as I said before, one of the reasons I can talk about this is because there is no non-disclosure agreement on this subject.
+So how did that happen?
+Well, I wrote it when I received a copy during the settlement process.
+My lawyer said, "No, there's no way it could work."
+Signed and returned.
+Why? You can make a call.
+They're not under an NDA either.
+So what have I learned from this incident? Well, there are three.
+First of all, if you can, fight infringement instead of fighting patents.
+It is very difficult to overturn a patent.
+It's much easier to disprove infringement.
+Second, make it clear from the outset that you either have no money at all, or you would rather spend money on a lawyer to fight trolls than actually give the lawyer money.
+Now, the reason this works is that patent trolls are paid a percentage of the money they can recover in the settlement.
+When it becomes clear that the money cannot be recovered, interest in pursuing the case wanes.
+Finally, let them know that you intend to make this process as tedious, painful and difficult as possible.
+Now, this is a tactic patent trolls use to get people their way.
+After all, they are paid contingent, so it turned out to work very well in reverse.
+don't forget that.
+So what does this mean?
+In summary, the bottom line is: don't negotiate with terrorists.
+(Applause.) Patent trolls have caused more damage to the U.S. economy each year than any domestic or foreign terrorist organization in history.
+And what will they do with that money?
+They dig it up again and file more troll lawsuits.
+Now, this is the gist of the talk, and I'm supposed to come up with some solution to the patent system.
+And the problem is that there are two very large industry groups with different outcomes in mind for the patent system.
+The medical industry wants stronger protections for inventors.
+The tech industry wants stronger protections for producers.
+And these goals are not necessarily diametrically opposed, but they are contradictory.
+As a result, patent trolls can live in the space in between.
+So, unfortunately, I'm not smart enough to find a solution to the patent troll problem.
+But I had this idea and it was kind of a good one.
+Then I thought, "This should be patented."
+(Laughter) Lo and behold, patent infringement via mobile devices. Defined as an unfixed computer.
+My solution is to award me these patents and I'll make them disappear.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+This is Shivdut Yadav from Uttar Pradesh, India.
+Now, Shivdut is visiting the local land registry office in Uttar Pradesh and finds that he is listed as deceased in official records.
+His land was no longer registered in his name.
+His brothers, Chandraban and Poorchand, were also listed as dead.
+The family bribed officials to declare the brothers dead and interrupt the hereditary inheritance of the land so that they could inherit their father's share of the ancestral farm.
+All three brothers and their families had to leave their homes because of this.
+The district court has scheduled hearings on the case since 2001, but the judge has never appeared, according to Yadav's family.
+In Uttar Pradesh, there have been several cases of people dying before a proper review could take place.
+The death of Shivdat's father and the lack of his fortune led to this corruption.
+He is buried in the Ganges, and his dead are either cremated on the banks of the river or tied to heavy stones and submerged in water.
+Taking pictures of these brothers was a disorienting exchange. Because on paper they don't exist and photographs are often used as living proof.
+But these guys remain dead.
+This confusion led to the title of this project. In many ways, the title assumes that we are all the living dead, and in some ways represent ghosts of the past and the future.
+This story is therefore the first of eighteen chapters in my new series of works titled "The Living and Other Chapters Deceased".
+And for this work, I spent four years traveling the world, researching and documenting genealogies and related stories.
+I was interested in the idea of ​​fate and whether our destinies are determined by blood, chance, or circumstance.
+The subjects I documented ranged from feuding families in Brazil, to victims of the Bosnian genocide, to the first woman to hijack a plane, to the living dead in India.
+Each chapter sees external forces such as government, power, territory, and religion clashing with internal forces of psychological and physical inheritance.
+Each piece I make consists of three parts.
+On the left are one or more portrait panels that systematically order members of a particular bloodline.
+This is followed by a text panel, designed in a scrolling format, where we build the narrative in question.
+And on the right side there is something called the footnote panel.
+It's a more intuitive space that presents narrative fragments, the beginning of alternate stories, and photographic evidence.
+And it's meant to reflect how we engage with history and stories on the internet in a less linear way.
+So it's even more confusing.
+And this disorder is diametrically opposed to the immutable order of bloodlines.
+In previous projects, we often worked in a serialized format, documenting something that seemed comprehensive with fixed titles and formulaic presentations, but was actually quite abstract.
+For this project, I wanted to go in the opposite direction and find an absolute catalog that could not be interrupted, curated or edited by my own choices.
+This left me bloodied.
+Pedigree is determined and ordered.
+But this project is centered around the clash of order and chaos, order where chaos and blood clash, often expressed in chaotic and violent stories, which is the subject of my chapter.
+Chapter 2 takes pictures of Arthur Lupine's descendants.
+He was sent to Palestine in 1907 by Zionist organizations to survey Jewish settlements and acquire land for Jewish settlements.
+He oversaw land acquisitions on behalf of the Palestinian Land Development Company that led to the establishment of the Jewish State.
+Through my research at the Zionist Archives in Jerusalem, I wanted to see the early documents of the establishment of the Jewish state.
+And I found a map here.
+And these are studies commissioned by Zionist organizations for alternative areas to Jewish settlements.
+In this regard, I became interested in the effects of geography and imagined how the world would be different if Israel were in Uganda. That's what these maps show.
+Located in Jerusalem, these archives house card index files of the first immigrants and immigration applicants to Palestine and then Israel from 1919 to 1965.
+Chapter 3: Joseph Nyamwanda Jura Ondiho treated patients with AIDS, tuberculosis, infertility, mental illness and demons in the outskirts of Kisumu, Kenya.
+Services are often paid in cash, cattle or goats.
+However, if his female patients cannot afford to provide his services, families may offer them to Jura in exchange for treatment.
+As a result of these transactions, Jura has 9 wives, 32 children and 63 grandchildren.
+Here are his lineage children and grandchildren.
+Ondijo's wives claim to have been brought in suffering from infertility, he cured them, three demons, one with asthma and severe chest pains, and two wives for love. Ondiho claims he paid his family a total of 16 cows.
+One of his wives abandoned him and the other died while being treated for demons.
+Polygamy is widespread in Kenya.
+This is common among privileged classes who pay large dowries and can maintain multiple homes.
+Instances of prominent social and political figures in polygamous relationships have made polygamy a perceived symbol of wealth, status and power.
+You may notice that some of the chapters I shot have empty portraits.
+These empty portraits represent individuals who could not be there, living individuals.
+And the reason for their absence is shown in my text panel.
+They include dengue fever, imprisonment, military service, and women who are not allowed to be photographed for religious and cultural reasons.
+And this special chapter features children whose mothers did not allow them to go to the photo shoot, fearing that their fathers would kidnap them during the shoot.
+In 1859, 24 European rabbits were brought to Australia for sport and hunting by British settlers.
+And within 100 years, the population of 24 people exploded to 500 million.
+European rabbits have no predators in Australia, so they compete with native wildlife, damage native plants and degrade land.
+Since the 1950s, Australia has introduced lethal diseases into wild rabbit populations to control their growth.
+These rabbits are being bred at the Biosecurity Queensland government facility, where three strains of rabbits are bred, infected with deadly diseases, and progressed to see if they virtually die. is monitoring.
+There they are testing its toxicity.
+During the course of this study, all but a few rabbits died and were euthanized.
+Hays Chocolate, in partnership with the Australian Rabbit Free Foundation, has discontinued production of all Easter Bunny chocolates and replaced them with Easter Bilbys.
+Now this is done to counter the annual rabbit festival, perhaps to make the public more comfortable with rabbit killings and to promote animals native to Australia, and indeed threatened by European rabbits. was broken
+Chapter 7 focuses on the effects of genocidal acts on a bloodline.
+In other words, in the Srebrenica massacre, six people of this lineage were killed in two days.
+This is the only visual representation of the dead that I have done.
+But I only represent those killed in the Srebrenica massacre, recorded as the largest mass murder in Europe since World War II.
+And during this massacre, 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys were systematically executed.
+A closer look at this work reveals that the man in the upper left is the father of the woman sitting next to him.
+Her name is Zumra.
+She was followed by four children, all of whom were killed in the Srebrenica massacre.
+These four children were followed by Zumra's sister, followed by her children who were also killed.
+While I was in Bosnia, the remains of Mr. Zumra's eldest son were exhumed from a mass grave.
+So I was able to photograph the fully assembled ruins.
+Other individuals, however, are represented by these blue slides, showing tooth and bone samples that were matched against DNA evidence collected from family members to prove the identity of these individuals.
+They were all properly buried, so all that's left is this blue slide at the International Commission on Missing Persons.
+These are artifacts unearthed from mass graves, awaiting identification by their families, and graffitied at the Potochari battery factory. Dutch UN soldiers were staying at the Potočari battery factory, as were Serbian soldiers at the time of the execution.
+This is the video footage used in the Milosevic trial, which shows, from top to bottom, Serbian scorpion squads being blessed by an Orthodox priest before rounding up and killing the boys.
+Chapter 15 is more of a performance piece.
+In 2009, I requested the Information Office of the State Council of China to select a multi-generational bloodline representing China for this project.
+They chose a large family from Beijing because of its size, but refused to tell me any further reasons.
+This is one of those rare situations where there is no empty portrait.
+Everyone showed up.
+You can also see how the one-child policy evolved through the lineage.
+The State Council Information Office, formerly known as the Foreign Propaganda Department, is responsible for all of China's foreign propaganda activities.
+It manages all foreign media and film production outside China by foreign media operating in China.
+It also monitors the internet and guides local media on how to deal with potentially controversial issues such as Tibet, ethnic minorities, human rights, religion, pro-democracy movements and terrorism.
+For the footnote panel of this work, the office directed me to photograph the Central Television Tower in Beijing.
+I also took a picture of the gift bag they gave me when I left.
+They are descendants of Hans Frank, Hitler's personal legal adviser and governor-general of occupied Poland.
+Now, this pedigree contains numerous empty portraits, highlighting its complex relationship with family history.
+Reasons for absence include those who declined to participate.
+Some of the parents who participated did not let their children participate because they thought they were too young to make their own decisions.
+Another group of families presented clothing as opposed to physical presence because they didn't want to be identified with the past that I emphasized.
+And finally, another person sat in my place from behind and later unparticipated so I had to pixelate him and make him unrecognizable.
+In the footnote panel that accompanies this piece, I photographed an official postage stamp of Adolf Hitler and a copy of it made by the British Intelligence Service bearing the likeness of Hans Frank.
+The film was released in Poland to create friction between Frank and Hitler and to make Hitler imagine that Frank was usurping his power.
+Speaking of destinies, I was interested in the stories and fates of certain works of art.
+These paintings were taken by Hans Frank during the Third Reich.
+And I'm interested in the impact their absence and presence has over time.
+They are Leonardo da Vinci's 'Lady with an Ermine', Rembrandt's 'Landscape with the Good Samaritan', and Raphael's 'Portrait of a Young Man', which has yet to be found.
+Chapter 12 focuses on people being born into their own battles, not their own fault.
+These are the Ferras and Novaes families.
+And they are in a lively blood feud.
+The conflict, which has been going on in Brazil's northeastern state of Pernambuco since 1991, has killed 20 family members and 40 people involved in the conflict, including hired hitmen, innocent bystanders and friends.
+Tensions between these families date back to 1913, when they had a dispute over local political power.
+But over the last two decades, it has turned violent, with decapitation and the death of two mayors.
+These turret holes were placed in the protective walls surrounding the suburban home of Louis Novaes, head of the Novaes family, and were used for shooting and surveillance.
+The state of Pernambuco in northeastern Brazil is one of the most violent regions in the country.
+Rooted in the principle of reprisal justice, an eye for an eye, reprisal killings have resulted in several deaths in the region.
+This story, like many of the stories in my chapter, reads like a typical episode of something happening in Shakespeare, happening now and will happen again in the future.
+I'm interested in this idea of ​​iteration.
+So after I got home, I got word that one of my family members had been shot 30 times in the face.
+Chapter 17 explores the absence of pedigree and the absence of history.
+Children in this Ukrainian orphanage are from 6 to 16 years old.
+This work cannot be ordered by blood, so it is ordered by age.
+In the 12 months I was in the orphanage, only one child was adopted.
+Children have to leave the orphanage at the age of 16, even though they often have nowhere to go.
+In Ukraine, it is commonly reported that children leaving orphanages are targeted for trafficking, child pornography and prostitution.
+Many have been forced to resort to criminal activities to survive, and high suicide rates have been recorded.
+This is the boy's bedroom.
+The orphanage does not have enough beds and not enough winter clothes.
+Children don't bathe often because hot water doesn't come out until October.
+This is the girl's bedroom.
+The orphanage's most urgent needs, he said, include a commercial-size washer and dryer, four vacuum cleaners, two computers, a video projector, a copy machine, winter shoes and a dental drill.
+This photo was taken in an orphanage classroom and shows the sign I translated after I got home.
+And it says, "He who does not know his past is not worthy of his future."
+This project has more chapters.
+This is a selection of over 1,000 images.
+And this massive pile of images and stories forms an archive.
+And in this accumulation of images and text, I struggle to find patterns and imagine that the stories surrounding the lives we lead are as coded as the blood itself.
+But archives exist because there is something that cannot always be verbalized.
+There is something to be said in the gaps of all collected information.
+And then there's the constant persistence of birth and death, and the never-ending collection of stories that go in between.
+The way people are born and die is almost like a machine, and the stories are born one after another.
+And what I'm wondering about in this is, is this actual accumulation leading to some kind of evolution, or is it repeated over and over again?
+thank you.
+(applause)
+People are living longer and society is getting grayer.
+We hear about it a lot.
+You read about it in the newspaper.
+I hear about it on TV.
+Sometimes we hear about it so often that it worries us that we are becoming a kind of complacent, or easy-going, longevity.
+But don't get me wrong. I believe that living longer is possible and improves the quality of life for all ages.
+Now let's zoom out a bit to see this in its entirety.
+More years added to life expectancy in the 20th century than all previous periods of human evolution combined.
+In the blink of an eye, the length of time we live has almost doubled.
+So don't kick yourself if you feel like this aging phenomenon isn't quite fixed.
+Brand new.
+And because fertility declined at the same time that life expectancy increased, the pyramid that represents the age distribution of the population will always have many young people at the bottom, and a few older people who will be chosen and unable to get there. did it. It survives until old age, but is being transformed into a rectangle.
+Now, if you're one of those people who shudder at the demographics, (laughs) they should do it.
+Because what it means is that for the first time in its kind in history, the vast majority of babies born in developed countries are getting the chance to grow old.
+How did that happen?
+We are no more genetically hardy than our ancestors 10,000 years ago.
+This increase in life expectancy is a marvelous product of culture, a melting pot of technology, and a massive shift in behavior to improve health and well-being.
+Cultural shifts allowed our ancestors to largely eliminate premature deaths and allow people to live their lives to the fullest.
+We are currently facing problems associated with aging, such as disease, poverty, and loss of social status.
+Not when you rest on your laurels.
+But the more we learn about aging, the more it becomes clear that the steep downward trend is just plain inaccurate.
+Aging brings quite noticeable improvements, such as increased knowledge and expertise, and also improves the emotional aspects of life.
+Yes, old people are happy.
+Indeed, they are happier than middle-aged and young people.
+(Laughter) Study after study, we come to the same conclusion.
+The CDC recently conducted a survey asking respondents whether they had experienced significant psychological distress in the previous week.
+And fewer older people than middle-aged people answered the question affirmatively, as did younger people.
+A recent Gallup poll also asked participants how much stress, worry, and anger they experienced the previous day.
+And stress, worry, and anger all decrease with age.
+Social scientists now call this the aging paradox.
+After all, aging is no easy task.
+So we've been asking all sorts of questions to see if this discovery can't be undone.
+We asked if the current generation of older people could be the greatest generation of all time, both past and present.
+This means that today's young people may not experience these improvements as they age.
+We asked if maybe older people were just trying to add a positive twist to a gloomy life.
+(Laughter) But the more we try to deny this finding, the more evidence we find to support it.
+Many years ago, a colleague and I embarked on a study that followed the same group of people over ten years.
+Initially, the age of the sample ranged from 18 to 94 years.
+and studied whether and how their emotional experiences change as they grow.
+Participants carried an electronic pager at a time for one week, and the pager continued to ring at random times of the day and night.
+And I had a few questions answered each time I called up the page. "On a scale of 1 to 7, how happy are you now?"
+"How sad are you now?"
+"How frustrated are you right now?" -- so that you can find out what emotions and feelings they have in their daily lives.
+And using this focused study of individuals, it's not that certain generations are better than others, but that the same individuals come to report relatively greater positive experiences over time. got it.
+Now, when you get very old, you see this slight decline.
+And there are some dips.
+However, at no point does it return to early adult levels.
+Now, it is really too simplistic to say that older people are 'happy'.
+In our study they are more aggressive.
+However, they are more likely than younger people to experience mixed emotions. I feel happy and sad at the same time. The tears that come to your eyes when you smile at your friend.
+Other studies have also shown that older people seem to be more comfortable dealing with grief.
+And I think this might help explain why older people are better than younger people at resolving intense, emotional conflicts and arguments.
+Older people can look at injustice with compassion, but they cannot despair.
+And, all things being equal, older adults direct their cognitive resources, such as attention and memory, toward positive information rather than negative information.
+When elderly, middle-aged, and young people were shown images such as those seen on a screen, and later asked to recall all the images as much as possible, older people, even those who were not young, were more likely to respond positively than negatively. Remember more images. image.
+We had older and younger people observe people frowning and laughing in laboratory studies.
+Older people look to smiles and look away from frowns and angry faces.
+In everyday life, this leads to greater enjoyment and satisfaction.
+But as social scientists, we keep asking about possible alternatives.
+We said that older people may report more positive emotions because they have cognitive impairment.
+(Laughter) Like I said earlier, it's just that positive emotions are easier to process than negative ones, so why not switch to positive emotions?
+Perhaps the nerve centers in our brain have degraded and are no longer able to process negative emotions.
+But it's not.
+The most mentally alert older adults are the ones who show this positive effect the most.
+And in situations where it really matters, older people process negative information as well as positive information.
+So how could this happen?
+Our research found that these changes are fundamentally based on the unique human ability to monitor a lifetime, not just clock time or calendar time.
+And if there's a paradox of aging, it's that the realization that we can't live forever changes our outlook on life in a positive way.
+Like most young people, when the timeline is long and vague, people always prepare, try to absorb all the information they can, take risks, and keep exploring.
+You might end up spending time with someone you don't like because it's somehow funny.
+You may find something unexpected.
+(Laughter) We go on a blind date.
+(Laughter) At the end of the day, even if it doesn't work out, there's always tomorrow.
+People over 50 don't go on blind dates.
+(Laughter) As we get older, our timelines get shorter and our goals change.
+I see my priorities most clearly when I realize that time is not everything in the world.
+we savor life
+We are more grateful and more open to reconciliation.
+We invest in the more emotionally important parts of our lives, and our lives get better, and each day is happier.
+But that same shift in perspective makes us less tolerant of injustice than ever.
+By 2015, there will be more people over the age of 60 than under 15 in the United States.
+What will happen to societies with the highest number of elderly people?
+Numbers don't dictate results.
+Culture will.
+Investing in science and technology, finding solutions to the real problems facing older people, and harnessing their real strengths has the potential to extend lifespans and dramatically improve quality of life for all ages. there is.
+A society with millions of talented, emotionally stable citizens who are healthier, more educated, more knowledgeable about life's practical problems, and more motivated to solve big problems than any previous generation. could be a better society than we ever knew.
+My 92-year-old father likes to say, "Let's stop talking about how to save the elderly, let's start talking about how to save us all."
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Have you ever wondered what's in your plaque?
+Probably not, but people like me do.
+I am an archaeological geneticist at the Center for Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, studying the origin and evolution of human health and disease by conducting genetic studies on ancient human skeletons and mummified remains.
+And through this research, we hope to better understand the evolutionary vulnerabilities of our bodies so that we can improve and better manage our health in the future.
+There are many ways to approach evolutionary medicine, one of which is to extract human DNA from ancient bones.
+From these extracts, we can then reconstruct the human genome at different time points, looking for changes that may be relevant to adaptation, risk factors and inherited diseases.
+But this is only half the story.
+Today's most important health problems are not caused by simple mutations in the genome, but rather result from the complex and dynamic interplay between genetic variation, diet, microbes, parasites and the immune response. increase.
+All of these diseases have a strong evolutionary component that is directly related to the fact that we live today in a very different environment than the one in which our bodies evolved.
+And to understand these diseases, we need to move from studying the human genome alone to a more holistic approach to human health.
+However, this presents many challenges.
+First of all, what do we study?
+Skeletons are everywhere. They are found everywhere.
+But of course all the soft tissues have been degraded and the skeleton itself has limited health information.
+Mummies are an excellent source of information, except that they are geographically limited and limited in time.
+Coprolites are fossilized human feces and are very interesting.
+We can learn a lot about ancient diets and bowel diseases, but they are very rare.
+(Laughter) So I formed an international team of researchers from Switzerland, Denmark, and the United Kingdom to address this issue.
+It is the study of poorly studied and little known material found in people all over the world.
+Formally called tartar, it is a type of fossilized plaque.
+Many of you may be familiar with the term tartar.
+Clean your teeth every time you visit the dentist.
+And a typical dental visit can remove about 15-30 milligrams.
+But in ancient times, before we brushed our teeth, up to 600 milligrams could have accumulated in our teeth over a lifetime.
+And what's really important about tartar is that it's fossilized like the rest of your skeleton, and has been abundant and ubiquitous throughout the world since pre-modern times.
+We are finding this disease in every population around the world at every epoch going back tens of thousands of years.
+And it is also found in Neanderthals and animals.
+As such, previous studies have focused solely on microscopy.
+They looked at tartar under a microscope, found things like pollen and plant starch, and found muscle cells from animal flesh and bacteria.
+So my team of researchers, what we wanted to do was, can we apply genetic and proteomics technologies to track DNA and proteins, and really understand what's going on from there? Can we get better taxonomic resolution to do this?
+And what we discovered is that we find many commensal and pathogenic bacteria that live in the nasal passages and mouth.
+They also discovered immune proteins associated with infections and inflammation, as well as diet-related proteins and DNA.
+But what is surprising and very interesting to us is that we also found bacteria that normally live in the upper respiratory system.
+This means you will have virtual access to the lungs, where many important diseases reside.
+And we also found bacteria that normally live in the intestines.
+And we now have virtual access to this more distant organ system that has long been broken down by the skeleton alone.
+Therefore, by applying ancient DNA sequencing and protein mass spectrometry techniques to ancient tartar, we generate vast amounts of data that can be used to understand the dynamics between diet, infection and immunity thousands of years ago. A detailed picture of each interaction can be reconstructed. .
+So what started as an idea is now to mass-produce millions of sequences that can be used to probe the long-term evolutionary history of human health and disease, down to the genetic code of individual pathogens. Implemented.
+And from this information, we can learn how pathogens evolve and why they continue to make us sick.
+Do you understand the value of tartar?
+And as a final goodbye, on behalf of future archaeologists, I want you to think twice before you go home and brush your teeth.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+A few months ago, two teams of astronomers were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for a discovery hailed as one of the most important astronomical observations ever made.
+And today, after briefly describing what they found, I'll talk about a highly controversial framework for explaining their findings. That means our universe may be discovered, far beyond Earth, the Milky Way, and other distant galaxies. is not a single universe, but part of a vast cosmic complex that we call the Multiverse.
+Now, the idea of ​​a multiverse is a strange one.
+I mean, most of us have been brought up believing that the word "universe" means everything.
+And since my four-year-old daughter has heard me talk about these thoughts since birth, most of us say so with foresight.
+And last year, as I held her in my arms, I said, "Sophia, I love you more than anything in the universe."
+And she turned to me and said, "Papa, is it the Universe or the Multiverse?"
+(Laughter.) But unless you have had such an extraordinary education, other realms that would be called very own universes, separate from ours, most of them with radically different characteristics. It's strange to imagine
+Still, while the idea is admittedly speculative, I hope it convinces you that there is reason to take it seriously because it could be true.
+I will tell the story of the multiverse in three parts.
+Part 1 describes the Nobel Prize-winning results and highlights the deep mysteries they reveal.
+In Part 2, we'll show you the solution to that mystery.
+It is based on an approach called string theory, where the idea of ​​the multiverse comes into the story.
+Finally, in Part 3, we discuss the cosmology called inflation that holds all the pieces of this story together.
+Well, part one goes back to 1929. It was then that the great astronomer Edwin Hubble realized that all the distant galaxies were rushing away from us, establishing that the universe itself was stretching and expanding.
+This was revolutionary.
+The conventional wisdom was that the universe is stationary on the largest scales.
+However, there was one thing that everyone was sure of. It was that expansion must be slowing.
+That is, the gravity each galaxy exerts on the other must be slowing the expansion of the universe, just as the gravity of the Earth slows the rise of an apple thrown upwards.
+Now, let's go back to the 1990s, when the two teams of astronomers mentioned at the beginning were inspired by this speculation to measure the deceleration rate of expansion.
+And they did this by carefully observing a large number of distant galaxies, allowing them to graph how the expansion rate changed over time.
+Here comes the surprise. They found that the expansion was not slowing down.
+Instead, they found themselves picking up speed and going faster and faster.
+It's like throwing an apple up and it keeps going up.
+If you see an apple acting like that, you'll want to know why.
+What is driving it?
+Likewise, while the astronomers' work certainly deserves a Nobel Prize, it also raises similar questions.
+What force is causing all galaxies to move away from other galaxies at ever-increasing speeds?
+Well, the most promising answers come from Einstein's old ideas.
+As you know, we are all used to gravity being a one-acting force that pulls objects together.
+However, in Einstein's theory of gravity, general relativity, gravity can also push objects apart.
+how? According to Einstein's mathematics, if space is uniformly filled with invisible energy, such as an invisible uniform fog, the gravity generated by that fog will be repulsive, repulsive gravity. This is exactly what we need to explain our observations.
+Because the repulsive force of the invisible energy that exists in the universe—we call it dark energy, but here we make it smoky white—is the repulsive force that causes each galaxy to Because it pushes against other galaxies and causes expansion. Accelerate instead of slow down.
+And this explanation represents a great advance.
+But I promised you a mystery here in Part 1.
+here it is.
+See what astronomers found when they calculated how much of this dark energy must be pumping into the universe to explain the cosmic speedup.
+This number is small.
+When expressed in related units, it's surprisingly small.
+And the mystery is to explain this strange number.
+We would like to derive this number from the laws of physics, but so far no one has found a way.
+Now you may be wondering if you should care.
+Perhaps the explanation for this number is just a technical issue, an interesting technical detail for experts, but irrelevant for others.
+Sure it's a technical detail, but some details are really important.
+Some details offer a window into uncharted territory of reality, and this singular figure may be doing just that. Because the only approach that has gone forward so far to explain this is one that invokes the possibilities of other universes. This is an idea that naturally emerges from string theory. Continue to Part 2, "String Theory".
+So keep the mystery of dark energy to the back of your mind while I tell you three important things about string theory.
+First, what is it?
+This is an approach to realizing Einstein's dream of a unified theory of physics, a single overarching framework that can explain all the forces at work in the universe.
+And the central idea of ​​string theory is very simple.
+It states that if we examine matter ever more closely, we will find molecules first, then atoms and particles.
+But theory says that if we could probe even smaller than existing techniques allow, we could find something else in these particles: tiny vibrating filaments of energy, tiny tiny vibrating threads. deaf.
+And just like a violin string, the string can vibrate in different patterns to produce different notes.
+These tiny elementary strings produce different types of particles when vibrated in different patterns. That is, electrons, quarks, neutrinos, photons, and all other particles are bound into a single framework because they all arise from vibrating strings.
+It's a fascinating picture, a kind of cosmic symphony, where all the richness we see in the world around us emerges from the music these tiny little strings can play.
+But this elegant integration comes at a price. Years of research have shown that the mathematics of string theory doesn't work perfectly.
+Unless you allow for something completely unfamiliar: an extra dimension of space, there is contradiction inside.
+So we all know about 3 dimensions in normal space.
+You can think of these as height, width and depth.
+However, according to string theory, at surprisingly small scales there are additional dimensions that are crumpled to such a small size that we cannot detect them.
+But even if the dimensions were hidden, they would still affect what we could observe, since the geometry of the extra dimensions would limit the vibration of the string.
+And in string theory vibrations determine everything.
+Therefore, the mass of the particle, the strength of the force, and most importantly, the amount of dark energy, are determined by the shape of the extra dimensions.
+Therefore, if we know the shape of the extra dimensions, we should be able to compute these features and compute the amount of dark energy.
+The problem is that we don't know the shape of the extra dimensions.
+All we have is a list of candidate shapes that are mathematically allowed.
+When these ideas were first developed, there were only about five possible different shapes. So you can imagine analyzing them one by one to determine if there is one that gives the observed physical feature.
+But over time, the list grew as researchers discovered other candidate shapes.
+Their numbers have grown from five to hundreds to thousands. After all, graduate students have something to do, so they need to analyze large, but still manageable collections.
+But since then, that list has grown to millions and billions to this day.
+The list of candidate shapes grew to about 10 out of 500.
+What should I do then?
+Well, some researchers have lost their minds and found that there are so many candidate shapes for the extra dimensions, each giving rise to different physical characteristics, that string theory can never make definitive and testable predictions. concluded.
+But there are those who turn this issue upside down and lead us to the possibilities of the multiverse.
+Here's the idea.
+Perhaps each of these shapes is on an equal footing with the others.
+Each is as real as the other in the sense that there are many universes in the additional dimensions, each with a different shape.
+And this radical proposal has a significant impact on the mystery of the amount of dark energy revealed by the Nobel Prize winner.
+This is because if there are other universes, and each of those universes has a different shape, for example, the extra dimensions, then the physical characteristics of each universe, especially the amount of dark energy in each universe, will be different. I don't think so.
+So the mystery that explains the amount of dark energy we are currently measuring will take on an entirely different character.
+In this regard, the laws of physics cannot explain a single number of dark energy. This is because there are many numbers, not just one.
+So we've asked the wrong question.
+The right question to ask is why are we humans in a universe where there is a certain amount of dark energy that we have measured rather than other possibilities out there.
+And it's an issue we can move forward with.
+In a universe with much more dark energy than ours, whenever matter tries to clump together to form a galaxy, the dark energy repulsion is so strong that the clump is blown away and the galaxy is not formed.
+And a universe with much less dark energy would collapse so quickly that galaxies would not form either.
+And without galaxies, there would be no stars, no planets, no chance for our life forms to exist in other universes.
+Therefore, we find ourselves in a universe where there is a certain amount of dark energy that we have measured, simply because our universe has the right conditions for our life form.
+And that would be it.
+Mystery solved, multiverse discovered.
+Now, some people are not satisfied with this explanation.
+We are used to physics giving a clear explanation for the features we observe.
+But the point is that the feature you are observing can take many different values ​​over a wide range of realities, and if it does, then it is simply wrong to think of one explanation for a particular value. It means that there is
+An early example comes from the great astronomer Johannes Kepler, who was obsessed with understanding a different number: why the Sun is 93 million miles from Earth.
+And he tried for decades to explain this figure, but never succeeded, and we know why.
+Kepler was asking the wrong question.
+We now know that there are many planets at various distances from their star.
+Therefore, to expect the laws of physics to explain the specific number of 93 million miles is simply a mistake.
+Rather, the correct question to ask is why are we humans on a planet at this particular distance rather than the other possibilities?
+Again, that's a question we can answer.
+A planet much closer to a star like the Sun would become so hot that life on it would not be possible.
+And planets far from their stars are so cold that our life forms will also not settle.
+Therefore, we find ourselves on a planet at this particular distance simply because it provides the essential conditions for our life forms.
+And when it comes to planets and their distances, this is clearly the correct inference.
+Importantly, when it comes to the universe and the dark energy it contains, it may also be a correct inference.
+Of course, one important difference is that we know there are other planets out there, but so far I can only speculate about the possibility that other universes exist. was.
+So to bring it all together we need a mechanism that can actually generate other universes.
+Then move on to the last part, Part 3.
+Because such mechanisms are being discovered by cosmologists trying to understand the Big Bang.
+As you know, when we talk about the Big Bang, we often have the image of a kind of cosmic explosion that created the universe and the universe rushes outwards.
+But there is a little secret.
+The big bang omits something very important: the bang.
+It tells us how the universe evolved after Bang Bang, but offers no insight into what powered Bang Bang itself.
+And this gap was finally filled by an enhanced version of the Big Bang theory.
+It's called inflationary cosmology, and it identified a particular kind of fuel that naturally generates the outward rush of the universe.
+This fuel is based on something called a quantum field, but the only detail that matters to us is that this fuel has proven so efficient that it's virtually impossible to use it all up. That's it. So, in inflation theory, it means that the big bang will have an effect on our universe and probably won't be a one-time event.
+Instead, the fuel not only generated the Big Bang, but it also generated a myriad of other Big Bangs, each spawning its own distinct universe, our universe being one bubble in a grand cosmic bubble bath. becomes nothing more than
+And now, merging this with string theory leads to the following picture.
+Each of these universes has additional dimensions.
+Extra dimensions take many forms.
+Different shapes have different physical characteristics.
+And we find ourselves in one universe, not another, simply because our universe is the only one whose physical characteristics, such as the amount of dark energy, are suitable for our life forms. .
+And this is the compelling but highly controversial picture of the wider universe that cutting-edge observations and theory have led us to take seriously.
+Of course, one of the big questions that remains is whether we can confirm the existence of other universes.
+Now let me explain one way that might happen someday.
+Inflation theory already has strong observational support.
+Theory suggests that the Big Bang was so powerful that as the universe rapidly expanded, tiny quantum jitters from the microscopic world were stretched out into the macroscopic world, creating distinctive fingerprints: slightly hot spots and slightly hot spots. Because we expected to get a pattern of cold spots. A spot beyond space currently being observed by powerful telescopes.
+For that matter, the theory predicts that if other universes exist, they could collide frequently.
+And if our universe collided with another, that collision would produce even more subtle patterns of temperature change across the universe that we might someday be able to detect.
+And this photo is so exotic that someday the existence of other universes may be established based on this photo's observations.
+Finally, I would like to make an impressive point of what all these ideas suggest for the very distant future.
+As you know, by carefully examining the faint pinpoints of starlight that reach us from distant galaxies, we know that our universe is not static, space is expanding, We learned that its expansion is accelerating, and that other universes may exist.
+However, due to the accelerating expansion, in the very distant future these galaxies will blaze away farther than we can see. Not because of technical limitations, but because of the laws of physics.
+The light these galaxies emit cannot overcome the ever-widening chasm between us, even if it travels at the speed of light, the fastest speed.
+Thus, in the distant future, astronomers looking into deep space will see nothing but an endless, pitch-black stillness.
+They would then conclude that the universe is static and unchanging, and that there exists a single central oasis of matter in which they inhabit. This is the picture of the universe that we know definitively to be wrong.
+Perhaps future astronomers will have records inherited from an age as old as ours that prove a galaxy-filled, expanding universe.
+But would future astronomers believe such ancient knowledge?
+Or will they believe in a black, still, empty universe revealed by their own cutting-edge observations?
+I suspect the latter.
+That is, we live in a very fortunate time when certain deep truths about the universe are still within reach of the human inquisitive mind.
+It seems that this is not always the case.
+Because today's astronomers point their powerful telescopes up into the sky, capturing a few photons that yield extremely useful information, much like the space telegrams transmitted over billions of years.
+And the timeless message is clear.
+Nature sometimes keeps its secrets with the irresistible force of the laws of physics.
+Sometimes the essence of reality beckons from the horizon.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you, Brian.
+The wide range of ideas you just talked about are dizzying, exhilarating, and incredible.
+What are your thoughts on the current state of cosmology from a sort of historical perspective?
+In your opinion, are we in the midst of a historical anomaly?
+BG: Well, it's hard to say.
+When we learn that astronomers in the distant future may not have enough information to make sense of things, the natural question is, perhaps we are already in that position and are there certain deep and important aspects of the universe? I wonder if the features have already escaped our ability to comprehend. How will cosmology evolve?
+So from that perspective, we keep asking questions and we may never be able to fully answer them.
+On the other hand, we have come to understand the age of the universe.
+We can understand how to make sense of the data from the microwave background, which was set 13.72 billion years ago, but we can still do the calculations today to see what it looks like and what it does. You can predict how it will match.
+Holy cow! That's really great.
+So, on the one hand, the situation we've reached is just incredible, but who knows what kind of blocks we'll find in the future.
+CA: I will be here for the next few days.
+Perhaps some of these conversations could be continued.
+thank you. Thank you Brian. (BG: Nice.) (Applause)
+So today I would like to talk about money and happiness. These are the two things that many of us spend a lot of time thinking about when trying to make or grow money.
+And many of us resonate with this phrase that we find in religion and self-help books. "Money can't buy happiness."
+(Laughter) I'm in business school, so that's what we do.
+That's wrong, and in fact if you think so, you're just not spending your money correctly.
+So instead of spending your money the way you normally do, maybe spending it in a different way might work a little better.
+Before we discuss how money can be used to make you happier, let's take a look at how money is used every day that doesn't actually make us happier.
+I tried a little experiment.
+So CNN wrote this interesting article some time ago about what happens to people when they win the lottery.
+It turns out that people think that winning the lottery will make life better.
+This article is about how their lives get ruined.
+One thing that happens when you win the lottery is that you spend all your money and go into debt. And two, all their friends and everyone they've ever met will find them, eavesdrop on them, and steal their money.
+In fact, it ruins their social relationships.
+As a result, you will have more debt and worse friendships than before you won the lottery.
+What's interesting about this article is that people who read it started commenting on it.
+And instead of talking about how they realized that money doesn't lead to happiness, everyone started saying, "Do you know what you would do if you won the lottery...?"
+and fantasize what they do.
+One person wrote, "If I win, I will buy my own little mountain and build a little house on the top."
+(Laughter) Another wrote, ``I put money in a big bathtub, smoked a big fat cigar, drank champagne, and got into the tub.''
+This is even worse. "...then you're going to take a picture and make dozens of glossy sheets.
+Anyone who begs or tries to extort money from me will receive a copy of the photo and nothing else. "
+(Laughter) And a lot of the comments were just of this type, people got money and it actually made them antisocial.
+So I said it ruins people's lives and gets eavesdropped on by their friends.
+Also, money makes us very selfish and do things only for ourselves.
+We thought that maybe the reason money doesn't make us happy is because we're spending it on the wrong things. In particular, we spend money on ourselves all the time.
+And I wondered what would happen if I let people spend more of their money on other people.
+So what if, instead of having an antisocial attitude towards money, we took a more social attitude towards it?
+We thought let people do it and see what happens.
+Get some people to do what they usually do, spend money on themselves, and have some people donate money to measure their happiness and see if they are actually happy. Let's see if it becomes
+The first way we did this was by walking out onto the campus of the University of British Columbia one morning in Vancouver and approaching people and asking them, "Would you like to participate in the experiment?"
+They said yes.
+One of the envelopes said, "Please spend this money on yourself by 5pm today."
+Others received slips of paper that read, "Please spend this money on others before 5 p.m. today."
+There was also money in the envelope.
+And we manipulated the amount we gave them. Some got this piece of paper and $5, some got this piece of paper and $20.
+We let them have their day and do whatever they wanted.
+Turns out they spent it the way we requested.
+We called them and asked, "What did you use it for?"
+How happy are you now? "
+what did they spend their money on?
+They are college undergraduates. Many of the things they used for themselves were earrings, cosmetics, etc.
+One woman said she bought a stuffed animal for her niece.
+People donated money to homeless people.
+(Laughter) So if you give an undergraduate $5, it looks like coffee to them, so they run to Starbucks and run out of it as fast as they can.
+Some buy coffee for themselves as usual, others buy coffee for someone else.
+That is, the exact same purchase, either for yourself or for someone else.
+What did you find out when you called at the end of the day?
+People who spent money on others became happier. Nothing happened to those who spent money on themselves.
+It didn't make them less happy, it just didn't do them much good.
+Another thing I've learned is that money doesn't really matter.
+People thought $20 was much better than $5.
+What really matters is that you spent it on someone else and not on yourself.
+We see this many times when we give people money that they can use for others instead of themselves.
+Of course, these are Canadian undergraduates, not the most representative population in the world.
+We wanted to know if this is true everywhere in the world or only among wealthy countries.
+So we went to Uganda and did a very similar experiment.
+Not just Canadians: ``Name the last time you spent money on yourself or on someone else.
+please explain. How happy were you?"
+In Uganda, "Name and describe the last time you spent money on yourself or others."
+Then we asked them again how happy they were.
+And what we're seeing is kind of amazing. This is because the way people spend money is universal, and there are actual cultural differences in what they do.
+For example, a man from Uganda says: "I called the girl I wanted to love."
+They basically went out on a date, but at the end he says he couldn't "achieve" her until now.
+(laughs) This is a man from Canada.
+It's very similar.
+We went to the movies, left early, then went back to her room… had cake,” just had cake.
+(laughter) Human universality: You spend money on others, you are kind.
+Maybe you have something in mind, maybe you don't.
+But then you see a surprising difference.
+So look at these two.
+We say, "Name a time when you spent money on someone else."
+"I bought a present for my mother," she said.
+I drove to the mall, bought a present, and gave it to my mother. "
+It's absolutely wonderful.
+Compare this to a woman from Uganda. "I was walking and met a longtime friend whose son had malaria.
+They had no money so they went to the clinic and I gave her the money. "
+This is not $10,000, it's local currency.
+So it's actually a very small amount.
+But the motives here are very different.
+This is a real medical need and a donation that literally saves lives.
+The above is a small thing, but I bought a present for my mother.
+But what we see again is that the specifics of how you spend money on others is not as important as the fact that you spend money on others to make yourself happy, and it really is very important. is important to
+So you don't have to spend your money doing amazing things to make yourself happy.
+These are just two countries.
+We wanted to look at countries around the world, if possible, to see what the relationship is between money and happiness.
+As you know with every political poll you do these days, we got the data from the Gallup organization.
+They asked people, "Did you donate money to charity recently?"
+You can see what kind of relationship there is between these two things.
+Are they positively correlated and does giving money make you happier?
+Or is there a negative correlation?
+In this map, green means positive correlation and red means negative correlation.
+And as you can see, the world is incredibly green.
+In other words, in almost every country in the world that has this data, people who donate money to charity are happier people than those who don't donate money to charity.
+I'm too stupid to tell you what it is, but it's the Central African Republic.
+you can make a story.
+Maybe it's different for some reason.
+Just below and to the right is Rwanda, which is surprisingly green.
+So almost everywhere you look, you'll be happier if you give away your money than if you keep it to yourself.
+What about a job where you spend the rest of your time when you're not with people you know?
+We went undercover at several companies and decided to do something very similar.
+These are the Belgian sales teams.
+They work in teams and go out and try to sell doctors and get them to buy drugs.
+We can observe how well they sell as team members.
+I give money to some team members and say, “Spend it for yourself, whatever you want,” just like I did for undergraduate students in Canada.
+Say to the other team, "This is 15 euros. Spend it on one of your teammates."
+Buy them something as a gift and give it to them.
+Then you will see that there are teams that spend money for themselves and pro-social teams that give money to make the team better.
+The reason I have a damn piñata is because some team pooled their money to buy a piñata, and they broke it and the candy fell.
+It's stupid and trivial, but think about the difference between a team that didn't do that at all, a team that took €15 and put it in their pocket and maybe even bought a coffee, or a team that is pro-social like this. The experience of coming together to buy something or to do a group activity.
+What we see is that pro-social teams sell more than teams who get paid just for themselves.
+One idea is that every time you give people 15 euros for yourself, they put it in their pocket and nothing has changed.
+You don't get any money from it. You lose money because you no longer have the motivation to improve your performance.
+But if you give them 15 euros to spend on their teammates, they will perform better on the team, so investing this kind of money actually pays off.
+Perhaps in your heart you think this is all right, but I can't imagine that there is a very important context for public policy that would work there.
+And if he doesn't show me that it works here, I won't believe anything he says.
+I'm sure you're all thinking of the dodgeball team.
+(Laughter) This was the big criticism we received. All this is stupid if you can't show it on your dodgeball team.
+So we found a dodgeball team, infiltrated, and did the exact same thing as before.
+Give the other team money for their dodgeball teammates.
+Teams that spend money on themselves have the same winning percentages as before.
+The team we gave each other money to spend becomes another team. By the end of the day they're dominating the league.
+In a variety of situations, such as personal life, work life, and even intramural sports, we find that spending on others yields greater benefits than spending on ourselves.
+So, if you think money can't buy you happiness, then you're not using it right.
+In other words, you should buy this product instead of that one, and that's the way to make yourself happier.
+It means that we should stop thinking about which products to buy for ourselves and instead try to give some of them to others.
+And luckily we give you a chance.
+DonorsChoose.org is a non-profit organization primarily serving low-income school teachers in public schools.
+They post projects like 'I want to teach Huckleberry Finn but I don't have the books' or 'I want a microscope to teach my students science but we don't have one'.
+You and I can buy it for them.
+Teachers and children write thank you letters and sometimes send microscopic pictures.
+That's unusual.
+Go to a website and try not to think too much about "how am I going to spend money on myself?"
+Learn more about "If you have $5 or $15, what can you do to benefit others?"
+Ultimately, you'll find yourself benefiting even more by doing so.
+thank you.
+You probably even know that everything is made up of tiny little things called atoms, and each atom is made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons.
+And you've probably heard that atoms are tiny.
+But I don't think you've ever thought about how small an atom really is.
+Well, the answer is that they are really, really small.
+So are you wondering how small an atom is?
+To understand this, let's ask the following questions. How many atoms are there in a grapefruit?
+Now let's assume that the grapefruit is composed only of nitrogen atoms. This is not true at all, but nitrogen atoms are present in grapefruit.
+To help visualize this, let's zoom in on each atom to the size of a blueberry.
+So how big should a grapefruit be?
+It should actually be the same size as the Earth.
+It's crazy!
+Are you saying that if you filled the earth with blueberries, you would get the same number of nitrogen atoms as grapefruits?
+That is correct!
+So what is the size of an atom?
+Well, it's really small!
+And what do you know? It gets even crazier.
+Now let's take a look inside each atom. So let's take a look inside the blueberry. --What do you see there?
+At the center of an atom is what is called the nucleus, which contains protons and neutrons, and on the outside are electrons.
+So what is the size of the nucleus?
+If atoms were like blueberries on Earth, how big would the nucleus be?
+You may remember the old pictures of atoms you saw in science class. The page had a small dot with an arrow pointing to the nucleus.
+Well, these pictures aren't drawn to scale, so they're kind of wrong.
+So what is the size of the nucleus?
+If you were opening a blueberry and looking for a nucleus...
+you know what? it will be invisible.
+Too small to see!
+OK. Let's explode an atom, a blueberry, to the size of a house.
+So imagine a ball as tall as a two-story house.
+Find the nucleus at the center of the atom.
+And what do you know? You can barely see it.
+So to understand how big the nucleus is, you would have to blow up a blueberry to the size of a football stadium.
+Imagine a ball the size of a soccer stadium. If you tap the center of an atom, you can find the nucleus and see it.
+And it becomes as big as a small marble.
+If I haven't surprised you by now, there are many more.
+Think a little more about atoms.
+It contains protons, neutrons and electrons.
+Protons and neutrons reside inside the nucleus and contain almost all of the atomic mass.
+At the end of it is the electron.
+So if an atom is like a ball the size of a football stadium, with a nucleus in the center and electrons at the edges, what is there between the nucleus and the electrons?
+Surprisingly, the answer is empty space.
+(sound of wind) That's right. Sky!
+A vast empty region exists between the nucleus and the electrons.
+Now, technically there are some electromagnetic fields, but in terms of things, matter, it's empty.
+Remember, this vast region of the sky is inside the blueberry, inside the earth, and is actually the atom of the grapefruit.
+OK, if I could say something even weirder, one more.
+Since virtually all of an atom's mass is in the nucleus, electrons also have some mass, but most of it is in the nucleus. What is the density of the nucleus?
+Well the answer is crazy.
+A typical atomic nucleus has a density of 10 to 17 kilograms per cubic meter four times.
+But it's hard to visualize. Yes, in English units.
+2.5 times 10-16 lbs/ft3.
+OK, it's still hard to understand.
+OK, this is what I want you to do.
+Make a 1 foot by 1 foot by 1 foot box.
+Let's take all the nuclei out of a typical car.
+Today, a car weighs an average of 2 tons.
+How many car nuclei should you put in your one foot box to have the same nucleus density?
+Do you have one car? two?
+How about 100?
+No no no.
+The answer is bigger.
+6.2 billion.
+This is about the same as the population on Earth.
+I mean, if everyone on the planet owns their own car, but they don't actually own it (car horn), and we put all those cars in your box.. .
+It corresponds to the density of atomic nuclei.
+So if you put all the cars in the world in a one-foot box, you get the density of one atomic nucleus.
+Well, let's review.
+Atoms are really, really, really small.
+Think of the atoms in a grapefruit like blueberries on Earth.
+The nucleus is very small.
+I looked inside the blueberry, and when I puffed it up to the size of a football stadium, the core was like a marble in the middle.
+Atoms are made up of vast empty regions.
+It's weird.
+The nucleus has a very high density.
+Think of putting all these cars in a one foot box.
+I think you are tired.
+It's a great honor to be here to talk about cities, about the future of cities.
+I am very happy to be here as mayor.
+I truly believe that mayors have a political position that really changes people's lives.
+That's where it should be.
+And it's great to be here as Mayor of Rio.
+Rio is a beautiful city, a vibrant place, a special place.
+In fact, you're looking at the man who has the best job in the world.
+And I wanted to share with you a special moment in my life and the history of the city of Rio.
+(Video) Announcer: Okay guys, here's the envelope with the results.
+Mr. Jacques Rogge: It is my great pleasure to announce that the Games of the XXXI Olympiad have been awarded to the City of Rio de Janeiro.
+(cheers) EP: Well, it's very moving, very emotional, but it wasn't easy to get there.
+In fact, it was a very difficult challenge.
+We had to defeat the European monarchies.
+King Juan Carlos of Spain.
+I had to defeat the strong Japanese with all my skills.
+We had to defeat the most powerful man in the world defending our city.
+So it was never easy.
+And indeed, I think what the last man here said a few years ago perfectly applies to the situation in which Rio won the Olympic bid.
+We demonstrated that yes, we can.
+And actually this is why I'm here tonight.
+I'm here tonight to show you that things can be done, that you don't have to be rich or powerful to get things done, and that cities are a big challenge.
+But with a few creative ways to get things done and a few basic precepts, cities can become truly great places to live.
+Imagine Rio.
+You probably think of a city full of energy, a city full of greenery and vibrancy.
+And no one did it better than Carlos Saldanha at last year's Rio.
+(music) (video) Bird: This is amazing.
+(music) EP: Well, some parts of Rio are pretty much like that, but not everywhere.
+We are like any big city in the world.
+Lots of people, lots of pollution, lots of cars, lots of concrete, lots of concrete.
+These photos I am showing here are from Madureira.
+The place is like the center of the Rio suburbs.
+And I would like to use the example of Rio, which we are doing in Madureira, in this region, to know what we should consider as the first commandment.
+So whenever you see a concrete jungle like that, you have to find an open space.
+If there is no open space, you have to go there and clear the space.
+So get inside these open spaces and let people go in and use those spaces.
+It will be Rio's third largest park by June this year.
+It will be a place where people meet and a place where nature can be placed.
+The temperature will drop by 2-3°C.
+So the first commandment I want to leave you tonight is that the cities of the future must be green.
+Whenever you think of cities, you have to think of green.
+You have to think green and green.
+So let's move on to the second commandment I wanted to show you.
+Let's think of a city as a collection of people, many people.
+Cities are full of people.
+So how do we move these people?
+If 3.5 billion people live in cities, by 2050 there will be 6 billion.
+So whenever we think of moving these people, we think of bulky transportation.
+But there is a problem.
+It costs a lot of money to do a lot of transportation.
+So what I'm going to introduce here is what Jaime Lerner, the former mayor who founded the city of Curitiba in Brazil, has already presented at TED.
+And that's what we do over and over again in Rio.
+BRT, or Bus Rapid Transit.
+Then get on the bus. It's a simple bus that everyone knows.
+Transform the interior as a train car.
+Use separate lanes, dedicated lanes.
+No need to dig deep underground.
+This is the station that we actually do in Rio.
+Again, you don't need to dig deep underground to create such a station.
+This station has the same comforts and functions as a subway station.
+The fare for one kilometer is 1/10 of the metro.
+So it can make a big difference in the way people move by doing it much faster at a much lower cost.
+All the lines you see there, the colored lines, that's our high-capacity transportation network.
+Today, we carry only 18% of our population in bulk shipping.
+Our BRT is still the cheapest and fastest way, and will allow 63 percent of the population to travel by high-capacity transport.
+So remember what I said. You don't necessarily have to be rich or powerful to get things done.
+You can find original ways to get things done.
+So the second commandment I want to leave you tonight is that the cities of the future must deal with the mobility and integration of people.
+Let's move on to the third commandment.
+And this is the most controversial one.
+It has to do with favelas and slums. Whatever you call it, there are many different names around the world.
+But what we want to say here tonight is that favelas aren't necessarily the problem.
+So if you deal with the favelas and put public policy inside them, favelas can really be the solution.
+Please show me the map of Rio again.
+Rio has a population of 6.3 million, of which more than 20 percent, or 1.4 million, live in shanty towns.
+All this red part is favela.
+As you can see, they are spread all over the city.
+This is a typical landscape of Rio favelas.
+You can see the contrast between the rich and the poor.
+So I want to make two points here tonight about favelas.
+The first is that you can turn what I call a "vicious cycle" into a virtual one.
+But what we have to do to make that happen is to get inside the favela and provide basic services, mainly education and health care, of high quality.
+Here's a simple example.
+This is an old building in the slums of Rio -- [name of obscure shantytown] -- just converted into a quality primary school.
+This is the primary quality health assistance we have built in the slums.
+We call it Family Clinic.
+Therefore, the first point is to introduce a high-quality basic service within the favela.
+The second thing I would like to say about favelas is that they must be spaced.
+Bring infrastructure wherever you are, including shanty towns and slums.
+Rio has a goal of fully urbanizing all shanty towns by 2020.
+As another example, this place was full of houses, which we call the Knowledge Square.
+This is a high tech place and the kids who live in the poor house next to this place can go inside and have access to all the technology.
+A 3D movie theater was even built there.
+And this is the change you get for it.
+And at the end of the day, you'll have something better than a TED Award. It's the laughter of the favela kids.
+So the third commandment I would like to leave here tonight is that the cities of the future must be socially integrated.
+We cannot deal with cities that are socially unintegrated.
+But moving to the fourth commandment, I won't be here tonight.
+Between November and May, Rio is overcrowded.
+We just had a carnival last week.
+good. It was a lot of fun.
+About 2 million people live on Copacabana Beach.
+we have a problem.
+We are battling floods and rainforests during this time.
+I can imagine how happy people would be when I see a scene like this.
+We have a problem with tropical rains.
+Almost every year, landslides like this occur, and they are terrifying.
+But thanks to that, I was able to come here.
+This is what we did with IBM a little over a year ago.
+It's called the Rio Operations Center.
+And I wanted to show you that you can use technology to rule your own city from here in Long Beach, so I came here last night and I know it all.
+I'm going to talk to the operations center now.
+This is Osorio, Secretary of Urban Affairs.
+So, Osorio, I'm glad to be with you.
+I have already told people that there will be tropical rains at this time of year.
+So how's the weather in Rio now?
+Osorio: The weather is nice. It's sunny today.
+Bring me the weather satellite radar.
+You can see a little bit of humidity in the city.
+As for the weather today and the next few days, it's perfectly fine in the city.
+EP: Well, how's the traffic?
+There is a lot of traffic jams at this time of year.
+People get mad at the mayor. So what are the traffic conditions like tonight?
+Osario: Well, traffic is fine tonight.
+We will guide you to 8,000 buses.
+Mayor, live streaming from downtown Rio.
+As you can see, the streets are clean.
+It's currently 11pm in Rio.
+There is nothing to worry about in terms of traffic.
+I will tell you what happened today.
+There was heavy traffic during the early morning and afternoon rush hours, but it was nothing to worry about.
+The number of traffic accidents in the city is below average.
+EP: Okay. Now let's take a look at some public services.
+Osorio: Of course, Mayor.
+We are offering a waste collection vehicle.
+This is live streaming.
+And you can see them working all over the city.
+Collect waste on time.
+Public services are working well.
+EP: Okay, Osorio, thank you.
+It was really nice to have you here.
+We will continue to draw conclusions.
+(Applause) Okay. No files. This place has no paperwork and no distance. I work 24/7.
+So the fourth commandment I want to share with you here tonight is that the cities of the future must use technology in order to exist.
+I no longer need to be there to know the city and manage it.
+But everything I said here tonight, or commandment, is the means, the way we govern our cities, investing in infrastructure, investing in greenery, opening up parks and open spaces, social Integration, use of technology, etc.
+But after all, when we talk about cities, we are talking about gatherings of people.
+And we cannot take it as a problem.
+If it is 3.5 billion now, it will be 6 billion, and then it will be 10 billion.
+That is wonderful. That means 10 billion brains and 10 billion talent working together.
+I truly believe that the city of the future is one that cares about its citizens and socially integrates them.
+The city of the future is the city where no one can ever escape from this great party of cities.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So today I would like to talk about AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa.
+And this audience is pretty educated people, so I'm sure you all know something about AIDS.
+You probably know that about 25 million people in Africa are infected with the virus, that AIDS is a disease of poverty, and that if we lift Africa out of poverty, AIDS will go down.
+Those of you who know more probably know that Uganda is so far the only country in sub-Saharan Africa that has successfully fought an epidemic.
+They used a campaign to encourage people to refrain from condom use, stay loyal, and use condoms (the ABC campaign) to reduce the prevalence in the 1990s from about 15 percent to 6 percent in just a few years. I was allowed to.
+If you follow the policy, you probably know that a few years ago the president pledged $15 billion to fight the epidemic over five years. Much of the money will be used for programs that attempt to recreate Uganda and use it to encourage behavior change. Save people and reduce epidemics.
+So today I'm going to talk about some things you may not know about this epidemic. I'm also going to really try some of the things you think you know.
+To that end, I would like to talk about my work as an economist on infectious diseases.
+I'm not going to talk too much about the economy.
+I'm not going to talk about exports and prices.
+But I will use tools and ideas familiar to economists to think about issues that are more traditionally part of public health and epidemiology.
+In that sense, I think this fits the idea of ​​lateral thinking very well.
+Here I'm actually using the tools of one discipline to think about a problem in another discipline.
+Therefore, we see AIDS as, first and foremost, a policy issue.
+Most people in this room probably think so.
+But this talk will be about understanding the facts about infectious diseases.
+You get to think about how it evolves and how people react to it.
+It may seem like I'm ignoring the really most important policies, but at the end of this talk, unless you really understand how infectious diseases are transmitted, they can actually be effective. I hope that we will come to the conclusion that it is not possible to formulate a policy that is works.
+The first thing I want to talk about and what I think we need to understand is how people are reacting to this epidemic.
+In short, AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease and it kills.
+This means that in areas where AIDS is prevalent, sex can be quite costly.
+Uninfected men living in Botswana, where HIV prevalence is 30 percent, are three times more likely to die within 10 years if they have another partner (long-term partner, girlfriend or mistress) this year. percentage points.
+That's a big effect.
+So I think we really feel that people should have less sex.
+And indeed, in the 1980s, we saw such a shift among gay men in the United States.
+So, looking at this particularly high-risk sample, the question is, "Have you had one or more unprotected sexual partners in the last two months?"
+Between 1984 and 1988, that percentage dropped from about 85 percent to 55 percent.
+Big changes can happen in a very short period of time.
+Nothing of the kind was seen in Africa.
+We don't have very good data, but we can see the percentage of single men who have sex before marriage, or married men who have sex outside of marriage, and how that changed from the early '90s to the late '90s. And from the late 90's to the early 2000's. The epidemic is getting worse and worse.
+People are starting to learn more about it.
+Little change in sexual behavior.
+These are only minor decreases (2 percentage points) and not significant.
+This seems puzzling. But I would argue that this should not be surprising, and that understanding it requires thinking more about health as an investment than an economist.
+So if you're a software engineer and you're considering whether to add new functionality to your program, it's important to consider how much it will cost.
+It's also important to think about what the benefits are.
+And one of its advantages is how long this program is supposed to be active.
+It makes no sense to add more features to version 9 if version 10 is released next week.
+But so are your health decisions.
+Every time you eat carrots instead of cookies, every time you go to the gym instead of going to the movies, it's an expensive investment in your health.
+But even if you don't invest, how much you want to invest depends on how long you expect to live in the future.
+AIDS is similar. Avoiding AIDS is expensive.
+People really like sex.
+But you know, there are advantages in terms of future longevity.
+But life expectancy in Africa, even without AIDS, is really, really short, 40 or 50 years in many areas.
+Thinking about that intuition and that fact, I think perhaps that could explain some of this low behavioral change.
+But you have to test it in practice.
+A great way to test it is to look across regions of Africa to see if people with longer life expectancies have more change in their sexual behavior.
+The way I do that is by looking at areas with varying levels of malaria.
+Malaria is a deadly disease.
+In Africa, it is a disease that kills not only many children, but also many adults.
+Therefore, people living in areas with high malaria incidence will have a shorter life expectancy than those living in areas with low malaria incidence.
+Therefore, one way to test whether some of this behavioral change can be explained by differences in life expectancy is to observe whether there are more behavioral changes in areas with less malaria.
+This diagram shows it.
+It shows what happens to the number of sexual partners as HIV prevalence increases in low-malaria, moderate-malaria and high-malaria areas.
+If you look at the blue line, areas with low levels of malaria, you can actually see a significant decline in the number of sexual partners as HIV prevalence rises.
+In areas with moderate levels of malaria, there is some reduction, but not much. And in areas with high levels of malaria incidence, there is actually a small, if not significant, increase.
+This is not just due to malaria.
+Young women living in areas with high maternal mortality experience less behavioral change in response to HIV than young women living in areas with low maternal mortality.
+There is another risk and they are less responsive to this existing risk.
+So I think this in itself says a lot about people's behavior.
+This tells us something about why behavioral change has been limited in Africa.
+But it also tells us about policy.
+Even if you only care about AIDS in Africa, investing in fighting malaria, fighting poor indoor air quality and improving maternal mortality may be a good idea.
+Because if we improve these things, people will have an incentive to avoid AIDS on their own.
+But it also tells us something about one of these facts we talked about earlier.
+Educational campaigns like the ones the president is actively funding may not be enough, at least not by themselves.
+If people had no motivation to avoid AIDS themselves, even if they knew everything about the disease, they might not be able to change their behavior.
+Another thing we've learned here is that AIDS doesn't go away on its own.
+People haven't changed their behavior enough to curb the spread of the disease.
+So we need to think about policies and what policies are effective.
+And a great way to learn about policy is to look back at what worked in the past.
+The reason the ABC campaign has proven effective in Uganda is because we have good data on its long-term prevalence.
+We can see that the prevalence is declining in Uganda.
+I know they were running this campaign. That's how we learn what works.
+This is not the only time we have intervened.
+Experiments are being conducted in other locations, so why not check those locations to see what happened to the spread.
+Unfortunately, until about 2003, there were few good data on HIV prevalence in the general population in Africa.
+So if I ask you, "Why don't you go check the prevalence in Burkina Faso in 1991?"
+Go to Google, go to Google, and you'll find that only STD patients and pregnant women were actually tested in Burkina Faso in 1991, not a very representative population.
+Then, if you dig a little deeper and see a little more of what's going on, you'll find that it's actually been a pretty good year. Because in some years only IV drug users are tested.
+But to make matters worse, some years only IV drug users participate, and some years only pregnant women participate.
+There is no way of knowing what happened over time.
+No consistent tests.
+We've done some really good tests over the last few years.
+Kenya, Zambia, and many other countries use randomized population testing.
+However, this leaves a large gap in our knowledge.
+So we can tell you what the prevalence was in Kenya in 2003, but we can't say anything about 1993 or 1983.
+So this is a policy issue. It was a problem for my research.
+And I began to wonder how else we could understand the past prevalence of HIV in Africa.
+And I think the answer is that we can look at the mortality data, and we can use the mortality data to get an idea of ​​what the prevalence was in the past.
+To do this, we must rely on the fact that AIDS is a very specific kind of disease.
+It kills people in the prime of life.
+Not many other diseases have such a profile. As you can see here, this is a graph of mortality by age for Botswana and Egypt.
+Botswana is an AIDS-prone place, while Egypt is a low AIDS-prone place.
+And it turns out that young children and old people have about the same mortality rate.
+This suggests that the development levels are about the same.
+However, in this intermediate region between the ages of 20 and 45, Botswana's mortality rate is much, much higher than in Egypt.
+But because few other diseases kill people, we can attribute that mortality rate to HIV.
+But people who died of AIDS this year had AIDS years ago, so we can use this mortality data to get a sense of historical HIV prevalence.
+In other words, using this technique, the actual prevalence estimates are very close to the prevalence estimates obtained from testing random samples within the population, whereas the prevalence estimates that UNAIDS tells us are very similar. You can see that it is very different from the disease rate.
+This is a graph of prevalence estimated by UNAIDS and prevalence based on several years of mortality data in the late 1990s for nine African countries.
+Almost without exception, we find that the UNAIDS estimates are much higher than those based on mortality.
+According to UNAIDS, Zambia has an HIV prevalence of 20% and an estimated mortality rate of only about 5%.
+And these are not trivial differences in mortality.
+Here's another way to look at this.
+It turns out that instead of 20 deaths per 10,000 people in this age group, in order for prevalence to be as high as UNAIDS says, there actually needs to be 60 deaths per 10,000.
+I'll tell you, piece by piece, how you can use this kind of information to learn something that helps you think about the world.
+But it also shows that one of those facts mentioned at the beginning may not be entirely true.
+If you think 25 million people are infected, if you think the UNAIDS figure is too high, maybe it's closer to 10 million or 15 million.
+AIDS is not a problem. That's a big problem.
+However, this number suggests that it may be a little higher.
+What I really want to do is use this new data to figure out what is accelerating or slowing the spread of the HIV epidemic.
+First, I didn't mean to talk about exports.
+I didn't think about economics at all when I started working on these projects, but eventually I got sucked into economics again.
+So let's talk about exports and prices.
+And I would like to talk about the relationship between economic activity, especially export volume, and HIV infection.
+So, of course, as an economist, I am deeply aware of the fact that development, or open trade, is really good for developing countries.
+It's good for improving people's lives.
+But when it comes to illness, openness and interconnection come at a price. I don't think this should come as a surprise.
+On Wednesday I heard from Laurie Garrett that I would definitely get bird flu, and that without contact with Asia I wouldn't worry at all.
+And indeed, HIV is particularly closely related to transportation.
+The epidemic was actually brought to the United States by a male flight attendant who contracted the disease in Africa and brought it back.
+And that was the beginning of the whole epidemic in the United States.
+In Africa, epidemiologists have long noted that truck drivers and migrants are more likely than others to become infected.
+Areas with high economic activity, i.e. areas with many roads and high levels of urbanization, have higher infection rates than other areas.
+But that doesn't really mean at all that if you give people more exports, more trade, it will increase penetration.
+With this new data, and with information on prevalence over time, we can actually test it. And apparently, fortunately, these things are positively related.
+More exports means more AIDS. And the effect is really big.
+So the data I have shows that if exports doubled, the number of new HIV infections would quadruple.
+Therefore, this has important implications for both forecasts and policy.
+From a prognostic perspective, knowing where trade is likely to change, for example, through the African Growth and Opportunity Act or other policies that promote trade, will show which regions are actually likely to become more severely affected by HIV. How expensive can you think.
+And we can go there and take preemptive precautions there.
+Similarly, when we are developing policies to promote exports, if we know that there is this externality, the extra event that happens when we increase exports, then we know what the right kind of policy is. can think.
+But it also tells us something about one of these things we think we know.
+Even with the fact that poverty is linked to AIDS in the sense that Africa is poor and AIDS is prevalent, it is unlikely that poverty reduction will lead to better and better exports, at least in the short term. Not exclusively. Development -- It doesn't necessarily mean that HIV infections will go down.
+Therefore, throughout this talk, I have mentioned several times the special case of Uganda and the fact that it is the only country in sub-Saharan Africa that has been successfully prevented.
+It was widely reported.
+It has been reproduced in Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa and many other places.
+But now I really want to question that as well.
+Because it is true that the prevalence decreased in Uganda in the 1990s. It is true that they had an educational campaign.
+However, something else was happening in Uganda during this period.
+The price of coffee has dropped significantly.
+Coffee is Uganda's major export.
+In the early 1990s its exports declined significantly. And indeed, the decline is very, very closely aligned with the decline in the number of new HIV infections.
+So you can see that both of these series (black line for exports, red line for new HIV infections) are both increasing.
+Since about 1987, both have fallen sharply.
+And indeed, they're on the rise in the second half of the decade.
+So, combining the intuition of this figure with some of the data we talked about earlier, a decline of between 25 and 50 percent in prevalence in Uganda would not have actually happened, even in the absence of an education campaign. It is suggested that
+But it is very important for policy.
+We spent a lot of money recreating this campaign.
+And if it's only 50% more effective than we think, you may need to spend your money on all sorts of other things instead.
+Attempts to change infection rates by treating other sexually transmitted diseases.
+I am trying to change them by performing male circumcision.
+There are so many other things to do and think about.
+And perhaps this shows that we need to think more about those things.
+I hope these 16 minutes have told you something you didn't know about AIDS. I also hope that you have some doubts about what you knew.
+And I hope you have understood that it is important to understand infectious diseases in order to think about policy.
+But most of all, I am a scholar.
+And when I leave here, I'm going to go back and sit in my own little office, my computer, my data.
+And most interestingly, every time I think about research, more questions arise.
+There are things I want to do more.
+And what's really, really nice to be here is that I'm pretty sure the questions you're having are very different from the questions I thought of myself.
+And I can't wait to hear what they are.
+Thank you very much.
+For most people, this is a device for buying and selling, playing games and watching videos.
+I think it's probably my lifeline.
+In fact, I think it may save more lives than penicillin.
+Texting: You know I say texting, but a lot of people think it's sexting. Many people think of the despicable photos they see. Hopefully my kid hasn't sent it to anyone, but I doubt he's trying to translate the abbreviations (LOL, LMAO, HMU).
+I will help you with that later.
+But parents who have been there know that texting is actually a great way to communicate with their kids.
+It may be the only way to communicate with children.
+(Laughter) The average teenager sends 3,339 text messages a month. Unless it's a girl, that number is close to 4,000.
+And the secret is that she opens all doors.
+The open rate for text messages is 100%.
+Parents are really worried now.
+Even if she doesn't respond when I ask when she's coming home for dinner, the open rate is 100 percent.
+I promise she will read the email.
+And this isn't just a suburban iPhone-using teens phenomenon.
+In fact, texting has become an indicator of excess for minorities and urban youth.
+I know this because DoSomething.org, America's largest organization for teenagers and social change, changed course about six months ago and began focusing more on text messaging. .
+We currently text about 200,000 kids every week about campaigning to make schools greener, addressing homelessness and more.
+Proven to be 11 times more powerful than email.
+I also found some unintended consequences.
+I got back a text message like this.
+"I don't want to go to school today.
+Boys call me Okama. "
+"I used to do the cut, but my parents found out, so I stopped.
+But it just started again an hour ago. "
+Or, "He won't stop raping me.
+He told me not to tell anyone.
+is my father are you there? "
+The last message is the actual text message we received.
+And yes there you are.
+I will never forget the day I received that text message.
+And that day we decided we needed to build a crisis message hotline.
+Because this is not what we do.
+We make social change.
+Children are just sending us text messages. That's because texting is so familiar and comfortable for them that they have nowhere else to turn to message us.
+please think about it. text hotline. Quite powerful.
+Fast and fairly private.
+No one is listening to you at the stall, you are just texting quietly.
+Real time.
+We can help millions of teens with counseling and referrals.
+That is wonderful.
+But what makes this really great is the data.
+Because I'm not very comfortable just helping that girl with counseling and referrals.
+We want to prevent this from happening.
+Now think about the police.
+New York City has something.
+the police did it. It used to be just a random job, a police job.
+And they started crime mapping.
+So they started tracking and monitoring petty thefts, summons, all sorts of things, essentially painting the future.
+They also found that adding the presence of police when meth was found on the street could reduce the rate of inevitable assaults and robberies.
+In fact, the year after the NYPD implemented CompStat, the homicide rate dropped by 60%.
+So let's consider the data in the line of text about the crisis.
+There is no census on bullying, dating abuse, eating disorders, mutilation and rape.
+Perhaps there are studies or longitudinal studies that are expensive and time-consuming.
+Alternatively, there may be some anecdotal evidence.
+Imagine having real-time data on all these issues.
+I can tell you the law.
+You can inform the school policy.
+You can say to the principal: "I have a problem every Thursday at 3:00.
+what's going on at your school? "
+You can see the immediate impact of a law, or the hate speech someone makes at a school rally and see what happens as a result.
+To me, this is exactly the power of texting, the power of data.
+Because while people were talking about data, Facebook let me mine my friends from 3rd grade, Target let me know when it was time to buy more diapers, and someone made me a better baseball team. I actually used the power of data and the power of text messages to get him to go to school, to stop girls from barging in the bathroom, to be raped by his father. I am really excited to be able to absolutely help a girl.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Americans use 571.23 million pounds of paper towels each year.
+If possible -- correction, wrong figure -- 13 billion is used each year.
+If we could use less paper towels, one paper towel per person per day, 571.23 million pounds of paper would be wasted.
+we can do that.
+Now there are all kinds of paper towel dispensers.
+It has a tri-fold. People usually take two or three.
+Some cut it, some have to tear it off.
+People shed one, two, three, four tears.
+That's about it, right?
+Some even cut themselves.
+People go 1, 2, 3, 4.
+Or, same thing, you should buy 5 sheets of recycled paper, which is of course less absorbent.
+In fact, you can do it all with just one towel.
+Two words are key. This half of the room, your word is "rock".
+Let's hear it. Shake. louder.
+Audience: Shake.
+Joe Smith: Your word is 'fold'.
+Audience: Fold.
+JS: See you soon.
+Audience: Fold. JS: It's really loud.
+Audience: Shake. folding.
+JS: Okay. wet hands.
+Shake -- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
+Why 12? 12 Apostles, 12 Tribes, 12 Constellations, 12 Months. My favorite is the largest one-syllable number.
+(Laughs) Tri-fold. folding ...
+dry.
+(Applause) Audience: Shake.
+folding.
+JS: Cut yourself. folding. The crease is important as it allows interstitial suspension.
+You don't have to memorize that part, but trust me.
+(laughs) Audience: Shake. folding.
+JS: Cut yourself.
+Funny thing is, I get drier hands than a human being has 3 or 4. Because you can't put your hand in between the gaps.
+If you think this is not so good...
+Audience: Shake. folding.
+JS: Well, here comes a really fancy invention. If you wave your hand, you will be kicked out.
+The towel is too big.
+Let me tell you a secret.
+If you're really quick, and I can attest, this is half a towel out of this building's dispenser.
+how? Just peel it off as soon as it starts.
+It is wise to stop.
+You will also receive half a towel.
+Audience: Shake. folding.
+JS: Now let's all say it together. Shake. folding.
+You will remember those words for the rest of your life every time you pick up a paper towel.
+And remember, one towel per person for one year is equivalent to £571.23 million worth of paper. It's no small thing.
+And next year, toilet paper.
+(laughter)
+When it comes to games, there are many.
+You may be frustrated or looking forward to a new game.
+It was too late to play the game.
+All these things happen to me.
+But when we think of games, we often think of things like: First-person shooters, so-called AAA games, or maybe you're a Facebook game player.
+This is what my partner and I worked on.
+Maybe you're playing the Facebook game and that's what we're making now.
+This is a lighter format game.
+Perhaps we're thinking about the tragically boring board game that holds us hostage during the Thanksgiving scene.
+This is one of those tragically boring board games you can understand.
+Or maybe you're playing Wii with the kids in your living room. There are different games out there and that's what I think.
+I make my living from gaming and have been fortunate enough to have been playing since I was 15 years old. This is also because I never actually got a job.
+But we think of games as fun, and that's quite right, but let's think about this for a minute.
+This is the 1980 Olympics.
+I don't know where you were, but I was in the living room.
+It was essentially a religious event.
+And this is when the Americans beat the Russians, and this was—yes, technically a game.
+Hockey is a game.
+So people cried.
+I've never seen my mother cry so much at the end of Monopoly.
+(laughs) And this was a great experience.
+Or if anyone here is from Boston -- so when the Boston Red Sox won the World Series for the first time in 351 years, I think -- (Laughter) when they won the World Series, it was great. .
+I happened to live in Springfield at the time, and the best part was that they closed the women's door in the restroom. When I saw "Go Socks", I remember wondering if that was really the case.
+Or House, you'll come out because every game, well, almost every game went to overtime, right?
+So we're out and all the other lights are on across the block.
+And the kids -- school attendance is down, kids aren't going to school, but that's okay, it's the Red Sox, right?
+I mean, there's education, then there's the Red Sox, and we know where they stack up.
+This was a great experience, and again, yes it was a game, but they didn't write a newspaper article, people were like, 'Look, really, I can die because the Red Sox won.' I didn't say
+So the game means so much more to us.
+It absolutely means more than that.
+Now, here comes the abrupt transition.
+I actually had a job for three years.
+I was the dean of a university teaching games, so again, it was kind of a real job, but this time I started talking about making games instead of making them.
+Part of a department head's job is to eat, and I did it well. So I'm out to dinner with a guy named Jig Jackson.
+So this is the jig in this photo and this is also one of the jig photos.
+he is a photographer
+And he walks around the country taking pictures of himself, and it turns out that here he has an Indian reservation in Zig.
+And this particular shot is one of the more traditional shots.
+And this is one of my favorite shots.
+So take a look at this and maybe you've seen something like this too.
+This is a cultural expression, right?
+And this is actually from his Degradation series.
+What intrigued me the most about this series was, look at that little boy over there, can you imagine?
+Now I just want to change his race.
+Imagine if it was black.
+So, "Honey, come over here and take a picture with a black man." Right?
+Seriously, no one would do this.
+It confuses the mind.
+So Jig who is an Indian as well, it puzzled his mind.
+His favorite picture, my favorite picture not here, is Indians taking pictures of white people taking pictures of Indians.
+(Laughter) So I happened to be having dinner with this photographer and he was talking to another photographer about the shootings on the Indian reservation.
+He had brought his camera up there to take a picture, but when he got there, he found that he couldn't do it.
+He just couldn't take a picture.
+Take pictures or not?
+And that was very interesting to me as a game designer. Because I never thought I should make a game about this difficult subject.
+Because we're just making things that are fun, or that make us feel fear or visceral excitement.
+But all other media are doing it.
+So this is my child.
+This is Maezza. When she was seven years old, she came home from school one day. I asked her, as I do every day. "What did you do today?"
+So she said, "We talked about middle aisles."
+Well, this was the big moment. Maezza's father is black and he knew this day would come.
+I didn't expect it when I was 7, I don't know why, but I didn't expect it.
+Anyway, so I asked her, "What do you think of that?"
+So she started talking to me. All of you parents out there know the bingo buzzwords here.
+"Ships leave from England, go down from England, go to Africa, cross the sea, are part of the intermediate route. They arrive in America, where the slaves are sold," she told me.
+But now they are free because Abraham Lincoln was elected president and passed the Emancipation Proclamation.
+Pause for 10 seconds.
+"Mommy, can we play a game?"
+So I thought, is that all? So this is the middle passage, this is an incredibly important event, and she's treating it basically like some black people went on a cruise, this is more or less how she feels.
+(Laughter) So for me, I wanted to feel more value in this, so when she asked if I could play the game, I said yes.
+(Laughter) So I happened to have all these little pieces.
+I'm a game designer, so I have this around my house.
+I said, "Yes, you can play games," and gave her a bunch of these and told her to draw pictures of different families.
+These are pictures of Maezza when he was alive -- oh man, this still takes my breath away.
+So she depicts a small family.
+So I grabbed a lot of them and put them on the boat.
+So the basic gist of it is, when I caught a bunch of families, she said, "Mommy, but you forgot the pink baby, you forgot the blue daddy, and you forgot everything else. I did.”
+And she says, "They want to go."
+So I said, 'Honey, no, they don't want to go.
+This is the middle aisle, nobody wants to go in the middle aisle. "
+So she gave me the kind of look only game designer daughters give their mothers. And while crossing the sea according to these rules, she found herself rolling rather high and said to me: I can't make it. "
+Then she realized that we didn't have enough food and asked what to do. And I said - remember, she's 7 years old - "Either you put some in the water, or you hope you don't." Arrive at "
+All I could think about was the look on her face - well, this is a month later - it's Black History Month, right?
+A month later she said to me: "Did this really happen?"
+And I said yes. So she said - this is her brother and sister - "If I came out of the woods, Avalon and Donovan might be gone."
+"yes."
+"no."
+"But what if I see you? Can't you stay with me?"
+"yes."
+She was fascinated by this and started crying. I started crying and so did her father. And now we are all crying.
+He didn't expect to come home from work to the middle aisle, but he did.
+So we made this game and she got it.
+She understood it because she spent time with these people.
+It wasn't abstract content like a pamphlet or a movie.
+It was just an incredibly powerful experience.
+I ended up calling this game "The New World" because I liked the term "The New World".
+I don't think the New World felt very new and worldly and exciting to the people who were brought in on slave ships.
+But when this happened, I saw the whole earth. I was so excited.
+After 20 years making games, I decided to do it again.
+My history is Irish.
+This is a game called "Síochán Leat". It is "Peace be with you."
+My entire family history in one game.
+I also made a game called "Train".
+I was creating a series of six games that covered difficult topics. If you're going to cover a difficult topic, this is the one to cover. Let yourself understand what it is.
+And I made a game for Trail of Tears.
+This is a game with 50,000 pieces.
+I was really into it when I decided to start, and now I'm in the middle of it.
+It's the same thing.
+I hope to teach culture through these games.
+And what I'm working on right now, which I'm in the middle of, and for some reason really choking on, is a game called "Mexican Kitchen Workers."
+And originally, it was more or less a math problem.
+This is the economics of illegal immigration.
+And the more I learn about Mexican culture, I mean, my partner is Mexican. For all of us, food is a basic necessity, which naturally applies to Mexicans, but it turns out to be more than that. .
+It's an expression of love. It's an expression, "God, I'm completely suffocating more than I thought."
+I take my eyes off the photo.
+It's an expression of beauty and a way for them to say they love you.
+This is how they say they care, and you can't hear someone talk about their Mexican grandmother without saying "food" in the first sentence.
+And for me, this beautiful culture, this beautiful expression, I want to capture through games.
+Games change, change the way we look at topics, change the way we perceive people on topics, and change ourselves.
+We change as humans through games. Because we are in the game, playing and learning as we go.
+We traditionally divide space into private and public spheres, and since we have become experts in protecting private property and private space, we are familiar with these legal distinctions.
+But we are less sensitive to the nuances of the masses.
+What turns a general public space into a qualitative space?
+So this is what our studio has been working on for the last ten years.
+We do this through several case studies.
+A large part of our work is devoted to transforming this neglected industrial ruin into a viable post-industrial space looking forward and backward at the same time.
+And another big part of our job was to make the out-of-date site relevant.
+We've been working to democratize Lincoln Center for ordinary people who normally can't afford to spend $300 on an opera ticket.
+I mean, we've been eating, drinking, thinking and living in public for quite some time.
+And it really taught us one thing. To create truly great public spaces, we need to erase the distinctions between architecture, urbanism, landscape, media design, and more.
+It really transcends distinction.
+I'm going to Washington D.C. now.
+And we are working on another transformation. It's a transformation of the existing Hirshhorn Museum on the National Mall, America's most revered public space.
+The Mall is a symbol of American democracy.
+And the wonderful thing is that this symbol is not an object, an image, an artifact, but actually a space, defined only by the rows of buildings on either side.
+It is a place where citizens can express their grievances and show their power.
+This is where a pivotal moment in American history took place.
+And like the March for Jobs and Freedom in Washington, or Martin Luther King Jr.'s great speech in Washington, they are forever engraved there.
+Almost to the present day, there have been protests in Vietnam, remembrance of all those who died in the AIDS pandemic, and marches for women's reproductive rights.
+The mall is the largest civic arena for opposition in the country.
+And it's synonymous with free speech, even if you don't know what to say.
+It may just be a place of civic sympathy.
+We believe there is a great disconnect between the communication and discussion spaces of the mall and the museums that flank it.
+And that is that those museums are usually passive, with a passive relationship between the museum as the presenter and the audience as the receiver of the information.
+So you can see dinosaurs and insects, a collection of locomotives, etc., but you're not really involved. you are being spoken to
+When Richard Koshalek became director of Hirshhorn in 2009, he was determined to take advantage of the museum's most unique location in the seat of power in the United States.
+And although art and politics have always and will always go together, intrinsically and implicitly, it is possible that there is a very special relationship that can be forged here in its uniqueness.
+The question is whether art can ultimately be embedded in the dialogue of domestic and world affairs.
+And can museums be agents of cultural diplomacy?
+Washington D.C. has over 180 embassies.
+There are over 500 think tanks.
+There has to be a way to harness all of that intellectual energy and global energy to and through museums in some way.
+There has to be some kind of brain trust.
+As we start thinking about it and evolving the mission with Richard and his team, Hirshhorn is just his lifeblood.
+But Hirshhorn goes beyond contemporary art exhibitions to become a public forum and venue for discussion of issues related to art, culture, politics and policy.
+It will have as much global influence as the World Economic Forum.
+It will have the interdisciplinary nature of the TED conference.
+There is a casual atmosphere like a town square.
+And for this new endeavor, Hirshhorn will have to either expand the site or appropriate it for a modern, deployable structure.
+This is it. This is Hirshhorn, a 230-foot diameter concrete donut designed by Gordon Bunshaft in the early 70's.
+It's huge, quiet, closed, arrogant, and a design challenge.
+Architects love to hate it.
+One saving feature is that it is lifted off the ground, hollow and has an empty core in its psyche and its façade just like the Corporate and Federal style.
+And the ring around that space is actually a gallery.
+It's very difficult to mount a show there.
+When Hirshhorn opened, New York Times critic Ada Louise Huxtable chose the term "neo-prison modern."
+"The Wounded Mall for Wounded Monuments and Wounded Collections."
+Nearly 40 years later, how will this building expand for new progressive programs?
+where does it go?
+Do not enter the mall.
+There is no space there.
+You cannot enter the courtyard.
+It has already been incorporated into landscapes and sculptures.
+Well, there are always holes.
+But how do you keep that hole space from being occupied and invisibly filled?
+What makes it so iconic?
+And in what language does it come true?
+The Hirshhorn is located inside the Mall's monumental establishment.
+Most are neoclassical, heavy and opaque, made of stone or concrete.
+And the question is, if the space is inhabited, what will the mall be made of?
+It should be different from the building over there.
+It has to be something completely different.
+it must be air.
+In our imagination it must be light.
+It should be temporary. It must be formless.
+And it should be free.
+(Video) This is the big idea.
+It's a huge airbag.
+The expanded stuff takes the form of a container and oozes out everywhere, including the top and sides.
+But more poetically, we like to think of the structure as breathing the mall's democratic air and embracing itself.
+before and after.
+It was called a "bubble" by the media.
+It was the lounge.
+This is basically one big volume of air that oozes out in all directions.
+The membrane is translucent.
+Made of silicone coated fiberglass.
+And it swells twice a year, one month each time.
+This is the view from the inside.
+So you may have wondered how the heck I got the federal government to approve this.
+It actually required approval from two agencies.
+The other is to protect the dignity and sanctity of the mall.
+I blush every time I see this.
+You interpret.
+But one thing is certain: it is a combination of iconoclasm and worship.
+A creative interpretation was also included.
+The Capitol Act of 1910 limits the height of buildings in Washington, DC.
+Up to 130 feet in height, excluding spires, towers, domes and minarets.
+This exempts most churches and state monuments.
+And the bubble is 153 feet.
+Next to it is the Pantheon.
+That's about 1.2 million cubic feet of compressed air.
+So we discussed the merits of being a dome.
+In other words, it is a very majestic presence among the majestic buildings in the mall.
+Although the Hirshhorn is not a landmark, it is historically very sensitive.
+So I couldn't actually touch its surface.
+No trace could be left.
+So I pulled it from the end and fixed it with a cable.
+This is a study of some bondage techniques, but it's actually very important because it's always in the wind.
+There is one permanent steel ring on top, but it is not visible from any vantage point of the mall.
+Also, there is a limit to the amount of lighting.
+It shines from the inside and has a sense of transparency.
+But it doesn't get any brighter than the Houses of Parliament and some monuments.
+That is, below the lighting hierarchy.
+So I come to the site twice a year.
+It has been unloaded from the delivery truck.
+It is hoisted.
+Then inflate it with this low pressure air.
+and bound by cables.
+It is then ballasted with water at the bottom.
+This was a very strange moment when a mall bureaucrat asked me how long the installation would take.
+And we said it would take a week for the first erection.
+And they really resonated with the idea.
+And in the end it was really easy.
+So I have to say there weren't too many hurdles with the government or any authority.
+But some of the toughest hurdles are technical.
+This is the warp and weft.
+This is a point cloud.
+There is extreme pressure.
+This is a very unusual building, not gravitationally loaded, but loaded in all directions.
+Let's take a quick look at these slides.
+And this is the space in action.
+A very flexible interior for discussion, just like this, but round - bright and reconfigurable.
+It can be used for any purpose such as performance, film or installation.
+Its first program will be a program of cultural dialogue and diplomacy organized in partnership with the Council on Foreign Relations.
+Here form and content come together.
+The bubble is anti-monument.
+The ideal of participatory democracy is expressed through flexibility rather than rigor.
+Art and politics occupy an ambiguous place outside the walls of the museum but inside the core of the museum, blending that air with the mall's democratic vibe.
+And the bubble will inflate for the first time at the end of 2013.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The public energy conversation in America boils down to these questions: Would you rather die in A) an oil war, B) climate change, C) a nuclear holocaust, or D) all of the above?
+Oh, did I miss one: or E) None of the above?
+That's something that isn't normally provided.
+What if you could let energy do work without doing any undoing work?
+Can you get your fuel without fear?
+Can you reinvent fire?
+You see, fire made us human. Fossil fuels have made us modern.
+But now we need a new fire that will bring us safety, security, health and durability.
+Let's see how.
+Four-fifths of the world's energy still comes from burning the rotting remains of goo in four cubic miles of pristine swamps each year.
+Those fossil fuels have built our civilization.
+They made our wealth.
+They have enriched the lives of billions of people.
+But they also have increasing costs to our safety, economy, health and environment and are beginning to erode, if not outweigh the benefits.
+Therefore, we need a new fire.
+And switching from old fire to new fire means changing two big stories about oil and electricity, each emitting two-fifths of the fossil carbon in the atmosphere.
+But they are actually quite different.
+Less than 1% of our electricity comes from oil, but nearly half comes from coal.
+Their uses are fairly concentrated.
+Three-quarters of our petroleum fuel is for transportation.
+Three-quarters of our electricity powers buildings.
+And the rest both run factories.
+Highly efficient vehicles, buildings and factories therefore save oil and coal, and also natural gas, which can replace both.
+But today's energy systems are not only inefficient, they are disconnected, aging, dirty and unsafe.
+Therefore refurbishment is required.
+But by 2050, elegant and thrifty cars, factories and buildings that rely on modern, safe and resilient power systems could become efficiently connected and decentralized.
+By 2050, we can eliminate our dependence on oil and coal, reduce our use of natural gas by a third, while switching to efficient use and renewable supply.
+This could lead to a $5 trillion reduction in net present value, now expressed as lump sums, compared to business as usual by 2050. Assuming the value of carbon emissions and all other hidden and external costs to be zero, the cost is conservatively low. estimate.
+But this cheap energy system could support a 158% larger US economy without the need for oil, coal, or even nuclear energy.
+Moreover, this transition requires no new inventions, no laws of Congress, no new federal taxes, no subsidies or legal mandates, no deadlock in Washington.
+Let me say it again.
+I will tell you how to get America off oil and coal entirely, and make it $5 trillion cheaper without profit-seeking corporate-led legislation.
+In other words, we seek to circumvent the least effective institutions by using the most effective institutions—private enterprises that evolve in partnership with civil society and are accelerated by military innovation.
+And whether profits, jobs, competitive advantage, national security, or environmental stewardship, climate protection, and public health matter most, reinventing fire makes sense and benefits. .
+General Eisenhower was quoted as saying that by expanding the boundaries of difficult problems, problems can be solved by encompassing more options and more synergies.
+So, in Reinventing Fire, we integrated all four energy-using sectors: transportation, construction, industry, and power, and integrated four types of innovation, not just technology and policy, but design and business strategy. .
+These combinations deliver far more than the sum of their parts, especially when it comes to creating highly disruptive business opportunities.
+Oil costs our economy $2 billion a day, plus an additional $4 billion a day in hidden economic and military costs, with a total cost of more than one-sixth of GDP. increase.
+Three-fifths of our mobility fuel is used in cars.
+Let's start with making automobiles oil-free.
+Two-thirds of the energy required to move a typical car comes from its weight.
+Also, for every unit of energy saved on wheels by removing weight or drag, 7 units in the tank are saved. Because you don't have to waste 6 units to power the wheels.
+Unfortunately, over the past quarter-century, epidemic obesity has made a two-ton steel car weigh twice as fast as we do.
+Today, however, ultra-lightweight and ultra-strong materials like carbon fiber composites can snowball massive weight savings and make automobiles simpler and cheaper to manufacture.
+Lighter and more slippery cars require less force to move, so they have smaller engines.
+In fact, this kind of vehicle adaptability also makes batteries and fuel cells smaller, lighter and cheaper, making electric propulsion more affordable.
+So sticker prices will eventually drop to about the same as they are today, and operating costs will be very low, even to begin with.
+So by combining these innovations, automakers go from squeezing tiny savings out of Victorian-era engine and seal stamping technology to building three linked innovations that strongly enhance each other: ultra-lightweight materials. Using it for things and electric propulsion can transform it into a cost where the cost drops significantly.
+Temporary fees, or rebates on efficient new cars paid for inefficient vehicles, can boost sales and drive prices down even faster.
+And the largest of Europe's five feebate programs tripled the speed of vehicle efficiency improvements in the first two years alone.
+The resulting shift to electric vehicles will be as transformative as the shift from typewriters to computer advances.
+Of course, while computers and electronics are now America's largest industry, the typewriter makers are gone.
+Vehicle suitability therefore opens up a new automotive competitive strategy that could double oil savings over the next 40 years, but then electrification becomes affordable and replaces the rest of oil. can also do.
+America could lead this next automotive revolution.
+The current leader is Germany.
+Last year, Volkswagen said it would produce this carbon fiber plug-in hybrid by next year and achieve 230 miles per gallon.
+Also last year, BMW unveiled this carbon fiber electric car, but said its carbon fiber costs were being paid for by reducing the batteries needed.
+And they said, 'We're not going to be a typewriter maker'.
+Audi claimed it would outperform both by a year.
+Seven years ago, even faster and cheaper American manufacturing techniques were used to produce this small carbon fiber test part that doubles as a carbon cap.
+(Laughter) In less than a minute, you can tell from the sound how very stiff and strong it is.
+It's stronger than titanium, so you don't have to worry if you drop it.
+Tom Friedman actually hit it as hard as he could with a sledgehammer without even scratching it.
+However, such manufacturing techniques can be scaled for aerospace performance, matching the speed and cost of automobiles.
+It saves four-fifths of the capital required to manufacture a car.
+This material can save lives because it can absorb up to 12 times more impact energy per pound of steel.
+If we built all our cars this way, drilling in the Detroit fleet would save as much oil as finding 1.5 countries in Saudi Arabia, or half of OPEC. This is a very promising project.
+And the price of all these giant barrels in Detroit averaged $18 per barrel.
+They are completely American made, carbon free and inexhaustible.
+The same physics and the same business logic apply to heavy vehicles.
+Through 2010, Walmart saved 60 percent of the fuel per ton-mile of its huge fleet of trucks due to improvements in logistics and design.
+But the technical savings for heavy trucks alone could reach two-thirds.
+And when combined with the 3 to 5 times more efficient planes currently being planned, it could save nearly $1 trillion.
+And today's military revolution in energy efficiency will accelerate these civilian advances in much the same way military research and development gave us the internet, global positioning systems, jet engines and the microchip industry. deaf.
+While you can design and build your vehicle better, you can also use it smarter by leveraging four powerful techniques to eliminate unnecessary driving.
+Instead of just seeing an increase in travel, you can use innovative pricing that charges for road infrastructure by the mile instead of the gallon.
+Smart IT can be leveraged to enhance transportation and enable car-sharing and ride-sharing.
+We're already close to where people want to be, so we can allow smart, profitable growth models that keep them from having to go anywhere else.
+And let your traffic flow freely with smart IT.
+Combined, they provide equal or better access while reducing driving by 46-84%, saving an additional $0.4 trillion and an additional $0.3 trillion through more productive use of trucks. .
+So, 40 years from now, all things added up, the much more agile US economy will be oil free.
+By saving or replacing barrels at $25 instead of buying them at $100 or more, assuming all hidden costs are zero, the net savings is $4 trillion.
+Therefore, to achieve oil-free mobility and to phase out oil, we can increase efficiency and then switch fuels.
+Vehicles worth 125 to 240 miles per gallon can use any combination of hydrogen fuel cells, electricity and advanced biofuels.
+Hydrogen and advanced biofuels can be realistically used in trucks and planes.
+Trucks can also use natural gas.
+But no vehicle needs oil.
+And the maximum amount of biofuel we might need, just 3 million barrels per day, can be removed from waste by 3 minutes without displacing farmland and without damaging the soil or the climate. You can make 2 of
+Our team accelerates this kind of oil savings through what we call “institutional acupuncture.”
+We identify where business logic is congested and not flowing properly, and work with partners like Ford, Walmart, and the Department of Defense to put a little needle in there to make it flow better.
+And a long transition is already underway.
+In fact, three years ago, mainstream analysts began to see oil peaking as demand rather than supply.
+And Deutsche Bank even said that global oil use could peak around 2016.
+In other words, oil is becoming uncompetitive at low prices before it becomes unavailable at high prices.
+But electric vehicles don't have to strain the power grid.
+Rather, when smart cars exchange power and information through smart buildings with smart grids, they add valuable flexibility and storage to help integrate a variety of solar and wind power into the grid.
+Vehicle electrification therefore makes it easier to solve the automotive and electrical problems together rather than separately.
+And they also converge the oil story into our second big story, saving power and doing it in a different way.
+And these twin revolutions in power will bring more, deeper and more varied disruptions to that field than any other. Because we have the technology and speed of the 21st century, which collides head-on with the institutions, rules and cultures of the 20th and 19th centuries.
+The less electricity you need, the easier it will be to change how you make electricity.
+Most of it is now wasted, and the techniques to preserve it continue to advance faster than we can introduce them.
+So the unpurchased efficiency resources are getting bigger and cheaper.
+But even with the modest additional use needed for efficient electric vehicles, U.S. electricity use could actually shrink as the efficiency of buildings and industry begins to grow faster than the economy. I have.
+And we can do this simply by rationally accelerating existing trends.
+Over the next 40 years, buildings that use three-quarters of their electricity will triple to quadruple in energy productivity, saving $1.4 trillion (net present value) and yielding an internal rate of return of 33%. increase. In English, the savings are worth it. four times the price.
+It can also accelerate industry and double energy productivity with an internal rate of return of 21%.
+The key is a disruptive innovation called integrated design, where very large energy savings often cost less than little or no savings.
+In other words, rather than diminishing profits, profits may grow.
+That's how the 2010 renovation saved more than two-fifths of the Empire State Building's energy. The site's 65,000 windows have been remanufactured into super windows that let light in but reflect heat.
+In addition, better lighting, office equipment, and more reduce the maximum cooling load by a factor of three.
+And retrofitting a smaller chiller instead of adding a larger chiller could save $17 million in capital costs, cover the cost of other improvements, and reduce the payback period to just three years. I made it.
+The integrated design also facilitates energy savings in industry.
+Dow's $1 billion efficiency investment has already paid off $9 billion.
+But the industry as a whole needs an additional $5 trillion in energy savings.
+For example, three-fifths of the world's electricity is used in motors.
+Half of it runs pumps and fans.
+And they can all be made more efficient and the motors that spin them can almost double the system efficiency by integrating 35 improvements, payback in about a year .
+But first we need to capture bigger, cheaper savings that are usually ignored and not in the textbooks.
+For example, the biggest use of motors is pumps, which move liquids through pipes.
+But a typical industrial pump loop can reduce energy usage by at least 86% by simply replacing long, thin, curved pipes with thick, short, straight pipes, rather than getting better pumps. has been redesigned to
+This is not about new technology, just rearranged metal furniture.
+Of course, the pumping equipment and its capital costs are also reduced.
+So what do these savings mean for three-fifths of the power used by motors?
+Only one-tenth of the fuel energy actually flows out of the pipes from the coal burned in the power plant through all these combined losses.
+But now let's reverse the compounding of these losses. Every time you save flow or friction in a pipe, you save 10 units in fuel costs, pollution, and what Hunter Robbins calls a "global anomaly" in power plants.
+And of course the components get smaller and therefore cheaper the further upstream you go.
+Our team recently uncovered such snowball energy savings in over $30 billion worth of industrial redesign, from data centers and chip factories to mines and refineries.
+Our retrofit designs typically save around 30-60 percent of energy, which can be recovered in a few years, while new facility designs generally have lower capital costs, saving 40-90 percent or so.
+Less electricity will facilitate and accelerate the transition to new power sources, primarily renewables.
+China is leading explosive growth and plummeting costs.
+In fact, the cost of these photovoltaic modules has just dropped off the bottom of the chart.
+And Germany now has more solar workers than US steel workers.
+About 20 states already have private installers coming in to install inexpensive solar panels on roofs with no down payment, saving you money on your utility bills.
+Such unregulated products could end up being virtual power companies bypassing power companies in the same way cell phones bypass wireline carriers.
+And this sort of thing gives power company executives an uproar and venture capitalists good dreams.
+Renewable energy is no longer a peripheral activity.
+Over the past four years, half of the world's new generation capacity has been renewable these days, mainly in developing countries.
+In 2010, renewable energy other than large-scale hydropower, particularly wind power and solar cells, attracted $151 billion in private investment, in fact adding 60 billion watts in that year to the world's total nuclear power installations. exceeded capacity.
+This happens to be the same amount of solar cell capacity that the world can currently produce each year, and this figure will grow by 60 to 70 percent annually.
+In contrast, net increases in nuclear and coal capacity and the orders behind them continue to disappear because they are too costly and too financially risky.
+In fact, no new nuclear power plant in the country has been able to finance private construction despite seven years of subsidies of over 100 percent.
+So how else can coal-fired power plants be replaced?
+Well efficiency and gas can all be replaced at a cost just below operating costs, and combined with renewable energy, can be replaced at a cost that is more than 23 times lower than replacement costs.
+However, it only needs to be replaced once.
+However, it is often said that only coal and nuclear power plants can keep the lights on 24/7, whereas wind and solar power are fluctuating and unreliable.
+In reality, no generator is running 24/7. they all break.
+And when a large plant goes down, it loses 1,000 megawatts of power every millisecond, often for weeks or even months, often without warning. .
+That's exactly why we designed a grid that backs up a failed plant with a working plant.
+And in exactly the same way, grids can cope with predictable fluctuations in wind and solar power.
+Hourly simulations show that largely or wholly renewable power grids can provide reliable electricity when projected, integrated and diversified in both type and location.
+And that's true both for continental regions such as the United States and Europe, and smaller regions embedded within larger grids.
+For example, in 2010, four states in Germany had between 43 and 52 percent wind power.
+Portugal was 45 percent renewable and Denmark 36 percent.
+And this will allow all of Europe to transition to renewable electricity.
+America's aging, dirty and unstable power system must be replaced by 2050 anyway.
+And whatever you replace it with, the cost will be about the same, about $6 trillion in present value. Whether we buy more of what we have, new nuclear or so-called clean coal, or more or less renewable energy has been centralized.
+But these four futures with the same costs differ greatly in national security, fuel, water, financial, technology, climate and health risks.
+For example, our overly centralized power grid is highly vulnerable to cascading and potentially economically devastating blackouts caused by severe weather or other natural disasters, or even terrorist attacks. .
+However, the risk of blackouts is gone and all other risks are optimally managed by organizing distributed renewables into local microgrids, usually interconnected but can be used independently when needed. increase.
+This means you can fractally disconnect and then seamlessly reconnect.
+That approach is exactly what the Department of Defense has adopted for its own power supply.
+they think it is necessary. What about the rest of us they protect?
+We want ours to work too.
+This maximizes national security, customer choice, entrepreneurial opportunities and innovation at about the same cost as a regular business.
+Efficient use and diversified decentralized renewable energy supply come together to transform the entire power sector.
+Traditionally, power companies have built many huge coal-fired power plants, nuclear power plants, large gas plants, and perhaps a few highly efficient renewable sources as well.
+And those power companies were rewarded for selling more power, as they still have in 34 states.
+However, investments, especially where regulators are rewarding instead of reducing tariffs, reduce efficiency, demand response, cogeneration, renewable energy, and transmission, with little or no bulk electricity storage. There is a fundamental shift towards methods that reliably combine them all.
+Our energetic future is therefore a choice, not a destiny, and that choice is very flexible.
+For example, in 1976, governments and industry argued that the amount of energy required to produce a dollar of GDP would never decrease.
+And I maverickly suggested that it could go down several fold.
+Well, that's what actually happened so far.
+I'm down about half.
+But today's far superior technology, more mature delivery channels, and integrated designs have allowed us to do far more for less.
+So to solve the energy problem, all we had to do was magnify the problem.
+And while the results may seem implausible at first glance, as Marshall McLuhan said, "Only trivial secrets need protection.
+Great discoveries are guarded by public distrust. "
+Here, when you combine the power revolution driven by modern efficiency with the oil revolution, you get a very big story. In other words, reinventing fire, enabled and accelerated by smart policies in mindful markets, could save America entirely off oil and coal by 2050. $5 trillion, grow the economy 2.6 times, strengthen national security, and, incidentally, cut fossil carbon emissions by 82-86 percent by getting rid of oil and coal.
+If you like any of these results, you can support reinventing fire without having to like them all or agree on which one is most important.
+So by focusing on consequences rather than motives, we can turn stalemate and conflict into a unified solution to America's energy challenge.
+It also turned out to be the best way to address global challenges such as climate change, nuclear proliferation, energy insecurity and energy poverty that make us less safe.
+Today, RMI's team is helping smart companies get out of the dead end and accelerate this journey through six sectoral initiatives, with several more in the works.
+Of course, there are still many old ways of thinking.
+"Not all fossils are in fuel," said former oilman Maurice Strong.
+But as Edgar Woolard, former chairman of DuPont, reminds us, "Companies hampered by old thinking don't matter because they just want to survive in the long run." Because I can't," he said.
+I have described one of the most profound transitions in human history, not just a once-in-a-civilization opportunity.
+We humans are inventing new fires that flow from above instead of digging from below. Not in short supply, but abundant. Not local, but everywhere. Permanent, not temporary. It doesn't cost anything, but it's free.
+And, with the exception of a small amount of transitional natural gas and a small amount of biofuel grown in a way that sustains and sustains, this new fire is flameless.
+Efficient use allows you to do work without undoing.
+Each of you owns a portion of that $5 trillion prize.
+And our new book, Reinventing Fire, explains how to capture it.
+So, at ReinventingFire.com, the conversation has just begun, and we hope that by reinventing fire together, we can make the world a richer, fairer, cooler, safer, and We want you to engage with each other and with everyone around you.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Normally I like working in the shop, but when it rains and the driveway outside turns into a river, I really love it.
+And you might have to cut wood, drill holes, watch the water, and maybe even walk around looking for washers.
+You don't know how much time I spend
+This is the "Double Raindrop".
+Of all my sculptures, it is the most talkative.
+Add the interference patterns from two raindrops that land close to each other.
+Instead of enlarging a circle, you're enlarging a hexagon.
+All sculptures are moved by mechanical means.
+See the three peaks in the yellow sine wave?
+Here we add a sine wave with four peaks and turn it on.
+800 2-liter soda bottles -- oh yeah.
+(laughs) 400 aluminum cans.
+Tule is a reed native to California, and the main advantage of working with it is that it smells delicious.
+A drop of rain increases the amplitude.
+A spiral vortex that follows the paddle on a rafting trip.
+This adds four different waves.
+And here we will remove the double wavelength and increase the single wavelength.
+The mechanism that drives it uses 9 motors and about 3,000 pulleys.
+445 cords woven three-dimensionally.
+transferred to a larger scale. It was actually quite large, and with a lot of cooperation, 14,064 bicycle reflectors were transferred to the installation in 20 days.
+"Connected" is a collaboration with choreographer Gideon Ovarzanek.
+A string attached to a dancer.
+This is very early rehearsal footage, but the finished product is on tour and will actually be in Los Angeles in the next few weeks.
+1 pair of spirals and 40 wooden slats.
+Use your finger to draw this line.
+Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring, Noon, Dusk, Darkness, Dawn.
+Have you ever seen stratus clouds streak parallel across the sky?
+Did you know that it is a continuous sheet of clouds moving in and out of the condensation layer?
+What if every seemingly isolated object was actually just a place from which continuous waves of objects invade our world?
+The earth is neither flat nor round.
+It's rippling.
+Sounds good, but deep down you know it's not all true. I'll tell you why.
+I have a 2 year old daughter and this is the best ever.
+And I want to come out and say: my daughter is not a wave.
+And you might say, "Surely, Reuben, if you step back even a little bit, the pattern will emerge: hunger and eat, wake and sleep, laugh and cry."
+But I would say, ``If you do that, you have too much to lose.''
+This tension between the need to look deeper and the beauty and immediacy of the world (trying to look deeper and missing what you are already looking for), this tension drives sculpture.
+And for me, the path between these two extremes is wavy.
+Let me show you one more thing.
+thank you very much. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) June Cohen: Looking at each of your sculptures evokes so many different images.
+Some of them are like wind, others like waves, sometimes they look alive, sometimes they look like mathematics.
+Is there an actual inspiration behind each piece?
+Are you thinking of something physical or tangible when designing?
+RM: Well, some of them certainly have direct observations. It's literally like two raindrops falling, but just looking at the pattern is pretty amazing.
+And I'm just trying to figure out how to make it with stuff.
+I like to use my hands
+There is nothing better than cutting a tree and trying to move it.
+JC: And will that ever change?
+Have you ever designed something that looks like something else when it's actually made?
+RM: "Double Raindrop" took nine months to make, and when I finally turned it on, I really hated it.
+I hated it the moment I turned it on.
+It was like a reaction that really happened in the back of my mind and I wanted to let it out.
+And I had a friend who happened to be over, and he said, "Why don't you wait a minute?"
+And I waited, and the next day I liked it more, the next day I liked it more, and now I really like it.
+So I think it's probably the first that the gut reaction is a bit wrong at times, and the second that it doesn't look as expected.
+JC: Relationships evolve over time.
+thank you very much. It was a great treat for us.
+RM: Thank you. (JC: Thank you, Ruben.) (Applause)
+I don't know why, but it always amazes me when you consider that 2.5 billion people in the world are connected to each other through the Internet, and over 30 percent of the world's population has Internet access at any given time. Learn, create and share online.
+And the amount of time each of us spends on all these things continues to grow.
+A recent survey found that younger generations alone spend more than eight hours a day online.
+As a parent of a 9-year-old girl, this number seems very low.
+(Laughter) But just as the Internet has opened the world to each of us, it has opened the world to each of us.
+And increasingly the price we have to pay for all of this connectivity is our privacy.
+Today, many of us would like to believe that the Internet is a private place. it's not.
+And with every click of our mouse, every touch of our screen, we, like Hansel and Gretel, leave breadcrumbs of personal information everywhere we move through the digital forest.
+We leave behind birthdays, where we live, interests and preferences, relationships, financial histories, and more.
+Don't get me wrong. I'm not saying that sharing data is bad.
+In fact, I would like some sites to understand my practice when they know the data being shared and explicitly asked for consent.
+It helps me recommend books to read, movies to watch with my family, friends to keep in touch with.
+But when I don't know, and when the question is not asked, then the problem arises.
+It's a phenomenon on the internet today called behavioral tracking and it's become very big business.
+In fact, an entire industry is built around tracking us through the digital forest and compiling profiles for each of us.
+And once you have all that data, you can do just about anything with it.
+The field today is largely unregulated and even fewer rules.
+Aside from some of the recent announcements here in the US and Europe, this is the realm of consumer protection and is almost completely bare.
+So let's take a closer look at this hidden industry.
+The visualization that's forming behind me is called Collusion, an experimental browser add-on that you can install in your Firefox browser to help you see where your web data is being sent and who is tracking you. .
+The red dots you see there are behavior tracking sites that follow me, even though I don't navigate to them.
+The blue dots are the sites I actually visited directly.
+The gray dot is also a site tracking me, but I have no idea who it is.
+As you can see, they are all connected to form my picture on the web.
+And this is my profile.
+Now let's move from examples to something very specific and personal.
+I installed Collusion on my laptop two weeks ago and had a very typical day.
+Now, like most of you, I start my day by going online and checking my email.
+Then go to a news site and look for headlines.
+And in this particular case, I happened to like one of the articles on the benefits of music literacy in schools, so I shared it on my social network.
+Later, my daughter joined us at the breakfast table, and I asked her, "Does your school emphasize music literacy?"
+And she, as a nine-year-old should be, looked at me and quizzically said: "What is literacy?"
+So of course I asked her to look it up online.
+Okay, let's stop here.
+I haven't eaten two bites of breakfast yet, and nearly 25 sites are already following me.
+Moved to 4 in total.
+So let's fast-forward through the rest of the day.
+Go to work, check your email, log on to some social sites, write a blog, check some news reports, share some of those news reports, watch some videos. A pretty typical day -- in this case, it's actually pretty pedantic. And at the end of the day, as the day draws to a close, take a look at my profile.
+A red dot exploded.
+The gray dot suddenly got bigger.
+In total, over 150 sites are currently tracking my personal information, most without my consent.
+This photo will amaze you.
+This is nothing. Being stalked on the web.
+And why is this happening?
+Very simple, but this is huge business.
+Revenues for the top handful of companies in this space are now over $39 billion.
+And as adults we are never alone.
+I installed my daughter's profile at the same time I installed my own Collusion profile.
+And here was her collusion profile on the Internet one Saturday morning for over two hours.
+This is a 9 year old girl who visits sites primarily for children.
+From here I go from fear to rage.
+This is no longer me as a technology pioneer or a privacy advocate. This is me, the parent.
+Imagine someone in the physical world with a camera and a notebook chasing children and recording their every move.
+I tell you, no one sits in silence in this room.
+we take action. It may not be a good move, but we are going to take action.
+(Laughter) We can't just sit around here.
+This is what is happening today.
+Privacy is not an option, nor should you pay the price of accepting it just to access the Internet.
+Our voices matter, but our actions matter even more.
+Today we launched Collusion.
+Download it and install it on Firefox to see who tracks you on the web and tracks you in your digital forest.
+From now on, all our voices need to be heard.
+Because what we don't know can actually hurt us.
+Because the memory of the Internet will remain forever.
+we are being watched.
+Now it's time to monitor the watchers.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Here is an e-cigarette.
+It has given me immeasurable happiness since it was invented a year or two ago.
+(Laughter) A little nicotine, I think, but there's a lot more than that. It's just that I haven't enjoyed a drinking party again since smoking was banned in public places in England.
+(Laughter) The reason, I just trained the other day, is that when you go to a drinking party and stand up with a glass of red wine and go on and on talking to people, you don't really want to. talk all the time.
+I'm really really tired.
+Sometimes you just want to stand there quietly and hold your thoughts to yourself.
+Sometimes I just want to stand in a corner and stare out the window.
+Now the problem is that if you stand alone and stare out the window when you can't smoke, you become an antisocial, friendless idiot.
+(Laughter) If you're alone and staring out the window smoking a cigarette, you're a fucking philosopher.
+(Laughter) (Applause) The power to reconfigure things cannot be overstated.
+We're doing exactly the same thing, the same activity, but one makes me feel great, the other makes me feel terrible with just a slight change in posture.
+I think one of the problems with classical economics is that it's completely stuck in reality.
+And reality is not a particularly good guide to human well-being.
+For example, why are pensioners much happier than young unemployed people?
+After all, they are both in the exact same stage of life.
+You both have too much time and not much money.
+But while pensioners are very happy, the unemployed are reportedly unusually unhappy and depressed.
+I think the reason is that pensioners believe they have chosen to be pensioners, whereas young unemployed feel it is being forced on them.
+In England, the upper middle class has actually solved this problem completely, as they have rebranded unemployment.
+If you're an upper-middle-class Englishman, you call unemployment a 'year-long vacation'.
+(Laughter) Because it's really very embarrassing to have an unemployed son in Manchester.
+However, having an unemployed son in Thailand is actually considered quite an accomplishment.
+(Laughter) But really, the power to rebrand things—our experiences, costs, things—is really driven by how we see them, not what they really are. The power to understand that I really think is impossible gets exaggerated.
+There is an experiment that Daniel Pink supposedly mentioned. The idea is to put two dogs in a box and the box has an electric floor.
+Sometimes an electric shock is given to the floor and the dog feels pain.
+The only difference is that one of the dogs has a small button on one half of the box.
+And press the button to stop the electric shock.
+Another dog has no button.
+I am in exactly the same level of pain as my first box dog, but I have no control over the situation.
+The second dog goes into full depression.
+The circumstances in our lives are actually less important to our well-being, and may be more important than the feeling that we are in control of our lives.
+Interesting question.
+we have doubts All the debate in the Western world is about levels of taxation.
+But I think another argument should also be asked about how much control we have over taxes and how a £10 cost can be a curse in some circumstances. What would otherwise cost £10 might actually be welcome.
+Pay £20,000 for your health and you're just feeling full.
+If you pay £20,000 to donate to a hospital ward, you are called a philanthropist.
+Perhaps I'm in the wrong country to talk about willingness to pay taxes.
+(Laughter) So let me give you one in return. It really matters how you put things together.
+Would you call this a "Greek salvation"?
+Or "a bailout of a bunch of stupid banks that were lending to Greece"?
+(Laughter) Because it's actually the same thing.
+What you call them actually affects how you react to them instinctively and morally.
+To be honest, I think the psychological value is great.
+One of my great friends, a professor of decision science in London named Nick Cheter, said that humanity would spend far less time exploring its hidden depths and more time exploring its hidden shallows. should be spent.
+In fact, I think it's true.
+I think impressions have a huge impact on how we think and act.
+But what we don't have is a really good model of human psychology. At least before Kahneman, there has probably never been a really good model of human psychology to rank alongside the models of engineering and neoclassical economics.
+That is, those who believed in psychological solutions had no model.
+We had no framework.
+This is what Warren Buffett's business partner Charlie Munger calls a "lattice for hanging ideas."
+Engineers, economists, and classical economists all had very robust existing grids from which virtually any idea could be hung.
+There is no overall model, just a collection of random individual insights.
+What that means is that when we consider solutions, we probably give too much priority to what I call engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions, and too little emphasis on psychological solutions. about it.
+You know my Eurostar example. £6 million was spent to reduce travel time between Paris and London by around 40 minutes.
+0.01 percent of this money could have installed Wi-Fi on trains. That wouldn't have shortened the travel time, but it would have been much more fun and convenient.
+With maybe 10 percent money, I could have paid all the top male and female supermodels in the world to walk around the train and give every passenger a free Château Petrus.
+(Laughter) We still have £5 million in change and people will demand that the trains be slowed down.
+(Laughter) Why weren't we given the chance to solve the problem psychologically?
+I think it's because there's an imbalance, an asymmetry, in how we deal with creative, emotionally driven, psychological ideas and how we deal with rational, numerical, spreadsheet-driven ideas.
+If you're a creative person, I understand that you naturally need to share all your ideas with people who are far more rational than you are in order to gain their approval.
+Cost-benefit analysis, feasibility studies, ROI studies, etc. should be done.
+And I think you're probably right.
+But this is not true vice versa.
+Those who have existing frameworks, such as economic frameworks or engineering frameworks, actually feel that logic itself is the answer.
+What they don't say is, "All the numbers look good enough to add up, but before I put this idea out there, I'm going to show it to some really crazy people to see if they can come up with something better. ”.
+So I think we artificially give priority to so-called mechanical thinking over psychological thinking.
+An example of a good psychological idea: The greatest increase in passenger satisfaction per pound spent on the London Underground occurred when no additional trains were added and no changes were made to the frequency of trains. They put a dot-matrix display board on the platform. This is because the nature of a latency depends not only on its numerical quality and duration, but also on the level of uncertainty experienced in that latency.
+Waiting seven minutes for a train while looking at a countdown clock is less frustrating and frustrating than waiting four minutes while biting your joints and wondering, "When will this train arrive?"
+This is a beautiful example of psychological solutions introduced in South Korea.
+It has been proven in experiments to reduce the accident rate.
+why?
+Knowing exactly how long you have to wait will greatly reduce your anger, impatience and general frustration on the road.
+The Chinese didn't quite understand the principles behind this, so they applied the same principles to the green light. (Laughter) This is not a great idea.
+At 200 yards out, you realize you only have 5 seconds left and go all out.
+(laughter) The Koreans tested both very enthusiastically.
+Applying this to red lights reduces the accident rate. Applying it to a green light will raise it.
+All I'm really looking for in human decision-making is to consider these three things.
+I'm not asking for one to be completely superior to the other.
+My point is that when solving a problem, you should look at all three equally and look for solutions that fall in the sweet spot in between whenever possible.
+If you look at any really great business, you'll find that all three of these factors are at work in most cases.
+A truly successful business -- Google has great technical success, but it's also based on some very good psychological insight. People believe that those who do only one thing are better at it than those who do that and other things.
+It's an innate thing called "goal dilution".
+Ayelet Fishbach wrote a paper on this.
+At the time of Google, other companies were more or less trying to be portals.
+Yes, it has a search function, but it also has weather, sports scores, and tidbits of news.
+Google understood that if you were just a search engine, people would think you were a very good search engine.
+In fact, you've known this since you went shopping for a TV, but at the shabby end of the line of flat screen TVs is the rather despised "TV/DVD all-in-one player." you can see it's something.
+We don't know anything about their quality, but when we see a TV and DVD player all in one, we think, "Wow."
+Perhaps this is just a silly TV show and a bit of garbage as a DVD player. "
+So we each leave the store with one.
+Google is not just a technical success, it's a psychological success.
+I propose that psychology can be used to solve problems that we didn't even realize were problems at all.
+Here are my suggestions for getting people to complete their antibiotics.
+Don't give them 24 white pills. Give them 18 white pills and 6 blue pills and tell them to take the white pills first and then the blue pills.
+People are much more likely to reach the end if there is a milestone somewhere in the middle.
+In my opinion, one of the great mistakes of economics is that it is a function of what something is - retirement, unemployment, cost, etc. - and it fails to understand not only the quantity but also the meaning.
+This is a toll intersection in England.
+There are often queues at toll booths.
+Sometimes very serious queuing can occur.
+In fact, the same principle can be applied to airport security lanes.
+What if you paid twice as much to actually cross the bridge and took the express lane?
+It's not unreasonable. It is economically efficient.
+Time is more important to some people than others.
+If you're waiting to go to a job interview, you'll obviously pay a few extra pounds to get through the fast lane.
+If you're on your way to see your mother-in-law, you probably want to stay on the left -- (laughter) you probably want to stay on the left.
+The only problem is that once you have this economical solution, people won't like it...
+Because they think you're deliberately creating bridge delays to maximize your bottom line, they say, 'Why the hell should you subsidize your incompetence? Because I think.
+On the one hand, we'll modify the frame a bit to create a charitable yield management so that any extra money you earn goes to charity instead of going to a bridge company...
+And the mental willingness to pay is completely changed.
+You have a solution that is relatively economically efficient, but one that actually meets the approval and even a little love of society, without being viewed as an asshole.
+So where economists make a fundamental mistake is thinking that money is money.
+In fact, the pain experienced by paying £5 is proportional not only to the amount, but to where that money is spent.
+And I think understanding that could revolutionize tax policy.
+It could revolutionize public services.
+It can actually change the situation quite a lot.
+[Ludwig von Mises is my hero. ] Here is someone you should learn from.
+He was an economist of the Austrian School, first active in Vienna in the first half of the 20th century.
+What's interesting about the Austrian school is that they actually grew up with Freud.
+As such, they are primarily interested in psychology.
+They believed that the study of economics was preceded by a discipline called practical science.
+Praxeology is the study of human choices, behavior and decision making.
+i think they are right.
+I think the danger in today's world is that the study of economics is considered to be an academic discipline that precedes the study of human psychology.
+But, as Charlie Munger puts it, "If economics isn't behavioral science, I don't know what it is."
+Interestingly, von Mises considers economics to be only part of psychology.
+I think he just calls economics "the study of human practice under conditions of scarcity."
+But von Mises, among other things, uses the analogy that best justifies and explains the value of marketing, the value of perceived value, and the fact that it should be treated absolutely equivalent to other kinds of marketing. I think you are. worth.
+We, including those in marketing, tend to think of value in two ways. One is the real value of the factory making something or providing a service, and the other is questionable value. We create by changing the way people see things.
+von Mises rejected this distinction outright.
+And he used the following analogy: He mentioned a strange economist called the French Physiocrat. They believed that the only true value was extracted from the land.
+So if you are a shepherd, a quarry or a farmer, you have created real value.
+But if you buy wool from a shepherd and charge a premium to turn it into a hat, you are exploiting the shepherd instead of actually creating value.
+Now, von Mises said modern economists are making exactly the same mistakes about advertising and marketing.
+He says that when you run a restaurant, there is no healthy distinction between the value you create by cooking food and the value you create by cleaning the floor.
+One of them probably creates the primary product, the thing we think we're paying for, and the other creates the context in which that product can be enjoyed and appreciated.
+And the idea that one should take precedence over the other is fundamentally wrong.
+Try this simple thought experiment. Imagine a restaurant serving Michelin-starred food, but with the smell of sewage and human faeces on the floor.
+(Laughter) The best thing you can do there to create value isn't really making the food even better, it's removing odors and cleaning floors.
+And it's important to understand this.
+Strange and esoteric as it may seem, the British Post Office had a 98% success rate for next day first class mail delivery.
+They decided that this was not enough and wanted to raise it to 99.
+The effort almost destroyed the organization.
+At the same time, what if you asked people, "What percentage of first-class mail arrives next day?"
+The average, or mode, answer would be "50-60 percent".
+Now, if your perception is far worse than reality, what the hell are you doing trying to change reality?
+It's like trying to improve the food in a stinky restaurant.
+All you have to do is tell people that 98% of first class mail arrives next day.
+That sounds pretty good.
+My point is that England has better standards. It is to tell people that there is more first-class mail in the UK than in Germany, which is delivered the next day. Because in the UK generally if you want to make us happy just say we are doing better than the Germans about something.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Your choice of frame of reference and perceived value completely changes your actual value.
+As for the Germans, I must say that the Germans and the French are doing a great job of building a united Europe.
+The only thing they didn't expect was that they were trying to unify Europe through a common, mild hatred of the French and the Germans.
+But I'm British. That's how we like it.
+(Laughter.) You'll also realize that there are leaks in our perceptions anyway.
+We cannot tell the difference between the quality of food and the environment in which it is consumed.
+If you've ever washed a car or received valet service, you've probably seen this phenomenon.
+When I start running, I feel that the car runs better.
+(Laughter) And the reason is--unless my car attendant mysteriously gets an oil change or I'm not paying him and doing a job I'm not aware of-- ―In any case, recognition is easy to leak.
+Branded pain relievers are more effective at reducing pain than unbranded pain relievers.
+I don't mean just reported pain reduction, i.e. actual measured pain reduction.
+So, as a matter of fact, recognition leaks in any case.
+So doing something perceptually bad in one respect can also be damaging in others.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Four years ago today, I actually started a fashion blog called Style Rookie.
+Last September 2011, I started Rookiemag.com, an online magazine for teenage girls.
+My name is Tavi Gevinson. The title of my talk is "Still Thinking". The MS Paint quality of my slides is a complete creative decision on the subject of the day and has nothing to do with my inability to use PowerPoint. (Laughter) So I'm editing this site for teenage girls. i am a feminist.
+I'm something of a pop culture nerd and often think about what makes a strong female character. Movies and TV shows are influential. my own website.
+So the question of what makes a strong female character is often misunderstood, and in its place are two-dimensional superwomen, perhaps like the Catwoman type, who greatly emphasize certain traits or emphasize their sexuality. I think it does. And it is seen as a force.
+But they aren't strong characters who happen to be female.
+Completely flat, basically a cardboard character.
+The problem with this issue is that people expect women to be so straightforward, and in reality women are complex, women are multifaceted, yet women are not so simple. It means that the Not because women are crazy, but because people are crazy and women happen to be human. (Laughter.) So flaws are the key.
+I am not the first to say this.
+What makes a strong female character is a character who has weaknesses and flaws, who may not be immediately likable but ultimately relatable.
+I don't like acknowledging problems without acknowledging those who are trying to solve them, so I don't like dramas like 'Mad Men' or 'Bridesmaids' where female characters and protagonists are complex and multifaceted. I just wanted to acknowledge movies like.
+Lena Dunham, here on her HBO show, Girls, which premieres next month, said she wanted to start the show because every woman she knew was contradictory. He said it was because he felt it was just a lump and that it felt right for everyone. But we don't often see women represented that way.
+congratulations. (Laughter) But I don't feel that way. I still feel that some types of women are not represented that way. One of the groups we will focus on today is teenagers. Because teenage girls are particularly contradictory, and even then, in the 90s, we had Freaks and Geeks and My So Cold Life, and their characters Lindsay Weir and Angela Weir. Chase said that the whole premise of the show was basically just trying to figure themselves out, but those shows only lasted one season each, and they haven't actually done anything like that on TV since. never seen in
+This is a scientific picture of my brain — (Laughter) — when I started watching TV shows.
+I had just graduated from middle school and started high school—now in my sophomore year—and was trying to reconcile all of these seemingly impossible differences when growing up as a girl.
+You can't be smart and beautiful.
+You can't be a feminist who is also interested in fashion.
+You can't care about your clothes if it's not because of what other people, usually men, think of you.
+So I was trying to figure it all out and felt a bit confused and I said so in my blog and I don't think it's something that strengthens a one sided strong character like this, 10 She said she wanted to start a website for teenage girls because she is very alienated about misconceptions about feminism, and to become a feminist, she has to be completely in line with her beliefs and never worry. This is because I think girls think that they have to live with everything, without feeling any suspicion. out of answers. And this is not true. In fact, understanding that feminism is not a rulebook but a discussion, a conversation, a process made it easier to reconcile all the contradictions I was feeling. This is the spread of the last ZINE I made. I think I liberated myself a little bit in the field of illustration that year, I mean, since then.
+But yeah.
+So I said on my blog that I wanted to launch this publication for teenage girls and invite them to post articles, photos, whatever to become part of our staff.
+We received about 3000 emails.
+The editorial director and I went through them and assembled the staff and launched it last September.
+This is an excerpt from my first letter from the editor, Rookie, we don't have all the answers, we're still working it out, but the important thing is girls It's not about giving answers to, or even giving them permission to find answers for themselves, but hopefully they can give themselves permission to ask their own questions. And you can find your own answers, and you can push yourself to figure it all out, and Rookie, I think we've been trying to be the best place to figure it all out.
+So I'm not saying 'be like us' or 'we're the perfect role models', because we're not, but we're just showing those different sides. I just want to help you express your girl in a way that shows.
+So you have an article about taking yourself seriously: How not to care what people think of you, but you also have an article that says, "Oops, I'm thinking!"
+Hahaha. (Laughter) You can solve anything with it.
+There's even an article called "How to make it look like you're not just crying in under 5 minutes."
+That being said, I still really appreciate the characters in the movies and articles like this site. They aren't just totally powerful, they're probably meant to find acceptance of themselves, their self-esteem, their flaws, and the way they accept themselves. Them.
+So what I want you to take away from my talk is that the moral of all this is just be Stevie Nicks.
+That's all there is to do. (Laughter) Because what I love most about her, besides, is that she's very -- always unapologetic on stage, trying to reconcile all her flaws and conflicting feelings, and you Because it means that you will listen to me. Think of them, yeah, so be Stevie Nicks.
+thank you. (applause)
+I am an immigrant from Uganda living in the US waiting for my asylum application to go through.
+In today's world, immigrants do not enjoy much freedom of movement.
+This certainly applies to those desperate enough to sail a boat through a rough and stormy sea.
+These are the risks my cousins ​​from West and North Africa face when trying to cross to Europe.
+Indeed, it is a rare but fortunate opportunity for immigrants to speak at such gatherings.
+But this means something that is often missing from the global debate around the voices of refugees, migrants, immigrants and disenfranchised people.
+Citizens of many host countries are uneasy about the growing number of individuals entering their countries, even those that have traditionally welcomed newcomers.
+The immediate criticism is that the newcomers are upending their country's social welfare and job security.
+Anxious and skeptical publics look to politicians vying for who can win the loudest voice of populism and nationalism.
+It will be a race to see who is the toughest on immigration, who is most willing to impose travel bans, and who is the most enthusiastic about proposing a wall project.
+All of these limitations only address the symptoms, not the cause of the problem.
+why do they come?
+If politicians listen, immigrants can share their point of view.
+Dubai documented the injustices and inequalities regularly imposed on the migrant workforce.
+As a result, pressure from governments forced me out of my career as a journalist in the Middle East.
+I was deported to Uganda, where economic poverty puts everyone at risk of starvation.
+I fled Uganda and came to the United States in the hope of continuing to speak out for my brothers and sisters who are experiencing greater plight as immigrants.
+My father said he wasn't happy that I wrote a book that put me in danger of deportation and unemployment.
+He had diabetes for many years when I was still working in Dubai, but my salary was always enough to pay for his treatment.
+After my expulsion, I could not afford to continue his treatment, nor could I afford to take him to the hospital even in the last few days of his life.
+Last June, when I held his body in my hands and placed it on the ground, I realized that I had paid a heavy price to raise my voice.
+Speaking up against multiple layers of injustice is never easy, because issues require more than mere rhetoric.
+As long as Africa's gold mines, oil fields and large farms continue to be owned by foreign investors, and as long as those vital resources are shipped to the West, the flow of immigration from Africa will continue.
+There are no stricter limits to stop the wave of immigration that has defined our human history.
+Countries that have long hosted immigrants should have more open discussions before border controls are tightened and new visa restrictions are imposed.
+It is the only practical start to finally reconciling the legacies of exploitation, slavery, colonialism and imperialism, so that together we can create a fairer global economy, So we can move forward towards building a global economy that benefits all.
+So I really consider myself a storyteller.
+But I don't often tell stories in a normal way, in the sense that I don't usually tell my stories.
+Instead, I'm really interested in building tools that allow many people around the world to tell their stories.
+I do this because I think people actually have a lot in common.
+I think people are very similar, but I also think it's hard to see.
+You know, when I look around the world, I realize there are many gaps. I think we are all aware of many gaps.
+And we define ourselves by the gap.
+There are also differences in language, differences in ethnicity and race, differences in age, differences in gender, differences in sexuality, differences in wealth and money, differences in education, and differences in religion.
+You know, we have different gaps, but I think we like gaps because they make us feel like we're part of something, a small community.
+But actually, despite our gaps, I think we really do have a lot in common.
+And I think what we all have in common is a very deep desire to express ourselves.
+I think this is an ancient human desire. It's nothing new.
+But when it comes to self-expression, there has traditionally been an imbalance between our desire to express ourselves and the number of sympathetic friends who stand by and listen. that it has existed.
+(Laughter) Again, nothing new.
+Since the beginning of human history, we have been able to overcome this imbalance by making art, writing poems, singing songs, writing editorials for newspapers, and gossiping with friends. I have been trying to correct This is nothing new.
+What is new is that in the last few years many of the most traditional human physical activities, self-expression, have migrated to the Internet.
+And as it happened, people left footprints that spoke of moments of self-expression.
+So what I'm doing is writing a computer program to study a very large set of these footprints, and to find out what the people who left those footprints, what they're feeling, what they're thinking, today. Trying to draw conclusions about what makes the world different from what it used to be. , questions like this.
+One of the projects exploring these ideas is a piece called We Feel Fine, created about a year ago.
+It scans newly posted blog entries around the world every 2-3 minutes for the occurrence of the phrase "I feel" or "I feel" is.
+And when it finds one of those phrases, it takes the sentence up to the period and tries to automatically infer the age, gender, and geographic location of the person who wrote that sentence.
+Second, if we know the geographic location and time, we can also know the weather at the time the person wrote.
+All this information is stored in a database that collects about 20,000 sentiments per day.
+It has been in operation for about a year and a half.
+It currently reaches the emotions of about 7.5 million humans.
+And I'll show you a little bit of how this information is visualized. This is We Feel Fine.
+What you see here are clumps of particles swarming like crazy, each representing a single human emotion stated in the last few hours.
+The color of each particle corresponds to the type of emotion you have in your heart, so happy and positive emotions are brightly colored.
+And sad, negative emotions have a dark color.
+The diameter of each dot represents the length of the inner sentence, with large dots containing large sentences and small dots containing small sentences.
+Click any dot to expand it. And here it is, "It would feel so good to curl up in his arms right now, to hug his body, to feel his affection for me in the tenderness of his lips. ”
+So the world of human emotions can get pretty hot and muggy at times.
+And all this is stated by people. "I know objectively it doesn't really mean much, but it's nice to feel big again after years as a little fish in a big pond."
+Dots represent human traits. They have their own physics and swarm fiercely as if exploring the world of life.
+And they are curious.
+Now you can see some of them clustered around your cursor.
+You can see the other words clustered around 6 words in the lower left corner of the screen. These six words represent the six movements of We Feel Fine. I'm watching "Madness" now.
+There are also tweets, montages, mobs, metrics and mounds.
+Some of them are explained below.
+Tweets send all emotions flying to the ceiling.
+And then, one by one, in reverse chronological order, they excuse themselves and enter a scrolling list of emotions.
+"I feel a little better now."
+(Laughter) "I'm confused and I don't know what the hell I want to do."
+"I feel like I've been released from something wonderful here."
+"I feel so free, I feel so good."
+"I feel like I'm in a fog of depression that I can't get out of."
+Clicking on any of these will take you to the blog where that information was collected. In this way, you can connect with the authors of these statements if you feel some empathy.
+The next movement is called the Montage.
+Montage extracts all the emotions contained in the photo and displays them in a grid.
+This grid is said to represent the emotional landscape of the world for the last few hours, so to speak.
+Clicking on each of these will allow you to detonate them.
+You can see that "I feel like it's not fun if it's not two people." It was from a Michigan man.
+It turns out that "I feel like I'm in front of a computer all day."
+(laughter) These are automatically constructed using the found objects. "I feel a little full."
+The next move is called Mob.
+Mob provides various statistical breakdowns of world sentiment over the last few hours.
+We can see that “I feel better” is currently the most common emotion, followed by “Good,” “Bad,” “Guilty,” “Right,” “Depressed,” and “Sick.”
+You can also see the breakdown of gender.
+And it turns out that women talk about their emotions slightly more in the last few hours than men.
+Doing the age breakdown gives us a histogram of the global sentiment distribution by age.
+Twenties are the most common, followed by teens, then thirties, and then rapidly disappearing from there.
+In the case of weather, emotions assume the physical characteristics of the weather it represents, and emotions collected on a sunny day swirl as if they were part of the sun.
+Cloudy things will fly away on the wind.
+Things that are raining fall down like a tempest, things that are snowing flutter to the ground.
+Finally, location moves the emotion to a location on the world map that shows the geographical distribution of the emotion.
+Metrics provide a more numerical view of your data.
+We can see that the world currently feels 'used' at 3.3 times the normal level.
+(Laughter) I feel 2.9 times warmer than normal, and so on.
+Other views are also available.
+gender, age, weather and location.
+The final movement is called "Mounds".
+A little different than the others.
+Mounds visualizes the entire dataset as a large, jiggly gelatinous blob.
+Hold the cursor and they will dance a little.
+It can be seen that the most common sentiment is “improved” followed by the sentiment of “worse”.
+And when you go here the list starts scrolling and there are actually thousands of emotions collected.
+You can see a small pink cursor moving to represent our position.
+There are people here who feel 'funny', 'disgusting' and 'responsible'.
+There is also a search function if you want to know about a specific population.
+For example, a woman in her 20s who was cloudy in Bangladesh sometimes felt "addicted".
+(Laughs) But I will spare you that.
+So here are some of my favorite montages I've collected. “I feel that my father lives so much inside me that there is not even room for me.”
+"It is very lonely."
+“To feel beautiful, you have to be in some remote country town.”
+"I feel invisible to you."
+"If society doesn't make me feel like I have to, I'm not going to hide it."
+"I feel like I love Carolyn." "I feel so naughty."
+"These weirdos actually feel like an asset to college life."
+(Laughter) "I really like how I'm feeling today."
+As you can see, We Feel Fine uses a technique I call "passive observation".
+In other words, we are passively observing how people live. It scans blogs around the world to see what people are writing, but these people are unaware that they are being monitored or interviewed.
+So you end up getting a very honest, open and sincere response, which is often very moving.
+This is a technique I like to use at work because people don't realize they're being interviewed.
+They're just living their lives, and in the end, they're just behaving that way.
+Another technique is to ask people directly.
+This is a technique I studied for another project, Yahoo!. A time capsule designed to fingerprint the world in 2006.
+It was divided into 10 very simple themes such as love, anger and sadness, each with one very open question to the world. "What do you love?" Why are you angry?
+what makes you sad? what do you believe and so on.
+The time capsule was available online for a month and was translated into 10 languages. Here's what it looks like:
+It is a spinning globe whose surface is made up entirely of photographs, words and drawings of the people who submitted it to the time capsule.
+10 themes radially radiate and orbit the time capsule.
+You can examine this data to see what users have submitted.
+This is a response to "What is beautiful?" "Miss World."
+The time capsule has two modes.
+There's One World, which displays a spinning globe, and Many Voices, which splits the data into film strips and sifts through them one by one.
+So the project was punctuated by a truly spectacular event held in the Jemez Pueblo, a desert outside of Albuquerque, New Mexico. There, for three nights in a row, the contents of the capsule were projected onto the side of the walls of the ancient Red Rock Canyon. , which is about 200 feet tall. It was truly incredible.
+A 35-watt laser was also used to project the contents of the time capsule as binary code into space.
+There you can see an orange line coming out of the desert floor at an angle of about 45 degrees. This was amazing. Because after seeing all this information on the first night, I really started to see the gaps I was talking about earlier, differences in age, gender, wealth, etc.
+But you know, as I watch this over and over again, and see these images go across the rock, the same archetypal events are depicted over and over again. I realized that I was watching you.
+As you know, it varies from culture to culture: weddings, births, funerals, first cars, first kisses, first camels and horses.
+And it was really inspiring. And this picture here was taken last night from a distant cliff about two miles away, where the contents of the capsule were being beamed into space.
+And there was something very moving about how this human expression was released into the night sky.
+It got me thinking a lot about the night sky and how humans have always used it to project their own amazing stories.
+You know, when I was a kid on the farm in Vermont where I grew up, I used to look up into the dark skies and see Orion's Three-Star Belt, the Hunter.
+And as I grew older, I became more aware of the great Greek mythology that unfolded in the sky above me every night.
+You see, Orion is facing off against a roaring bull.
+Perseus goes to rescue Andromeda.
+Zeus fights against Kronos over control of Mount Olympus.
+So these are the great stories of the Greeks.
+And it made me wonder about the world today.
+And I specifically wondered what it would be like if we could create a new constellation today. what are they?
+If you could paint a new picture in the sky, what would you paint?
+What's your great story today?
+And those are the questions that inspired my new project, which debuts here at TED today.
+No one has seen this publicly yet.
+It's called "Universe: Revealing Our Modern Mythology."
+And it uses an interactive night sky metaphor.
+Therefore, I am very happy to be able to show this to you.
+So the universe opens here.
+And it turns out that it starts with a changing starry sky, with aurora borealis in the background, something like changing in color. Aurora colors can be controlled using this single color bar at the bottom. Here we set it to red.
+In other words, you can see that these stars are moving.
+Now, these aren't just tiny spots of light or tiny pixels.
+Each of these stars actually represents a particular event in the real world: a quote, image, news story, person, or company mentioned by someone. A kind of heroic character.
+And you may notice that shapes start to appear when the cursor starts touching some of these stars.
+Here you can see a small man or woman walking.
+And here is a photo with a head.
+You can see the words popping up here.
+And those are today's constellations.
+And when you turn them all on, you can see them moving across the sky.
+This is the universe of 2007, the last two months.
+This data is global news coverage from thousands of news sources around the world.
+It uses an API from a great company I work with in New York called Daylife.
+And it's kind of a zeitgeist look at this level of the world's current mythology over the last few months.
+So you can see where it's popping up: President Ford, President Iraq, President Bush. Then you can actually isolate just the words (I call them secrets) and create an alphabetical list. And these days, we see Anna Nicole Smith playing a big role.
+President Ford -- This is Gerald Ford's funeral.
+If you actually click on anything in space, it becomes the center of the universe and everything else can enter its orbit.
+So, click the Ford to center it.
+And anything related to Ford enters its orbit and swirls around it.
+Only the photos can be separated and they are now visible.
+Click on one of them to make that photo the center of the universe.
+Things related to that are swirling now.
+Click this to see the iconic image of Betty Ford kissing her husband's coffin.
+The universe has no end. Just go to infinity and click something.
+This is a photographic representation called a snapshot.
+But in fact, the universe can be defined more concretely.
+So, if you want, let's find out what Bill Clinton's world is like.
+Let's see what he's been up to over the past week.
+Well, we have a new world limited to all things Bill Clinton.
+You can see his constellation here.
+We can get his secret out and see that it has a lot to do with the candidate, Hillary, the President, Barack Obama.
+You can see the stories that Bill Clinton is currently participating in.
+You can open any.
+There, Obama and Clinton are seen meeting in Alabama.
+This turns out to be an important story. There are many things in its orbit. Opening this will give you different perspectives on this story.
+Click on any of them to read the source article. This is from Al Jazeera.
+You can also see superstars. These people are the heroes and heroines of Bill Clinton's world. So you have Bill Clinton, Hillary, Iraq, George Bush, Barack Obama, Scooter Libby. These are people like Bill Clinton.
+A world map is also displayed so you can see Bill Clinton's geographic extent over the past week or so.
+You can tell he's focused on America, probably because he's campaigning, but he seems to be a little more active here in the Middle East.
+And you can also see the timeline.
+So you can see that he was a little quieter on Saturday but got back to work on Sunday morning and has actually been doing less work since then this week.
+You can actually include concepts, not just people and dates.
+So if you apply the climate changes for the entire year 2006, you can see what that universe would look like.
+Here is our Starfield. Here is our form.
+Here is our secret.
+You can see that climate change is big, such as Nairobi, World Congress, Environment.
+There are also quotes you can refer to if you are interested in climate change quotes.
+You know, this is really endless.
+2006 Climate Change Superstars: US, UK, China. You know, these are the sort of towering countries that define this concept.
+So this is a work that requires exploration.
+This will be posted online in the next few days, probably next Tuesday.
+And you can use it to explore what your own personal mythology is.
+In Daylife, or rather in Universe, you'll find that it supports both the concept of global mythology represented by a broader one, say 2007, and a personal mythology.
+Find what is important to you in your world and see what those constellations look like.
+It was a lot of fun. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Well, when I was asked to do this TEDTalk, I had a real good laugh. Because my father's name is Ted, and much of my life, especially my musical life, still talks to him. Or the part of me he continues to be.
+Now a New Yorker with an interest in theater in general, Ted was a self-taught illustrator and musician.
+He didn't read his notes and was severely deaf.
+Still, he was my greatest teacher.
+Because even through the creaking of hearing aids, his understanding of music was deep.
+And for him, it wasn't so much how the music went, but what it witnessed and where it took you.
+And he painted a picture of this experience he named "In the realm of music".
+Well, Ted got into this realm every day by improvising something like this Tin Pan Alley style.
+(Music) But I was strict about music.
+He said, "There are only two things that matter in music: what you do and how you do it.
+And the thing about classical music, what it is and how it is endless. "
+That was his passion for music.
+My parents also loved it.
+They didn't know much about it, but they gave me the opportunity to discover it together.
+Inspired by that memory, I think there was a desire to reach as many people as possible, to convey it through every possible means.
+And I'm really intrigued by how people get this music and how they put it into their lives.
+One day in New York, I was on the street and saw children playing baseball between slouches and cars and fire hydrants.
+And then a tough, stocky kid stood at bat, took a swing and really connected.
+And he saw the ball fly away for a second, and then said, "Da-da-da-da-ta-ta-ta-ta-ta-ta-ta-ta".
+Bra, dadadada. "
+and ran around the base.
+And I thought, let's think about it.
+How did this piece of 18th-century Austrian aristocratic entertainment turn into this New York boy's triumphant crow?
+How was it inherited? How did he come to listen to Mozart?
+When it comes to classical music, there is much more to say than Mozart, Beethoven, and Tsiakovsky.
+Because classical music is a living tradition that has been around for over 1,000 years.
+And each year has provided us with unique and powerful words about what it means to be alive.
+Of course, the material is just the music of everyday life.
+It's all anthems, dance trends, ballads and marches.
+But what classical music does is distill all this music, condense it down to its absolute essence, and from that essence create a new language, one that speaks lovingly and unflinchingly about who we really are. to create.
+The language is still evolving.
+Over the centuries now, it has grown into the concertos, symphonies, and other great works we always think of, but even the most ambitious masterpieces, like this one by Beethoven, are fragile individuals. Sometimes the central mission is to remind you of a memorable moment. violin concerto.
+(Music) So simple, so exciting.
+It seems that there is a lot of emotion in it.
+But of course, like any music, it doesn't mean anything inherently.
+It's just pitch and silence and time design.
+And pitches and sounds, as you know, are just vibrations.
+They are positions in the spectrum of sound.
+And whether you call it 440 A's per second or 3,729 B flats per second, believe me, that's right. They are just phenomena.
+However, how we respond to different combinations of these phenomena is complex, emotional, and not fully understood.
+And the way we react to them has radically changed over the centuries, as has our taste for them.
+For example, in the 11th century, people liked works that ended like this.
+(music) And in the 17th century it was like this.
+(music) And in the 21st century...
+(music) Your ears in the 21st century are very happy with this last chord. Even a short time ago, some people might have been confused, frustrated, or even run out of the room.
+And the reason you like it, whether you know it or not, is that it inherits centuries' worth of changes in music theory, practice, and fashion.
+And in classical music, thanks to music's powerful partner of silence, notation, these changes can be tracked with great precision.
+Now, the urge to notate music, or rather to encode it, has been with us for a very long time.
+In 200 BC, a man named Sekros wrote this song for his deceased wife and inscribed it on her tombstone in Greek orthography.
+(music) And a thousand years later, this impulse to notate took a completely different form.
+And in excerpts from the Christmas Mass "Puer Natus est nobis" "For Us Is Born" we find out how this happened.
+(music) In the 10th century, small squiggles were used to indicate the general shape of the piece.
+And in the 12th century, lines were drawn like musical horizons to more precisely indicate the position of pitch.
+And in the 13th century, more lines and new shapes of notes were incorporated precisely into the concept of tune, which led to the music notation system as we know it today.
+Musical notation not only conveys music, but the notation and encoding of music has completely changed its priorities. It's because musicians have been able to imagine music on a much broader scale.
+You can now record, store, review, prioritize, and create intricate designs from your improvised, inspired movements.
+And from this moment on, classical music became a dialogue between the most essential, two powerful aspects of human nature: instinct and intellect.
+And it was at this point that a real difference began to emerge between the art of improvisation and the art of composition.
+The improviser perceives and plays the next cool move, but the composer does everything conceivable until he sees how he can shape a strong, coherent design of ultimate, enduring coolness. Consider, test, and prioritize your moves.
+Now, some great composers like Bach combined these two elements.
+Bach seemed like a great improviser with a brain like a chess master.
+It was the same with Mozart.
+But every musician strikes a different balance between faith and reason, instinct and intelligence.
+And in each era of music, the priorities of these things were different, the inheritance was different, the "what" and the "how" were different.
+So for the first eight centuries or so of this tradition, the big "something" was to praise God.
+By the 1400s, music was being written that sought to reflect the mind of God, as seen in the design of the night sky.
+"How" was in a style called polyphony, the music of many independently moving voices suggesting how planets might appear to move in Ptolemy's geocentric universe.
+This was truly celestial music.
+(music) This is the kind of music Leonardo da Vinci would have known.
+And perhaps that tremendous intellectual perfection and stillness meant that something new had to happen. It was a radical new movement, and in 1600 it really happened.
+(music) Singer: Oh, what a hard blow!
+O wicked and cruel fate!
+O wicked stars!
+Oh greedy heaven!
+MTT: Of course, this was the birth of opera, and its development took music in a fundamentally new direction.
+The task now was not to reflect God's will, but to follow the turmoil of human emotions.
+And what about the harmony that builds up intervals to form chords?
+And it turns out that the code can express an incredible variety of emotions.
+And the basic chords are what we still have: triads, which are either major chords that make us feel happy or minor chords that make us feel sad.
+But what's the actual difference between these two codes?
+Just these two notes in the middle.
+659 vibrations per second for E Natural or 622 vibrations per second for E Flat.
+So, is there a big difference between human happiness and sadness?
+37 amazing vibrations.
+Thus, we see that such systems have a very nuanced potential for expressing human emotions.
+And indeed, as humans have begun to understand more of their own complex and ambivalent nature, harmony has become more complex to reflect it.
+It turns out that it can express emotions beyond words.
+Now that such possibilities have expanded, classical music has begun in earnest.
+This is the time when big shapes begin to emerge.
+And the impact of technology began to be felt as print put music, scores and musical codebooks into the hands of performers everywhere.
+And new and improved instruments made an era of virtuosity possible.
+At this time, large forms such as symphonies, sonatas and concertos were born.
+And it is within these large structures of time that composers like Beethoven have been able to share lifelong insights.
+Works like Beethoven's 5th are basically how he was able to go from grief and anger to a moment of joy, precisely step by step on his way, over half an hour. I'm witnessing
+(music) And it turns out that this symphony can also be used for more complex issues such as nationalism and the quest for freedom, the frontiers of sensuality and other fascinating issues of culture.
+But no matter where music goes, one thing has always been the same until recently. When the musician stopped playing, the music stopped.
+Now this moment fascinates me so much.
+I think it's very profound.
+What happens when the music stops?
+Where are you going? what's left?
+What remains in the audience's mind at the end of the performance?
+Is it the melody, the rhythm, the atmosphere, the attitude?
+And how will it change their lives?
+For me, this is the intimate and personal side of music.
+This is the handover part. That's the "why" part.
+And for me, that's what matters most.
+For the most part it has been done person to person, teacher and student, performer and audience, but around 1880 this new technology emerged, first mechanically, then through analogue, Then we created a new miraculous way of communicating things digitally. inanimate.
+People can now listen to music all the time, even though they don't have to play an instrument, read sheet music, or go to concerts.
+And technology has democratized music by making everything accessible.
+It ushered in a cultural revolution that saw artists like Caruso and Bessie Smith on the same page.
+And technology has pushed composers to incredible extremes, using computers and synthesizers to create works of intellectually incomprehensible complexity beyond the means of performers and audiences.
+At the same time, technology has significantly shifted the balance between instinct and intellect in music towards instinct by taking over the role that notation has always played.
+The culture we currently live in is rife with improvised music that has been sliced, diced, layered, and, God knows, distributed and sold.
+Will this have a long-term effect on us and the music?
+nobody knows
+The question remains what happens when the music stops.
+What sticks out in people's minds?
+Now that we have unlimited access to music, what's on our minds?
+Now let me explain what I mean by "really stick with us".
+I was visiting my cousin in a nursing home and saw a very shaky old man walking across the room on a walker.
+He came up to the piano that was there, balanced it, and started playing something like this.
+(music) And he said something like "I... boy... symphony... Beethoven."
+And all of a sudden I got it and I said, "Friend, are you sure you're going to play this?"
+(music) And he said, "Yes, yes, I was a little boy.
+Symphony: Isaac Stern, concerto, heard. "
+And I thought, oh, how much this music means to this man, get out of bed, go across the room, remember this music even when everything else in his life slips away I thought they would try to get it back. so much for him?
+That's why I take every performance seriously and that's why it's so important to me.
+I don't know who's out there, who's absorbing it, and what happens in their lives with it.
+But now, more than ever, I'm excited about the possibilities of sharing this music.
+That's why I'm interested in working on projects like the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra's TV series "Keeping Score," which explores the stories behind music, and projects that explore the possibilities of new performing arts with young musicians from the New World Symphony Orchestra. It is the driving force. both an entertainment and educational center.
+And of course, the New World Symphony led to the YouTube Symphony and other projects on the Internet that reach out to musicians and audiences around the world.
+And the interesting thing is that this is all just a prototype.
+There are simply roles here for many to be explorers together: teachers, parents, performers.
+Sure, big events get a lot of attention, but what really matters is what happens every day.
+We need your perspective, your curiosity and your voice.
+And now I'm really looking forward to meeting hikers, chefs, codewriters, taxi drivers and people I never imagined would be people who love and share music.
+Don't worry if you don't know anything.
+If you are curious, have the ability to wonder, and are alive, you know all there is to know.
+You can start anywhere. Little Rambla.
+follow the traces. get lost. Be surprised, amused and inspired.
+All the "what" and all the "how" are there waiting for you to discover the "why" and jump in and tell it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+i love my food
+And I love information.
+My children often say that one of these passions is slightly more pronounced than the other.
+(Laughter) But what I want to do in the next eight minutes or so is how those passions developed, the point in my life where the two passions merged, and the learning journey that took place from there. to explain.
+And one of the thoughts I want to leave you with today is what would happen differently in your life if you looked at information the way you look at food.
+I was born in Calcutta. My father and my father before that were both journalists, and we came from a family that wrote magazines in English.
+It was a family business.
+As a result, I grew up in an environment where books were everywhere in the house.
+This means that there are books all over the house.
+It's actually a shop in Kolkata, but it's our favorite place for books.
+In fact, I have 38,000 now, and I can't find a Kindle.
+But as a kid with books everywhere and people talking about those books, this wasn't something I learned in the slightest.
+By the age of 18, I had a deep passion for books.
+My passion didn't stop there.
+I was a South Indian who grew up in Bengal.
+And two things about Bengalis are that they like savory food and they like sweet things.
+So, by adulthood, I had a definite passion for food again.
+Now, growing up in the late 60's and early 70's, I had many other passions that I was interested in, but those two were what set me apart.
+(Laughter.) And life was good, Dandy.
+Everything went fine until I was about 26, and I went to see a movie called "Short Circuit."
+Oh, I'm sure some of you have seen it.
+It is currently being remade and will be released next year.
+This is the story of an experimental robot that finds life after being electrocuted.
+And when it ran, this object said, "Give me input. Give me input."
+And suddenly I realized that for robots, information and food are the same thing.
+Energy came in one way or another, data came in one way or another.
+And I was like, what does it feel like to start imagining myself as if energy and information are two things that are input to me, that food and information are somehow similar? I started to wonder if
+Then I started doing research, and this is a 25-year journey, and I started to realize that humans, who are actually primates, have much smaller stomachs and much larger brains than they should for their weight. rice field.
+And as I studied it further, I came to the point where I discovered something called the Expensive Organizational Hypothesis.
+Indeed, at certain body weights in primates, the metabolic rate was static.
+What has changed is the balance of the tissue.
+And two of the most expensive tissues in the human body are nerve tissue and digestive tissue.
+Then it became clear that people were proposing hypotheses, and by around 1995, they were getting amazing results.
+A woman named Leslie Aiello.
+And the newspaper suggested exchanging one for the other.
+If you want a bigger brain for a certain weight, you have to live with a smaller gut.
+So I was totally stoked and I was like, 'Oh my gosh, these two are connected.'
+So I looked at the cultivation of information as if it were food, and said, "We were hunter-gatherers of information, weren't we?"
+From there we transitioned to becoming farmers and information growers.
+Does that really explain what we see in today's intellectual property battles?
+This is because those who were originally hunter-gatherers wanted to roam freely and pick up information as they pleased, while those who practiced information agriculture built fences around information and determined ownership, wealth, structure, and settlement. Because I wanted to build
+So there was always tension in it.
+And everything I saw on the farm indicated that there was a massive foodie struggle between cultivators and hunter-gatherers.
+And this is what is happening here.
+The same was true when I moved to prepare. I expected to have two schools.
+One group said they could distill information to extract value and offer it in isolation, while another turned around and said no, it could be fermented.
+Mash it all together and you get the value.
+The same is true for information.
+But where it really started to become fun was the consumption.
+Because then what I started to see was that there are so many different ways people consume this.
+They buy it from the store as an ingredient.
+do you want to cook? do you have it provided?
+Are you going to a restaurant?
+It's always the same when you start thinking about information.
+The analogy that information had a sell-by date, people were mis-dated, and misused information that could actually affect the stock market, company value, etc. was getting crazy.
+And by this time I was hooked.
+And it's been about 23 years since this process began.
+And as I started making fact-fiction mashups, documentary dramas, mockumentaries, whatever you want to call them, I started thinking about myself.
+Will we reach a stage where we know the proportion of facts related to information?
+Start labeling factual percentage information?
+Are you going to start investigating what happens as starvation when sources are cut off?
+Now let's move on to the last element.
+Clay Sharkey once said that there is no such thing as information overload, only faulty filters.
+Let me tell you that from a food point of view, information is never a production issue. You never talk about excess food.
+Fundamentally, it is a question of consumption.
+And how we make food within ourselves, how we exercise within ourselves, how we have the ability to handle information, and how we label ourselves so that we can do it responsibly. You have to start thinking.
+In fact, when I saw "Super Size Me," I started thinking, "What if an individual watched Fox News non-stop for 31 days?"
+(laughs) Do you have time to work on that?
+So once you really start to understand that you may have a disease or a toxin and that you need to balance your diet, and once you start looking into it, from that point on, information consumption, information production, information I've seen the preparation of from the perspective of food.
+I like to practice on both sides, so it probably didn't do anything for my waistline.
+But I would like to leave the question alone. What would be different if you started thinking about all the information you ingest like you think about food?
+Thank you for the place busy.
+(applause)
+I am a very lucky person.
+I was honored to see the beautiful Earth and the many people and creatures that live there.
+My passion was when I was seven years old when my parents first took me to Morocco on the edge of the Sahara Desert.
+Now imagine a little Englishman in a cold, dry place like home.
+What an experience.
+And it made me want to explore more.
+So as a filmmaker, I strive to get the perfect shot, from one end of the globe to the other, and capture never-before-seen animal behavior.
+Plus, I'm really lucky to be able to share it with millions of people around the world.
+I now get out of bed each day and step out of my comfort zone with a new perspective on our planet and the idea that I can really deliver that message.
+Finding new stories and new subjects can seem daunting, but new technologies are changing the way we shoot.
+This allows us to get fresh, new images and tell entirely new stories.
+That's exactly what I wanted to do with the BBC series 'Nature's Great Events' that I did with David Attenborough.
+The image of the grizzly bear is well known.
+You're always watching, aren't you?
+But there is a side of their lives that we have rarely seen or photographed.
+So we went to Alaska. There, grizzly bears use very high, almost inaccessible mountain slopes as burrows.
+And the only way to photograph it is from the air.
+(Video) David Attenborough: Across Alaska and British Columbia, thousands of bear families are waking up from their winter sleep.
+There is nothing to eat here, but it was an ideal setting for hibernation.
+Lots of snow, enough to dig holes.
+Mothers have to take their children to the beach to find food. The snow has already melted there.
+But getting off can be difficult for small babies.
+These mountains are a dangerous place, but ultimately the fate of these bear families, and indeed all bears in the North Pacific, depends on salmon.
+KB: I love that shot.
+I always get goosebumps every time I see it.
+It was filmed from a helicopter using a gyro-stabilized camera.
+This is a great piece of equipment, like a flying tripod, crane and dolly all in one.
+But technology alone is not enough.
+Being in the right place at the right time is key to really making a profit.
+And that sequence was particularly difficult.
+The first year I got nothing.
+The following year we had to travel back to the remote Alaskans.
+And we hung out in helicopters for two full weeks.
+And finally got lucky.
+The clouds cleared, the wind calmed down, and even the bears showed up.
+And we were able to have that magical moment.
+New technology is a great tool for filmmakers, but another thing that gets me really, really excited is when new species are discovered.
+Well, when I heard about an animal, I knew it had to be featured in National Geographic's next series, Untamed Americas.
+In 2005, a new species of bat was discovered in Ecuador's cloud forests.
+And what's amazing about the discovery is that it also solves the mystery of what caused the unique flower to be pollinated.
+It just depends on the bat.
+The series hasn't aired yet, so you'll be the first to watch it.
+Let's see what you think.
+(Video) Narrator: A bat sucking nectar from a tube lip.
+At the bottom of each flower's long flute is a pool of delicious nectar.
+But how do we get there?
+Necessity is the mother of evolution.
+(music) This 2.5-inch bat has a 3.5-inch tongue, making it the longest mammal in the world relative to its length.
+A human would have a nine foot tongue.
+(Applause) KB: What a tongue-in-cheek.
+I made a small hole at the base of the flower and used a camera that could slow down the movement by 40 times.
+Now imagine how fast it would be in the real world.
+Now people often ask me, "Where is your favorite place on earth?"
+And the truth is, I don't have it.
+There are many wonderful places.
+However, depending on the location, you may have to visit many times.
+And some off-the-beaten-path places. I first went there as a backpacker. I've been back several times for filming, most recently for 'Untamed Americas'. It's the Altiplano in the high Andes of South America, the most otherworldly place I've ever known.
+But at 15,000 feet it's tough.
+It's freezing cold and that thin air really bothers me.
+Carrying heavy equipment can sometimes make it difficult to breathe.
+And that head thump always feels like a hangover.
+But the advantage of its wonderfully thin atmosphere is the ability to see the stars in the sky with amazing clarity.
+please look.
+(Video) Narrator: About 1,500 miles south of the tropics, between Chile and Bolivia, the Andes mountains change completely.
+It is called the Altiplano, or "plateau", and is a place of extreme and extreme contrast.
+Where the desert freezes and water boils.
+It resembles Mars more than Earth and appears equally hostile to life.
+The stars themselves - At 12,000 feet, the dry, thin air is perfect for stargazing.
+Some astronomers in the world have telescopes nearby.
+But if you just look up with the naked eye, you don't really need that.
+(music) (applause) KB: Thank you so much for allowing us to share some of our magnificent and wonderful images of our planet.
+Thank you for letting me share it.
+(applause)
+I would like you to close your eyes.
+Imagine yourself standing outside the front door of your home.
+I would like you to pay attention to the color and material of the door.
+Now imagine a crowd of overweight nudists on bicycles.
+(Laughter) They're in a naked bike race, heading straight for your front door.
+I want you to see this in action.
+They're pedaling really hard, sweating and bouncing a lot.
+And they crash straight into your front door.
+Bikes fly everywhere, wheels roll in front of you, spokes end up in awkward places.
+Go beyond the door threshold and step into the foyer, hallway, or whatever is on the other side to feel the quality of the light.
+Light pours down on Cookie Monster.
+Cookie Monster is waving from his perch on a tawny horse.
+A talking horse.
+You can actually feel his blue fur tickling your nose.
+It smells like an oatmeal raisin cookie he's trying to stuff into his mouth.
+Please pass by him.
+Imagine Britney Spears in your living room, in an imaginative broadband environment.
+She's lightly dressed, dancing on a coffee table, singing "Hit Me Baby One More Time."
+Then follow me to your kitchen.
+Your kitchen floor is paved with yellow brick paths, and Dorothy, the Tin Man, the Scarecrow, and the Lion from The Wizard of Oz come hand in hand from your oven. Skips straight towards you.
+have understood. Open your eyes.
+I would like to tell you about a very strange contest that takes place in New York City every spring.
+It's called the "American Memory Championship."
+And having been to cover this contest as a science journalist a few years ago, I probably expected this to be something of a Savant Super Bowl.
+The participants were several men and several women, with varying ages and hygiene practices.
+(Laughter) They memorized hundreds of random numbers in one look.
+They remembered the names of dozens of strangers.
+They memorized the entire poem in just a few minutes.
+They were competing to see who could memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.
+I thought this was unbelievable.
+These people must be natural weirdos.
+And I started talking to some competitors.
+This was a man named Ed Cook, who had come from England and had one of the best trained memories.
+And I said to him, "Ed, when did you realize you were a savant?"
+Ed said, "I'm not a scholar.
+In fact, I have only average memory.
+Everyone who enters this contest will say that their memory is average.
+We all know a series of ancient techniques, techniques invented in Greece 2,500 years ago, the same techniques Cicero used to memorize speeches, medieval scholars used to memorize entire books. I have trained myself to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory, using the same techniques of . "
+And I said, "Oh, how come I've never heard of this before?"
+And we were standing outside the arena, and Ed, a nice, brilliant, but a little quirky, British guy, said, 'Josh, you're an American journalist.
+Do you know Britney Spears? "
+It's like, "Huh? No, why?"
+"Because I want to teach Britney Spears on US national television how to remember the order of shuffled cards.
+This would prove to the world that anyone can do it. "
+(Laughter) I thought, 'Well, I'm not Britney Spears, but maybe you can tell me.
+So you have to start somewhere, right? "
+And it was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.
+In the end, I will spend the better part of the next year not only training my memory, but researching it, trying to understand how it works, why it sometimes doesn't work, and what the possibilities are. spent on
+And I met a lot of really interesting people.
+This person is E.P.
+He's probably the amnesiac with the worst memory in the world.
+His memory was so bad that he didn't even remember that he had amnesia, which is amazing.
+And although he was an incredibly tragic figure, he was a window into how much our memories shape us.
+On the other end of the spectrum, I met this guy.
+This is Kim Peek, the person who inspired Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie Rain Man.
+We spent an afternoon memorizing the phone book together at the Salt Lake City Public Library, and it was a lot of fun.
+(Laughter.) Then I went back and read a lot of papers on memory. A treatise written in Latin over 2,000 years ago, in antiquity and then in the Middle Ages.
+And I learned a lot of really interesting things.
+One of the really interesting things I've learned is that once upon a time this idea of ​​having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory wasn't as foreign as it seems to us today. .
+Once upon a time, people invested in memories and painstakingly prepared their minds.
+Over the past few thousand years, we have invented an array of technologies, from alphabets to scrolls, codexes, printing presses, photography, computers and smartphones. By externalizing our memory, we are essentially outsourcing this basic human ability.
+These technologies made the modern world possible, but they also changed us.
+They changed us culturally, and I would argue they changed us cognitively.
+Sometimes I seem to have forgotten how to do it, because I have so little need to remember.
+One of the last places on earth where people are still passionate about this idea of ​​trained, disciplined, cultivated memory is in this utterly idiosyncratic memory contest.
+Actually, this is nothing special, contests are held all over the world.
+And I was fascinated, wanted to know how they did it.
+A few years ago, a group of researchers at University College London brought a memory advocate into their lab.
+They wanted to know: Are these people's brains structurally and anatomically different in some way from the rest of us?
+The answer was no.
+Are they smarter than us?
+They gave them lots of cognitive tests and the answer was "no."
+But there was one very interesting and crucial difference between the brains of the memory champions and the control subjects they were comparing.
+They put them in an fMRI machine and scanned their brains while they memorized pictures of numbers, people's faces and snowflakes, and found that those with better memories illuminated different parts of their brains than others. It turns out that
+Of note, they were, or appeared to be, using parts of the brain involved in spatial memory and navigation.
+why?
+Competitive memorization sports are driven by a sort of arms race, with each year someone devising new ways to learn more and faster, and then the rest of the field must catch up.
+This is my friend Ben Pridmore, a three-time World Memory Champion.
+On the desk in front of him is a shuffled pack of 36 playing cards that he is trying to memorize in an hour using techniques he invented and only he has mastered.
+Using a similar technique, he memorized the exact sequence of 4,140 random binary digits in 30 minutes.
+(Laughter) Right.
+And while there are so many ways to memorize things in these contests, all the techniques used ultimately come down to what psychologists call "elaborate encoding." .
+And it's well explained by a nifty paradox known as the "Baker/Baker Paradox." Something like this: If I tell two people to remember the same word and I say to you, "Remember there is a man named Baker."
+that's his name.
+And I say to you, "Remember there is a baker man."
+And then someday I'll come back to you and say, "Do you remember what I said a while ago?"
+Do you remember what it was? "
+People who are told their name is a baker are less likely to recall the same words than people who are told their job is a baker.
+Even with the same word, the amount to remember is different. It's weird.
+what's going on
+Well, the name Baker doesn't really mean anything to you.
+It is completely detached from all other memories that float within your skull.
+But the common noun ``baker''--we know the bakery.
+The baker wears a funny white hat.
+The baker holds flour in his hand.
+Bakers smell good when they come home from work.
+Maybe we know the bakery.
+And when we hear the word for the first time, we begin to attach an associative hook to it, making it easier to bait it later.
+The whole art of figuring out what's going on in these memory contests, and the whole art of remembering things better in everyday life, lacks a way to convert a capital B Baker to a lower case B Baker, i.e. context. It's about figuring out how to get information. , meaning, changing meaning, transforming it in some way so that it makes sense in the light of everything else you have in your mind.
+One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this dates back 2,500 years to ancient Greece.
+It became known as the Memory Palace.
+Here is the story behind its creation: There was a poet named Simonides who was present at the banquet.
+Back then, if you wanted to throw a really fancy party, you didn't hire a DJ, you hired a poet, so he was really entertainment for hire.
+And he got up, recited a poem from his memory, walked out the door, and the moment he came out the banquet hall collapsed.
+Kill everyone inside.
+Not only does it kill everyone, but it also mutilates corpses beyond recognition.
+No one can say who was inside or where they sat.
+Inability to properly bury the body.
+One tragedy makes another tragedy worse.
+Simonides, standing outside as the sole survivor of the wreckage, closed his eyes and realized that with his mind's eye he could see where the banquet guests were sitting.
+Then he took his relatives by the hand and led them to their loved ones among the rubble.
+I think we all know intuitively what Simonides understood in that moment. So even though we're bad at remembering names, phone numbers, and word for word from co-workers, we really do. Good visual and spatial memory.
+If I asked you to repeat the first ten words of the Simonides story I just told, you would probably have a hard time.
+But if I ask you to remember who sits on the tawny horse that is talking in the porch now, you will know it.
+The idea behind Memory Palace is to create this imaginary structure in your mind's eye and place images of things you want to remember there. The crazier, weirder, stranger, funnier, vulgar, and stinky that image is, the more haunting it is likely to be.
+This is advice that goes back over 2,000 years to the first Latin memory treatises.
+So how does this work?
+Suppose you were invited to take center stage at TED and give a speech, and you want to do it from memory, and do it the way Cicero would have done if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago. Before.
+(Laughter) Imagine yourself standing at the front door of your house.
+And you'll come up with some kind of crazy, silly, haunting image to remind you that it's this totally bizarre contest that I want to talk about first.
+(Laughter.) And when you walk into the house, you'll see a statue of Cookie Monster above Mr. Ed.
+Then you'll want to introduce your friend Ed Cook.
+Then you'll see an image of Britney Spears and you'll be reminded of this funny anecdote you want to tell.
+And then you walk into the kitchen and the fourth topic you're about to talk about is this strange journey you've been on for a year and you have some friends to help you remember it.
+This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches. Instead of memorizing word for word, I memorized topic by topic.
+In fact, the phrase 'topic sentence' comes from the Greek word 'topos' which means 'place'.
+It's a remnant of a time when people thought of rhetoric and rhetoric in these spatial terms.
+The phrase "in the first place" is like "the memory palace in the first place".
+I found this very attractive and was totally hooked.
+And I entered a few more of these memory contests. And I got the idea that I might write something longer about this subculture of competitive memory.
+However, there was a problem.
+The problem was that memory contests were pathologically boring events.
+(Laughter) Really, it's like sitting with a bunch of people taking the SAT. So the most dramatic thing is when someone starts massaging your temples.
+I know there's something incredible going on in these people's minds, but I don't have access to it.
+And I realized that if I was going to tell this story, I had to put myself in their shoes a little bit.
+So every morning before I started reading The New York Times, I would spend 15-20 minutes just trying to remember something.
+Maybe it was a poem, maybe it was a name on an old yearbook you bought at a flea market.
+And I found this to be surprisingly fun.
+I didn't expect that.
+It was fun because this isn't really a memory exercise.
+What you're doing is trying to get better and better at creating and dreaming up these utterly silly, vulgar, hilarious, and hopefully unforgettable images.
+And I was pretty into it.
+This is me wearing a standard athletic memorization training kit.
+(laughter) It's a set of masked earmuffs and safety goggles except for two small pinholes. Because distraction is a competitive memorizer's number one enemy.
+In the end, I ended up participating again in the same contest I covered a year ago, and thought I'd give it a try as an experiment in participatory journalism.
+I thought it might make a great epilogue to all my research.
+The problem is that the experiment went horribly wrong.
+I won the contest -- (Laughter) It really wasn't supposed to happen.
+(Applause) Now, being able to memorize speeches, phone numbers, and shopping lists is nice, but it's actually kind of irrelevant.
+These are just tricks.
+They work because they're based on some pretty basic principles about how our brain works.
+And you don't have to build a memory palace or memorize a pack of playing cards to gain a little insight into how your mind works.
+We often talk about people with great memories as if they were some sort of innate talent, but they aren't.
+Learn great memories.
+At the most basic level, we pay attention and remember.
+I remember when we were deeply involved.
+When we can take some information or experience and understand why it's meaningful to us, why it's important, why it's colorful, and we're able to transform it in a meaningful way. I remember when A light of all the other things floating around in our minds when we can turn a bakery into a bakery.
+Memory palaces, these mnemonics, they're just shortcuts.
+In fact, they aren't even really shortcuts.
+They work because they make you work.
+They force a kind of deep processing, a kind of mindfulness that most of us don't normally walk around with while exercising.
+But there really are no shortcuts.
+This is how things become memorable.
+And if there's one thing I want to leave you, I think it's what an amnesiac E.P. who couldn't even remember having memory problems left me. It's the concept that our life is the sum of our memories. .
+How much are you going to lose out of your already short life by being obsessed with your Blackberry or iPhone, not paying attention to the person in front of you, or being unwillingly lazy? Uka to process deeply?
+We have learned firsthand that we all have an incredible potential for memory.
+But if you want to live a memorable life, you have to be the one who never forgets.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Back in the 1980s, I actually gave my first talk at TED and did some of the first-ever public demonstrations of virtual reality on the TED stage.
+And at the time, we knew we were facing a knife-edge future where the technology we need, the technology we love, could destroy us.
+We knew that if we thought of our technology as a means to more power, or if it was just a power trip, we would ultimately destroy ourselves.
+That's what happens during a power trip and nothing else.
+So the idealism of digital culture at the time was to start by recognizing the potential of darkness and then try to imagine how to transcend it with beauty and creativity.
+I always used to end my early TED talks with a pretty scary line. “We have a problem,” he said.
+We must create a technology-centric culture that is so beautiful, so meaningful, so deep, endlessly creative, and so full of endless possibilities that it keeps us from mass suicide. "
+So we discussed that extinction equates to the need to create an attractive and infinitely creative future.
+And I still believe that the substitution of creativity as a substitute for death is very real and true, perhaps the most true one.
+In the case of virtual reality, I often talk about what happens when people discover language.
+Language has given us new adventures, new depths, new meanings, new ways of connecting, new ways of adjusting, new ways of imagining, new ways of parenting. I imagined that virtual reality would allow us to do new things such as: It's like a conversation, but it's also like an intentional dream in the waking state.
+I called it post-symbolic communication because it's like making a direct representation of what you experience instead of indirectly making symbols to refer to things.
+It was a beautiful vision, and that's what I still believe in, but still haunting that beautiful vision was also the dark side of how it could be.
+I also want to mention the name of one of the earliest computer scientists, Norbert Wiener. He wrote a book in the 50's, before I was born, called Human Use by Humans.
+And in the book he described the possibility of creating computer systems that collect data from people and give them feedback in real time. This allows people to be partially statistically placed in the Skinner Box, a behaviorist system. And he said, as a thought experiment, that you could imagine—paraphrasing, not quoting—you could imagine a world-wide computer system where everyone has a device. Says the lines. And the device will provide feedback based on what the user has done, and the entire population will undergo some degree of behavior modification.
+And such a society would be insane, unable to survive, unable to face its problems.
+And he says that this is just a thought experiment and that such a future is technically not feasible.
+(Laughter.) And yet, of course, it's something we made up and have to undo in order to survive.
+So -- (applause) I think we made a very specific mistake, and it happened early on, and by understanding the mistake we made, we were able to build on it. can be returned.
+It happened in the 90s, and towards the turn of the century, here's what happened.
+Digital culture in its early days, and indeed to this day, has a left-wing, socialist ideology, unlike anything that has ever been done before, such as the invention of books. I had a sense of mission. Purely public stuff should be available free of charge. Because if even one person can't afford it, there's this terrible injustice.
+Of course, there are other ways to deal with it as well.
+If books cost money, have a public library.
+etc.
+But we were like, "No, this is the exception."
+This should be a pure public commons, that's what we want.
+And that spirit lives on.
+For example, you can experience it in designs such as Wikipedia.
+But at the same time, we were equally fervent in believing something else that was completely irreconcilable: we loved tech entrepreneurs.
+We loved Steve Jobs. We loved this Nietzsche myth about an engineer who could dent the universe.
+right?
+And that mystical power still rules over us.
+That means we have two different passions: making everything free and the supernatural powers of tech entrepreneurship.
+How do you celebrate entrepreneurship in an age where everything is free?
+Well, at the time there was only one solution. That was the advertising model.
+So Google was born free with ads and Facebook was born free with ads.
+Well, in the early days it was cute, like the very early days of Google.
+(Laughter) The advertisement was really kind of an advertisement.
+A local dentist or something.
+But there is something called Moore's Law, and computers are becoming more efficient and cheaper.
+Their algorithm has been improved.
+In fact, we have a university where people study it and they get better and better.
+And customers and other organizations using these systems are getting more experienced and smarter.
+And what started as advertising is no longer advertising.
+As Norbert Wiener feared, it turned into behavior change.
+So we can no longer call these things social networks.
+I call them behavior change empires.
+(Applause.) And I refuse to smear individuals.
+I have dear friends in these companies who have sold their companies to Google. Even though I think it's one of the empires.
+I don't think this is about bad people doing bad things.
+I think this is more a matter of globally tragic and amazingly ridiculous mistakes than a wave of evil.
+Let's elaborate further on how this particular mistake works.
+Therefore, behaviorism gives the creature, whether it be a mouse, a dog, or a person, a small treat or sometimes a small punishment as feedback for its behavior.
+So if you're keeping an animal in a cage, it might be candy or electric shocks.
+But if you have a smartphone, it's not those things, it's a symbolic punishment and reward.
+One of the early behaviorists, Pavlov exemplified a famous principle.
+With just a bell and a symbol, you can train your dog to salivate.
+That is, social punishment and social reward act as punishment and reward in social networks.
+And we all know the feeling of these things.
+It gives me that little thrill of 'someone likes my work and it's being repeated'.
+Or the punishment is, "Oh my god, they don't like me, maybe someone else is more popular, oh my god."
+So there are these two very common emotions, and given them, you get caught in this loop.
+Everyone knew this was happening, as many of the system's founders have publicly admitted.
+The problem, however, is that, traditionally, academic research on behaviorist methods has involved comparisons of positive and negative stimuli.
+In this commercial setting, a new kind of difference exists that has escaped the academic world for some time. The difference is whether positive stimuli are more effective than negative stimuli in different situations, and negative stimuli are cheaper.
+They are bargain stimulants.
+So what I'm trying to say is that it's much easier to lose trust than to build it.
+It takes a long time to build love.
+It takes a short time for love to break.
+Customers of these behavior modification empires are now in a very fast loop.
+They are almost like high frequency traders.
+They're getting feedback from their spending and what they're doing if they're not spending to see what's working and then do it.
+And they get quick feedback. This means that you are reacting more to negative emotions. Because negative emotions tend to come up faster.
+So even well-intentioned players who think they're just promoting toothpaste end up causing negative people, negative emotions, weirdos, paranoids, cynics, and nihilists. We are going to promote it.
+Those people are amplified by the system.
+And paying these corporations to suddenly make the world better and improve democracy just can't be as easy as paying them to ruin those things.
+This is the dilemma we are in.
+Another option is to turn back the clock and redo the decision with great difficulty.
+Remaking it has two meanings.
+First, it means that many people, those who can afford it, will actually pay these costs.
+You pay for search, you pay for social networking.
+how do i pay? Some may have a subscription fee, while others may incur micropayments when used.
+There are many options.
+Some of you may be daunted, and you may be thinking, "Oh my God, I wouldn't pay for this stuff."
+How can you get someone to pay you? "
+I want you to remember what just happened.
+At a time when companies like Google and Facebook were formulating free ideas, much of the cyber culture also believed that in the future television and movies would be created in the same way as Wikipedia.
+But then companies like Netflix, Amazon, and HBO said, "Actually, subscribe. We'll give you great TV."
+And it worked!
+We are now living in what is known as the “heyday of television”.
+So sometimes things get better when you pay.
+We can imagine a hypothetical -- (applause) we can imagine a hypothetical world of "the peak of social media."
+What will it be?
+That means you can get really helpful and authoritative medical advice instead of being annoying when you ride.
+That could mean there aren't a ton of weird paranoid conspiracy theories when you want to get factual information.
+We can imagine this wonderful alternative.
+ah.
+I dream of it. I believe it is possible.
+I'm sure it's possible.
+And I'm sure companies like Google and Facebook would actually do better in this world.
+I don't think we need to punish Silicon Valley.
+You just have to redo the decision.
+Only two of the big tech companies actually rely on behavior change and espionage as their business plans.
+It's google and facebook.
+(Laughter) And I love you guys.
+I really think so. people are great.
+I wish I could point out that if you look at Google, you can spread cost centers infinitely across all these companies, but you can't spread profit centers.
+They are so engrossed that they are unable to diversify.
+They are just as obsessed with the model as their users are.
+They're in the same trap as users, and you can't run a big business that way.
+Therefore, this ultimately benefits the shareholders and other stakeholders of these companies entirely.
+It's a win-win solution.
+It takes some time to figure it out.
+Lots of details to consider, but totally doable.
+(Laughter) Unless we solve this, I don't think our species can survive.
+There can be no society where if two people want to communicate, the only way they can do so is if it is funded by a third party who wants to manipulate them.
+(Applause) (End of applause) For now, if the company doesn't change, why don't you delete your account?
+(Laughter) (Applause) That's enough for now.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So what I want to do is tell a simple story about 404 pages and the lessons learned as a result.
+But to get started, it's probably helpful to understand what a 404 page really is.
+That's the 404 page.
+It's a broken experience on the web.
+This is the de facto default page when you request something from the website and it is not found.
+And a 404 page is displayed.
+When you experience it, it's an inherently breaking feeling.
+And, for a moment's sake, remember to yourself that this is a nuisance.
+Because it feels like the relationship is broken.
+And it's really interesting to think about, where did the 404 come from?
+It actually comes from a series of mistakes—a series of relationship mistakes—and it looks like a checklist for sex therapists and couples counselors once you start digging into them.
+When you hit rock bottom, things get very dangerous.
+(laughter) Yes.
+But these things are everywhere.
+They are on both large and small sites.
+This is a universal experience.
+The 404 page is telling you that you fell through the cracks.
+And if you're used to experiences like this, it's not a good experience.
+Ride your Kinect, dance unicorns, and make rainbows fly from your phone.
+A 404 page is not what you are looking for.
+I get it, but it's like being slapped in the face.
+Thinking about how a 404 felt, it's like going to a Starbucks and seeing a guy behind the counter with no skim milk in there.
+And you said, "Hey, can you bring me some skim milk?"
+And coming out from behind the counter, they are not wearing pants.
+And you're like, "Oh, I didn't want to see that."
+That's what a 404 feels like.
+(Laughter) I mean, I've heard about it.
+Where does this relate, and why is this important, I was the head of a technology incubator, and there were eight startups sitting there.
+And these startups are what they are, not what they're not, until one day Athletepath, a website focused on services for extreme athletes, finds this video. I was focused.
+(Video) Man: Joey!
+Crowd: Oh!
+Lenny Gleeson: You just… no, he's not okay.
+They took a video of it and embedded it on the 404 page, and it was like a light bulb went out for everyone present.
+Because you finally have a page that really feels what it feels like to encounter a 404.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So it became a contest.
+Dailypath provides inspiration on their 404 page.
+Stayhound cares about pets and helps you find pet sitters through social networks.
+Each found this.
+It was a 24 hour contest.
+At 4:04 the next day, I handed out $404 in cash.
+And what they've learned is that these little things, done right, actually matter, and well-designed moments can build a brand.
+So when you look into the real world, the interesting thing is that you can actually hack these things yourself.
+These pop up when you enter a URL and enter a 404.
+This is something I feel sorry for you.
+I blame you for this.
+this is what i like.
+This is an error page, but what if this error page was also an opportunity?
+So it was a moment when all these startups had to sit down and think and get very excited about what they could do.
+Coming back to the whole relationship question, what they understood through this exercise was that a simple mistake could tell me what you're not, or it could tell me why I should love you. It means that there is a possibility that it will remind you of
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(Mosquito buzzing) (Whacking) Gotcha.
+mosquito.
+don't you
+A terrible hum in your ear at night that really drives you crazy?
+Did you know she's trying to stick a needle in your skin and suck your blood out?
+In fact, I can only think of one good thing about mosquitoes.
+They fly into our bedroom at night and try to bite my wife.
+(laughs) But it's fascinating, isn't it?
+Why does she get stung more than me?
+And the answer is the smell, the smell of her body.
+And because we all smell differently and produce chemicals on our skin that attract or repel mosquitoes, some are more attractive than others.
+It's just that my wife smells better than I do, or that I smell better than her.
+Either way, mosquitoes find us by smelling us in the dark. they smell us.
+And during my PhD, I wanted to know exactly what chemicals from our skin the malaria mosquitoes in Africa use to track us at night.
+And the compounds they use are wide-ranging.
+And this was no easy task.
+Therefore, we conducted various experiments.
+Why did you do this experiment?
+Because half of the world's population is at risk of contracting a deadly disease like malaria from a simple mosquito bite.
+Every 30 seconds, a child dies of malaria somewhere on Earth. And this morning Paul Levy was talking about the metaphor of the 727 that crashed in the US.
+In Africa, seven Jumbo 747 crashes occur every day.
+But perhaps if we could lure these mosquitoes into traps and lure them with our scent, we might be able to stop the transmission of disease.
+Now, solving this puzzle was no easy task because we produce hundreds of different chemicals on our skin, but we undertook some remarkable experiments and actually was able to solve this puzzle very quickly.
+First, we observed that not all mosquitoes bite the same parts of the body.
+Therefore, we conducted an experiment in which we put naked volunteers in a large cage (laughs), released mosquitoes into the cage, and observed where on the person's body they were biting.
+And found some notable differences.
+On the left here, you can see this person's bite marks from a Dutch Malaria mosquito.
+They had a very strong preference for biting the face.
+In contrast, the African malaria mosquito was very fond of biting this person's ankles and feet.
+And of course, it's called a mosquito, so we should have known all along.
+(laughs) Yes.
+(Applause) So we started looking at foot odor...
+The odor of human feet has not been studied until I found a startling description in the literature that cheese smells after the feet instead of vice versa.
+And this prompted us to conduct an amazing experiment.
+We tried to attract African malaria mosquitoes with tiny pieces of Limburger cheese, which leaves a terrible smell on the feet.
+And what do you know? done.
+In fact, it worked so well that a synthetic mixture of Limburger cheese flavors is now being used in Tanzania, where it has been shown to be two to three times more attractive to mosquitoes than to humans.
+Limburgers, be proud of your cheese. Cheese is now used to fight malaria.
+(Applause.) This is cheese. I will show you.
+My second story is also worth noting.
+It's about man's best friend. It's about dogs.
+And we'll show you how dogs can be used to fight malaria.
+One of the best ways to kill a mosquito is to not wait until it flies around like an adult and bites you to carry disease.
+That's because it kills them when they're in the water in their larval state.
+why?
+These larvae are concentrated in that puddle.
+They are all gathered there. they don't move.
+They cannot escape the water.
+and they are accessible.
+You can actually walk to that pool and kill them there, right?
+The problem we face with this issue is that the puddles with larvae are scattered throughout the landscape, making it very difficult for such inspectors to actually find all these breeding grounds and larvae. There is. Treat with insecticide.
+And last year we thought very seriously how we could solve this problem.
+Like us, mosquito larvae also had a very peculiar smell until we realized we had a peculiar smell.
+So we planned another crazy experiment. He collected the scent of the larvae, put it on a piece of cloth and did something very amazing.
+Here is a stick with four holes, and the holes on the left will be filled with these larvae.
+Oh, it was so fast.
+And you can see the dog. It's called a tweed. It's a border collie.
+He is examining these holes and has already found them.
+He returns to check the control hole again, but he's back in the first hole and is now trapped by the smell. This means that you can find mosquito breeding sites much better by using dogs with inspectors. Therefore, it has a much greater impact on malaria.
+This woman is Ellen van der Tweep.
+She is one of the best dog trainers in the world and I believe we can do more.
+She also knows that people who carry malaria parasites smell different compared to uninfected people, so she's confident that dogs can be trained to spot people who carry malaria parasites.
+It suggests that in a population where malaria has completely declined and few people are infected with the parasite, dogs can find these people, treat them with anti-malarial drugs, and deliver the final blow to malaria. I mean
+Mankind's best friend in the fight against malaria.
+My third story is perhaps even more notable...
+And it should be said that it has never been open to the public until today.
+(Audience cheers) That's right.
+It's crazy, but it's probably the best and ultimate revenge against mosquitoes ever.
+In fact, people have told me that mosquito bites are fun now.
+And the question, of course, is what makes a person happy with a mosquito bite?
+And the answer I got here is...
+In my pocket -- (Laughter) I know.
+It's a tablet.
+With a simple tablet, when you drink with water ......
+It works miracles.
+thank you.
+Now let me explain how this works.
+Inside this box is a cage with hundreds of hungry female mosquitoes...
+(laughs) We're about to release it.
+(laughs) Just kidding, just kidding.
+(Laughter) What I'm going to show you is stick your arm in there and show them how fast they bite.
+Let's go.
+Don't worry, I do this all the time in my lab.
+Let's go.
+Now on video -- here's a video that shows the exact same thing. However, what the video shows happened an hour after I took the tablet.
+please look.
+I stick myself in my arm and give them copious amounts of juicy blood dust and shake them off. And we watch them over time and see that these mosquitoes are actually very sick and shown here in high speed motion.
+And 3 hours later, what you see at the bottom of the cage is a dead mosquito...
+A very dead mosquito.
+And folks, I want to say that we traded cards with mosquitoes.
+they won't kill us we kill them
+(Applause) Now -- (laughter) Maastricht, get ready.
+Now let's see what we can do with this.
+You can actually use this to stop outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases and epidemics, right?
+Even better, imagine what would happen if everyone in a very large area took these drugs for just three weeks.
+Then we will have an opportunity to actually eradicate malaria as a disease.
+Cheese, dogs, and a drug that kills mosquitoes.
+It's the kind of unconventional science that I love...
+For the betterment of mankind, especially so she can grow up in a malaria-free world.
+The first title I thought of for this talk was 'Beethoven as Bill Gates'.
+does that make sense?
+maybe not. Ok, so let's think about it.
+As an educator, I will tell you this story. And you will figure it out yourself.
+So my next thought was to tell the story of the history of music distribution, literally from the beginning, from heart-pounding rock to heart-pounding rock.
+The good news about this is that the first 10,000 years have just passed.
+So for 10,000 years, if you want to make music, you're literally going to pick up a stone and then an instrument or something like that.
+And this goes on for a very long time.
+Gradually the West is starting to attract mainly performance classes, that is, professionals who are really good at hitting stones.
+So, in the 18th century, we still basically do this.
+We had specialist, professional classes playing very expensive instruments, mostly complex instruments such as the organ, and if you wanted to hear 18th century music, it was live.
+You had to go to the concert.
+You had to go to church, you had to go to civic events, and you had to go to hear someone make music live.
+So music has always involved social interaction.
+There were no headphones, no iPhones, no record players to put on.
+If I wanted to listen to music, I had to leave the house.
+Basically, I have no music at home.
+This has been going on since the beginning of the 18th century and then...
+Our first confusion.
+These two things actually happened at the same time, creating these two confusions.
+You're going to get me a piano, right?
+The piano is a new technology that began to take off in earnest in the 18th century, after which it became cheap and mass-produced.
+That means you can now have an instrument that is not too expensive and everyone has it and can have it in their home.
+So this kind of allows for a mess, but it wouldn't have happened if a second mess didn't happen at the same time, which is someone figured out how to do cheap music printing.
+Remember Gutenberg and other types of printing?
+Music is a little more complicated.
+It took me a while to figure it out. How can we create an inexpensive way to distribute sheet music?
+There were 12 music stores in London during the American Revolutionary War.
+By 1800 there were 30.
+150 by 1820.
+So the internet wasn't the first time this happened. Because think what would happen if suddenly you were like, "If I want to hear music, I have to go hear Bach, I have to go." Listen to Mozart. "
+In other words, I had to actually go hear Mozart.
+I didn't buy a Mozart CD or download Mozart.
+Even Mozart sheet music wasn't easy or cheap to buy.
+But if you wanted to hear Mozart or Bach, you had to go to Germany and listen.
+But not so with Beethoven.
+And Beethoven realized that there was actually a new market.
+Beethoven is an entrepreneur, just like another of our friends, Bill Gates.
+He's an entrepreneur who doesn't really need to go to London.
+You can actually sell sheet music.
+And it could be printed and mass-distributed and I would be famous everywhere and everyone else would play my music. "
+In short, it changes the music experience for everyone.
+It changes diversity, it changes the pyramids of the world, it changes all sorts of things.
+It creates a new class of musicians, composers and performers, creating a division of labor.
+If you hire Bach to play at your wedding, who do you think will show up?
+Bach!
+(Laughter) That's what he makes his living, right?
+He has no way of expanding his business.
+But Beethoven does.
+Then the same thing happens again.
+It takes place 100 years from now, so the theme is starting to emerge.
+The turn of the century is an interesting time for music distribution. 100 years later, we have record players, gramophones, and player pianos.
+You can buy Rachmaninoff's sheet music now, but if you wanted to hear Rachmaninoff, you had to actually go to a concert hall.
+not anymore.
+Now you can buy a Rachmaninov record, or a roll that fits a player piano and another kind of recording device.
+And then radio.
+Think about it. You are a Texas band. You're Doc Ross of Texas, and you've got a hold of the Texas big band market.
+And suddenly there was a new one called "Radio".
+And now everyone can hear the voices of Count Basie, Duke Ellington and Benny Goodman.
+No, the competition is terrible right now.
+Suddenly, the competition is as global as it was 100 years later, and it's all happening again with the iPod, the Internet, digital files, and Garage Band.
+Now, maybe we can talk about these two.
+First, these two are entrepreneurs.
+But second, these two are software designers.
+That's what Beethoven does.
+He creates software that runs on the hardware that's out there.
+(Laughter) It's part of the hardware.
+It is a device that can be used if you have my paper.
+If I had the sheet music, would it sound good?
+No, it's out of paper.
+It's like a floppy disk. They didn't help much.
+It can also be used as a coaster.
+But they are not very useful by themselves.
+So both Beethoven and Bill Gates are software designers.
+The interesting thing is that they both live in an era of rapidly changing hardware.
+If you're old enough to remember, go back to the 90's, back to Windows, and remember your joy and love for Bill Gates. Every time a new software package was released, I had to obtain a new software package. computer.
+So what do you think?
+When Beethoven began writing music, he put this instrument at the top of the fifth octave.
+It's bigger, has more pedals, is louder, and can do more.
+When Beethoven started he didn't have a piano that could do this.
+In reality he cannot do this.
+He can't go -- (musical chords) It can't be done.
+So in 1803, think how clever the French piano makers did this. If you were a piano maker, who would you want the piano to go to?
+composer.
+Artists who use this technology to captivate others should adopt your technology.
+It's like sending your fastest modern computer to Bill Gates, who knows he'll run out of memory.
+(Laughter.) So in 1803, Erard sent Beethoven a new piano.
+And there are even more notes.
+And it can.
+So the first thing Beethoven does is write a piece that can do that.
+If you have a German, Viennese or English piano, you can't do that.
+So what do you do?
+You went to a musical instrument store.
+And when you buy the latest Beethoven piano sonata to take home, you get a five-octave piano that was state-of-the-art, state-of-the-art last year.
+What happens when you start playing a new Beethoven piano sonata?
+Not enough notes!
+You will run out of room.
+So, in fact, Beethoven has the same relationship with his audience that Bill Gates has.
+He's a software producer and has to deal with hardware.
+And what's interesting about this is that Beethoven was actually smarter than Bill Gates.
+So when Beethoven got a new Erard piano, he wrote a third piano concerto, gave a concert, and used all the extra notes.
+But what do you do when you go to a concert?
+He has to take the piano with him. Because the piano is the only one in Vienna that has the extra notes he has.
+So he plays the concerto on the piano. it's great.
+But he realized, "Oh wait, not everyone has these latest things."
+So he publishes a piano sonata – he waits. He belatedly continued to publish piano sonatas without extra notes for the next ten years.
+He's actually waiting, because -- this idea of ​​Beethoven?
+Everything you know about Beethoven is basically wrong.
+Beethoven was a very smart entrepreneur.
+So he limited himself the music he wrote for the mass market, the piano sonatas, rather than the pieces he planned to perform himself, to the number of keys he had at home in some part of southern Italy. piano last year.
+So what are the implications of this disruption in music technology?
+How will composers and people react?
+There were three of these, but they all actually worked the same.
+We started with printing and piano.
+The first thing that happens is redefining the product.
+In other words, the product becomes a piece of music and a piece of paper that you can take home with you.
+In the 20th century, it becomes a record that you can take home.
+In the 21st century, it becomes a digital file.
+The nature of the product changes.
+The second is the division of labor.
+If you want to hear Bach, you have to go hear Bach. There is no other way to do this.
+In the 19th century, there are musicians, composers, and people doing all sorts of things.
+There are listeners who can manipulate music as you just saw.
+It changes expectations for quality.
+If everyone heard Count Basie or Benny Goodman, they probably aren't so happy with local bands anymore.
+You just heard... -- "I want to go hear some more Benny Goodman."
+Now we have a global market.
+You will hear things you never heard before.
+Every time something like this happens, it deprives us of social interaction to some extent.
+Beethoven lets you play Beethoven at home.
+You can't play Mozart at home.
+But with Beethoven, you can buy sheet music, go home, close the door and play the piano.
+And you are the only one there.
+Now we have headphones that do the same thing.
+Each time these disruptions occur, so does the amount of social interaction.
+Get a new and personalized experience every time.
+You can play Beethoven the way you want.
+You can play faster or you can play slower.
+You can now actually personalize your experience.
+Consumers have more choices and the market expands.
+The number of titles sold in those music stores will increase.
+But with a global pyramid, you also have fewer options because you can't always tell yourself what you want.
+There are many options out there. how do you choose
+And then marketing started to come in and say, "Who's the flavor of the month?"
+One more thing not on the list. It's copyright infringement.
+One of Haydn's and Chopin's biggest concerns is that people will write fake Chopins and put "Chopin" on them.
+Do you think Chopin was comforted by the notion that "20 percent of people who buy fake Chopin are likely to go buy real Chopin"?
+I mean -- I don't know.
+(Laughter.) But Chopin is also a smart entrepreneur, you know what he's doing?
+He publishes his music on the same day in Italy, France, Germany and England. All must be published on the same day, as there is no international copyright.
+And he believes that each country is different.
+So if you're playing Chopin, the additions from each country are intentionally different. This is because I wanted to be able to track who was a pirate.
+So this is not what Sony thought.
+So the question is...
+This new technology offers more choice for more people, makes it more global, but also enables more piracy.
+It also allows people to have marketing filters.
+They interact in some way, not necessarily directly.
+So the next time someone says, "There was never anything like the Internet."
+Well, that's true, but this kind of disruption in music technology has happened before.
+And this model of disruption is the same one we see in other types of businesses.
+It changes the nature of the product.
+I mean, if you're in the book publishing business, you think you're in the book publishing business because of what's called a book.
+Well, novels can sell even without books.
+You can be in the music business without being in the record industry.
+You were selling records only because it was a skill you inherited.
+Newspaper business: Disappeared.
+But journalism is not dead.
+And finally, school.
+School is the next big horizon. Because what were we doing?
+School used to be like buying gas or buying food. We needed local entrances everywhere.
+But now, thanks to the internet, there are different delivery systems.
+So schools have to think about what they sell.
+But I don't think face-to-face interactions will go away.
+As we have demonstrated today, there is still value here. Because we're at something called TED, where we still want to get to know each other.
+(applause)
+I'm talking about optimism, or more precisely optimism bias.
+This is a cognitive illusion that I have been studying in my lab for the last few years, and 80% of us have this illusion.
+We tend to overestimate our chances of experiencing good things in life and underestimate our chances of experiencing bad things.
+So we underestimate the chances of getting cancer or being in a car accident.
+We overestimate our life expectancy and career prospects.
+In short, we are optimistic rather than realistic, yet we are oblivious to the fact.
+Take marriage for example.
+In the Western world, the divorce rate is about 40 percent.
+In other words, two out of five married couples will divide their assets.
+But when newlyweds are asked about their chances of getting divorced, the odds are estimated at zero percent.
+And even divorce lawyers, who should actually know better, vastly underestimate their chances of getting divorced.
+So it turns out that optimists aren't less likely to get divorced, they're more likely to remarry.
+In the words of Samuel Johnson, "remarriage is the triumph of hope over experience."
+(Laughter.) I mean, if we're married, we're more likely to have children.
+And we all consider our children to be particularly gifted.
+By the way, this is my 2 year old nephew, Guy.
+And I want to be absolutely clear that he's a really bad example of the optimism bias, because he's actually an unmatched talent.
+(Laughter.) And I'm not alone.
+Three out of four Britons say they are optimistic about their family's future.
+That's 75 percent.
+But only 30% said they think their families as a whole are better off than they were a few generations ago.
+This is a really important point because we are optimistic about ourselves, we are optimistic about our children, we are optimistic about our family, but we are not so optimistic about the man sitting next to us. I am somewhat pessimistic about the fate of our compatriots and the fate of our country.
+But personal optimism about our own personal futures still lingers.
+It doesn't mean that we magically think things will work out, but rather that we have the unique ability to make it happen.
+Now I'm a scientist and I'm doing an experiment.
+So I'll do an experiment with you here to show what I mean.
+So here's a list of abilities and traits. And for each of these abilities, I want you to think about where you stand in relation to the rest of the population.
+The first is to get along well with others.
+Who believes they are in the bottom 25 percent?
+Well, about 10 out of 1,500 people.
+Who believes they are in the top 25%?
+That's what most of us here do.
+Well, now do the same with your driving ability.
+how funny is it
+how attractive are you
+how honest are you
+And finally, how humble are you?
+Therefore, most of us consider ourselves above average in most of these abilities.
+Currently, this is statistically impossible.
+We are not all better than others.
+(Laughter) But if we believe we're better than other guys, it's because we're more sociable and more interesting, so we're more likely to get promoted, and we're more likely to stay married. means
+And it is a global phenomenon.
+Optimism bias has been observed in many countries, including Western and non-Western cultures, women, men, children, and the elderly.
+It's pretty widespread.
+But the question is, is it good for us?
+That's why some people say "no".
+Some say the secret to happiness is keeping your expectations low.
+I think the logic is something like this: If we don't expect greatness, if we don't expect to find love and to be healthy and successful, we won't be disappointed if those things don't happen.
+And we will be happy if we are not disappointed when good things don't happen, and if we are pleasantly surprised when good things happen.
+This is a very good theory, but it turned out to be wrong for three reasons.
+Number one: No matter what happens, success or failure, people with high expectations always feel better.
+Because how you feel when you get dumped or receive the employee of the month award depends on how you interpret the event.
+Psychologists Margaret Marshall and John Brown studied students with high and low expectations.
+And when people with high expectations succeed, they attribute their success to their own traits.
+"I got an A because I'm a genius, so I'll get more A's in the future."
+When they failed, it wasn't because they were stupid, but because the exam happened to be unfair.
+Next time they will do better.
+People with low expectations do the opposite.
+I mean, they failed because they were stupid, and they succeeded because the exam happened to be really easy.
+Reality will catch up with them next time.
+That made them feel bad.
+Second: Pure expectations make us happy, regardless of the outcome.
+Behavioral economist George Loewenstein asked college students to imagine being kissed passionately by a celebrity (any celebrity).
+He then said, "How much would you pay to get a kiss from a celebrity if the kiss happened immediately, 3 hours later, 24 hours later, 3 days later, 1 year later, 10 years later?" rice field.
+He found that students were willing to pay the most to be kissed within three days rather than to be kissed immediately.
+They were willing to pay extra for the wait.
+Well, they weren't going to wait a year or ten years. No one wants an old celebrity.
+But 3 days seems to be the optimal amount.
+Why?
+Well, if you kiss me now, it's over.
+But if you kiss me within 3 days, it will be 3 days of waiting with my heart pounding.
+The students wanted to give them time to imagine where and how it could happen.
+Expectations made them happy.
+By the way, this is why people prefer Fridays to Sundays.
+This is a very interesting fact. You might think that people would prefer Sundays because Friday is a day of work and Sunday is a day of fun, but this is not the case.
+It's not because they really, really love being in the office and can't stand a walk in the park or a leisurely brunch.
+we know it Because if you ask people what their ultimate favorite day of the week is, Saturday comes first, then Friday, then Sunday.
+People love Fridays because they come with all the anticipation and plans for the upcoming weekend.
+The only thing you can look forward to on Sunday is the work week.
+So optimists are people who expect more kisses and more walks in the park in the future.
+And that expectation enhances their happiness.
+In fact, without the optimism bias, we would all be a little depressed.
+People with mild depression have no prejudices about the future.
+In fact, they are more realistic than healthy people.
+But people with severe depression have a pessimistic bias.
+As such, they tend to expect the future to be worse than it actually is.
+Optimism therefore changes subjective reality.
+How we expect the world to be changes how we see it.
+But it also changes objective reality.
+It works as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
+This is the third reason why lowering expectations doesn't make you happier.
+Contrasting experiments show that optimism is not only associated with success, it leads to success.
+Optimism leads to success in academics, sports, and politics.
+And perhaps the most amazing benefit of optimism is health.
+Expecting a bright future reduces stress and anxiety.
+So, overall, optimism has many benefits.
+But the really confusing question for me was how can I maintain my optimism in the face of reality?
+As a neuroscientist, this was particularly confusing. Because, according to all the theories out there, if expectations are not met, they should be changed.
+But this is not what we found.
+We asked people to come to our lab to figure out what was going on.
+We asked them to estimate their likelihood of experiencing various frightening events in their lives.
+So, for example, what are the chances that you will get cancer?
+And we told them the average odds of someone like them having this misfortune.
+For example, cancer is about 30%.
+And we asked them again, "How likely are you to get cancer?"
+What we wanted to know was whether people would accept the information we gave them and change their beliefs.
+And indeed they did, but mostly when the information we gave them was better than their expectations.
+For example, if someone says, "I have about a 50 percent chance of getting cancer," we say, "Hey, that's good news.
+The average chance is only 30 percent,' and the next time they'll say, 'Well, my chance is probably around 35 percent.
+So they learned quickly and efficiently.
+But if someone starts saying, "My average chance of getting cancer is about 10 percent," we're like, "Hey, bad news.
+The average chance is about 30 percent,' and the next time they say, I think it's still around 11%. "
+(Laughter.) I mean, it's not that they didn't learn at all, they did learn, but much less than when we gave them positive information about the future.
+And it's not that they didn't remember the number we gave them. Everyone remembers that the average chance of cancer is about 30 percent and the average chance of divorce is about 40 percent.
+But they didn't think those numbers were relevant to them.
+What this means is that the impact of such warning signs may be limited.
+Yes, smoking kills people, but in most cases smoking kills them.
+What I wanted to know was what was going on in the human brain that prevented us from taking these warning signs personally.
+But at the same time, when I hear that the housing market is hopeful, I think, "Oh, my house will definitely double in price."
+To find out, I had experiment participants lie down on a brain imaging scanner.
+It is like this.
+And using a method called functional MRI, they were able to identify areas of the brain that were responding to positive information.
+One of these areas is called the left inferior frontal gyrus.
+So when someone says, "I have a 50 percent chance of getting cancer," we say, "Hey, that's good news.
+The average chance is 30%,” and the left inferior frontal gyrus reacts violently.
+And no matter if you're an extreme optimist, a mild optimist, or a little pessimistic, whether it's Barack Obama or Woody Allen, anyone's lower left frontal It worked perfectly once.
+On the other side of the brain, the right inferior frontal gyrus responded to bad news.
+And the problem is, it didn't do a very good job.
+The more optimistic we are, the less likely the region will react to unexpected negative information.
+And if your brain is failing to integrate bad news about the future, you end up wearing rose-tinted glasses all the time.
+So we wanted to know if we could change this.
+Could interfering with brain activity in these areas change people's optimism bias?
+And there are ways to make it happen.
+My name is Ryota Kanai, a joint researcher.
+And what he's doing is sending tiny magnetic pulses through the skulls of our study participants into the inferior frontal gyrus.
+By doing so, he blocks activity in this brain area for about 30 minutes.
+I assure you everything will be back to normal after that.
+(Laughter) So let's see what happens.
+First, we show the average amount of bias we are observing.
+So, if we were to test all of you right now, this is how much more we learn from good news than bad news.
+Here, the optimism bias was even greater when interfering with areas found to integrate negative information in this task.
+We have made the way people process information even more biased.
+Then, when we intervened in brain regions that were found to integrate good news into this task, the optimism bias disappeared.
+We were very surprised by these results because we were able to remove deep-rooted human prejudices.
+And at this point we stopped and asked ourselves if we wanted to shatter the illusion of optimism into tiny little things.
+If you could do that, would you want to remove people's optimism bias?
+Now that we've talked about the benefits of the optimism bias, you probably want to stick with it for the rest of your life.
+But of course there are pitfalls and it would be really stupid to ignore them.
+For example, take this email we received from a firefighter here in California.
+"Fatal investigations of firefighters often say, 'I didn't think the fire was going to do that,' even when they had all the information available to make a safe decision," he said. ' said.
+This captain uses our findings on the optimism bias to try to explain to firefighters why they think the way they do, and to make them aware of the hyper-optimistic bias in humans. increase.
+Therefore, unrealistic optimism can lead to risky behavior, financial ruin, and ill-planned.
+For example, the UK government admits that individuals are more likely to underestimate the cost and duration of projects due to an optimism bias.
+So they adjusted the 2012 Olympic budget to account for the optimistic bias.
+A friend of mine who is getting married in a few weeks did the same with her wedding budget.
+By the way, when I asked him about his own chances of getting divorced, he said he was sure he had a zero percent chance of getting divorced.
+So what we really want to do is protect ourselves from the dangers of optimism, but at the same time stay hopeful and benefit from the many fruits of optimism.
+And we believe we have a way to make it happen.
+Knowledge is really the key here.
+We are not born to understand our prejudices.
+These need to be identified by scientific research.
+But the good news is that noticing the bias of optimism doesn't shatter illusions.
+It's like an optical illusion that doesn't go away when you understand it.
+And this is a good thing because it means that we should be able to strike a balance, come up with plans and rules to protect ourselves from unrealistic optimism, and at the same time remain hopeful.
+I think this manga does a good job of expressing that.
+Because if you're one of those pessimistic penguins who don't believe they can fly, you never will.
+Because in order to make any progress, you need to be able to imagine different realities and believe that those realities are possible.
+But if you're an overly optimistic penguin who just blindly jumps off hoping for the best, you might find yourself in a bit of a mess when you hit the ground.
+But if you're an optimistic penguin who believes you can fly, with a parachute on your back just in case things don't go as planned, you'll be like an eagle, even if it's just a flap of wings. will fly to penguin.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So it turns out that mathematics is a very powerful language.
+It produced considerable insight in physics, biology, and economics, but not so much in humanities and history.
+I think there is a belief that it is simply not possible, that human behavior cannot be quantified, that history cannot be measured.
+But I don't think that is correct.
+I would like to explain why with some examples.
+So my collaborator Erez and I were thinking about the following facts. Two kings separated by centuries would speak very different languages.
+It is a powerful historical force.
+In other words, King Alfred the Great of England would use a very different vocabulary and grammar than the king of hip-hop, Jay-Z.
+(Laughter) Right now, that's exactly what it is.
+Languages ​​change over time and have great impact.
+So Erez and I wanted to know more about it.
+So we paid attention to a particular grammatical rule, the past tense conjugation.
+Simply add "ed" to the end of the verb to denote the past.
+"I will walk today. I walked yesterday too."
+But some verbs are irregular.
+"Yesterday, I thought."
+What's interesting here is that the irregular verbs between Alfred and Jay-Z have become more regular.
+Just like the verb "to wed" here has become regular.
+So Erez and I traced the fate of over 100 irregular verbs through 12 centuries of English and found that there really is a very simple mathematical pattern that captures this complex historical shift. In other words, if one verb is 100 times more frequent than another, normalization will be 10 times slower.
+It's part of history, but it's wrapped up in mathematics.
+Now, in some cases, mathematics can even explain or suggest an explanation for historical forces.
+So Steve Pinker and I were thinking about the scale of warfare over the last two centuries.
+In fact, they have a well-known regularity that the number of wars that are 100 times deadlier is 10 times less.
+So there are 30 wars nearly as deadly as the Six Day War, but only 4, like World War I, 100 times as deadly.
+So what kind of historical mechanism produces it?
+What is the origin of this?
+So Steve and I propose, through mathematical analysis, that at the root of this is actually a very simple phenomenon that lies in our brains.
+This is a very well-known ability to perceive quantities such as light intensity and sound loudness in a relative way.
+For example, throwing 10,000 soldiers into your next battle sounds like a lot.
+If you've already deployed 1,000 soldiers before, that's relatively huge.
+But that doesn't seem to be much and relatively not enough. If you've already put in 100,000 soldiers before, it makes no difference.
+That is, because of our perception of quantity, as a war drags on, the number of soldiers and casualties put into it exponentially, not linearly like 10,000, then 11,000, then 12,000. You can see that it increases. 10,000, then 20,000. , then 40,000.
+This explains this pattern we've seen so far.
+So here mathematics can connect familiar features of an individual's mind with long-term historical patterns that unfold across continents over centuries.
+There are only a few examples of this kind today, but it will become commonplace within the next decade.
+The reason is that historical records are being digitized at a very fast pace.
+So there are about 130 million books that have been written since time immemorial.
+Companies like Google are digitizing a lot of it. More than 20 million in fact.
+And when information about history becomes available in digital form, mathematical analysis makes it possible to review our historical and cultural trends very quickly and conveniently.
+Therefore, I believe that in the next ten years science and humanities will come together to answer deep questions about humanity.
+And I think math will be a very powerful language for doing that.
+It can reveal new trends in our history, sometimes explain them, and perhaps even predict what will happen in the future.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Just imagine, your eyelashes were growing inwards instead of outwards, and each time you blinked they rubbed against the front of your eyeball, scratching your cornea and slowly becoming painful. blind.
+Well, that's what happens to someone with trachoma.
+Well, this little boy from Zambia, Pamelo, has trachoma.
+And if we do nothing, he will go blind.
+Trachoma is a strange disease.
+It is a bacterial infection that is transmitted from person to person and by flies.
+Repeated infections damage the eyelids, causing them to shrink and turn inside out.
+It especially affects women because they have more contact with children.
+In Ethiopia and elsewhere, we often see girls wearing these tweezers around their necks and using them to pull out their eyelashes.
+But of course, because that will only give them a temporary respite and they will only come back more ferocious than before.
+Approximately 2 million people worldwide are blind or visually impaired due to trachoma.
+And we believe as many as 200 million people may be at risk.
+Well, it's a very old disease.
+What you can see is a picture of a tomb wall in northern Sudan.
+A colleague and I were traveling in a very remote village and asked an old man to take us to a small tomb.
+Now I see two eyes on the wall.
+One is crying and you can see the tweezers next to it.
+Simon said to me, "God, do you think it's trachoma?"
+So I sent this picture to the British Museum, and yes, it was confirmed to be Trachoma.
+So, thousands of years ago, the ancient Nubians had drawings of trachoma on the walls of their tombs.
+And tragically, the disease is still rampant in the area.
+And oddly enough, we know how to stop it.
+And the great thing is that the trachoma community is all coming together and working together.
+we don't compete we work together
+My experience in the NGO world is that this is not always the case.
+We set up something called the International Coalition Against Trachoma.
+And we worked together to develop a strategy to combat it.
+This strategy is called the SAFE strategy and is endorsed by the World Health Organization.
+The "S" stands for "surgery".
+It's a very simple procedure to put the eyelids back in the right direction.
+We train nurses to do that, and they use local anesthetics.
+As you can see, you can do it at someone's front door if you want.
+And the "A" stands for "antibiotics".
+These are donated by Pfizer, which also covers the cost of the medicines shipped to domestic ports.
+From there they are taken to villages, where hundreds of thousands of community volunteers distribute those drugs to the people.
+Today, we train volunteers and also assist ministries with complex arrangements.
+And all the volunteers have poles like this.
+It is called a "dose pole".
+This one is from Cameroon.
+And you can see that they are marked with different colors so you know how many pills to give someone based on their height.
+"F" stands for "face wash".
+Well, trachoma also existed in England and America.
+In fact, President Carter, when he was a little boy, he talks about how trachoma was a serious problem in Georgia.
+And Moorfields, England's famous eye hospital, was originally a trachoma hospital.
+What we do is teach these kids the importance of washing their face.
+And the last 'E' stands for 'environment', where we help communities build toilets and guide animals to keep them away from their living areas to reduce the number of flies.
+Therefore, we know how to deal with this disease.
+But I need to know where it is.
+Because a few years ago Sightsavers led an amazing program called the Global Trachoma Mapping Project.
+It took three years, but he visited 29 countries and coached local health workers to go from region to region, and they examined more than 2.5 million eyelids.
+And I used my Android smartphone to download the data.
+And from there, we were able to build a map showing where the disease was.
+Well, here's a very advanced map showing which countries have a problem with trachoma.
+"So, does this strategy really work?" you might ask.
+Yes, it is.
+This map shows our progress so far.
+Green countries believe they have eliminated trachoma and have completed or are undergoing WHO verification.
+Countries in yellow have the funds they need and the resources to eradicate trachoma.
+And some of them are really getting there.
+But the red country does not have enough money.
+Trachoma cannot be eradicated unless more trachoma is introduced.
+However, we are very concerned that progress to date may stall.
+So when talking to the Audacious idea guys, we asked ourselves. If you really, really pushed yourself over the next 4-5 years and had the money, what do you think you could accomplish?
+We believe we can eradicate trachoma in 12 African countries, the Americas and the entire Pacific Ocean.
+And in the two countries with the highest burden of the disease: Ethiopia and Nigeria, we can make great strides.
+And by doing all of this, we can tap into over $2 billion worth of donated medicines.
+(Applause.) Now, this map shows our impact. Look at how many countries care about the environment.
+And we can see progress in Ethiopia and Nigeria.
+Yes, there are still some red countries.
+These are mostly countries in conflict, where it is very difficult to work, such as Yemen and South Sudan.
+Now we have teams, strategies and maps.
+We also build relationships with governments to ensure our programs are aligned and efficient with other disease control programs.
+Wouldn't it be amazing if we could do this?
+Trachoma will escape.
+We will be heading home straight to rid the world of this disease.
+But before I finish, I want to give you a few words from a man named Sir John Wilson, the founder of Sightsavers.
+Now he is 12 years old and blind.
+And he said, "People don't go blind by the millions.
+One by one they go blind. "
+And while we are excited to say that we have eradicated trachoma nation-wide, we must remember that it is actually a devastating disease that destroys the lives of individual people.
+A person who likes Tuiba.
+Well, I met Tuiba in Tanzania last year.
+She has had trachoma for as long as she can remember.
+And months before I met her, she had surgery.
+It's no exaggeration to say that this changed her life.
+We saved the sight she left behind and she was pain free.
+she was able to sleep
+She could work, she could socialize.
+And she said to me, "I got my life back."
+And I couldn't help but be moved by her story.
+But there are many tsuiba.
+I want to find all the tsuiba and no one wants to go blind in agony anymore.
+Well, there are many unsolvable problems in this world.
+But this isn't one of them.
+This is what we can solve.
+And we can help these children grow up free from the fear of trachoma.
+So let's end trachoma for children like these and people like Tuiba.
+do you think you can?
+Yes, if you really want to.
+Yes, I can.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+We have a big problem of global warming.
+Many, many of you have seen floods, droughts, storms and fires.
+As I leave this stage today, I don't want you to have any hope.
+I want you to have confidence, real confidence, that we can get to this problem and live to solve it.
+I want to give you a vision of what it will look like.
+This is my first time sharing this publicly.
+You are the first audience to hear it.
+We are going to launch a rocket.
+And the rocket will carry a satellite.
+And the satellite will collect data on the pollution that is warming the planet.
+We put that data into the hands of people who can make simple fixes that will change the course of global warming in our lifetime.
+There are a lot of things to consider, so you might as well back it up.
+First of all, please allow me to introduce myself. i'm fred I have been an environmental activist since I was a child, watching fish and frogs in my neighborhood pond die from chemical spills.
+It bothered me.
+After that, I started to think differently about environmental protection under the influence of a certain professor.
+How the best solutions come from meeting people's aspirations for prosperity, such as being safe, healthy and prosperous in this world.
+So I joined the Environmental Defense Fund to build such a solution.
+And I've spent my entire career working on moments like this, when you can stop fighting the headwind and start taking the wind on your back.
+Thanks to the power of information, information from technology is becoming less expensive and more accurate.
+There are things about climate change that we didn't understand just a decade ago.
+The world has been so focused on carbon dioxide that it has overlooked another important gas.
+We didn't appreciate the methane.
+Methane pollution is responsible for a quarter of the global warming we are currently experiencing.
+For each pound, its direct impact is much greater than carbon dioxide.
+84 times in 20 years.
+One of the largest sources of methane pollution is the oil and gas industry.
+But that's not obvious, because methane is invisible.
+Take a look at this natural gas storage facility outside of Los Angeles.
+Can you see the methane?
+I can't do it either.
+how are you now?
+We filmed this with an infrared camera at the same location, revealing one of the worst methane leaks in US history.
+That's a very different picture.
+It turns out that natural gas is displacing our dependence on coal, which emits far more carbon dioxide.
+But natural gas is mostly methane.
+As a result, it leaks out of wells, pipes, and other equipment as it is produced, processed, and shipped to homes and businesses across America.
+It rises into the sky and contributes to the disasters we are currently experiencing.
+It doesn't have to happen.
+But nobody paid much attention to it until we started a nationwide survey to understand the problem.
+We used drones, planes, helicopters, and even Google Street View cars.
+This methane pollution turned out to be much higher than what the government reports.
+We have also found that once we identify where gas is venting and leaking, most of those sources can be repaired easily and cheaply, saving gas that would otherwise be wasted.
+And finally, it turns out that if you put such information in the hands of people, they will act.
+Major companies replaced valves and tightened loose pipes.
+Colorado became the first state in the nation to limit methane pollution. The state of California followed suit, and the public also participated.
+#cutmethane tweets started flying around.
+And now everyone has even more attention.
+We are doing this because we can't wait for Washington, especially not now.
+In fact, we must use what we have done so far to go higher and higher into the sky.
+The United States accounts for about 10 percent of this pollution.
+To find the rest you have to globalize it.
+Remember that rocket we talked about earlier?
+A small satellite called MethaneSAT will be launched with the goal of doing what no one has done before: accurately measuring methane pollution from oil and gas facilities around the world.
+That data stream will map that pollution for everyone to see.
+Then it's about turning data into action, just like we did in the US.
+We have seen many companies reduce pollution when presented with data.
+Citizens are empowered to take action. The government will tighten regulations.
+And all of our data is free and open to the public, so it's transparent and everyone can see where and how much progress we're making.
+That's where our goal comes into play. The goal is to reduce this methane pollution by 45% by 2025.
+(Applause.) That would have the same short-term impact as shutting down 1,300 coal-fired power plants.
+This is equivalent to one-third of the world's coal-fired power plants.
+Nothing else offers such short-term results at such a low cost.
+The fact that a single satellite can stop global warming is truly amazing.
+This is our chance to make a difference in our lives and we can do it now.
+Thanks to the Audacious Project's generous donations, we're on track.
+But my time is running out. I promised a vision of what the key parts of the solution would look like.
+can you see it?
+See how this satellite harnesses the best of science, data and technology?
+Can you see that we are entering a whole new era of innovation that will accelerate our progress?
+Can you see it in our hands?
+We have an aggressive goal of 3 years to launch and will host a launch party when the satellite is ready.
+Literal launch party.
+So imagine a day with blue skies, a crowd of people, TV cameras and children looking up at what will change their future.
+What a wonderful day.
+What a great opportunity.
+i can't wait.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I wanted to talk to you about creative confidence.
+I will be starting in third grade at Oakdale School in Barberton, Ohio.
+I remember one day my best friend Brian was working on a project.
+He was making a horse out of clay that his teacher kept under the sink.
+And at one point one of the girls who was sitting at his table looked at what he was doing and crouched down and said to him.
+And Brian's shoulder fell.
+And he rolled up the clay horse and put it back in the trash.
+I've never seen Brian do a project like that again.
+And I wonder how often that happens, you know?
+When I told Brian's story to the class, many of the students would come in after school and tell me about experiences similar to theirs, how the teachers shut them out, how the students were particularly cruel to them, and so on. seems to want to talk to
+And you sort of opt out of thinking of yourself as creative at that point.
+And opting out of it happens in childhood, and by adulthood we find it pervasive and even more ingrained.
+So we see a lot of things like this.
+Running workshops or inviting clients to work with us, we eventually get to the point of a vague or unconventional process.
+And finally, these moguls pull out their BlackBerrys, say they have to make a very important call, and head for the exit.
+And they are so uncomfortable.
+When we track them down and ask them what's going on, they say things like, "I'm not the creative type."
+But we know that's not true.
+Stick to the process and you'll get great results in the end.
+And they marvel at how innovative they and their team really are.
+So I've been looking at the fear of judgment that we have, the fear of not doing things, the fear of being judged. If you don't say the creative things right, you will be criticized.
+And I made a big breakthrough when I met psychologist Albert Bandura.
+I don't know if you know Albert Bandura, but if you go to Wikipedia, it says he is the 4th most important psychologist in history, along with Freud, Skinner, someone, and Bandura. I'm here.
+(Laughter) Bandura is 86 and still works at Stanford.
+And he's just a lovely person.
+So I went to see him. Because he has been working with phobias for a long time and I was very interested in it.
+He developed this method, this kind of methodology, and in the end he was able to heal people in a very short time, say four hours.
+And we talked about snakes - I don't know why - about snakes and the fear of snakes as a phobia.
+And it was really fun, really interesting.
+He said he would invite the subjects into the room and say, "There's a snake in the next room, let's go over there."
+In response, most of them said, "No way! I won't go in there. If there are snakes there, sure," he reported.
+But Bandura had a step-by-step process that turned out to be a huge success.
+So he took people to this double-sided mirror and looked into the room where the snake was.
+And he would make them feel at ease with that.
+Then, through a series of steps, he moved them, and they stood in the doorway with the door open, peering into it.
+And he would make them feel at ease with that.
+And after many more steps, they entered the room, put on leather gloves like welder's gloves, and ended up touching the snake.
+And when they touched the snake, all was well. they were cured.
+In fact, all was well rather than well.
+People who had feared snakes all their lives said things like, "How beautiful that snake is!"
+And they had it on their laps.
+Bandura calls this process “guided mastery.”
+I love the term "guided mastery".
+And then something else happened.
+People who went through this process and were exposed to snakes ended up feeling less anxious about other things in their lives.
+They worked harder, persevered longer, and were more resilient in the face of failure.
+They just gained new confidence.
+And Bandura calls that confidence “self-efficacy,” the feeling that you can change the world and achieve what you set out to do.
+Well, meeting Bandura was really cathartic for me. Because this famous scientist found us documenting and scientifically verifying what has happened in the last 30 years. This means that we can accommodate people who feared they weren't creative. And through a series of steps, like a series of small successes, fear can be turned into familiarity.
+The transformation is amazing.
+I see it all the time at d.school.
+People from all walks of life consider themselves analytical people.
+And they came and went through that process, our process, built their confidence, and now they're changing their minds about themselves.
+And they're totally emotionally excited about the fact that they walk around thinking of themselves as creative human beings.
+So I thought one of the things I'm going to do today is show you guys what this journey is like.
+To me, that journey looks like Doug Dietz.
+Doug Dietz is an engineer.
+He designs large medical imaging equipment.
+He works for GE and has had a great career.
+But one day, a crisis came to him.
+When he was looking at the MRI machine in use at the hospital, he noticed a young family and this little girl.
+And the little girl was scared and crying.
+And Doug was really disappointed to learn that almost 80 percent of the hospital's pediatric patients had to be sedated to work with the MRI machine.
+For Doug, this was a real shame. Until then, he was proud of what he had done.
+He was using this machine to save his life.
+But it really hurt him to see this machine inflicting terror on children.
+At the time, he was taking classes at Stanford University's d.school.
+He was learning about our process, design thinking, empathy, and iterative prototyping.
+And he will use this new knowledge to do the most amazing things.
+He intended to redesign the entire experience of being scanned.
+And this is what he came up with.
+(Laughter) He turned it into an adventure for the kids.
+He painted the walls, painted the machines, and had the operators retrained by people who knew children, such as the children's museum staff.
+And now, when kids come, it becomes an experience.
+And they talk about ship noises and movements.
+And when they come, they say, "Okay, I'm going to enter the pirate ship, but I don't want the pirates to find me, so please be quiet."
+The results were quite dramatic. About 80% of children required sedation, and about 10% required sedation.
+The hospital and GE were happy too. Because we don't have to call the anesthesiologist all the time, we can get more children to use the machine in a day.
+So the quantitative results were great.
+But the results Doug focused on were much more qualitative.
+He was with one of the mothers waiting for the child to come out of the scan.
+And when the little girl came out of the scan, she ran up to her mother and said, "Mommy, can I come back tomorrow?"
+(Laughter) So, many times I've heard Doug talk about his personal transformation and the groundbreaking designs that came out of it, but he didn't bring a tear to his eye to tell the girl's story. I have never seen you speak. .
+Doug's story takes place in a hospital.
+I know some things about hospitals.
+A few years ago, I felt a lump on the side of my neck.
+It was my turn to enter the MRI machine.
+It was cancer, it was the bad kind.
+I was told there was a 40% chance of survival.
+So while you're sitting in your pajamas with the other patients, everyone's pale and skinny — (laughter) you know? ――And while waiting for the turn to irradiate the gamma rays, I think about various things.
+I mainly think about: "Will I survive?"
+And I thought a lot about what my daughter's life would be like without me.
+But you think otherwise.
+I thought a lot about what I came to earth to do.
+What was my vocation? what should i do?
+We were lucky because there were so many options.
+We have worked in health and wellness, K-12 and in the developing world.
+So there were a lot of projects I could work on.
+But I was determined and committed at this point to what I wanted to do most: help as many people as possible regain the creative confidence they had lost along the way.
+And if I was going to survive, that's what I wanted to do.
+As you know, I survived.
+(Laughter) (Applause) When people get this confidence, which you see all the time at d.school and IDEO, I truly believe that people will actually start working on the things that really matter in their lives. .
+We see people quit what they are doing and go in new directions.
+We watch them come up with more interesting and even more ideas so they can choose from better ones.
+And they just make better decisions.
+At TED, you should have something that changes the world. Everyone has something that changes the world.
+For me, if there's anything that can help me achieve this, it's this.
+So I hope that you, like the thought leaders, will join me in my quest.
+Recognize that people are inherently creative, and that natural people should be, without letting people divide the world into those who are creative and those who are not, as if it were a God-given gift. It would be really great if you could do that. Let their ideas fly. That you should achieve what Bandura calls self-efficacy, that you can do what you set out to do, and that you can reach a place of creative confidence where you can touch the snake.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I study ants because I like to think about how organizations work.
+In particular, how simple parts of an organization interact to produce organizational behavior.
+Ant colonies are therefore a good example of such an organization, and there are many others. The web is one.
+There are many such biological systems, such as brains, cells, and developing embryos.
+There are about 10,000 species of ants.
+All ants live in colonies of one or a few queens, and all roaming ants are sterile female workers.
+And all ant colonies have one thing in common: no central control.
+No one tells anyone what to do.
+The queen bee only lays eggs. No management.
+No ant dictates the actions of other ants.
+And I'm trying to understand how it works.
+And for the last 20 years, I've been studying seed-eating ant populations in southeastern Arizona.
+This is my study site. This is really an ant painting and the rabbit just happens to be there.
+And these ants are called harvester ants because they eat seeds.
+This is the nest of the mature colony, with the entrance to the nest.
+They then forage, perhaps up to 20 meters away, collecting seeds and bringing them back to their nests for storage.
+And I go there every year and map the research sites.
+This is just a road. It's not that big. About 250 meters on one side and about 400 meters on the other.
+And every colony has a name, a number painted on the rock. And I go there every year and look for all the colonies that were alive the previous year, figure out which ones died, and put all the new colonies on the map.
+That way you'll know how old they all are.
+This allowed us to study how their behavior changed as the colony grew older and larger.
+So I would like to talk about the colony life cycle.
+An ant never gives birth to more ants. Colonies make more colonies.
+And they do so by sending out their genitals (the winged ones) on breeding flights each year.
+So on the same day each year, and how exactly that happens is a mystery, each colony sends out winged, unmated queens and males, who all fly to a common location. . and they mate.
+And this shows the virgin queen these days. Here are her wings.
+And while she is mating with this male, another male is waiting on top of her.
+Queen bees often mate multiple times.
+And then all the males die. That's the end for them.
+(Laughter.) Then the newly-mated queen bee flies away, sheds its wings, digs a hole, enters the hole, and starts laying eggs.
+They then live 15 or 20 years and continue to lay eggs using the sperm from the first mating.
+So the Queen goes there.
+She lays eggs and feeds the larvae. So, ants start as eggs and then become larvae.
+She feeds the larvae by spitting out stored fat.
+And as soon as the first group of ants, the ants emerge, they become larvae. Then it becomes a pupa. It then emerges as an adult ant.
+They go out, get food, dig nests, but the queen bee never comes out again.
+So this is a one year old colony. This happens to be 536.
+There is a nest entrance and a pencil for scales.
+So this is the colony founded by the Queen the previous summer.
+This is a colony from 3 years ago.
+There is a nest entrance and a pencil for scales.
+They build mounds, or heaps of garbage - mostly seed husks that they eat.
+This is a colony from 5 years ago. This is the entrance of the nest, here is the scale pencil.
+This is the largest size, about 1 meter in diameter.
+And how the colony size and number of workers varies, which is about 10,000 workers, varies with the age of the colony (in years).
+Thus, ants start with zero, only a founding queen, and grow to about 10,000 to 12,000 ants when the colony reaches 5.
+And it stays that size until the queen dies and there's no one else to make more ants, which is about 15 or 20 years old.
+Then, when the ant population reaches this stable size, breeding begins.
+That is to send more winged queens and males on that year's mating flight.
+And I dug out colonies of known age and counted all the ants, so I know how colony size varies with colony age. (Laughter) As interesting as this research is, it's not the most fun part.
+(Laughter) Actually, the problem I have with these ants is what I call task assignment.
+How would that change not only how the colonies are organized, but what they do?
+How does the colony adjust the number of workers performing each task as conditions change?
+So things happen to the ant colony.
+Summer rains flood the desert.
+The nest is heavily damaged and needs additional ants to clean up its dirt.
+When extra food becomes available, which we all know about picnics, additional ants are assigned to collect the food.
+So how does the colony coordinate the number of workers performing each task when no one tells who to do what?
+This is the process I call task assignment.
+For harvester ants, I classify the ant work I see just outside the nest into four categories: Where ants are foraging, when they are out along foraging trails, when they are foraging for food, or when they are bringing food home.
+The patrol (should be a magnifying glass) is an interesting group that departs early in the morning before the collectors are active.
+They somehow choose the direction the gatherers go, and by coming back they tell them that it's safe to go out just to come back.
+Second, the nest maintainers work inside the nest, and I wanted to say that the nest looks a lot like Bill Richman's house.
+In other words, there is a room inside, and the walls of the room are lined with moist soil that, when dried in it, forms a surface like adobe.
+It is also very similar to some of the Hopi cave dwellings in the area.
+And the nest keepers do it inside the nest, after which they come out of the nest with a piece of dry soil in their lower jaw.
+So we see the nest keeper come out with some sand, put it down, turn around and go back inside.
+And finally, the tomb workers put some kind of territorial chemical in the garbage.
+So what the burial workers are doing is building a pile of garbage.
+One day it's all here, the next day it's moved there and back again.
+That's the job of Midden workers.
+And these four groups are just ants outside the nest.
+So this is only about 25 percent of the colony and the oldest ants.
+That is, the ants start near the queen ant.
+And if you dig the nests, you will find that the depth of the nests is about the width of the colony, about 1 meter deep for large old nests.
+And there are longer tunnels and chambers, where the queen is often found after eight hours of pickaxing through rock.
+I think this room evolved not because of me and the students with the backhoes and pickaxes, but because sometimes the colony has to sink deeper when flooding occurs.
+So there's an entire network of rooms.
+The Queen is out there somewhere. She just lays eggs.
+They have larvae and eat most of the food.
+And this applies to most ants. Roaming ants don't eat much.
+Take it home and give it to the larvae.
+When gatherers come with food, they simply drop it in the upper room. Then other ants come up from below, grab the food, bring it back, peel the seeds and pile them up.
+Nest maintenance workers are working throughout the nest.
+And strangely and interestingly, about half of the ants in a colony look like they're doing nothing at any given time.
+So, despite the fact that the Bible says, "You lazy people, watch the ants," you can actually think of the ants as reserves.
+I mean, if something happens, I've never seen anything like this happen, but I've only been looking for 20 years, but if something happens, all as needed may come out.
+But really, they're just hanging out there.
+And I think this is a very interesting question. What methods of colony organization might give a do-nothing ant sanctuary some function?
+And they act as a buffer between the ants working deep inside the nest and those working outside.
+And even if you mark ants that are active outside and dig a colony, you will never find ants in the deep.
+This means that ants work inside the nest when they are young.
+They somehow invade this reserve.
+Ultimately, they are recruited to join this external workforce.
+And once it belongs to the ants who work outside, it never goes back.
+Now for ants, most ants, including these ants, are blind.
+They have eyes and can distinguish between light and dark, but they work primarily through their sense of smell.
+So let me stress that what you think about the Ant Queen is not true. Even if the queen ant had the intelligence to send chemical messages throughout this network of rooms and tell the ants outside what to do, it would seem that such messages are not actually seen outside the nest, but rather the assignment of workers. It can't be in time to see the change in
+This is one way to show that the Queen does not dictate the behavior of the colony.
+So when I first started working on task assignments, my first question was, "What is the relationship between ants doing different tasks?"
+Does it matter to the collector what the nest maintainers are doing?
+Does it matter to the Tomb Workers what the Patrolmen are doing? "
+And I think of the colony of ants that each ant is somehow dedicated to its job from the moment it is born, knows its place on the assembly line, and runs independently of other ants. I was working in perspective.
+Instead, I wanted to ask, "How are the various task groups interdependent?"
+So, I changed one thing and ran an experiment.
+Therefore, for example, in the early morning when the nest caretaker is first active, a pile of toothpicks is placed near the entrance of the nest to increase the work of the nest caretaker.
+This is what it looks like after about 20 minutes.
+This is how it looks after about 40 minutes.
+Then the nest keepers just take all the toothpicks to the outer edge of the nest mound and leave them there.
+And what I wanted to know was, "In the situation where additional nest maintenance workers have been hired, will this affect the workers doing other work?"
+We then marked the ants and repeated the experiment.
+Now let me introduce you to the Blue Nest maintenance staff.
+And recently it's been refined even further, resulting in this three-color system.
+And you can mark them individually so you know which ant is which.
+We started with painting model airplanes, then found this great little Japanese marker. it works very well.
+Summarizing the results, we found that yes, the various tasks were interdependent.
+Therefore, changing the number that performs one task also changes the number that performs another task.
+For example, if I get it so dirty that the nest keeper has to clean it up, fewer ants will go out foraging.
+And this is true for all pairwise combinations of tasks.
+And the second result, to many people's surprise, was that the ants were actually switching between tasks.
+The same ant does not repeat the same task throughout its life.
+So, for example, if I provide extra food, the other people, the burial workers, will stop working at the burial grounds and go get food, and they will become gatherers. .
+Nest keepers are collectors.
+Patrolmen become gatherers.
+However, not all migrations are possible. And this shows how it works.
+As I said, with more food, the patrols, the burial workers, and the nest keepers all turn to foraging.
+If I need to patrol more, i.e. if I cause a ruckus and need additional patrols, the nest keepers will switch over to patrol.
+But if more nest maintenance work is required, for example if I offer a bunch of toothpicks, no one will go back to the nest maintenance work and will have to hire a nest maintenance worker from within the nest. yeah.
+Foraging therefore acts as a sink, and ants in the nest act as a source.
+And finally, each ant seems to make a moment-by-moment decision as to whether or not to be active.
+So, for example, collectors don't switch when they need extra nest maintenance work. I know they don't do that.
+But the gatherers somehow decided not to come out.
+And the most interesting result was task assignment.
+This process changes with colony age and changes as follows:
+When these experiments are performed on old colonies, i.e. colonies older than 5 years, the colonies are much more consistent and homeostatic from one time point to the next. The worse things get, the more I annoy them, the more they behave like a peaceful colony.
+On the other hand, young, small colonies, or second-year colonies with just 2,000 ants, are much more variable.
+And surprisingly, ants have a lifespan of only one year.
+It could be this year, it could be this year.
+Thus, older colony ants that appear more stable are not necessarily older than younger colony ants.
+It's not due to old and wise Ali's experience.
+Rather, something in the organization must have changed as the colony aged.
+And what's obviously changed is its size.
+Since getting this result, I've spent a lot of time trying to figure out what kind of decision rules -- very simple, local, perhaps olfactory or chemical rules that ants can use. maybe. Because ants cannot be evaluated. World affairs – which will result in predictable power relationships, as I see it, of who will perform what tasks.
+And it will change as the colony grows.
+And what I discovered is that ants use a network of antennal contacts.
+Therefore, anyone who has seen an ant has seen an ant touching its antennae.
+They smell with their antennae.
+When one ant touches another, it smells it and, for example, by grooming, the ants cover themselves and each other with a layer of oil that has a colony-specific odor, so that the other ant becomes a nest mate. You can see whether .
+And what we're learning is that ants use antenna contact patterns—the frequency with which they meet other working ants—in deciding what to do.
+So what a message is is not a message sent from ant to ant, but a pattern.
+The pattern itself is the message.
+And I'll tell you a little more about that.
+But you may be wondering first. For example, how can an ant know that I am a gatherer?
+I expect to meet another gatherer from time to time.
+However, the more nest keepers they encounter in exchange, the less likely they are to forage.
+Therefore, it is necessary to understand the difference between collectors and nest keepers.
+And it turns out that in this species, and I think in other species as well, these hydrocarbons, this layer of fat on the outside of the ant, is different as the ant performs different tasks. .
+And we conducted experiments to show that this is because the longer an ant stays outside, the more the simple hydrocarbons on its surface change, causing it to emit different odors by performing different tasks. rice field.
+And they can take advantage of the mission's unique odor of cuticular hydrocarbons. They can take advantage of it with short tactile contacts to somehow track the speed at which they encounter ants for specific missions.
+And we just recently demonstrated this by placing a hydrocarbon extract on a small glass bead and gently dropping the bead at the entrance of the nest at an appropriate velocity.
+They found that ants respond to appropriate contact speeds with the glass marbles with the hydrocarbon extract attached to them in the same way they would with real ants.
+So I would like to show you a little film here. It all starts with the nest entrance.
+In other words, the ants are coming in and out through the entrance of the nest.
+They go outside to perform a variety of tasks, and how often they meet when entering and exiting the nest entrance determines, or influences, each ant's decisions about whether to go outside and what task to perform. give
+This was taken through a fiber optic microscope. in the nest.
+At first, we see ants just engaging a fiber optic microscope.
+But the idea is that the ants are there, and each ant experiences a stream of ants passing through it, a stream of contact with other ants.
+And the pattern of these interactions determines whether and what the ants do when they do.
+This can also be seen in ants just outside the nest entrance like this.
+And as each ant returns, it makes contact with other ants.
+And ants waiting just inside the nest entrance to decide whether to go on their next trip are contacting incoming ants.
+And the interesting thing about this system is that it's messed up.
+it is variable. It's noisy. And especially in two ways.
+The first is that the experience of ants, and that of each ant, is not very predictable.
+Because the speed at which the ants come back depends on every little thing that happens when they go out and do their work outside.
+And second, ants' ability to evaluate this pattern must be very crude, as they are not capable of sophisticated counting.
+So we do a lot of simulation, modeling, and experimental work to figure out how these two types of noise combine to produce predictable behavior for ant colonies as a whole. .
+Again, I don't mean to say that this kind of haphazard interaction pattern creates a factory that works with clockwork precision and efficiency.
+In fact, if you observe an ant even a little, you will try to help it. Because ants don't seem to be doing anything exactly the way you think they should.
+So perfection doesn't come out of these random touches.
+But it works pretty well.
+Ants have existed for hundreds of millions of years.
+They cover the globe except Antarctica.
+What they are doing is clearly successful enough, and this haphazard contact pattern collectively produces something that allows ants to produce more ants.
+And one of the things that we're studying is probably the exploitation of this interaction pattern, that natural selection has to do to form this network of interaction patterns, to increase the foraging efficiency of ant colonies. how it works.
+Keep in mind, however, that the pattern of these interactions would be expected to be closely related to colony size.
+The simplest idea is that when ants are in small colonies, and ants in large colonies, we can use the same rule like "expect to meet another forager every 3 seconds".
+However, smaller colonies may encounter fewer foragers because they encounter fewer other foragers.
+So this is a kind of rule that produces different behavior in older colonies and smaller younger colonies as the colonies develop and grow older and larger.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+This is a diagram of the brain a thousand years ago.
+A diagram of the visual system.
+And some are very well known today.
+Two eyes at the bottom, the optic nerve drains from the back.
+It has a very large nose that doesn't seem to be connected to anything in particular.
+And if you compare this to more recent representations of the visual system, you can see that things have gotten significantly more complicated in the millennia that followed.
+Because today we can not only see the general shape of the brain, but also the inside of the brain.
+Imagine you want to understand how your computer works, but you can only see your keyboard, mouse, and screen.
+You're really out of luck.
+I would like to be able to open it up, break it open, and see the wiring inside.
+And a little over a century ago, no one could do it with their brains.
+No one had a glimpse of the wiring of the brain.
+That's because if you take the brain out of the skull, slice it thinly, and put it under a very powerful microscope, there's nothing there.
+It is gray and shapeless.
+It has no structure. It doesn't tell you anything.
+And this all changed in the late 19th century.
+Suddenly, a new chemical stain for brain tissue was developed, giving us the first glimpse of the brain's wiring.
+My computer was broken open.
+So, it was a stain called Golgi staining that marked the beginning of modern neuroscience.
+And it works in a very specific way.
+Instead of staining all the cells in the tissue, it somehow stains only about 1 percent of the cells.
+It cuts through the forest to reveal the trees inside.
+If everything was labeled, nothing would be displayed.
+So somehow it shows what's there.
+The Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, widely considered the father of modern neuroscience, applied this Golgi staining to generate data such as the following, which are actually used to describe nerve cells, neurons. gave us the concept.
+If you think of the brain as a computer, this is the transistor.
+Cajal quickly realized that neurons do not work in isolation, but connect with other neurons to form circuits, much like computers do.
+Today, a century later, when researchers want to visualize neurons, they illuminate them from the inside rather than darken them.
+There are several ways to do this.
+However, one of the most popular involves green fluorescent protein.
+Now, strangely enough, a green fluorescent protein from bioluminescent jellyfish is very useful.
+Because if we could get the gene for green fluorescent protein and deliver it to a cell, that cell would glow green. Alternatively, any of the many variants of green fluorescent protein can cause cells to glow in different colors.
+Coming back to the brain, this is from a genetically engineered mouse called "Brainbow."
+Of course, all these neurons glow different colors, hence the name.
+Neuroscientists now sometimes need to identify individual molecular components, molecules, of neurons rather than whole cells.
+There are several ways to do this, one of the most common being the use of antibodies.
+And, of course, we all know about antibodies as pawns of the immune system.
+However, they turned out to be very useful for the immune system because they can recognize certain molecules, for example the coat proteins of invading viruses.
+And researchers have used this fact to recognize specific molecules in the brain, recognize specific substructures of cells, and identify them individually.
+Many of the images presented here are very beautiful, but they are also very powerful.
+They have great explanatory power.
+This is, for example, antibody staining against the serotonin transporter in mouse brain slices.
+Of course, you've probably heard of serotonin in relation to illnesses like depression and anxiety.
+You've probably heard of SSRIs, drugs used to treat these diseases.
+And to understand how serotonin works, it's important to understand where the serotonin machinery lies.
+And antibody staining like this can be used to understand that kind of question.
+I would like to leave the following thoughts. Both green fluorescent protein and antibodies are initially completely natural products.
+They evolved naturally either to make jellyfish glow green for some reason, or to detect the coat proteins of invading viruses.
+And it wasn't until much later that scientists started showing up in the field and saying, "This is a tool, this is a feature in our research tool palette."
+And instead of applying weak human minds to design these tools from scratch, nature has these ready-made solutions, built over millions of years by the greatest engineers of all. It has been steadily developed and refined.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Twelve years ago, I was writing my name on the street to say "I exist."
+Then I would go take pictures of people and stick them up on the street and say 'they exist'.
+From the suburbs of Paris to the walls of Israel and Palestine, from the roofs of Kenya to the shanty towns of Rio, all you need is paper and glue.
+Last year I asked the question, "Can art change the world?"
+Now, let me tell you, there was a lot of competition this year when it came to changing the world. The Arab Spring is still unfolding, the Eurozone has collapsed... what else?
+Occupy changed my voice, but I still have to speak English all the time.
+So there have been a lot of changes.
+So when I granted my wish for TED last year, I said, come on, change the concept.
+You are the one taking the pictures.
+you send them to me
+We will print it out and send it back to you.
+Then paste them where appropriate to place your own statements.
+This is inside out.
+100,000 posters were printed this year.
+It is such a poster, so let me show you.
+And we keep sending more every day.
+This size.
+Just a little ink on plain paper.
+This one was from Haiti.
+When I made this wish last year, hundreds of people stood up and said they wanted to help us.
+But I say it has to be under the conditions I've always worked for: no credit, no logo, no sponsorship.
+A week later, there were a handful of people ready to shake and empower those on the ground who wanted to change the world.
+These are the people I want to talk to you about today.
+Two weeks after my speech, hundreds of portraits were made in Tunisia.
+And they put their picture on every portrait of the dictator.
+boom! This is what happened.
+Slim and his friends roamed the country, pasting hundreds of photos everywhere to show the country's diversity.
+They just made "Inside Out" their project.
+In fact, the photo was posted at the police station, and on the ground is an ID card with all the photos of people being pursued by the police.
+Russia. Chad wanted to fight homophobia in Russia.
+He and his friends went in front of all the Russian embassies in Europe, stood there with a picture and said, "We have rights."
+They used Inside Head as a protest arena.
+Karachi city, Pakistan.
+Sharmeen is actually here.
+She organized a TEDx action, painting all the unseen faces of the city on the walls of the city.
+And I would like to thank her today.
+North Dakota. The Standing Rock Nation, [an obscure name] of the Dakota Lakota tribe of Turtle Island, wanted to show that Native Americans are still here.
+Seventh generations are still fighting for their rights.
+He pasted his portraits all over the reservation.
+And he is still here today.
+Every time I build a wall in New York, I continue to spread the project with his photos.
+Juarez: You've heard about the border, one of the most dangerous borders in the world.
+Monica took thousands of portraits with a group of photographers, covering the entire border.
+Do you know what it takes to do this?
+Create people, energy, glue and organize a team.
+It was amazing.
+Around the same time, while in Iran, Avoloro (a nickname, of course) pasted a piece of a woman's face to demonstrate his resistance to the government.
+There is no need to explain what risks he took for his actions.
+There are many school projects.
+20% of the posters we receive are from schools.
+Education is very important.
+Children make pictures in class, teachers receive them, and all they have to do is stick them up at school.
+We also got help from firefighters here.
+There should be more schools doing projects like this.
+Of course we wanted to go back to Israel and Palestine.
+So we went there by truck. This is a photobooth track.
+Get in the back of the truck, take a photo, 30 seconds later, take a photo from the side, and you're good to go.
+Thousands of people are taking advantage of these, each signing a two-state peace solution and walking the streets.
+This is March, 450,000 march, beginning of September.
+They all had their photo up as a statement.
+On the other side people wrapped around the streets and buildings.
+it is everywhere.
+Come on, don't say people aren't ready for peace.
+Thousands of actions were taken, hundreds of thousands of people participated, and millions of views were created on these projects in one year.
+This is the world's largest participatory art project currently in progress.
+Now, back to the question, "Can art change the world?"
+Maybe not within a year. That's the beginning.
+But perhaps the question should be changed.
+Can art change people's lives?
+From what I've seen this year, yes.
+And what do you know? It's just the beginning.
+Let's turn the world inside out together.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So, I'm going to start with something a little like Buzzkill.
+In 2010, 42 million people were displaced by natural disasters.
+Well, 2010 was nothing special. This is because an average of 31.5 million people are displaced by natural disasters each year.
+Now, when you hear statistics and stats like that, usually people start thinking of places like Haiti or other kinds of exotic places, or maybe even poor neighborhoods, but that's exactly what happens here in the United States every year. .
+Last year alone, FEMA registered 99 federally declared disasters, from Joplin, Missouri and Tuscaloosa, Alabama, to the most recent wildfires in central Texas.
+So how does the world's most powerful country treat these refugees?
+They pack the kids into cots, stick all their personal belongings in plastic trash bags under them, and make them sit all over the sports arena or on the gym floor.
+Clearly, there is a huge housing divide. This really pisses me off. Academia says it usually takes about 18 months to recover after a major disaster. Little by little we recover and start the recovery process, but most people don't. We don't know that it takes an average of 45-60 days, or longer, before the infamous FEMA trailers start rolling out.
+Until then, people are allowed to do what they want.
+So I became obsessed with figuring out how to actually close this gap.
+In fact, it became my creative obsession.
+I put aside all my after-hours freelance work and started focusing specifically on this issue alone.
+So I started sketching.
+Two days after Katrina, I started sketching iteratively and brainstorming ideas and solutions. Things started to get stuck, ideas started to take shape, so I started sketching digitally on my computer, but it was an obsession, so I couldn't do it. Don't stop there.
+I started experimenting, building models, talking to subject matter experts, getting feedback, and making improvements. And for more than 5 years, we spent nights and weekends refining it.
+Well, my obsession ended up creating full-size prototypes in my own backyard — (Laughter) — and, really, everything from tools to patents and all sorts of other costs. , all spent my own personal savings, but in the end is a modular housing system that can handle any situation and disaster.
+With no special set-up or specialized tools required, it can be installed in any environment, from asphalt parking lots to pastures and fields.
+Now, sort of the foundation and core of this whole system is the Exo housing units, which are nothing more than individual shelter modules.
+And while it's light, it's light enough that you can actually pick it up and move it by hand, and it can actually sleep four people.
+And you can arrange these things like a grid type layout in a camp or a city, or you can basically put wagons in a circle and form circular pods out of them to give people this half You can even offer private common areas that actually run off so you're never really trapped inside these units.
+This will fundamentally change the way we respond to disasters. No more miserable conditions like people crammed into indoor cots in sports arenas and gymnasiums.
+Now you have an instant neighborhood outside.
+So the Exo is simple, basically designed like a coffee cup. These can actually be stacked, allowing for very efficient transport and storage.
+In fact, 15 Exos alone can fit in one semi truck.
+This means the Exo can actually be transported and set up faster than any other housing option currently available.
+However, I'm very picky about it, so I can't just let it end there. I actually started remodeling the bed. position.
+The doors can actually be replaced so you can actually put in rigid panels with window units for climate control, or you can put in connector modules that can actually connect multiple units together so that they're wider and sort of compartmentalized. Realize a comfortable living space. This same kit of parts can now actually serve as your living room, bedroom, bathroom or office, living space and secure storage.
+Sounds like a great idea, but how do we make it happen?
+So my first thought was to go to the federal and state governments and say, "Get it for free."
+But soon I was told, "Hey, our government doesn't really work that way." (Laughter) Okay. have understood. So maybe I'll start a non-profit organization and work with the government to help consult on how to advance this idea.
+have understood. So perhaps I'll take this whole idea and consult a private company that can mutually share the benefits. However, several companies quickly told me that my personal passion project would not fit their brand because they didn't want their logo imprinted. Beyond the Haiti ghetto.
+Well, I wasn't just crazy. I was furious. (Laughter.) So I made up my mind and started telling myself. "Okay? Look at this. I'm going to try it myself." (Laughter) Well, pretty quickly my day job ended up in an office in Milan for a few months, and I was wondering what to do. . So I actually put sleep on my calendar and spent the eight-hour time difference on conference calls with material suppliers, manufacturers, and potential customers.
+And through this whole process I found this great little manufacturer in Virginia. If his body language is any indication, it's the owner that shows what it's like for a manufacturer to work directly with a designer (laughs), it's you' see what happens here. Must see. (laughs) But G.S. Industries was great.
+In fact, they hand-built three prototypes for us.
+So now we have a prototype that shows that four people can actually sleep safely and far more comfortably than in a tent.
+And they actually shipped it all the way to Texas for us.
+Well, something interesting started to happen.
+Others started to believe what we were doing and actually offered us hangar space and donated hangar space. And the Georgetown Airport Authority bent over backwards to assist with anything we needed.
+Now we have a working hangar space and a demo prototype.
+So, in the space of a year, we negotiated a manufacturing contract, got one patent, filed for a second patent, talked to multiple people, and demonstrated this to FEMA and their consultants to rave reviews. and then started talking to several other people who requested information. This little group called the United Nations.
+In addition, many other people have come and talked to us, from mining camps and mobile youth hostels to the World Cup and the Olympics.
+So, finally, on this whole thing, hope that soon we won't have to answer these painful phone calls that come in after a disaster when we don't really have anything to sell or offer yet. hoping.
+Hopefully we can get there soon.
+thank you. (applause)
+Recently I visited Beloit, Wisconsin.
+And I'm here to honor the great 20th century explorer, Roy Chapman Andrews.
+While at the American Museum of Natural History, Andrews led various expeditions into uncharted regions like here in the Gobi Desert.
+he was quite a person.
+He is later said to have been the basis for the Indiana Jones character.
+And when I was in Beloit, Wisconsin, I gave a public lecture to a group of middle school students.
+I'm here to say that if there's one thing scarier than speaking at TED, it's trying to get the attention of a group of 1,000 12-year-olds in a 45-minute lecture.
+don't try that.
+At the end of the lecture, they asked a few questions, but there was one that has stuck with me ever since.
+There was a young girl who stood up and asked, "Where should I explore?"
+I think many of us have the feeling that the Age of Discovery on Earth is over and that the next generation must go to space or the deepest oceans to find something important to explore.
+But is it really so?
+Are there really no significant places on this planet for us to explore?
+In a way, it reminded me of one of my favorite explorers in the history of biology.
+I am Martinus Beyherink, an explorer of the invisible world.
+So Bayerinck set out to find out what causes tobacco mosaic disease.
+What he did was take the infected juice from the tobacco plant and filter it through smaller and smaller filters.
+And he got to a point where he felt there must be the smallest life form ever known, something smaller than a bacterium at the time.
+He came up with a name for a mysterious agent.
+He called it a virus, which means "poison" in Latin.
+And Bayerink really opened up a whole new world for us in virus discovery.
+We now know that viruses make up the majority of the genetic information on Earth, more than all other life forms combined.
+And obviously, there's been a huge amount of practical application associated with this world. The eradication of smallpox and the emergence of vaccines against cervical cancer, but we now know that most of them are caused by the human papillomavirus.
+And the discovery of Bayerinck, this is not what happened 500 years ago.
+Bayerink discovered viruses a little over 100 years ago.
+So basically we had cars, but we didn't know about the forms of life that make up most of the genetic information on Earth.
+We now have amazing tools that allow us to explore the unseen world. Tools like deep sequencing allow us to go beyond simply scanning the surface to examine individual genomes of a given species, and to examine entire metagenomes. We survey the myriad microbial communities that live within, on, and around us, recording all the genetic information for these species.
+These techniques can be applied from soil to skin and everything in between.
+My organization now does this on a regular basis to identify the cause of outbreaks where we don't know exactly what caused it.
+To give you an idea of ​​how this works, imagine taking nasal swabs from all of you.
+This is what we often do to look for respiratory viruses such as the flu.
+The first thing we see is a huge amount of genetic information.
+And if we start looking at that genetic code, we'll find that there are a lot of the usual suspects out there -- a lot of human genetic code, of course, but also bacterial and viral information, Most of them are from completely harmless things in the nose.
+But you will also see something very surprising.
+When you start looking into this information, you'll find that about 20 percent of the genetic information in your nose doesn't match anything you've seen before: plants, animals, fungi, viruses, bacteria.
+Basically I have no idea what this is.
+And in the small group of us who actually study this kind of data, some are actually starting to refer to this information as biological dark matter.
+We know it's nothing we've seen before. It's like an unknown continent within our own genetic code.
+And there are a lot of them.
+If we consider that 20 percent of the genetic information in the nose is a large amount of biological dark matter, then when we look in the gut, up to 40-50 percent of that information is biological dark matter.
+And even in relatively sterile blood, about 1-2 percent of this information is dark matter that cannot be classified, typed, or matched to anything you've seen before. .
+At first we thought it was an artifact.
+These deep sequencing tools are relatively new.
+However, as the information became more and more precise, we decided that this information was a form of life, or at least part of it was a form of life.
+And while hypotheses to explain the existence of biological dark matter are still in their infancy, there are some very exciting possibilities. This life, what is buried in this genetic information, is a trace of an unidentified life at this time.
+Exploring these A, T, C, and G strings may uncover entirely new kinds of life, like Beigelinks, that fundamentally change the way we think about the nature of biology.
+Perhaps it will allow us to identify the causes of the cancers that plague us, identify unfamiliar sources, or create new tools for molecular biology.
+Together with our colleagues at Stanford University, Caltech and UCSF, we are pleased to announce that we are now embarking on an effort to search for biological dark matter for the existence of new forms of life.
+A little over 100 years ago, people did not know about viruses, the life forms that make up most of the genetic information on Earth.
+100 years from now people might be surprised that we were completely ignorant of the new kind of life that was literally right in front of us.
+Sure, we may have mapped every continent on Earth and discovered all the mammals that exist there, but that doesn't mean there's nothing left to explore on Earth. is not.
+Beijerink and her friends have important lessons for explorers like that young girl from Beloit, Wisconsin, for future generations of explorers.
+If I were to put this lesson into words, I think it would be something like this: Don't assume that what we think is out there right now is all there is to it.
+Track dark matter in whatever field you choose.
+There are unknowns all around us, just waiting to be discovered.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Talk about religion.
+But this is a broad and very sensitive subject, so you have to set limits for yourself.
+Therefore, I limit myself to talking only about the relationship between religion and sexuality.
+(Laughter) This is a very serious story.
+So let's talk about what I remember being the most amazing.
+That's when a young couple whispered, "Tonight we're going to have a baby."
+My story is about the effect of religion on the number of babies per woman.
+This is certainly important as we all understand that there is some sort of limit to how many people can be on this planet.
+And the world's population is growing like this, some say it was 3 billion in 1960 and 7 billion last year alone, because there are religions that prevent women from having fewer children. , the population will continue to grow. Continue like this.
+How correct are these people?
+When I was born, there were less than 1 billion children in the world.In the year 2000, there are nearly 2 billion.
+What has happened since then? What do experts predict will happen to child numbers this century?
+This is a quiz. What do you think?
+Do you think it will go down to 1 billion?
+Will it reach 2 billion by the end of this century?
+Will the number of children increase every year until the age of 15, or will it continue to grow at the same rate until the number of children reaches 4 billion?
+I will tell you by the end of my speech.
+But what does religion have to do with it now?
+When you want to categorize religions, it's harder than it sounds.
+This is the first map you will find when you go to Wikipedia.
+It divides the world into Abrahamic and Eastern religions, but it's not detailed enough.
+So I looked it up on Wikipedia and found this map.
+However, it breaks Christianity, Islam and Buddhism into many subgroups and goes into too much detail.
+So Gapminder created its own map. It's like this:
+Every country is a bubble.
+Size is population. Here is big China, big India.
+And now color has become the religion of the majority.
+It is the religion that more than 50 percent of the population say they belong to.
+It is an oriental religion in India, China and neighboring Asian countries.
+Islam is the religion of majority across the Atlantic Ocean, through the Middle East, through Southern Europe, through Asia, and into Indonesia.
+There is a Muslim majority there.
+Christianity is the majority religion in these countries. they are blue.
+That's most of America and Europe, many of Africa, and some of Asia.
+Whites here are countries that cannot be categorized because one religion does not reach 50%, the data are questionable, or for other reasons.
+So we took note of it.
+Please bear with this simplicity when presenting this shot.
+This was in 1960.
+Here is the number of babies per woman. Two, four, or six, many babies, but few babies.
+And here is the equivalent per capita income in dollars.
+The reason is that many people say they must first get rich before they can have few children.
+Low income here, high income there.
+And indeed, in 1960, you had to be a wealthy Christian to have few children.
+The exception was Japan.
+Japan was considered an exception here.
+The rest were only Christian countries.
+But many Christian countries gave birth to six or seven babies per woman.
+But they were in Latin America or Africa.
+And in countries where Islam is the majority religion, almost every woman has six to seven children, regardless of income level.
+And all oriental religions except Japan were on the same level.
+Well, let's see what happened in the world.
+I started the world and let's go.
+It's 1962 now -- they're getting a little richer, but do you see the number of babies per woman going down?
+Look at China It's falling fairly quickly.
+And all Muslim-majority income levels are falling, as are middle-income Christian-majority countries.
+And by the turn of the century, more than half of humanity will be here.
+And by 2010, in fact, 80 percent of humanity will live in countries where every woman has about two children.
+(Applause.) A truly remarkable development has taken place.
+(Applause.) And these are countries ranging from the US with $40,000 per capita to France, Russia, Iran, Mexico, Turkey, Algeria, Indonesia, India, and Bangladesh and Vietnam with less than 5 percent of their income. The number of babies per capita in the United States is the same as the number of babies per woman.
+Data on the number of children per woman are surprisingly good in all countries.
+Census data tell us that.
+None of these statistics are highly questionable.
+So what we can conclude is that you don't have to be rich to have fewer children.
+It's happening all over the world.
+And if we look at religion, there is no Eastern religion, indeed, in any country where that religion is the majority, where there are more than three children.
+On the other hand, if Islam is the majority religion and Christianity is there, it covers any country.
+But it doesn't make much of a difference.
+There is no big difference between these religions.
+Income also makes a difference.
+Countries with more births per woman have significantly lower incomes.
+Most of them are in sub-Saharan Africa.
+But there are also countries here like Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, Yemen and Afghanistan.
+Many believe that rapid population growth is unlikely here in Afghanistan and Congo, which are plagued by violent conflicts.
+It's the other way around.
+In today's world, the fastest growing populations are those with the highest mortality rates.
+A child's death is made up for by another child.
+In these countries, each woman has 6 children.
+Sadly, there is a mortality rate of one to two children per woman.
+But 30 years from now, Afghanistan's population will be between 30 million and 60 million.
+Congo goes from 60 to 120.
+The population there is growing rapidly.
+And while many people think these countries are stagnant, they really aren't.
+Compare Muslim-majority Senegal with Christian-majority Ghana.
+I'm going to trace them here to their independence when they were here in the early 1960's.
+look what they did
+This is amazing progress, and the number of children per woman has gone from 7 to 4 to 5.
+That's great progress.
+So what do you need?
+We know what these countries need.
+We need children to survive.
+We need to break out of the deepest poverty so that children in the family are not given importance to work.
+Must have access to family planning.
+And we need the fourth element, which is probably the most important one.
+But I would like to explain that fourth factor by looking at Qatar.
+Here is Qatar today and there is Bangladesh today.
+If we trace these countries back to the time of their independence in 1971 and 1972, about the same year, it was a very remarkable development.
+Look at Bangladesh and Qatar.
+With such a difference in income, the decline in the number of babies per woman is about the same.
+What is the reason in Qatar?
+Well, as usual.
+I went to the Qatar Statistics Authority web page. It's a very good web page. I recommend it - and I researched - oh yeah, you can have a lot of fun here - and found Qatar's social trends as it's provided for free.
+Very interesting. I have a lot of reading material.
+I discovered fertility at birth and looked at the total fertility rate per woman.
+These are academics and experts from Qatari government agencies, who said the most important factors were "rising age at first marriage, higher education levels among Qatari women, and integration of women in the workforce."
+I couldn't agree more. Science couldn't agree more.
+This country is indeed a country that has undergone a very interesting modernization.
+So what are these four? Children should survive, children should not be needed for work, women should be educated and in the workforce, family planning should be accessible.
+look at this again.
+The average number of children in the world is similar to that of Colombia, currently 2.4.
+We have a very poor country here.
+And there is a need for family planning, better child survival.
+I highly recommend Melinda Gates' final TEDTalk.
+And there are many countries here that have less than two children per woman.
+So going back now to give you the quiz answer, it's two.
+Child peak reached.
+The number of children in the world is no longer increasing.
+We are still debating peak oil, but we are definitely peaking.
+And the world population will stop growing.
+The United Nations Population Division announced that population growth will stop at 10 billion.
+But if the number of children does not increase, why do we have more children?
+Well, let me guide you here.
+I will use this card box that your notebook was in.
+These are very useful for educational purposes.
+Each card box is 1 billion people.
+And there are 2 billion children in the world.
+There are 2 billion young people between the ages of 15 and 30.
+These are rounded numbers.
+Then there are 1 billion between the ages of 30 and 45, and almost 1 between the ages of 45 and 60.
+And that's my box.
+This is me over 60 years old.
+we are at the top here.
+So what's about to happen is what we call 'large-scale landfills'.
+We see that 3 billion people are missing here.
+They are not missing because they died. they were never born.
+Because before 1980, far fewer people were born than in the last 30 years.
+So what happens next is pretty straightforward.
+Old people, sadly, we die.
+The rest of you will grow old and have 2 billion children.
+Then the old man will die.
+The rest will grow up and give birth to 2 billion children.
+And the old people will die and 2 billion children will be born.
+(Applause.) This is a great fill-up.
+It is inevitable.
+And do you see that this increase has happened without increasing lifespans and without having more children?
+Religion has little to do with the number of babies per woman.
+All religions around the world are well equipped to maintain their values ​​and adapt to this new world.
+And if the poorest people were lifted out of poverty so that their children survived and had access to family planning, we would be just 10 billion people in this world.
+That's what you need.
+However, an increase of another 2 billion or 3 billion is inevitable.
+Therefore, when discussing and planning for the future needs of humankind on Earth, we need to plan for 10 billion.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+This sound, this smell, this sight all reminds me of a childhood campfire where anyone could be the storyteller in front of the dancing flames.
+There was a nice ending where the people and the fire went to sleep at about the same time.
+It was a dreamy time.
+Well, my story has a lot to do with dreams, and I'm known for making them come true.
+Last year, I made a one-man play.
+Over the course of an hour and a half, I shared with the audience a lifetime of creativity, how I've pursued perfection and deceived the impossible.
+And TED challenged me, "Philip, can you shorten this lifetime to 18 minutes?"
+(Laughter) 18 minutes, obviously impossible.
+But here I am.
+One solution was to rehearse the machine gun utterances, where every syllable, every second counts, and I hope to God the audience can follow me.
+No no no.
+No, the first and best way for me is to pay tribute to the god of creativity.
+Please join us for a minute of silence.
+Well duped, it was only 20 seconds.
+But it's time for TED.
+At the age of six, I fell in love with magic.
+For Christmas I got a very old book on magic boxes and card manipulation.
+Somehow I was more interested in pure manipulation than stupid little tricks in the box.
+So I searched for the most difficult move in the book and found this.
+I'm not going to share it with you right now, but I have to show you that the card is hidden behind your hand.
+This maneuver is divided into 7 movements and explained over 7 pages.
+1、2、3、4、5、6、7。
+And let me show you one more thing.
+The card was bigger than my hand.
+Two months later, he turned 6 and could do 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
+And then I go see a famous magician and proudly ask, "So what do you think?"
+6 years old.
+The magician looked at me and said, "This is a big deal.
+Do it in less than 2 seconds and you won't see a small portion of your card.
+To be a professional move, the move must be sub-second and perfect. "
+Two years later, one is a zoo.
+And I'm not cheating. Behind. It's perfect.
+Passion is the motto of all my actions.
+In my study of magic, juggling is repeatedly mentioned as a great way to develop dexterity and coordination.
+Well, I've long admired how fast and smooth jugglers can throw objects.
+That's it. I am 14 years old. I have become a juggler.
+I befriended a young juggler in a juggling troupe and he agreed to sell me three clubs.
+But in America I have to explain. What are Clubs?
+It has nothing to do with golf.
+They are beautiful rectangular objects, but very difficult to make.
+It must be lathed with precision.
+Oh, and somehow a young juggler was hiding from the others when I was buying clubs.
+Well, I didn't think much of it at the time.
+Anyway, here I was making progress with my new club.
+But I didn't understand.
+It was pretty fast, but not fluid at all.
+The club flew away from me with every throw.
+And I was always trying to get them back to me.
+Until one day I practiced in front of the world's greatest juggler, Francis Blanc.
+and he frowned.
+And finally he asked, "Can I see it?"
+So I proudly showed him my club.
+He said, 'Philip, you have been captured.
+These are defective products. completely deviated.
+Impossible to juggle them. "
+Thanks to my tenacity, I was able to persevere through any adversity.
+So I went to the circus to see more magicians and jugglers and I saw - oh no no no I didn't see.
+It was more interesting. I heard.
+I heard about Highwire Walkers, wonderful men and women who walk on thin air.
+Now, I've been playing with ropes and climbing all my childhood, so that's it. i am 16 years old I've become a wire walker.
+I found two trees. But it wasn't a tree of any kind. It was a tree with character. and found a very long rope.
+Then he wound the rope around until it ran out.
+Now all the ropes are parallel like this.
+Get some pliers and a coat hanger and collect them in a rope-like path.
+So I built the widest tightrope walker in the world.
+What did you need? I needed the widest shoes in the world.
+So I found a huge, ridiculously huge ski boot and wobbled onto the rope.
+Well, in a few days you will be able to do one crossing.
+I cut a rope there.
+And the next day, one of the ropes came off.
+A few days later, I was practicing walking a tightrope.
+As you can imagine now, I had to replace my ridiculous boots with slippers at the time.
+Here's how not to learn wire-walking, in case anyone in this audience wants a challenge.
+(Laughter) Intuition is an essential tool in my life.
+During that time, I was kicked out of five different schools for being a teacher myself, advancing new arts, and becoming a street juggler instead of listening to my teachers.
+On the high wire, I can master all the tricks performed in the circus within a few months, except I am not satisfied.
+I was starting to invent my own moves and perfect them.
+But no one wanted to hire me.
+So I secretly stretched the wire and started playing without permission.
+Notre Dame Cathedral, Sydney Harbor Bridge, World Trade Center.
+And I developed a certainty, a belief that I could reach the other side safely.
+Otherwise I would never do that first step.
+Nevertheless, my first steps on the roof of the World Trade Center were terrifying.
+Suddenly the air density is not the same.
+Manhattan no longer stretches infinitely.
+The noise of the city melts into a squall, and its horrifying power can no longer be felt.
+I lift the balance pole. We're getting closer to the edge.
+I will step over the beam.
+I rested my left foot on the cable and rested my weight on my right foot, which was fixed to the side of the building.
+Why not shift your weight slightly to the left?
+The right foot is free to touch the wire without any strain on the right foot.
+On one side is a mass of mountains and life as I know it.
+On the other hand, the cloud universe is full of unknowns and seems empty.
+At my feet is the path to the north tower, with 60 yards of wire rope.
+It's a straight line, it bends, it shakes, it vibrates, it rolls, it's ice, it's three tons, it's about to explode, it's about to swallow me.
+An inner howl hits me, a wild desire to escape.
+But it's too late.
+The wires are ready.
+Decisively the other leg got on the cable.
+In my dictionary, faith is what replaces doubt.
+So after a walk people ask me, 'How can I go beyond that?
+Well, I didn't have that problem.
+I wasn't interested in collecting huge things or breaking records.
+In fact, I put the World Trade Center Crossing on the same artistic level as my little walk, or an entirely different kind of performance.
+Take my street juggling for example.
+So every time I draw a chalk circle on the pavement and appear as a silent character in an improvised cartoon I made 45 years ago, I'm just as happy as I am in the clouds.
+But here, here is not a street.
+So no street juggling here, you know.
+So you don't want me street juggling here, do you?
+You know that, right?
+You don't want me to juggle, do you?
+(Applause) (Music) (Applause) Thank you. thank you.
+Every time I do street juggling, I improvise.
+Now, improvisation is empowering because it welcomes the unknown.
+And because the impossible is always unknown, we can believe we can fool the impossible.
+Now I have done the impossible not once, but many times.
+So what should we share? Oh, I see. Israel.
+A few years ago I was invited to the opening of the Israel Festival by WireWalk.
+And I decided to lay a wire across the Ben Hinnom Valley between the Arab and Jewish quarters of Jerusalem.
+And I thought it would be incredible if I could stop in the middle of an electric wire, create a dove like a magician, and fly it into the sky as a living symbol of peace.
+Now, I must say that finding pigeons in Israel was a bit difficult, but I managed to get one.
+And in the hotel room, every time I practiced spawning it and throwing her in the air, she would graze the wall and eventually end up sitting on the bed.
+So I said, okay now. The room is too small.
+In other words, birds need space to fly.
+The day of the walk is also decided perfectly.
+Well, the day of the walk is coming.
+80,000 spread across the valley.
+The mayor of Jerusalem, Teddy Kollek, came to wish me good luck.
+But he seemed nervous.
+There was tension in the wire, but I could also feel the tension in the ground.
+Because they were all mostly made up of people who considered each other enemies.
+Then start taking a walk. All fine.
+It will stop on the way.
+Spawn a pigeon.
+People applaud in jubilation.
+And with the most magnificent gesture I send the birds of peace into the azure sky.
+But instead of flying away, the bird fluttered, fluttered, and landed on my head.
+(laughter) And people scream.
+So I grabbed a pigeon and let her fly a second time.
+But the pigeons, clearly not in flight school, flutter and flutter and eventually perch on the end of my balance pole.
+(Laughter) You laugh, you laugh. But hey.
+Sit down immediately. It's a wirewalker reflection.
+While doing so, the audience goes wild.
+They must have thought they must have worked with this guy with this pigeon for years.
+What a genius, what a professional.
+(laughter) So I bow. Raise your hands and salute.
+And finally I slapped my hand on the pole to scare the bird away.
+Now, the pigeon, as you know, obviously can't fly, but the third time it fluttered, fluttered, fluttered a bit, and finally landed on a wire behind me.
+And the whole valley goes crazy.
+Well, wait a minute, we're not done yet.
+So now I'm about 50 meters from the destination, but I'm exhausted, so I'm slow.
+Then something happened.
+Someone somewhere, a group of people, starts clapping along with my steps.
+And within seconds, the whole valley applauds in unison with every step I take.
+But it wasn't the applause of joy as before, but the applause of encouragement.
+For a moment the whole crowd forgot their differences.
+Together they led me to victory.
+I would like to invite you to experience a little bit of this wonderful human symphony.
+So let's say I'm here and the chair is my arrival.
+So I walk, you clap, and everyone sings in unison.
+(Applause) (Applause) So after the walk, Teddy and I became friends.
+And he said he had a picture of me on his desk with a pigeon on his head in the middle of a wire.
+He didn't know the real story.
+And whenever I feel daunted by an unsolvable situation in this unmanageable city, instead of giving up, I look at the picture and say, 'If Philip can do this, so can I.' Say, go back. to work.
+Inspiration.
+By inspiring ourselves, we inspire others.
+I will never forget this music and I hope you do too.
+Take this music home, stick some wings on your arm and fly away to see the world from a different perspective.
+And when you look at mountains, remember that they can move.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Let's start with the story.
+Once upon a time, two years ago, in fact, in a kingdom not too far away, there was a man who traveled many miles to work for the jewel in the crown of the kingdom: an internationally renowned company. .
+Let's call it the Island Network.
+Now, this kingdom had many resources and powerful ambitions, but the only thing it lacked was people.
+He invited workers from all over the world to help build the nation.
+However, in order to enter and stay, these immigrants had to pass several exams.
+And so it was. Our man turned himself in to the royal authorities, looking forward to getting used to his new life.
+But then something unexpected happened.
+The medical personnel who took the man's blood sample did not actually tell him what was being tested.
+He was not offered counseling before or after testing, which is best medical practice.
+He was never informed of the test results.
+A few weeks later, however, he was picked up and taken to prison for a medical examination that included a full-body examination in full view of the others in the cell.
+He was released, but a day or two later he was taken to the airport and deported.
+What did this man do to deserve such treatment?
+What was his horrific crime?
+he had HIV.
+Saudi Arabia is now one of about 50 countries that have imposed restrictions on the entry and stay of people living with HIV.
+Saudi Arabia argues that its law allows the detention or deportation of foreigners who pose risks to the economy, security, public health and national morality.
+But these laws, when applied to people living with HIV, violate international human rights treaties to which these countries have signed.
+But do you know?
+Matters of principle aside, practically speaking, these laws drive HIV underground.
+People are less likely to get tested and treated or reveal their condition, but none of that helps the individuals and communities these laws claim to protect.
+Today we can prevent HIV infection.
+And with treatment, it becomes manageable.
+We are a long way from the days when the only practical response to a dreadful disease was to expel the afflicted, as in this "leprosy expulsion".
+Why, then, do laws and policies from the age of superstition still survive in the age of science?
+It's time to raise your hand.
+Has anyone ever been infected with HIV because you have the virus yourself or because you have a family member, friend or colleague living with HIV?
+Hands up.
+oh. oh.
+That's quite a number for us.
+You know better than anyone that HIV brings out the best and worst of humanity.
+And the law reflects this attitude.
+I'm not talking merely about the law in books, but about the law enforced in the streets or decided in court.
+And I'm not just talking about the laws relating to people living with HIV, but also about the people most at risk: people who inject drugs, sex workers, men who have sex with men, such as transgender people. immigrant or prisoner of war.
+And many parts of the world include particularly vulnerable women and children.
+Many parts of the world now have laws that best reflect human nature.
+These laws treat people with HIV with compassion and acceptance.
+These laws respect universal human rights and are evidence-based.
+These laws ensure that people living with HIV and those most at risk are protected from violence and discrimination and have access to prevention and treatment.
+Unfortunately, these good laws are balanced by a mass of laws based on moral judgment, fear and misinformation, especially those that punish those living with HIV and those most at risk.
+These laws go against science and are based on prejudice and ignorance, the rewriting of tradition and the selective interpretation of religion.
+But do you know? You don't have to take my word for it.
+We speak to two people on the frontlines of the law.
+The first is Nick Rose. he is american
+He was then convicted under the Iowa law of HIV infection and HIV exposure, although neither of these charges was actually committed by him.
+(Video) Nick Rhoades: If something is against the law, you are telling society that it is unacceptable and bad behavior.
+And I think the severity of that punishment speaks to how bad a person you are.
+You are a class B felony, lifetime sex offender.
+You are a very, very, very bad person.
+And you did a very, very, very bad thing.
+And it's just programmed into you.
+And going through the correctional system, everyone says the same thing.
+And you think, "I'm such a bad person."
+Shereen Elfeki: It's not just about unfair or ineffective laws.
+Some countries have good laws that can help stem the HIV epidemic.
+The problem is that these laws are being ignored.
+Because stigma gives informal permission to treat those most at risk as opposed to people with HIV or the rest of the population.
+And this is exactly what happened to Herma and Dongo in Namibia.
+(Video) Hilma: I found out when I went to the hospital for a pregnancy test.
+The nurse announced that on that day, all pregnant women should also be tested for HIV.
+I was tested and the results were positive.
+It was the day I found out.
+The nurse said to me, "Why should you get pregnant when you know you are HIV positive?"
+Why are you pregnant when you live positively? "
+I'm now convinced that's why they sanitized me.
+Because I am HIV positive.
+They didn't give me the documents, nor did they explain the contents of the documents.
+The nurse came over with a piece of paper already marked where I needed to sign.
+And because of the contractions, I didn't even have the strength to read it.
+I just signed.
+SE: According to recent estimates, Hilma and Nick and we men of the kingdom are among the 34 million people living with HIV.
+Lucky they are still alive.
+According to the same estimate, 1.8 million people died from AIDS-related causes in 2010.
+These are terrifying and tragic numbers.
+But if we look a little wider at the statistics, we actually find some reason to be hopeful.
+Globally, the number of new HIV infections is declining.
+And globally, the number of deaths is starting to decline.
+There are many reasons for this positive development, but one of the most notable is the increasing number of people worldwide receiving the antiretroviral therapy needed to keep HIV under control. .
+Many problems still remain.
+Currently, only about half of those who need treatment receive treatment.
+Some parts of the world, such as here in the Middle East and North Africa, are seeing an increase in new cases and an increase in deaths.
+And the funding needed for the global response to HIV is dwindling.
+But for the first time in 30 years since the epidemic began, we have a real chance to face HIV.
+But to do that, we really need to confront the prevalence of bad laws.
+That is why the Global Commission on HIV and the Law, of which I am a member, was established by a United Nations agency. To explore how the legal environment affects people living with HIV and members of society. It considers the greatest risks and recommends what should be done to make the law an ally, not an enemy, of the global HIV response.
+Let me give just one example where the legal environment can bring about positive change.
+People who inject drugs are also one of the groups I mentioned.
+They are at high risk of contracting HIV through contaminated injection equipment and other risk-related behaviors.
+In fact, 1 in 10 new HIV infections are people who inject drugs.
+The use or possession of drugs is now illegal in almost every country.
+However, some countries have taken a tougher stance on this than others.
+In Thailand, people who use drugs, or are simply suspected of using drugs, are put in a detention center like the one here, where they are to be cleaned up.
+There is absolutely no evidence that detaining people cures drug addiction.
+But there is ample evidence that imprisoning people increases their risk of HIV and other infections.
+We know how to reduce HIV infection and other risks for people who inject drugs.
+This is called harm reduction and includes providing clean needles and syringes, opioid replacement therapy and other evidence-based treatments to reduce drug addiction.
+This includes providing information and education to reduce HIV transmission, providing condoms, and providing HIV testing and counseling and treatment in the event of infection.
+Where the legal environment allows for harm reduction, the consequences are remarkable.
+Australia and Switzerland are two countries that introduced harm reduction very early in the HIV epidemic and have very low HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs.
+The United States and Malaysia have been a little late in addressing harm reduction, but HIV prevalence is high in these regions.
+But Thailand and Russia have resisted harm reduction and have tough laws punishing drug use.
+And surprisingly, the rate of HIV infection among people who inject drugs is very high.
+The World Commission has studied the evidence and heard the experiences of over 700 people in 140 countries.
+And what about trends? Well, the trend is clear.
+Criminalizing people living with HIV and those most at risk only fuels the epidemic.
+A vaccine for HIV and a treatment for AIDS are currently being developed. This is rocket science.
+But changing the law is not.
+And indeed, many countries are beginning to make progress in many respects.
+First, countries need to review their laws regarding HIV and vulnerable people.
+Given this review, governments should repeal laws that punish or discriminate against people living with HIV and those most at risk.
+Repealing the law is not easy, especially when it concerns sensitive subjects such as drugs and sex.
+But there are many things you can do while that process is underway.
+One of the key points is reforming the police to have better practices on the ground.
+So, for example, outreach workers distributing condoms to vulnerable people will not themselves be subject to police harassment or abuse, or arbitrary arrest.
+Judges can also be trained to find flexibility in the law and rule on the side of tolerance rather than bias.
+We can transform prisons to help inmates prevent and reduce the harm of HIV.
+Key to all this is the strengthening of civil society.
+Because civil society is key to raising awareness of the legal rights of vulnerable people.
+But recognition requires action.
+Therefore, we need to ensure that those living with HIV, or those most at risk of HIV, have access to legal services and equal access to the courts.
+It is also important to engage with communities to change interpretations of religious and customary laws that are all too often used to justify punishment and foment prejudice.
+For many of us here, HIV is not an abstract threat.
+It hits right near the house.
+Law, on the other hand, may seem far-fetched and esoteric, but it is not.
+Because for those of us who live in or aspire to a democracy, the law begins with us.
+Legislation that respects people living with HIV and those most at risk starts with us treating them equally.
+That's the change we need to propagate if we want to stop the spread of HIV in our lifetimes.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(non-English) (French) But sometimes you can tell because people here are doing what they can.
+(English) But when you get angry with someone, it doesn't happen in the first place.
+(British English) That's one of the things I enjoy most about this competition.
+It's not so much and it's hardly related to what it all is.
+(Laughter) But it is in our interest to figure out the terrain of our lives for ourselves.
+(Laughter) It has been stated that in the future there will be no time other than the collapse of the mirror sense of memory in which we live.
+(Laughter) Common sense, but still important.
+(Laughter) In this day and age we face fear, and fear is all around us, so we also have anti-fear.
+It's hard to imagine or measure.
+Background radiation is too static to be seen in normal spectral analysis.
+(American accent) But many of us feel that way sometimes – you know what I mean?
+But -- do you know what I mean?
+Because as hip-hop, TED is rock, you know what I mean.
+I wrote the song with that feeling, so I hope you all like it.
+It's a song about people and Sasquatch -- (Laughter) and other things about French science.
+That's French science.
+Okay, let's go.
+(Singing) I've been trying in my heart I know I'm in trouble (Applause) I'm in trouble alone But each time (Vocal) (Beatbox) (Singing) And I'm trying to Be the one you believe in And you're the one I wanna be so cocky And you're the one I wanna [vague] baby And you can do anything as long as you don't get hurt On the way home (Beatbox) If I survive I'll tell you what's the problem Music) (music ends abruptly) (British accent) And it's like you can use whatever you want as much as you want.
+(Applause.) And no matter how many models of computers, no matter how many people use them, they will never come to the same conclusion.
+Four years ago, I worked with a few people at the Brookings Institution and came to a conclusion.
+(laughs) Tomorrow is another day.
+(Laughter) It's not just a day, but it's a day.
+It gets here, no question.
+And the important thing to remember is that this simulation is excellent.
+Believe it or not, it's tactile.
+You can reach out - things are solid.
+You can move objects from one area to another.
+You can feel your body.
+If you say, "I want to go to this place," you can move this mass of molecules freely through the air to another place.
+(Laughter) It's what you live inside every day.
+Now we understand the lack of understanding, we are allotted, and we are entering a new era of science. There, you can only feel what is inside yourself, whether comparatively or non-comparatively, as if it will appear in the world metaphorically. It's about folding our ignorance and partial understanding into a network from which we all draw information sources and conclusions.
+(Laughter) So, before the last part, I said, rather than feeling as if it's the sphere we live in, it's the infinity that has the illusion of leading us back to the origin. Feel as if you are in the plane of
+(Laughter) It becomes obvious once you understand that all the spheres in the sky are just big infinite planes.
+(laughter) (audience) (laughter) This is my last work.
+And remember everything about yourself. Since music is just a division of space, it is more important to be aware of the negative space. It's a division of the very space we're listening to that gives us information relative to others and gives us an idea of ​​what the ideas we want to convey are.
+So, without further ado, here you go.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) This is fun.
+It will look like this.
+(beatbox) (nonsense) (music ends) Okay, the last thing I want to do is this is a lot like this.
+I hope you all recognize it too.
+please.
+Ok, it still works. Ok, good.
+OK, let's go.
+(laughs) (Beatbox) Let's go.
+(Beatbox) Yes, yo, yo, yo (nonsense) (music fades out) Thank you. Enjoy the rest.
+(applause)
+I know it sounds strange, but I think robots inspire us to be better people.
+I grew up in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, home of the Bethlehem Steel Company.
+My father was an engineer and taught me how things work since I was a kid.
+We have built projects together such as model rockets and slot cars.
+Here is the go-kart we made together.
+It's me behind the wheel, with my sister and my best friend at the time.
+And then one day, when I was about ten years old, he came home and announced at dinner that he was going to do another project.
+robot.
+Well, I got excited about this. Because there was a bully at school named Kevin and he was bullying me because I was the only Jewish kid in my class.
+So I couldn't wait to start working on this so I could introduce Kevin to my robot.
+(laughter) (robot noise) (laughter) But it wasn't the kind of robot my dad had in mind.
+(Laughter) You see, he ran a chrome plating company where he had to move heavy steel parts between tanks of chemicals.
+So he needed an industrial robot like this that could basically do the heavy lifting.
+But he never got the kind of robot he wanted.
+He and I worked on it for a few years, but it was the 1970s and the technology wasn't available to amateurs yet.
+So my father continued this kind of work by hand.
+And a few years later he was diagnosed with cancer.
+You see, what the robot we were building was telling him wasn't to do heavy lifting.
+It was a warning about his exposure to toxic chemicals.
+Unaware of this at the time, he contracted leukemia.
+and died at the age of 45.
+This shocked me.
+And I never forgot him and the robot I tried to build.
+When I was in college, I decided to follow him and study engineering.
+Then I went to Carnegie Mellon University and got a PhD in robotics.
+Since then, I have continued researching robots.
+So I would like to share with you four robot projects and how they inspired me to become a better person.
+By 1993, I was a young professor at USC and had just set up my own robotics lab. And this was the year the World Wide Web was born.
+And I remember it was my students who told me about it. And so did we - we were just amazed.
+We started playing with it, and that afternoon we realized that anyone in the world could use this new universal interface to control our lab robots.
+So, instead of having robots fight or do industrial work, I decided to build a planter and put a robot in the center of it, which I named Telegarden.
+Then we attached the camera to the robot's hand gripper and created a special script and software. This allowed anyone in the world to go inside, move the robot by clicking on the screen, and visit. garden.
+But we have also set up other software that allows you to participate remotely and help water the garden.
+Give it a few waterings and we'll give you seeds to plant yourself.
+Now, this is an engineering project, and I've published several papers on its system design, but I also thought of it as an art installation.
+A year later I was invited by the Ars Electronica Museum in Austria to install it in their lobby.
+And to my delight, the site remained online 24 hours a day for almost nine years.
+That robot has been operated by more people than any other robot in history.
+Well, one day, out of the blue, a student called me and asked me a very simple but profound question.
+He said, "Is that robot real?"
+Well, everyone else thought it was, and we knew it was because we were dealing with it.
+But I knew what he meant. Because it allows you to take a lot of pictures of the flowers in your garden and essentially index them into your computer system. By doing so, you can make it look like there is a real robot there when it actually exists. What?
+And the more I thought about it, the more I couldn't come up with a good answer as to how he could tell the difference.
+It was around that time that I was offered a position here at Berkeley.
+When I got here, I looked up Hubert Dreyfus, a world-famous professor of philosophy. And when I spoke with him about this, he said, "This is one of the oldest and most central problems in philosophy.
+It goes back to skeptics, it goes back to Descartes.
+It is a matter of epistemology, the study of how to know that something is true. "
+So he and I started working together and coined a new term: "telepistemology", the study of knowledge at a distance.
+We asked leading artists, engineers, and philosophers to write essays on the subject, and the results are summarized in this book from MIT Press.
+Thanks to this student who questioned what others thought was true, this project taught me an important lesson about life. It means always questioning assumptions.
+Well, the second project I'm about to tell you about came out of Telegarden.
+During the operation, my students and I were very interested in how people interacted and what they were doing in the garden.
+So we started thinking. What if the robot could leave the garden and go out into other interesting environments?
+For example, what if you could attend the White House dinner?
+(Laughter) So we were more interested in system design and user interface than hardware, so instead of using robots to go to parties in place of humans, we decided to replace robots with humans. .
+We called it Teleactor.
+We had a very social and gregarious human being. She wore a helmet with various gear, a camera and a microphone, and a backpack with a wireless internet connection.
+And the idea was that she could go to a remote and interesting environment and through the internet people could experience what she was going through.
+So they could see what she was seeing, but more importantly, they interacted with each other and gave her ideas about what she should do next, where she should go, and what it would look like. You can now participate by telling the tele actor. .
+So we took the opportunity to bring this tele actor to the Webby Awards in San Francisco.
+And that year's host was Sam Donaldson.
+Just before the curtain rose, I had about 30 seconds to explain to Mr. Donaldson what I was about to do.
+And I said, 'A tele actor will join you on stage.
+This is a new experimental project, where people are watching her on a screen, she has a camera and a microphone, she has earphones in her ears, and a network of people advising her on what to do next. is giving "
+that's my job. "
+(Laughter) So he liked the concept, so when Teleactor was on stage, she walked up to him and gave him a big kiss directly on the lips.
+(Laughter) We were totally amazed. I never expected that to happen.
+And he was great and just gave her a big hug in return and it worked.
+But that night, as we were packing, I asked the tele actors, how did the tele directors decide to kiss Sam Donaldson?
+And she said it wasn't.
+When she tried to go on stage, the teledirectors were still trying to agree on what to do, so she said she just went on stage and did what felt most natural.
+(Laughter) So Teleactor's success that night was due to the fact that she was a great actor.
+She knew when to trust her intuition.
+And this project taught me another lesson about life. It means improvising when in doubt.
+(Laughter) Well, the third project came out of my experience when my father was in the hospital.
+He was undergoing chemotherapy, a related treatment called brachytherapy, in which tiny radioactive seeds are placed into the body to treat cancerous tumors.
+And the method, seen here, is for a surgeon to insert a needle into the body to administer the seed.
+And all these needles are inserted in parallel.
+Therefore, it is very common for parts of the needle to penetrate sensitive organs.
+As a result, needles damage these organs and cause damage, leading to trauma and side effects.
+So my students and I thought: What if we changed the system so that the needle could stick at different angles?
+So we simulated this. We have developed several optimization algorithms and simulated this.
+And we were able to show that tumors can be covered with radiation while avoiding sensitive organs.
+So now we're working with doctors at UCSF and engineers at Johns Hopkins to build a robot with a special design that has a variety of joints and can stick an infinite number of needles. of angle.
+And as seen here, they are able to reach their intended targets while avoiding sensitive organs.
+So by questioning this assumption that all needles must be parallel, this project also taught me an important lesson. When you get lost, when the road is blocked, turn around.
+And the last project is also related to medical robots.
+It evolved from a system called the da Vinci Surgical Robot.
+And this is a commercial device.
+Used in over 2,000 hospitals worldwide.
+The idea is to allow surgeons to operate comfortably in their own coordinate frame.
+Many of the subtasks in surgery are very mundane and tedious, such as suturing, but these are all now performed under the special and immediate control of the surgeon.
+As a result, surgeons become fatigued over time.
+And what if a robot could be programmed to perform some of these subtasks, thereby freeing the surgeon to focus on the more complex parts of the operation, reducing the time it takes to complete the operation? we have been thinking Couldn't we make the robot do them a little faster?
+Now, it is difficult to program a robot to perform such delicate tasks.
+But it turns out that my colleague at Berkeley, Peter Abbeil, has developed a new technique for teaching robots by example.
+There he watched a human expert fly a helicopter, then had a robot fly the helicopter and perform some incredibly funny and beautiful acrobatics.
+So we got one of these robots.
+We started working with Peter and his students.
+And we asked the surgeon to use the robot to perform the task.
+So we ask the surgeon to perform the task and record the movements of the robot.
+Here is an example.
+We will use tracing the figure 8 as an example.
+Here's what the robot looks like when it moves: The path of the robot is as follows. Here are three examples.
+These are far better than what a newbie like me can do, but they're still awkward and imprecise.
+So record all these examples, data and go through a series of steps.
+First, we use a technique called dynamic time warping from speech recognition.
+This allows all examples to be aligned in time.
+Then apply the Kalman filter, a control theory technique. This allows us to statistically analyze all the noise and extract the desired underlying trajectory.
+Get these human demonstrations here. They are all noisy and imperfect. Then, extract the estimated task trajectory and robot control sequence from it.
+Then run it on a robot, observe what happens, and adjust the controls using a series of techniques called iterative learning.
+Then speed it up a bit.
+Observe the results, adjust the controls again and see what happens.
+And repeat this several times.
+And here is the result.
+This is the estimated task trajectory, showing the robot moving at human speed.
+That's four times the speed of a human.
+7th time here.
+And here is a robot that moves ten times faster than a human.
+This allows robots to perform delicate tasks such as surgery ten times faster than humans.
+There are lessons in this project too, because it involves practice and learning, doing something over and over again. It's just that if you want to do something well, there is no substitute for practice, practice, practice.
+Here are four lessons I've learned from robots over the years.
+And the field of robotics has improved a lot over time.
+Now even high school students can build robots. For example, the industrial robot that my father and I tried to build.
+But it's very...now...
+And now I have a daughter named Odessa.
+she is 8 years old
+And she likes robots too.
+Maybe it continues in the family.
+(Laughs) I wish she could meet my dad.
+And now I can teach her how things work and we can build projects together.
+And what lessons will she learn from it?
+Robots are the most human of our machines.
+They can't solve all the world's problems, but I think they can teach us something important.
+Think about the innovations you're interested in and the machines you want.
+And think about what they are telling you.
+Because we have a hunch that many of the innovations and devices we dream about can inspire us to be better people.
+thank you.
+When the Industrial Revolution began, the amount of carbon under Britain in the form of coal was as much under Saudi Arabia in the form of oil.
+This carbon fueled the Industrial Revolution, putting the "great" in Britain and leading to Britain's temporary world dominance.
+British coal production peaked in 1918 and has been declining ever since.
+Eventually, Britain began to use the North Sea's oil and gas, and in 2000, the North Sea's oil and gas production also peaked and is now on the decline.
+These observations about the finiteness of readily available, locally safe fossil fuels motivate us to say:
+What will life be like after fossil fuels run out?
+Shouldn't we seriously consider how to get rid of fossil fuels? "
+Another motive, of course, is climate change.
+And I think there's a lot of fluff, leafy propaganda, and misleading advertising when people talk about post-fossil fuel life and climate action. And as a physicist, I feel obligated to try and steer people into applause traps and climate action. Help people understand the behaviors that actually make a difference and focus on ideas that actually work.
+Let's illustrate this with what physicists call the "back-of-envelope calculation".
+We love math on the back of the envelope.
+Ask a question, write down a few numbers, and you'll get the answer.
+It may not be very accurate, but you might think "hmm."
+So here's the question. "Yes, we can do away with fossil fuels.
+Use biofuel. Problem solved.
+Transport... no more oil. "
+So what if we grow biofuel for roads in the grass on the edge of the road?
+How wide should the cliff be for that to work?
+OK, so let's put the numbers in.
+Let your car go 60 mph.
+Let's say you drive 30 miles per gallon.
+This is average for new European cars.
+Let's say the biofuel plantation has a productivity of 1,200 liters of biofuel per hectare per year.
+That also applies to European biofuels.
+Now let's imagine that the cars are driving all the way down this road, with a distance of 80 meters from each other.
+Road length doesn't matter. Because the longer the road, the more biofuel plantations.
+What do we do with these numbers?
+Divide the first number by the other three to get 8 kilometers.
+That's the answer.
+Considering these assumptions, the width of the plantation should be about this.
+And maybe it will tell you, "Hmmm"
+This is probably not so easy. "
+And you might think that perhaps there is a problem with the area.
+And in this talk, I want to talk about the area of ​​land, is there a problem with the area?
+The answer will be yes, but it depends on which country you are in.
+So let's start today with England.
+I like to quantify energy consumption in the UK, the sum of all energy consumption, not just transport, in light bulbs.
+It's as if we all have 125 light bulbs on at any given time, and 125 kWh of energy per person per day in the UK.
+So 40 light bulbs for transportation, 40 light bulbs for heating, 40 light bulbs for producing electricity, etc., are relatively small compared to these three big fish.
+When we consider the energy contained in the goods we import into our country, the footprint is actually even larger.
+And 90 percent of this energy still comes from fossil fuels today, with only 10 percent coming from other greener, arguably greener sources such as nuclear power and renewables.
+So.
+That's England.
+Britain's population density is 250 people per square kilometer.
+Here are other countries on these two scales:
+The vertical axis shows the number of light bulbs, or energy consumption per person.
+The number of light bulbs per person is 125, and the little blue dots there represent the land area of ​​Great Britain.
+The horizontal axis is population density, which is 250 people per square kilometer.
+Let's add European countries in blue. It turns out to be quite diverse.
+It should be emphasized that both of these axes are logarithmic. It increases by a factor of 10 as you go from one gray bar to the next.
+Then add Asia in red, Middle East and North Africa in green, Sub-Saharan Africa in blue, South America in black, Central America in purple, and North America, Australia and New Zealand in light yellow. .
+You can see that population density and per capita consumption are very diverse.
+Each country is different.
+On the upper left are Canada and Australia, which have vast land areas, very high per capita consumption, 200-300 light bulbs per capita, and very low population density.
+Top right: Bahrain's per capita energy consumption is about the same as Canada's, at over 300 light bulbs per capita, but its population density is 300 times higher, at 1,000 people per square kilometer.
+Bottom right: Bangladesh has the same population density as Bahrain, but consumes 100 times less per capita.
+Bottom left: Hmm, no one.
+But it used to be full of people.
+Here is another message from this diagram:
+Added small blue tails behind Sudan, Libya, China, India and Bangladesh.
+That's 15 years of progress.
+Where were they 15 years ago and where are they now?
+And the message is that most countries are leaning right and rising.
+Top and right: high population density and high per capita consumption.
+So we may be off the top right corner. A little more unusual are England and Germany, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, and a bunch of other slightly odd countries. But many other nations come and join us right.
+In other words, we are painting what future energy consumption will look like in other countries.
+I've also added a pink line going down and to the right in this figure.
+These are lines of equal power consumption per unit area, measured in watts per square meter.
+For example, the middle line there, 0.1 watts per square meter, is the energy consumption per unit area of ​​Saudi Arabia, Norway, purple Mexico, and Bangladesh 15 years ago.
+Half the world's population lives in countries that have already crossed that line.
+The UK consumes 1.25 watts per square meter.
+The same goes for Germany, and Japan consumes a little more.
+Now let's consider why this is relevant.
+Well, renewable energy can be measured in the same units, and other forms of power generation can be measured in the same units.
+Renewable energy is one of the leading ideas for getting out of the habit of using 90% fossil fuels.
+That's where renewable energy comes in.
+In European climates, energy crops provide 0.5 watts of power per square meter.
+what do you mean?
+Given what we just said about biofuel plantations, the results might have been predictable.
+Well, it consumes 1.25 watts per square meter.
+This means that even if we covered the entire UK with energy crops, we would not be able to match today's energy consumption.
+Wind power produces a little more, 2.5 watts per square meter.
+But that's only double the 1.25 watts per square meter.
+So literally, if you wanted to generate all forms of total energy consumption on average from wind farms, you would need wind farms half the size of the UK.
+By the way, I have data to support all these claims.
+Next, let's look at solar power.
+Rooftop solar panels provide about 20 watts of electricity per square meter in the UK.
+If you really want to get a lot of power from solar panels, you have to adopt traditional Bavarian farming methods. Jump off the roof and cover the countryside with solar panels.
+In a solar park, there are gaps between the panels, so less power is generated.
+It supplies approximately 5 watts per square meter of land area.
+And this is Vermont's solar park. Actual data provides 4.2 watts per square meter.
+Remember where we are 1.25 watts per square meter, 2.5 watts for wind farms and about 5 solar parks.
+So no matter which of these renewables you choose, the message is that if you want to power the UK with whatever combination of renewables you need to cover around 20 or 25 per cent of the country. about it. with their renewable energy.
+I'm not saying it's bad. You just need to understand the numbers.
+I am by no means against renewable energy. I love renewable energy.
+But I'm also a math person.
+(Laughter) If you concentrate solar power in the desert, you can get more power per unit area because there are no clouds.
+In other words, the facility delivers 14 watts per square meter. That's 10 watts per square meter. And this is from Spain, 5 watts per square meter.
+Being generous with concentrated solar power, I find it perfectly reliable to be able to deliver 20 watts per square meter.
+i like it.
+Of course there are no deserts in England.
+not yet.
+(Laughter) Here's the summary so far. All renewable energy that I love is diffuse.
+They all have low power per unit area and we have to accept that fact.
+This means that if we want renewable energy to make a big difference to today's scale of consumption in a country like the UK, we need to imagine a national renewable energy facility.
+Not the whole country, but a part of the country, a good part.
+There are other ways to generate electricity that do not use fossil fuels.
+So there is nuclear power, and on this ordinance survey map you can see Sizewell B in the blue square kilometer.
+That's 1 gigawatt per square kilometer, or 1,000 watts per square meter.
+Therefore, according to this particular indicator, nuclear power is less intrusive than renewables.
+Of course, other indicators are also important, and nuclear power has all sorts of popularity issues.
+But the same applies to renewable energy.
+Here is a picture of a counseling exercise in full swing in Penicuik, a small town outside of Edinburgh. The children of Penicuk are seen celebrating the burning of the windmill statue.
+I mean -- (laughter) people are against everything, so we have to leave all the options on the table.
+What can countries like the UK do on the supply side?
+Well, I think you have three options: Renewable power supply and the recognition that it needs to be on a national scale. You can use other people's renewable energy, so you can go back and talk very politely to the people in the top left of the diagram and say, Would you like to put it in yours instead? "
+And that's a serious option.
+That's the way the world deals with this problem.
+So countries like Australia, Russia, Libya and Kazakhstan could become our best friends for renewable energy production.
+And the third option is nuclear power.
+This is the supply side option.
+In addition to the supply levers we can push -- and remember that we get 90% of our energy from fossil fuels at the moment, we need a lot of energy -- those levers. In addition to , we could also talk about other methods. solve this problem.
+So you can reduce demand. That means reducing the population. I don't know how to do that, but it is to reduce per capita consumption.
+Now let's talk about three more big levers that can really help on the consumption side.
+Transport first.
+Here we present a physical principle that explains how to reduce the energy consumption of transportation.
+People often say, "Technology answers everything.
+We can build vehicles that are 100 times more efficient. "
+The energy consumption of this typical tank is 80 kWh per 100 man-kilometers.
+That's the average European car.
+80 kilowatt hours.
+Can you make something 100x better by applying the physical principles just listed?
+yes. here it is. It's a bicycle.
+It has 80 times better energy consumption and uses Weetabix biofuel.
+(Laughter) There are other options in between. Because perhaps the woman in the tank might say, "No, it's a lifestyle change. Please don't change my lifestyle."
+You can convince her to take the train, which is much more efficient than the car, but it might be a lifestyle change.
+Alternatively, there is EcoCAR on the top left.
+It's comfortable for one teenager, shorter than a traffic cone, and about as efficient as a bicycle as long as you're driving at 15 mph.
+A more viable option for transportation in between is probably an electric car, and in between are electric motorcycles and electric cars, which are probably four times more energy efficient than a standard petrol-powered tank. .
+Next is the heating lever.
+Heating accounts for one-third of energy consumption in the UK, a significant portion of which enters homes and other buildings and is used for heating and hot water.
+This is a typical English humble house.
+It's my house and I have a Ferrari in front.
+(Laughter.) What can we do about it?
+Well, the laws of physics are written there, explaining how what you can control determines how much power your heating consumes.
+You can control the temperature difference between indoors and outdoors.
+There is an amazing technology called a thermostat. Grab this and turn left to decrease the energy consumption of your home.
+I tried. can. Some call it a lifestyle change.
+(Laughter) You can also put fluff people in to make the building less leaky. Like fluffing the walls, fluffing the roof, or installing a new front door.
+Sadly, this saves you money.
+It's not sad, it's good.
+But sadly, even with these things, only about 25 percent of buildings leak. this is a good idea.
+If you want a humble house like this to get even a little closer to Swedish building codes, you'll need to apply external insulation to the building, as seen in this apartment complex in London.
+Heat pumps can also be used to deliver heat more efficiently. Heat pumps use small amounts of high-quality energy, such as electricity, to move heat from your garden to your home.
+The third demand-side option I want to talk about, the third way to reduce energy consumption, is reading the meters.
+Smart meters are often talked about, but you can also do it yourself.
+Read the meter and if you are like me it will change your life.
+Here is the graph I made.
+I was writing a book on sustainable energy and a friend asked me, "How much energy do you use at home?"
+I was embarrassed. I didn't know that actually.
+So I started reading the meter every week.
+The top half of the graph shows the old meter readings, and below that is 2007 in green.
+It was when I was reading the meter every week.
+And my life changed because I started experimenting and seeing what would make a difference.
+I started fiddling with the thermostat and the timing of the heating system, which drastically reduced my gas consumption and cut my gas bill by more than half.
+I have a similar story with my electricity consumption, turning off my DVD player, stereo, and computer peripherals that were always on, and turning them on only when needed, reduced my electricity bill by 3 more. reduced by a factor of one.
+So you need a plan that sums up.
+I mentioned the 6 big levers.
+we need to take big action. We get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels, so most if not all of these levers need to be pushed hard.
+Keep in mind that most of these levers have popularity issues, and if you don't want to use some levers, you'll need a stronger effort for others.
+Therefore, I strongly advocate having adult conversations based on numbers and facts.
+Finally, I'd like to end with this map visualizing the land and so on needed to get 16 light bulbs per person from four possible large sources.
+So if you want to get 16 bulbs, keep that in mind. Today our total energy consumption is equivalent to 125 light bulbs. If you need 16 light bulbs from wind power, this map visualizes the UK solution.
+There are 160 wind farms, each with an area of ​​100 square kilometers, which is 20 times the current wind power capacity.
+Nuclear Power: Each purple dot on the map requires 2 gigawatts to get 16 bulbs per person.
+This is four times the level of nuclear power generation today.
+Biomass: To get 16 light bulbs per person, you need 3 1/2 Wales worth of land in our country or somebody else's, maybe Ireland or maybe somewhere else .
+(Laughter) And a fourth supply-side option is to concentrate solar power in someone else's desert.
+If you want to get 16 light bulbs, talk about the 8 hexagons in the bottom right.
+The total area of ​​these hexagons is equivalent to someone else's Sahara desert two times greater than Greater London, and to bring power from the Sahara desert to Surrey would require a transmission line across Spain and France. increase.
+(Laughter) It takes a lot of planning.
+We need to stop yelling and start talking.
+And if we can have grown-up conversations and build up and plan and build, this low-carbon revolution could actually be fun.
+(applause)
+I teach history at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
+On February 14, 2018, my school experienced the worst school shooting in American history.
+People want to know what we saw and what I felt.
+I don't remember everything, but I do remember going into crisis mode, mother mode.
+There were no emotions.
+I lined up the kids and held up placards for them to follow me through the hall as if it was a fire drill.
+I heard gunshots coming from one direction.
+Luckily we were already going in the opposite direction.
+We made it outside.
+we arrived safely.
+I called my mother.
+"i'm ok."
+I called my husband.
+"i'm ok."
+Then I got a phone call from my daughter and my voice cracked and I knew I had to pick myself up.
+I sat alone thinking and worrying about my colleagues and students.
+We sat there and somehow, all we knew was that it was Valentine's Day. We sat there and somehow all we knew was that Valentine's Day was over with the baby gone. And I didn't know what to do next.
+It's been two months since then, but I still hear gunshots every day.
+I remember the horrified faces on my students' faces when they realized it wasn't training.
+Yet there are no ongoing emotions except pain, sadness, anger, insensitive comments, or just plain silence caused by the news.
+Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School lost 17 precious lives on that horrific day.
+After that, the students asked us adults the most difficult questions. “How can we stop this senseless violence?”
+This was the hardest question I have ever been asked.
+But this wasn't the first time he was humbled by a student's question.
+I've taught in public schools for 33 years, so I know I have to admit what I don't know before I can share what I know.
+In fact, there are ways to become a dedicated student, teacher, and citizen.
+First, listen carefully to the person asking the question.
+Next, admit your weaknesses. Admit what you don't know.
+Third, do your homework.
+Fourth, humbly share your knowledge.
+I know all about this process.
+My students always ask really thoughtful questions.
+They are eager to learn and sometimes eager to prove themselves smart.
+Believe me, they know when I don't know the answer, and in those cases they say, "That's a great question. Let me look it up and get back to you."
+So when the students asked, "How can we stop this senseless violence?"
+I asked and admitted, "I don't know."
+And I started doing my homework, as I always do when I don't know the answer to a question.
+And as a history teacher, I knew I needed to start with the Second Amendment and the NRA.
+For those of you who haven't taken a history class in a while, here's what the Second Amendment actually says: “A well-regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state and upholds the rights of its citizens.
+In other words, the federal government could not infringe on the right of citizens to join well-regulated militias.
+The 2nd Amendment was ratified 226 years ago.
+This book was written at a time when state militias were considered necessary to defend the state, before the federal government's military was one of the strongest in the world.
+Fast forward to 1871, 80 years later.
+Although the Civil War had ended years earlier, several Union officers had witnessed some rather sloppy shooting on the battlefield.
+So, in an effort to prepare their men for future conflicts, they founded the National Rifle Association to promote rifle training.
+In other words, the Second Amendment was written to give newly formed vulnerable nations access to organized state militias.
+And the original mission of the NRA was to equip future soldiers with the right purpose.
+Someone could teach an entire course on how the next 150 years have influenced the gun control debate and interpretation of the Second Amendment in the United States.
+Nearly every significant moment in our nation's history has, in one way or another, affected how we as a nation make, discuss, regulate, and feel about guns. rice field.
+Many changes have taken place.
+Indeed, the Supreme Court has ruled for the first time that the Second Amendment protects the right of individuals to possess firearms and to use those weapons for traditionally lawful purposes unrelated to militia service. It was 2008 when I dropped it. Self defense at home.
+in house.
+This change over time is impressive to me. Because it serves as a reminder that interpretations of the Second Amendment and cultural attitudes to guns have changed over time.
+It gives me hope that they might change again.
+(Applause.) This is an incredibly complex and dynamic history lesson, but time is running out, so that's not the lesson I'm here to teach you today.
+I'm not talking about time, but the time I've been given to stand here and speak.
+What I'm talking about is we're running out of time.
+According to the CDC, an average of 96 people have been killed by guns in the U.S. every day in the last five years, and if we don't find a way to answer students' questions quickly, one of us will die next. maybe. .
+So if the question is how can this senseless violence be stopped, I think the best answer is to consider multiple options.
+You remember the high school choices, right?
+Let's start.
+Option A: This issue ends when firearm manufacturers are held accountable for on-time delivery of their products.
+You might be surprised to learn that we've actually thought about this before.
+From 1998 to 2000, 30 counties and cities urged firearm manufacturers to make their products safer and better track where they were sold.
+Manufacturers, however, insisted they were not directly responsible for how their products were used.
+They said the shop that sold the gun and the owner who bought the gun would be held responsible if something bad happened.
+In response to this lawsuit and many others, the NRA lobbied for passage of the PLCAA, a law that protects the legal arms trade.
+The PLCAA was passed in 2005 with bipartisan support to provide gun manufacturers with safe gun design, dealers with responsible gun sales, and responsible gun ownership and use. I am delegating someone to do it.
+So if 17 students and staff members die in my school, no one in this chain will be held responsible.
+Let's look at another option, option B. This will end when we take responsibility and regulate the estimated 300 million guns available in America.
+Yes, voting is one of the best ways to take personal responsibility for gun violence.
+Ensuring that lawmakers are willing to pass common-sense gun reform is one of the most effective ways to keep these 300 million guns under control.
+It also allows gun owners to personally take the initiative.
+If you own a gun, ask yourself if you have an extra gun you don't need.
+Could it fall into the wrong hands?
+Have you attended our latest training?
+Perhaps as a gun owner, you should also ask yourself if you're taking care of your mental health.
+When it comes to gun violence, the debate about mental health fails if we don't acknowledge our own vulnerability to mental illness.
+One in six Americans will suffer from mental illness.
+If you own a gun, you need to be rigorously committed to maintaining your mental health so you don't pull the trigger when you're sick.
+If not, we really need to ask ourselves if we really have the time and attention to own a gun.
+Perhaps it's time for some of us to drop our arms.
+Then there is option C. This will end when we can care more about each other.
+Many social issues influence why people buy and use guns.
+Even though 62 percent of gun deaths in the United States between 2012 and 2016 were suicides, we call people insane and insane and shame them.
+We create barriers for those who need help.
+Why do we embarrass each other?
+Let's make it easier, not harder, to help people get better mental health care.
+what else? Sexism, racism, and poverty impact gun ownership and gun-related deaths.
+Between 2010 and 2014, an average of 50 women were shot dead each month due to domestic violence, and it is estimated that some still die at home.
+Empower women and give boys the opportunity to learn how to resolve conflicts and emotions with words, not weapons.
+And the Washington Post reported that nearly 1,000 people were fatally injured by on-duty police officers last year.
+Talk to Black Lives Matter and the Police Union about it.
+We need to work on this.
+(Applause.) After all, if everyone felt equally safe, healthy, respected, and cared for, perhaps people wouldn't feel the need to buy and use guns.
+Okay, discussion time is over.
+Now it's your turn to answer that question.
+How can this senseless violence be stopped?
+Option A, Option B, Option C?
+Now I know what you guys are thinking.
+Remember that multiple-choice questions rarely end with just three possibilities.
+There is always a fourth option D, all of the above.
+That's probably the answer here.
+Or maybe "all of the above" is too easy and this is not an easy problem.
+It requires deep analytical thinking by all of us.
+So, instead, do your homework and create your own Choice D with supporting details.
+If you don't know where to start, look to my students as role models.
+They have incredible communication skills and citizenship and I am so inspired.
+(Applause.) These are public school kids working on gun control issues, and their work has moved us.
+And we don't have to do this ourselves.
+They are asking you, and all of us, to participate.
+This is not a spectator sport.
+So what is the correct answer?
+don't know. Listen, I'm no gun control expert.
+I teach humanities.
+To be human is to learn, and to be part of a civilization is to share knowledge.
+Such honest, brave, and sincere commitment is what I ask of my students, what I expect of myself as a teacher, and what I ask of you now.
+All of you need to do your homework.
+Then what?
+Let us humbly share our knowledge with each other.
+Tell your family, community, city council, state council.
+Give a lesson to Congress.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+The great documents of the ancient world do not survive to us in their original form.
+They have survived because medieval scribes copied and copied them so many times.
+The same goes for the great Greek mathematician Archimedes.
+Everything we know about Archimedes as a mathematician is thanks to just three books called A, B and C.
+And A was lost in 1564 by Italian humanists.
+And B.'s name was last heard in 1311 at the papal library at Viterbo, about 100 miles north of Rome.
+Well, Codex C was just discovered in 1906 and arrived at my desk in Baltimore on January 19th, 1999.
+And this is Codex C.
+Now, Codex C is actually buried in this book.
+It's buried money.
+Because this book is actually a prayer book.
+It was completed by a man named Johannes Milones on April 14, 1229.
+And to make a prayer book he used parchment.
+However, he did not use new parchment, but recycled parchment from previous manuscripts, of which there were seven.
+And Archimedes' Codex C was just one of those seven.
+He disassembled the Archimedes manuscript and seven other manuscripts.
+He erased all those sentences, then cut the sheets down the middle, shuffled them, turned them 90 degrees, and wrote prayers over these books.
+And essentially these seven manuscripts have been lost for 700 years and we have a prayer book.
+This prayer book was discovered in 1906 by a man named Johann Ludwig Heiberg.
+Then, using only a magnifying glass, I transcribed as much of the text as possible.
+And the problem is that he found two texts in this manuscript that are unique texts.
+They were not in A and B at all. They were entirely new texts by Archimedes, called "Method" and "Stomachion".
+And it became a world-famous manuscript.
+Now, it should be clear that this book is in bad shape.
+The situation worsened in the 20th century after Heiberg saw it.
+A forgery was painted on it and it was badly plagued with mold.
+This book is the definition of write-off.
+It's the kind of book I thought was in the facility.
+However, it was purchased by a private owner in 1998 rather than being on the property.
+Why did he buy this book?
+Because I wanted to make fragile things safe.
+He wanted something unique to be universal.
+He wanted expensive things to be free.
+And he wanted to do this in principle.
+Because not many people actually read Archimedes in ancient Greek, but they do.
+So he gathered around himself the friends of Archimedes and promised to pay for all his work.
+It was an expensive business, but it's actually not as big a deal as you might think. Because these people did not come from money, they came from Archimedes.
+And they have all kinds of different backgrounds.
+They come from particle physics, from classical philology, from book preservation, from ancient mathematics, from data management, from scientific image processing and program management.
+And they got together to write this manuscript.
+The first problem was that of preservation.
+And this was the kind of thing we had to deal with. There was glue on the spine of the book.
+And if you look closely at this picture, the bottom half is quite brown.
+And the glue is glue.
+If you're a restorer, you can remove this adhesive fairly easily.
+The upper half is Elmer wood glue.
+Since it is a vinyl acetate emulsion, it does not dissolve in water when dried.
+And it's much harder than the parchment it's written on.
+So I had to disassemble the book before starting the image of Archimedes.
+It took four years to dismantle.
+And this is a rare action shot, folks.
+(Laughter) The other thing is that we had to remove all the wax. This is because it was used in the Greek Orthodox liturgy, and candle wax was used.
+And the wax on the candle was so dirty that I could not take an image through the wax.
+Therefore, all the wax had to be machined off very carefully.
+It's hard to say exactly how bad the condition of this book is, but very often it has trickled out.
+And while we usually don't care about small pieces in books, these small pieces may contain peculiar Archimedean texts.
+So I was able to actually put the little splinter back in the right place.
+Then I started to create the image of the manuscript.
+The manuscript was then imaged in 14 different wavelength bands of light.
+Because when you look at something in different wavelength bands of light, you see different things.
+Here are images of the page taken in 14 different wavelength bands of light.
+But none worked.
+So what we did was process the images together and put the two images on one blank screen.
+And here are two different images of Archimedes' manuscript.
+And the image on the left is the normal red image.
+And the image on the right is an ultraviolet image.
+And in the image on the right you may see some of Archimedes' writings.
+Combining them into a single digital canvas brightens the parchment and makes it appear brighter in both images.
+The prayer book is dark and dark in both images.
+Archimedes text is dark in one image and light in another.
+It appears red even in the dark and you can start reading fairly clearly.
+That's what it looks like.
+This is a before and after image, but you don't read the image on the screen that way.
+Zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, zoom in, you can read now.
+(Applause) If you process the same two images differently, you can actually get rid of the prayer book text.
+And this is very important. This is because the diagrams in this manuscript are the only sources of sand drawings by Archimedes in the 4th century BC.
+So we can give them to you.
+With this kind of imaging, this kind of infrared, ultraviolet, invisible light imaging, I had no intention of creating an image through a gold forgery.
+How were you going to do that?
+Now that we have the manuscript, we decide to image it with X-ray fluorescence imaging.
+Therefore, X-rays enter the left diagram and knock electrons out of the inner shell of the atom.
+And the electron disappears.
+And when it disappears, an electron from the outer shell jumps in and takes over its place.
+And when it occupies a place, it emits electromagnetic radiation.
+Irradiate X-rays.
+And these X-rays have different wavelengths for the atoms they collide with.
+And what we wanted to get was iron.
+For the ink was written with iron.
+And if we could map where this X-ray was coming from, we could map all the iron on the page, and theoretically we could read the image.
+The problem is that you need a very powerful light source to do this.
+So we took it to the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory in California, a particle accelerator.
+Electrons rotate in one direction and positrons move in the opposite direction.
+They meet in the middle to create subatomic particles like charm quarks and tau leptons.
+Now, I wasn't actually going to put Archimedes in that beam.
+But when electrons spin at the speed of light, they emit X-rays.
+And this is the most powerful light source in the solar system.
+This is called synchrotron radiation and is usually used to observe proteins and the like.
+But we wanted to be able to see atoms and iron atoms and read the page back and forth.
+And oh my God, it turns out that it can be done.
+It took about 17 minutes to create one page.
+So what have we discovered?
+Now, one of Archimedes' unique texts is called "Stomachion".
+And this was not present in Codes A and B.
+And we knew it had something to do with this square.
+This is a perfect square, divided into 14 bits.
+But no one knew what Archimedes was doing with those 14 bits.
+And now we think we know.
+He was trying to calculate how many ways these 14 bits could be recombined to create a perfect square.
+Anyone want to guess the answer?
+17,152 are divided into 536 families.
+And the important point about this is that this is the earliest study of combinatorics in mathematics.
+And combinatorics is a wonderful and interesting branch of mathematics.
+What is really surprising about this manuscript, however, is that when we examined other manuscripts made by the palimpsester and in which the scribe made the book, one of them was the one containing the text by Hyperides.
+Well, Hyperides was an Athenian orator in the 4th century BC.
+He was an exact contemporary of Demosthenes.
+And in 338 BC he and Demosthenes decided together that they wanted to confront the military power of Philip of Macedonia.
+Athens and Thebes then set out to fight against Philip of Macedon.
+Philip of Macedon had a son, Alexander the Great, who lost the battle of Chaeronea.
+Alexander the Great continued to conquer the known world. Hyperides found himself on trial for treason.
+This is the speech he gave during the trial. And this is a great speech. “The best thing is to win,” he says.
+But if you can't win, you should fight for a higher cause, because then you'll be remembered.
+Consider the Spartans.
+They won countless victories, but no one remembers what they were because they were all fought for selfish ends.
+The most memorable battle the Spartans fought was the Battle of Thermopylae, where they were slaughtered but fought for the freedom of Greece. "
+It was such a fine speech that the Athenian court released him.
+He lived another ten years, but then the Macedonians caught up with him.
+They cut off his tongue to mock his speech, but no one knows what they did to his body.
+So this is the discovery of a voice lost from antiquity, speaking to us not from his tomb, but from the Athenian court, because his tomb does not exist.
+Now, let me tell you at this point, if you're looking at scraped medieval manuscripts, you usually won't find unique texts.
+And finding two in one manuscript is really nice.
+Finding three is completely strange.
+And I found 3 more.
+Aristotle's "categories" are one of the foundations of Western philosophy.
+and found a third-century AD commentary on it, probably by Galen and possibly by porphyry.
+All the data we collect, all the images, all the raw images, all the transcriptions we make, etc., are published online under a Creative Commons license for anyone to use for commercial purposes. rice field.
+(Applause.) Why did the manuscript owner do this?
+He did this because he understands data as well as books.
+Now, if you want your books to last long, you have to hide them in your closet and let very few people see them.
+If you want your data to live, it's important to expose it to the outside world and allow everyone to own it with as little control over it as possible.
+And that's what he did.
+And educational institutions can learn from this.
+This is because, at present, each organization restricts data by copyright restrictions and so on.
+And if you want to see medieval manuscripts on the Web, you currently have to go to the Y National Library site or the X University Library site, which is the most tedious way to work with digital data. .
+What you want to do is aggregate it all.
+Because the web of ancient manuscripts of the future will not be built by organizations.
+It's up to users, by people collecting this data, by people who want to aggregate all sorts of maps no matter where they come from, by people who want to aggregate all kinds of medieval romances no matter where they come from, and simply their own It will be built by people who just want to curate maps. A unique selection of beautiful things.
+And that is the future of the web.
+If we can make it happen, it will be an attractive and beautiful future.
+Today, we at the Walters Museum have followed this example and published all manuscripts, all raw data, all descriptions, and all metadata on the web for the public to enjoy.
+Under Creative Commons License.
+Today, the Walters Art Museum is a small museum with beautiful manuscripts, but the data is amazing.
+As a result, if I do an image search on Google now and type in, say, "Illuminated Manuscript Koran," 24 of the 28 images I find are from my institution.
+(Applause) Now, let's think about this for a second.
+What does it mean for your organization?
+Facilities include all kinds of things.
+Talking about the humanities or something like that is fine, but let's talk selfishly.
+Because what really matters to this institution is: "Why do people go to the Louvre?"
+They go see the Mona Lisa.
+Why would they go see the Mona Lisa?
+Because they already know what she looks like.
+And they've seen pictures of her everywhere, so they know what she looks like.
+These restrictions are no longer needed at all.
+And I think institutions should stand up and release all their data under unlimited licenses. It will be of great benefit to everyone.
+Why not make this data accessible to everyone and curate your own collection of ancient knowledge and wonderfully beautiful things to enhance the beauty and cultural significance of the internet.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+In 1994, Charles Murray and Richard Hernstein published a highly controversial book, The Bell Curve, which argued that some races were, on average, smarter and more likely to be successful than others. ” was co-authored.
+Murray and Hernstein also suggest that the prevalence of violent crime in poor African-American communities is explained by the lack of important information.
+But Charles Murray and Richard Hernstein aren't the only ones who think this way.
+In 2012, an author, journalist and political commentator named John Derbyshire wrote a non-black version of the story many black parents feel compelled to tell their children today: advice on how to stay safe. I wrote an article that should have been
+Among them, he ``does not participate in events where many blacks are likely to gather,'' ``stays away from areas where many blacks live,'' and ``does not play the Good Samaritan to blacks in distress.'' made a proposal.
+Yet in 2016 I invited John Derbyshire and Charles Murray to speak at the school, fully aware that I would be giving them platform and attention to ideas I despised and rejected. Did.
+But this is just a further evolution of my lifelong uncomfortable learning journey.
+When I was 10, my mother was diagnosed with schizophrenia, a mental illness characterized by mood swings and paranoid delusions.
+Throughout my life, my mother's anger turned our little house into a minefield.
+Still, I dreaded her rage every day, but at the same time, I learned a lot from her.
+Our relationship was a complicated and difficult one and at 14 I decided I needed to live apart from her.
+But as the years went by, I came to understand some of the important lessons my mother taught me about life.
+She was the first to talk to me about learning from the other side.
+Like me, she grew up in a staunch Liberal Democrat household.
+But she encouraged me to look at the world and the issues facing our world as complex, controversial and ever-changing.
+One day, I came across the word "affirmative action" in a book I was reading.
+And when I asked her what the word meant, she spent about an hour giving me a thorough and thoughtful explanation that even a small child could understand.
+She made the topic at least as interesting as the other professors.
+She explains the many reasons why people with different political views are challenging and supporting affirmative action, and while she herself is a strong supporter of affirmative action, I find the issue to be a long one. He stressed the importance of looking at it as a controversial issue with a history and a questionable future. many complicating factors.
+She felt that while affirmative action could increase the presence of minorities in elite educational institutions, it could harm hardworking people of various races from more affluent backgrounds.
+She wanted me to understand that you can always learn something from someone else's perspective, even if it's difficult, so you shouldn't just ignore opinions you disagree with or don't like. is.
+But life at home with my mother wasn't the only formative and uncomfortable aspect of the journey for me.
+In fourth grade, she decided that I should attend a private school to get the best possible education.
+As a black student at a predominantly white private school, I have encountered attitudes and behaviors that reflect racial stereotypes.
+Some of my friends' parents knew within minutes of meeting me that my best talent was playing basketball.
+And it really pissed me off that my race made it hard for them to see me as a student who loved to read, write and speak.
+Experiences like this motivated me to work tirelessly to disprove people's assumptions.
+My mother even said that in order to do my best, I had to be patient, careful, and excruciatingly polite.
+To prove that I belonged, I had to demonstrate composure and confidence, the ability to speak well and listen well.
+Only then will my colleagues realize that I deserve to be there as much as they do.
+Despite these racial stereotypes and the discomfort I often felt, the lessons I learned from other aspects of life at an elite private school were incredibly valuable.
+My teachers encouraged me to explore my curiosity, try new things, and deepen my understanding of the subjects that fascinated me the most.
+The next step was going to college.
+I was excited to take my intellectual drive and interest in the world of ideas to the next level.
+I was enthusiastic about engaging in lively discussions with colleagues, professors, and outside speakers. Listen, learn, and understand more about yourself and others.
+I was fortunate to meet colleagues and professors with similar interests, but my desire to work on difficult ideas was also resisted.
+To prepare myself for real-world controversy, I joined a group of controversial speakers on campus.
+However, many people vehemently opposed the group, and I received a great deal of backlash from students, faculty, and my administration.
+For many, it was hard to see how much harm it was worth to bring a controversial speaker onto campus.
+And it was disappointing for me to face personal attacks, to have my speakers canceled by the government, and to hear that my intentions were distorted by those around me.
+My work has also hurt a lot of people's feelings, and I get it.
+Of course, no one likes being offended, and of course they love hearing controversial speakers claim that feminism is at war with men, that blacks have lower IQs than whites, etc. not.
+I also understand that some people have had traumatic experiences in their lives.
+And for some, hearing an aggressive opinion can be like reliving the very trauma they've worked so hard to overcome.
+Many argue that providing a platform for these people does more harm than good. Whenever I hear these remarks, I am reminded of this and feel a pain in my heart.
+But millions of people agree with them, so ignoring opposing opinions doesn't make them disappear.
+To understand the potential for society to move forward, we must understand the forces that oppose it.
+By tackling controversial and aggressive ideas, I believe we can find common ground, if not with the speaker himself, but with the audience he attracts or indoctrinates.
+I believe that through dialogue we can develop a deeper understanding of our own beliefs and maintain our ability to solve problems, but this is only possible through mutual dialogue and effort. good listener.
+But shortly after I announced that John Derbyshire would speak on campus, a student backlash erupted on social media.
+In fact, the wave of resistance was so intense that the president of my university withdrew the invitation.
+I was deeply disappointed by this. Because there's nothing my co-workers or I can do to silence someone who agrees with him in a future employer's office environment.
+When you look at what's happening on college campuses, you can feel the anger.
+And I understand.
+But what I want to tell people is that discomfort is worth it, it's worth listening to, and it makes us stronger, not weaker.
+Looking back on my own experiences with uncomfortable learning, I know that it was very difficult to change the values ​​of the intellectual community I belonged to.
+However, it gives me hope that I was able to interact individually with students who supported and challenged the work I was doing, and who did not.
+What I have discovered is that while changing community values ​​can be difficult, much can be gained from personal interactions.
+I was unable to engage with John Derbyshire because the President's invitation was revoked, but I was able to have dinner before Charles Murray's lecture.
+I knew the conversation would be difficult.
+And I didn't expect it to be fun.
+But it was heartfelt and made me understand his argument more deeply.
+It turns out that he, like me, believes in building a more just society.
+The problem is that his understanding of what justice entails was very different from mine.
+The way he wanted to understand this issue, the way he wanted to approach the issue of inequality was also different from mine.
+And his understanding of issues such as welfare and affirmative action is combined with his understanding of various liberal and conservative beliefs that either diminish or enhance their presence in our society. I found it to be deeply rooted.
+He eloquently expressed his point of view, but I was not convinced at all.
+But I walked away with a deeper understanding.
+I believe that progress in the face of adversity requires a real commitment to a deeper understanding of human nature.
+I would love to see a world where more leaders are deeply versed in the opinions of those who deeply disagree so that they can understand the nuances of all the people they represent.
+I see this as an ongoing process with continuous learning, and I am convinced that as we continue to build empathy and understanding by addressing unfamiliar perspectives, we can add value in the future. I'm here.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So I have friends.
+She is an actress and is in her sixties.
+She is very smart, mean, and emotionally intelligent.
+And a few days before Christmas she was at the post office.
+It was very busy due to being on vacation, but she was filling out some paperwork and was very focused.
+And out of nowhere, someone moved her out of the way. I just physically put my hand on her and moved her out of the way.
+He apparently needed something she was blocking so he moved her.
+Maybe he said something to her, maybe he didn't, maybe she didn't hear it...
+Either way, she was focused and filling out the form.
+The next thing she knew, she was being held down with both hands and moved out of the way.
+Then he took what he was reaching out for, whatever she was holding back, and began to walk the merry way.
+She said she was shocked at first - well.
+An inexplicable anger welled up inside her. Instead of being annoyed or frustrated, the word she used was "furious."
+And she continued, "I mean, I wanted to be physical.
+I don't know -- I was furious.
+And I don't know why.
+I mean, he didn't hit me.
+He didn't hurt me, he didn't violate me.
+He moved me so much that I wanted to hurt him, or at least chase him and scream in his face. "
+So after that, I thought deeply about this anger, looking for an explanation as to why I felt angry when she said it, and why this is a word and sentiment that we hear so much these days.
+I think it's this point that makes all the men in this room a little uncomfortable.
+(laughs) It's okay.
+stay with me.
+This anger is what I have been biting since the last US presidential election.
+And many women seem to think so.
+This anger wasn't just my friend's.
+Her anger has sparked a lifetime of men who meddle with women's bodies without their consent.
+There are cultures where men reach out to women, but in this case, the woman's body is like a salt shaker, in a seemingly innocuous way: "I'm going to the fries, so don't bother me" (laughs). The most terrible, violent and frightening situation.
+I'm sure some of you are wondering what the relationship is between the harmless and the terrifying, two seemingly polar opposites.
+Well, the common denominator is the spectrum.
+The harmless makes room for the terrifying.
+And women have to live with both, or somewhere in between.
+Guys, can you imagine someone walking up to you and taking it out of your hand while you're just using your cell phone?
+And they said, 'Okay, I don't know why you're so angry, I want to call you.
+I will get back to you as soon as I am done.
+Anything is fine. "
+And if someone takes that phone out of your hand, I don't know, imagine once a day, twice a day, random number of times.
+And the explanation is, "Well, I mean, I have a fancy case," or, "I shouldn't have taken it out of my pocket," or, "Yeah, yeah.
+But for some reason, no one talks about who stole the phone.
+Too oversimplified, I get it, but you see where I'm going.
+Men are used to helping themselves, so it's like...
+they can't help themselves.
+It's not because men are fundamentally unmoral, but because this is a huge blind spot for most men.
+When someone helps himself for a woman, it not only causes discomfort and pain, but also the unspoken experiences of our mothers' lives, our sisters' lives, and our previous generations of women. .
+It assumes that we know us better than ourselves, that it is the property of our husbands and landlords, that we have old white men telling us the fate of our female part. It is the life of the women who have dated the men who are. A lifetime in which the body is used as an object of love and desire, rather than a body that we can freely manipulate and use. I've known all my life that whether we play by their rules or not, we have to endure harassment and assault and worse. Our physical life has been used as a property that can be bumped and hurt, manipulated and moved, and like an object that is not worthy of respect. A lifetime incapable of expressing the anger of our bodies.
+No wonder we feel this anger.
+Add in racial history, and it's a whole other story, but it gets exponentially more complicated.
+When a woman is mistreated, we begin to rationalize and try to figure out why. "Maybe it's our fault.
+you know what? He probably said something, but I couldn't hear him.
+You're just overreacting.
+I'm totally overreacting. "
+no.
+no.
+no.
+No no no no no.
+Women have been trained to think we are overreacting or oversensitive or irrational.
+We swallow intense emotions, trying to make sense of nonsense.
+We try to put them in hidden places in our minds, but they never go away.
+When we practice smiling – (chuckles) “Yes, of course” – and try to feel good, that anger is deep inside.
+"I know—" (chuckles) "Yes, yes, of course." Apparently women shouldn't get angry.
+That anger my friend felt meant that for centuries we were unable to directly address or express our resentment, frustration and anger.
+When someone thinks they can save our bodies on their own, it not only ignites anger in the present, but it also sheds light on the past.
+A seemingly calm moment at the post office is actually a grenade of anger.
+Come on, Kaboom!
+Today, the global collection of women's experiences can no longer be ignored.
+It is time to think that we are overreacting or that “this is the way things are”.
+It's time for women to take responsibility for men's bad behavior.
+It is the responsibility of men to change their bad behavior.
+(Applause.) Our culture is changing, and the time has come.
+So, my fellow women and kind-hearted men, because we are together within this special framework of this massive movement for women's equality, envisioning a future that does not yet exist. , we both have different invitations.
+Men, I call you allies to work together for change.
+May you be responsible, reflective, compassionate and open.
+May I ask how you can support women and contribute to change?
+And may help be available when needed.
+And women, I encourage you to admit your anger.
+Give it a language.
+Please share in a secure manner, in a identifiable and secure location.
+Your anger is nothing to fear.
+There is a lifetime of wisdom in it.
+Breathe in and listen.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+Chris Anderson: So two months ago something crazy happened.
+This has gotten so many people's attention, can you talk about it?
+Gwynne Shotwell: At first they are silent, then they start talking.
+(Video) Voices: 5, 4, 3, 2, 1.
+(cheers) Woman: Lift off. Go Falcon Heavy.
+GS: So this was a very important moment for SpaceX.
+With the Falcon 9 and now the Falcon Heavy, any previously envisioned or currently envisioned payload can be launched into orbit.
+With several Falcon Heavy launches scheduled for later this year, this should have worked.
+This is the first time we've ever flown, and we've landed the main characters of the show, of course, the brothers and sisters side boosters.
+I was excited.
+(Laughter) Thanks to the team.
+By the way, there are probably a thousand people standing around me.
+and Starman.
+But Starman didn't steal the topic, Booster did.
+CA: (laughter) CA: They needed some kind of payload -- why can't they just send a Tesla into space?
+GS: That's right. It was perfect.
+CA: Gwynne, let's turn the clock back.
+I mean, how did you become an engineer and president of SpaceX?
+Were you a super nerd when you were a girl?
+GS: I guess I wasn't a nerd, but I was definitely doing things that girls weren't doing.
+When I was in 3rd grade, I asked my mother, who was an artist, how cars worked. My mother had no idea, so she gave me a book. So I read. And, sure enough, I ended up doing my first job with a machine. I have an engineering degree from Chrysler Motors in the automotive industry.
+But it wasn't the book that really got me into engineering, it was my mom taking me to an event at the Society of Women Engineers. He fell in love with a mechanical engineer who was giving a lecture.
+She has a really important job and I love her suit.
+(Laughter) And that connects with a 15-year-old girl.
+I shy away from talking about it, but if that's why I became an engineer, I think I should talk about it.
+CA: 16 years ago you became SpaceX employee number 7 and then in the years that followed somehow NASA and billions of dollars despite the fact that SpaceX's first three launches failed built a relationship with
+I mean, how the hell did you do that?
+GS: So really, selling Rocket is about creating relationships and connections with these customers.
+If you don't have a rocket to sell, what really matters is selling your team, selling your CEO's business-savvy talent. These days, it's not that hard to sell. And basically, to make sure that any technical issues the team has are resolved. Or if you have a concern, we can address it right away.
+So, I am glad that I became an engineer.
+I believe this has helped me in my role as a sales representative at Elon.
+CA: And I think the big focus for the company right now is sort of competing with Boeing, which is the first to offer NASA the service of actually putting humans into orbit.
+Safety considerations clearly come to the fore here.
+How's your sleep?
+GS: I actually sleep really well. I sleep well, which is my number one advantage.
+However, the days leading up to our flight crew's departure are probably going to be a little sleepless.
+But the reality is, basically, safety is built into the design of systems that fly people on board, so we've been working on this technology for years, actually almost a decade.
+We have a Dragon Cargo spaceship and we are upgrading it to be able to transport our crew.
+As I said earlier, we've been working on these safety systems for quite some time.
+CA: Doesn't that mean you have one system where you can actually get out of there quickly if something goes wrong?
+GS: That's right. It's called the "launch escape system".
+CA: I think it does. Let's show it.
+GS: I have a video of a test we did in 2015.
+So this simulated having a really bad day on the pads.
+Basically you have to get the capsule out of the dodge.
+You want to escape a rocket that has been hit by bad weather directly below.
+This is in case there was a problem with the pads.
+We also plan to do another demonstration later this year, should the rocket experience problems during flight.
+CA: And these rockets will eventually have other potential functions as well.
+GS: Well, Dragon's launch escape system is pretty unique.
+An integrated launch escape system.
+It's basically a pusher, with a propulsion system and thrusters integrated into the capsule that will push the capsule out when it detects an anomaly in the rocket.
+Until now, capsule safety systems have been like tractor pulls. The reason we didn't want to do that was because we needed to remove the pull before we could safely re-enter the capsule. So by design, I wanted to eliminate that possibility. Failure.
+CA: So SpaceX is making regular re-use of rockets almost routine. This means that you have accomplished what no national space program, for example, could have done.
+How was that possible?
+GS: I think there are several factors -- there are actually a million -- that have made SpaceX so successful.
+The first is that we are like standing on the shoulders of giants. right?
+We had to look at the rocket industry and previous developments, select the best ideas, and leverage them.
+Also, there was no technology that needed to be built into the vehicle system.
+This allowed us to leave the design of these systems to physics instead of having to design around legacy components that were not very reliable or especially expensive.
+CA: So there are other programs that started from scratch.
+The last phrase you said there was about letting physics drive design, what are some examples of that?
+GS: Actually there are hundreds of examples of that, but basically we really had to build the vehicle design from a blank slate and make the decisions we wanted to make.
+Tank construction -- it's a common dome design.
+It's basically like two beer cans stacked on top of each other, one filled with liquid oxygen and one filled with RP, basically saving weight.
+This basically allowed the same design to accept more payloads.
+Another element of the airframe we're currently flying is using high density liquid oxygen and high density RP, so it's super cold and allows us to pack more propellant into the airframe. about it.
+This is done elsewhere, probably not as much as we do, but it adds a lot of margin to the vehicle and definitely improves reliability.
+CA: Gwynn, I believe you became president of SpaceX ten years ago.
+What was it like working so closely with Elon Musk?
+GS: That's why I love working at Elon.
+Actually, I've been doing it for 16 years this year.
+I don't think I'm stupid enough to spend 16 years doing something I don't want to do.
+He's funny and basically drives you to do your best work without saying a word.
+he doesn't have to say anything.
+You just want to do great work.
+CA: You may be the best person to answer this question that puzzled me, shedding light on this strange unit of time called "Elon time."
+For example, when I asked Elon last year when Tesla would be driving itself across America, he said by December of last year. Considering Elon's time, that's definitely true.
+So what is the Elon time and real-time conversion rate?
+(laughter) GS: You put me in a unique position, Chris.
+thank you.
+There's no question that Elon is very aggressive with his timeline, but frankly, that's what drives us to do things better and faster.
+I believe that all the time and money in the world does not lead to the best solution, so it is very important to put pressure on the team to act quickly.
+CA: I feel like you're playing an important go-between role here.
+I mean, he sets crazy goals that are impactful, but in other situations he can bring teams down or set impossible expectations.
+I feel like I've found a way to say, "Yes, Elon," and make it happen in a way that's acceptable to both him and your company, and your employees.
+GS: There are two really important realizations in that regard.
+First of all, when Elon says something, don't immediately say, "Well, that's impossible," or, "I can't do that. I don't know what to do."
+So zip it up, think about it, find a way to make it happen.
+And one more thing I've noticed is that it made my job satisfaction much less satisfying.
+So I always felt that my job was to turn these ideas into goals for the company, make them achievable, and get the company upside down this steep slope and comfortable.
+And every time we felt we were there, we rolled over, people got comfortable, Elon threw something in there, and all of a sudden we weren't comfortable, again that suddenness. I realized that I was climbing a steep slope.
+But once I realize that's his job and my job is to get the company closer to being comfortable and he pushes again to get us back on that slope, instead of always getting frustrated , I love my job more.
+CA: So if I estimate that the ratio of Elon's time to your time is about double the amount of conversation, am I pretty far from there?
+GS: It's not terrible, and you said so, but I didn't.
+(Laughter) CA: As you know, looking to the future, one huge undertaking that SpaceX is rumored to be working on is a massive network of literally thousands of low-orbit satellites. , which provides high-bandwidth, low-cost Internet connectivity. every square foot of the earth.
+Can you tell me something about this?
+GS: We don't really talk much about this particular project. Not hiding anything, this is probably one of the most if not the most challenging projects we've worked on.
+No one has successfully deployed a huge constellation for internet broadband, basically satellite internet. I don't think the difficulty here is physics.
+I think we can come up with the right technology solution, but we have to turn it into a business, and it would cost about $10 billion or more to put this system in place.
+So we are making steady progress, but we have not yet declared victory.
+CA: So, obviously, if that were to happen to the world, the impact of connectivity everywhere would be pretty radical and probably mostly positive. So, suddenly everyone can connect cheaply, and things change a lot.
+GS: Yes, it will definitely change the world.
+CA: How worried is that and how much does it interfere with your plans? Is the concern just about space junk?
+People are very worried about this.
+This will greatly increase the total number of satellites in orbit.
+Worried about it?
+GS: There's no question that space junk is a concern. Not because it's very likely to happen, but the consequences if it does are pretty devastating.
+Basically, spewing too many particles into an orbit could render that orbit useless for decades or more.
+So, in effect, you'll have to unload the second stage every mission to avoid becoming a dead rocket circling the Earth.
+So you have to manage it well.
+CA: So despite the impressive success of the Falcon Heavy rocket there, you haven't really focused on that as a future development plan.
+It will develop a larger rocket called the BFR. BFR stands for...
+GS: Big Falcon Rocket. CA: Big Falcon Rocket, that's right.
+(Laughter) What's the business logic that you invested everything in that amazing technology and now you're working on something bigger? why?
+GS: In fact, we've learned some lessons during the time we've been developing these launch systems.
+We don't want to introduce a new product before convincing the customer that this is the product to migrate. So while we're working on the Big Falcon Rocket right now, please keep flying the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy until the BFR is fully and universally accepted.
+However, we are working on it now and have no intention of canceling Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy to introduce BFR.
+CA: Logically, are you going to need a BFR to bring humans to Mars?
+GS: That's right.
+CA: But somehow you found other business ideas for this as well.
+GS: Yes. The BFR can carry the satellites we currently have in orbit into many orbits.
+This will allow even newer classes of satellites to be put into orbit.
+Basically, the fairing has a width and diameter of 8 meters. So you can think about what kind of huge telescopes you could put in that fairing or cargo bay, and see really incredible things in space, discover incredible things. I can.
+However, there are some residual features that come from BFR as well.
+CA: Residual capacity? GS: That's residual capacity.
+CA: Is that what you call it? Please tell me what this is all about.
+Oh wait -- GS: It's the Falcon Heavy.
+By the way, it's worth pointing out.
+What a beautiful rocket! That hangar is big enough to fit the Statue of Liberty, so you can see how big a Falcon heavy rocket is.
+CA: And the fact that there are 27 engines.
+This is part of the design principle of teaming them up instead of just inventing bigger rockets.
+GS: Exactly this residual ability.
+We developed the Merlin engine for the Falcon 1 rocket.
+We could have ditched that engine and built an entirely new one for the Falcon 9.
+The Falcon 9 has 9 Merlin engines, so it should have a different name, but instead of spending $1 billion on a new engine, we put 9 on the backend of the Falcon 9.
+Residual Capacity: Three Falcon 9s glued together will fly the largest operational rocket.
+So, although it was expensive, it was a much more efficient method than starting from scratch.
+CA: So how much more does the BFR equate to in terms of its power?
+GS: I think the BFR is about 2.5 times the size of this.
+CA: Well, that's okay -- I mean, I still don't really believe this video that's playing here.
+What is this all about?
+GS: So you're on Earth now, but this is basically space travel for Earthlings.
+I can't wait for this residual ability.
+Basically, what we're trying to do is make the BFR fly like an airplane and travel between two points on Earth. This allows you to take off from New York City or Vancouver and fly halfway around the globe.
+The BFR ride is about 30 or 40 minutes, but for the longest part, yes, it's pretty great.
+(Applause.) The longest part of that flight is actually the boat ride back and forth.
+(laughs) CA: I mean. Gwynn, come on, this is great, but crazy, right?
+This never actually happens.
+GS: No, it definitely will.
+This will definitely happen.
+K: How?
+(Applause) First of all, countries are going to accept this incoming missile -- (Laughter) GS: Chris: So we're trying to convince the Federation's range and air bases to accept the intruders. Can you imagine where you are?
+Because now you do it regularly.
+We take the first stage back and land on federal land at the Air Force Base.
+So I'm thinking of doing it 10km away from the city, maybe just 5km away.
+CA: So how many passengers will get the fortune of spaceflight?
+GS: The first BFR will carry about 100 passengers.
+And let's talk a little bit about business.
+Everyone thinks rockets are really expensive, and to a large extent they are, so how can they compete with airline tickets here?
+But if you think about it, if you can do this in 30 minutes to an hour, you can do dozens of cases a day, right?
+Still, long-haul aircraft can only fly one flight per day.
+So even if my rocket was a little bit more expensive and my fuel was a little bit more expensive, I could run at least 10 times as fast as they could in a day and get the revenue I really needed from that system. can do.
+CA: So you really believe that this will be introduced at some point in our great future? when?
+GS: Certainly within ten years.
+CA: So is it Gwynn's time now or Elon's time?
+GS: It's time for Gwynn. I'm sure Elon would like us to go faster.
+(laughs) CA: Well, that's certainly great.
+(laughter) GS: I'm personally invested in this. I travel a lot, but I don't like traveling, so I would like to meet my client in the Riyadh, leave in the morning and return to the Riyadh in time. make dinner.
+CA: So let's test this.
+So, within 10 years, economy-priced airline tickets -- New York to Shanghai -- will cost thousands of dollars per person.
+GS: Well, I think it's between economy and business, but it's over in an hour.
+CA: Well, yeah, it's definitely something.
+(Laughter) And on the other hand, another use of BFR is being developed further than Shanghai.
+Please talk about this.
+You have actually created some sort of pretty detailed image of how humans will fly to Mars and what it will be like.
+GS: Yes. Video is ready. This is a snippet from the other video we showed and has some new parts to it.
+But basically, you're flying off the pad. Like the BFS, it also has boosters and is a Big Falcon spacecraft.
+I'm about to take off.
+Just as we are returning the booster now, the booster will drop the spacecraft into low earth orbit and return.
+It sounds unbelievable, but we are working on the pieces and you can watch us finish these pieces.
+So the booster is back.
+The new thing here is actually landing on the pad you launched.
+Now we land on another pad or by boat.
+Connect quickly and quickly.
+Take a cargo ship full of fuel or a fuel depot, load it into boosters, launch it into orbit, perform docking maneuvers, refuel your spacecraft, and head to your destination. This is Mars.
+CA: So 100 people going to Mars at a time, does it take 6 months? 2 months?
+GS: Ultimately it depends on the size of the rocket.
+This is the first version and we plan to create even larger BFRs in the future. I think this is a trip of 3 months.
+Right now I'm averaging 6-8, but I'll try to be faster.
+CA: When do you think SpaceX will land the first humans on Mars?
+GS: Point-to-point timeframes are very similar.
+Same ability.
+It will happen in ten years – not this decade.
+CA: In real time, again within 10 years.
+Well, that would be great too.
+(Laughter.) But why? seriously, why?
+I mean, there are companies where this is their official mandate.
+Given that there are a lot of people around you who think you are very talented and very technical, did everyone actually buy into the mission?
+There are many things on the planet that require urgent attention.
+Why take an escape trip to another planet?
+(Applause) GS: I'm happy to hear that, but I think we need to expand our thinking a little more.
+There is a lot of work to be done on the planet, and there are a lot of companies working on it.
+I think we are working on one of the most important things we can do. It is about finding another place for humans to live, survive and thrive.
+If anything happens on Earth, we need humans living elsewhere.
+(Applause.) This is fundamental risk reduction for humanity.
+This doesn't take away from making our planet better and doing a better job of taking care of it, but I do think we need multiple paths to survive. This is one of them.
+Let's stop talking about downers like going to Mars to keep all Earthlings from dying.
+That's a terrible, in fact, a terrible reason to do it.
+Basically, it's a different place to explore, that's the difference between humans and animals, that's our sense of exploration, our sense of wonder, and learning something new.
+It should also be said, then, that this is the first step for us to travel to other solar systems and potentially other galaxies. I think this is the only time I'm beyond Elon's sight. Because I want to meet other people from other solar systems. system.
+Mars is nice too, but it's a fixer-upper planet.
+There is work to be done to make it habitable.
+(Laughter) I want to find people in other solar systems, or what they call themselves.
+CA: That's a big vision.
+Thank you, Gwynne Shotwell.
+You have one of the greatest jobs on earth.
+GS: Thank you. Thank you Chris.
+My talk today is about something some of you have probably already heard.
+It's called the Arab Spring.
+has anyone heard of it?
+(Applause.) Thus, in 2011, power moved from the few to the many, from oval offices to central squares, from carefully guarded airwaves to open source networks.
+But before Tahrir became a symbol of global liberation, there was already a representative inquiry giving people a voice in a quieter yet powerful way.
+I research Islamic societies around the world at Gallup.
+Since 2001, we have interviewed hundreds of thousands of people, young and old, educated and illiterate.
+My talk today builds on this research and reveals why the Arabs have risen and what they want now.
+The region is now very diverse and every country is unique.
+But those who rebelled shared common grievances, and have similar demands today.
+Much of my talk will focus on Egypt.
+Of course, it has nothing to do with my being born there.
+However, it is also the largest Arab country and a country with great influence.
+But finally, we extend our lens across the region to examine the mundane topic of how Arabs view religion and politics, and how it affects women, uncovering some surprises along the way. I intend on doing it.
+So after analyzing a mountain of data, I found that unemployment and poverty weren't the only things that caused the 2011 Arab uprising.
+If the desperation of the Tunisian fruit merchants triggered these revolutions, the driving force was the difference between what the Arabs experienced and what they expected.
+I mean, consider this trend in Egypt.
+On paper, the country was doing well.
+In fact, the economic growth has drawn praise from multinational corporations.
+But beneath the surface, a completely different reality existed.
+In 2010, just before the revolution, even though GDP per capita had grown by 5% for several years, Egyptians never felt that their lives had deteriorated.
+This is very unusual. Because, not surprisingly, we see around the world that as countries get richer, people feel better.
+Because they have better job opportunities and the state provides better social services.
+But in Egypt it was quite the opposite.
+As countries became wealthier, unemployment actually rose and people's satisfaction with things like housing and education plummeted.
+But it wasn't just outrage over economic injustice.
+It was also a deep longing for people's freedom.
+Contrary to the clash of civilizations theory, the Arabs did not despise the freedom of the West, they wanted it.
+As of 2001, we asked Arabs, and Muslims in general, around the world what they admired most about the West.
+Freedom and justice were the most common answers.
+In their own words in response to an open-ended question, we have heard that their political system is transparent and follows true democracy.
+Another said it was "freedom and liberty and being open-minded with each other."
+A majority of over 90 percent in Egypt, Indonesia and Iran said in 2005 that they would guarantee freedom of speech as a fundamental right, especially in Egypt, if they were to write a new constitution for a theoretical new country.
+Eighty-eight percent said a move toward better democracy would help Muslims progress, the highest percentage among the countries surveyed.
+But facing these democratic aspirations was an entirely different everyday experience, especially in Egypt.
+While they are the most aspiring democrats, they are the least likely population in the world to say they have actually voiced their opinion to public officials in the last month, at just 4%.
+So while economic development has made some people richer, it has made more people worse off.
+People felt that they had less and less freedom, and that they were being given less and less.
+So instead of seeing the previous administration as an overprotective but generous father, they viewed him as essentially a prison guard.
+So now that the Egyptians have ended the Mubarak regime's 30-year rule, they could be a role model for the region.
+If Egypt succeeds in building a society based on the rule of law, it could serve as a model.
+But if the core issues that drove the revolution are not resolved, the consequences could be devastating, not just for Egypt, but for the region as a whole.
+Some say the signs are not good.
+Islamists won the parliamentary majority, not the young liberals who sparked the revolution.
+The military council has cracked down on civil society and protests, and the country's economy continues to take a hit.
+But to evaluate Egypt on this basis alone is to ignore the real revolution.
+Because Egyptians are more optimistic than they have been in years, far less divided at the line between religion and secular than we think, and prepared for the demands of democracy.
+Whether pro-Islamist or liberal, the Egyptians' priorities for this government are the same: jobs, security, and education, not moral policing.
+But above all, for the first time in decades, they expect to be active participants in their country's affairs rather than bystanders.
+A few weeks ago I was meeting with a group of newly elected parliamentarians from Egypt and Tunisia.
+And what really struck me about them was that they were not only optimistic, but also kind of nervous for lack of a better word.
+Someone said to me: “Our people used to meet in cafes to watch football (soccer, as Americans call it), and now they are meeting to watch Congress.”
+(Laughter) “They really have their eye on us.
+And what really struck me was that until 24 months ago, it was the people who were afraid of government surveillance.
+And they have high hopes because they have new hopes for the future.
+So, just before the revolution we said that the Egyptians had never been worse off about their lives, but not only that, they said their future would never be better. I was thinking.
+What really changed after Mubarak's deportation wasn't that life got easier.
+It actually got harder.
+However, people's expectations for the future have increased significantly.
+And this hope, this optimism, has endured a year of turbulent change.
+One reason for this optimism is that most Egyptians believe that things have really changed in many ways, contrary to what many people think.
+So while Egyptian voter turnout was known to be in the single digits before the revolution, in the last election it turned out to be about 70% for both men and women.
+Only a quarter believed the 2010 election was honest, a surprising quarter, but 90 percent thought the last election was honest.
+Why this is important is that I have found a link between people's trust in the democratic process and their belief that those who are oppressed can change their situation through peaceful means alone. is.
+(Applause.) I know what some of you are thinking.
+The Egyptian people, and many other Arabs in rebellion and transition, have very high expectations of their government.
+They are mere victims of years of dictatorship and expect the patriarchal state to solve all their problems.
+However, this conclusion ignores the tectonic movements occurring in Egypt, far from the cameras in Tahrir Square.
+And it is that Egyptians have high expectations of themselves first and foremost.
+In a country once known for reluctant resignations, only 4% of people spoke out to civil servants when things got worse, but now 90% say they would say if there is a problem in their communities , says that it is up to them to solve it. .
+(Applause.) And three-quarters believe they are not only responsible, they have the power to make a difference.
+And this empowerment applies to women too, and their role in the rebellion cannot be underestimated.
+They were doctors, dissidents, artists and organizers.
+One-third of those who confronted tanks and tear gas to demand and demand freedom and justice in Egypt were women.
+(Applause.) Now people are raising real concerns about what the rise of Islamist parties means for women.
+What we find about the role of religion in law and the role of religion in society is that there is no consensus for women.
+It turns out that women from one country are more like men from that country than women from across the border.
+Now, this suggests that women's perceptions of the role of religion in society are shaped by their own cultures and backgrounds, rather than a monolithic view that religion is simply bad for women.
+But what women do agree is that it is their own role and that it should be central and active.
+And here, the biggest gender gap in the country is on the issue of women's rights.
+How men feel about women's rights today is important to the region's future.
+It found a link between men's support for hiring women and the number of women actually employed in the country's professional sector.
+So the question is, what motivates men to support women's rights?
+What about men's views on religion and law?
+Do men's views on the role of religion in politics shape their views of women's rights?
+The answer is no.
+There was no correlation between these two variables and no effect at all.
+Men's support for women's employment is driven by men's employment, education levels, and a country's high UN Human Development Index score.
+This means that human development, not secularization, is the key to women's empowerment in the changing Middle East.
+And the transformation continues.
+From Wall Street to Mohammed Mahmoud Street, understanding the aspirations of ordinary people is more important than ever.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today we are talking about moral persuasion. What is moral and immoral about using technology and design to change people's behavior?
+I don't know what you expect, but when I was thinking about that question, I realized early on that I couldn't answer it.
+We live in a pluralistic society, so we cannot say what is moral and what is immoral.
+My values ​​may be radically different from yours. That is, what I consider moral or immoral on that basis may not necessarily be what you consider moral or immoral.
+But I also realized that there is one thing I can give you. That's what this man behind me, Socrates, gave to the world.
+I have a question.
+What I can do, and what I want to do with you, is just like the first question, like peeling an onion, give yourself a series of questions to understand and get to the heart of what you believe. That's it. Moral or immoral persuasion.
+And I'd like to give you some examples of technology using game elements to get people to do things, and I'd like to do that.
+So I would like to ask you a very simple and obvious question first. If you are designing something, what are your intentions?
+And obviously intent isn't everything, so here's another example for one of these applications.
+There are now several eco-dashboards of this kind (dashboards built into cars) that encourage more fuel-efficient driving.
+This is Nissan's MyLeaf. Here, your driving behavior is compared to that of others and you can compete to see who drives the most fuel-efficient route.
+And these things turned out to be very effective. It's so effective that it encourages people to engage in dangerous driving behaviors, such as not stopping at red lights. Because doing so would require the engine to be stopped and restarted, which would take a considerable amount of time. You need fuel, right?
+So, despite this being a very intended application, it clearly had side effects.
+Here's another example of these side effects:
+Fantastic: A site where parents can give their kids little badges to do things they want them to do, like tying shoelaces.
+And at first, it sounds very nice and very conscientious and well-intentioned.
+However, research into how people think has shown that caring about results, caring about public opinion, and caring about the evidence of public evaluation does not necessarily contribute to long-term psychological well-being. It turns out that it doesn't help much.
+If you're interested in learning something, that's good.
+It's better to take care of yourself than how you look in front of others.
+In other words, this kind of motivational tool used in the real world has its own long-term side effects. So every time you use a technology that takes advantage of things like public perception and status, you're actually actively supporting it. It is good and normal to care. Doing so can negatively impact our own long-term psychological well-being as a culture.
+This is the second, very obvious question. What are the implications of what you are doing? The impact on your device, such as fuel savings, and the actual tool you're using. People do something -- public perception?
+Intention and consequences, is that all?
+Well, there are some technologies that obviously combine both.
+We need both long-term and short-term positive effects and positive intentions like Fred Stutzman's "Freedom." The gist of this application is, well, we are usually exposed to constant requests from other people when using this device. You can disconnect the Internet connection of selected PCs for a pre-set amount of time in order to actually work.
+And I think most of us would agree that it is well-intentioned and has good consequences.
+In the words of Michel Foucault, it is the art of the self.
+It is a technology that allows individuals to determine their own life course and shape themselves.
+But the problem, as Foucault points out, is that every technology of the self has a technology of control as its flip side.
+As we see in today's modern liberal democracies, society, the state, not only allows us to self-determine and shape ourselves, but demands it of us.
+It requires us to optimize ourselves, control ourselves, and self-manage on an ongoing basis. Because that's the only way a liberal society like this works.
+These technologies want us to stay in the games society has devised for us.
+They want us to fit in better.
+They want us to optimize and adapt ourselves.
+Now, I wouldn't say it's necessarily a bad thing. I think this example demonstrates a general perception. In other words, whatever technology or design you look at, even what we think is as intended and as effective as Stutzmann's freedom, has certain values ​​embedded in it. That's it. Initialization.
+And we can question these values.
+One can ask, "Is it a good thing for all of us to continuously self-optimize to better fit into that society?"
+Or, to take another example, what about the persuasive technology that persuades Muslim women to wear scarves?
+Is the technology good or bad in its intent and effect?
+Well, it basically depends on what values ​​you bring to make this kind of judgment.
+That's the third question. What values ​​do you use to make decisions?
+And speaking of values, I've noticed that in discussions of moral persuasion online and talking to people, there's often a strange bias.
+And that prejudice is what we are asking: is this or that ethical "yet"?
+Is “still” allowed?
+We ask things like: This Oxfam donation form pre-sets monthly recurring donations, and people are perhaps unintentionally encouraged or enticed to make regular donations rather than one-off donations. Are you doing it? Is it “still” allowed?
+Is it "still" ethical?
+We are fishing downstream.
+But really, the question "is it still" ethical?
+It's just one way of looking at ethics.
+Because if you look at the beginnings of ethics in Western culture, you'll see a completely different way of thinking about what ethics can be.
+For Aristotle, ethics was not a matter of "is it still good or bad?"
+Ethics was about the question of how to live life well.
+And he put it into the word "Arete," which we translate from [ancient Greek] as "virtue."
+But in reality it means "excellence".
+It means living to the fullest of your potential as a human being.
+And I think this is the idea that Paul Richard Buchanan articulated well in his recent essay. There, he says, "Products are a vivid discussion of how we should live."
+Our designs are neither ethical nor unethical in that they use ethical or unethical means to persuade us.
+They have a moral component in terms of the visions and aspirations they present to us for a better life.
+And when we examine the designed environment around us through such a lens and ask, "What is the vision of the good life that our product, our design, presents us?" often About how little we expect from each other, how little we actually expect from our lives, and what a good life looks like.
+That's the fourth question. What vision of the good life does your design convey?
+And speaking of design, you'll notice that I've already extended the discussion. Because we're not just talking about compelling technology here, we're talking about any design we bring to the world here.
+I don't know if you know the great communication researcher Paul Watzlawick, but he argued in the '60s that we can't communicate.
+Even if we choose to be silent, we choose to be silent and by choosing to be silent we are communicating something.
+And just as you cannot communicate, you cannot persuade. What we do, what we refrain from, and what we put out as part of our design is compelling.
+It tries to influence people.
+It brings before us a solid vision of the good life. This is what Dutch technology philosopher Peter Paul Verbeek says.
+We live our morality whether we designers intend it or not.
+We make certain things harder or easier.
+We organize people's existence.
+With everything we put out into the world, we present people with a constant vision of what is good and what is bad, what is normal and what is normal.
+Even something as harmless as a school chair is compelling technology. That is because it presents and embodies a vision of the good life: teaching, learning and listening, one person teaching and another listening. Learning is done sitting down. You will learn on your own there. Since the chair is fixed to the ground, this rule must not be changed.
+And, like this Arne Jacobsen chair, even something as innocuous as a single-design chair is compelling technology. Because, again, it conveys the idea of ​​the good life—the life you want as a designer. , "In the good life, goods are as sustainably or non-sustainably produced as this chair.
+The workers are treated as badly or as badly as the workers who made the chairs were treated. "
+The good life is one where design matters. Because it's clear that someone spent time and money for such a well-designed chair. Because if tradition matters, this is a traditional classic, and someone cared about this. And there is such a thing as conspicuous consumption, where it is OK and normal to spend huge sums of money on such chairs to let others know what your social status is like. It's the place.
+It is these kinds of layers, these kinds of questions that I want to bring to you today. Question: What is your intention to achieve when you design something?
+What are the impacts, both intended and unintended?
+What values ​​are you using to determine them?
+What virtues or aspirations are you actually expressing in it?
+And how does that apply to everything you design, not just persuasion technology?
+Shall we stop there?
+i don't think so.
+They all ultimately affect the core of everything, and I think that is life itself.
+If the question of what a good life is affects everything we design, why are we stuck with design and asking ourselves how it applies to our own lives? must it be?
+"Why should a lamp or a house be a work of art, but not in our lives?"
+As Michel Foucault says.
+Take Buster Benson for example.
+Here, Buster is setting up a pull-up machine in the office of new startup Habit Labs. So they are trying to build other applications such as "Health Month" for people.
+Well, that's the set of principles that Buster's startup, Habit Labs, has set for itself on how they want to work together as a team when building applications. This is the set of moral principles they set for themselves to do their job. One of them is, "We take care of our health and manage burnout ourselves."
+Because, in the end, without asking the question, "What kind of vision of a good life do you want to give yourself?" Can you find the answer by asking yourself this question?
+Thank you for that.
+(applause)
+(music) (applause) (music) (applause) (music) (applause) (music) (applause)
+Is E.T there?
+I work at the SETI Institute.
+It's almost my name. SETI: Search for extraterrestrial intelligent life.
+In other words, I'm looking for aliens, and when I tell people about it at cocktail parties, they usually look at me with a bit of disbelief.
+I try to keep my face somewhat cool.
+Now, many people find this to be idealistic, silly, and perhaps even hopeless, but I want to talk a little bit about why I think my job is actually a privilege. It's part of what motivates me to do this job.
+This is — oops, can I go back?
+Hello, come in, Earth.
+Let's go. have understood.
+This is the Owens Valley Radio Observatory behind the Sierra Nevada Mountains, where I worked in 1968 to collect data for a paper.
+It's a little lonely right now, a little cumbersome, and just collecting data, so I've been enjoying taking pictures of the telescope at night and taking pictures of myself, because at night, it's within about 30 miles. Because I'm the only human being. .
+So here is a photo of myself.
+The observatory had just acquired a new book written by a Russian cosmologist named Joseph Shklovski, augmented, translated, and edited by a little-known Cornell astronomer named Carl Sagan.
+And I remember reading that book. I was reading this book at 3am and it was explained that the antennas that were used to measure the rotation of the galaxy were also used for communications and could transmit bits of information from one star system. to another.
+Well, when it's 3 a.m. and you're alone and you haven't slept much, it was a very romantic idea, but that was the idea - the fact that you can actually prove that someone is out there where the same technology is It's just used. This appealed to me so much that 20 years later I got a job at the SETI Institute. Now, I have to say that my memory is notoriously bad. I've often wondered if there is any truth to this story, or if I just misremembered something, but I just recently blew up this old negative. And sure enough, you can see Shklovsky and Sagan's book under the analog computing device.
+It was true.
+have understood. Now for an idea to do this, it wasn't that old when I made this photo.
+The idea dates back to 1960, when a young astronomer named Frank Drake used this antenna in West Virginia and aimed it at some nearby stars in hopes of eavesdropping on E.T.
+Well, Frank didn't hear anything.
+In fact he did, but it turned out to be the United States Air Force and it didn't count as extraterrestrials.
+But Drake's idea here turned out to be very popular because it was so compelling. Again, based on this unsuccessful experiment, we have been doing SETI ever since, not continuously. .
+Haven't heard anything yet.
+Haven't heard anything yet.
+In fact, we don't know about extraterrestrial life, but I would like to suggest that that will change soon. Part of the reason, in fact, a large part of the reason I think so, is that what has changed is better facilities.
+This is the Allen Telescope Array, about 350 miles from your seat.
+This is what we use today to look for ETs, and the electronics are also very improved.
+This is 1960's Frank Drake electronics.
+This is the electronics of today's Allen Telescope Array.
+Some experts with time on their hands think the experiment is about 100 trillion, 100 trillion times better than it was in 1960.
+This is an improvement to the extent that it is described in the notification table.
+What is not commonly understood, however, is that in fact experiments continue to improve and tend to be faster as a result.
+It's a small plot, but you lose 10 percent of your audience every time you show it.
+I have 12 of these. (Laughter) But what we're plotting here is just an index of search speed.
+In other words, you're looking for a needle in a haystack.
+We know how big the haystack is. It's a galaxy.
+But with this speed boost, we're no longer using teaspoons but skip loaders to get through haystacks.
+In fact, anyone still conscious and mathematically competent will notice that this is a semi-logarithmic plot.
+In other words, the growth rate is exponential.
+Improving exponentially. Now, the word exponential is overused. You hear it all the time in the media.
+They don't quite know what exponential means, but this is exponential.
+In fact, it doubles every 18 months, and of course every executive with a card knows it's Moore's Law.
+This means that over the next 20 years, we will be able to probe a million star systems looking for signals that prove someone is there.
+Well, a million star systems, is that interesting?
+So how many of these star systems have planets?
+And the truth is, we didn't know the answer 15 years ago, and we really didn't know it six months ago.
+But now it does. Recent findings suggest that virtually all stars have multiple planets.
+It's like kittens. It can be garbage.
+I didn't get a single kitten. you get a lot.
+So, actually, this is a pretty accurate estimate of the number of planets in our galaxy. It's just one of 100 billion possible planets. Look through our telescope.
+This is a huge amount of real estate, but of course, like Mercury and Neptune, most of these planets will be worthless.
+Neptune probably isn't that big of a deal in your life.
+So the question is, which parts of these planets are actually suitable for life?
+We don't know the answer either, but thanks to NASA's Kepler Space Telescope and actually smart money, the people working on this project, smart money, we will know the answer this year. It suggests that the proportion of planets potentially suitable for life is probably one in a thousand or one in a hundred or something like that.
+Well, even a pessimistic estimate of 1 in 1000 would mean that there are at least 1 billion Earth relatives in our galaxy alone.
+Now, I've given you a lot of numbers here, but they're mostly big numbers, so keep that in mind. There's a lot of real estate in the universe, there's a lot of real estate, and if we're the only real estate that has an interesting resident, that makes you a miracle, and I like to think you're a miracle. I know, but when you're doing science, every time you think you're a miracle, you quickly discover that you're wrong, so that's probably not the case.
+The conclusion is: With the increased speed and the vast amount of habitable land in space, I believe we will be able to receive a signal within 20 years.
+And I feel strong enough to make a bet with you on that: Either we find ET or not. If you don't do it within the next 20 years, I'll buy you coffee.
+So it's not that bad. So, 20 years later, you can still open your browser to see Signal news or have a cup of coffee.
+Now let's talk about aspects of this that people don't think about. I mean, what happens? Assume what I say is true.
+I mean, nobody knows, but just assume it happens.
+Suppose, at some point in the next 20 years, we find a faint line indicating that we are part of the universe.
+What is the effect? ​​What is the result?
+Now I may be at ground zero on this one.
+Because of the misinformation, I happened to know what the consequences would be for me. Here's a picture I took here in Mountain View in 1997 around 3am. At that time, when I was looking at my computer monitor, I received a signal that made me think, "This is real." "have understood?
+And I kept waiting for the Men in Black to show up. right?
+I kept waiting, waiting for my mom to call me, someone to call me, the government to call me. no one called.
+no one called. I was so nervous that I could not sit down. I had some errands and was just hanging around taking pictures like this.
+Well, at 9:30 in the morning, as I was bowing at my desk because I hadn't slept all night, the phone rang and it was The New York Times.
+I think there is a lesson there. The lesson is that if we pick up a signal or media, it will ride on it faster than a weasel on ball bearings. It is early.
+It happens to me too. The whole week is ruined because everything that was planned for that week goes unscheduled.
+But what about you? what is it going to do to you?
+And the answer is that we don't know either.
+I don't know much about how that will affect you in the short term, let alone the long term.
+So it's like asking Chris Columbus in 1491: "Hey Chris, if you find out that there's a continent between here and Japan, what will happen where you're sailing? What will happen to humanity?"
+And I think maybe Chris will provide you with some answer that you might not have understood, but it probably wasn't right. And I don't think we can predict what E.T.'s findings will mean either.
+But there are a few things I can say here.
+First, it will be a society far more advanced than ours.
+You won't hear about alien Neanderthals.
+They will be thousands of years ahead of us, maybe millions of years, but far ahead of us. I mean, if you can understand what they're trying to say, you might too. History can be shortened by taking information from societies far beyond ours.
+Now, this may seem a little exaggerated, and it may be, but nevertheless it is conceivable that this could happen. And this, I don't know, can be thought of like giving Julius Caesar an English lesson and the keys to the Library of Congress.
+It will change his day, okay?
+it is one. Another thing that is certain is that it will adjust us.
+We're going to find out that we're not such a miracle, yes, we're just ducks, we're not the only kids on this block, and it's philosophically I think it's a very deep thing to learn.
+We are not a miracle, okay?
+The third thing it might tell you is somewhat vague, but I think it's an interesting and important one. So if we find signals coming from more advanced societies, they will, that will tell us something about our own potential. That we are not necessarily doomed to self-destruction.
+We were able to do that because they survived the technology.
+Normally when we look into space, we go back in time. have understood?
+That's interesting for cosmologists.
+But in this sense you can actually see into the future, albeit vaguely.
+That's all kinds of things that detection can give you.
+Now, let me talk a little bit about what's going on in the meantime. So I think SETI is important. Because it is exploration, not just exploration, but comprehensible exploration.
+Now, let me tell you, I read books about explorers all the time. I think expeditions are very interesting, Arctic expeditions, people like Magellan, Amundsen, Shackleton, Franklin, Scott, all these people. That's really cool, exploration.
+And they're just doing it because they want to explore and they might say, "Oh, that's a frivolous opportunity," but it's not frivolous. It's not a frivolous activity. Because think about ants.
+As you know, most ants are programmed to follow each other in long lines, but there are a few ants, probably 1 percent of the ants, the so-called pioneer ants, who are the roaming ants.
+It's on the kitchen countertop.
+You have to grab it with your thumb before you find the sugar or something.
+However, even if most of those ants are wiped out, they are still essential to the survival of the nest. Therefore, exploration is important.
+I also think exploration is important in that it addresses what I think is a definite lack of our society: lack of scientific literacy, lack of even the ability to understand science. .
+Well, much has been written about the deplorable state of scientific literacy in this country.
+You've heard it.
+In fact, here's an example.
+The poll, this poll was done 10 years ago.
+It shows that about a third of the population thinks that aliens are not only out there, but here we are looking for them.
+He sails through the skies on a saucer, and sometimes kidnaps people for experiments his parents won't approve of.
+Well, it would be interesting if it were true, and it would secure my employment, but I don't think the evidence is very good. It's more sad than serious.
+But there are other things that people believe are important, like the effectiveness of homeopathy. Or evolution, you know, is just some kind of crazy idea by a legless scientist, or you know, evolution or something like that. , or global warming.
+This kind of thinking has no real validity, nor can you trust the scientist.
+Now we have to solve this problem. Because it's a very important issue. "So how do I solve that problem with SETI?" you might ask.
+Well, obviously SETI can't solve the problem, but it can.
+We can solve the problem by making young people interested in science. Science has a reputation for being hard, hard, but it's actually hard, that's what 400 years of science have done, right?
+So, in the 18th century, if you could find a library, you could go to it in the afternoon and be an expert in any scientific field.
+In the 19th century, you could make major scientific discoveries at home if you had a lab in your basement. right? Because science was all lying around waiting for someone to pick it up.
+Now that is no longer true.
+Today, you have to spend years in graduate school and postdoc positions to understand what the key questions are.
+it's difficult. There is no doubt about it.
+And indeed, here's an example: the Higgs boson, the discovery of the Higgs boson.
+Then ask 10 people you see on the street, "Do you think it's worth spending billions of Swiss francs to find the Higgs boson?"
+And I'm sure you'll get the answer, "I don't know what the Higgs boson is, and I don't know if it matters."
+And probably most people don't even know the value of the Swiss franc, right?
+Nevertheless, we spend billions of Swiss francs on this issue.
+have understood? In other words, people are not interested in science because they cannot understand what it is.
+SETI, on the other hand, is very simple.
+We are trying to eavesdrop on signals using these big antennas. Anyone can understand that.
+Yes, it's technically very sophisticated, but everyone gets the idea.
+it is one. The other is that it's exciting science.
+We are naturally interested in other sentient beings, so I think it's exciting and it's part of our wiring.
+That is, we are wired to be interested in competitors, so to speak, or, if you are the romantic type, possible companions. have understood?
+So this is similar to how we are interested in things with big teeth. right?
+We are interested in big teeth, and Animal Planet shows us their evolutionary value and practical consequences.
+I noticed that they made very few programs about gerbils.
+It's mostly about those with big teeth.
+Well, we are interested in this sort of thing.
+We are not alone. It's also children.
+This allows us to use this subject as a hook to science and pay it forward. SETI encompasses all kinds of science, and naturally not only biology, obviously astronomy, but also geology, chemistry, and various scientific disciplines can all be presented under the guise of: "Looking for ET."
+So this is interesting and important to me. Actually this is my policy. Even if I give a lot of talks to adults, you give a talk to adults and two days later they are back to normal.
+But when I talk to children, 1 in 50 of them go out to read a book thinking, 'Oh, I never thought of that,' when the light bulb went out. magazines or whatever.
+they are interested in something
+This is my theory, supported only by personal anecdotal evidence, but nevertheless, it is between the ages of 8 and 11 that children begin to become interested in something. I have to take my children there.
+So I give talks to adults, that's fine, but I try to make 10 percent of the talks I give kids.
+I remember when a guy came to our high school, actually, it was actually my middle school. I was in 6th grade.
+And he told some stories. The only word I remember from it was electronics.
+It was exactly like in "The Graduate" Dustin Hoffman said "plastic," whatever that meant.
+Ok, so the guy said it was electronics. I don't remember anything else. In fact, I don't remember anything my 6th grade teacher said all year long, but I do remember electronics.
+So I became interested in electronics and studied to get my ham license. I was doing the wiring.
+I'm about 15 now, and I'm doing that.
+have understood? It made a big impact on me.
+That's what I mean, you can have a huge impact on these kids.
+In fact, this reminds me that a few years ago, I gave a talk at a school in Palo Alto, and there were a dozen 11-year-olds at the talk.
+I was brought in to speak with these children for an hour.
+11 year olds, they were all sitting in a little semicircle, looking up at me with big eyes, so I started, with a whiteboard behind me, followed by 22 zeros. I started writing stuff and I said, "Okay, here's the number of stars in the visible universe, and this number is so big that it doesn't even have a name."
+Then one of the children raised his hand and said, "Actually, it has a name.
+It's a sectra quadra hexa or something. "
+Well, the kid was four orders of magnitude wrong, but there's no doubt about it, these kids were smart.
+have understood? So I stopped lecturing.
+All they wanted to do was ask questions.
+In fact, my last comment on these kids ended with this: Now — (laughter) they didn't even care.
+All they wanted was my email address so they could ask me more questions. (Laughter) Let me tell you, these are special times, so my job is a privilege.
+Earlier generations could not do this experiment at all.
+For the next generation, I think we are successful.
+So for me it's a privilege and the fact that when I look in the mirror I don't really see myself.
+What I see is the generation after me.
+These are the 4th grade kids at Huff School.
+That's what I was talking about two weeks ago.
+If you get even a little interested in science and how it works, I think it's simply immeasurably rewarding. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So I thought I'd talk about identity.
+It's an interesting enough topic for me.
+The reason is that when I was asked to do this, I had just read in one of the newspapers that someone on Facebook said, I don't remember. name. "
+This basically solved all my problems.
+It's so wrong, it's such a radical and reactionary view of identity that it's going to get us into all sorts of problems.
+So what I thought I would do is describe four types of problems with it and then propose a solution. I hope that is of interest to you.
+So to sort out the problem, what does reliability mean?
+It's me, it's a picture on my phone looking at the painting.
+"What's wrong?" It's a picture drawn by a very famous forger, but I'm not good at presentations, so I can't remember the name I wrote on the card anymore.
+And he was imprisoned in Wakefield Prison, presumably for the crime of forging a masterpiece of French Impressionism.
+And he was so good at it that when he was in prison, everyone in prison, the governor or whatever, wanted him to paint a masterpiece for their walls.
+I mean, it's a masterpiece, it's a masterpiece fake, and you know what I mean, but the canvas has a chip on it that identifies it as a real fake.
+(Laughter) So when you're talking about authenticity, it's a little more fractal than it seems, and this is a good example of that.
+I've picked four issues that frame the problem properly.
+So the first question is chips and PINs, right?
+[Banks and legacies taking down systems from within] [Offline solutions don't work online] Everyone has a chip and a PIN card, right?
+So why is it a good example?
+This is an example of how conventional thinking about identity subverts the security of well-constructed systems.
+That chip and PIN card in my pocket has a tiny chip that cost millions of pounds to develop and it's very secure and you can attach a scanning electron microscope and try chipping it. can also do.
+No matter what you read in the paper, those chips never broke.
+And just kidding, stick that ultra-secure chip onto an easily counterfeitable magnetic stripe and emboss it onto your card for the very lazy criminals.
+Therefore, if you are a criminal and in a hurry and you need to copy someone's card, you can speed up the work by simply pasting a piece of paper on the card and rubbing it with a pencil.
+And even more interestingly, my debit card also has the name, SALT code and all printed on the front.
+why?
+There is no particular reason why your name is printed on your chip or PIN card.
+And when you think about it, it's even more insidious and perverted than it seems at first glance.
+Only criminals can benefit from having their name on the card.
+You know your name, right?
+(Laughter.) And when he walks into a store and buys something, it's a PIN, he doesn't care what the name is.
+America is the only country at this time that requires you to write your name on the back.
+Whenever I go to America and have to pay with the magnetic stripe on the back of my card, I sign Carlos Tethers anyway as a safety measure. Because it will come back if the deal is contested. It says Dave Birch. I never signed Dave Birch, so I know it must have been a criminal.
+(Laughter.) So if you drop your card on the street, criminals can pick it up and read it.
+They know their names, they know their addresses, and they can buy things online.
+Why put your name on the card?
+That's because we think of identity as something to do with names, and it's rooted in the idea of ​​identification that we're obsessed with.
+I know it crashed and went up in flames a few years ago, but if you're a politician or someone in the Ministry of the Interior or something, and you think about identity, you can only think of identity in terms of a card with your name on it. you can't.
+And that is a very destructive act in the modern world.
+So the second example I thought I'd use is a chat room.
+[chat room and kids] I'm so proud of that picture. It's my son's first gig with his friends playing in a band, I think they call it, and it's a picture of him getting paid.
+(laughs) And I love that photo.
+I much prefer the picture of him entering medical school (laughs).
+Why are you using that photo?
+Because it was very interesting to observe the experience as an old man.
+So he and his friends got together, booked a room like a church hall, got friends who were in a band, got together, did everything on Facebook, sold tickets. And that first band - I was going to say "Menu", but that's probably the wrong word, right?
+The first band in the band list to appear in some public music performance gets the first 20 ticket sales, then the next band gets the next 20, and so on.
+They were at the bottom of the menu, around 5th place, so I thought I wouldn't stand a chance.
+He actually gained 20 pounds. Great, right?
+But what I want to say is that everything worked perfectly except the web.
+I mean, they're sitting on Facebook, sending these messages and arranging things, and you don't know who they are, right?
+That's the big problem we're trying to solve.
+As long as you use your real name, the internet will not notice you.
+So he says to me, "Oh, I want to go to the chat room and talk about guitars," and I think, "Oh, yeah, I don't want you to go to the chat room and talk about guitars." , because they may not all be your friends and some of the people in the chat room may also be perverts, teachers and pastors. "
+(Laughter.) I mean, when you look at the newspapers, that's generally the case, right?
+So I want to know who everyone in the chat room is.
+So you can enter the chat room. But only if everyone in the chat room uses their real names and provides a full copy of the police report.
+But of course, if someone in the chat room asked for his real name, I would say no. You can't tell them your real name.
+I mean, what if they were perverts or teachers?
+I mean, if I knew who the other person was, I would be happy for him to join this realm, but I don't want anyone else to know who he is. It creates a strange kind of paradox that you don't want to.
+That's why I have this confusion about my identity and want full disclosure from others, not from myself.
+And without any progress, you get stuck.
+So chat rooms don't work properly and it's a really bad idea about identity.
+So in my RSS feed, I found something like this: Did I just say something bad about RSS feeds?
+You should stop talking like that.
+You can't imagine, but for some random reason, I got something about cheerleaders in my mailbox.
+And then I read this story about cheerleaders and it's a fascinating story.
+This happened in America a few years ago.
+I had some cheerleaders on my high school team in America, and they said mean things to their cheerleading coach. I think kids do that to their teachers all the time, but somehow the cheerleading coach found out. this.
+she was very upset.
+So she went to one of the girls and said, "Give me your Facebook password."
+I read this all the time, but in some colleges and even educational settings, kids are forced to hand over their Facebook passwords.
+Therefore, you need to give your Facebook password.
+she was a kid!
+What she should have said was, "The lawyer will call you first thing in the morning.
+This is an outrageous imposition of my Fourth Amendment right to privacy and you will be sued for all your money. "
+That's what she should have said.
+But she's a kid, so I give her the password.
+Teachers cannot log in to Facebook because their school has blocked access to Facebook.
+So teachers can't log into Facebook until they get home.
+So the girl asked her friend, what do you think happened?
+Teacher logged in, she knows.
+So the girls all logged into Facebook on their phones and deleted their profiles.
+So when the teacher logged in, there was nothing there.
+My point is that these identities don't think in the same way.
+Identity is a fluid thing, especially during the teenage years.
+You have many identities.
+And if you have an identity and you don't like it because it's somehow subverted, unsafe, or inappropriate, just delete it and get another identity.
+The idea that you have an identity given to you by someone, your government, etc., and that you must stick to that identity and use it everywhere, is completely wrong.
+Unless you're abusing or harassing them in some way, why would you actually want to know who they are on Facebook?
+And it doesn't work properly.
+And my fourth example is that there are some cases where you really want to be - in case you're wondering, it's me at the G20 protests. .
+I wasn't actually participating in the G20 demonstrations, but when I was in a meeting at a bank on the day of the G20 demonstrations, the bank said to me, "Please don't wear a suit as it will provoke the demonstrators." I received an email. .
+Frankly, I look so good in suits that I can see why it drives them into an anti-capitalist frenzy.
+(Laughter) So I thought, well, look.
+If you don't want to provoke the demonstrators, then, of course, dress like a demonstrator.
+So I wore all black, a black balaclava, and black gloves, which I took off to sign the guest list.
+(laughter) I'm wearing black pants, black boots, and all black.
+I went to the bank at 10 o'clock and said, "Hi, this is Dave Birch. I have an appointment at 3 o'clock with whoever there."
+of course. they let me sign in.
+There you will find my visitor badge.
+(Laughter) I mean, nonsense about having to have a real name on Facebook or something. Then you have that kind of security.
+This creates a security theater where there is actually no security, but people are playing roles in a play about security.
+And if everyone remembers the lines, everyone is happy.
+But it's not really safe.
+Especially since I hate and work in banks more than the G20 demonstrators.
+I know things are actually worse than they think.
+(Laughter) But suppose I was working next to someone who was doing something at the bank.
+Suppose I was sitting next to a fraudulent trader and I want to report it to my bank manager.
+So I logged in to do a little whistleblowing.
+I'm sending you a message, this guy is a crook.
+The message doesn't make sense if you don't know that I'm a bank trader.
+If the message is from someone, it has zero information value.
+There is no point in sending that message.
+But if I had to prove who I am, I would never send such a message.
+It's like a hospital nurse calling a drunken surgeon.
+This message only appears if I am anonymous.
+Therefore, the system needs a way to provide anonymity. Otherwise, you will not be able to reach your destination.
+So there are four issues. So what are you going to do about it?
+Well, we tend to think of it in Orwellian space.
+And I'm trying to create an electronic version of an ID I discarded in 1953.
+So we think that if you have a card called Facebook Login that proves who you are, and you carry it with you at all times, the problem is solved.
+And of course, for all the reasons I've just outlined, it doesn't and can actually exacerbate some problems.
+Indeed, from a transactional point of view, the more times you are forced to use your real identity, the more likely it is to be stolen or destroyed.
+The goal is to discourage the use of IDs in transactions that don't need them (actually almost all transactions).
+Most of the deals you make aren't, who are you?
+Are you allowed to drive, are you allowed to enter the building, are you over 18, etc.
+So my suggestion is that, like James, there should be a resurgence of interest in R&amp;R&amp;R&amp;R&amp;R&amp;R&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; D.
+I think this is a solvable problem.
+That's what we can do.
+Naturally, in situations like this, I turn to Doctor Who.
+Because, like so many other areas of life, Doctor Who has already given us the answers to this question.
+So I must say to some foreign visitors that Doctor Who is Britain's greatest living scientist (laughter) and a beacon of truth and enlightenment for all of us. .
+And this is Doctor Who with psychic papers.
+Now, I'm sure you've all seen the Doctor Who psychic papers.
+If so, you are not a geek.
+Has anyone seen Doctor Who's psychic paper?
+I used to study in the library all the time.
+is that going to tell us?
+Doctor Who's psychic paper is that when you hold the psychic paper up, you can see what you should see in the person's brain.
+So they want me to show them my British passport, but when I hold up the inspirational paper, I can see my British passport.
+I want to join the party, I hold up the psychic paper and show the party invitation.
+You can see what you want to see.
+So what I'm saying is that we need to make an electronic version of it, but with one small change. That means it will only appear if you actually have a UK passport.
+You will only see party invitations if you actually have them.
+I will only appear to be over the age of 18 if I am actually over the age of 18.
+But nothing else.
+So you're the pub's bouncer. In exchange for showing me my driver's license, please know that I'm over 18. A driver's license shows that I know how to drive, my name, my address, and everything else. I'll show you my psychic thesis, but it only says if I'm over 18.
+right.
+Is it just a pipe dream?
+Of course not. Otherwise I'm not talking to you here.
+So to build it and make it work, all we have to do is name these. I won't go into detail. I need a plan. It's about building infrastructure that everyone can use. , solves all these problems.
+We create utilities. Its utility should be universal and can be used anywhere. I'm just showing you a small portion of the technology as it goes along.
+It's an ATM in Japan and the fingerprint template is stored inside the phone.
+In other words, when you want to withdraw money, you put your mobile phone in the ATM, touch your finger, your fingerprint is transferred to the phone, the phone says "yes, anyone," and the ATM gives you the money.
+It should be a utility that can be used anywhere.
+It absolutely must be convenient, it's my go to pub.
+The device at the pub door is only allowed if this person is over 18 and not barred from entering the pub.
+So the idea is that when I touch my ID card on the door, it shows my photo if I am allowed to enter and a red cross if I am not allowed to enter.
+No other information was disclosed.
+No special gadgets required.
+Following Ross' statement, this only means one thing, and I fully agree with that.
+If you don't need a special gadget, you should run it on your phone.
+That's the only option we have and we need it to work on our phones too.
+There are 6.6 billion mobile phone subscriptions.
+My favorite statistic is that there are only 4 billion toothbrushes in the world.
+It means something, but I don't know it.
+(Laughter) I rely on futurists to tell me.
+It should be an extensible utility.
+Therefore, it should be something that anyone can build.
+Anyone should be able to use this infrastructure. No permissions or licenses are required. Anyone should be able to write code to do this.
+I know what symmetry is, so I don't need that picture.
+We will proceed like this.
+We're going to do it with our phones, we're going to do it with mobile proximity.
+My suggestion to you is that the technology already exists to implement Doctor Who's psychic thesis. If any of you have a new Berkeley debit card with a contactless interface, you already have the technology.
+For anyone who's ever been to a big city and used an Oyster card, does it ring a bell?
+The technology already exists.
+The first phones with this technology, Google Nexus, S2 and Samsung Wifi 7.9, the first phones with this technology are already on store shelves.
+So if the gasman shows up at my mom's house and shows her his cell phone and she taps it on her cell phone, he's really from British Gas and is allowed in. The idea is that a green mark will appear. If not, it will show red, end of story.
+We have the technology to make it happen.
+Additionally, it sometimes sounded a little counterintuitive, like proving I'm over 18 without proving who I am, but not only does the cipher exist to do it, Very well known and well understood.
+Digital signatures, blinding public key certificates, these technologies have been around for a while, but there was no way to package them.
+So the technology already exists.
+we know it works. There are several examples of this technology being used in experimental locations.
+It was London Fashion Week and we built the system with O2. It's for the Wireless Festival in Hyde Park. You can see people entering with VIP bands, only checked by Nokia phones that read the bands.
+I'm just posting these to show that these things are trivial and work in these environments.
+They don't have to be special.
+So finally, I know you can do this, because for our international students, if you've seen the Doctor Who Easter special, the episode where he went to Mars on the bus, I should say it again, it can't happen every episode.
+This was a very special case.
+So in the episode where he takes the London bus to Mars, I can't show you that clip because of the exorbitant Queen Anne-esque copyright restrictions by the BBC, but in the episode where he takes the London bus to Mars, On the bus, Doctor Who is clearly shown boarding the bus with the Oyster card reader using psychic paper.
+This proves that the psychic paper has an MSE interface.
+thank you very much.
+have understood. So like all good stories, this one starts a long time ago when there was basically nothing.
+This is the big picture of the universe about 14 billion years ago.
+All energy is concentrated in one energy point.
+For some reason it explodes and these things start happening.
+In other words, about 14 billion years have passed now.
+And these things expand, expand, expand into gigantic galaxies, into trillions.
+And within these galaxies are giant dust clouds.
+Pay particular attention to the three small ridges in the center of this photo.
+Here's what they look like in close-up.
+And what you're seeing is a dust pillar with a lot of dust -- by the way, the scale of this is a trillion miles vertically -- and what's going on is a very There is a lot of dust that gathers and fuses together, igniting a thermonuclear reaction.
+And what you are seeing is the birth of a star.
+Stars born here.
+When enough stars appear, galaxies form.
+Since you're here, this happens to be a galaxy of particular importance.
+(Laughter) And when you look at this galaxy up close, you find relatively ordinary, not particularly interesting stars.
+By the way, the story is now about two-thirds of the way through.
+So this star doesn't appear until about two-thirds of the way through the story.
+And what happens is there is enough dust left to ignite and become a planet instead of a star.
+And this was about 4 billion years ago.
+And soon after, enough ingredients remain to yield a primordial soup, which produces life.
+And life expands, expands, begins to expand, and finally disappears.
+(Laughter) Now, what's really strange is that life doesn't fail once or twice, but five times.
+That means almost all life on Earth will be extinct about five times.
+Thinking about it, what happens is that it becomes more and more complicated, more and more elements to build new things.
+And 99.96 percent of the time, we only appear in this story to look at ourselves and our ancestors objectively.
+Within that context, there are two theories as to why we are here.
+The first theory of this incident is the only one she wrote.
+According to that theory, we are the greatest and final being of all creation.
+And the reason there are trillions of galaxies and six billion planets is to create things like that and things like it.
+And that's what the universe is for. And it flattens out and doesn't get any better.
+(Laughter) The only question you want to ask yourself is, isn't that a bit arrogant?
+If so, especially given the fact that humanity is so close to extinction.
+We only had about 2,000 seeds left.
+If it hadn't rained for a few more weeks, we would never have seen a sight like this.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So if the first theory isn't good enough, maybe we should consider the second theory.
+The second theory is whether you can upgrade.
+(Laughter) So why ask such a question?
+Because there have been at least 29 humanoid upgrades so far.
+So, I know it was upgraded.
+We have upgraded over and over again.
+And it turns out we keep discovering upgrades.
+We found this out last year.
+I found another one last month.
+And as you think about this, you might also ask: So why is there only one species, the human species?
+Wouldn't it be really strange if you could go to Africa, Asia or Antarctica and find the exact same bird? Especially given that we've coexisted on this planet with at least eight other versions of humanoids at the same time.
+Therefore, under normal conditions, there are not only Homo sapiens. Under normal conditions, there are various versions of humans walking around.
+And you may ask yourself if that is normal. So how big must the mutation be if we want to create something different?
+Svante Paavo has the answer.
+The difference between humans and Neanderthals is 0.004 percent in their genetic code.
+It's how big the difference is between one species and another.
+This explains most of the modern political debate.
+(Laughter) But when you think about this, one of the things that's interesting is how small these mutations are and where they come from.
+The differences between humans and Neanderthals are sperm and testicles, smell and skin.
+And they are each different specific genes.
+So very small changes can have a big impact.
+As you think about this, we continue to mutate.
+About 10,000 years ago, along the Black Sea, there was one mutation in one gene that gave rise to blue eyes.
+And this continues and continues and continues.
+And as it continues, one of the things that will happen this year is that we will discover the first 10,000 human genomes because it has become cheap enough to do gene sequencing.
+And if you find these, you might find the difference.
+By the way, this is not a discussion that we are ready for. Because we are really misusing science in this area.
+In the 1920s, we thought there was a big difference between people.
+It was partly based on the work of Francis Galton.
+He was Darwin's cousin.
+But the United States, the Carnegie Institution, Stanford University, and the American Neurological Association have taken this very far.
+It was exported and exploited in practice.
+In fact, it led to a downright disgusting treatment of humans.
+So since the 1940s, we've been saying we're all the same, that we're no different.
+We'll know by the end of the year if that's true.
+And as we think about it, we're actually starting to find out things like, "Do you have the ACE gene?"
+Why is it important?
+That's because no one has climbed an 8,000-meter peak in anoxic conditions without the ACE gene.
+If you want to be more specific, what about the 577R genotype?
+Well, every Olympic male power athlete tested so far has been found to have at least one of these variants.
+If that is true, it raises a very complicated question regarding the London Olympics.
+Three choices: Do you really want the Olympics to be a showcase for hardworking mutants?
+(Laughter) Option 2: Why not try it like golf or sailing?
+You have it and you don't, so I'll give you a tenth of a second early start.
+Version number 3: This is a naturally occurring gene and you have it but you didn't choose the right parent and are entitled to an upgrade.
+3 different options.
+If these differences are the difference between Olympic medals and non-Olympic medals.
+And when we discover these things, we humans really like to change the way we look, act, and function.
+And with about 10.2 million plastic surgeries performed in the United States, fixing, removing, extending, and enhancing today would seem like child's play, except for the technology that is online today.
+Some of you may have already seen Tony Atala's work at TED, but this ability to start filling things like inkjet cartridges with cells allows you to print skin, organs and a range of other body parts. will be
+And as these technologies advance, you keep looking at this, you keep looking at this, you keep looking at things - 2000, the human genome sequence - and until it actually happens, nothing seems to happen.
+And we just might be in the next few weeks.
+And thinking about the sequencing of the human genome by these two people in 2000, and the public project that sequenced the human genome in 2000, I didn't think much of it until I heard about an experiment done in China last year. I never hear it. Take skin cells from this mouse, apply four chemicals to it, turn those skin cells into stem cells, grow the stem cells, and create a perfect copy of that mouse.
+That's a big deal.
+Because what it essentially means is that you can take in cells that are pluripotent stem cells, like skiers on the top of a mountain. Then those 2 skiers become 2 pluripotent stem cells, 4, 8, 16, and then after 16 divisions they are so crowded that the cells need to differentiate.
+So they go down one side of the mountain and down the other.
+And when they choose that, these become bones, then they choose another way, these become platelets, these become macrophages, these become T cells.
+But once you slip down, it's really hard to climb back up.
+Unless, of course, there is a ski lift.
+And what these four chemicals do is take every cell and bring it back up the mountain so that it can become any part of your body.
+Given that, what that means is that we could potentially reconstruct a perfect copy of any organism from any cell.
+This turned out to be a big problem as not only mouse cells but also human skin cells can now be harvested and turned into human stem cells.
+And what they did in October is they started taking skin cells and turning them into stem cells and turning them into liver cells.
+So, in theory, any organ can be grown from any cell.
+This is the second experiment. If you can copy your body, you probably want to copy your mind too.
+And one of the things we saw at TED about a year and a half ago was this guy.
+And he gave a great technical talk.
+He is a professor at MIT.
+But essentially what he said is that you can ingest a retrovirus that invades mouse brain cells.
+It can be tagged with proteins that glow when exposed to light.
+We can also map the exact paths that mice take to see, feel, touch, remember and love.
+And you can use fiber optic cables to light several of the same.
+By the way, doing this means that the image can be displayed in two colors, so you can download this information directly to your computer as binary code.
+So what is the conclusion?
+Well, it's not entirely inconceivable that one day you'll be able to download your own memories, perhaps into a new body.
+You may be able to upload other people's memories as well.
+And this could have just one or two small ethical, political and moral implications.
+(Laughter) Just an idea.
+Questions of interest to philosophers, governing peoples, economists, and scientists are the following types of questions:
+Because these technologies are advancing very quickly.
+Thinking about it, I would like to conclude with the example of the brain.
+Today, the brain is the first place where enormous evolutionary pressure is expected, due to both the ever-expanding inputs and organ plasticity.
+Do you have any evidence that it's happening?
+Now, let's look at things like the autism incidence rate per 1,000 people.
+Here's how it looks in 2000.
+Here's what it looked like in 2002, 2006 and 2008:
+This is an increase in less than 10 years.
+And I still don't understand why this happened.
+What we do know is that subconsciously the brain is hyperactive and hyperplastic, creating individuals like this.
+And this is just one of the conditions that exist.
+Some people are extraordinarily smart, some remember everything they've seen in their life, some have synesthesia, some have schizophrenia.
+All sorts of things are happening in the world, but we still don't understand how and why this is happening.
+But one question you might want to ask is, are we seeing rapid evolution in the way our brains and data are processed?
+Because when you think about how much data enters our brains, we're trying to take in as much data in a day as people once took in in a lifetime. Because it becomes
+And when you think about it, there are four theories as to why this is happening, plus a series of other theories.
+I don't have a good answer.
+We really need more research on this.
+One option is a fast food fetish.
+Evidence is emerging that obesity and diet are linked to genetic alterations, and it is not known whether genetic alterations affect brain function in infants.
+The second option is the sexy geek option.
+Such a condition is extremely rare.
+(Laughter) (Applause) But what's starting to happen is that these geeks are coming together. They are highly qualified in computer programming, highly paid, and geographically focused, in addition to other very detailed work. Find like-minded friends.
+So, this is the assortative mating hypothesis that these genes reinforce each other within these structures.
+Third, is there too much information?
+We try to process so much that some people get synesthesia and end up with a giant pipe that remembers everything.
+Some people are overly sensitive to information.
+Some people have different psychological states and reactions to this information.
+Or it could be chemicals.
+But if you see an increase this big in a state, either you're not measuring it correctly, or something is happening very quickly, and it could be real-time evolution. I have.
+The conclusion is:
+I think what we're doing is transitioning as a species.
+When Steve Gullans and I started writing together, we didn't think about this.
+I think we are moving, for better or worse, into a hominid hominid hominid that is simply conscious of its environment. It is the hominids that are beginning to directly and intentionally control the evolution of their own species, bacteria and animals. plant, animal.
+And it's an order of magnitude change, so I think your grandchildren and great-grandchildren could be a completely different species than you.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+When I go to a party, it usually doesn't take long for people to know that I'm a scientist and that I study sex.
+And you may be asked questions.
+And the questions are usually of a very specific form.
+It begins with the phrase, "A friend told me that," and ends with the phrase, "Is this true?"
+Most of the time I'm happy to answer, but sometimes I have to say, "Sorry, I'm not that kind of doctor, so I don't know."
+So I'm not a clinician, I'm a comparative biologist who studies anatomy.
+And my job is to observe many different species of animals and try to understand how their tissues and organs work when all is well, and like many people , is not about trying to figure out how to fix things when things go wrong.
+And what I do is look for similarities and differences in the solutions they have evolved to the underlying biological problems.
+So today I would like to argue that this is not the esoteric ivory tower activity that we find in our universities, but that extensive research across species, tissue types and organ systems has made it possible for the human This means that it can generate insights that directly impact the health of people.
+And this applies both to my recent project on sex differences in the brain and to more mature research on penis anatomy and function.
+And now I know why I have fun at parties.
+(Laughter) So today I'm going to show you an example from my penis research, and show you how knowledge gained from studying one organ system can lead to insights into a completely different organ system. increase.
+Well, as I'm sure everyone in the audience already knows, I had to explain this to my 9-year-old son at the end of last week. A penis is a structure that transfers sperm from one individual to another.
+And the slide behind me just scratches the surface of how widely they permeate animals.
+Anatomically there is a huge amount of variation.
+You'll find muscular tubes, deformed legs, deformed fins, and even the fleshy, inflatable cylinders of mammals that we're all familiar with. Or at least half of them know.
+(Laughter) And you see this tremendous change because it's a very effective solution to a very basic biological problem, which is to position the sperm to meet the egg and form the zygote. I think it's because it's a policy.
+Now the penis is not really required for internal fertilization, but as internal fertilization evolves, the penis often follows suit.
+A common question I get when I start talking about this is, "Why are you interested in this subject?"
+And the answer is a skeleton.
+You wouldn't think there's much to do with your bone structure and your penis.
+That's because we tend to think of skeletons as rigid lever systems that generate speed and power.
+And my first biological studies, studying dinosaur paleontology during my undergraduate years, were right in that realm.
+However, when I went to graduate school to study biomechanics, I had a strong desire to find a thesis project that would expand my knowledge of skeletal function.
+I tried many things.
+Many of them didn't work.
+But one day I started thinking about mammalian penises.
+And it's a really weird structure.
+Its mechanical behavior needs to change very dramatically before it can be used for internal fertilization.
+Most often it is a flexible organ.
+It bends easily.
+But before it can be used during mating, it needs to be stiff and hard to bend.
+And moreover, it has to work.
+If the reproductive system does not work, individuals will be born without offspring and will be expelled from the gene pool.
+So I thought, "This is exactly the problem that needs the skeletal system. It's not like this, it's like this. Because functionally, the skeleton supports tissue and transmits force. Because every system that does
+And we already knew that animals like this worm, in fact most animals, don't support tissue by burying it on top of bones.
+Rather, it resembles an enhanced water balloon.
+These use a skeleton called a hydrostatic skeleton.
+And the hydrostatic skeleton uses two elements.
+Skeletal support arises from the interaction between pressurized fluids and the surrounding tissue wall, which is kept in tension and reinforced with fibrous proteins.
+And interaction is important.
+Without both elements there is no support.
+Puddles form when there are no walls surrounding the fluid to maintain pressure.
+If you only have walls with no liquid inside to add tension to the wall, you'll need a slightly damp cloth.
+A cross-section of the penis reveals many features of hydrostatic skeleton.
+In the center is a spongy space of erectile tissue filled with fluid (in this case, blood) surrounded by a wall of tissue rich in a hard structural protein called collagen.
+But by the time I started this project, the best explanation I could find for penal erections was that walls surround these spongy tissue, blood and pressure-filled spongy tissue rises, and voila. That's what it was. it stood upright.
+And that explained the dilation to me — it made sense that there would be more fluid and the tissue would dilate — but that didn't really explain the erection.
+This is because there was no mechanism in this explanation to make this structure difficult to bend.
+And no one had ever systematically observed wall tissue.
+So I thought that wall tissue is important in the skeleton.
+It should be part of the description.
+And at this point my graduate's supervisor said, "Hey, hang on. Take it slow."
+Because after about 6 months of me talking about this stuff, I think he finally realized that I was really serious about the penis thing.
+(laughter) So he sat me down and warned me.
+He said, "Be careful when you take this road.
+I don't know if this project will work. "
+Because he was afraid I would fall into a trap.
+I answered socially embarrassing questions, and he responded with answers that seemed particularly uninteresting.
+That's because all hydrodynamic skeletons found in nature up to that point had the same basic elements.
+It had a central fluid and a perimeter wall, and the reinforcing fibers within the wall were arranged in a cross spiral around the long axis of the skeleton.
+The image behind me shows a piece of tissue in one of the cross-spiral skeletons, cut away as if looking at the surface of the wall.
+Arrows indicate the long axis.
+And you can see two layers of fibers. One blue and one yellow, arranged in left and right windings.
+And if you weren't looking at just a small portion of the fibers, they would be spiraling around the long axis of the skeleton. It's like a Chinese finger trap, and if you stick your finger in it, it will get stuck.
+And these skeletons have a certain set of actions, which I'm going to explain in the movie.
+It is a skeleton model made by wrapping cloth around an inflated balloon.
+The fabric is cut on the bias.
+So you can see that the fibers are spirally wrapped and change their orientation as the skeleton moves. This means that skeletons are flexible.
+It stretches, shortens, or bends very easily in response to internal or external forces.
+Now, my advisor's concern was what if the penile wall tissue is exactly like the rest of the hydrostatic skeleton.
+What are you going to contribute?
+What new things are contributing to our knowledge of biology?
+And I thought, "Yeah, he's making a really good point here."
+So I thought for a long, long time.
+And one thing I've always wondered about is that when it's working, it doesn't wiggle.
+(Laughter) Something interesting must be going on.
+So I went ahead and collected the wall tissue, prepared it upright, sectioned it, put it on a slide, and stuck it under the microscope to observe. I fully expected to see some kind of crossed helix of collagen.
+But instead I saw this.
+It has an outer layer and an inner layer.
+Arrows indicate the long axis of the skeleton.
+This really surprised me.
+Everyone who showed it was really surprised.
+Why was everyone surprised by this?
+That's because I knew in theory that there are other ways to place the fibers within the hydrostatic scaffold, and ways to place the fibers at 0 and 90 degree angles to the long axis of the structure.
+The problem is that no one has ever seen it in nature before.
+And now I was looking at that one.
+Fibers in that particular direction give the skeleton very different behavior.
+I will introduce a model made with exactly the same material.
+In other words, they are made with the same cotton fabric, the same balloon, and the same internal pressure.
+But the only difference is the arrangement of the fibers.
+And, unlike the cross-helical model, this model is resistant to expansion and contraction and bends well.
+What we can see from this is that the wall tissue does more than just cover the vascular tissue.
+They are an integral part of the skeleton of the penis.
+If the wall around the erectile tissue is not present and strengthened in this way, it will change shape, but the distended penis will not be able to resist bending and the erection will not work at all.
+This is an observation that has obvious medical applications in humans, but in a broader sense, I think it is also relevant to the design of prosthetic limbs, soft robots, and basically anything else where changes in shape and stiffness are important.
+To summarize, 20 years ago, a college adviser told me that when I went to college and said, "I'm kind of interested in anatomy," he said, "Anatomy is a dead science."
+He couldn't be more wrong.
+I truly believe that we still have a lot to learn about the normal structure and function of our bodies.
+It is important not only in genetics and molecular biology, but also in the field of meat.
+Time is limited.
+We often focus on one disease, one model, one problem, but my experience is that you need to take the time to apply an idea broadly across systems and see where it goes. suggests there is.
+After all, if ideas about invertebrate skeletons provide insight into mammalian reproductive systems, there could be many other wild and productive connections waiting to be discovered. .
+thank you.
+(applause)
+We have the answers to the questions we all have.
+The question is why the letter X stands for the unknown.
+You probably learned it in math class by now, but now it's pervasive in the culture: X Awards, X Files, Project X, TEDx.
+where did it come from?
+About 6 years ago I decided to learn Arabic. Arabic turned out to be a very logical language.
+Writing words, phrases and sentences in Arabic is like creating equations. Because all parts are very accurate and contain a lot of information.
+This is one reason why much of what we think of as Western science, mathematics, and engineering was actually invented by the Persians, Arabs, and Turks in the first few centuries of the Common Era.
+This includes a small system called "Algebra" in Arabic.
+And Algebra loosely translates to "system for coordinating different parts".
+Algebra eventually became English as algebra.
+One example among many.
+Arabic texts containing this mathematical wisdom finally reached Europe, Spain, in the 11th and 12th centuries.
+And when they arrived there was great interest in translating this wisdom into the languages ​​of Europe.
+But there was also a problem.
+One problem is that Arabic has some sounds that just can't get past a European voice box without enough practice.
+Trust me about it.
+Also, the sounds themselves tend not to be represented in the letters available in European languages.
+Here is one of the culprits.
+This is the letter sheen, resulting in the "sh" sound we think of as SH.
+It is also the first letter of the word ``shayun'', which means ``something'', just like ``something'' in English, and refers to the undefined unknown.
+Well, in Arabic you can clarify this by adding the definite article 'al'.
+So this is Al Shayun, the unknown.
+And this is a word that appears throughout early mathematics, including this tenth-century root derivation.
+The problem for the Medieval Spanish scholars tasked with translating this material is that Spanish does not have a SH, or "sh" sound, so the letters "sheen" and the word "shayun" cannot be translated into Spanish. It is not possible.
+So, by convention, I made a rule to borrow the classical Greek CK sound ``ck'' in the form of the letter ``Kai''.
+When this material was later translated into the common European language, Latin, they simply replaced the Greek Kai with the Latin X.
+And since that happened, this material, written in Latin, has formed the basis of mathematics textbooks for nearly 600 years.
+But now we have the answer to the question.
+Why is X unknown?
+The X is unknown because you can't say "sh" in Spanish.
+(Laughter) And I thought it was worth sharing.
+(applause)
+I'm a medical illustrator, but I think from a slightly different perspective.
+As an adult, I have seen the expression of truth and beauty in art, truth and beauty in science.
+And while these are both great things in their own right, they're both doing very great things, but truth and beauty as ideals that can be examined by science and mathematics are what scientists think of as ideal conjoined twins. almost similar. you want to date
+(Laughter) These are expressions of truth as awe-inspiring, meant to be worshipped.
+They are powerful ideals. they are irreducible.
+they are unique. They are sometimes useful, but often they are useful long after the fact.
+You don't want to see me on screen so you can actually roll out some of the photos right now.
+Truth and beauty are often opaque to those who do not specialize in science.
+They describe beauty in ways that are accessible only to those who understand the language and syntax of those who study the subject matter in which truth and beauty are expressed.
+Looking at mathematics, E=mc squared, looking at the cosmological constant, we see that the human ideal existed, and that life had to evolve from the numbers representing the universe. These are really difficult things. To understand.
+And since I trained as a medical illustrator, what I've tried to do is to help people understand the truth since I was taught animation by my father, who was a sculptor and visual guru. is what I wanted to find. We express the beauty of the biological sciences through the use of animation, painting, and storytelling to reveal, teach, and help people understand things that are not always obvious to them.
+Today's students are often immersed in an environment of learning subjects that incorporate truth and beauty, but the teaching is fragmented and drawn in to the point where truth and beauty are not always apparent. .
+It's almost like the old recipe for chicken broth, where the chicken is boiled until it loses its flavor.
+We don't want our students to do that.
+Therefore, we have the opportunity to truly open up education.
+Then, a few years ago, I got a call from Robert Lu from the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University. He asked me if my team and I were interested and willing to really change how medical and science education was done at Harvard.
+So we embarked on a project to explore cells. This is a project that explores the inherent truths and beauties of molecular and cell biology to help students understand the big picture that all these facts can be grasped.
+They may have a mental image of this cell as a large, bustling, highly complex city occupied by micromachines.
+And these micromachines are at the very heart of life.
+The envy of nanotechnologists around the world, these micromachines are autonomous, powerful, precise and precise devices made from strings of amino acids.
+And these micromachines power the movement of cells.
+They power cell replication. They empower our minds.
+They empower our minds.
+So what we wanted to do was figure out how we could make this story into an animation that would be the centerpiece of the biovision at Harvard University. BioVision is a website operated by Harvard University for molecular and cellular biology students. Along with all the educational stuff, all the textual information, plus it puts it all together visually. In doing so, these students will have and be able to study with an internalized view of what cells really are in all their truth and beauty. Doing so stimulates children's imaginations, sparks their passion, and encourages them to keep using these visions in their minds to make new discoveries or find something really. how life works
+So we started by looking at how these molecules are assembled.
+We are working on a theme. That is, there are macrophages flowing through the capillaries, and they are touching the surface of the capillary walls and collecting information from the cells on the walls of the capillaries. They are given information that there is inflammation somewhere outside that they cannot see or feel.
+But they got the information that stopped them, internalized that they needed to make all the different parts that changed their shape, and tried to get out of this capillary and find out what was going on. increase.
+So for these molecular motors, we had to work with scientists at Harvard University and atomically accurate molecular databank models to figure out how they work and what they do.
+And figure out a way to do this in a way that's true in terms of telling what's going on, but not so true that the closeness in the cell blocks the view.
+So what I'm going to show you is a 3-minute reader's digest version of the first part of this movie we made. This is an ongoing project and will take another 4-5 years.
+I want you to look at this and see the pathways that the cells create, the pathways that this tiny locomotion machine called kinesin takes on such a huge load that it's pitted against an ant of relative size.
+run the movie.
+But these machines that power the inside of the cell are truly amazing, they all interact and are the very basis of all life.
+They pass information to each other.
+They trigger various events within the cell.
+And the cell actually manufactures the parts it needs on the spot from the information brought in from the nucleus by the molecules that read the genes.
+Without these tiny micromachines, there would be no life, not even everyone here.
+In fact, without these machines, Chris, the attendance here would have been really sparse.
+(laughter) (music) This is a FedEx delivery man in a cell.
+This little guy is called a kinesin, and it pulls a bag full of brand-new manufactured proteins to where it needs to be inside the cell. To build something or repair something, whether it's a membrane or an organelle.
+And each of us now has about 100,000 of these things moving around in each of our 100 trillion cells.
+So no matter how lazy you feel, you're not essentially doing nothing.
+(Laughter) So, when you get home, I want you to think about this and think about how powerful our cells are.
+And think about what we're learning about how cells work.
+If you can understand all that is going on, believe me. We know almost percent of what is going on. Once you know what's going on, you actually have a lot more control over your actions. It's about our health, what we will do for future generations, and how long we will live.
+And hopefully, you will be able to use this to discover more truth and more beauty.
+(music) But it is truly amazing that these cells, these micromachines, are fully aware of what they need and are following their orders.
+they work together. They make cells do what they need to do.
+And working together, they help our bodies (the giant beings we never see) function properly.
+Enjoy the rest of the show. thank you.
+(applause)
+I work with Bacteria.
+And I'll show you some stop motion videos I made recently. Bacteria can be seen accumulating minerals from the environment over an hour.
+What we're looking at here is the metabolism of the bacterium, which creates an electrical charge.
+And this attracts metals from the local environment.
+These metals then accumulate as minerals on the surface of bacteria.
+One of the most prevalent problems for people today is lack of access to clean drinking water.
+And the desalting process is the process of taking out the salt.
+It can be used for both drinking and agriculture.
+Removing salt from water, especially seawater, by reverse osmosis is an important technology for countries around the world that do not have access to clean drinking water.
+In other words, seawater reverse osmosis is a membrane filtration technology.
+Water is pumped from the sea and pressurized.
+This pressure then forces seawater through the membrane.
+Energy is required to produce clean water.
+But there also remains a concentrated saline solution, that is, brine.
+However, this process is very expensive and prohibitively expensive for many countries around the world.
+Also, the brine produced is often just pumped back into the ocean.
+And this is detrimental to the local ecosystems of the waters being pumped.
+I am currently working in Singapore, which is truly on the cutting edge of desalination technology.
+And Singapore is proposing to produce 900 million liters of demineralized water per day by 2060.
+However, this produces similarly large amounts of desalinated water.
+This is where my collaboration with bacteria becomes important.
+What we are currently doing is accumulating metals such as calcium, potassium and magnesium from demineralized water.
+And this is equivalent to $4.5 billion for Singapore's mining industry, which has no natural resources, in terms of magnesium and the amount of water I mentioned earlier.
+So I want you to imagine mining in a way that hasn't existed before. Imagine a mining industry that doesn't mean polluting the earth. Imagine bacteria helping with this by accumulating, precipitating, and precipitating minerals from demineralized water.
+What we see here is the beginning of an in vitro industry, a mining industry in harmony with nature.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I want to share with you three examples of iconic designs. It's no surprise that I, with a Bachelor's degree in Literature, do that.
+(Laughter) But I'm also a well-known minor TV personality and an avid collector of the Design Within Reach catalog, so I know pretty much what's out there.
+Now, this object should look familiar. Many of you have probably seen it in the last few days as we landed our private Zeppelin airship at Los Angeles International Airport.
+This is known as theme building. Why it has that name is still very vague.
+And perhaps it's the best example of ancient extraterrestrial architecture in Los Angeles.
+It was first excavated in 1961 during the construction of LAX, but scientists believe its origins date back to 2000 B.C.E. At the time, it was used as a busy hyperdimensional spaceport by the ancient astronauts who first colonized this planet and nurtured our species. You gave us the gift of letters and technology, and the gift of revolving restaurants, to save us from a barbaric life.
+This is, of course, supposed to be a replacement for the old spaceport at Stonehenge, with a cleaner design, no druids hanging around all the time, and obviously much better access to Therefore, it is considered to be a significant improvement. parking.
+When it was discovered, it ushered in a new era of streamlined, old-fashioned and futuristic design called Googie. Googie has become synonymous with the Jet Age, but it's a misnomer.
+After all, the ancient astronauts who used it didn't travel much in jets, preferring instead to travel in feathered serpents powered by crystal skulls.
+(Applause) (music) Oh, yes, the table.
+we use these every day.
+And juicy salif on top.
+This was designed by Philippe Starck, and I think I'll be there at this very moment.
+And you know it's Starck's design by its precision, its playfulness, its innovation, and its imminent potential for violence.
+(Laughter) This is a design that challenges your intuition. It's not what I imagined when I first saw it.
+I don't think this is a fork designed to grab 3 hors d'oeuvres at once, which is useful in lobbies.
+And despite its obvious influences from ancient astronauts and their space-ageness and tripodity, it wasn't designed to stick to your brain and suck out thoughts.
+This is actually a citrus juicer and when I say so, I no longer see it as anything else.
+Also, it is not a monument to design, but a monument to design practicality.
+You can take it home with you, unlike theme pavilions that stay there forever.
+It's affordable and you can take it home so you can put it on your kitchen counter. It cannot be put in a drawer. Believe me, I found it the hard way. Make your kitchen counter a monument of design.
+One more thing about it, if you have one at home, let me tell you one feature you might not know about. When you fall asleep, it comes to life and roams the house, checking your mail and keeping an eye on you. you sleep
+(Applause) Now, what is this object?
+I have no idea. I don't know what it is.
+It looks terrible. Is it a hot plate?
+I do not understand.
+does anyone know? blood?
+It's an iPhone. iPhone.
+Oh yes I remember them. We replaced the tiles throughout the bathroom with good old fashioned ones.
+No, I have an iPhone. Of course I will.
+Here is my favorite iPhone.
+Do so many things with this tiny device.
+I like reading books about it.
+More than that, I like to buy books with this book. You don't have to feel guilty about not reading. Because I have a book here and I will never look at it again. that is perfect.
+For example, I use it every day to weigh cows.
+Sometimes I use it to make phone calls.
+Yet I always forget.
+It is a design that you will forget once you see it.
+It's easy to forget the breathless feeling that came when I first touched this in 2007, but it's just that it permeated so quickly that we took these gestures instantly and made it an extension of our lives. This is because
+Unlike theme building, this is not an alien technology.
+Or what it has done is that technology that, unlike the people in this room, still feels very alien to many other people in the world, instantly and instantly feels familiar and intimate. It means that it is now possible to
+And unlike Juicy Salif, it has no fear of sticking to your brain, it just sticks to your brain.
+(Laughter.) And you didn't even realize it happened.
+Well then, please. My name is John Hodgman.
+I explained the design earlier.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I always wanted to be a walking laboratory of social engagement. It means resonating with the feelings, thoughts, intentions, and motives of others in the act of being with them.
+As a scientist, I have always wanted to measure that resonance, that instant sensation of others.
+We intuit the emotions of others. We know what their actions mean before they happen.
+We are always in the position of being the object of someone's subjectivity.
+we always do. You can't shake it off.
+It is so important that the very tools we use to understand ourselves and the world around us are shaped by that stance.
+We are social by nature.
+My journey into autism began when I lived in an apartment complex for adults with autism.
+Most of those people spent most of their lives in long-term hospitals.
+And for them, autism was devastating.
+They had severe intellectual disabilities.
+they didn't speak.
+But above all, they were unusually isolated from the world, environment and people around them.
+In fact, back then, when I walked into a school for people with autism, I heard a lot of noise, a lot of commotion, action, people doing things.
+But they are always doing something of their own.
+So they may be looking at the lights in the ceiling, they may be isolated in the corner of the room, or they may be engaging in these repetitive movements, self-stimulating movements that lead nowhere. not.
+Very, very isolated.
+Now, we know that autism is this mess, this resonance mess I'm talking about.
+These are survival skills.
+These are survival skills that we have inherited over hundreds of thousands of years of evolution.
+As you know, babies are born completely fragile.
+They cannot survive without someone to care for them, so it is not surprising that nature has endowed them with these survival mechanisms.
+They face the caregiver.
+In the first few days and weeks of life, babies prefer to hear human sounds as well as environmental sounds.
+They prefer to look at people rather than things, and even when they are looking at people, they also look in the eyes. They love to look at people because their eyes are windows into other people's experiences. Not the person looking away, but the person looking at you.
+Well, they turn to caregivers.
+Caregivers look for babies.
+And it is on this mutually reinforcing choreography that is crucial for the emergence of the mind, the social mind, the social brain.
+We always think of autism as something that happens later in life.
+it's not. It starts at the beginning of life.
+As babies interact with their caregivers, they quickly discover that there is something very important between their ears. You can't see it, you can't see it, but it's very important.
+And that calls attention.
+And they soon learn that they can pay attention and move somewhere to get what they want before they can utter a single word.
+They also learn to follow other people's gazes, because everything they see is what they think.
+And soon they start learning about the meaning of things. Because when someone looks at something or someone points to something, they're not just getting directional cues.
+They understand the other person's meaning and attitude.
+And very soon they begin to construct this set of meanings, the meanings acquired within the realm of social interaction.
+They are meanings acquired as part of a shared experience with others.
+Well, this is a 15 month old girl who has autism.
+And even though I'm maybe two inches from her face, she doesn't notice me at all.
+If I did that to you, imagine coming two inches from your face.
+You'll probably do two things.
+You will flinch. you will call the police
+(Laughter) It's literally impossible to invade someone's physical space and not get that reaction, so you're going to do something.
+Remember, we do so intuitively and effortlessly.
+This is the wisdom of our body. It is not mediated by our language.
+And we've known it for a long time.
+And this doesn't just happen to humans.
+It happens to some of our lineage relatives. Because you are a monkey, and you see another monkey, and that monkey has a higher hierarchical position than you, it is considered a signal or a threat. won't live long.
+So what in other species is a survival mechanism, without which we basically can't live, we're bringing into the human context, and this is something we simply need to act socially. That's it.
+Now she doesn't care about me and I'm close to her and you think she might see you, hear you .
+A few minutes later she went to the corner of the room and found a tiny little candy, an M&M.
+So I couldn't get her attention, but something, something did.
+Now, most of us think of a great dichotomy between the world of things and the world of people.
+Well, for this girl, that line isn't so clear, and the world of people isn't as appealing to her as we'd like it to be.
+Now, remember that we learn a lot by sharing our experiences.
+What she does now is that her learning paths diverge every second as she isolates herself more and more.
+So sometimes we feel that the brain is decisive and decides who we become.
+But the fact is that the brain also becomes us, and at the same time that her behavior is moving away from the realm of social interaction, this is what is happening in her mind, and this is what is happening in her brain. It's about being there.
+Autism is the most heritable of all developmental disorders.
+and brain damage.
+This is a disease that begins long before a child is born.
+We now know that there is very widespread autism.
+Some are severely intellectually disabled, but others are gifted.
+Some people don't speak at all. Some people talk too much.
+If you observe them at school, there are some who, if left unchecked, can be seen running around the perimeter fence all class. They are the ones who can't stop trying to get close to you and engage you over and over again, but often. It was an awkward way of doing things that didn't immediately resonate.
+Well, this is far more prevalent than we thought at the time.
+When I started working in this field, it was thought that there were 4 in 10,000 people with autism. This is a very rare condition.
+Well, now we know it's closer to 1 in 100.
+There are millions of people with autism around us.
+The social costs of this condition are enormous, perhaps $35 billion to $80 billion in the United States alone.
+And what do you know?
+Most of these funds relate to adolescents, particularly adults with severe disabilities, and individuals who require comprehensive or highly intensive services.
+And these services can cost upwards of $60,000 to $80,000 annually.
+Those are people who did not benefit from early treatment. Because we now know that autism breeds autism as individuals diverge in the learning pathways I told you about.
+If only I had been able to identify this condition earlier and intervene and treat it -- I can tell you this is probably the thing that changed my life over the last decade and I would definitely get rid of this condition. The idea is that you can. .
+We also have a window of opportunity, and our brains are very flexible, and that window of opportunity occurs in the first three years of life.
+The window does not close. it's not.
+But it will be much less.
+Nonetheless, the median age of diagnosis in the country is still around 5 years, and in disadvantaged populations, populations without access to clinical services, rural populations and ethnic minorities, the age of diagnosis is even later, almost 20 years. reach age. It's as if we're blaming people with autism in those communities for their condition to become more serious.
+Therefore, we feel we have a bioethical obligation.
+The science is there.
+But any science is meaningless if it has no impact on society.
+And since autistic children will become autistic adults, we cannot afford to miss that opportunity.
+And we feel that what we can do for these children and their families early on will have a lifelong impact on the child, the family and the entire community.
+This is how we view autism.
+There are over 100 genes associated with autism.
+In fact, there are believed to be between 300 and 600 genes associated with autism and genetic abnormalities, far more than just genes.
+And there's actually a bit of a question here, if there are so many causes of autism, how do we get from those culpables to the actual syndrome?
+Because when someone like me walks into the playroom, they know the child is autistic.
+So how do we go from multiple causes to a syndrome with some degree of homogeneity?
+And the answer is something in between: development.
+And indeed, we are very interested in the first two years of life. Because these responsibilities don't necessarily translate into autism.
+Autism gives birth to itself.
+If we were able to intervene during such years of life, it might alleviate for some, God knows, maybe prevent for others. maybe even.
+So how do we do that?
+How do you get into that sense of resonance, how do you get into the presence of others?
+When I interacted with that 15-month-old, I remember thinking, "How am I going to enter this child's world?"
+is she thinking of me Is she thinking of other people? "
+Well, it's hard so we had to create the technology.
+I basically had to step inside the body.
+We got to see the world through her eyes.
+So over the years, we've been building new technologies based on eye tracking.
+We can see what our children are working on moment by moment.
+This is my colleague Warren Jones. We have been building these methods and studies with him for the past 12 years.
+There is a happy 5 month old baby boy. He is trying to see what his world brings to him, being a mother, a caregiver, but also what he would have experienced had he been in his own world. day care.
+What we want is to embrace that world and bring it into our laboratories, but to do that we need a very sophisticated measure: how people, how little babies, how newborns are. Are you involved with the world, moment by moment?
+What is important and what is not.
+Well, we created these scales. As you can see here, it's called the Featured Funnel.
+You are watching a video through the eyes of 35 neurotypical 2-year-olds. These frames are separated by approximately one second.
+And freeze one frame. This is what typical children do.
+The green child in this scan path is a 2-year-old with autism.
+In this frame, typical children see this. It's an expression of a little boy's emotions when he's having a little fight with a little girl.
+What do children with autism do?
+I'm paying attention to the opening and closing of the revolving door.
+Now, we can say that the divergence we're seeing here isn't just happening in our 5 minute experiment.
+It happens moment by moment in their real lives, their minds are forming, their brains are specializing in other things than what happens to their typical peers.
+Well, we got the notion of growth curves as a concept from our pediatrician friend. When you take your child to the pediatrician, they will tell you their height and weight.
+Well, we decided to create a social engagement growth graph.
+From the moment we were born, we were looking for our children.
+The X-axis here shows ages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months, 9 months to approximately 24 months.
+This is the percentage of their viewing time focused on people's eyes, and this is their growth graph.
+They start here - they love people's eyes - and it remains very stable.
+Gradually increase during the first few months.
+Let's see what happens to babies with autism.
+It's something very different.
+It starts pretty high at first, but then it's free fall.
+It's like they brought into this world a reflection that orients people, but it has no traction.
+It's as if the stimulus, which is you, doesn't affect what happens to them as they go about their daily lives.
+Now, I thought these data were very powerful in some ways, so I wanted to find out what happened during the first six months of life. Because you will be amazed when you interact with 2 and 3 month olds. By how social those babies are.
+And what we see at 6 months of age is that these two groups are very easy to separate.
+And what we have discovered, using these kinds of tools and many others, is that our science can actually identify this condition early.
+I didn't have to wait for autistic behavior to show up in my second year of life.
+Being able to measure something that is evolutionarily, highly conserved, and developmentally very early, that is, present online from the first few weeks of life, could extend the detection of autism into the first months. increase. we are doing now
+Now we can create the best technology and the best way to identify our children, but this is useless if we don't impact what is happening in their communities in their reality. It's going to be.
+Of course, now we want to bring these devices to those on the front lines, our colleagues who see every child, primary care physicians. And we need to transform those technologies into something that adds value. to their practice because they have to meet so many children.
+And we want to make it universal so that we don't miss our children.
+But without the infrastructure for intervention and treatment, this would be immoral.
+We need to be able to work with families, support them, and get through the first few years with them.
+We need to be able to really move from universal screening to universal access to treatment. Because those treatments will change the lives of these children and their families.
+Now, considering what we can do in the first few years, I can say that I feel really rejuvenated after being in this field for so long.
+There's a sense that the science I've been working on can actually impact reality and actually interfere with the experiences I've started in earnest on my journey into this field.
+At that time, I thought that this was an incurable disease.
+And the idea is not to cure autism.
+I don't think so.
+We want to ensure that people with autism are freed from the sometimes devastating consequences of severe intellectual disability, lack of language, and profound isolation.
+In fact, we feel that people with autism have a very particular view of the world and that they need diversity.
+And they work really well in some areas where they're good at: predictable situations, definable situations.
+Because after all, they mostly learn about the world, not how it works in the world.
+But if you work in technology, for example, this can be an advantage.
+And then there are people with incredible artistic talent.
+We want them to be free to do that.
+We hope that the next generation of people with autism will not only be able to express their strengths, but they will be able to live up to their promises.
+Well, thanks for listening.
+Like most journalists, I am an idealist.
+I love unearthing good stories, especially lesser-known stories.
+I had no idea women were still in that category in 2011.
+I am president of the Journalism and Women's Symposium, JAWS.
+That's Sharky.
+(Laughs) I joined 10 years ago because I wanted a female role model. I was frustrated by women's lagging behind in our profession and the effect it had on our image in the media.
+We make up half the world's population, but only 24 percent of the news subjects cited in news articles.
+And we are only 20% of the experts cited in our articles.
+And now, with today's technology, it's possible to remove women from the screen entirely.
+Here is a photo of President Barack Obama and his advisers tracking the murder of Osama bin Laden.
+You can see Hillary Clinton on the right.
+See how this photo was published in a Brooklyn-based Orthodox Jewish newspaper.
+Hillary is completely gone.
+(Laughter.) The paper apologized, but said it would never publish a photo of the woman. May be sexually provocative.
+(Laughter) This is an extreme case, yes.
+In reality, however, women make up only 19 percent of the sources of political articles and only 20 percent of economic articles.
+The news keeps telling us that men outnumber women in almost every occupational category except two: students and housewives.
+(Laughter.) I mean, we all have a very distorted image of reality.
+The problem, of course, is that there aren't enough women in the newsroom.
+Only 37% of articles are reported in print, TV or radio.
+Even in articles on gender-based violence, men dominate the print and airtime.
+Case in point: In March of this year, the New York Times published an article by James McKinley about the gang-rape of an 11-year-old girl in a small Texas town.
+McKinley writes that communities are wondering, "How did their sons get involved in this?"
+"I was drawn into this"--like being seduced into committing an act of violence.
+And the first person he quotes says, "These boys are going to have to live with this situation for the rest of their lives."
+(groans, laughter) We don't hear much about the 11-year-old victim, other than that she was wearing a little old clothes and had makeup on.
+The Times was flooded with criticism.
+Initially, the company defended itself, saying, "These are not our views.
+Now here's a secret you probably already know. It's about building your story.
+As reporters, we research and interview.
+We try to represent reality well.
+We have our own unconscious biases.
+But the Times makes it sound like everyone else reported the story the same way.
+i don't agree with that.
+So three weeks later, The Times picked up the story again.
+This time, McKinley's byline has been supplemented with Erica Goode's signature.
+What emerges is a truly sad and terrifying story of an impoverished girl and her family.
+She was raped many times by many men.
+She was a bright and friendly girl.
+She was growing rapidly physically, but her bed was still covered with stuffed animals.
+It's a very different picture.
+Perhaps Mr. Goode's joining made this story more complete.
+A Global Media Monitoring Project found that articles by female reporters were more likely to challenge stereotypes than articles by male reporters.
+Here at KUNM in Albuquerque, Elaine Baumgartel did her graduate research on the reporting of violence against women.
+What she discovered was that many of these stories tended to blame the victims and downplay their lives.
+They tend to be sensational and lack context.
+So she produced a three-part series for her graduation project about the murder of 11 women found buried in West Mesa, Albuquerque.
+She sought to challenge those patterns and stereotypes in her work and to show the challenges journalists face from outside sources, their own internal biases and cultural norms.
+And she worked with the editors of National Public Radio to get the story up for national broadcast.
+I don't know if it would have happened if the editor wasn't a woman.
+Women are more than twice as likely to be treated as victims in articles reported in the news than men, and women are more likely to be characterized by body parts.
+Wired Magazine, November 2010.
+Yes, the question was about breast tissue engineering.
+I know you're all distracted, so I'll stop doing that.
+(Laughter) The eyes are here.
+(Laughter) So -- (applause) here's the problem. Wired rarely features women on the cover.
+Oh, and there were some gimmicky things, too. Pam from "The Office", cartoon girl, voluptuous model encrusted in synthetic diamonds.
+Texas State University professor Cindy Royal read Wired and blogged about how young women like students should feel about roles in tech.
+Wired editor Chris Anderson defended his choice, saying there weren't enough women, high-profile women in tech, to sell covers and issues.
+That's partly true, but there aren't that many high-profile women in tech.
+My issue with this discussion is: The media tells us every day what matters, depending on the stories they choose and the places they appear. It's called agenda setting.
+How many people knew the founders of Facebook and Google before their faces appeared on magazine covers?
+Placing it there made it more recognizable.
+Fast Company Magazine is now adopting that idea.
+This is the November 15, 2010 cover.
+This issue concerns some of the most prominent and influential women in tech.
+"Silicon Valley is very white and very male," editor Robert Saffian told the Poynter Institute.
+But Fast Company isn't thinking about what the world of business might look like in the future, so it's trying to figure out where the globalized world is headed. "
+By the way, Wired apparently had all this in mind.
+This was my April assignment.
+(Laughter) It's Limor Freed, founder of Adafruit Industries, posing as Rosie the Riveter.
+Having more women in leadership positions in the media would help.
+According to a recent global survey, 73% of top media management positions are still held by men.
+But it also has to do with something more complicated: our own unconscious biases and blind spots.
+Shankar Vedantham is the author of The Hidden Brain: How Our Uncious Minds Elects Presidents, Control Market, Wage Wars, and Save Our Lives.
+Unconscious bias runs through most of our lives, she told the former ombudsman for National Public Radio, who has reported on how women are responding to NPR's coverage.
+It's really hard to untangle those threads.
+However, he had one suggestion.
+He used to work for two editors who insisted that every article should have at least one female source.
+He said he was hesitant at first, but in the end he was happy to follow directions because the conversations got better and his job became easier.
+Now, I don't know if one of the editors was a woman, but that could make the biggest difference.
+The Dallas Morning News won a Pulitzer Prize in 1994 for its serialization on women around the world, and one of its reporters is convinced it never would have happened without a female foreign deputy editor. He said he was. There are some stories where there are no female reporters or editors on site, but especially stories about female genital mutilation, where men are not allowed to enter into such situations.
+This is an important consideration, as much of our foreign policy now revolves around countries such as Afghanistan where the treatment of women is problematic.
+What we are told about the arguments against leaving this country is that women's destinies come first.
+Well, I'm sure any male reporter in Kabul can find a woman to interview.
+I'm not sure about rural traditional areas, but I think there women can't talk to strange men.
+It's important to keep talking about this in the light of Lara Logan.
+She was a CBS News correspondent who was brutally sexually assaulted in Egypt's Tahrir Square shortly after this photo was taken.
+Almost immediately, critics followed suit, denouncing her and saying, "Maybe women shouldn't be sent to cover these stories."
+I've never heard anyone say that about Anderson Cooper and his crew who were attacked for reporting the same story.
+One way to get more women into leadership is to have other women lead the way.
+One of my board members is an editor at a major global media company, but she never considered this as a career path until she met a female role model at JAWS.
+But this is not just the job of super journalists or my organization.
+You are part of a powerful and vibrant medium.
+Analyze the news.
+And like the New York Times folks, speak up if there's something missing in your coverage.
+Suggest female sources to reporters and editors.
+Remember that the whole picture of reality may depend on it.
+And I leave a video clip that I first saw when I was a student in London [1987].
+It's from the Guardian paper.
+In fact, it wasn't long before I thought about becoming a journalist, but I was very interested in learning how we perceive the world.
+Narrator: Looking at an event from one point of view gives us an impression.
+Looking at it from a different perspective gives a different impression.
+But only when you get the big picture can you fully understand what's going on.
+[The Guardian] Megan Kamerick: I think we all agree that it's better for everyone to have the big picture.
+I'm not a designer, no, I'm not.
+So did my father. This is an interesting way to grow.
+I needed to understand what my father did and why it mattered.
+When we were kids, my dad used to talk about bad design. "Bad design is just people not thinking about it, John," my father said whenever a child was hurt by a rotary lawnmower or by a typewriter ribbon. . It can get tangled and clog your whisk in your kitchen.
+“Design, bad design has no excuse.
+It's about letting things happen without thinking.
+All objects have to be about something, John.
+It should imagine the user.
+You should cast the user into a story where the user and the object are the protagonists.
+Good design is, my father said, "giving intent."
+he said.
+Dad helped design the control panel for the IBM 360 computer.
+It was a big deal. it was important. He worked at Kodak for some time. it was important.
+He designed chairs, desks and other office equipment for Steelcase. it was important.
+I knew design was important in my home. Because design puts food on the table.
+And design was involved in everything my father did.
+When we were kids he had a Dixieland jazz band and he always covered Louis Armstrong songs.
+And I would sometimes ask him, 'Dad, do you want it to sound like a record?
+There were a lot of old jazz records lying around the house.
+And he said, "No, never, John, never.
+It's natural to have a song, you have to think so.
+You have to make it your own. you have to design it.
+Show everyone what you mean," he said.
+"Doing it, acting on the plan, is something we should all do.
+That's where we all belong. "
+all of us? designer?
+oh oh dad oh dad.
+Singing is a matter of course.
+How you cover it is important.
+Well, let's wait a moment for that thought.
+Kind of like this wheelchair I'm in, right?
+Original song? It's a little scary.
+"Oh, what happened to him?
+he can't walk does anyone know the story?
+who? "
+I don't want to talk too much about this, but let's talk about it today.
+Yes, exactly 36 years ago this week, I was in a badly designed car. Two people inside the vehicle died when it crashed into a poorly designed guardrail on a poorly designed road in Pennsylvania and fell onto a 200-foot embankment.
+Since then, a wheelchair has become a regular part of my life.
+My life is at the mercy of good design and bad design.
+please think about it. Now, from a design point of view, a wheelchair is a very difficult object.
+It mostly projects tragedy, horror, and misfortune, projecting its message and story so powerfully that it almost eclipses everything else.
+Rolling around the airport quickly, right?
+And the mother catches the children and says, "Don't stare!"
+The poor child, you know, has this frightening look on his face, God only knows what they are thinking.
+And for decades I go, why does this happen? What can I do about it? How can I change this? I mean, there must be something.
+So I roll over, don't make eye contact, just frown, right?
+Or dress up really, really sharp or something.
+Or I made eye contact with everyone. It was really creepy. it didn't work at all.
+(Laughter) You know everything, I'll try. I didn't shower for a week and nothing helped.
+Nothing worked until a few years ago, when my six-year-old daughters saw a catalog of these wheelchairs I had and said, 'Oh Dad! Dad! Gotta buy a nice wheel--you gotta get it! "
+And I said, "Oh, folks, you're a very important journalist, but that doesn't help at all."
+And, of course, they were immediately like, 'Oh, what a shame, Dad. Journalists aren't allowed to have fancy wheels.
+So how important are you? ’ they said.
+I said, "Wait a minute, okay, okay, I'll get the wheels." Purely out of protest, I got some fancy wheels and installed them. And look at this. Can I have my special light cue?
+(laughs) Look!
+Come on… look, look at this! Look at this!
+I mean, what you're seeing here completely changed my life, I mean completely changed my life.
+Instead of blank stares and awkwardness, she now points and smiles.
+People are saying, "What a great wheel, wow!"
+Because I want those wheels! ' say the little children, 'May I give you a ride?
+(Laughter) And, of course, every once in a while people say, "Oh, those wheels are great!" Usually middle-aged men.
+I'm assuming it's for safety? "
+(laughs) No! Not for your safety.
+No no no no no.
+What is the difference between a wheelchair without lights and a wheelchair with lights?
+The difference is the intent.
+That's right, that's right. I am no longer a victim.
+I chose to change the situation -- I'm the commander of a spaceship wheelchair with phaser wheels in the front. right?
+Intentions completely change the situation.
+I decided to enhance this rolling experience with simple design elements.
+act with intention.
+You can feel the authorship.
+It suggests that someone is driving.
+It's reassuring. People are drawn to it.
+People who make the experience their own.
+Cover the tragic song with something else, something radically different.
+people react to it.
+It seems like an easy thing to do now, but I think there is actually a big problem with intentions in our society and culture in general.
+Come on, let's go here with me. Look at this guy do you know who this is?
+I'm Anders Breivik. Now, if he was going to kill dozens of young people in Orso, Norway last year – if he was going to, he is a vicious criminal. we will punish him
+life in prison. The death penalty is common in the United States, but it is rare in Norway.
+But if he acted on delusional fantasies, if he was motivated by some random mental illness, he's in a completely different category.
+We may keep him away for life, but we will observe him clinically.
+It's a completely different domain.
+As a willful killer, Anders Breivik is simply evil.
+But as a dysfunctional person, and as a dysfunctional killer/psychopath, he's something more complicated.
+He is a primordial, ancient breath of chaos.
+He is a random natural state in which we emerge.
+He is a very, very different person.
+It is as if intention is an integral part of humanity.
+That's what we should do somehow.
+We must act with intention.
+We should do things according to plan.
+Intentions are indicators of civilization.
+Here's a more familiar example. My family is all will.
+Due to physical limitations, I won't go into detail here, but you can see that there are two sets of twins as a result of IVF technology, IVF technology.
+In any case, IVF, the technique of in vitro fertilization, is as intentional as farming.
+Let me tell you, some of you may have experience with this.
+In fact, all sperm extraction techniques for spinal cord injury men were invented by veterinarians.
+I met the man he's a great guy
+He carried a large leather bag full of sperm probes from all the animals he had ever worked with, different animals.
+The rovers he designed, and indeed he was very proud of these rovers.
+He said, "John, you are right between a horse and a squirrel."
+(Laughter) But anyway, when my wife and I decided to upgrade our early middle age, after all, we had four kids, and I won't go into too much detail here, but a urologist used a slightly different technology. He assured me that there was nothing to worry about.
+"I don't need contraception, Doctor, are you sure?"
+"John, John, I saw your chart.
+From your sperm test, I can confidently say that you are basically on birth control. "
+good!
+(laughs) What a liberating thought! yes!
+And after a few days of a very liberating weekend, my wife and I were on the cutting edge of erection technology that deserved to be featured in a TEDTalk someday, but I won't mention it now, but unexpectedly, Yes, I noticed some familiar symptoms.
+I wasn't strictly on birth control.
+Look at the fonts there. My wife was very angry.
+I mean, did the designers think of that?
+No, I don't think the designers thought of that.
+Actually that might be the problem.
+Thus, Tiny Ajax was born.
+He's like our other kids, but the experience is completely different.
+It's like my accident, right?
+He appeared out of nowhere.
+But we all needed to change, not just react to what we were given. We approach this new experience with intention.
+We are five now. Five.
+Face what you are given with intention. Do things according to design.
+Hey, the name Ajax -- there's nothing more intentional than that, right?
+I really hope he will thank us later.
+(laughs) But I never became a designer. No, no, no, no. Never tried. Never close.
+When I was a kid, I loved some great designs. HP 35S Calculator -- God, I loved that one. Oh, oh, I wish I had
+oh i love it
+I could afford that.
+I really couldn't buy another design like the 1974 911 Targa.
+In school, I didn't study anything close to design or engineering. I studied such useless things as the classics, but there were some lessons there too - this man, Plato, he turned out to be a designer.
+He designed a nation in "Republic", but the design was never realized.
+Hear one of Plato's Government 4.0 design features. "The nations whose rulers are the least willing to govern are always the best and most quietly governed, and the nations whose rulers are most enthusiastic are the worst."
+Well that was wrong, right?
+But look at this statement. It's all a matter of intent. That's what I like about it.
+But consider what Plato is doing here. what is he doing
+It is a grand idea of ​​design, a grand idea of ​​design common to all the religious and philosophical voices that emerged during the classical period.
+What was happening then?
+They were trying to answer the question of what humans would do now that they were no longer just trying to survive.
+When humanity emerged from its prehistoric turmoil, its random and brutal confrontation with nature, they suddenly had a moment to think - and there was much to think about.
+Suddenly, human existence required intention.
+Human life needed a reason.
+Reality itself needed a designer.
+The given was replaced by different aspects of intent, different designs, different gods.
+Gods we still fight. oh yeah.
+Today we do not confront the chaos of nature.
+What we are facing today is the turmoil of humanity's impact on the planet itself.
+I believe that this young discipline called design is actually a new spirit that formulates and answers very new questions. So what should we do now in the face of the chaos we have created?
+What shall we do?
+How do we imprint our intentions into every object we create, every situation we create, every place we change?
+The impact of a planet with an ever-growing population of 7 billion.
+That's the song we'll all be covering today.
+And you can't just imitate the past. no.
+You can't do that.
+It doesn't help at all.
+This is my favorite design moment. In the 1990s in Kinshasa, Zaire, I worked for ABC News. and reported on the fall of Zaire's brutal dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. Mobutu Sese Seko committed beatings and looting. Country.
+A riot broke out in the center of Kinshasa.
+The place was crumbling. It was such a terrifying and terrifying place that it was necessary to explore the center of Kinshasa to report riots and looting.
+People were carrying away cars and debris from buildings.
+Soldiers shot looters in the streets and rounded up some.
+In the midst of this chaos, I was rolling around in my wheelchair, and I was totally invisible. completely.
+I was in a wheelchair. I didn't see any looters.
+I was in a wheelchair. I didn't look particularly like a journalist, at least from their point of view.
+And I didn't look like a soldier, that's for sure.
+I was part of the background noise of Zaire's misery, totally invisible.
+Then suddenly, from around the corner, this young man, as paralyzed as I am, came up on this tricycle of metal and wood and leather on wheelchair-like pedals and pedaled at me at full speed. I came rowing. .
+He said, "Hi, Mr. Mr.!"
+And I looked at him - he didn't know any other English than that, but we didn't need English, no, no, no, no, no.
+We sat there comparing wheels and tires, spokes and tubes.
+And I observed his strange pedal mechanism. He took pride in his designs.
+I would love to show you how it works.
+His smile, our brilliance as we talked about the universal language of design, was invisible to the chaos around us.
+His machines are homemade, bolted, rusty, and comical.
+My Machine: Made in the USA, confident, sophisticated.
+He was especially proud of the comfortable seats he made on his tank and the beautiful fabric fringes around its edges.
+Oh, how I wish I had those sparkly wheels back then and showed him!
+he would love them! oh yeah.
+he would have understood them. A tank with pure intentions in an out-of-control city - think about it.
+The design blew everything away for a second.
+We talked for a few minutes and then we each faded into confusion.
+He returned to the streets of Kinshasa. I went to the hotel. And I'm thinking about him now...
+And I pose this question.
+Intentional objects, they are powerful, they are treasures, and we are drawn to them.
+An object without intention, it is random, imitative, and repels us. It's like junk mail that should be thrown away.
+This is what we have to demand of our lives, our things, our things, our circumstances: living with intention.
+I have to say that I have a very unfair advantage over you in that respect.
+Today is a very special day, so I would like to explain now.
+About this time 36 years ago, a 19-year-old boy woke up from a coma and asked a nurse a question, who already had the answer.
+"You had a terrible accident, young man. You broke your hip.
+I will never be able to walk again. "
+I said, "I know all that. What day is it today?"
+You know, I knew that a car crashed through a guardrail on February 28th, and I knew that 1976 was a leap year.
+"Nurse! Is today the 28th or the 29th?"
+And she looked at me and said, "Today is March 1st."
+And I said, "Oh my God.
+I need to catch up! "
+And from that moment on, I knew that the accident was justified. I had no choice but to build a new life without walking.
+Intent -- living with intention -- lives by design, covering the original with something better.
+In times like these, we should all find something to do, or a way to do it.
+Back to this, back to design, but as my dad suggested long ago, 'Make the song your own, John.
+Show everyone what you mean. "
+Daddy, this is for you.
+(music) ♫ Joe Joe is the man who thought he was alone ♫ ♫ But he was a different man. ♫ ♫ Joe Joe left his home in Tucson, Arizona to attend a party in California. ♫ ♫ Go back, go back, ♫ ♫ Go back to where you were. ♫ ♫ Go back, go back, ♫ ♫ Go back to where you were. ♫ (applause)
+So, during my freshman year of college, I signed up for an internship in the housing department of Greater Boston Legal Services.
+From day one, I showed up with coffee and copy ready, but was paired with a deeply inspired lawyer with a sense of justice, Jeff Purcell, who pushed me to the forefront from day one.
+And over the course of nine months, I had dozens of conversations with low-income families in Boston. They came in with housing problems, but always had underlying health problems.
+So a client came in who was being evicted for not paying his rent.
+But of course he doesn't pay the rent. Because he's paying for HIV drugs and can't afford both.
+We had a mother who came to our house, but she had asthma and woke up every morning with cockroaches.
+And one of our litigation strategies was actually to send me to the client's house with these big glass bottles.
+And I collected cockroaches and stuck them with a hot glue gun to poster boards that I would bring to court for a lawsuit.
+And we always won because the judges were really fed up.
+I must say it was far more effective than what I learned later in law school.
+But in the last nine months, we've felt like we're intervening quite downstream in our clients' lives, frustrated by the feeling that they were already at stake when they came to us. I've been
+Then, at the end of my freshman year, I read an article about the work Dr. Barry Zuckerman was doing as head of pediatrics at Boston Medical Center.
+And the first person he hired was a legal counsel who represented his patients.
+So I called Barry, and with his blessing, I walked into the waiting room of the Pediatrics Clinic at the Boston Medical Center in October of 1995.
+I'll never forget it, but the TV was playing endless reels of this anime.
+And the fatigue of mothers who took two, three, sometimes four buses to get their children to the doctor was evident.
+It seemed that the doctors did not really have enough time for all their patients.
+And over the course of six months, I cornered them in hallways asking naive but basic questions. “If you had infinite resources, what would you give your patients?”
+And I heard the same story over and over, and I've heard it hundreds of times since.
+They say, “We have patients coming to our clinic every day.
+But the real problem is that there is no food at home.
+The real problem is that the child lives in a two-bedroom apartment with 12 other people.
+And I don't even ask about those issues because there's nothing I can do.
+You have 13 minutes to interact with each patient.
+Patients are piled up in the waiting room of the clinic.
+I don't know where the nearest grocery store is.
+And I have no help. "
+The clinic still has two social workers for 24,000 pediatric patients, which is better than many other clinics.
+So, out of those conversations, Health Leads was born. It's a simple model that allows doctors and nurses to prescribe nutritious meals, winter heating, and other basic resources to their patients, much like they prescribe medicine.
+Patients then bring their prescriptions to our desk in the clinic's waiting room. There, well-trained college student advocates take center stage and can work with families to connect them to existing community resource situations.
+So we started by installing a card table in the clinic waiting room. This is totally lemonade stand style.
+But today, we have 1,000 college advocates working to give nearly 9,000 patients and their families the resources they need to get healthy.
+So 18 months ago I received this email that changed my life.
+And that email was from Dr. Jack Geiger, written to congratulate me on Health Lead and share a little bit of historical background as he said.
+In 1965, Dr. Geiger established one of the country's first two community health centers in an extremely poor area of ​​the Mississippi Delta.
+And so many patients came in complaining of malnutrition and started prescribing food to them.
+They would then take these prescriptions to their local supermarket where they would mix them up and charge the clinic's pharmacy budget.
+And when the Office of Economic Opportunity in Washington, D.C., which funded Geiger's clinic, learned of this, they were outraged.
+And they sent this bureaucrat to tell Geiger that he was expected to use the money for medical care - to which Geiger famously and logically said, "The last time I looked up the textbooks, The specific cure for malnutrition was food."
+(Laughter) So when I got this email from Dr. Geiger, I thought I should be proud to be a part of this history.
+But the truth is I was devastated.
+Forty-five years after Geiger prescribed diets to his patients, I said, "We practice a 'don't ask, don't tell' policy on these issues," doctors say.
+45 years after Geiger, health leads must reinvent the basic resource prescription.
+So I've spent hours trying to make sense of this weird Groundhog Day.
+A very simple tool to keep patients, especially low-income people, healthy, why haven't we used it for decades?
+If we know what it takes to build a health care system instead of a disease care system, why not do it?
+In my opinion, these questions are hard not because the answers are complicated, but because they require you to be honest with yourself.
+My belief is that it is too painful to articulate our aspirations for the health care system, or even admit that we have such aspirations.
+Because if they did, they would be far removed from our current reality.
+But that doesn't change my belief that we all share similar desires, deep down in this room and across this country.
+If we are honest with ourselves and listen quietly, we will find that we all have strong desires for health care. Health care keeps us healthy.
+This desire to keep us healthy through medicine is a very powerful one.
+My take on this is that healthcare is like any other system.
+It's just a series of choices people make.
+What if you decide to make a different choice?
+What if we took all the parts of medicine that have gotten away from us and decided to say 'no' resolutely?
+These things are ours.
+These are used for our purposes.
+Is it used to fulfill our aspirations? "
+What if everything we needed to fulfill our medical aspirations was right in front of us, just waiting to be billed?
+Health lead started from there.
+We start with a prescription pad (a plain piece of paper), what the patient needs to be healthy, not antibiotics, inhalers, or drugs, but what the patient needs to take to be healthy. I asked if Are you sick in the first place?
+And we decided to use a prescription for that.
+Just a few miles away, at the National Children's Medical Center, patients are asked a few questions when they come into the office.
+“Are you going to run out of food at the end of the month?” they ask.
+Do you have secure housing? "
+And when the doctor starts to examine you, you can find out how tall you are, how much you weigh, whether you have food at home, whether your family is living in a shelter, and so on.
+And that not only leads to better clinical choices, but physicians can also prescribe those resources to their patients, using Health Leads as well as other subspecialty referrals.
+The problem is that once you get a taste of what it's like to fulfill your healthcare aspirations, you'll want more.
+So we wondered, if we could get individual doctors to prescribe these basic resources to their patients, could we change the premise of the entire healthcare system?
+And we gave it a try.
+So now, at the Harlem Hospital Center, an electronic medical record automatically generates a prescription for Health Leads when a patient with an elevated BMI comes in.
+And our volunteers can work with them to connect patients to healthy diet and exercise programs in their communities.
+We made the assumption that if you were a patient at that hospital and had a high BMI, the four walls of the doctor's office probably wouldn't provide you with everything you need to be healthy.
+you need more
+So, on the one hand, this is just the basic record of an electronic medical record.
+But it also fundamentally transforms the electronic medical record from a static repository of diagnostic information to a health promotion tool.
+In the private sector, when you squeeze that kind of added value out of your fixed cost investments, the company is called a billion-dollar company.
+But in my world it's called reducing obesity and diabetes.
+It's called healthcare, a system where doctors can prescribe solutions to improve health, not just manage disease.
+The same is true in the clinic waiting room.
+So every day, 3 million patients pass through the waiting rooms of about 150,000 clinics in this country.
+And what do they do when they are there?
+They sit and watch the goldfish in the tank and read the very old magazine Good Housekeeping.
+But most of the time we're all just sitting there waiting forever.
+Hundreds of acres and thousands of hours spent waiting, how did you get here?
+What if there was a waiting room where you go to get healthy instead of just sitting there when you're sick?
+If airports become shopping malls, and McDonald's become playgrounds, clinic waiting rooms will surely be reborn.
+And that's exactly what Health Leads is trying to do, reclaim that real estate and time, and use it as a gateway to connect patients to the resources they need to get healthy.
+It's been a harsh winter in the northeast, my child has asthma, and the heating has just been turned off. Of course, you are in the emergency room waiting room. Because the cold air triggered the child's asthma.
+But what if, instead of waiting anxiously for hours, the waiting room became a place where health leads would restore your temperature?
+And, of course, all of this requires a broader workforce.
+But if we're creative, we already have that too.
+We know that there are not enough doctors, nurses or even social workers, and that second-to-second medical care is too restrictive.
+Health just takes longer.
+It requires community health workers, case managers and many other non-clinical forces.
+What if only a fraction of the next healthcare workers are the country's 11 million college students?
+Unencumbered by clinical responsibilities, unwilling to accept a “no” answer from a patient-killing bureaucracy, she possesses unparalleled information retrieval capabilities honed over years of Google use.
+Now, just so you don't think it's impossible for university volunteers to do something like this, I have two words for you. "March Madness".
+The average NCAA Division I men's basketball player dedicates 39 hours a week to the sport.
+Now we may think it's good or bad, but either way it's a reality.
+And Health Leads builds on the assumption that, for too long, we haven't asked college students too few questions about actually making an impact on vulnerable communities.
+A college sports team says, "We practice for dozens of hours in the nasty hours of the morning on a playground somewhere on campus to measure your performance and your team's performance. And if you can't measure Otherwise, you will be removed from the team.
+However, we invest heavily in your training and development and provide a great community of peers. "
+And people line up out the door for a chance to participate.
+So our sense is that if it's good enough for a rugby team, it's good enough for health and poverty.
+Health Leads also competitively recruits, trains intensively, mentors professionally, dedicates a lot of time, builds cohesive teams, and measures results. This is a kind of Teach for America in healthcare.
+It is currently in the top 10 cities in the United States.
+Countries with the highest number of Medicaid patients each have at least 20,000 college students.
+There are 500,000 college students in New York alone.
+And this is not like a short-term workforce to connect patients to basic resources, but to spend two, three, four years in clinic waiting rooms talking to patients about their most basic health conditions. That's the pipeline of next-generation medical leaders we've been talking about. needs.
+And they leave with the conviction, competence, and effectiveness of fulfilling our most basic aspirations in healthcare.
+And the problem is that there are already thousands of these people.
+Mia Lozada is the Chief Resident of Internal Medicine at UCSF Medical Center, but during her three years as an undergraduate she volunteered as a health lead in the clinic's waiting room at Boston Medical Center.
+Mia said, "When my classmates write a prescription, they think their job is done.
+When I write a prescription, I wonder, can my family read the prescription?
+Do you have transportation to the pharmacy?
+Are there any foods that can be taken with a prescription?
+Do you have insurance for making prescriptions?
+These are the questions I learned in health lead, not in medical school. "
+None of these solutions are perfect today: prescription pads, electronic medical records, waiting rooms, and an army of college students.
+But they are ours, a simple example of the vast underutilized medical resources that, if we reclaim and redeploy, fulfill our most basic aspirations for health care. It is possible.
+So, it wasn't until I was in legal services for about nine months that this idea of ​​health leads started to seep into my mind.
+And I knew I had to tell my attorney, Jeff Purcell, that I needed to retire.
+And I was so nervous. Because I thought he would be disappointed in me for abandoning him for some crazy idea.
+And I sat down with him and said, “Jeff, I have an idea if we can mobilize college students to help address the most basic health needs of our patients.”
+To be honest, all I wanted was for him not to get mad at me.
+But he said, "Rebecca, if you have a vision, you have a duty to make that vision a reality.
+You must pursue that vision. "
+And I have to say this.
+It's a lot of pressure. "
+I just wanted the blessing, not any kind of obligation.
+But the truth is, I've spent every waking hour ever since pursuing that vision.
+I believe we all have a vision for healthcare in this country.
+We believe that, after all, when we measure our medical care, it depends on the disease it prevents, not the disease it cures.
+Not because of the excellence of our technology or the sophistication of our experts, but because of how rare they are needed.
+And above all, I believe that when we evaluate healthcare, we are not measured by what the system was, but by how we chose it.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+Evidence suggests that humans of all ages and cultures construct their identities in some form of narrative.
+Mother to daughter, preacher to layperson, teacher to student, narrator to audience.
+Whether it be cave paintings or the latest use of the Internet, mankind has always told its history and truth through parables and fables.
+We are avid storytellers.
+But in an increasingly secularized and fragmented world, where can we provide a communal experience unmediated by our own ferocious consumerism?
+And what story, what history, what identity, what moral code do we tell young people?
+Cinema is perhaps the most influential art form of the 20th century.
+The artists have told stories across borders in as many languages, genres and philosophies as you can imagine.
+Admittedly, it's hard to find a subject the film hasn't tackled yet.
+Over the past decade, we have witnessed a massive consolidation of global media, now dominated by Hollywood's blockbuster culture.
+We are increasingly proposing a diet where sensation is more important than story.
+What we all had in common 40 years ago—telling stories across generations—has become rare today.
+As a filmmaker, it worried me.
+As a human being, it brings the fear of God into me.
+With little knowledge of where they came from and few stories about what is possible, what kind of future can young people build?
+The irony is palpable. Technological access has never been greater, cultural access has never been weaker.
+So, in 2006, we established FILMCLUB, an organization that hosts weekly film screenings at schools and discussions afterwards.
+If we could explore 100 years of cinematic history, we might be able to construct a narrative that gives meaning to the fragmented and restless world of youth.
+With access to technology, even a school in a small rural hamlet could project a DVD onto a whiteboard.
+In the first nine months, we ran 25 clubs across the UK, with children aged 5 to 18 watching 90 minutes of uninterrupted movies.
+The films were carefully selected and contextually considered.
+But the choice was with them, and viewers quickly got to choose the richest and most varied meals we could offer.
+The results are immediate.
+It was the most profound and transformative kind of education.
+In groups of up to 150 people and a minimum of 3, these young people discovered new places, new thoughts and new perspectives.
+By the end of the pilot, we had collected 1,000 names of schools that wanted to participate.
+The movie that changed my life was Vittorio De Sica's 1951 film Miracle in Milan.
+This is a remarkable comment about slums, poverty, and aspirations.
+I saw the movie on the occasion of my father's 50th birthday.
+With the technology of the time, you had to hire a movie theater to see it, find and pay for a print and projectionist.
+But to my father, the emotional and artistic significance of De Sica's vision was so great that he chose to celebrate the half-century with his three teenage children and 30 of their friends. is. Anxiety and hope for the next generation. "
+In the final shot of Miracle in Milan, the slum dwellers soar into the sky on their flying broomsticks.
+It's been 60 years since this movie was made, 30 years since I first saw it, and I see the faces of young people looking up in awe. Their mistrust matches mine.
+And the speed at which they associate it with "Slumdog Millionaire" and Rio's Favelas speaks of an enduring nature.
+In the FILMCLUB season on democracy and government, we showed "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington."
+The film was made in 1939, predating most of the members' grandparents.
+Frank Capra's classic values ​​independence and politeness.
+It shows how to do the right thing, and how to be heroically clumsy.
+It is also an expression of trust in the political machine as a force of honor.
+Shortly after "Mr. Smith" became a staple of the film club, the House of Lords held an all-night filibuster for a week.
+And it was a great pleasure to find young people all over the country giving authoritative explanations of what a filibuster is and why aristocrats ignore bedtime on principle. .
+In the end, Jimmy Stewart filibustered the entire two reels.
+In choosing Hotel Rwanda, they explored the most brutal kind of genocide.
+It brought tears to my eyes and prompted poignant questions about the dual approach of unarmed peacekeepers and Western societies opting for moral warfare with commodities in mind.
+And when ``Schindler's List'' demanded never to be forgotten, one child was filled with conscious pain and said, ``We have already forgotten. Did it happen?" he said.
+The more movies they watched, the richer their lives obviously became.
+The "pickpocket" started the debate about criminal disenfranchisement.
+"To Sir, with Love" set the teenage audience on fire.
+They applauded the change in attitudes towards non-white Britons, but condemned a restless school system that, unlike Sidney Poitier's polite guidance, did not emphasize collective identity.
+These thoughtful, opinionated and curious young people now have no idea about working on any form of film: black-and-white, subtitled, documentary, non-narrative, fantasy. I didn't think about writing detailed reviews competing to endorse a particular movie. Another is passionate and increasingly sophisticated prose.
+Each school's 6,000 reviews each week compete for review honors for the week.
+We went from 25 clubs to hundreds, then thousands, and eventually nearly 250,000 kids in 7,000 clubs nationwide.
+And while the numbers remain extraordinary now and then, what was even more extraordinary was how the experience of critical and curious questioning reflected in life.
+Some children started talking to their parents, others started talking to their teachers and friends.
+And those who had no friends began to make friends.
+These films brought commonality across all sorts of divisions.
+And the stories they told brought about common experiences.
+"Persepolis" brings his daughter closer to his Iranian mother, and "Jaws" articulates the horrors a boy experiences while fleeing the violence of first killing his father, then his mother, and throwing her away. became a means. Go overboard on a boat trip.
+Who was right and who was wrong?
+What would they do under the same conditions?
+Was the story well told?
+Was there a hidden message?
+How has the world changed? Why is it different?
+A tsunami of questions flew out of the mouths of children who thought the world was not interested.
+And they themselves were unaware that they cared.
+And as they wrote and discussed, they began to see themselves instead of seeing the film as an artifact.
+I have an aunt who is a great storyteller.
+In an instant, she can conjure images of running barefoot on Table Mountain, cops and robbers.
+Just recently she told me that in 1948 two of her sisters and my father traveled to Israel by boat without their grandparents.
+It was these teens who fed the crew when they mutinied at sea for humane terms.
+I was over 40 when my father died.
+He never mentioned the trip.
+My mother's mother hastily left Europe, without her husband, with her three-year-old daughter and diamonds sewn into the hem of her skirt.
+After hiding for two years, my grandfather showed up in London.
+He was never right again.
+And as he assimilated, his speech fell silent.
+My story began in England with a clean slate and the silence of my immigrant parents.
+There were "Anne Frank", "The Great Escape", "Shore" and "Triumph of the Will".
+It was Leni Riefenstahl in her elegant Nazi propaganda that gave the backdrop to the circumstances the family had to endure.
+These movies contain content too hurtful to say out loud, and more helpful to me than the whispers of survivors or the occasional glimpse of a tattoo on my girly aunt's wrist.
+Purists may feel that fiction overshadows the quest for real human understanding, that movies are too crude to tell complex and detailed histories, or that filmmakers always serve drama over truth. .
+But inside the reel there is purpose and meaning.
+As one 12-year-old said after watching The Wizard of Oz: "Everyone should see this, because if you don't see it, you won't know you have a heart."
+We respect reading, but why don't we respect watching with the same passion?
+Consider 'Citizen Kane' as worthy as Jane Austen.
+Like Tennyson, I agree that "Boys and the Hood" is about emotional landscapes and understandings that work together.
+Each is a memorable work of art, each a wall brick that represents ourselves.
+And even if we remember Tom Hanks better than astronaut Jim Lovell, it's okay to superimpose Ben Kingsley's face on Gandhi's.
+And although not real, Eve Harrington, Howard Beale, and Mildred Pierce are an opportunity to discover what it is to be human, much as Shakespeare illuminated the world of Elizabethan England. to help us understand our lives and times.
+We surmised that cinema, where storytelling is a meeting place for drama, music, literature and human experience, would fascinate and inspire young people attending FILMCLUB.
+What we didn't foresee were visible improvements in behavior, self-confidence, and academic performance.
+Once-reluctant students now rush to school to pick next week's movie, talk to their teachers, and quarrel instead of in the playground—this story turns self-definition, ambition, education and social participation into reality. Young people who found a drive forthey witnessed.
+Our members challenge the dualistic explanations we often use to describe young people.
+They are neither wild nor short-sighted and self-absorbed.
+They, like other young people, are negotiating a world of endless options, but little culture about how to find meaningful experiences.
+We seemed surprised by the behavior of people who defined themselves by the size of the tick on their shoe, but the story we provided was nonetheless an acquisition.
+If we want different values, we have to tell a different story. It is a narrative that understands that individual narratives are an integral part of one's identity and collective narratives are an integral part of cultural identity without which it would be impossible. Imagine yourself as part of a group.
+Because when these people go home after a screening of Rear Window and look up at the building next door, they wonder who else is there and what their story is. Because I have the tools for
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Growing up in Maine as a kid, one of my favorite things to do was look for Sand Dollars on the Maine coast. My parents said that it would bring good luck.
+But this shell is hard to find.
+It is hard to see because it is covered with sand.
+But over time I got used to looking for them.
+I started seeing shapes and patterns that helped me collect them.
+This grew into a passion for finding things, a love of the past and archeology.
+And finally, when I started studying Egyptology, I realized that seeing with the naked eye was not enough.
+Because suddenly in Egypt my beach grew from a tiny beach in Maine to 1800 miles long next to the Nile.
+And my sand money grew as big as a city.
+This is how I started using satellite imagery.
+When I tried to map the past, I found that I had to look at it differently.
+So I'd like to give an example of how we look different when we use infrared.
+This is an archaeological site located in the delta region of eastern Egypt called Mendez.
+And the area visibly appears brown, but when treated using infrared light, the area suddenly appears bright pink using the false color.
+What you are seeing are real chemical changes in the landscape caused by building materials and the activities of the ancient Egyptians.
+Today I want to share with you how we used satellite data to discover an ancient Egyptian city called Ittawi, which had been lost for thousands of years.
+Itchutawi was the capital of ancient Egypt for over 400 years, during the period known as the Middle Kingdom, about 4,000 years ago.
+The site is located in Fayum, Egypt, and is of great importance because during the Middle Kingdom a great renaissance of ancient Egyptian art, architecture and religion took place.
+Egyptologists have always known that the ruins of Ijitawi are located near the pyramids of the two kings who built it, but somewhere in this huge floodplain, as shown here in red circle. was
+This area is huge, measuring 4 miles by 3 miles.
+The Nile once flowed right next to the city of Ijitawi, but over time it moved eastward and covered the city.
+So how do you find a buried city in a vast landscape?
+Finding it at random is like finding a needle in a haystack while blindfolded and wearing a baseball mitt.
+(Laughter) So what we did was use NASA terrain data to map very subtle variations in terrain.
+We began to see where the Nile once flowed.
+But more detailed, and even more interesting, is this very slightly raised area seen in the circle above, which could possibly be the site of the city of Itchutawi.
+So we worked with Egyptian scientists to do the coring work. Here it is.
+When I say coring, it's like ice-coring, but instead of looking for layers of climate change, you're looking for layers of human occupation.
+And five meters down, under a thick layer of mud, I found a dense layer of pottery.
+This shows that five meters below the surface of a possible Ichutawi, there is a layer of occupation spanning hundreds of years, dating back to the Middle Kingdom and the exact time we believe the Ichutawi existed. There is.
+Also found were carnelian, quartz, agate and other worked stones that indicate the presence of a jeweler's workshop here.
+These may not seem like much, but given the stones most commonly used in jewelry during the Middle Kingdom, these stones were used.
+The site therefore has a dense occupational stratum dating back to the Middle Kingdom.
+There is also evidence of the workshops of elite jewelers, indicating that everything there was a city of great importance.
+Itjtawy hasn't been here yet, but plans to return to the field in the near future to map.
+And more importantly, we have the funds to train young Egyptians in the use of satellite technology so that they can make great discoveries.
+So I wanted to end with my favorite quote from the Middle Kingdom. It was probably written in Ichutawi city 4000 years ago.
+“Sharing knowledge is the greatest mission of all.
+There is nothing like that in this land. "
+After all, TED wasn't founded in 1984 AD.
+(Laughter) The ideation actually started in 1984 B.C., in a city that hadn't been lost in a long time, discovered from above.
+Certainly, finding shells on the shore can also be considered.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+When I was about 16, I remember flipping through the channels at home during the summer holidays looking for movies to watch on HBO. How many of you remember "Ferris Bueller's Day Off"?
+So yeah, great movie, right? -- Well, I saw Matthew Broderick on the screen and I was like, "Wow! Ferris Buehler. Let's see this!"
+It wasn't Ferris Buehler. And forgive me, Matthew Broderick, I know you've been in other movies besides Ferris Buehler, but I remember it being you. You are Ferris
+But you weren't doing the Ferris thing at the time. You were doing gay things at the time, weren't you?
+He was in a movie called 'Torch Song Trilogy'.
+And the "Torch Song Trilogy" is based on a play about this drag queen who was essentially looking for love.
+Love and respect, that was the theme of the whole movie.
+And as I watched it, I realized they were talking about me.
+Not the drag queen part, I'm not shaving my hair for anyone, but the gay part.
+The part of finding love and respect, the part of trying to find your place in the world.
+So while watching this, this powerful scene brought tears to my eyes. And that has stuck with me for the past 25 years.
+And then there's this line that the main character, Arnold, says to his mother when they're arguing about who he is and his life.
+"There's just one more thing you should understand.
+I'm self-taught to sew, cook, fix plumbing, assemble furniture, and can pat myself on the back when needed, so I don't ask anyone for anything.
+I need nothing from anyone but love and respect, and no one has a place in my life if he doesn't give me those two things. "
+I remember that scene like it was yesterday. I was 16, in tears, in my closet watching Ferris Buehler and the man I've never seen before, two people fighting for love.
+I was so happy when I finally came out and accepted myself as I am. To tell you the truth, I was happily gay. Gay also means happy, so I think it must be right.
+I realized that there are many people who are not as gay as I am. Homosexuals are happy, not homosexuals attracted to the same sex.
+In fact, I heard there was a lot of hate, anger, frustration, and fear about myself and the gay lifestyle.
+Now I'm sitting here trying to understand 'gay lifestyle' 'gay lifestyle' and I keep hearing these words over and over again, lifestyle, life style, lifestyle.
+I've even heard politicians say that the gay lifestyle is a greater threat to civilization than terrorism.
+That's when I got scared.
+Because I think if I'm gay and I'm doing something that's destroying civilization, I need to understand what it is and I should stop doing it now.
+(Laughter.) So I looked at my life, took a hard look at my life, and found some very disturbing things.
+(Laughter.) And I'll be sharing with you all these evil things I've done since this morning.
+drink coffee.
+I don't just drink coffee, I know other gay people who drink coffee.
+You get stuck in traffic – wicked, wicked traffic.
+Sometimes you stand in line at the airport.
+I looked around and said, "Oh look at these gay people!"
+We are all bound by these boundaries. This long line to get on the plane!
+Oh my god, this lifestyle of mine is so wicked! "
+Clean up. This is not the actual photo of my son's room. he's dirtier
+And I have a 15 year old so all I do is cook and cook.
+Are you a parent of a teenager? All we do is cook food for these people. They have dinner two, three, four times a night. It's ridiculous.
+This is the gay lifestyle.
+And after cooking and cleaning and waiting in line and getting stuck in traffic, my partner and I decided to get together and have some wild and crazy fun.
+(Laughter.) By the time we find out who's been eliminated on American Idol, we're usually in bed.
+I have to wake up the next day and find out who's still left. Because I'm too tired to ask who's left.
+This is the super-first-rate evil gay lifestyle.
+Run away for your straight life, folks.
+(Applause.) When my partner Steve and I started dating, he told me this story about penguins.
+And at first I had no idea what he was going to do.
+He was a little nervous when he told me about it, but he says that when penguins find a mate they want to spend the rest of their lives with, they give them a pebble as a gift, and it's the perfect pebble. .
+And he put his hand in his pocket and took this out for me.
+I saw it and thought, this is really cool.
+And he said, "I want to spend the rest of my life with you."
+So when I have to do something that makes me a little nervous, like a TEDx talk, I wear it.
+I wear this when I'm away from him for a long time.
+And sometimes just wearing it.
+How many people are in love? Are you in love with someone?
+you may be gay.
+(Laughter) Because I'm in love too. Apparently that's part of the gay lifestyle I warned you about.
+(Applause.) You might even tell your spouse. People in love can also be gay.
+How many single people are there? Are there single people?
+You might be gay too! Because I know a few gay singles.
+It's really scary about this gay lifestyle. It is a colossal evil and there is no end to it!
+It goes, goes and swallows!
+That's really silly, isn't it?
+That's why I'm so happy to finally hear President Obama come out and say he supports marriage equality (applause).
+Today is a great day in the history of our country. It's a great day in the history of the planet to be able to say this much to an actual sitting president, first to himself and then to the rest of the world.
+That's excellent.
+But since he made that statement a while ago, something has bothered me.
+And apparently, this is just another move by gay activists along the gay agenda.
+And I've been openly gay for quite some time, so I'm uncomfortable with this.
+I have attended all functions, participated in fundraisers and written on the subject, but have not yet received a copy of this gay agenda.
+(Laughter) I paid my dues on time, and (Laughter) I've been to the Gay Pride Flag Parade and all nine parades, but I've never seen a copy of the Gay Agenda.
+It was very, very frustrating and I felt left out, like I wasn't gay enough.
+But then something wonderful happened. I was out shopping as usual and came across a bootleg version of the official Gay Agenda.
+And I said to myself, 'LZ, you've been denied this for a long time.
+If you get in front of this crowd, you're going to share the news.
+You're going to spread the gay agenda so no one else has to wonder, what exactly does the gay agenda include?
+what are these gays doing?
+what do they want? "
+So, ladies and gentlemen, be careful, it's evil, and here's a copy of the gay agenda, the official copy.
+(music) Gay agenda, folks!
+(Applause.) There it is!
+Did you soak it all in? gay agenda.
+Some of you may call it "What, the Constitution of the United States," do you call it that too?
+The US Constitution is a gay policy.
+These gays, people like me, want to be treated as full nationals and it's all clearly documented.
+I was shocked when I saw it. I thought, 'Wait, is this the gay agenda?
+Why didn't you just call it a constitution so you know what I'm talking about?
+I wouldn't have been so confused. I wouldn't have been so upset.
+But there it is. gay agenda.
+Run for your heterosexual life.
+Any person who expressly states that they may be evicted from their apartment for being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender for being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. Did you know in the states?
+This is the only reason landlords need to remove them, as there is no discrimination protection against GLBT people.
+Did you know that in unshaded states you can get fired for being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender?
+It's not based on the quality of the work, how long you've been there, whether it stinks, whether you're gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, etc.
+All of this goes against gay policy, also known as the U.S. Constitution.
+Specifically, a small fix here. "No State shall enact or enforce any law which curtails the privileges or immunities of United States citizens."
+I'm watching you, North Carolina.
+But you haven't seen the US Constitution.
+This is equality, the gay agenda. Not a special right, but a right already written by these people, the elitists.
+I'm educated and well-dressed (laughs), but some people dare to say that I dress questionably.
+(Laughter) But they are our ancestors, aren't they?
+I would say that the people we say knew what they were doing when they drafted the constitution: the gay agenda.
+They all vanish in the face of what they did.
+That's why I felt it was essential to present you with a copy of this Gay Agenda.
+Because I thought that if I made it interesting, it wouldn't be so intimidating.
+I thought if I was a little irreverent you wouldn't think it was serious.
+But if you look at the map, if you look at our state of Michigan, it's legal to fire someone for being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. , or kicking someone out of their home for being transgender. For transgender people, it turns out that this whole conversation about marriage equality is not about disenfranchising anyone, but about giving them the rights that have already been stated.
+And we are only trying to protect the rights that have already been expressed and agreed upon.
+Fear of losing their jobs, there are people here at home who are unable to show their true selves to anyone. It's not just North Carolina. If all those states are clear, it's legal.
+If I can brag a little, I have a 15-year-old son with my husband.
+he has 4.0.
+He's starting a new club at school called Policy Debate.
+He's an up-and-coming track star. He holds nearly every record in every event he has competed in in middle school.
+he is a volunteer
+He prays before eating.
+As his father, and he mostly lives with me, I'd like to think I was a little involved in all of that.
+I would like to think that he is a good boy and a polite young man. I'd like to think I've proven myself to be a capable father.
+But if I were to go to Michigan now and try to adopt a young man in an orphanage, I would be disqualified for one reason only: I am gay.
+What I have already proved, it doesn't matter what my mind can do.
+I am not eligible for adoption of any kind because of what Michigan says of me.
+And it's not just about me, it's about many other Michigans and Americans who don't understand why they matter so much more than who they are.
+This story keeps repeating over and over again in our nation's history.
+I don't know, there was a time when black people didn't have the same rights.
+Those who happened to be women did not have the same rights and could not vote.
+Before the Americans with Disabilities Act, there was a time in our history when an employer could fire you if you were deemed disabled.
+We keep repeating this over and over.
+And here we are, 2012, Gay Agenda, Gay Lifestyle, and I'm Not a Good Father, and People Are Not Entitled to Protect Family for Plain Reasons, Not Who They Are .
+So when you hear the words “gay lifestyle” or “gay agenda” in the future, I encourage you to do two things: For one, remember the US Constitution. Second, if you don't mind, look to the left. .
+Look to the right.
+That person next to you is your brother and sister.
+And they should be treated with love and respect.
+thank you.
+(music) (music) (music ends) (applause) So that's what I've been doing in my life.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
+(Applause.) As a kid, I grew up on a farm in Florida doing what most little kids do.
+I used to play a little baseball and some other things like that, but I always had this feeling that I was an outsider and I didn't have a picture of a few other guys skating. I first thought of it when I saw it in a magazine. It's for me', you know?
+Because there was no coach standing directly over you and them. they just were.
+There were no opponents directly across from you.
+I loved the feeling, so I started skating in 1977, when I was about ten years old. I immediately got the feeling.
+In fact, this is footage from circa 1984.
+At age 79, he won his first amateur championship, and by 1981, at age 14, had won his first world championship. This came as a surprise to me. That was my first real win, really. I had
+oh look at this
+A mental note about it.
+Olly.
+So, as she said, it's certainly an exaggeration, but that's why they called me the godfather of modern street skating.
+Here are some images of it.
+Well, I think I was halfway through my professional career in the mid-'80s.
+The freestyle itself -- as you can see, we've developed all the tricks on the flats, but a new kind of skateboard is evolving, and men are taking it to the streets and ollies like I've shown. was using
+They used it to climb bleachers, railings, stairwells and all sorts of cool stuff.
+So it was evolving upwards.
+In fact, when someone says he's a skater today, he mostly means a street skater. Because it took about five years for freestyle to die out, and at that stage, I was the "champion" champion. 11 years, that's -- whew!
+And suddenly for me it's over, that's all — it's gone.
+They took my pro model off the shelf, effectively declaring you dead in public.
+That's how you make money, right?
+I have a signboard, wheels, shoes and clothes.
+I used to have all that stuff, but it's gone.
+Crazy, it felt really liberating because I no longer had to defend my record as a champion.
+"Champion" again.
+The thing that drew me to skateboarding, the freedom, is now back and I can just create something. Because it's always been a pleasure for me to create something new.
+Another thing I had was a deep well to pull off tricks rooted in flatland tricks.
+What normal people were doing was very different.
+So it was humble and rotten, but believe me, it was rotten.
+You were already a 'celebrity' by going to skate spots, right?
+And everyone thought I was good, but I was terrible in this new realm.
+So people would say, "Oh, what happened to Mullen?"
+(Laughter) So I humbled myself and started again.
+Here are some tricks I've started introducing into that new realm.
+And then there's the underlying layer of freestyle clout -- oh, huh?
+It seems like the hardest thing I've ever done.
+OK, look, this is Darkslide.
+Can you see how it slides on the back side?
+They are a lot of fun and actually not that hard.
+Underlying it is, look, Caspers, look how you throw it.
+So simple, right? No big deal.
+And the front leg, how to grab it. I've seen someone slide like that on the underside of a board and I was like, 'How am I going to get over it?
+Because it hasn't been done yet.
+Then I realized something. Here's part of what I mean.
+We had the infrastructure. There was a deep layer and I was like, 'Oh my God, this is your foot.
+That's exactly how you throw a board.
+Just let the shelf do it, it's that easy. And next time you realize there are 20 more tricks based on variations.
+That's it. Please check this. There is also another way. Don't overdo it.
+There is something called Primo Slide.
+This is the most fun trick ever.
+It's like a skimboard.
+And see how this slides sideways.
+Well, if you're skating and you fall, the board slides all over the place. It is somewhat predictable.
+this? It goes in all directions. It's like a cartoon, a waterfall, and that's what I love most about it.
+It is very fun.
+In fact, I remember when I started doing them because I got hurt.
+You had to have knee surgery, right?
+So there were a few weeks where I couldn't skate at all.
+It exhausted me and I looked at the players and went to this warehouse where a lot of guys were skating and my friends and I thought, 'If I don't do something new, I want to do it. ” to do something new.
+I want to start fresh. "
+So the night before my surgery, I saw it and thought, "How am I going to do this?"
+So I remember running up, jumping on the board, being a caveman, flipping the board over and landing so lightly. I remember thinking that if my knee hurt, they would have more to do in the morning.
+(Laughter.) And that was when it was crazy.
+I don't know how many of you have had surgery, but -- (laughs) you are so helpless, aren't you?
+You're on this stretcher watching the ceiling go by, it always is You wake up feeling better and the first thing you do is shoot that trick. "
+And actually I did, it was the first time I shot it, it was amazing.
+We talked a little bit about the evolution of tricks.
+In a way, let's think about what that means.
+What we do as street skaters is that you guys have these tricks. For example, let's say I'm working on Darkslides or Primo. You already know this.
+(Laughter) All you do is patrol the same street you've seen hundreds of times, and suddenly you already have something in this fixed area of ​​this target, so what matches this trick It's like deaf?
+How can I extend it, how can the context, the environment, change the very nature of my actions?
+So I have to admit that I was struggling with this because you drive and drive and actually I'm here, but I'll just say it's because I I can't tell you, not just because I'm here in front of you, but I've been escorted off this campus so many times that it's amazing to be on campus in the United States. It would be an honor.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So let me give you another example of how context shapes content.
+It's not far from here, but it's a rotten district.
+My first thought is, will I be beaten?
+When you go outside -- can you see this wall?
+You're pretty meek and beckoning bank tricks, aren't you?
+But Willie has another side too, so check this out.
+Again, there are some tricks to how the environment changes the nature of the trick.
+Freestyle oriented, manual down - wheelie down.
+Look, what is this? Oh I love this, this is like surfing, this is how you catch it.
+This goes a little backwards, so watch your back foot.
+Oops -- (laughter) Mental note.
+(laughs) Look, hind legs, hind legs.
+Yes, over there?
+It was called the 360 ​​Flip.
+Notice how the board flipped and rotated on both axes.
+And another example of how things have changed, and how the creative process has changed for me and most skaters, is to get out of the car, make sure it's safe, and get out of the way. is to check whether
+(Laughter) It's funny, you get to know their rhythm, you know, people cruising -- (Laughter) Skateboarding is really humble, dude.
+No matter how good you are, you still have to deal with -- so you hit this wall, and when I hit it, the first thing you do is fall forward. , and I'm like, "Okay, okay."
+As you adjust...
+You hit it and when I did it it threw me over my shoulder...
+As I was doing it, I thought, "Wow, this needs a 360 flip." Because that's how you increase the load on 360 degree flips.
+Here's what I want to highlight: As you can imagine, all of these tricks consist of submovements, or executive motor functions, and I can't quite tell you to a more detailed degree, but what I do know is There is one, which means that every trick is made up of 2, 3, 4 or 5 moves combined.
+So these things drift in as I go up. And you need to give your cognitive mind a break, step back a little, and let your intuition release while feeling these things.
+And these partial movements are a kind of floating state, and when you hit a wall, they connect to some extent, and then your cognitive mind says, "Oh, 360 degrees flip, I'm going to make that." Say.
+That's how street skating's creative process, the process itself, works for me.
+So next -- Oh, just in case...
+They are some of the best skaters in the world.
+These are my friends -- man, they're very nice people.
+And the great thing about skateboarding is that no one is the best.
+In fact, I know it sounds terrible to say this, but they're my friends, and the truth is, some of them don't look very comfortable on the board.
+What makes them great is the degree to which they personalize themselves with their skateboards.
+If you look at each one of these people, you see their silhouettes and you know, "Oh, that's him, that's Haslam, that's Koston, these people, these people."
+And I think skaters tend to be outsiders who want a sense of belonging, but they belong in their own way.
+And real respect is given by how much others embrace what they do, these basic tricks, 360-degree flips. We take it, we make it our own, and we contribute to the community in inner ways that enlighten the community itself.
+The greater our contribution, the more we are able to express and shape our individuality. This is very important for many of us who feel rejected from the beginning.
+The sum gives us something we could never achieve individually.
+I should say this.
+There's a kind of beautiful symmetry that how connected we are to our community is proportional to the personality we express through what we do.
+These guys, then, are very similar communities that encourage innovation very much.
+(Laughter) Notice some shots from the police station.
+But it's very similar. So what is hacking?
+You know technology so well that you can manipulate it and control it so that it can do things you never intended to do.
+Become a Linux kernel hacker and make your Linux kernel more stable.
+Safer and more secure.
+You too can become an iOS hacker and make your iPhone do things it shouldn't.
+Not licensed, but not illegal.
+And there are people like this, right?
+What they do is very similar to our creative process.
+They connect disparate information and integrate information in ways security analysts never expected.
+It doesn't make them good people, but it's the heart of engineering, the heart of the creative community, the innovative community, and the open source community, and its basic ethos is that it helps others do what they do. It's okay to take what you have and make it, give it back, so that everyone can go higher.
+Very similar communities, very similar.
+We also have an edgy side.
+(Laughter.) The funny thing is, my dad was right.
+These are my buddies.
+But I respect what they do and they respect what I do. Because there are things they can do and what they can do is great.
+In fact, one of them was Ernst & Lawrence. Young won the San Diego County Entrepreneur of the Year award, but they don't. I don't know who you are dealing with.
+We all have some degree of fame.
+In fact, I've had so much success that I strangely always feel worthless.
+I had a patent, it was great and we started a company and it grew and it got to the maximum and it went down and it got to the maximum again, It's harder than the first time, then sold it and sold it again.
+So I had some success.
+And after all, what keeps you going after all this?
+Like I said earlier, what's going to hit you about your knees?
+Because it's not just the mind.
+What is it that hits you, makes you do something, takes it to another level and when you have it all, sometimes they are all of that talent and one of the things we have They may die on the vines. We all have fame. I think fame is the best thing. because it can be taken off.
+I've been around the world and a thousand children scream your name and it's such a strange and intuitive experience.
+You can get in the car and drive away, drive for 10 minutes and get out of the car and no one will tell you who you are.
+(Laughter.) And it gives you, hey, I'm just me, that clear perspective on popularity, what does that really mean?
+Our driving force is respect for our peers.
+I've broken my bones a dozen times, this guy has had comedic level concussions 8, 10+ times.
+It's actually a comedy and they make fun of him.
+(Laughter) Second, this is a deeper story.
+was red or blue.
+And he said words that were so deep to me.
+It's that the Nobel Prize is the tombstone of all great achievements, and having won 35 of the 36 competitions I entered in 11 years, I resonate with that statement and it excites me. I was allowed to.
+In fact there is no such word as winning, I have won once.
+The rest of the time you're just guarding, and you end up in a turtle-like posture, right?
+Where you weren't doing it robbed me of the joy of doing what I wanted to do. Because I'm no longer doing it to create or enjoy it. And when it disappeared from under me, it was one of the most liberating. I was able to create it.
+And look, I realize I'm on the verge of preaching here.
+I'm not here to do that.
+But I am in front of a very privileged audience.
+Even if you aren't community leaders yet, you probably are. I think if I can give you more than what I get from skateboarding, it's only something meaningful, something lasting, it's not fame, it's not everything.
+What it means is that there is intrinsic value in making something for the sake of making something, and it's worth more than that, because I'm 46, or I'm about to turn 46. It's a pity that he's still skateboarding. But there it is. There's this beauty in taking it down into a self-made community and seeing it spread out, and watching younger, more talented, completely different talent take it to unimaginable levels. There's something about it. Because it lives on. .
+Thank you very much for your time.
+(Applause) Christina Holly: I have a question.
+(Applause.) From freestyle to street, I've really reinvented myself, but I think I officially retired about four years ago.
+Rodney Mullen: That's a good question. KG: Something tells me this is not the end.
+RM: Right. It's funny every time I think I've cornered something. No matter how good you are, I know a guy like this, you'll feel like you're brushing your poop, you know?
+(Laughter) And I thought the only way we could scale this was by changing some infrastructure.
+And that's what I tried to do through a long story, through a desperate story, so instead of me talking about it, if I do it, you'll be the first to know.
+KG: Okay, I won't ask any more. RM: You will receive a text.
+KG: Well, thank you very much. RM: Thank you. thank you.
+(applause)
+This is a recent cartoon published in the Los Angeles Times.
+What is the punchline?
+"On the other hand, you don't have to wake up at 4am every morning to milk your Labrador."
+This is a recent cover of New York Magazine.
+The best hospitals doctors say they go to for cancer treatments, childbirth, stroke, heart disease, hip replacements, 4am emergencies, and more.
+This is a medley of songs I made -- (music) Have you ever noticed that 4 in the morning has become some sort of meme or abbreviation?
+It means you're awake at the worst possible time.
+(Laughs) An era of inconvenience, misfortune, and admiration.
+It's time to plan on slapping the police chief, like in this classic scene from "The Godfather."
+Coppola's script describes them as "weary shirt sleeves".
+It's four o'clock in the morning. "
+(Laughter.) It's a time when things that are even worse than that, like the dissection and embalming in Isabel Allende's House of the Spirits.
+After the breathtaking green-haired Rosa was murdered, doctors saved her with ointments and undertaker's paste.
+They worked until four in the morning.
+Like the New Yorker magazine last April, it's an even tougher time than that.
+This short story by Martin Amis opens with "On September 11, 2001, he opened his eyes at 4:00 AM in Portland, Maine, beginning the last days of Mohamed Atta."
+What I consider to be the calmest, quietest time of the day, 4 in the morning certainly gets bad press -- (Laughter) A lot of celebrities in various media. To do.
+And it made me question.
+I wondered if surely some of the world's most creative artists haven't defaulted back to this simple trope they've invented.
+Is it possible that something more is going on here?
+Something intentional, something secret, and who rolled the bad lap ball at 4 in the morning anyway?
+I am this man, Alberto Giacometti. Here is his engraving on the Swiss 100 franc note.
+He did it with this famous piece from the Museum of Modern Art, New York.
+The title is "Palace at 4 am" (laughs) 1932.
+It's not just the oldest cryptic mention of 4 in the morning I've found.
+I believe that this so-called first Surrealist sculpture could provide the astonishing key to nearly every subsequent artistic depiction of 4am.
+I call it the TED-exclusive "Giacometti Code."
+No, if you have a Blackberry or iPhone feel free to use it and follow along.
+It's like a recent Google search about 4:00 in the morning.
+Of course, the results will be different. This is very typical.
+Among the top 10 results, 4 for the song "It's Four in the Morning" by Faron Young, 3 for the movie "Four in the Morning" by Judi Dench, and 3 for the poem "Four in the Morning" by Wisław Szymborska. There is 1 hit.
+But you might wonder if the Polish poet, the British woman, and the Country Music Hall of Fame inductee have more in common than this perfectly fine Google ranking.
+Well, let's start with Fallon Young -- he was born in 1932, by the way.
+(Laughter) In 1996, he committed suicide by shooting himself in the head on December 9th. Coincidentally, that day also happened to be Judi Dench's birthday.
+(Laughter) But he didn't die on Dench's birthday.
+He was emaciated until the next afternoon and eventually died at the age of 64 from self-inflicted gunshot wounds. By the way, this is the age when Alberto Giacometti died.
+Where was Wislawa Szymborska during this time?
+She has the most perfect alibi in the world.
+That very day, December 10, 1996, Mr. For in the Morning, when Fallon Young was letting go of ghosts in Nashville, Tennessee, Mr. For in the Morning, or one of them Wisława Szymborska was in Stockholm. , Sweden, Nobel Prize in Literature.
+100 years after the death of Alfred Nobel.
+match? No, it's creepy.
+(Laughter) For me, chance is a much simpler indicator.
+It's like I'm saying to you, "Did you know that the Nobel Prize was founded in 1901, which coincidentally is the same year that Alberto Giacometti was born?"
+No, not everything fits the paradigm well, but that doesn't mean something isn't happening at the highest possible level.
+In fact, some people in this room may not want to see this clip you're about to see.
+(laughter) Video: Homer Simpson: We have tennis courts, a pool, and a projection room -- if you want pork chops, even in the middle of the night, does that mean your man will fry them for you?
+Herbert Powell: Sure, that's what he paid for.
+Need towels, laundry and a maid right now?
+HS: Wait wait wait wait wait wait wait let's see if this is right.
+Today is Christmas Day, 4 am.
+I have a rumbling sound in my stomach.
+Marge Simpson: Homer, please.
+Livs: Wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait.
+Let's see if I got this right, Matt.
+(Laughter.) Homer Simpson comes up with 4:00 a.m. on Baby Jesus' birthday when he needs to imagine the farthest possible moment, not just on the clock, but on the entire extraordinary calendar.
+No, I don't know how it works in the whole cryptic scheme, but it's obvious when you look at the encrypted message.
+(Laughter) I said you can tell by looking at the encrypted message.
+And folks, you can buy Bill Clinton's My Life here at TED's bookstore.
+It exhausts and parses all necessary hidden references.
+Alternatively, you can visit the Random House website where this excerpt is posted.
+And how far do you think you'll have to scroll to reach the Golden Ticket?
+Can you believe a dozen paragraphs?
+This is page 474 of the paperback. "Things were getting better, but I was still not satisfied with my inaugural address.
+On the day of the inauguration, when we worked from 1:00 to 4:00 a.m., I was still changing my hair, so the speechwriters must have been tearing it out. "
+Certainly, so are you. Because you've been preparing your entire life for this historic quarterly event that's creeping up on you.
+And -- (laughter) three paragraphs later you see this little beauty: "We went back to Blair House to see the speech one last time.
+By 4:00 a.m. it was much better. "
+So how did that happen?
+According to his own account, the man was either sleeping at a prayer meeting with Al and Tipper or learning how to launch a nuclear missile out of a suitcase.
+What will happen to the President of the United States at 4 a.m. on the day of his inauguration?
+What happened to William Jefferson Clinton?
+we may never know.
+And I realized he wasn't here today to face a tough question.
+(Laughter) It might get awkward, right?
+After all, this chain of events all happened under his watch.
+But if he were here -- (laughter) he, as he does in his wonderful autobiographical roundup, on this day Bill Clinton began his journey, which means he would be the first president. It may remind us that we have started our journey. A Democratic president has been elected for two terms in a row for decades.
+generationally.
+This man is the first since Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He embarked on an unprecedented journey with his first election. It goes back to 1932, a much earlier, simpler time - (laughter) Alberto Giacometti (laughter) "The Palace at 4 am."
+Let's remember the year when this voice, now gone, first yelled out into this old and mad world of ours.
+(music) (applause)
+Two weeks ago, I was sitting at the kitchen table with my wife, Katya, discussing what we were going to talk about today.
+We have an 11 year old son. His name is Lincoln.
+And as I glanced at Lincoln between conversations with Katya, I was suddenly struck by the memory of one of my clients.
+My client was a guy named Will.
+He was from North Texas.
+He didn't know his father very well because he separated while his mother was pregnant.
+So he was destined to be raised by a single mother, except this single mother was paranoid schizophrenic and tried to kill Will with a butcher knife when he was five. Maybe that was all right.
+She was taken away by the authorities and put in a mental hospital, so for the next few years Will lived with his brother, who killed himself by shooting himself in the heart.
+After that, Will moved from family to family, and by the time he was nine, he was effectively living alone.
+As I sat with Katya and Lincoln that morning, I looked at my son and realized that when my client Will was his age, he had lived alone for two years. rice field.
+Will eventually joined the gang and committed many very serious crimes, including the most serious, gruesome and tragic murders.
+Will was eventually executed as punishment for the crime.
+But I don't want to talk today about the morality of the death penalty.
+Sure, I don't think my client should have been executed, but instead what I want to do today is talk about the death penalty in a way that's never been done before, in a way that's completely uncontroversial. That's it.
+I think it is possible that there is one corner of the death penalty debate, perhaps the most important one, where everyone agrees, that the most ardent supporters of the death penalty and the most vocal abolitionists are on the same page. because there is
+That's the corner I want to explore.
+Before I do that, I want to spend a few minutes talking about how the death penalty case unfolds. I would also like to share with you two lessons that I have learned from what I have observed over the past twenty years as a death penalty lawyer. More than 100 cases unfold in this way.
+The Death Penalty Case can be thought of as a story with four chapters.
+The first chapter of each case is exactly the same, tragic.
+It begins with the murder of an innocent human being, followed by a trial in which the murderer is convicted and sent to death row, whose death sentence is ultimately upheld by state courts of appeal.
+Chapter 2 consists of a complex legal process known as a State habeas corpus appeal.
+Chapter 3 is a more complicated legal process known as a federal habeas corpus.
+And the fourth chapter is the chapter where various things happen.
+Lawyers may file pardon petitions, file more complex lawsuits, or do nothing at all.
+But its fourth chapter always ends with an execution.
+When I started representing death row inmates over 20 years ago, in neither Chapter 2 nor Chapter 4 of this story, they had no right to a lawyer.
+they were independent.
+In fact, it wasn't until the late 1980s, during the third chapter of the story, that they acquired the right to be a lawyer.
+So all these death row inmates had to do was rely on volunteer lawyers to handle the legal process.
+The problem was that there were far more death row prisoners than lawyers with the interest and expertise to tackle these cases.
+And inevitably, lawyers drifted to cases already in chapter four. Of course it's a given.
+These are the most urgent cases. They are the closest people to execution.
+Some of these lawyers have been successful. They have successfully acquired new trials for their customers.
+Some of them have successfully extended the lives of their clients, sometimes for years, sometimes months.
+But the only thing that didn't happen is that there was never a serious and sustained decline in the number of annual executions in Texas.
+In fact, as you can see from this graph, there have only been a few years since Texas' execution apparatus became more efficient in the mid-to-late 1990s, when the number of executions per year fell below 20.
+A typical year in Texas averages about 2 people per month.
+Texas has executed nearly 40 people over the years, a number that hasn't dropped significantly in the last 15 years.
+But while we continue to execute about the same number of people each year, the number of people sentenced to death on an annual basis has declined quite sharply.
+The paradox is that the number of new death sentences has fallen while the annual number of executions remains high.
+why is that?
+The homicide rate does not drop as rapidly as the red line in the graph goes down, so it is unlikely that the decrease in the homicide rate is the cause.
+What has happened instead is that juries are beginning to sentence more and more people to life in prison without the possibility of parole, rather than sending them to the execution chamber.
+Why did that happen?
+It did not happen because public support for the death penalty disappeared.
+Opponents of the death penalty take great comfort in the fact that support for the death penalty in Texas is at an all-time low.
+Do you know what all-time lows in Texas mean?
+So it's in the lower half of 60%.
+While this percentage is now much better than it was in the mid-1980s, when it was over 80 percent, the decline in death sentences and affinity for life cannot be explained without the possibility of parole due to declining support for death. Because people still support the death penalty.
+What happened to this phenomenon?
+What has happened is that lawyers representing death row inmates have shifted their focus to the early chapters of the death penalty issue.
+So 25 years ago they focused on Chapter 4.
+Then we moved from Chapter 4, 25 years ago, to Chapter 3, in the late 1980s.
+Then we moved from Chapter 3 in the late 1980s to Chapter 2 in the mid-1990s.
+And in the mid-to-late 1990s, they started focusing on the first chapter of the story.
+Now, you might wonder if this decrease in death sentences and increase in life imprisonment is a good thing or a bad thing.
+I don't want to discuss that today.
+I want to tell you that the reason this happened is that death penalty lawyers understand that the sooner they intervene in a case, the more likely they are to save their clients' lives. , that's all.
+That's the first thing I learned.
+This is the second thing I learned. My client Will was no exception. he was the rule
+Sometimes, if you give me the name of a convict on death row--it doesn't matter what state he's in or whether I've met him before--I'll write a biography of him. , I may say.
+And eight times out of ten, that biographical detail is more or less accurate.
+The reason is that 80 percent of death row inmates come from dysfunctional families like Will's.
+80% of those on death row have been exposed to the juvenile justice system.
+That's the second lesson I learned.
+We are now at the apex of that bend that everyone would agree.
+People in this room may disagree on whether Will should have been executed, but the best possible version of his story is one in which the murder never happens. I think everyone would agree.
+How do we do that?
+Two weeks ago, when my son Lincoln was working on that math problem, it was a big, thorny problem.
+And he learned that when you have a big, old, nasty problem, sometimes the solution is to break it down into smaller problems.
+This is what we do for most problems - mathematics, physics, even social policy - but we break them down into smaller, more manageable problems.
+But as Dwight Eisenhower said, the way to solve a problem is to make it bigger.
+The way to solve this problem is to make the death penalty problem bigger.
+Okay, I have to say.
+The Death Penalty story has these four chapters, but what happens before the story begins?
+How can a murderer intervene in a person's life before he becomes a murderer?
+What options are there for nudging a person off the path that leads to the murder of an innocent person, something that everyone, both supporters and opponents of the death penalty, still sees as a bad outcome?
+Sometimes it is said that it is not rocket science.
+So rocket science is very complicated and this problem we are talking about is very simple.
+Well, that's rocket science. This is the formula for the thrust produced by a rocket.
+What we are talking about today is equally complicated.
+What we are talking about today is also rocket science.
+My client Will and 80 percent of death row inmates had five chapters of their life before the four chapters of the death penalty story.
+I refer to these five chapters as a point of intervention, where our society could have intervened in their lives and snatched them off the path they were on, in their lives. I think it's the place that produced the death penalty supporter or death result for all of us. The penalty opponent says it was a bad result.
+Now, during each of these five chapters, when his mother became pregnant with him. his early childhood. when he was in elementary school. when he was in middle school and high school. And when he was in the juvenile justice system, in each of its five chapters, there was a wide range of things society could do.
+In fact, there are 3,000, 3,000 or more, just to imagine that there are five different modes of intervention, and ways that society can intervene in each of these five chapters, and mix and match them in whatever way you like. . - Strategies we could employ to get kids like Will off the track they're on.
+So I'm not standing here today with a solution.
+However, the fact that we still have much to learn does not mean that we already do not know much.
+We know from experience in other states that there are a variety of interventions that can be used in Texas and all other states that do not use them to prevent outcomes that we all agree are bad. I'm here.
+Here are a few.
+We are not talking about judicial reform today.
+It's probably best reserved for a room full of lawyers and judges.
+Instead, let's talk about some interventions that we can all help achieve. Because these interventions will happen when legislators and policymakers, taxpayers and the public agree that this is what we should be doing and that it is the right thing to do. how we should spend our money
+We may be able to provide early childhood care to economically disadvantaged and troubled children and provide it for free.
+And we may try to keep kids like Will out of the way we're going.
+Other states do, but we don't.
+We offer special schools at both the high school and middle school levels, as well as kindergarten through fifth grade, for children who are economically or otherwise disadvantaged, especially those who have been exposed to the juvenile justice system. You can.
+Some states do that. Texas is not.
+There's one more thing we can do -- well, there's a lot more -- there's one more thing I'll mention. And this would be the only controversial thing I would say today.
+We might be able to intervene more aggressively in dangerously dysfunctional homes and kick children out before their mothers pick up a butcher knife and threaten to kill them.
+If you do it, you need a place to put it.
+Even if we did all of these things, some kids will fall through the cracks and end up in the final chapter before the murders start and end up in the juvenile justice system.
+And even if it does, it's still not too late.
+There is still time to nudge if you consider nagging instead of just punishing.
+In the Northeast, there are two professors at Yale University and the University of Maryland, who have established a school attached to a juvenile prison.
+And even though the kids are in prison, they go to school from 8am to 4pm.
+Well, it was logistically difficult.
+Teachers who want to teach in prisons must be recruited, strict segregation must be established between those who work in schools and prison authorities, and most daunting of all, inventing new curricula. because I needed to.
+People don't go in and out of jail every semester.
+(Laughter.) But they did them all.
+So what do they all have in common?
+What they all have in common is that they cost money.
+Some of you in this room may be old enough to remember the man from the old oil filter commercial.
+He used to say, "You can pay now, or you can pay later."
+What we do with the death penalty is pay later.
+But importantly, for every $15,000 we spend intervening in the lives of economically or otherwise disadvantaged children in this chapter, we will save $80,000 in future crime-related costs. about it.
+Even if we disagree that there is a moral obligation to do it, it only makes economic sense.
+I want to talk about my last conversation with Will.
+It was the day he was going to be executed, so we were just talking.
+There was nothing more he could do.
+And we were talking about his life.
+And he was speaking first of his deceased father, whom he knew very little, and then of his mother, whom he knew, who was still alive.
+And I said to him, "I know the story.
+I read the record.
+I know she tried to kill you. "
+"But I've been wondering if you really remember that," I said.
+"I don't remember anything from when I was five years old.
+Maybe you just remember someone telling you. "
+And he looked at me, leaned over, and said, "Professor." He has known me for 12 years and still calls me Professor.
+He said, "I don't mean to be rude, doctor, but if your mother picks up a meat cleaver that looks bigger than you and chases you all over the house screaming she's going to kill you, you 'Stay in the bathroom, lean against the door and shout for help until the police arrive,' he looked at me and said, 'that's something you'll never forget. I was.
+One thing I hope you don't forget is that between the time you got here this morning and the time we had lunch, there were four murders in the United States. .
+We are going to devote vast amounts of social resources to punishing those who committed those crimes, but it is appropriate because we need to punish those who have done bad things.
+But three of these crimes are preventable.
+If we enlarge the picture and concentrate on earlier chapters, we will never be able to write the first sentence that begins the story of the death penalty.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Anyone who has seen the movie Moneyball or read the books by Michael Lewis will be familiar with the story of Billy Beane.
+Billy was supposed to be a great baseball player. All the scouts told him so.
+They told his parents they predicted he would become a star.
+But what really happened when he signed the contract, by the way, he didn't want to sign that contract, he wanted to go to college. My mother who actually loves me said I should. So did I, and so did I -- well, he didn't do very well. He fought hard.
+He was traded several times, spent most of his career in the minors, and actually became a manager. He eventually became the general manager of the Oakland Athletics.
+Now, for many of you in this room, ultimately being in management is what I've done and is considered a success.
+I can assure you that for a kid trying to make it at Biggs, being in management is by no means a success story. it's a failure.
+And what I want to tell you today, and share with you, is that our healthcare system, our healthcare system, predicts what will happen to the people in it, the patients and other people. but as bad as those scouts. Predict what will happen to Billy Beane.
+Nevertheless, thousands of people in this country are diagnosed with underlying conditions every day.
+I hear stories of pre-hypertension, pre-dementia, pre-anxiety, etc. I'm pretty sure I was diagnosed with that in the waiting room.
+It also refers to asymptomatic conditions.
+There is asymptomatic atherosclerosis, asymptomatic arteriosclerosis, which can be clearly related to heart attack.
+One of my favorites is called subclinical acne.
+When researching subclinical acne, you may find websites that state that this is the type of acne that is the easiest to treat. I did too.
+No pustules, redness, or inflammation.
+Maybe it's because I don't actually have acne.
+I have names for all these states, which is another prerequisite: I call them insane.
+In baseball, the game starts after the pregame.
+The season follows the preseason.
+However, in many of these conditions this is not really the case. At least, not always. A lot of the time it's like it's raining and being late every time.
+We have precancerous lesions, but in many cases they do not become cancerous.
+But, for example, given the underlying condition known as occult osteoporosis, or osteopenia, a bone-thinning disease, 270 women would need to be treated for three years to prevent one fracture.
+Multiply this by the number of women diagnosed with osteopenia and the number is very high.
+And when you factor in all the costs and side effects of the drugs we use to treat these prerequisites, even though we spend more than $2 trillion on healthcare each year, 10 No wonder we spend millions of people--and that's a conservative estimate, but they're not because of the illness they have, but because of the treatment we're giving them and its complications. Are you dying because of
+We have medicalized everything in this country.
+Ladies in the audience, as you probably already know, I have some pretty bad news. It means that every aspect of your life is being medicalized.
+Strike One is when you enter puberty.
+You are now medicalized something that happens to you once a month.
+it is a condition. it must be treated. Strike 2 is if you get pregnant.
+It is also medicalized.
+You want a high-tech pregnancy experience. Otherwise, something might go wrong.
+Strike Three is menopause.
+Millions of women have been taking hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms for decades, but what happened when a large NIH-funded study was published and suddenly realized everyone knows
+In fact, many hormone replacement therapies could do more harm than good for many women, the journal said.
+Mind you, I don't want to leave out the men -- I'm one of them, after all -- everyone in this room, and everyone else listening, you're watching. I have some really bad news for you guys. fatal condition.
+So wait a minute.
+It is called before death.
+you all have it. Because being alive itself has that risk factor.
+But I have good news for you guys. As a journalist, I want things to end in a happy or positive way.
+And the good news is, if you can survive to the end of my story, who knows if it happens to everyone, you're a survivor.
+If I used someone else's words from their lifetime, I'm sorry, but I think it's a hoax.
+I didn't make the previvor.
+"Previvor" is a term that certain cancer advocacy groups want people to call people who have risk factors but don't actually have cancer.
+you are a survivor
+We had HBO here this morning. I'm wondering if Mark Burnett is anywhere in the audience, but I'd like to suggest a reality show called "Pre-vivor."
+If you get sick, please leave the island.
+But the problem is that our system is totally, basically, pushing this.
+We chose to do what we do, give everyone preconditions, and sometimes conditions in the end, at every point in this system.
+Let's start with the doctor-patient relationship. Most doctors work on a fee-for-service basis. They are basically encouraged to do more, such as procedures, tests, and medications.
+Patients come in wanting to do something. We are Americans, we can't just stand there, we have to do something. That's why they want drugs.
+they want therapy. They want to be told that this is what you have and this is how you treat it. If the doctor won't give it to you, you'll have to go elsewhere.
+That's not very good for a doctor's business.
+Worse, if you end up being diagnosed with some disease and your doctor didn't order the test, you'll be sued.
+Pharmaceutical companies are constantly striving to expand indications and expand the number of people eligible for a particular treatment. Because it's clearly profitable. We have advocacy groups like the one that came up with Previvor to make more people feel they are at risk or maybe have some disease and raise more money. , aiming to raise awareness.
+But this isn't really about blaming any particular player, despite what journalists usually do.
+We are all responsible.
+I am responsible.
+I actually root for the Yankees. So in terms of doing the best we can, we're talking about rooting for the worst possible criminals.
+thank you.
+But everyone is responsible.
+I went to medical school, and there was no course on "how to think skeptically" or "how not to ask for tests."
+we have this system for you to do that.
+And I really had to become a journalist to understand all these incentives. Economists often say that there are no bad people, only bad incentives.
+And it's actually true.
+Because what we've created is kind of a dream field when it comes to medical technology.
+In other words, if you put another MRI everywhere, you're arguing that every hospital should have a robot and everyone should have robotic surgery.
+Well, we have a system that if you make it, it will come.
+But in fact, you can also be perverse and tell people to come and convince them that they must come.
+When I became a journalist, I really understood how I was part of this issue and how we are all part of this issue.
+I medicalized every risk factor and didn't necessarily worry people, as it often does, but I was writing stories and commissioning stories every day.
+But, as you know, there is a way out.
+I had an internist last week and he said to me, "You know." And taught me things that anyone in this audience could have taught me for free. But I paid him for the privilege. somewhat lighter.
+Right, he's right. I have had high blood pressure for a dozen years, and being the same age as my father, this is a real disease. It's not prehypertension, it's actual hypertension, or hypertension.
+Sure, he's right, but he didn't tell me you were pre-obese or pre-diabetic or anything like that. He didn't say I should start taking this statin and that I needed to lower my cholesterol.
+No, he said. "Go out and lose some weight. Come see me again in a little while, or call me and let me know how you're doing."
+That's the way forward for me.
+By the way, Billy Beane learned the same thing.
+When he finally sees that this boy he hires really succeeds for him, he doesn't swing for the fence like a slugger, he doesn't swing at every pitch, that's all the money I've learned that it's what teams that take it like. The Yankees love to catch those guys.
+This kid told him, you have to watch the players and you have to go out and find players who like to walk because walking to base is just as good That's why, and in our healthcare system, we need to understand that. , is it really a good throw or should I just leave it unswung?
+thank you.
+As a magician, I have always been interested in performances that incorporate elements of illusion.
+And one of the most notable is the Tanagra Theatre, popular in the early 20th century.
+Mirrors were used to create the illusion of tiny people performing on a miniature stage. Now, without mirrors, this is a digital homage to Tanagra Theatre.
+Let the story begin.
+On a dark and stormy night—really! -- It was July 10, 1856.
+A bolt of lightning lit up the sky and a baby was born.
+His name was Nikola, Nikola Tesla.
+Now that baby has grown into a very smart man.
+let me show off
+Tesla, what is 236 times 501?
+Nikola Tesla: The result is 118,236.
+Marco Tempest: Now Tesla's brain worked in the most extraordinary way.
+When a word was uttered, the image of that word instantly popped into his head.
+wood. Chair. girl.
+It was a hallucination, and the moment he touched it, the hallucination disappeared.
+It's probably a form of synesthesia.
+But that later turned in his favor.
+While other scientists were playing in the lab, Tesla created the invention in his head.
+NT: I ​​am happy to find that I can visualize my inventions with the best equipment.
+MT: And he made them in his workshop as they worked in the vivid playground of his imagination.
+NT: No models, no drawings, no experiments.
+You can envision them in your mind as reality, where you run, test, and improve.
+Only then build it.
+MT: His great idea was exchange.
+But how did they convince the public that the millions of volts needed to operate were safe?
+To sell his ideas, he became a showman.
+NT: We are now at the dawn of a new era, the electric era.
+By careful invention, I was able to transmit electricity across the ether at the flick of a switch.
+That's the magic of science.
+(Applause.) Tesla has over 700 patents to his name, including radios, wireless telegraphs, remote controls, and robotics.
+He even took pictures of human bones.
+But the high point was the fulfillment of a childhood dream of harnessing the ferocious power of Niagara Falls and bringing light to the city.
+But Tesla's success didn't last long.
+NT: I ​​had a bigger idea.
+Lighting up the city was just the beginning.
+World Telegraph Center -- Imagine news, messages, sounds and images delivered instantly and wirelessly to any point in the world.
+MT: Great idea. It was a huge project. It's also expensive.
+NT: They don't give me money.
+MT: Well, maybe I shouldn't have told them that it can be used to communicate with other planets.
+NT: Yes, it was a big mistake.
+MT: Tesla's career as an inventor never recovered.
+he became a recluse.
+He escaped the fear of death and spent much of his time in the Waldorf Astoria suite.
+NT: Everything I do is for humanity, a world where the violence of the rich does not humiliate the poor, where the products of intelligence, science and art serve society for the betterment and beautification of life. I did it for the world.
+MT: Nikola Tesla died on January 7, 1943.
+His final resting place is the golden globe containing his ashes in the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade.
+His legacy remains with us today.
+Tesla became the man to light up the world, but this was just the beginning.
+Tesla's insight was profound.
+NT: Tell me, what will humans do when forests disappear and coal deposits dry up?
+MT: Tesla thought he had the answer.
+We are still asking questions.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Good evening.
+We are in this wonderful open-air amphitheater, enjoying the mild evening temperatures tonight, but ten years from now, in 2022, when Qatar hosts the football world cup, it will be very hot, very hot. We've already heard that it's going to be a very hot and very hot environment. Sunny summer June and July.
+And when Qatar qualified for the World Cup, many people around the world wondered how footballers could run around in this desert climate and show their football in all its glory. Is it possible? How is it possible for spectators to sit and enjoy an outdoor stadium in this hot environment?
+With the architects of Albert Speer &amp; Supported by Transsolar engineers, partners are developing an open-air stadium powered by 100% solar power and 100% solar cooling.
+Let me tell you about it, but let's start with comfort.
+Let's start with the comfort aspect, as many people confuse ambient temperature with thermal comfort.
+We are used to seeing graphs like that, but this red line shows temperatures in June and July. That's right, temperatures are rising to 45 degrees Celsius.
+It's really hot.
+However, temperature is not the complete set of climatic parameters that define comfort.
+Let me share with you an analysis that my colleagues have done by researching different soccer, world cup and olympic games around the world to find out and analyze how comfortable people feel in these different sporting activities. Let's start with Mexico.
+Temperatures in Mexico ranged from 15 to 30 degrees and people were enjoying themselves.
+It was a very comfortable match in Mexico City. please look.
+Orlando, the same kind of stadium, an open-air stadium. People were sitting in the strong sunshine and in the very high humidity of the afternoon, but they were not enjoying themselves. It wasn't comfortable.
+The temperature wasn't too hot, but it wasn't comfortable during the match.
+how about seoul? In Seoul, all games were played in the late afternoon due to broadcast rights. The sun is already setting, so the game is perceived as pleasant.
+what about Athens? Mediterranean climate but not comfortable in the sun. They didn't feel comfortable.
+And we know the word "sol y sombra" from Spain.
+If you have a ticket and you get a shady ticket, you pay more because you are in a more comfortable environment.
+how about beijing?
+The sun was strong during the day, and the humidity was high, so it was not comfortable.
+So if we superimpose all these comfort ranges, all of these places have temperatures that range from 25 to 35 degrees, with a straight line going to 30 degrees at an ambient temperature of 30 degrees. I understand this. temperature. If you think along these lines, you'll find that there have been all sorts of comforts, perceived outdoor comforts, ranging from very comfortable to very uncomfortable.
+Why?
+This is because there are more parameters that affect our thermal comfort, such as the sun, direct sunlight, diffuse sun, wind, high winds, mild winds, air humidity and the radiant temperature of the surroundings we are in. is in
+And this is the air temperature.
+All these parameters are related to the comfort level of the human body, and scientists have developed a parameter called perceived temperature. All of these parameters are in there to help designers understand which ones are comfortable and which ones aren't. I don't feel comfortable.
+Which driving parameters give a feeling of temperature? And these parameters, climatic parameters, are related to human metabolism.
+We humans generate heat through metabolism.
+I'm excited to talk to you, and I think we're probably producing 150 watts right now. You are sitting, relaxing, looking at me. Probably 100 watts per person is being generated and that energy needs to be removed. I need to remove the energy with my body, and the more difficult it is for me and my body to remove the energy, the less comfortable I feel.
+that's it. And if you don't remove the energy, you die.
+If you superimpose what happens during the soccer World Cup, and what happens in June and July, you'll see that the temperature will be much warmer, but since games and plays take place in the afternoon, probably You will have the same comfort. Ratings found offensive elsewhere.
+So we said let's sit down with the team that created the bid document, the target, and aim for this range of outdoor comfort temps. Feels like 32 degrees Celsius, which is very comfortable. .
+People will feel really good in an open outdoor environment.
+But what does that mean?
+If you just look at what's going on, you'll see that the temperature is too high.
+Even with the best architectural design, climate engineering design applied, it doesn't get much better.
+Therefore, it is necessary to do something positive.
+For example, radiative cooling technology must be introduced and this must be combined with so-called soft conditioning.
+And what does it look like inside the stadium?
+Therefore, stadiums have several elements that create outdoor comfort. First is shading. It is necessary to protect the places where people are sitting from strong and warm winds.
+But that's not all we have to do. Must use an active system.
+Instead of blowing a hurricane of cold air into the stadium, you can use radiant cooling technology, such as a floor heating system with water pipes embedded in the floor.
+In addition, the heat absorbed during the day can be released into the stadium simply by using cold water running through the water pipes, creating comfort. And adding dry air instead of cold air can bring comfort to the audience and the audience. Football players can adjust to their individual comfort needs and individual energy balance.
+They can be adjusted and find the comfort you need.
+There will probably be 12 stadiums, but there will be 32 training grounds where each country will train.
+We applied the same concept. We shaded the practice pitch, used wind shelters, and then grass.
+Watered natural grass is a very good source of cooling, stabilizing temperatures and using dehumidified air to create comfort.
+But no matter how good passive design is, it doesn't help.
+Requires an active system.
+So how do we do that?
+Our idea for the tender was to cover the roof of the stadium with a 100% solar power system, based on the idea of ​​using the roof of the stadium.
+We do not borrow energy from history.
+We do not use fossil energy.
+We are not borrowing energy from our neighbors.
+We use energy that can be harvested on our roofs and practice fields. The driving range is covered with a large flexible membrane, and in a few years the industry will develop flexible photovoltaics, offering the possibility of shading. It can withstand strong sunlight and produce electrical energy at the same time.
+And this energy is now harvested throughout the year and sent to the grid to replace fossils in the grid. And when I need it for cooling, I bring it back from the grid and use the solar energy I brought with me. Put the grid back when needed for solar cooling.
+And I can do that in the first year and balance it out in the next 10 years, the next 20 years. This energy is needed to prepare for the World Cup in Qatar, and for the next 20 years this energy will go into the grid of Qatar.
+So that's -- (applause) Thank you. (Applause.) This isn't just useful in stadiums. It can also be used in outdoor locations and on streets, we are working on the futuristic city of Masdar in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
+And I was happy to work in the central square.
+And the same ideas are used there to create an outdoor environment that is perceived as comfortable. People enjoy going there instead of going to the chilly malls. I wanted to create a comfortable outdoor space where you can casually visit in the early afternoon even in the hot and sunny summer and enjoy gathering with your family. (Applause) And the same concept. Blocking the sun, blocking the wind, harnessing, harnessing, harnessing the sun you can harvest from your footprints.
+And these lovely umbrellas.
+Therefore, it is advisable to pay attention to thermal comfort and thermal environment tonight and tomorrow. If you want to know more about it, we invite you to visit our website.
+I have uploaded a very simple Feels Like Temperature Calculator that allows you to check your outdoor comfort.
+We also share the idea that if engineers and designers could use all these different climatic parameters, it would be possible to create really good and comfortable outdoor conditions and change our thermal perception of what outdoor environments are comfortable for. I would appreciate it if you could. We can do that with the best passive designs, but we also use the sun, the source of energy for our Qatar site.
+(Thank you for applause. (Applause.) Shukran. (applause)
+About 75 years ago, my grandfather, as a young man, walked into one of those converted movie theater tents and fell helplessly in love with a woman he saw on the silver screen. It was none other than the heart-throbbing Mae West. 30's, and he could never forget her.
+In fact, when his daughter was born many years later, he wanted to name her after Mae West, but you can imagine an Indian child named Mae West. mosquito?
+The Indian family said, "It can't be!"
+So when my twin brother Keshava was born, I decided to play around with the spelling of Keshava's name.
+He said, if Mae West can be M-A-E, why can't Keshava be K-A-E?
+So he changed the spelling of Caesaba.
+Kaesaba had a baby boy named Rihan a few weeks ago.
+He decided to spell Raehan with A-E. Or rather, I decided to misspell it.
+As you know, my grandfather passed away many years ago when I was little, but his love for Mae West lives on as a misspelling in his descendants' DNA.
+It's a successful legacy for me. (Laughter) You know, when it comes to me, my wife and I have our own crazy legacy project.
+We actually sit down and argue, disagree, fight, and actually come up with our own 200-year plan every few years.
+Our friends think we are mad.
+Our parents think we are cuckoos.
+Because we both come from families that truly admire humility and wisdom, but we both prefer to live bigger than life.
+I believe in the Raja Yogi concept. "Become a man before becoming a monk".
+This is what makes me a rockstar, even if I'm in my own house.
+Look?
+So when Netra and I sat down to come up with our first plan ten years ago, we said we wanted the focus of this plan to be far beyond ourselves.
+What does it mean to be beyond yourself?
+We have calculated that our direct contact with the world will end in 200 years.
+No one I've met in my life lives past 200, so we thought it would be the perfect place to plan and let our imaginations run wild.
+You see, I never believed in legacy. what am i going to leave I am an artist.
+Until I drew a cartoon about 9/11.
+It bothered me a lot.
+i was very upset.
+The cartoon that was supposed to be the cartoon of the week ended up staying around for a long time.
+Now, I'm working on paintings that will live on beyond me, and I'm thinking about what I want to leave behind through my paintings.
+As you know, the 9/11 cartoons upset me so much that I decided never to draw them again.
+I said I would never make an honest comment in public again.
+But of course, I forgot how people would react to my work, so I kept making honest and raw work.
+In order to remain idealistic, sometimes forgetting is very important.
+Perhaps memory loss is very important to our survival as human beings.
+One of the most important things Netra and I wrote about the 200 Year Plan is what we should forget about ourselves.
+You know, we carry so much baggage, from our parents, from society, from so many people, fears and insecurities. And our 200-Year Plan lists all the childhood issues that must expire.
+In fact, we put a deadline on all our childhood problems.
+The last date I put on, I said, was going to put an end to my fear of my left-wing, feminist mother-in-law, and today is that date! (Laughter) She's watching. (Laughter.) Anyway, I'm always making decisions about how I want to be remembered, and that's the most important kind of decision I make.
+And this is reflected directly in my paintings.
+But like my friends, I can do it well on Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube.
+Name it, I'm working on it.
+I started outsourcing my memory to the digital world. But that comes with problems.
+It's easy to think of technology as a metaphor for memory, but our brains aren't perfect memory devices like technology.
+We only remember what we want to remember. At least I am.
+I rather think that our brains manage memory lopsidedly. And if technology is not a metaphor for memory, what is it?
+Netra and I are using technology as a tool in our 200 Year Plan to really organize our digital heritage.
+It's a picture of my mom, who recently got a Facebook account.
+You know where this is going.
+And I was very supportive until this photo was posted on my Facebook page. (Laughter) And actually I untagged myself first and then I picked up the phone. I said, "Mom, don't ever post a picture of me in a bikini again."
+And she said, "Why? You're so pretty, darling." I said, "You just don't understand."
+Perhaps we are one of the first generation to really understand curating ourselves digitally.
+Perhaps we were the first to actively document our lives.
+As you know, whether we agree with legacy or not, we practically always leave a digital imprint.
+So Netra and I really wanted to use the 200 Year Plan to organize this digital heritage. I believe I need to sort out not only my digital legacy, but my past and future legacy as well.
+how can i ask?
+Well, when I think about the future, I never see myself moving forward in time. In fact, I see time running backwards towards me.
+I can actually imagine my future approaching.
+You can avoid what you don't want and attract what you want.
+It's like an obstacle course in a video game. And I've gotten better and better at doing this. Even when you paint, actually imagine yourself behind the painting and see if it already exists and someone is looking at it and they intuitively feel it. .
+Do they feel it in their hearts or is it just in their heads?
+And it really influences my painting.
+Even when I do an art show, people really think about what they should bring home.
+I remember when I was 19, I had my first art exhibition and wanted the world to know about it.
+I didn't know about TED at the time, but I closed my eyes tightly and started dreaming. I could imagine how people would dress up and look beautiful and light would hit my paintings. Seeing an actually very famous actress kick off my show in my visualization gave me credibility.
+And I woke up from the visualization and said, "Who is that?" I wasn't sure if it was Shabana Azumi or Rekha or two very famous Indian actresses like Meryl Streeps from India.
+As it turned out, the next morning I wrote to them and Shabana Azumi wrote back and came to launch my first show 12 years ago.
+And that was the beginning of my career. Thinking of time in this way allows us to manage the past as well as the future.
+This is a family photo, that's my wife Netra.
+She is the co-creator of my 200 year plan.
+Netra is a high school history teacher. I love Netora, but I hate history.
+I always say, "Nets, while you guys live in the past, I create the future. When I'm done, you guys study it."
+(Laughter) She gave me a generous smile and said as punishment, "Tomorrow I'm teaching an Indian history class and you're sitting in that class and I'm going to grade it."
+It's like, "Oh my God." I went
+I actually went to listen to her class. She started by giving students primary sources from India, Pakistan, and England. I thought, "Wow." She then asked them to distinguish between fact and prejudice.
+I said "wow" again.
+And she said, "Choose facts and biases to create your own narrative image of dignity."
+History as an image tool?
+It really inspired me.
+I went and created my own history of India.
+I actually included stories that I heard from my grandmother.
+She used to work at a telephone exchange and actually listened to the conversation between Nehru and Edwina Mountbatten.
+And she was hearing all sorts of things she shouldn't have heard. But, including that.
+This is my version of Indian history.
+If so, I thought, maybe, just maybe, our brain's main purpose is to serve our dignity.
+Tell Facebook to figure it out!
+Netra and I are not writing a 200-year plan for someone to come and do it 150 years from now. Imagine receiving a parcel saying, "From your past, you are going to spend the rest of your life on all this." no.
+In fact, we are writing this just to get our attitude right.
+As you know, I believed that education was the most important tool for leaving a meaningful legacy.
+Education is great.
+It really teaches us who we are and helps us contextualize ourselves in the world, but what has taught me that I can be more than what my education taught me is , is my creativity.
+I would argue that creativity is the most important tool we have.
+It allows us to create ourselves and control what happens next.
+I like to think -- thank you.
+I like to think of myself as a storyteller. There, my past and future are just stories, waiting to be told and retold. I hope someday you too will have the opportunity to share and write your own 200 year story.
+Thank you very much.
+thank you! (applause)
+I will make a few notes from now on. This is an excerpt from the book I am preparing, Letters to Young Scientists.
+Based on my extensive experience in mentoring and counseling scientists in a wide range of fields, I felt it appropriate to publish this paper.
+And you might want to hear some of the principles I developed in doing that teaching and counseling.
+So, first of all, I would like to strongly urge all of you, especially the young people, to follow this path you have chosen as far as possible.
+The world really needs you.
+Mankind has now completely entered the age of technology and science.
+There will be no turning back.
+Astrophysics, molecular genetics, immunology, microbiology, public health, the new field of the human body as a commensal organism, public health, environmental science, etc.
+Knowledge across medicine and science doubles every 15-20 years.
+Technology is advancing at a similar rate.
+As most of us sitting here are aware, all aspects of human life already permeate between the two.
+The speed of the Technological Revolution is so rapid and its myriad of twists and turns are so amazing that no one can predict its outcome even ten years from now.
+Of course, the reality is that there will come a time when the exponential growth of discovery and knowledge that began in the 1600s peaks and levels off. But it doesn't matter to you.
+The revolution will continue for at least another few decades.
+It would radically change the human condition from what it is today.
+Traditional research fields will continue to grow, and along the way they will inevitably meet and create new fields.
+In time all science will be a series of descriptions, networks, explanations of principles and laws.
+So, not only should you train in one area of ​​expertise, but you should also develop a breadth of other areas related to or different from your first choice.
+Raise your eyes and rotate your head.
+The quest for knowledge is in our genes.
+It was placed there by our distant ancestors who spread it around the world and never disappears.
+As part of a not-yet-evolved civilization, we need so many scientifically trained people like you to understand it and use it wisely.
+In education, medicine, law, diplomacy, government, business and media as they exist today.
+Our political leaders need at least a moderate degree of scientific literacy, which is most severely lacking today. Please don't clap.
+It is better for everyone to prepare before joining the company than to learn on the job.
+So, no matter how long you've been in the lab, teaching throughout your career is a good side job.
+I rush here before anything else to address this subject, which is both an important asset and a potential barrier to a career as a scientist.
+If your math skills are a little lacking, don't worry.
+Many of the most successful scientists working today have some knowledge of mathematics.
+A metaphor can help here. While elite mathematicians, statisticians, and theorists often serve as designers of the expanding scientific realm, the majority of the rest of the basic and applied scientists, including most of the first class, are maps terrain, scouts frontiers, cuts trails, and builds buildings along the way.
+Some may consider me reckless, but it was my habit to ignore my fear of mathematics when speaking to prospective scientists.
+In my 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard, I have seen bright students turn away from the possibilities of a scientist career for fear of failure, or even refuse to take any non-compulsory science courses. I watched it with sadness.
+These mathematics haters rob science and medicine of an immense amount of desperately needed talent.
+If you have anxiety, here's how to ease it. Understand that mathematics, like any other language, or language in general, is a language governed by its own grammar and logic system.
+People of average quantitative intelligence who learn to read and write mathematics at the elementary level have little difficulty mastering most of the basics, as well as oral language, if they choose to master most scientific disciplines of mathematics. there is no.
+The longer it takes to become at least half literate, the harder the language of mathematics, like any language, is to learn, but it can be learned at any age.
+I'm an extreme example, so I speak as an authority on the subject.
+I didn't take algebra until my freshman year at the University of Alabama.
+They hadn't taught it until then.
+As a 32-year-old tenured tenured professor at Harvard, I finally got to study calculus, where I sat uncomfortable in class with undergraduates about half my age. .
+Some of them were students in a course I was teaching about evolutionary biology.
+I put my pride aside and learned calculus.
+It turns out that what is important in science and its applications is not the technical ability, but the imagination in all its applications.
+The ability to form concepts using images of entities and processes drawn by intuition.
+It turns out that scientific progress seldom comes from the ability to stand in front of a blackboard and conjure up images from the mathematical propositions and equations unfolding.
+Rather, they are a figment of the downstream imagination, which may or may not involve mathematical reasoning in the process, leading to a lot of work.
+Ideas are born when we study a part of the real or imaginary world for itself.
+Most importantly, have a thorough and well-organized knowledge of everything known about relevant entities and processes that may be relevant to the domain you are trying to enter.
+When something new is discovered, it is logical that one of the next steps is to find mathematical and statistical methods to advance its analysis.
+If that step proves too difficult for the person or team making the discovery, mathematicians can be added as collaborators.
+Consider the following principles: This is what I modestly call Wilson's Principle #1. It is much easier for scientists, including medical researchers, to seek the cooperation they need in mathematics and statistics than it is for mathematicians and statisticians to find a scientist with access to equations. .
+When choosing a scientific direction, it is important to find a subject that interests you deeply at your level of competence and focus on it.
+So keep Wilson's second principle in mind. For every scientist, be it a researcher, engineer, teacher, manager, business man, whatever level of mathematical proficiency, there are enough fields in science or medicine to achieve excellence at that level. .
+Here I offer some more principles to help you organize your education and career, or if you are a teacher, how to enhance your own education and counseling of young scientists. will be provided as soon as possible.
+When choosing a subject to conduct original research or to develop world-class expertise, cover a portion of your chosen field that is sparsely populated.
+Judge your opportunities by how few other students and researchers are.
+This does not belittle the requirements for extensive training or the value of learning a quality program with continued study.
+Gaining older mentors within these successful programs and making friends and colleagues of similar age who provide mutual support are also important.
+But through it all, look for ways to break through, find areas and subjects that are not yet popular.
+We have already seen this demonstrated in previous talks.
+Measured by the number of discoveries per year per researcher, there is a way progress is most likely to occur the fastest.
+You may have heard the military maxim about mobilizing troops: "March to the sound of guns."
+Quite the opposite happens in science. March away from the sound of guns.
+Hence Wilson's Principle #3: March away from the sound of guns.
+Observe from a distance, but don't join the fray.
+Create your own fray.
+Once you've decided on a specialty and a profession you love, and you've secured the opportunity to study it well enough to become an expert, your chances of success are greatly increased.
+Scattered are thousands of professionally delimited subjects ranging from physics and chemistry to biology and medicine.
+Then move on to the social sciences, where it is possible to attain a position of authority in a short period of time.
+When the population in the field is still very small, hard work will make you a world authority.
+The world needs this kind of expertise, and it will be rewarded for those who seek it.
+Existing information and self-discoveries may at first seem superficial and difficult to connect to other bodies of knowledge.
+Well, if that's the case, fine. Why should it be hard instead of easy?
+That answer deserves to be called principle number four.
+Every problem is an opportunity when trying to make a scientific discovery, and the more difficult the problem, the more important it is to solve it.
+Now let me give you a basic taxonomy of how scientific discoveries are made.
+Scientists, including pure mathematicians, follow one of two paths: First, through early discovery, problems are identified and solutions are sought.
+The problem may be relatively minor. For example, exactly where on a cruise ship does norovirus begin to spread?
+Moreover, what is the role of dark matter in the expansion of the universe?
+When answers are sought, other phenomena are usually discovered and other questions are raised.
+The first of the two strategies is like a hunter exploring the forest looking for a particular quarry, finding other quarries along the way.
+A second strategy of research is to study subjects that broadly explore patterns of unknown and known phenomena, such as Hunter's 'naturalist trance state'. Psych researchers are open to whatever is interesting and worth taking.
+Inquiry does not seek the solution of a problem, but rather the problem itself that is worth solving.
+Two strategies for research, original research, are the final principle I offer you: For every problem in a particular scientific field there is an ideal species, entity, or phenomenon for its solution.
+Conversely, in every species, other entity or phenomenon, there exist important problems for their solution, and their particular subject of study is ideally suited.
+Find out what they are.
+You will find your own way to discover, learn and teach.
+The coming decades will see dramatic advances in disease prevention, general health and quality of life.
+The entire human race depends on the knowledge and practice of medicine and the science behind it that you master.
+You have chosen a vocation that will be given in increments to give you the satisfaction of living a fulfilling life at the end of your life.
+And thank you for being here tonight.
+(Applause.) Oh, thank you.
+thank you very much.
+Respectful.
+Everyone is a learner and a teacher at the same time.
+This is me taking inspiration from my first tutor, my mother, teaching Introduction to Artificial Intelligence to 200 students at Stanford University.
+Well, both my students and I enjoyed the class, but I realized that although the subject of the class was advanced and modern, the teaching technology was not.
+In fact, I use essentially the same technology as this 14th century classroom.
+Notice the textbook, the sage on stage, and the man sleeping in the back. (laughs) It's the same today.
+So my co-teacher Sebastian Thrun and I decided there had to be a better way.
+We set ourselves the challenge of creating an online class that is as good or better than our Stanford class, but free to anyone in the world.
+After announcing the class on July 29, 50,000 people signed up within two weeks.
+And that number has grown to 160,000 students from 209 countries.
+We were thrilled to have such an audience, but a little horrified that the class hadn't been prepared yet. (Laughter) So we got to work.
+We studied what others did, what we could copy and what we could change.
+Benjamin Bloom showed that one-on-one tutoring was most effective, and people like me and my mother tried to imitate it even though they knew it would be one-on-one tutoring. bottom.
+Here, an overhead video camera records me as I speak and draw on paper.
+One student said, "This class felt like sitting at a bar with some really smart friends and explaining things you didn't understand yet you were trying to understand."
+And that's exactly what we were aiming for.
+Now, Khan Academy has found that a short 10-minute video is far more effective than recording an hour-long lecture and displaying it on a small screen.
+We decided to make it even shorter and more interactive.
+Our typical videos are 2 minutes, but they can be short and never exceed 6 minutes. Then pause for quiz questions to make it feel like a one-on-one tutoring session.
+It explains how computers parse sentences using English grammar. Pausing here, the student should reflect, understand what is happening, and check the appropriate boxes before continuing.
+Students learn best when they are actively practicing.
+We wanted to involve them, challenge the ambiguity, and guide them to come up with important ideas on their own.
+We mostly avoid questions like "Here's the formula. What is the value of Y when X equals 2?"
+We preferred open-ended questions.
+One student wrote, "Now you can see examples of Bayesian networks and game theory everywhere you look."
+And I like that kind of reaction.
+That's exactly what we were aiming for.
+We didn't want students to memorize formulas. We wanted to change the way they see the world.
+And we succeeded.
+No, the students should say they succeeded.
+And it is a little Ironic.
+Videos are always available for most online classes.
+You can watch it whenever you want.
+But if you can do it anytime, you can do it tomorrow, and even if you can do it tomorrow, you may never be able to do it. (Laughter) So we revived the innovation of having a deadline. (Laughter) I could watch videos all week long, but I had to finish my homework at the end of the week.
+This gave the students motivation to continue learning. It also means everyone is working on the same thing at the same time, so if you go to a discussion forum, you can get answers from your colleagues within minutes.
+Here are some of the forums. Most of them are self-designed by the students themselves.
+From Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng we learned the concept of "flipping" the classroom.
+Students watch the video individually and then meet up to discuss it.
+From Eric Mazur, I learned about peer instruction. I learned about peer instruction, about peer instruction. Because peer instruction remembers what it's like to not understand.
+Sebastian and I have forgotten part of that.
+Of course, I couldn't have a discussion in a classroom with tens of thousands of students. That's why we encourage and nurture these online forums.
+And finally, I learned from Teach For America that classes are not primarily about information.
+Motivation and determination are more important.
+It was very important for our students to understand that we work hard for them and that we are all supporting each other.
+Classes have now run for 10 weeks, and in the end nearly half of the 160,000 students watched at least one video each week, and more than 20,000 spent 50-100 hours completing all their homework assignments.
+They received this achievement report.
+So what have we learned?
+Well, we've tried and put together some old ideas and some new ideas, but there are still ideas we'd like to try.
+Sebastian is teaching another class now.
+I will do one in the fall.
+More classes are planned at Stanford Coursera, Udacity, MITx, and more.
+It's a really exciting time.
+But what's most interesting to me is the data you're collecting.
+We collect thousands of interactions per student per class, billions of interactions in total. And now, when we start analyzing it, learning from it, experimenting with it, that's when the real revolution happens.
+And you will be able to see the achievements of a new generation of amazing students.
+(applause)
+As a child, I was fascinated by air and all things in space.
+Watch Nova on PBS.
+Our school was going to introduce Bill Nighy to the "Science Guy".
+When I was in elementary school, my next-door neighbor gave me a book for my birthday.
+It was an astronomy book and I read it for hours on end. The combination of all these things inspired me to pursue space exploration as a personal dream. As part of that dream, I always wanted to. Just fly around the solar system, visit different planets, visit satellites and spacecraft.
+Well, a few years later, I graduated from UCLA and found myself working at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. So our team was up to the challenge of creating a 3D visualization of our solar system. I would like to show you how it looks today. we've come so far
+Now, the point here is that everything I'm trying to do here can be done at home. Because we built this for the public for you to use.
+So what you are looking at now is the Earth.
+You can see America, California, San Diego, and rotate things using your mouse and keyboard.
+Now, this is nothing new. Anyone who's ever used Google Earth has seen this, but one of the things I like to say in our group is that we're doing the opposite of Google Earth.
+In Google Earth, follow this view to your backyard.
+From this view we go to the stars.
+Earth is great, but what we really want to show is spaceships. Put the interface back there. Now we can see a large number of satellites orbiting the Earth.
+These are the number of earth-orbiting satellites in the scientific universe.
+Military satellites, weather satellites, communications satellites, and reconnaissance satellites are not included.
+If so, it would be a complete mess because there are so many things out there.
+And the cool thing is that I actually made 3D models of many of these spaceships, so if you want to visit one of these spaceships, just double-click on them.
+So find the International Space Station, double-click it, and it will take you all the way to the ISS.
+And now you are on board with the ISS where you are now.
+And another cool thing is that you can not only move the camera, but also control the time. You can slide this jog dial here to advance the time. Now you can see what the sunset looks like on the ISS. You will receive one every 90 minutes. (laughter) So what about the rest?
+Clicking the home button here takes us inside the solar system and now we are observing the rest of the solar system.
+As you can see, we have Saturn and Jupiter. While I'm here, I want to point out something.
+I'm actually pretty busy.
+Here is the Mars Science Lab, which just launched last weekend.
+This is Juno on its voyage to Jupiter.
+We have Dawn orbiting Vesta, and here we have New Horizons heading straight for Pluto.
+I mention this because there's this strange public perception that NASA is dead, the space shuttle has stopped flying, and all of a sudden the spacecraft no longer exists.
+Much of NASA's activity is robotic exploration, and there are many spacecraft.
+Granted, we're not sending humans in at the moment. At least our launch vehicles are, but NASA is not dead yet. One of the reasons we write programs like this is to help people understand that there are so many rockets. other things we do.
+Anyway, while I'm here, I'll say it again, if you want to access anything, just double-click it.
+Then just double-click on Vesta. Here Dawn is circling Vesta. And this is what is happening now.
+If you double-click on Uranus, you will see Uranus rotating sideways along with its satellites.
+You can see that it is tilted about 89 degrees.
+And just by being able to visit different places and experience different eras, we have data from 1950 to 2050.
+Admittedly, we don't have everything in between, as some data are hard to come by.
+Just being able to visit places at different times can keep you exploring for hours, literally hours on end. But there is one thing in particular that I want to show you, so open the Destinations tab, Spaceship Exoplanet Missions. Voyager 1 and the Titan flyby.
+So now we are back in the past.
+We are now on board with Voyager 1.
+The date here is November 11, 1980.
+Now, something interesting is happening here.
+Nothing seems to be happening.
+It seems the show has been paused.
+It's currently running at real speed, 1 second per second. In fact, Voyager 1 here, at 38,000 miles per hour, I think, is flying on Titan.
+It just looks like nothing is moving. Because Saturn here is 700,000 miles away and Titan is 4,000 to 5,000 miles away.
+It just looks like nothing is happening because of the vastness of the space.
+But to make it even more interesting, we'll shorten the time and watch Voyager 1 fly close to Titan, Saturn's hazy moon.
+It has a really heavy atmosphere.
+Now center the camera back on Saturn.
+I would like to take down and show Voyager 1 flying near Saturn.
+There is a point to be made here.
+With a 3D visualization like this, it's more than just saying that Voyager 1 flew near Saturn.
+All the stories to tell are here.
+Even better, it's an interactive application so you can tell the story yourself.
+If you want to pause, you can pause.
+If you want to keep going, if you want to change the angle of the camera, you can do that. Thanks to that, we can show that Voyager 1 isn't just flying near Saturn.
+It actually flies right under Saturn.
+Now what happens is that as it flies under Saturn, Saturn's gravity grabs Saturn and knocks it out of the solar system, so if you let it go, Voyager 1 won't fly up like that. You can see it.
+And in fact I'm going back to the solar system.
+I want to come back today and show you where Voyager 1 is.
+Just above our solar system, far above our solar system, far beyond our solar system.
+And here comes the problem. Now you can see how it got there.
+Now you know why, but for me that's the point of this program.
+You can operate it yourself.
+You can fly around on your own and you can learn on your own.
+Today's theme is "The World as You Know It".
+Yes, we're going to put the solar system in your hands — (laughter) — and when the solar system gets there, what have we been doing there and what are we doing? I hope you can learn for yourself what it is. to do.
+And my personal dream is for my kids to pick up this book and explore and see the wonders out there and pursue STEM education and space exploration just like I did when I was a kid. Get inspired to pursue your dreams.
+thank you. (applause)
+Over the past two decades, India has become a global hub for software development and offshoring of back-office services. We wanted to know, thanks to this huge industry that has started in the last 20 years. In India, offshoring of software development and back-office services has led to an influx of white-collar jobs from developed countries to India.
+This, combined with the loss of manufacturing jobs to China, as you know, has caused considerable anxiety among people in the West.
+In fact, opinion polls show that support for free trade in the West is declining.
+But Western elites now argue that this concern is misplaced.
+For example, if you've read Thomas Friedman's book The World Is Flat (and I'm sure many of you have), he basically wrote in it that free trade This fear of says: It is false because it is based on the false assumption that everything that can be invented has been invented.
+Indeed, it is innovation that keeps the West ahead of the developing world, with the more sophisticated and innovative work done in the developed world and the less sophisticated, so to speak, monotonous work done in the developing world. Yes, he says. .
+Well, what we were trying to figure out was, is this true?
+Could India become a hotbed of innovation, a global hub, in the same way that India has become a global hub for back-office services and software development?
+And for the past four years, my co-author Panish Pranam and I have spent investigating this subject.
+At first, or as you know, in fact, the more aggressive people who support the innovative Western model say, "Indians are so smart, where are the Googles and iPods and Viagra in India? of?” (Laughter) So when we first started researching, we went to see some executives and asked them. “What do you think? Will India change from being a popular destination for software and back office services to being a destination for innovation?”
+they laughed. they fired us.
+They said, "Did you know? Indians don't innovate."
+More polite people said, "Well, Indians can be good software programmers and accountants, but they can't be creative."
+Sometimes it was even more elaborate and sophisticatedly dressed and people said, 'You know, it has nothing to do with the Indians.
+India's rule-based and controlled education system is responsible for killing all creativity. "
+They said if you want to see real creativity, go to Silicon Valley and look at companies like Google, Microsoft, and Intel.
+So we started researching R&D and innovation labs in Silicon Valley.
+Interestingly, the person you are introduced to is usually the head of what is called an innovation lab or R&D center, and often it is an Indian. (Laughter) So I immediately said, "Well, but you weren't educated in India, were you?"
+You must have been educated here. "
+In each case they were found to be from the Indian education system.
+That's when we realized we were probably asking the wrong question. The right question is, can India-based Indians really do innovative work?
+So I went to India. I think we made a dozen or so trips to survey the level of corporate innovation in these cities: Bangalore, Mumbai, Gurgaon, Delhi, Hyderabad.
+As I did more research, I realized that we were really asking the wrong questions.
+When you ask 'Where's Google, iPod, Viagra in India?
+Instead, innovation is, as you may have read the famous economist Schumpeter, “Innovation is about how value is created and distributed. It's novelty," he said.
+It can be a new product or service, but it can also be a new way of producing a product.
+It can also be a new way of organizing companies and industries.
+With this understanding, there is no longer any reason to limit innovation to only the end user, the beneficiary of innovation.
+A broader conceptualization of innovation is that India is well represented by innovation, but the innovation that is taking place in India is in a form that we did not expect and what we have done is to "see it". I understand that it is called "invisible innovation". . "
+Specifically, there are four types of invisible innovation coming from India.
+The first type of invisible innovation coming out of India, called innovation for business customers, is led by multinational corporations, with 750 R&D centers established in India in the last 20 years. . By a multinational company employing over 400,000 professionals.
+Now, historically, the R&D centers of multinationals have always been located either at their headquarters or at the headquarters of the multinational, and considering the fact that there are 750 R&D centers of multinationals, Indian companies are really remarkable. Existence.
+When we went to meet the people at those innovation centers and asked them what they were working on, they said, "We're working on global products."
+They weren't working on localizing global products for India, which is the normal role of local R&D departments.
+They are committed to truly global products and companies such as Microsoft, Google, AstraZeneca, General Electric and Philips have already affirmed the question that they can produce products and services from their research and development centers in Bangalore and Hyderabad. answering in a meaningful way. for the world.
+But of course the end user doesn't know that. Because it only shows the name of the company and not where it was developed.
+Another thing we were told at the time was, "Yes, but the kind of jobs coming out of R&D centers in India cannot be compared to the kind of jobs coming out of R&D centers in the United States. I can't." ;amp;D center. "
+So my co-author, Panish Pranam, who happens to be one of the smartest people I know, said he was going to do the research.
+What he did was look at companies with R&D centers in the US and India, and then look at patents filed in the US and similar patents filed by subsidiaries of the same company. So he now compares the patents of the US R&D center with the Indian R&D center patents of the same company, what is the quality of the patents submitted by the Indian R&D centers, and what are the patents like? I'm looking into how it works. Can it compare to the quality of patents submitted by US centers?
+Interestingly, he found that: By the way, the way we look at patent quality is what we call forward citations. That is, how many times future patents refer to older patents. — He found something very interesting.
+What we found is that the data show that the number of forward citations for patents filed by a US R&D subsidiary is identical to the number of forward citations for patents filed by the same company's Indian subsidiary. . company.
+Therefore, internally, there is no difference in forward citation rate between the Indian subsidiary and the US subsidiary.
+So this is the first invisible innovation coming out of India.
+The second type of invisible innovation coming out of India is what we call innovation outsourcing to Indian companies. Today, many companies contract with Indian companies to undertake a large part of the product development work for global products that are sold around the world. the whole world.
+For example, we can see that many molecules are being developed in the pharmaceutical industry, but the majority of their research is being sent to India.
+For example, XCL Technologies has developed two mission-critical systems for the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner. One to avoid high-flying collisions and the other to enable zero-visibility landings.
+But of course, when you get on board the Boeing 787, you can't tell that this is a hidden innovation from India.
+A third type of invisible innovation coming out of India is what we call process innovation, due to the infusion of intelligence by Indian companies.
+Process innovation is different from product innovation.
+It's not about the new product itself, it's about how you create the new product, develop the new product, or manufacture the new product.
+India is the only country where millions of young people dream of working in call centers.
+What Happens — As you know, high school dropout jobs are dead-end jobs in the West.
+What if we put hundreds of thousands of smart, young, ambitious kids into call center jobs?
+They quickly get bored and start innovating and telling their boss how they can do this job better. This process innovation leads to product innovation, which is sold worldwide.
+For example, 24/7 Customer, a traditional call center company, was formerly a traditional call center company. Now they're developing predictive modeling analytics tools that can infer or predict what a call will be about before you even answer it.
+That's because intelligence was injected into a process long thought dead in the West.
+And the last kind of innovation, the invisible innovation coming out of India, is what we call management innovation.
+This is not a new product or a new process but a new way of organizing work and the most important management innovation invented by the Indian offshoring industry is what we call the global delivery model.
+The global delivery model allows for the splitting of previously geographically centralized tasks into parts, sending them around the world where the expertise and cost structure exists, and the ability to reintegrate them. You can specify the means.
+Without it, today's other invisible innovations would not have been possible.
+So what I'm trying to say is, what we found in our research is that if end-user products are the tip of the visible innovation iceberg, India is a big, invisible innovation iceberg. It means that it is well expressed in the part. iceberg.
+Of course, this has several implications, so we identified three implications of this study.
+The first is what we call the Thinking Skill Ladder. Now, back to where I started my conversation with you, about the flight of work.
+Now, of course, when we first decide to outsource our R&D work to India as a multinational company, what we are going to do is outsource the bottom rung of the ladder to India. As Tom Friedman predicts, it's the least sophisticated job.
+Now, what happens is that if you outsource the bottom part of the ladder to India for your innovation and R&D work, at some stage in the near future you will run into problems. Will the next step on the ladder be talent from within the company?
+So you have two options. Either bring people from India to the developed world and take them to the next step on the ladder, immigration, or say that at the bottom of the ladder there are too many people waiting to enter. Next position is India, next step to India?
+What we mean is that once you outsource the bottom of the ladder, you make it a self-perpetuating act. Because the skill ladder is sunk, and a sunk skill ladder is simply a point where you can't do it. I've never been an analyst, but I became an investment banker.
+You cannot become a professor without being a student.
+You cannot become a consultant unless you are a researcher.
+So if you outsource the least sophisticated work, at some point you need to move on to the next step on the ladder.
+The next thing we'll cover is TMT, the so-called browning of the top management team.
+If R&D talent is based in India and China, and the biggest growth markets are based in India and China, the question of what future management teams will face must be faced. must be It has to come out of India and China. That's product leadership and important market leadership.
+right? The last thing I want to point out on this slide is that there is one caveat to this story.
+India has the youngest growing population in the world.
+This demographic bonus is incredible, but paradoxically there is also a mirage of a strong labor pool.
+Indian educational institutions and the education system, with a few exceptions, are unable to produce the quantity and quality of students required to keep this innovation engine going, so companies are looking to innovate to overcome this. , but ultimately it will not absolve the government of its sins. Responsible for building this educational structure.
+So I'd like to end with an overview of one company, IBM.
+As many of you know, IBM has consistently been considered one of the most innovative companies in the last 100 years.
+In fact, if you look at the number of patents filed in history, I would say we are among the top two or three companies in the world in terms of all patents filed in the US as a private company.
+Below are profiles of IBM employees over the last ten years.
+In 2003, it had 300,000 employees, or 330,000, of which 135,000 were in the United States and 9,000 in India.
+With 400,000 employees in 2009, it now has 105,000 employees in the US and 100,000 in India.
+Well, in 2010 they decided not to publish this data anymore, so I had to make some extrapolations based on various sources.
+Here's my best guess. have understood? I'm not saying this is an exact number. This is my guess.
+It makes me feel trendy.
+IBM currently has 433,000 employees, of which 98,000 remain in the US and 150,000 remain in India.
+Is IBM an American company or an Indian company? (Laughter) Thank you very much everyone. (applause)
+Alison Hunt: My three minutes haven't started yet, have I?
+Chris Anderson: No, you can't start at 3 minutes.
+Reset 3 minutes, that's unfair.
+AH: Oh my God, it's tough here.
+I mean, I'm still pretty nervous.
+But I'm not as nervous as I was five weeks ago.
+I had a total hip replacement 5 weeks ago.
+Do you know that operation?
+Power saws, power drills, unless you're David Bolinski, utterly disgusting. In that case it's all true and beautiful.
+Sure David, if it's not your waist, it's true and it's beauty.
+Anyway, I had a really big epiphany about this situation and Chris invited me to talk about it.
+But before that, I need you to know two things about me.
+Just two things.
+I am Canadian and the youngest of 7 siblings.
+Canada now has an excellent healthcare system.
+That means you can get a new hip joint for free.
+And I'm the youngest of seven children, so I've never been at the forefront of anything. OK?
+So my lower back hurt for years.
+I finally went to the doctor and it was free.
+And she referred me to an orthopedic surgeon, also free.
+After waiting 10 months, almost a year, I finally got to see him.
+That's what you get for free.
+I met with the surgeon, took some free X-rays, and had a good look. Even I, who actually works in marketing, knew that I had bad hip joints.
+So he said, "Alison, I have to get you to the table.
+I'm going to replace your hip, wait about 18 months. "
+18 months to go.
+I had already waited 10 months and had to wait another 18 months.
+The wait was so long that I actually started thinking in terms of TED.
+I wouldn't have had a new hip for this TED.
+Africa wouldn't have had a new hip for TEDGlobal.
+I wouldn't have made a new hip joint for TED2008.
+I would still have a bad back. It was very disappointing.
+So when I left his office and was walking through the hospital, I had an epiphany.
+This youngest of seven siblings had to put himself at the head of the line.
+oh yeah.
+Can you tell me how un-Canadian that is?
+We don't think so.
+I won't talk about it. It is not even subject to consideration.
+In fact, that's how we identify with the same Canadians when we travel abroad.
+"Go ahead." "Oh, no, no. After you."
+Hey are you from Canada? "Oh, me too! Hello!"
+"Wow wow!"
+No, suddenly I'm comfortable taking any geek off the list.
+A 70 year old man who wanted a new hip to get back into golf and gardening.
+no no head of the column.
+So by this time I was walking in the lobby and of course I needed a sign because my lower back hurt.
+And I saw the sign.
+In the window of the hospital's small gift shop was a sign that read, "Volunteers Wanted." Hmm.
+Well, they signed me right away.
+No reference checking. None of the usual background stuff.
+The average age of volunteers at the hospital's gift shop was 75, so they were in desperate need of volunteers.
+yes. They needed young blood.
+So, next you know, I was wearing a bright blue volunteer vest, had a photo ID, and was fully trained by my 89-year-old boss.
+I worked alone.
+Every Friday morning I was in the gift shop.
+While ringing the tic tac of the hospital staff, I casually asked, "What are you doing?"
+Then I said to them, 'Well, I'm going to have a hip replacement in 18 months.
+Once the pain subsides, you will feel much better. Wow! "
+The entire staff got to know this brave young volunteer.
+My next surgeon appointment happened to be right after the gift shop shift.
+Naturally, I had my vest and ID.
+I hung it casually on the chair in the examination room.
+And you know, when he came in, I knew he saw them.
+Shortly thereafter, with the surgery date just a few weeks away, I received a flood of prescriptions for Percocet.
+Well, rumor has it that it was my volunteer work that actually got me to the front of the line.
+And you know, I'm not even ashamed of it.
+There are two reasons.
+First of all, I would like to take care of this new hip joint.
+However, I plan to continue volunteering. That actually leads me to the biggest epiphany of them all.
+Even if Canadians cheat the system, they do it in a way that benefits society.
+So, last month, we announced that Encyclopedia Britannica would be out of print for the first time in 244 years. I missed it. I remember playing games with a giant encyclopedia in my hometown library about 12 years ago as a kid. Year.
+Then I wondered if I could update the game not only with modern methods, but also with the modern me.
+So I tried.
+I went to Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, and typed in the term "Earth."
+You can start anywhere, but this time I chose Earth.
+And the first rule of the game is very simple.
+Read the article until you find something you don't know, and hopefully your dad doesn't.
+And in this case, I found this immediately. The farthest point from the center of the Earth is the tip of this mountain, not the tip of Mount Everest as I think it is. Mount Chimborazo, Ecuador.
+Of course, because the Earth rotates as it moves around the Sun, the center of the Earth bulges a bit like some Earthlings.
+And while Mount Chimborazo isn't the highest mountain in the Andes, it is 1 degree off the equator and rides on its bulge, making its summit the furthest point on earth from the center of the earth.
+And it's really fun to say it.
+So I quickly decided that this would be the name of the game, my new exclamation point.
+It can also be used at TED.
+Chimborazo, right?
+It feels like "Eureka" and "Bingo" have a child.
+i didn't know that. That's nice.
+Chimborazo!
+Therefore, the rules of the following game are also very simple.
+I'll have to find another term and look it up.
+In the old days, that meant taking out a book and browsing through it alphabetically, which might get sidetracked, but it was fun.
+There are now hundreds of links to choose from.
+You can literally go anywhere in the world. I was already in Ecuador and I think I decided to click on the word "tropical".
+It took me to this wet, warm tropics that surrounds the earth.
+I knew that much about the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Capricorn, but this little fact surprised me. They are real, not cartographer lines like latitude or borders between nations. Astronomical phenomena occur and change due to the tilt of the earth.
+they move. They go up, they go down.
+In fact, for many years Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn have been drifting steadily toward the equator at a rate of about 15 meters per year, but no one ever told me that.
+I did not know.
+Chimborazo!
+Therefore, to continue the game, you will have to find another term and look it up.
+Since we are already in the tropics, we chose "Rainforest".
+It is famous for its diversity, the diversity of human beings.
+There are still dozens of uncontacted tribes living on this planet.
+They are all over the world, but virtually all live in rainforests.
+This is the only place you can go today and not "friend".
+The link I clicked here was exotic at first, but downright mysterious at the last minute.
+It describes leopards, ring bears, poison dart frogs, boa constrictors, and beetles, which turned out to be beetles.
+Now I clicked on this on purpose, but if I somehow ended up here by mistake, the band refers to the "Beatles" and the car refers to the "Volkswagen Beetle". Please, but I'm a beetle here. .
+This is the most successful order on earth.
+Beetles make up 20-25 percent of all life on Earth, including plants.
+It means that next time you go to the grocery store, look at the four people in front of you in line.
+Statistically one of you is a beetle.
+And if that's you, you're adapting surprisingly well.
+The museum has scavenger beetles that strip skin and flesh from bones.
+There are predator beetles that attack other insects and still look very cute to us.
+There is a beetle that rolls small clumps of dung far across the desert floor to feed its newly hatched chicks.
+This reminded the ancient Egyptians of the god Khepri, who renewed the sun's sphere every morning. This is how the dung-rolling scarab became the sacred scarab of Pharaoh Tutankhamun's breastplate.
+I remembered that beetles have the most romantic flirtation in the animal kingdom.
+Fireflies are not flies, fireflies are beetles.
+Fireflies are beetles, and beetles also communicate in other ways.
+The following link is the chemical language of pheromones.
+Well, the pheromone page took me to a video of sea urchins having sex.
+yes.
+(laughs) And a link to aphrodisiacs.
+It's a sexual desire booster, probably chocolate.
+Chocolate contains a compound called phenethylamine, which may have aphrodisiac effects.
+However, as the article states, phenethylamine taken orally is unlikely to reach the brain because the enzyme breaks it down.
+Therefore, those who only eat chocolate may need to give it a try.
+I clicked on the link "Magic of Empathy" here mainly because I understand what both of these words mean.
+But not when they are together like that.
+I like sympathy I like magic
+So, click on "empathy magic" and you will see empathy magic and voodoo dolls.
+This means the boy in me got lucky again.
+The magic of empathy is imitation.
+If you imitate something, you may be able to influence something.
+That's the idea behind voodoo dolls, and perhaps cave paintings as well.
+A link to cave paintings takes me to some of the oldest art known to mankind.
+I would love to see the interior of some of these caves on Google Maps.
+We have works of art that are tens of thousands of years old.
+Common themes around the world include imprints of large wild animals and human hands (usually the left hand).
+We have been a predominantly right-handed tribe for thousands of years. So while we don't know why a Paleolithic man would trace his hand or spray pigment from a tube, we can easily imagine how he did it.
+And I don't think it's all that different from our own little handedness avatar out there. Click on the term "Hands" that we will use from now on to go to the "Hands" page. The most enjoyable and possibly embarrassing bit of trivia I've found in a long time. It's simple: the back of the hand is officially called the opistener.
+It's embarrassing. Because every time I used to say, "I know it like the back of my hand," I actually said, "I know about it very well, I just don't know." Weird name, right? "
+The link I clicked here says that lemurs, monkeys and chimpanzees have small opisteners.
+Click on a chimpanzee to see its closest genetic relatives.
+The name we gave him Pan Troglodyte means "cave-dweller".
+he is not.
+He lives in rainforests and savannas.
+It's just that we always think that this guy is behind us, evolutionarily or somehow eerily creeping up on us, and in some cases, taking his place before us. I'm just there.
+Like my next link, almost fascinating link, Ham the Astro Chimpanzee.
+I clicked on him and in fact I really thought he would let me go full circle twice.
+He was born in Cameroon. Cameroon sits in the middle of my tropical map, and more specifically, his skeleton was hoisted up in the Smithsonian Institution and picked up clean by a beetle.
+Between these two landmarks in Hamm's life, he flew into space.
+He did it a few months before Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, the first man to make a zero-gravity flight and re-enter the atmosphere.
+Click on Yuri Gagarin's page and you'll see this amazingly short man of great heroism.
+The highest estimate, the Soviet estimate, is that this man was 1.65 meters tall, or less than 5.5 feet maximum height, probably due to being malnourished as a child.
+Germans occupied Russia.
+A Nazi officer took over the Gagarin family, and he and his family built an earthen hut to live in.
+Years later, that cramped mud hut boy grew up to be the man who volunteered to be launched into space in a cramped capsule at the tip of a rocket, the first of us to physically leave Earth. became a human being.
+And he didn't just leave it, he circled it once.
+50 years later, in memory of the International Space Station, which is still there tonight, its orbit was filmed at exactly the same time as Gagarin's orbit, and more than 100 footages can be viewed online. It must have been an absolutely mesmerizing ride for a few minutes, perhaps a solitary one, and it was the first time anyone had seen anything like it.
+Once you've got the hang of it, click another link.
+can come back to earth.
+Go back to where you started.
+You can finish the game.
+You just need to find out one more fact you didn't know.
+And for me, I got to this very quickly. The Earth has a tolerance of about 0.17 percent from the reference spheroid, which is less than the 0.22 percent allowed for billiard balls.
+This is the kind of fact I loved when I was a boy.
+i found it myself.
+There are some calculations I can do as well.
+I'm sure your father doesn't know.
+What this means is that if you could shrink the Earth to the size of a billiard ball, it would be filled with astronauts, barbarian tribes, chimpanzees, voodoo dolls, and all the mountaintops, caves, and rainforests. Fireflies, chocolate and sea creatures that love each other in the deep blue sea. Just scale it down to the size of a billiard ball and it will be as smooth as a billiard ball. It's probably a billiard ball with a slight bulge near the center.
+That's nice.
+I did not know that.
+Chimborazo!
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So a few weeks ago a friend of mine gifted this toy car to his 8 year old son.
+But instead of going to the store and buying it, as we usually do, he went to this website, downloaded a file, and printed it on this printer.
+So this idea of ​​being able to digitally manufacture objects using these machines is what The Economist defined as the Third Industrial Revolution.
+In fact, I would argue that another revolution is taking place. It has to do with open source hardware and the maker movement. Because the printer my friend was using to print his toys is actually open source.
+If you go to the same website, you can download all the files you need to build that printer (build files, hardware, software, all instructions are there).
+Also this is part of a large community with thousands of people around the world actually creating this kind of printer and it's all open source so there's a lot of innovation going on .
+You don't need anyone's permission to make something great.
+And the space is like a personal computer in 1976, like Apple vying with other companies, and in a few years we'll see Apple in this kind of market.
+Now, one more interesting thing.
+I say the electronics are open source because at the heart of this printer is something I really love. These Arduino boards, the motherboard that powers this printer, are a project I've been working on. For the past 7 years.
+This is an open source project.
+I worked with friends here.
+So the five of us, two Americans, two Italians, and one Spanish — (laughter) You know, this is a global project. (Laughter) So we got together at a design institute called the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea. I taught interaction design there. The idea is that you can take your design from the simple shape of an object and take it forward to design how it interacts. with things.
+When designing objects that are supposed to interact with humans, it doesn't make sense if you create a foamy model of a cell phone.
+You have to have something to actually interact with people.
+So we worked on Arduino and many other projects to create a student-friendly platform. This allowed students to build only things that worked, but it didn't take them five years to become an electronic engineer. . I have one month.
+So how can we make something that even kids can use?
+And in fact, with Arduino, kids like Sylvia seen here are actually creating projects with Arduino.
+I've had 11 year olds stop by to show me what I've built for the Arduino and it's really scary to see the abilities they have when you give them the tools.
+So let's see what happens when we create tools that anyone can pick up and build something right out of the box. One of my favorite examples to start this discussion is this cat feeder example.
+The gentleman who created this project had two cats.
+One was sick and the other was healthy so I had to make sure they were eating the right food.
+So he created something that recognizes cats with a chip attached to their collars and allows them to feed when the door is opened.
+It's made from recycled old CD players, cardboard, tape, some sensors and some blinking LEDs from old computers. And suddenly you have the tools. Build something you can't find on the market.
+And I like this phrase. "Please scratch your own itch".
+If you have an idea, put it into action immediately and it will come true in no time.
+This is the same as sketching on paper using an electronic device.
+One of the characteristics that I think is important about our work is that in addition to our hardware being lovingly made in Italy, as you can see behind the circuit (laughs), it's open It means that All of the circuit design files are online so you can download them and use them to create, modify, or learn.
+When I was studying programming, I learned by looking at other people's code, and by looking at other people's circuits in magazines.
+Looking at other people's work is a good way to learn.
+Therefore, the hardware is released under a Creative Commons license, as all the various elements of the project are open.
+I like this idea of ​​hardware becoming part of a culture that is shared and built on, like the songs and poems of Creative Commons.
+Or the software is GPL, so it's also open source.
+The documentation and hands-on teaching methodology are also open source and released under Creative Commons.
+Only the name is protected, so you can tell people exactly what's an Arduino and what's not.
+Now, the Arduino itself is made up of various open source components that would probably be too difficult for a 12 year old to use individually, so Arduino tries to bring it all together into a mashup of open source technologies. The best user experience to get anything done quickly.
+So there is such a situation that some people in Chile decided to build their own boards instead of buying them in order to run a workshop and save money. Alternatively, there are companies, probably 150 or so at this point, that make their own variations of the Arduino to fit specific markets.
+It's made by a company called Adafruit, run by a woman named Limor Fried, also known as Ladyada, one of the heroes of the open source hardware and maker movement.
+So the idea is that we can have a kind of turbocharged new DIY community that believes in open source, collaborates, collaborates online, collaborates in different spaces.
+There is a magazine called Make. This is a collection of all these people and put together as a community to explain a very technical project in a very simple language and beautifully typeset.
+Or there are websites like this site and Instructables where people actually teach each other about something.
+So this is about an Arduino project, a page on your screen, but practically this is where you learn how to make cakes and everything else.
+Let's take a look at some projects.
+So this is a quadcopter.
+A model of a small helicopter.
+It's kind of a toy, right?
+This was military technology a few years ago, but is now open source, easy to use, and available for purchase online.
+DIY Drones is a community. They're doing something called ArduCopter.
+But then someone actually launched a startup called Matternet. So I realized that I could actually use this to transport things from one village in Africa to another, and the fact that it was easy to find, open source, and easy to hack. allowed us to create company prototypes very quickly.
+Or any other project. Matt Richardson: I got a little tired of hearing about the same people over and over on TV, so I decided to do something about it.
+In this Arduino project I call "Enough Already", the TV is muted whenever any of these overexposed figures are mentioned. (laughs) I will show you how to make it. (Applause) MB: Look at this.
+MR: Our producer met with Kim Kardashian earlier today to ask what she was going to wear — MB: Huh? (Laughter) MR: It should do a pretty good job of protecting our ears so we don't have to hear about the details of Kim Kardashian's wedding.
+MB: Okay. Again, what's interesting here is that Matt found this module on an Arduino that can process TV signals, found code written by others to generate infrared signals for TVs, and put it all together in this awesome You have created a project.
+Arduinos are also used in serious places such as the Large Hadron Collider.
+I have some Arduino balls that collect data and measure some parameters.
+Or uses — (music) This is a music interface created by a student from Italy who is now turning it into a product. Because a student project became a product.
+Alternatively, it can be used to make auxiliary equipment.
+This is a glove that understands sign language, converts your gestures into sounds, and writes the words you sign on the display. And again, it's made up of various parts that you can find on any website that sells an Arduino. Combine compatible parts to create a project.
+Alternatively, this is a project by the ITP department at New York University. So they met this boy, who is severely disabled and unable to play on his PS3, and created this device that allows him to play baseball even with limited motor skills.
+Alternatively, you can also find it in art projects.
+This is txtBomber.
+Put a message in this device and roll it on the wall. It basically has all the solenoids that push the button on the spray can, so you just pull it over the wall and all the political messages are written on the wall. .
+So yes. (Applause) So here we have this plant.
+These are called Botanicals. Because we have an Arduino ball with a Wi-Fi module inside the plant to measure the health of the plant and create a Twitter account where we can actually interact with the plant. (Laughter.) This plant starts saying, "It's so hot," or there's a lot of plants that say, "I need water now." (Laughter.) So it just gives the plant a personality.
+Alternatively, this is what a baby in a pregnant woman's womb chirps when she kicks it. (Laughter) Or this is a 14-year-old kid from Chile who created a system to detect earthquakes and published it on Twitter.
+He has 280,000 followers.
+He was 14 years old and anticipated a government project a year ago. (Applause.) Or there are other projects like the Harry Potter movies that can basically tell you where your family is by analyzing your family's Twitter feed.
+Therefore, all information about this project can be found on the website.
+Or someone made a chair that chirps when someone farts. (Laughter) The interesting thing is that in 2009, Gizmodo basically defined this project as really giving meaning to Twitter, and that project has changed a lot in that time. (Laughter) It's a very serious project.
+When the Fukushima disaster happened, many people in Japan realized that the information provided by the government was not very open and reliable, so they built this Geiger counter, Arduino, and network interface. They made 100 of them and gave them to people all over Japan. Basically, the data they collect is published to another website they built called Cosm, so you get real-time, reliable information from the field. Get impartial information.
+This machine is from the DIY bio movement, one of the necessary steps to process DNA, and again, completely open source from the start.
+Or suppose a student in a developing country is building a replica of an expensive scientific instrument.
+We're actually just building it ourselves with an Arduino and a few parts at a much lower cost.
+This is a pH probe.
+Or, like these kids, some are from Spain.
+They learned how to program and build robots when they were probably around 11 years old, and then started building soccer-playing robots with Arduino. They built Arduino-based robots and became world champions.
+So when we had to build our own educational robot, we just went up to them and said: "You designed it because you know exactly what it takes to build a great robot that excites children."
+not me. i am an old man
+What should we get excited about? (Laughter) But for me, in terms of educational assets. (Laughter) Companies like Google are also using this technology to create interfaces between phones, tablets, and the real world.
+So while Google's Accessory Development Kit is open source and based on Arduino, Apple's Accessory Development Kit is closed source and NDA applies, so give Apple your life. here you are
+There's a huge maze, Joey is sitting there, and the maze moves when you tilt the tablet.
+Also, I'm from Italy, where design is important, but it's very conservative.
+So we worked with a design studio in Milan called Habits to create this completely open source mirror.
+It can also be used as an iPod speaker.
+So the idea is that the hardware, software, object design, manufacturing, everything about this project is open source and you can build it yourself.
+So we want other designers to pick this up and learn how to make great devices, and learn how to make interactive products starting with real things.
+But what happens to all these ideas when you come up with this idea?
+We have thousands of ideas and it takes 7 hours to present them all.
+It doesn't take all 7 hours. thank you.
+But let's start with this example. The group that started the company, Pebble, prototyped a watch that could communicate with a mobile phone via Bluetooth and display information. They then built a prototype using an old LCD screen from a Nokia phone and an Arduino.
+And when they had the final project, they actually went to Kickstarter and asked for $100,000 to build and sell some projects.
+They got $10 million.
+They have fully funded and created a startup company. You don't need to involve VCs or anything, just get people excited with a great project.
+The last project I want to show you is this. It is called ArduSat. We are currently participating in Kickstarter, so please join us if you can help us.
+It's a satellite that goes into space, and it's probably the least open source thing imaginable, containing an Arduino connected to a bunch of sensors. So if you know how to use an Arduino, you can actually upload your experiments to this satellite and run them.
+So imagine. Suppose a high school owns a satellite for a week so that it can conduct such a satellite space experiment.
+As I said earlier, there are many examples, but I'll stop here. And I want to thank the Arduino community for being the best and creating so many projects every day.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) And thank you to the community.
+Chris Anderson: Massimo, you told me earlier today that of course you never imagined it would take off like this.
+MB: No.
+CA: I mean, how do you feel when you read this and see what you've unlocked?
+MB: Well, it's a lot of people's work, so we as a community enable people to make great things, so it's just overwhelming.
+However, this is difficult to explain.
+I wake up every morning to see everything my Google Alerts send me, and it's truly amazing. It's branching out into every field you can imagine.
+CA: Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+openness. A word that expresses opportunity or possibility.
+Open ended, open hearth, open source, open door policy, open bar. (Laughter) And everywhere the world is open, and that's a good thing.
+why did this happen?
+The world is opening up due to the technological revolution.
+Yesterday's Internet was a platform for presenting content.
+Today's Internet is a computing platform.
+The Internet is becoming a giant global computer, and every time you access the Internet, you upload a video, do a Google search, remix something, program this giant global computer that we all share. It means that
+Humanity is building machines that will allow us to collaborate in new ways.
+Collaboration can occur on astronomical levels.
+Now, a new generation is also opening up the world.
+I started working with children about 15 years ago, actually 20 years ago now. And when I realized that my kids had no trouble using this sophisticated technology, my first reaction was, "My kids are geniuses!" (Laughter.) But then I realized that all their friends were just like them. So it was a bad theory.
+So, I started working with hundreds of kids and came to the conclusion that this generation was the first to come of age and be bathed in bits in the digital age.
+I call them the Net Generation.
+I said, "These kids are different."
+They are not afraid of technology. Because the technology isn't there.
+It's like air.
+I feel that the refrigerator is not scary.
+And — (laughter) And there is no force more powerful than first-generation digital natives to change any organization.
+I am a digital immigrant.
+I had to learn the language.
+The world is also opening up due to the global economic crisis.
+From the opaque institutions of the industrial age, to corporations, governments, media, and the old model of Wall Street, everything is in various stages of stagnation, freezing, shrinking, and even bankruptcy. are producing. .
+So, think about Wall Street.
+Wall Street's core modus operandi has nearly destroyed global capitalism.
+Well, you know the burning platform idea. That means you're in a place where the cost of staying where you are is higher than the cost of moving to something else, perhaps radically different.
+And we need to change and open up all institutions.
+The world is opening up, driven by this technology push, demographic changes driven by new generations, and demand driven by the new economic world environment.
+Now, in fact, I think we are at a tipping point in human history, when we can finally rebuild many institutions of the industrial age based on a new set of principles.
+So what is openness?
+After all, openness has many meanings, each with corresponding principles of civilizational transformation.
+The first is collaboration.
+Now, this is opening in the sense that the tissue boundaries become more porous, fluid and open.
+The guy in the picture here, let's talk about him.
+His name is Rob McEwen.
+I'd like to say, "I have this think tank, and I'm looking around the world for great examples."
+I know this story because he is my neighbor. (Laughter) He actually moved across the street from us and had a cocktail party to meet his neighbors and he said, 'You're Don Tapscott.
+I read some of your books. "
+I said, "Great, what are you doing?"
+And he said, "I used to be a banker, but now I'm a gold miner."
+And he told me this wonderful story.
+He took over this gold mine, but his geologist couldn't tell him where the gold was.
+He gives them more money for geological data, but they return but are unable to tell him where to start production.
+Years later he was so frustrated that he was about to give up, but one day he had an epiphany.
+"If geologists don't know where the gold is," he wonders, "maybe someone else does."
+So he takes a "radical" action.
+He takes geological data, publishes it, and hosts an online competition called the Goldcorp Challenge.
+Basically, a $500,000 prize will be awarded to anyone who has money with me or can tell me where to find it. (Laughter) He receives applications from all over the world.
+They use a technique he has never heard of and Rob McEwen finds $3.4 billion worth of gold in a $500,000 prize.
+His company's market value ranges from $90 million to $10 billion. He's my next-door neighbor so I can say he's a happy camper. (Laughter.) You know, conventional wisdom says that talent is on the inside, right?
+Your most valuable asset is hauled out of the elevator every night.
+He saw talent differently.
+He wondered who their companions were.
+He should have quit the geology department, but he didn't.
+As you know, some of the best submissions don't come from geologists.
+They come from computer scientists and engineers.
+The winner was a computer graphics company that built a three-dimensional model of the mine that allowed a helicopter to go underground to see where the gold was.
+He helped us understand that social media is becoming social production.
+It's not about connecting online.
+This is a new means of production currently under development.
+And this ideagora that he created, an open marketplace for uniquely qualified brains, the agora, is part of the change, the deep structure and architecture of our organization and the way we innovate and It was a big shift in how we regulated our ability to produce commodities. and how to engage with the rest of the world in terms of services, governments and create public value.
+Openness is collaboration.
+Second, openness is transparency.
+This is different. Here we are talking about the communication of relevant information to the stakeholders of the organization such as employees, customers, business partners and shareholders.
+And everywhere, our organizations are getting naked.
+People are all sick about WikiLeaks, but that's just the tip of the iceberg.
+Powerful tools now readily available to people, not just Julian Assange, to find out what's going on, scrutinize it, inform others, and even organize a collective response I have.
+Institutions are getting naked, and if you're going to get naked, there are some natural consequences.
+So, for one, fitness is no longer an option. (laughter) Do you know? Or if you're going naked, you'd better put on a buff.
+Well, buff means it should have excellent value because its value has been proven like never before.
+You said you have good products.
+they should be better
+But we also need values.
+You have to have integrity as part of your bones as an organization and as part of your DNA. Otherwise trust cannot be built, and trust is a prerequisite in this new networked world.
+So this is good. not bad.
+Sunlight is the best disinfectant.
+And in this difficult world we need a lot of sunlight.
+Now, the third meaning of openness and its corresponding principle is about sharing.
+This is different from transparency.
+Transparency is about communicating information.
+Sharing means giving up assets or intellectual property.
+And there are various famous stories about this.
+IBM donated $400 million in software to the Linux movement, making billions of dollars from it.
+Well, conventional wisdom says, "Our intellectual property is ours, and if someone tries to infringe on it, we will call our attorneys and sue them." .
+Well, it didn't go so well for the record companies.
+In other words, rather than experiencing technological disruption and innovating their business models to respond, they took legal solutions and sought legal solutions. And the industry that created Elvis and the Beatles is now suing children and putting them at risk. of collapse.
+Therefore, we need to think differently about intellectual property.
+Let's take an example.
+The pharmaceutical industry is in serious trouble.
+First of all, there aren't that many big inventions in the works. This is a big problem for human health and an even bigger problem for the pharmaceutical industry. We are falling off what is called the patent cliff. .
+do you know about this?
+You will lose 20-35 percent of your revenue over the next 12 months.
+So what are you going to do with less paper clips or something? no.
+We need to reinvent the entire model of scientific research.
+The pharmaceutical industry needs to put assets on commons. They should start sharing pre-competitive research.
+They need to start sharing clinical trial data, and in doing so create an uptick that could lift not just the industry, but all of humanity's ships.
+Now, the fourth meaning of openness and its corresponding principle concerns empowerment.
+And I'm not talking about a sense of motherhood here.
+Knowledge and intelligence are power, and as the decentralization of knowledge and intelligence progresses, so does the attendant decentralization and decentralization and decentralization of power in today's world.
+An open world brings freedom.
+Now consider the Arab Spring.
+The debate on the role of social media and social change is settled.
+In a word, Tunisia.
+And it ended up containing a lot of other words as well.
+But in the Tunisian Revolution, the new media did not cause the revolution. It was caused by injustice.
+Social media didn't create the revolution. It was founded by a new generation of young people who wanted work and hope and no longer wanted to be treated as subjects.
+But just as the Internet lowers the cost of transactions and collaborations in business and government, it also lowers the cost of dissent, rebellion, and even rioting in ways people don't understand.
+As you know, regime snipers killed unarmed students in the streets during the Tunisian Revolution.
+So the students grabbed their mobile devices, took a picture, triangulated the location, and sent the picture to a friendly military unit, who rushed in and took out the snipers.
+Do you think social media is about connecting online?
+For these children, it was a military tool to protect unarmed people from killers.
+It was a tool of self-defense.
+As we speak today, young people are being killed in Syria. Up until three months ago, if I was injured on the road, an ambulance would pick me up and take me to the hospital where I would be hospitalized. For example, you might come out with a broken leg and a bullet to the head.
+So these 20-somethings built an alternative medicine system. So what they did was, using Twitter and basic public tools, when someone got hurt, a car would show up, pick them up, and take them to a makeshift clinic. bottom. A place where you can be treated rather than executed.
+So now is the time for big changes.
+Well, not without problems.
+Up until two years ago, every revolution in human history had a leader, and when the old regime collapsed, leaders and organizations would come to power.
+Well, these wiki revolutions happen so quickly that they create a vacuum, but politics hates that vacuum. And unfavorable forces, typically old-establishment, extremist, or fundamentalist forces, can fill the void.
+You can see this being done in Egypt today.
+But this is moving forward, so it doesn't matter.
+The train has left the station. A cat came out of the bag.
+A horse came out of the barn. Please help me here, okay?
+(Laughter) The toothpaste came out of the tube.
+I mean, I'm not going to undo this.
+An open world brings authority and freedom.
+By the end of these four days, I think we'll come to the conclusion that the arc of history is a positive one, moving towards opening up.
+Hundreds of years ago, it was a very closed society all over the world.
+It was agriculture, the means of production and the political system called feudalism, and knowledge was concentrated in the church and the nobility.
+People didn't know about things.
+There was no concept of progress.
+You were born, you lived a life, and you died.
+But then Johannes Gutenberg brought great inventions and society opened up over time.
+People began to learn about things, and when they did, the institutions of feudal society seemed stagnant, frozen, or failing.
+It doesn't make sense for the church to be responsible for medical care when people have the knowledge.
+There we saw the Protestant Reformation.
+Martin Luther called the printing press "God's supreme act of grace."
+The founding of corporations, the founding of science, the founding of universities, and finally the Industrial Revolution, and it was all good.
+But it came at a price.
+And now the tech genie is out of the bottle again, but not this time.
+The printing press gave us access to the written word.
+Thanks to the internet, each of us can be a producer.
+The printing press has given us access to recorded knowledge.
+The Internet gives us access not only to information and knowledge, but to the intelligence contained within the heads of other people on a global scale.
+For me, this is the age of networked intelligence, not the information age.
+It is an era of great promise, an era of cooperation, an era where the boundaries of our organizations are changing, an era of transparency, an era when sunlight sanitizes civilization, an era of sharing and understanding the new power of the commons, an era of empowerment. is. free.
+Now, finally, I would like to share with you some research that I have been doing.
+I have tried to study all kinds of tissues to understand what the future holds, but these days I study nature.
+As you know, bees come in swarms and fish come in swarms.
+In the area around Edinburgh in the English wilderness, starlings come with a call called 'babble'. "River" refers to the rustling of bird feathers, and starlings fly throughout the day in a 20-mile radius. To do things like their starlings.
+And at night they come together to create one of nature's most spectacular creations. It is called "Seseragi".
+And the scientists who studied this say they have never seen an accident.
+Well, this has functionality.
+It protects the birds.
+Visible to the right is a predator being chased away by the strength of a flock of birds. For starling predators, this is apparently terrifying.
+There is leadership, but the leader is not alone.
+Now, is this some kind of fancy analogy, or can we actually learn something from this?
+Now, tweets have the ability to record a number of principles, and they are basically the principles I explained to you today.
+This is a massive collaboration.
+It's about openness, about sharing all kinds of information about food sources, not just places, trajectories, dangers, etc.
+And there's a real sense of interdependence, with individual birds somehow understanding that their interests are in the group's interests.
+Perhaps just as we need to understand that no business can thrive in a world that is failing.
+Well, seeing this gives me a lot of hope.
+If you think about the children of today in the Arab Spring, you can see this kind of thing going on.
+And imagine. Consider this idea. What if we could connect ourselves to this world through a vast network of air and glass?
+Can we do more than simply share information and knowledge?
+May we start sharing our intelligence?
+Can we create some kind of collective intelligence beyond individuals, groups and teams, perhaps to create some kind of consciousness on a global scale?
+If we can do this, we may be able to solve some of the world's biggest problems.
+And I look at this and I don't know, maybe this little, networked open world that our kids are taking over for the better, and this networked intelligence I have great hope that a new era may come true. A time of promises fulfilled and unrequited danger.
+let's do this thank you.
+(applause)
+So I am a woman with chronic schizophrenia.
+I spent hundreds of days in mental hospitals.
+I could have spent most of my life in the back ward of a hospital, but my life was not.
+In fact, I've lived away from hospitals for almost 30 years. This is probably my proudest achievement.
+However, I have not avoided all psychiatric battles.
+After I graduated from Yale Law School and got my first law job, New Haven analyst Dr. announced that it will close.
+White helped me a lot, but the thought of him leaving devastated me.
+My best friend Steve felt something was terribly wrong and flew to New Haven to be with me.
+Here are some excerpts from my work. "I opened the door of my studio apartment.
+Steve later said that he had seen me mentally ill many times, but nothing prepared me for what he saw that day.
+I hadn't eaten anything in over a week.
+I was emaciated. I walked as if my feet were trees.
+My face looked and felt like a mask.
+I closed all the curtains in my apartment, so it was almost pitch black even during the day.
+The air stinks and the room is a mess.
+Steve is a lawyer and psychologist who has treated many patients with severe mental illness and I would still say he was worse than any patient I have ever seen.
+"Hello," I said, then went back to the sofa and sat in silence for a while.
+"Thank you for coming, Steve.
+A crumbling world, words and voices.
+I tell you to stop the clock.
+the time is. The time has come. 'White's gone,' Steve said darkly.
+"I'm being pushed into the grave. It's serious," I groaned.
+"Gravity is pulling me down.
+I'm scared. Please tell me to run away. As a young woman, I was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for extended periods on three different occasions.
+Doctors diagnosed me with chronic schizophrenia and gave me a "severe" prognosis.
+So, at best, I was expected to live off the board and be cared for and get a simple job.
+Luckily, I didn't actually carry out such a serious prediction.
+Instead, I am the Chair of Law, Psychology, and Psychiatry at USC Gould Law School, and I have many close friends and a loving husband, Will, who is here today.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+He's definitely the star of my show.
+I would like to talk about the background and my experience of becoming a psychopath.
+I hasten to add that this is my experience. Because everyone gets psychotic in their own way.
+Let's start with the definition of schizophrenia.
+Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain.
+It is characterized by psychosis, or disconnection from reality.
+Delusions and hallucinations are characteristic of this disease.
+Delusions are fixed false beliefs that do not respond to evidence, and hallucinations are false sensory experiences.
+For example, when I become psychotic, I often have delusions that my thoughts have killed hundreds of thousands of people.
+Sometimes I have a premonition that a nuclear explosion is about to occur in my brain.
+Occasionally, I have hallucinations, like when I turn around and see a man with a knife.
+Imagine having a nightmare while you are awake.
+In many cases, words and thoughts are confused to the point of incoherence.
+Loose association is the combination of words that are similar but do not make sense, and when the words are jumbled enough, it is called a "word salad."
+Contrary to what many people think, schizophrenia is not the same as multiple personality disorder or split personalities.
+The schizophrenic mind is shattered, not split.
+We've all seen homeless, perhaps malnourished, homeless people standing outside their office buildings talking to themselves and screaming.
+This person may have some form of schizophrenia.
+However, schizophrenia manifests itself in a wide range of socioeconomic status, and some people with the disease are full-time professionals with significant responsibility.
+A few years ago I decided to write down my experience and personal journey. Today I want to share a little more of that story to give you an inside look.
+The following episode happened during the seventh week of my first semester of my first year at Yale Law School.
+To quote from my post: "Two of my classmates, Rebel and Val, and I had arranged to meet in the law school library on Friday night to work on a memo assignment together.
+But it didn't go very far before I started gibberish.
+"The note is a visit," I told them.
+"They make certain points. The point is above the head.
+Pat used to say that. did you kill someone? Rebel and Val looked at me as if cold water had been poured on my face.
+"What are you talking about, Erin?"
+It's a flat surface. Safe. 'rebel and val followed and asked what got into me.
+"This is who I really am," I proclaimed, waving my arms over my head.
+And then, late Friday night, on the roof of Yale Law School, I started singing, not quietly.
+"Come to Sunshine Bush, Florida."
+do you dance? 'Are you taking your medicine?' asked one. 'Are you high?' 'High? myself? No, no drugs.
+Come to Sunshine Bush in Florida, there are lemons and lemons make devils. 'You're scaring me,' said one of them, and Rebel and Val returned to the library.
+I shrugged and followed them.
+Back indoors, I asked my classmates if they had the same experience with the language as I did.
+"I think someone hacked into my copy of the case," I said.
+"You have to put the joint in the case.
+I don't believe in the existence of joints, but they are the ones that hold the body together. ” -- This is an example of a loose connection. -- "Eventually I returned to my dorm room, but once I got there, I couldn't settle down." Below.
+My head was filled with noise, orange trees, unwriteable legal notes, and the mass murders I knew I was responsible for.
+Sitting on my bed, I rocked back and forth moaning with fear and loneliness. "
+This episode led to my first hospitalization in America.
+I ate two in the UK before.
+"The next morning, I went to the professor's office to ask for an extension of my note assignment, and I started gibberish just like I had the night before, and eventually the professor sent me to the emergency room. took me to
+Once there, the person I simply call "The Doctor" and his entire team of bad guys swooped in, lifted me high into the air, and slammed me into a metal bed with enough force that I could see the stars.
+They then tied my legs and arms to the metal bed with thick leather straps.
+A sound I had never heard before came out of my mouth. It was half moaning, half screaming, almost inhuman and pure terror.
+Then I heard another sound, pushed out from somewhere in the back of my stomach, and rawly rubbed my throat. "
+This incident resulted in me being forced into the hospital.
+One of the reasons the doctors hospitalized me against my will was that I was "severely disabled."
+To support this view, they wrote in my chart that I had failed my Yale Law School homework.
+I wondered what that meant for much of the rest of New Haven.
+(Laughter) The next year I ended up spending five months in a mental hospital.
+At times, I spent as much as 20 hours in mechanical restraints with my arms tied, my arms and legs tied, and my arms and legs tied tightly to my chest with netting.
+I never hit anyone.
+I have never hurt anyone. I never made any direct threats.
+A person who has never restrained himself may have a benign image of the experience.
+There is nothing good about it.
+An estimated one to three people die in custody each week in the United States.
+Choking, inhaling vomit, choking, and heart attacks.
+It is unclear whether the use of mechanical restraints actually saves or costs lives.
+When I was preparing to write a student note on mechanical restraints in the Yale Law Journal, I consulted with a prominent law professor who is also a psychiatrist, and he agreed that restraints must be degrading, painful and frightening. I'm sure he would agree.
+He looked at me curiously and said, "Erin, you really don't get it. These people are insane.
+They are different from me and you.
+They will not experience bondage like we do. "
+At that moment, I didn't have the courage to tell him, "No, we're not that different from him."
+We hate being tied to a bed and suffering for hours more than he does.
+In fact, until recently, I think some people still hold the idea that restraints provide psychiatric patients with a sense of security.
+I have never met a psychopath who agreed with that idea.
+Today I would like to say that I am very much in favor of psychiatry, but very much against violence.
+I do not believe that force is an effective treatment, and that it is a terrible act to use force against someone who is seriously ill.
+Eventually, I came to Los Angeles to teach at the University of Southern California School of Law.
+Over the years, I have resisted taking medication and have tried many times to get off of it.
+I felt that if I could deal with it without drugs, it would prove that I was not really mentally ill after all, and that I had made a terrible mistake.
+My motto was that less medicine means less defects.
+Dr. Kaplan, an analyst in Los Angeles, advised me to stay on drugs and get on with my life, but I decided to give college one last try.
+To quote from the text, "I started to reduce the dose of the medicine and started to feel the effects in a short period of time.
+After returning from my trip to Oxford, I marched into Kaplan's office, headed straight to the corner, squatted over my face, and started shivering.
+Around me I felt an evil presence wielding a dagger.
+They cut me into thin slices and made me swallow hot coals.
+Kaplan later described me as "struggling in pain". I refused to take any more medication, even in this acute and progressive psychotic state, which he correctly termed.
+The mission is not yet completed.
+Shortly after my appointment with Kaplan, I went to see Dr. Marder, a schizophrenia specialist who had been following me about the side effects of the medication.
+He thought I had a mild mental illness.
+As I walked into his office, I sat on his couch, bent over, and started mumbling.
+"My head is exploding and people are trying to kill me.
+Is it okay to completely destroy your office? "If you're going to do that, you should quit," said Murder.
+'have understood. small. Make fire on ice. tell me not to kill me
+tell me not to kill me what did i do wrong?
+Hundreds of thousands of people have ideas and block them. "Erin, do you feel like you're a danger to yourself or to others?"
+I think I need to be hospitalized.
+You may be hospitalized soon, and everything may be very discreet. ' 'Hahaha.
+Are you going to put me in the hospital?
+Hospital is bad, angry, sad.
+People have to stay away. I am God, or I used to be.’” Where in the text I said, “I am God, or I used to be,” my husband made a marginal note.
+He said, "Did you quit or were you fired?"
+(Laughter) "'I give life, I take it.
+Forgive me, I have no idea what I'm doing. ’ In the end, I collapsed in front of my friends, and they convinced me to take more medicine.
+I could no longer deny or change the truth.
+The walls that separated me, Erin, Professor Sachs, and that mad woman who had been hospitalized years ago were shattered and ruined. "
+Everything about this disease says I shouldn't be here and I am. And I think there are three reasons why I do that. First, I have been treated wonderfully.
+Decades of continuous psychoanalytic psychotherapy 4-5 days a week, excellent psychopharmacology.
+Second, I have many close family and friends who know me and know about my illness.
+These relationships have given meaning and depth to my life. It also helped me get through life in the face of symptoms.
+Third, I work in a very supportive workplace at USC Law School.
+This is a place that not only meets my needs, but actually accommodates me.
+It's also a very intellectually stimulating place, and preoccupation with complex issues has been my best, most powerful, and most reliable defense against mental illness.
+Despite all of this, including excellent treatment, wonderful family and friends, and a supportive work environment, I did not disclose my illness until relatively late in life. It was because the stigma around mental illness was so strong that I didn't feel safe around people. what i know.
+If you can't hear anything else today, listen to this. "Schizophrenia" does not exist.
+There are people with schizophrenia. They may be your spouse, children, neighbors, friends, or colleagues.
+So let me finally share some thoughts.
+We need to invest more resources in research and treatment of mental illness.
+The better we understand these diseases, the better we can treat them, the better we can treat them, the less we need to use force and the more care we can give people. increase.
+We must also stop criminalizing mental illness.
+It is a national tragedy and scandal that the Los Angeles County Jail is the largest psychiatric institution in the United States.
+American prisons and detention centers are filled with people suffering from severe mental illness, many of whom are incarcerated because they have not received adequate treatment.
+I myself could easily have ended up there or on the street.
+Message to the entertainment industry and the press: Overall, you've done a great job fighting prejudices and prejudices of many kinds.
+Please continue to show us characters in your films, plays and columns who suffer from severe mental illness.
+Paint them sympathetically, expressing all the richness and depth of their experience as human beings, not as diagnostics.
+A friend recently asked me a question. “If there was a medicine that would cure me quickly, would I take it?”
+The poet Rainer Maria Rilke was recommended psychoanalysis.
+He refused and said, "Don't take my demons, lest my angels also flee."
+My psychosis, on the other hand, is a waking nightmare, my angels have all already fled because my demons are so terrifying.
+So do I take pills? in a moment.
+That said, I don't want to be seen as regretting the life I could have had if I weren't mentally ill, and I don't seek sympathy from anyone.
+Rather, my point is that the humanity we all share is more important than any mental illness we may not have.
+What we who suffer from mental illness want is what everyone wants. In the words of Sigmund Freud, "work and love."
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. thank you. You're very kind. (Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+The phenomena briefly seen here are called quantum levitation and quantum locking.
+And the object suspended here is called a superconductor.
+Superconductivity is a quantum state of matter that occurs only below a certain critical temperature.
+Well, this is a fairly old phenomenon. Discovered 100 years ago.
+However, several technological advances have only recently allowed us to demonstrate quantum levitation and quantum locking.
+A superconductor is therefore defined by two properties.
+First, the electrical resistance becomes zero, and second, the magnetic field is eliminated from inside the superconductor.
+Sounds complicated, right?
+But what is electrical resistance?
+Electricity is therefore the flow of electrons in matter.
+These electrons then collide with atoms while flowing and lose a certain amount of energy in the collisions.
+And this energy is dissipated in the form of heat, the effect of which you know.
+However, there is no energy dissipation inside a superconductor because there are no collisions.
+It's very notable. please think about it.
+In classical physics there is always some friction or energy loss.
+But that is not the case here, as it is a quantum effect.
+But that's not all. This is because superconductors do not like magnetic fields.
+Therefore, superconductors seek to expel the magnetic field from within, and have the means to do so by circulating currents.
+Now, the combination of both effects of magnetic field exclusion and zero electrical resistance is exactly what a superconductor is.
+But as we all know, things aren't always perfect, and in some cases magnetic field fluxes can remain inside superconductors.
+Now, under the right conditions, as we have here, these magnetic field fluxes can be confined within a superconductor.
+And these magnetic field fluxes in superconductors exist in discrete quantities.
+why? Because it is a quantum phenomenon. It's quantum physics.
+And it turns out that they behave like quantum particles.
+In this movie, you can see how they flow discretely one by one.
+This is a chain of magnetic fields. They are not particles, but they behave like particles.
+This is why we call this effect quantum levitation and quantum locking.
+But what happens when you put a superconductor in a magnetic field?
+First, there is still a flux of magnetic field inside, but superconductors do not like the movement of the magnetic field. That motion dissipates energy and destroys the superconducting state.
+So what it actually does is lock these chains called fluxons and lock these fluxons in place.
+In doing so, what it actually does is lock itself in place.
+why? This is because when a superconductor moves, its position changes and its composition changes.
+Thus quantum locking is achieved. And let me explain how this works.
+Here's a superconductor, wrapped up to keep it cool long enough.
+Place it on a regular magnet and it will stay fixed in the air.
+(Applause) Now, this is not just levitation. It's not just a backlash.
+Repositioning the Fluxon will lock it into this new configuration.
+This way or slightly to the right or left.
+So this is a quantum lock, really a three-dimensional lock of superconductors.
+Of course, it stays locked even when turned upside down.
+Now that you understand that this so-called levitation actually locks, yes it makes sense.
+Taking this circular magnet as an example, it wouldn't surprise me to hear that the superconductor is free to rotate around the magnet's axis because the magnetic field is the same all around.
+why? Because the lock is maintained as long as it is rotating.
+you see? You can adjust and rotate the superconductor.
+We have frictionless movement. Still floating, but able to move around freely.
+So you have a quantum lock and you can levitate it above this magnet.
+But how many fluxons and how many magnetic strands are there in a single disk like this?
+Well, if you do the math, it turns out to be quite a lot.
+There are 100 billion magnetic fields inside this 3-inch disk.
+But that's not where the greatness lies. Because there are things we haven't talked about yet.
+And yes, the amazing thing is that the thickness of this superconductor seen here is only 0.5 microns. Very thin.
+And this very thin layer can levitate with more than 70,000 times its own weight.
+Amazing effect. Very strong.
+Now you can extend this circular magnet to create any track you like.
+For example, you can make a large circular rail here.
+If you place a superconducting disk on this rail, it will move freely.
+(Applause.) And again, that's not all. It can be repositioned this way, rotated, and moved freely in its new position.
+And you can try new things. Let's try it for the first time.
+Take this disc and put it here. Do not move while the disc is here. Try rotating the track. If you can rotate it correctly, I think it will stay stopped.
+(Applause) You know, this is quantum locking, not levitation.
+Let's talk a little bit more about superconductors.
+Now -- (laughter) -- we've found that we can run enormous amounts of electrical current inside a superconductor. This allows superconductors to be used to generate the strong magnetic fields needed in MRI machines, particle accelerators, etc.
+However, due to the lack of dissipation, superconductors can also be used to store energy.
+We can also manufacture power cables to carry vast amounts of current between power plants.
+Imagine that a single superconducting cable could back up a single power plant.
+But what about the future of quantum levitation and quantum locking?
+Let's try to answer this simple question with an example.
+Imagine the same 3 inch diameter disk that I have here in my hand, but with one difference.
+The thickness of the superconducting layer is not 0.5 microns, but rather thin at 2 millimeters.
+This superconducting layer, 2 millimeters thick, can hold 1,000 kilograms in my hand, a small car.
+wonderful. thank you.
+(applause)
+I research the future of crime and terrorism, and frankly, it scares me.
+It looks scary.
+I really want to believe that technology will bring us the techno-utopia it promises, but you know, I've had a career in law enforcement, so that's how I see things. impacted.
+I have worked in over 70 countries around the world as a street police officer, undercover agent and counter-terrorist strategist.
+I had to look at violence and the dark side of society too much, and that affected my opinion.
+My work with criminals and terrorists has actually been very educational.
+They have taught me a lot and I would like to share some of these observations with you.
+Today, we're giving you a behind-the-scenes look at the technology we marvel at, and the technology we love.
+In the hands of the TED community, these are great tools to make a big difference in the world, but in the hands of suicide bombers, the future could look very different.
+As a young patrolman, I began observing technology and how criminals used it.
+At the time, this was the pinnacle of technology.
+You'll laugh, but every drug dealer and gang member I've dealt with had something like this long before any police officer I knew.
+Twenty years later, criminals are still using cell phones, but they've also built their own cell phone networks, like this one, and drugs have spread to all 31 Mexican states.
+They have a national encrypted wireless communication system.
+Think about it.
+Think about the innovations in it.
+Think about the infrastructure to build it.
+And think about the following. Why is there no cell phone coverage in San Francisco? (Laughter) How is that even possible? (Laughter) It doesn't make sense. (Applause.) We consistently underestimate what criminals and terrorists can do.
+Our world has become more and more open thanks to technology, and for the most part, that's great, but all this openness can have unintended consequences.
+Consider the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks.
+The men who carried out the attack were armed with AK-47s, explosives and grenades.
+They threw these grenades at innocent people who were sitting and eating in cafes and waiting for the train home from work.
+But heavy artillery is nothing new in terrorist operations.
+Guns and bombs are nothing new.
+The difference this time is how the terrorists used the latest information and communications technology to locate and massacre additional victims.
+They were armed with mobile phones.
+They had BlackBerrys.
+They had access to satellite imagery.
+They had satellite phones and even had night vision goggles.
+But perhaps their biggest innovation was this.
+We've all seen pictures like this on TV and in the news. This is the operations center.
+And the terrorists have built their own operations centers across Pakistan's borders, monitoring the BBC, Al Jazeera, CNN and local stations in India.
+They also monitored the internet and social media to monitor the progress of the attacks and how many people they had killed.
+They did all this in real time.
+Innovations in the Terrorist Operations Center have given terrorists unparalleled situational awareness and tactical superiority over police and governments.
+what did they do with this?
+They used it to great effect.
+At one point during the 60-hour siege, the terrorists moved from room to room, trying to find more victims.
+They came across a suite on the top floor of the hotel, kicked in the door, and found a man hiding by the bed.
+So they said to him, "Who are you and what are you doing here?"
+The man replied, "I'm just an innocent schoolteacher."
+Of course, the terrorists knew that the Indian schoolteacher was not staying in the Taj suite.
+They picked up his ID and called his name to the counter-terrorism office. So the counter-terrorism office Googled him, found a picture, called the operatives on the ground and said, "Your hostage, is he heavy?"
+Are you bald in front? does he wear glasses? "
+"Yes, yes, yes," was the answer.
+The operations center found him and ran a check.
+He was not a school teacher.
+He is India's second richest businessman, and after discovering this information, the counter-terrorism office ordered terrorists on the ground in Mumbai.
+(“Kill him.”) We all worry about Facebook privacy settings, but the truth is, our openness can work against us.
+Terrorists are doing this.
+Search engines can decide who lives and who dies.
+This is the world we live in.
+During the Mumbai siege, the terrorists relied so heavily on technology that several witnesses reported that the terrorists used one hand to shoot hostages while checking cell phone messages with the other.
+Over 172 men, women and children died that day, with 300 people ultimately injured.
+Consider what happened.
+During this 60-hour siege of Mumbai, 10 men armed with technology as well as weapons successfully brought the city of 20 million to a halt.
+10 people stopped 20 million people and this went around the world.
+This is what radicals can do in the open.
+This was done almost four years ago.
+What can terrorists do with the technology available to us today?
+what will they do tomorrow?
+One person's ability to influence many people is expanding exponentially, for good and for evil.
+However, terrorism is not the only problem.
+There is also a big paradigm shift in crime.
+See, you can commit even more crimes from now on.
+It used to be knives and guns.
+After that, the criminals moved on to train robbery.
+You can rob 200 people on a train. This is great innovation.
+In the future, the Internet has made it possible to expand even further.
+In fact, many of you may remember the recent Sony PlayStation hack.
+More than 100 million people were robbed in this incident.
+Think about it.
+When in human history was it possible for one person to steal 100 million?
+Of course, it's not just about stealing things.
+There are other technologies that criminals can exploit.
+Many of you may remember this super cute video from last TED, but not all quadcopter swarms are super cute.
+Not everyone has drumsticks.
+Some are equipped with HD cameras to counter-monitor demonstrators, while others, like this little cinematic magic, can load their quadcopters with firearms and automatic weapons.
+It's so cute that the little robot plays music.
+Not even a little if they swarm and chase you down the block and shoot you.
+Of course, criminals and terrorists weren't the first to give guns to robots. we know where it started.
+But they are adapting quickly.
+The FBI recently arrested al Qaeda associates in the United States. This person planned to use these remotely operated drone aircraft to fly C4 explosives to US government buildings.
+By the way, these run at over 600 miles per hour.
+Every time a new technology is introduced, criminals try to exploit it.
+Everyone has seen a 3D printer.
+We know you can print on a variety of materials, from plastic to chocolate to metal and even concrete.
+In fact, just the other day I was able to make a very cute little duck with great precision.
+But I wonder how people who blow themselves up with bombs on their chests use 3D printers.
+It's probably like this.
+If you can print on metal, you can print one of these. In fact, you can even print any of these.
+I know England has some very strict firearms laws.
+You don't have to bring guns to the UK anymore.
+Just bring your 3D printer while you're here and print the guns, and of course the magazines for the bullets.
+But what other items will we be able to print when these get bigger in the future?
+This technology has made it possible to increase the size of printers.
+As we move forward, new technologies like the Internet of Things will also emerge.
+We connect more and more lives to the internet every day. This means that the Internet of Things will soon become a hacked Internet of Things.
+This has fundamental implications for our security as every physical object in our space has been transformed into information technology and as more devices are connected, so are their vulnerabilities. .
+Criminals understand that too.
+Terrorists understand that. Hackers understand this.
+If you control the code, you can control the world.
+This is the future that awaits us.
+There is still no operating system or technology that hasn't been hacked.
+Now that the human body itself is becoming an information technology, it is troublesome.
+As we have seen here, we are turning ourselves into cyborgs.
+Thousands of cochlear implants, diabetic pumps, pacemakers and defibrillators are implanted in people each year.
+There are 60,000 people in the United States with internet-connected pacemakers.
+A defibrillator allows a doctor at a distance to shock a patient's heart if needed.
+But if you don't need it and someone else shocks you, it's not a good thing.
+Of course, we go deeper than the human body.
+Recently, it has gone down to the cellular level.
+All the technologies I've talked about so far have been silicon-based 1's and 0's. But there are other operating systems out there. That was the original operating system, DNA.
+And to hackers, DNA is just one operating system waiting to be hacked.
+It's a big challenge for them.
+There are people already working on hacking the software of life. Most of them are doing this to help us all, but some are not.
+So how do criminals exploit this?
+Well, you can do some pretty neat things with synthetic biology.
+For example, I predict a transition from the world of plant-based drugs to the world of synthetic drugs. Why do we need more plants?
+You can take the DNA code from marijuana, poppy or coca leaves, cut out the genes and put them in yeast, and you can use the yeast to make cocaine, marijuana, or other drugs.
+Therefore, it will be very interesting how yeast is used in the future.
+In fact, we may have some really interesting bread and beer for the next century.
+The cost of decoding the human genome is falling sharply.
+It was going at the pace of Moore's Law, but in 2008 something changed.
+Technology has advanced, and DNA sequencing is now five times faster than Moore's Law.
+It means a lot to us.
+It took us 30 years from the introduction of the personal computer to reach today's level of cybercrime, but given how rapidly biology is advancing, many people know criminals and terrorists as much as I do. If you do, you might get there sooner. Future biocrime.
+Anyone could easily print their own biovirus, an enhanced version of Ebola or anthrax, or a weaponized flu.
+We recently witnessed a case where some researchers made the H5N1 bird flu virus more potent.
+The mortality rate for infected people is already 70 percent, but it is difficult to get infected.
+By altering a few genetic changes, engineers can weaponize them and make them easier for humans to catch, resulting in tens of millions of deaths instead of thousands. .
+As you know, it can also create new pandemics. The researchers who did this were very proud of their work and wanted to publish it openly so that everyone could see it and access this information.
+But it goes deeper.
+DNA researcher Andrew Hessel believes that if cancer therapy, or modern cancer therapy, could be used to track one cell while leaving all other cells around it intact, it would be possible to track any one cell. You very rightly pointed out that you can also track the .
+Personalized cancer treatment is the flip side of personalized bioweapons, meaning that anyone can attack an individual, including all the people in this photo.
+How will we protect them in the future?
+what to do? What do we do about all this?
+It is always asked.
+For those who follow me on Twitter, I will tweet the answer later today. (Laughter) It's actually a little more complicated than that, and there's no silver bullet.
+I don't have all the answers, but I do know a few things.
+After 9/11, this is what the best security minds put all their innovations together to create for security.
+If you're hoping the people who built this will protect you from the coming Robopocalypse — (laughter) — oh well, maybe you should have a backup plan. (Laughter) I'm just saying that. Think about it. (Applause.) Right now, law enforcement is a closed system.
+Although it is state-based, the threat is international.
+Policing does not scale globally. At least not, our current systems of guns, border guards, big gates and fences, etc. are obsolete in the new world we're moving into.
+So how do you prepare for these specific threats, such as an attack on a president or prime minister?
+Hiding all government leaders in a sealed bubble would be a natural government response.
+But this doesn't work.
+The cost of analyzing DNA sequences will be minimal.
+Anyone can have it, and in the future we will all have it.
+So maybe there's a more radical way to think about this.
+What if we took the DNA of a president, or a king or queen, and opened it up to a group of hundreds of trusted researchers to study and penetration test that DNA as a means of helping our leaders?
+Or what if you send it to thousands?
+Or, arguably, but not without risk, what if we simply offered it to the general public?
+That way we can all get involved in helping.
+We've already seen examples where this works well.
+The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project is staffed by journalists and the public, crowdsourcing what dictators and terrorists are doing with public money around the world. There have been 50,000 drug-related murders in the last six years.
+They're killing so many people that we can't even afford to bury them all anywhere but unmarked graves like this one outside Ciudad Juárez.
+What can be done about this? The government has proven incompetent.
+So in Mexico, people are fighting back to build effective solutions, at great risk to themselves.
+They have compiled a crowd map of the activities of drug traffickers.
+Whether you are aware or not, we are in the dawn of a technology arms race, an arms race between those who use technology for good and those who use it for evil.
+This threat is serious and now is the time to prepare for it.
+Terrorists and criminals affirm that it is.
+My personal belief is that rather than having a small elite force of highly trained government personnel here to protect us all, the average civilian can tackle this issue as a group and It's much better to let them think about what they can do.
+I think it would be a better space if we all did our part.
+The tools to change the world are in everyone's hands.
+How we use them is up to all of us, not just me.
+This was a technology that I frequently deploy as a police officer.
+This technology is obsolete in today's world.
+It doesn't scale, it doesn't work globally, it doesn't work virtually.
+We have witnessed a paradigm shift in crime and terrorism.
+They want a move to a more open format and a more participatory law enforcement agency.
+Please join us.
+After all, public safety is too important to leave to professionals.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+I would like to talk about my father.
+My father has Alzheimer's disease.
+Symptoms began about 12 years ago and were formally diagnosed in 2005.
+Now he is really quite sick. He needed help eating, he needed help getting dressed, he had no idea where or when he was, and it was really, really hard.
+For most of my life, my father has been my hero and mentor, and I have watched him disappear for the last ten years.
+my father is not alone. About 35 million people worldwide live with some form of dementia, and that number is expected to double to 70 million by 2030.
+That's a lot of people.
+Dementia scares us. The confused faces and trembling hands of people with dementia and the number of people who get dementia scares us.
+And because of that fear, we tend to do one of two things. In other words, you deny it. "It's not me. It has nothing to do with me. It will never happen to me."
+Or we decide to prevent dementia, but we're going to do everything right so dementia doesn't hit us.
+I'm looking for the third method. I'm preparing for Alzheimer's disease.
+Prevention is good. I am doing what I can to prevent Alzheimer's disease.
+I eat right, exercise daily, and keep my mind active. That's what research says is the right thing to do.
+But the study also shows that nothing protects you 100 percent.
+If a monster wants you, it will get you.
+That's what happened to my father.
+My father was a bilingual university professor. His hobbies were chess, bridge and writing articles.
+(Laughter) Anyway, he got dementia.
+If a monster wants you, it will get you.
+Especially if you're me, because Alzheimer's tends to run in families.
+So I'm preparing for Alzheimer's disease.
+Based on what I've learned from caring for my father and researching what it's like to live with dementia, I focus on three things in my preparation. I'm trying to get stronger and - and this is difficult - I'm trying to be a better person.
+Let's start with hobbies. Having dementia makes it harder to enjoy yourself.
+I don't know who my old friend is, so I can't sit down and talk for a long time.
+Watching TV is confusing and often very scary.
+And almost impossible to read.
+Training when caring for someone with dementia trains them to engage in familiar, hands-on, and free-flowing activities.
+In my dad's case, it was getting him to fill out a form.
+He was a university professor at a state school. He knows what paperwork is like.
+He signs his name on every line, ticks every box, and enters numbers where he thinks numbers should be.
+But it made me wonder what my caregiver could do for me.
+I am my father's daughter. I read, write and think a lot about global health.
+Can you give me an academic journal so that I can scribble in the margins?
+Can you provide charts and graphs that can be colored?
+So I have tried to learn practical things.
+I've always liked drawing, so I'm still drawing, even though I'm not very good at it.
+I am learning basic origami. Makes a really nice box.
+(Laughter) And I'm self-taught in knitting and can knit blobs for now.
+But it doesn't matter if you're really good at it or not. The point is that my hands know how to do it.
+Because the more familiar things become, the more my hands know how to do and the more things I can happily keep busy when my brain isn't working anymore.
+People who participate in activities are happier, caregivers are more likely to care, and it may even slow the progression of the disease.
+It all seems like a win to me.
+I want to be happy for as long as possible.
+Many people don't know that Alzheimer's disease has physical as well as cognitive symptoms. Loss of balance and muscle tremors occur, which makes people more and more immobile.
+They become afraid to walk around. They become afraid to move.
+That's why I'm doing activities to develop a sense of balance.
+I do yoga and tai chi to improve my balance. That way, if you start to lose your balance, you will be able to move.
+I'm doing weight-bearing exercises to build strength and increasing the amount of time I can move even when I start to wither.
+And finally, the third. I am trying to be a better person.
+My father was a kind and loving person before he had Alzheimer's disease and he is still a kind and loving person.
+I've seen him lose his intelligence, his sense of humor, his language skills, but I've also seen: He loves me, he loves his sons, he loves my brothers, my mother and his caregivers.
+And that love still makes us want to be by his side.
+Even when it's so hard.
+Even though he has taken away everything he has learned in this world, his naked heart still shines.
+I was not as kind and loving as my father.
+And what I need now is to learn to be that way.
+You need a heart pure enough to survive naked with dementia.
+I don't want to get Alzheimer's disease.
+What I want is a cure that will protect me in the next 20 years.
+But if it happens to me, I'm ready.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+What do oil, plastic, and radioactivity have in common in the ocean?
+Top line, this is the BP oil spill. Billions of barrels of oil are spewing out in the Gulf of Mexico.
+The middle line is millions of tons of plastic debris accumulating in our oceans, and the third line is radioactive material leaking from the Fukushima nuclear power plant in the Pacific Ocean.
+Now, these three big problems have one thing in common: they are man-made problems, but they are controlled by the forces of nature.
+This should make us both hopeful and very disgusting. Because if we have the power to create these problems, we may as well have the power to solve them.
+But what about the forces of nature?
+Well, that's exactly what I want to talk about today: how we can harness these forces of nature to fix these man-made problems.
+When the BP oil spill happened, I was working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, responsible for developing oil spill cleanup technology.
+And I had the chance to go to the Gulf of Mexico and meet some fishermen and see the terrible conditions in which they work.
+More than 700 of these boats were repurposed fishermen's boats, with oil absorbers in white and oil containment in orange. Health was very seriously affected.
+I was working on a very interesting technology at MIT, but it was a very long-term view of how to develop technology, and it ended up being a very expensive technology and patented. I was.
+So I wanted to develop something that could be developed very quickly, was cheap, was open source, and could use renewable energy because oil spills aren't just happening in the Gulf of Mexico.
+So I quit my dream job and moved to New Orleans to continue researching how oil spills happened.
+Now they used small fishing boats to clean the lines in the muddy waters.
+If you use exactly the same amount of oil-absorbent surface, but only pay attention to the natural patterns, and are rising with the wind, you can collect more material.
+The more rigs you have and the more layers of absorbent material you use, the more information you can gather.
+However, it is very difficult to move oil absorbents against wind, surface currents and waves.
+These are enormous forces.
+So the very simple idea was to use the ancient technology of navigating and tacking on the wind to capture or block the oil that was blowing on the wind.
+So this did not require any invention.
+We took a simple sailboat and tried to pull something long and heavy, but lost two as we went forward and backward. It was losing traction and direction.
+So I thought if I moved the rudder from the rear of the boat to the front, I would have better control.
+So I built this little sailing robot with a rudder on the front. I was trying to pull something very long and heavy. So it's a 4 meter long object just by pulling it, but I was surprised that the rudder was only 14 cm. , was able to control a 4-meter absorber.
+After that I was very happy and continued to play with the robot. So you can see that the robot has a front rudder.
+usually in the back.
+And after playing with it, I found the maneuverability to be really nice, being able to avoid obstacles at the last minute and being more maneuverable than a normal boat.
+Then I started publishing online, and my friends from Korea started to get interested in this, and we made a boat with front and rear rudders, so we made this and it got a little better, but it wasn't.
+What if the entire boat became a control point?
+What if the shape of the entire ship changed?
+So — (applause) Thank you. (Applause) This was the beginning of the Protey, the first ship in history to completely change the shape of the hull to control the hull, giving it very good sailing characteristics compared to normal ships.
+It feels like you're surfing when you turn, and it's very efficient to go upwind.
+This is much more manoeuvrable at low speeds, low winds, and here we do a little jibe to see where the sail is.
+What is happening is that as the ship changes shape, the front and main sails are positioned differently in relation to the wind.
+The wind is blowing from both sides.
+And this is exactly what you are looking for if you want to pull something long and heavy.
+We don't want to lose traction or direction.
+So I wanted to see if I could do this on an industrial level, so I built a big boat with a big sail, a very light hull, an inflatable and a very small footprint. power ratio.
+After this I wanted to see if I could implement this to automate the system, so I used the same system but added some structure so that I could boot the machine.
+So we used the same bladder inflation system and brought it to the test.
+So this is happening in Holland.
+I tried it in water without skins or ballast to see how it worked.
+And although I mounted a camera to control it, I quickly realized that I needed more weight on the bottom. So I had to bring it back to the lab. Then I made a skin around it and put the battery in it. Attach the remote, then put it in the water, put it in the water and see how well it works. So out the ropes and hope it works. It worked, but it's still there. Long road.
+Our small prototype has given us good insight that it's working quite well, but we still need a lot of work on this.
+So what we are doing is accelerating the evolution of sailing technology.
+From the rear rudder to the front rudder, two rudders, and multiple rudders, the shape of the entire ship changes, and the more you move forward, the more simple and cute the design becomes. (Laughter) But I wanted to show you a fish, because it's really not a fish at all.
+This change moves the fish, but our boat is propelled by the wind and the hull controls the trajectory.
+So I delivered protein number eight for the first time on the TED stage. This isn't the last, but it's a good one to demo.
+As you will see in the video, first of all we may have better control over the trajectory of the sailboat, or we may never be able to ride the iron, i.e. never face the wind, but always catch the wind. It means that it may be possible. from both sides.
+But the new nature of sailing ships.
+So looking at the boat from this side might remind you of the profile of an airplane.
+The plane begins to climb as it moves in this direction, and that's how it takes off.
+Well, if you have the same system and place it vertically, it will bend. And if you're moving forward, your instincts tell you it might go this way. If you move fast enough, you develop so-called lateral lift, which allows you to move closer and farther into the wind.
+Other characteristics are: A normal sailing boat has a centerboard here and a rudder at the rear, and these two create the most drag and turbulence behind the boat, but it has neither a centerboard nor a rudder, so this hull I hope that if we continue to work on the design of the , it may improve and become less resistant.
+Second, most boats, once they reach a certain speed and ride a wave, start hitting or slamming the surface and lose much of their forward energy.
+But if we go with the flow and pay attention to the patterns of nature instead of trying to be strong, however, if we go with the flow, we can absorb a lot of environmental noise. I have. So the wave energy actually saves energy to move forward.
+I mean, we may have developed technology that is very efficient at pulling long, heavy objects, but what's the purpose of technology if it's not in the hands of the right people?
+Normal technology and innovation happens like this: Someone comes up with an interesting idea, other scientists and engineers take it to the next level, theorize about it, and maybe even patent it. After that, some industry will sign an exclusivity contract. We manufacture it, we sell it, and we hope that eventually the buyer will buy it and they will use it for good.
+What we really want is for this innovation to continue. Inventors, engineers, manufacturers, and all work at the same time, which is barren if this is happening in a parallel, non-intersecting process.
+What you really want is not serial or parallel development.
+We want to build a network of innovation.
+We want everyone to be able to work at the same time, as we do now, but that can only happen if all these people decide to share information together. That's what open hardware is all about.
+It's about replacing competition with collaboration.
+It's about turning every new product into a new market.
+So what is open hardware?
+Essentially, open hardware is a license.
+It's just an intellectual property setup.
+This means that anyone is free to use, modify and distribute it, in return we only require two things. Names, i.e. project names, are credited, and people who make improvements are shared with the community. .
+So it's a very simple condition.
+And although I started this project alone in my garage in New Orleans, I immediately wanted to make this information public and share it, so I created a crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter, and managed to raise 30,000 in about a month. raised dollars.
+With this money we hired a team of young engineers from all over the world and rented a factory in Rotterdam, Holland.
+We were learning, engineering, building things, prototyping, but the most important thing was to try prototypes in the water as often as possible, fail as quickly as possible, and learn from them. bottom.
+This is the proud member of South Korea's Protey, and on the right is the multi-mast design proposed by the Mexican team.
+The idea was very appealing to New York's Gabriella Levine. So she decided to prototype this idea she saw, documenting every step of the process and publishing it on Instructables, a website for sharing inventions.
+Less than a week later, this is an engineering team in Eindhoven.
+They made it happen, but eventually published a simplified design.
+They were also featured on Instructable, got almost 10,000 views in less than a week, and made many new friends.
+We work not only with young people, but also with older people and less complex, simpler technology, like this dinosaur came from Mexico. (Laughter) So Prorei is now an international network of innovations to market technology using this shape-shifting hull.
+And what holds us together is that we at least have a globally shared understanding of what the word “business” is, or what it should be.
+This is how most jobs are done today.
+He says that in normal business, the most important thing is to make a lot of profit, using technology to do so, people are instrumentalized as a workforce, and the environment is usually the top priority.
+It becomes just a way to greenwash the audience, for example, and raise prices, for example.
+Because whatever we try to do or believe, we believe this is how the world really works. That is, without the environment, there is nothing.
+We have people, so we need to protect each other. Yes, we are a technology company and we need profit to make this happen. (Thank you for applause. (Applause.) If you have the courage to understand or accept that this is how the world really works, and that this is the priority we need to choose, then why should we choose open hardware for the development of environmental technologies? becomes clear. Because we need to share information.
+What next?
+So we want to make a little toy like the 1 meter remote control Prorei that you can upgrade this little machine you see. In other words, I would like to replace the parts of the remote control with Android and make a mobile phone or an Arduino micro. It's a controller, so you can control it from your phone or tablet.
+Then what we want to do is create a 6 meter version to test the maximum performance of these machines so that they can run very fast.
+So imagine yourself.
+Lay inside a flexible torpedo to sail at high speed, use your feet to control the shape of your hull, and your arms to control the sails.
+That's what we seek to develop. (Applause.) And we'll replace humans with batteries, motors, microcontrollers, and sensors that pilot robots, for example, to measure radioactivity.
+This is what our teammates dream of at night.
+We will someday clean up oil spills, gather and collect plastic in the oceans, control hordes of machines controlled by multiplayer video game engines to control many of these machines, and even reefs. and the ocean To monitor fisheries.
+Our hope is that open hardware technologies will help us better understand and protect our oceans.
+thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+(music) (applause) (applause) (music) (applause) (music) (applause) Chris Anderson: You guys were amazing.
+It's amazing.
+(Applause.) You don't hear it every day.
+(Laughter) Usman, the official story is that you started playing guitar after watching Jimmy Page on YouTube.
+Usman Rias: Yes, that was the first time. Then I -- that was the first thing I learned, and then I started doing other things.
+And I got to watch Kaki King a lot and she always cited Preston Reed as a big influence so I started watching his videos and now it's so unreal -- (laughter) (applause) CA: Was it the piece? Was it one of his songs that you learned about earlier, or how did that happen?
+UR: I had never learned it, but I knew it because I was told, "I'll do it on stage," so it was a lot of fun.
+And since it finally happened...
+(Laughter) CA: Preston, from your point of view, you invented this about 20 years ago, right?
+How does it feel to see someone like this take your art and do so many things with it?
+Preston Reed: Amazing, really proud, really honored.
+And he's a great musician, so that's pretty cool.
+(laughter) CA: Well, do you think there's any other one-minute piece that you guys can do?
+you can? do you jam? do you have something
+PR: Nothing prepared.
+CA: It doesn't. What should I say?
+If you have 30 or 40 seconds, if you have 30 or 40 seconds, look at it and I just think, I can feel it. I would like to hear more details.
+And if it goes horribly wrong, don't worry.
+(applause) (laughter) (music) (applause)
+I'm a gamer, so I like having goals.
+I like special missions and secret goals.
+So my special mission in this talk is: We aim to extend the lifespan of everyone in this room by seven and a half minutes.
+Literally, just watching this talk will make you live seven and a half minutes longer than you would otherwise.
+No problem, check it out -- I have the math to prove it's possible.
+It doesn't make much sense now.
+We'll cover all that later, but notice the number at the bottom (+7.68245837 minutes).
+If my mission is successful, it will be my gift to you.
+Well, you too have a secret mission.
+Your mission is to figure out how you would like to spend your remaining seven and a half minutes.
+And since this is a bonus minute, I think we should do something unusual.
+Either way, you weren't going to get them.
+Well, I'm a game designer, so you might be thinking, I know what she wants us to do with that time, she spends us playing games. I hope you will
+Considering I had a habit of encouraging people to spend more time playing games, this is a perfectly reasonable assumption.
+For example, in my first TED talk, I suggested that the planet should spend 21 billion hours a week playing video games.
+Well, 21 billion hours is a lot of time.
+In fact, this is the most unsolicited comment I've heard from people around the world since I gave this talk. "Jane, the game is great and that's all, but are you really going on your deathbed?" Want to play more Angry Birds?
+(Laughter) The idea that games are a waste of time and you'll regret it one day is so pervasive that you hear it literally everywhere you go.
+For example, a true story. Just a few weeks ago, when this taxi driver found out that me and a friend were in town for a game developer conference, he turned around and said, To quote, "I hate games. Waste of my life.
+Imagine nearing the end of your life and regretting it all along. "
+Now, I would like to take this issue seriously.
+I want games to have a positive impact on the world.
+I don't want gamers to regret the time they spent playing and the time I encouraged them to spend.
+So I've been thinking a lot about this question lately.
+On our deathbed, will we regret the time we spent playing games?
+It may surprise you, but it turns out that there is actually scientific research on this subject.
+That's true.
+The hospice workers who care for us at the end of life recently published a report on the most frequently expressed regrets people express when they are literally on their deathbed.
+That's what I want to share with you today - the top 5 regrets of dying people.
+Number 1: I'm glad I didn't try so hard.
+Part 2: I wish I had kept in touch with my friends.
+Third: I wish I was happier.
+Number 4: I wish I had the courage to express my true self.
+And number five: I wish I had lived a life true to my dreams, not what other people expected of me.
+Now, to my knowledge, no one has ever said to a hospice worker, "I wish I had played more video games." But when I hear the top five regrets of dying people, I can't help but think so. Hear five deep human desires that games can actually help fulfill.
+For example, I wish I didn't have to try so hard.
+For many, this means they would have liked to spend more time with their families and children as they were growing up.
+Well, we know that playing games together has a lot of benefits for families.
+A recent study from the Brigham Young University School of Home Life reported that parents who spend more time playing video games with their children have much stronger relationships with their children in real life.
+"I wish I had kept in touch with my friends."
+Hundreds of millions of people use social games like FarmVille and Words With Friends to stay in touch with real-life friends and family every day.
+A recent study from the University of Michigan showed that these games are incredibly powerful relationship management tools.
+They help you stay connected with people in your social network who might otherwise drift away if you're not playing games together.
+"I wish I had let myself be happier."
+Now, I can't help but recall a recent groundbreaking clinical trial at East Carolina University. This clinical trial showed that online games can outperform pharmaceuticals in treating clinical anxiety and depression.
+Playing online games for just 30 minutes a day can dramatically improve your mood and boost your long-term well-being.
+An avatar is a way of representing who we really are, the most heroic and idealized self we could be.
+You can see that in this alter-ego portrait of a gamer in an avatar by Robbie Cooper.
+And Stanford University explores how playing games with idealized avatars changes the way we think and act in real life, making us more courageous, more ambitious, and more goal-oriented. I've done five years of research documenting what it takes to be enthusiastic.
+“I wish I had lived my life true to my dreams, not what others expected of me.”
+Do games still do this?
+I'm not sure, so I'll leave the Super Mario question mark.
+Back to this story.
+But in the meantime, you're probably wondering who is this game designer who tells us about his deathbed regrets.
+And it's true, I've never worked in a hospice or been on my deathbed.
+But recently I spent 3 months in bed wanting to die.
+I really want to die
+Now let's talk about it.
+It all started two years ago when I hit my head and had a concussion.
+The concussion did not heal properly, and after 30 days, I was left with persistent headaches, nausea, dizziness, memory loss, and mental fog.
+Doctors told me that my brain needed to rest in order for it to heal.
+So I had to avoid anything that caused symptoms.
+For me, that meant no reading, no writing, no video games, no work, no email, no running, no alcohol, no caffeine.
+In other words, you know what this situation looks like: there is no reason to live.
+(Laughter) I'm joking, of course, but seriously, suicidal ideation is very common with traumatic brain injuries.
+It happens to 1 in 3 people, and it happened to me too.
+My brain started saying, "Jane, you want to die."
+“It will never get better,” he said.
+It read, "The pain never ends."
+And these voices are so persistent and compelling that I have come to rightfully fear for my life. At that time, 34 days later I said to myself: And I will never forget this moment. I said, Either kill yourself or turn this into a game. "
+Well, why games?
+Having studied the psychology of games for over a decade, we know that when we play games, this is also documented in the scientific literature: people are more creative, more determined, more You approach difficult challenges with more optimism and are more likely to succeed. to ask others for help.
+I wanted to incorporate these gamer traits into real-life challenges, so I created a recovery role-playing game called Jane the Concussion Slayer.
+Now this became my new secret identity, and the first thing I did as a Slayer was call my twin sister and say, 'I'm playing games to heal my brain, and with me I want you to play with me."
+This was an easy way to ask for help.
+She became my first ally in the game, then joined by her husband Khyash, and together we identified and fought the bad guys.
+Now, this was something that could cause my symptoms and thus slow down the healing process: bright lights, crowded spaces, etc.
+I also collected and activated power-ups.
+Here are some things you can do to make yourself feel a little better and be a little more productive, even on your worst days.
+Cuddle your dog for 10 minutes, or get out of bed and take just one walk around the neighborhood.
+Now the game is very simple. Adopt secret identities, recruit allies, battle bad guys and activate power-ups.
+But despite the game being so simple, within just a few days of playing, the fog of depression and anxiety dissipated.
+Now, it wasn't a miracle cure for headaches or dementia.
+It lasted over a year, but it was the hardest year of my life.
+But even when the symptoms remained, even when the pain was still there, I stopped suffering.
+Well, what happened next in the game surprised me.
+I posted blog posts and videos online explaining how to play.
+But not everyone gets a concussion, and naturally not everyone wants to be a "murderer," so I renamed the game SuperBetter.
+And soon, people around the world are adopting their own secret identities, recruiting their own allies, and “super-recovering” in the face of challenges such as cancer, chronic pain, depression, and Crohn's disease. I started hearing from
+Some were playing because of a terminal diagnosis such as ALS.
+And I could tell from their messages and videos that the game helped them in the same way it helped me.
+They talked about feeling stronger and braver.
+They talked about feeling more understood by their friends and family.
+He even said that he felt happy even though he was in pain, even though he was dealing with the toughest challenges of his life.
+Now I thought to myself, what is going on here?
+I mean, how can a game so trivial intervene so powerfully in such a serious and sometimes life-or-death situation?
+I mean, if it didn't work for me, I wouldn't have believed it was possible.
+Well, it turns out that there is science here too.
+And it happened to us too.
+The game helped me experience what scientists call post-traumatic growth. This is something we don't usually hear.
+We hear a lot about post-traumatic stress disorder.
+But now scientists know that traumatic events are not destined to haunt us forever.
+Instead, you can use it as a starting point to unleash your best qualities and live a happier life.
+Here are the top 5 things people who have experienced post-traumatic growth say their priorities have changed.
+“It makes me feel closer to my friends and family.”
+"I've come to understand myself better. Now I know who I really am."
+“I felt new meaning and purpose in my life.”
+“I can now focus on my goals and dreams.”
+Now, does this sound familiar?
+Because the top five traits of post-traumatic growth are essentially the opposite of the top five regrets of dying people.
+This is interesting.
+Somehow, traumatic events seem to be able to unlock our ability to live lives with fewer regrets.
+But how does it work?
+How do we go from trauma to growth?
+Or is there a way to reap all the benefits of post-traumatic growth without having to hit your head in the first place and be traumatized?
+That's a good thing, right?
+Wanting to understand more about this phenomenon, I scoured the scientific literature. Here's what I learned.
+There are four types of strength or resilience that contribute to post-traumatic growth, and there are scientifically validated activities you can do every day to increase these four types of resilience that require trauma. is not. .
+I could tell you about these four strengths, but I want you to experience them for yourself.
+Rather, we would all like to start building it together right now.
+That's what I'm going to do.
+Let's play a simple game together.
+Here you can get the 7 1/2 minutes of bonus life we ​​promised earlier.
+All you have to do is successfully complete the first four SuperBetter quests.
+And I feel like you can do it. i trust you
+So are you all ready?
+Please choose one. Stand up and take 3 steps, or clasp your hands together and raise them above your head as high as possible for 5 seconds.
+you are the achievers. very good.
+(Laughs) Well done everyone.
+This is equivalent to +1 physical resilience. This means the body can withstand more stress and heal faster.
+Research shows that the number one thing you can do to help your body resilience is not to sit still.
+That's all you need.
+Every second you don't sit still, you're positively improving your heart, lung, and brain health.
+Are you ready for your next quest?
+Clap your fingers exactly 50 times or count from 100 to 7 like 100, 93...
+go!
+(snap) Don't give up.
+(Snaps) Don't disturb people counting down from 100 to 50.
+(snap) (laughter) Good. oh. That's the first time I've seen that.
+Bonus physical resilience. Well done everyone.
+Now it's worth +1 in mental resilience, which means increased mental focus, discipline, determination and willpower.
+Scientific research shows that willpower actually works like a muscle.
+The more you exercise, the stronger you become.
+So sticking with small tasks, whether it's silly ones like snapping your fingers exactly 50 times or counting backward by 7 from 100, is a scientifically-validated way to increase your willpower. .
+It was very good. Quest 3.
+Pick one: For the room, this is dictated by fate, but here you have two options.
+If you are indoors, find a window and look outside.
+If you are outside, find a window and look inside.
+Or do an image search for 'baby [your favorite animal]' on YouTube or Google. Just search on your phone or yell baby animals and they will appear on your screen.
+So what do we want to see?
+Sloth, giraffe, elephant, snake. Well, let's see what we got.
+A baby dolphin and a baby llama. Look at everyone.
+have understood?
+Now, one more thing. baby elephant.
+are we clapping for that?
+It's amazing.
+(Laughter) Okay, what we're feeling there is that plus-one emotional resilience. This means that you have the ability to evoke powerful positive emotions such as curiosity and affection when you see and feel a baby animal when you need it most.
+Here are some secrets from the scientific literature.
+Experiencing three positive emotions for every one negative emotion over the course of an hour, day, or week can dramatically improve your health and your ability to successfully deal with the challenges you face.
+This is called the 3 to 1 positive affect ratio.
+This is my favorite SuperBetter trick, so keep it up.
+Yes, pick one, final quest: Shake someone's hand for 6 seconds or send a quick thank you via text, email, Facebook, or Twitter. go!
+(Chat) Feels good, feels good.
+Nice nice.
+Yes folks, this is social resilience +1. This actually means getting more strength from friends, neighbors, family and community.
+Well, a great way to build social resilience is gratitude.
+Touch is even better.
+Here is another secret. Shaking someone's hand for six seconds dramatically increases the level of oxytocin in your bloodstream. This is the trust hormone.
+It means that those of you who just shook hands are biochemically ready to like each other and want to help each other.
+This work will continue during breaks, so take advantage of networking opportunities.
+(laughter) Well, you've successfully completed four quests. Let's see if I've successfully completed my mission to give you 7 1/2 minutes of bonus lives.
+Now let me tell you a little more about science.
+People who regularly build four types of resilience—physical, mental, emotional, and social—live 10 years longer than others.
+So this is true.
+If you regularly achieve a positive emotion ratio of 3 to 1, if you don't sit still for more than an hour at a time, if you're in touch with someone important to you every day, if you're working on minor problems If you set goals to boost your willpower, you can live 10 years longer than most people. This is where the calculations shown earlier come in handy.
+That means life expectancy in the US and UK is 78.1 years, but more than 1,000 peer-reviewed scientific studies show that you can add 10 years to your life by building four types of resilience.
+So each year you build four types of resilience, you're actually gaining 0.128 years of life, or 46 days of life, or 67,298 minutes of life. In other words, you are gaining 184 minutes of life each day. Earning 7682,450,837 minutes of your life, or like we did together earlier, for every hour you build 4 types of resilience, you will earn an additional 7.68245837 minutes of your life. Become.
+congratulations. All seven and a half minutes are yours.
+you totally earned it.
+yes!
+wait, wait, wait.
+You still have a special mission, a secret mission.
+How are you going to spend those few minutes of bonus life?
+Well here is my suggestion.
+This 7 1/2 minute bonus is something of a genie's wish.
+You can use your first wish to make a million more wishes.
+Pretty smart, right?
+So if you spend seven and a half minutes today doing things like making yourself happy, moving your body, getting in touch with loved ones, or taking on small challenges, you'll be able to: . By increasing your resilience, you will be able to gain more time.
+And the good news is that we can keep going.
+Every hour of the day, every day of your life, right down to your deathbed, it would be 10 years too late if it weren't.
+And when you get there, you probably won't regret any of the top 5 above. Because you have the strength and resilience to live a life true to your dreams.
+Ten more years might even give you enough time to play a few more games.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Start with a small story.
+So I grew up in this neighborhood. When I was 15, I went from what I thought was a young athlete, to a slowly declining body that took over four months to eventually become a victim of starvation and an unquenchable thirst. .
+I was basically digesting my body.
+And it was when I was on a backpacking trip that all of this came to a head. In fact, on my first trip to Old Rag Mountain in West Virginia, I was dunking my face in a puddle and drinking like a dog.
+That night I was rushed to the emergency room and diagnosed with full blown ketoacidosis type 1 diabetes.
+And thanks to the miracles of modern medicine, insulin, etc., I recovered, regained all my weight and gained more.
+And after this happened something inside of me got worse.
+What do you think is the cause of diabetes?
+Diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body fights itself, and people at the time thought that exposure to pathogens somehow caused my immune system to fight them and kill the cells that make insulin. rice field.
+This is something I've been thinking about for a long time, and indeed medicine and people have put a lot of attention on microbes that do bad things.
+So now I need my assistant here.
+You may recognize her.
+So I went yesterday, I'm sorry, but I skipped a few lectures and went to the National Academy of Sciences building where they had toys and giant microbes for sale.
+So if people get an eating disease, you've got it.
+I have to get my baseball skills back here.
+(Laughter) Unfortunately, or not surprisingly, most of the microbes sold in the National Academy buildings are pathogens.
+Everyone focuses on what kills us, and I was focused there.
+And it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes, and those microbes often do us good instead of actually killing us.
+So we've known about this for quite some time.
+People have used microscopes to see the microbes that coat us. I know you're not paying attention to me, but...
+(Laughter) Microbes covering us.
+And when you look at them under a microscope, you can see that there are actually 10 times more microbial cells in our bodies than there are human cells.
+Microbes have more mass than our brains.
+We are literally an ecosystem rich in microorganisms.
+And unfortunately, if you want to learn about microbes, just looking at them under a microscope isn't enough.
+And I just heard about DNA sequencing.
+It turns out that one of the best ways to observe and understand microbes is to look at their DNA.
+That's what I've been working on for 20 years. DNA sequencing is used to collect samples from various locations, including the human body, read the DNA sequence, and use that DNA sequence to learn about microorganisms present in a particular location.
+And amazingly, with this technology, when you look at humans, for example, we're not just covered in a sea of ​​microbes.
+There are thousands of different types of microorganisms in our bodies.
+Our human microbiome coats us with millions of microbial genes.
+Therefore, this microbial diversity varies from person to person. And what people have been thinking for the last 10, maybe 15 years, is that maybe these microbes, this cloud of microbes that exist within and outside of us, and the diversity among us, are the causes of: It means that it may be involved in part of the The difference between health and disease between us.
+And that goes back to the diabetes story I told you about.
+It turns out that people now believe that one of the triggers of type 1 diabetes is not actually fighting pathogens, but rather miscommunication with the body and the microbes that live in it.
+And somehow, perhaps the microbial community present in and around me disengaged, which triggered some kind of immune response, leading to the killing of the insulin-producing cells in my body.
+So what I want to talk about for a few minutes is what people have learned by studying the microbial communities that live in and on our bodies, especially using DNA sequencing technology.
+And I would like to talk about a personal project.
+My first personal experience with the study of human microbiology actually came from a talk I gave right here in Georgetown.
+When I gave a talk, a family friend who happened to be the dean of Georgetown Medical School was present at the talk, and later came to me and told me that he was doing research into human ileal transplantation. rice field.
+And they wanted to look at microbes after transplantation.
+So I started working with Michael Zaslov and Thomas Fischbein to investigate the microbes that colonize the ileum after it has been transplanted into a recipient.
+I could go into a lot of detail about all the microbial research that we did there, but the reason I want to tell this story is what they did at the start of this project that was pretty impressive.
+They received a microbial-filled donor ileum from a donor, had the recipient potentially troubled with the microbial community, eg, Crohn's disease, and sterilized the donor ileum.
+Remove all micro-organisms before placing in container.
+They did this because it was common knowledge in medicine, even though it was clear that this was not a good idea.
+And fortunately, in the course of this project, transplant surgeons and others decided to forget common practice. I have to switch.
+So they actually switched to leaving some of the microbial community in the ileum. They leave microbes in the donor and, in theory, could help people who receive this ileal transplant.
+So folks, this is a study I just did.
+The last few years have seen a significant expansion in the use of DNA technology to study the human body and its microbes.
+A project called the Human Microbiome Project is underway in the United States, MetaHIT is underway in Europe, and many other projects are underway.
+And as a result of various studies, people have found that when a baby is born, it is colonized by microbes from the mother during vaginal delivery, and so on.
+Caesarean delivery has risk factors, some of which may be due to incorrect fixation when the baby is excised from the mother rather than delivered through the birth canal.
+And various other studies show that the microbial communities that live in and on our bodies help develop our immune system, help fight pathogens, aid our metabolism, determine our metabolic rate, It shows that it probably determines our smell, perhaps it determines our smell. It even shapes our behavior in different ways.
+These studies thus document or suggest a variety of important functions for the microbial community, this cloud, and the non-pathogens that live within and on our surfaces.
+And one of the areas that I find very interesting is throwing microbes into the crowd, which many of you may feel is what I call "germphobia."
+So people are very interested in cleanliness.
+We have antibiotics on our kitchen counters, people are constantly washing every part of it, pumping antibiotics into their food and communities, overdosing on them.
+And in the case of disease, it's good to kill pathogens, but when we pump chemicals and antibiotics into our world, we understand that we're also killing the cloud of microbes that live within us and on our bodies. need to do it.
+And overuse of antibiotics, especially in children, has also been shown to be associated with risk factors for obesity, autoimmune diseases, and a range of other problems presumably due to microbial community disruption.
+Microbial communities can therefore be misguided, whether we want them to or not. Alternatively, we can kill the microbial community with antibiotics, but how do we reverse it?
+I'm sure many of you here have heard of probiotics.
+Probiotics are one of the things you can try to restore the microbial community in and around you.
+And in some cases it has been proven to be effective.
+A project at the University of California, Davis is underway to attempt to treat, prevent, or prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants using probiotics.
+Premature infants have major problems with their microbial communities.
+And probiotics may help prevent the development of this dreaded necrotizing enterocolitis in premature babies.
+But probiotics are like a very, very simple solution.
+Most ingestible pills and edible yogurts contain 1, 2, and sometimes even 5 species, and there are thousands upon thousands of species in the human community.
+So how do we restore our microbial communities when thousands of species are present in us?
+Well, one of the things that animals seem to do is eat poop, or coprophagia.
+And it turns out that many veterinarians, especially traditional veterinarians, do what is called "poop tea," poop tea, not booty, to treat colic and other ailments in horses, cows, etc. It turns out. Feed sick animals with poop from healthy animals.
+However, unless a fistulized cow with a large hole in the flank allows access to the rumen, microbes are not expected to be pumped directly into the mouth and through the entire upper part of the digestive tract. is difficult. You may have heard people do fecal transplants now because it is the best delivery system. There, instead of delivering some probiotic microbes through the mouth, the probiotic community, which is a community of microbes from healthy donors, ends differently.
+And this has turned out to be very effective in combating certain non-transient infections like Clostridium difficile infections that can persist in people for years and years.
+Transplantation of faeces and fecal organisms from healthy donors has indeed been shown to cure systemic C. dif infections in some people.
+Now, what these transplants, fecal transplants, or poop teas suggest to me, and many others have come up with this same idea, is our internal and external microbial communities, which are organs. about it.
+We should see it as a functioning organ, part of ourselves.
+We should treat it with care and respect, and we don't want to ruin it without a real good reason, like a Caesarean section, antibiotics, or excessive cleanliness.
+And now, DNA sequencing technology allows people to do a detailed study of, say, 100 patients with Crohn's disease and 100 patients without Crohn's disease.
+Or suppose there are 100 people who took antibiotics when they were young and 100 people who didn't.
+We can now compare microbial communities and their genes to see if there are differences.
+And ultimately, we may be able to understand if those differences are causal rather than just correlation differences.
+Studies in model systems like mice and other animals have also helped with this, but people are now using them to study microbes in and around different people because these technologies have become so cheap. I'm using.
+So the last thing I want to tell you is that I didn't get to tell you part of the story of how I got to diabetes.
+I found out that my father was a doctor of medicine and was actually researching hormones. I told him over and over that I was tired, thirsty and not feeling very well.
+And he shrugged it off. I think he either thought I was just complaining, or that I was a typical doctor's "nothing is wrong with my kids."
+We also went to a meeting of the International Endocrinology Society in Quebec as a family.
+And I think everyone thought I was addicted to drugs because I was up every five minutes to pee and I was drinking everyone's water on the table.
+(Laughter) But the reason I say this is because the medical community, using my father as an example, sometimes doesn't see what's in front of them.
+A microbial cloud, right in front of you.
+Most of the time we can't see it. it is invisible.
+But we can see them through their DNA and we can see them through the impact they have on people.
+And what we need now is to start thinking about this microbial community in all the contexts of human medicine.
+Not that it affects every part of us, but it can affect us.
+What we need is a complete field guide to the microbes that live in and on people so that we can understand what they do to our lives.
+we are them they are us
+thank you.
+(applause)
+My passions are music, technology and manufacturing.
+And it was this combination that led me to a hobby of sound visualization, and sometimes playing with fire.
+This is a Rubens tube. This is one of the many pieces I've made over the years, and I've got one for you tonight.
+It's a metal tube, about eight feet long, with a hundred or so holes on the top, and a speaker on the side of it, and here's a lab tube that's connected to a tank of propane. .
+So let's boot it up and see what happens.
+Now let's play the 550 hertz frequency and see what happens.
+(Frequency) Thank you. (Applause) It's fine to admire the laws of physics, but essentially what's going on here? It creates a waveform that looks like Alternating regions of compression and rarefaction, called frequencies, can be seen, and height indicates amplitude.
+Now let's change the frequency of the sound and see what happens to the fire.
+(Higher frequency) So every time the resonance frequency is reached, a standing wave will occur and the fire sinusoid will appear.
+So let's turn it off. We are indoors.
+thank you. (Applause) I also have a fire table.
+It's very similar to a Rubens tube and is also used to visualize physical properties of sound such as eigenmodes, so let's fire it up and see how it works.
+ah. (Laughter) Okay. Now, the table is under pressure, but the caveat here is that sound doesn't travel in perfect lines. It actually travels in all directions, and the Rubens tube is like bissecting those waves with a line, the flame table is like bissecting them with a plane, We can show a little more subtle complexity. I want to use it to watch Jeff Farina play guitar.
+(music) Yes, it's a delicate dance.
+If you look closely — (applause) if you look closely, you might have seen some eigenmodes, but you might also find that jazz music is better with fire.
+In fact, a lot of things in my world would be better off with fire, but fire is just the foundation.
+This is a very good indication of what the eye can hear, which is interesting to me. Because technology allows us to present sounds to our eyes in ways that emphasize the strength of our eyes to see them, such as removing time.
+Here, a rendering algorithm is used to render the frequency of the song "Smells Like Teen Spirit" in such a way that the eye can perceive it as a single visual impression. The technique also exhibits visual strengths. Cortex for pattern recognition.
+So if you show this album from one song to another, your eyes will easily spot the use of repetition by the band Nirvana, and in frequency distribution, in color, you'll see a clean, dirty, clean sound. I guess. is famous, but I put the whole album here as one visual impression, and I think this impression is quite strong.
+At least show these four songs and remind yourself that this is "Smells Like Teen Spirit," and you probably can accurately guess that this song is hardcore Nirvana without hearing any music at all. That's how powerful this song is. Fans will love this Foo Fighters song, "I'll Stick Around." The lead singer is Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl.
+The songs are a bit similar, mostly just curious about the idea that one day I might buy the song because I like the way it looks.
+Now, let's take a closer look at the sound data.
+This is skate park data. Mabel Davis Skate Park in Austin, Texas. (Skateboard sounds) And the sounds you're hearing are coming from 8 microphones attached to obstacles around the park and sound like chaos, but actually all the tricks are very Successful tricks end with a pop, while failed tricks fail The voice occupies a very peculiar frequency.
+So a visual rendering of these sounds might result in something like this:
+This is a 40 minute recording. Algorithms quickly showed that there were far more tricks that went wrong than tricks that went well, and tricks on rails were more likely to get cheers. A closer look can reveal traffic patterns.
+Skaters often do tricks in this direction. Obstacles are easier.
+And halfway through the recording the mic picks this up, but later in the recording this kid shows up and uses the line at the top of the park to do some very advanced tricks on what's called high rails. start.
+And it's charming. At this moment, all the remaining skaters rotate the line 90 degrees out of his way.
+As you know, skateparks have a subtle etiquette, it's led by a major influencer and they tend to be kids who can do the best tricks, or red pants , and on this day Mike picked it up.
+From skating physics to theoretical physics.
+I'm a big fan of Dr. Stephen Hawking and wanted to use all 8 hours of his Cambridge lecture series to make an homage.
+Now, in this series, he speaks with the help of a computer, which actually makes it fairly easy to identify the end of a sentence. So I wrote a steering algorithm.
+Listen to a lecture and use the amplitude of each word to move a point on the x-axis, and the inflection of the sentence to move the same point up or down on the y-axis.
+As you can see, these trend lines have more questions than answers to the laws of physics, and when the end of the sentence is reached, a star is placed in that position.
+If you have a lot of sentences and a lot of stars and render all the audio, you get this.
+This is the world of Dr. Stephen Hawking.
+(Applause.) It's a visual impression of an eight-hour Cambridge lecture series, and I love the image, but many people think it's fake.
+So I created a more interactive version. The method was to place these stars in 3D space using their position in time during the lecture. With custom software and Kinect, you can join the lecture in no time.
+If you now shake the Kinect to take control and reach out to touch the star, it will play the sentence that generated that star.
+Dr. Stephen Hawking: There is only one arrangement in which the pieces paint a complete picture.
+Jared Ficklin: Thank you. (Applause) There are 1,400 stars.
+I hope this is a very enjoyable way to explore the lectures and a fitting homage.
+have understood. I would like to finish by talking about the work in progress.
+After 30 years, I think the time has come to create an enhanced version of closed captioning.
+Well, we've seen a lot of TEDTalks online. Now turn off the audio, turn on the subtitles, and watch the TEDTalk.
+The TED theme song doesn't have closed captions, and we miss it, but if you're watching enough of these, you'll hear it in your mind's ear, and then the applause will start.
+Usually it starts here, grows, then declines.
+Sometimes, even Bill Gates would take a nervous breath and start his lecture when a small star applauded.
+Now let's watch this clip again.
+I won't speak at all this time.
+We don't have audio yet, but what we're going to do is render the sound visually at the bottom of the screen in real time.
+So watch carefully and see what your eyes hear.
+This is pretty amazing to me.
+The eye can perceive patterns well the first time, but repeated viewing actually improves the brain's ability to translate these patterns into information.
+Get the tone, timbre, and pace of your speech that closed captioning can't.
+You see the famous scene in a horror movie where someone walks in from behind, but this information is helpful if the sound is off or you can't hear it at all. In fact, you might be better at seeing sounds than listening to an audience.
+don't know. That's theory for now.
+Actually it's all just an idea.
+Finally, I would like to say that sound travels in all directions and so do ideas.
+thank you. (applause)
+So how many of you have ever gotten behind the wheel of a car when you really shouldn't be driving?
+Maybe you've been out for a long day and just wanted to go home.
+You were tired, but you felt you could drive a few more miles.
+Maybe you thought I should go home, I'm drinking less than others.
+Or maybe your mind was somewhere else entirely.
+Does this sound familiar?
+Now, in that situation, wouldn't it be great if there was a button on the dashboard that you could press and the car would drive you home safely?
+Well, that's the promise of self-driving cars, self-driving cars, and it's been a dream since at least 1939, when General Motors showed off the idea in the Futurama booth at the World's Fair.
+Now, it's become one of those dreams that I always had about 20 years into the future.
+Well, two weeks ago, the state of Nevada granted Google's self-driving car its first self-driving license, clearly stating that it's legal to test self-driving cars on Nevada roads, and that dream. has taken a step forward.
+A similar bill is currently being considered in California, which would make self-driving cars one of the things that must remain in Las Vegas.
+(Laughter) Well, my lab at Stanford University is also working on self-driving cars, but it's a little different. As you know, we've been developing robotic race cars, cars that can really push the limits of physical performance.
+Now, why would you want to do that?
+Well, there are two really good reasons for this.
+First, we believe that self-driving cars should be at least as good as the best human drivers before people can hand over control to them.
+Now, if you're like me, the other 70 percent of the population who know we're above-average drivers, you know that's a very high hurdle.
+There is also another reason.
+Just as a race car driver can use all of the friction between the tires and the road to get as fast as possible using the car's full potential, we can use all of those abilities to get us going as fast as we can. We want to avoid accidents as much as possible.
+Now, it may not be because you are going too fast that you are pushing your car to the limit, but because you hit an icy section of the road and the conditions have changed.
+In those situations, you need a car that is capable enough to avoid accidents that can be physically avoided.
+To be honest, there is also a third motivation.
+As you know, I have a passion for racing.
+I've been a race car owner, crew chief and driving coach in the past, maybe not at the level you'd expect now.
+One of our lab developments (we have developed several vehicles so far) is believed to be the world's first autonomously drifting vehicle.
+This is another category that probably doesn't have much competition.
+(laughs) But this is P1. This is a completely student-built electric car that can drift around corners using rear-wheel drive and front-wheel steer-by-wire.
+It can even turn sideways like a rally car driver and can always turn the tightest curves on slippery and changing surfaces without spinning out.
+We also worked with the Volkswagen Oracle on a self-driving race car that zipped the Bonneville Salt Flats at 150 mph, circled Thunderhill Raceway Park in sun, wind and rain, and drove through 153 corners. I have been working on the development of Sherry. And ran the 19.4 miles of Colorado's Pikes Peak Hill Climb route without anyone driving.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I think it goes without saying that we had a lot of fun doing this.
+But there are actually other things that we developed during the development of these self-driving cars.
+We have developed a tremendous appreciation for the capabilities of human race car drivers.
+Since we've been looking at how well these cars perform, we wanted to compare them to human cars.
+And we found their human counterparts to be amazing.
+Now you can take a map of the race track or a mathematical model of the car and do some iterations to find the fastest way to actually get around that track.
+We put it side by side with data recorded from professional drivers and the similarities were absolutely astonishing.
+Yes, there is a nuance here, but a human race car driver would benefit from an algorithm comparing the trade-offs of going as fast as possible in this corner versus slowing down in the corner. , can run a surprisingly fast line. I'm going to lose a little time on the straight here.
+Not only that, but they can do it lap after lap.
+They can go out and do this consistently and push the machine to its limits every time.
+It's unusual to see.
+Put them in a new car and after a few laps find the fastest line in that car and off you go to race.
+It really makes me want to know what's going on in their brains.
+As researchers, we decided to figure it out.
+We decided to measure not only the car, but also the driver of the race car to try to get a glimpse of what is going on in the driver's head while driving.
+Now, this is Dr. Leanne Harbott with electrodes on John Morton's head.
+John Morton is a former Can-Am and IMSA driver and Le Mans class champion.
+He is a great driver and is very active with graduate students and this type of research.
+She puts electrodes on John's head so that he can monitor his brain's electrical activity as he runs the track.
+Now, obviously, we're not going to put some electrodes on his head and pinpoint every thought on his track.
+But neuroscientists have identified certain patterns that allow us to uncover a very important aspect of the problem.
+For example, a resting brain tends to produce more alpha waves.
+In contrast, theta waves are associated with many cognitive activities, such as visual processing, where drivers think a lot.
+This can be measured to find out the relative power between theta and alpha waves.
+This gives us a measure of how much cognitively challenging the driver is actually experiencing at any given time on the track, a measure of their mental workload.
+Well, I wanted to see if I could actually record this on the track, so I headed south to Laguna Seca.
+Laguna Seca is a legendary raceway roughly halfway between Salinas and Monterey.
+There is a curve there called a corkscrew.
+Well, the corkscrew is the chicane, then a quick right turn until the road is three stories high.
+Now, the driving strategy that was explained to me was to aim for a distant bush and as the road receded I realized it was actually the top of a tree.
+Thanks to Stanford University's Revs program, we were able to get John there to get behind the wheel of a 1960 Porsche Abarth Carrera.
+Life is too short for boring cars.
+So here we see John on the truck, he's climbing the hill - oh! someone liked it In fact, we see his mental load measured by the red bar. You can see his behavior as he approaches.
+Look, he has to downshift.
+And he has to turn left.
+Find a tree and go down.
+Naturally, this turns out to be a rather difficult task.
+Unsurprisingly for anything requiring this level of complexity, I see his mental workload skyrocket when he goes through this.
+But what's really interesting is noting areas of the track where his mental load hasn't increased.
+I will guide you to the other side of the track now.
+3rd turn. And just as John is about to enter the corner, the rear end of the car begins to slide out.
+He'll have to fix it with steering.
+Watch John do this here.
+Be careful with your mental load and watch your steering.
+The car started to slide and drastic actions were taken to fix it, but there was no change in the mental load.
+It's not a difficult task.
+In fact, it's completely reflexive.
+Now, our data processing for this is still preliminary, but these incredible feats that race car drivers are doing seem instinctive.
+They're just things they've learned how to do.
+Very little mental load is required to perform these amazing feats.
+And their behavior is great.
+This is exactly what you want to do with the steering wheel to catch the car in this situation.
+This has given us a great deal of insight and inspiration for our own self-driving car.
+We started asking questions like: Couldn't the algorithm be a little more relaxed, a little more intuitive?
+Is it possible to introduce this reflexive behavior seen in the best race car drivers into our cars, and possibly into the systems that may be in your car in the future?
+That would be a long step on the road to self-driving cars that can drive like the best of humans.
+But it also allowed us to think a little deeper.
+Do we want our cars to do more than just be drivers?
+Do we want our car to be a partner, a coach, someone who uses contextual understanding to help us reach our potential?
+In fact, will technology not only replace humans, but allow us to reach the level of reflexes and intuition that everyone has?
+So as we move forward into the future of this technology, I want you to stop and think about it for a moment.
+What is the ideal balance between humans and machines?
+As you think about it, let's take inspiration from the amazing capabilities of the human body and the human mind.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Something happened in the early hours of May 2, 2000 that had a profound effect on the way our society operates.
+Ironically, almost no one noticed at the time.
+The change was silent and imperceptible unless you knew exactly what to look for.
+That morning, US President Bill Clinton ordered a special switch on the orbiting satellites of the Global Positioning System.
+In an instant, errors in all civilian GPS receivers around the world went from being the size of a football field to being the size of a small room.
+The impact this change in precision has had on us cannot be overstated.
+Before this switch, there were no in-vehicle navigation systems with turn-by-turn directions. Back then, GPS didn't know what block we were on, let alone what street we were on.
+Accuracy is important in geolocation, but the situation has only improved in the last decade.
+With more base stations, more ground stations, better receivers and better algorithms, GPS can now tell you not only which street you are on, but which part of the street you are on. .
+This level of accuracy has sparked a storm of innovation.
+In fact, many of you are here today with your TomTom or smartphone.
+Paper maps are becoming obsolete.
+But we are now on the brink of a new revolution in geolocation accuracy.
+What if I told you that the 2-meter positioning provided by current cell phones and TomToms is abysmal compared to what we get?
+It has long been known that meter-level, centimeter-level and even millimeter-level positioning is possible if you pay attention to the carrier phase of the GPS signal and have an internet connection.
+So why isn't this feature on mobile phones?
+I think you just lack imagination.
+Manufacturers do not incorporate this carrier-phase technology into their cheap GPS chips because they do not know how the general public will use geolocation information accurate enough to pinpoint wrinkles on their palms.
+But you and I, and other innovators, see the potential for this next leap in precision.
+For example, imagine an augmented reality app that overlays a virtual world on top of the physical world with millimeter precision.
+I can build structures here for you that only you can see, with millimeter precision.
+So this level of positioning, this is what we're looking for, and I predict that within the next few years this kind of ultra-precise carrier-phase-based positioning will become cheap and ubiquitous. doing. The results will be great.
+The holy grail, of course, is the GPS dot.
+Remember the movie "The Da Vinci Code"?
+This is Professor Langdon examining a GPS dot. His accomplices tell him that the device is a tracking device accurate to within two feet anywhere on Earth. But you know GPS dots are impossible in the non-fiction world, right?
+One, GPS doesn't work indoors, and the other is that devices can't be this small, especially if they need to relay measurements over a network.
+Well, these objections were perfectly reasonable a few years ago, but things have changed.
+There is a strong trend toward smaller, more sensitive devices, and a few years ago GPS tracking devices looked like this clunky box to the left of the key.
+Compare that to a device that was released just a few months ago and is now packaged as small as a key fob. And when we look at the state of the art for more sensitive complete GPS receivers that are only one centimeter on a side, more than ever, the GPS dot will soon move from fiction to non-fiction.
+Imagine what you can do with a world full of GPS dots.
+It's not just about going to Disneyland and never losing your wallet, keys or kids again.
+You buy GPS dots in bulk and stick them on everything you own that's worth tens of dollars or more.
+One recent morning I couldn't find my shoes and as usual I had to ask my wife if she had seen them.
+But you don't need to embarrass your wife with such trifles.
+You should be able to ask where your shoes are at home.
+(Laughter) If you switched to Gmail, you'll remember how refreshing it was to go from organizing all your email to just searching.
+GPS Dot does the same for our property.
+Of course, the GPS dot also has a flip side.
+A few months ago I got a call while I was in the office.
+The woman on the other end of the phone, we'll call her Carol, was panicking.
+Apparently, Carol's ex-boyfriend from California found her in Texas and followed her.
+So at this point, you might ask why she's been calling you.
+Well, so did I.
+However, it turns out there was a technical twist to Carroll's case.
+Every time her ex-boyfriend showed up, at an unlikely time and place, carrying an open laptop. Over time, Carol noticed he had a GPS tracking device in her car and called me. Need help disabling it.
+"Well, you should go to a good mechanic and have the car looked at," I said.
+"I already have it," she told me.
+"He didn't see anything obvious and said we needed to take the car apart piece by piece."
+"Then you should go to the police," I said.
+"I already have it," she replied.
+"They are not sure if this reaches the level of harassment and they are not technically prepared to discover the device."
+"So what about the FBI?"
+"I spoke with them, and it was the same story."
+Then she came to my lab and we talked about doing wireless sweeps on her car, but some of these devices work when you're in the safe zone or when you're in the safe zone. I wasn't even sure if it would work, considering some things are configured to only send when I'm there. the car is moving
+So we were there.
+Carol will not be the first, and certainly not the last, to encounter this kind of terrifying environment, alarming situations caused by GPS tracking.
+In fact, when I researched her case, I discovered, to my surprise, that it was clearly not illegal for you or me to install tracking devices in someone else's vehicle.
+The Supreme Court ruled last month that officers must obtain warrants if they want to pursue long-term pursuits, but the law isn't clear about tracking civilians, so we should be concerned. Big Brother isn't the only one. big neighbor. (Laughter) There's one very effective alternative that Carol could have taken. It's called a wave bubble.
+It's an open-source GPS jammer developed by MIT graduate student Limor Freed, who calls it "a tool to reclaim your personal space."
+Flipping the switch creates a bubble around which no GPS signal can exist.
+They are drowned out by the bubble.
+Limoll designed it partly because, like Carol, he felt threatened by GPS tracking.
+She then posted her design on the web. If you don't have time to design your own, you can also purchase the designs.
+Chinese manufacturers are now selling thousands of nearly identical devices on the Internet.
+So you might think Wave Bubble is great.
+i wish i had one. It might help if someone puts a tracking device on my car.
+However, it should be noted that its use is highly illegal in the United States.
+why?
+Well, it's not a bubble at all.
+That jamming signal doesn't stop at the edge of your personal space or the edge of your car.
+They continue to jam innocent GPS receivers for miles around you. (Laughter) Now, if you're Carol, Rimor, or anyone else who finds GPS tracking intimidating, turning on the Wave Bubble may not be a bad thing, but it's actually disastrous. There is a possibility.
+For example, imagine you're the captain of a cruise ship trying to navigate through heavy fog, and a passenger behind you turns on a wave bubble.
+All of a sudden, the GPS display goes blank, leaving just you, the fog, and anything you can do if you know how to operate a radar system.
+In fact, they no longer update or maintain the lighthouse, and LORAN, the only backup for GPS, was retired last year.
+Our modern society has a special relationship with GPS.
+We rely on it almost blindly.
+It's deeply embedded in our systems and infrastructure.
+Some call this an "invisible utility".
+So turning on the Wave Bubble can be more than just an inconvenience.
+It can be fatal.
+Ultimately, however, there is something even more powerful and destructive than the Wave Bubble, which is aimed at protecting your privacy at the expense of general GPS reliability: GPS spoofers.
+The idea behind GPS spoofers is simple.
+Disguise rather than jam GPS signals.
+You mimic them, and if it's done right, the attacking device won't even know it's been spoofed.
+Now let me explain how this works.
+Every GPS receiver has peaks inside that correspond to real signals.
+These three red dots represent tracking points that try to stay centered on that peak.
+But when I send a fake GPS signal, another peak appears. Even if these two peaks were perfectly aligned, the tracking point would not be able to tell the difference and would be hijacked by a stronger false signal along with the real peak. be forced to leave.
+At this point the game is over.
+A fake signal has now taken full control of this GPS receiver.
+So is this really possible?
+Could someone really use a spoofer to manipulate the timing and position of a GPS receiver that way?
+Well, the short answer is yes.
+Importantly, civilian GPS signals are completely open.
+No encryption. No authentication.
+They are very open and vulnerable to kind of spoofing attacks.
+Yet, until recently, no one worried about GPS spoofers.
+People thought it would be too complicated or too expensive for hackers to build.
+But I and my friends in graduate school didn't think so.
+We knew it wouldn't be too difficult. And we wanted to build it first so we could address the issue and protect against GPS spoofing.
+I vividly remember the week it all came together.
+we made it at home. That means I got my 3-year-old son Ramon to help me a little more.
+Here's Ramon — (laughter) — hoping for a little attention from your dad this week.
+Initially, spoofers were a jumble of cables and computers, but they ended up being packed in small boxes.
+Well, the Dr. Frankenstein moment, the moment when the spoofer finally came to life and I got a glimpse of its terrifying potential came late one night when I tested it against my iPhone.
+Let me show you some actual footage of that first experiment.
+I had come to fully trust this little blue dot and its reassuring blue halo.
+They seemed to be talking to me.
+They will say, "Here I am, I am here." (Laughter) And I said, "Trust us."
+So something felt very wrong about the world.
+When this little blue dot started at my house and left me as it drove north, it almost felt like a betrayal. I wasn't moving
+What I saw then in this little moving blue dot was the potential for confusion.
+Planes and ships were seen going off course, but it was too late that the captain realized something was wrong.
+I witnessed the GPS-derived timings of the New York Stock Exchange being manipulated by hackers.
+I can hardly imagine what havoc you could wreak if you knew what you were doing with a GPS spoofer.
+However, GPS spoofers have one advantage.
+This is the ultimate weapon against GPS dot intrusion.
+For example, imagine you are being tracked.
+Well, you can fool your tracker by pretending you're working when you're really on vacation.
+Alternatively, if you're Carol, you can lure your ex-boyfriend into an empty parking lot where the police are waiting.
+That's why I'm interested in this conflict, the pressing conflict between privacy and the need for a clean wireless spectrum.
+We can never tolerate GPS jammers or spoofers, but given that there are no effective legal measures to protect our privacy from GPS dots, we want to turn GPS on, Can you really blame people for wanting to use it?
+I am hopeful that this conflict can be reconciled by some kind of as yet uninvented technology.
+But in the meantime, things get interesting, so eat your popcorn.
+In the next few years, many of you will be proud owners of GPS dots.
+You probably have a bag full of them.
+Never lose track of your belongings again.
+GPS Dot radically rearranges your life.
+But can you resist the temptation to track down your allies?
+Or can you resist the temptation to turn on a GPS spoofer or Wave Bubble to protect your privacy?
+As always, therefore, what lies just beyond the horizon is full of promise and danger.
+It will be interesting to see how this goes.
+thank you. (applause)
+I love collecting things.
+Ever since I was a kid, I've randomly collected everything from weird hot sauces from around the world to insects I caught and bottled.
+Well, I like to collect things, so it's no secret that I love the collection of animals displayed in the Natural History Museum and the Natural History Museum diorama.
+To me, these are like living sculptures that you can go and see and commemorate a particular point in the life of this animal.
+So I was thinking about my own life, and how I wanted to commemorate my life, for years, and also — (laughs) — the lives of my friends. I did, but the problem with this is that my friends are reluctant to the idea that I taxidermize them. (Laughter) So I turned to video instead. Video is the next best way to preserve and memorialize someone and capture a specific moment.
+So what I did was I filmed six friends and used video mapping and video projection to create a video sculpture of these six friends projected onto a jar. (Laughter) So I now have this collection of friends that I carry with me wherever I go. It is called the animal kingdom Chordata, from the Latin human nomenclature, taxonomy system.
+So this piece is memorializing my friends in these jars, and they actually move around. (Laughter.) I mean, this was interesting to me, but it lacked a certain human element. (Laughter) It's a digital sculpture, so I wanted to add an interaction system. So what I did was add proximity sensors so that when you get close to the people in the jar, they react in different ways.
+It's the same as getting too close to people in the street.
+Some reacted with fear. (Laughter) Some have responded by asking you for help, others are hiding from you.
+This idea of ​​taking the video off the screen and putting it in the real world and adding interactivity to the sculpture was very interesting to me.
+So the following year, I documented 40 other friends, similarly imprisoned in a jar, and created a work known as "Garden," which is literally a man's garden.
+However, in regards to my first work, Animal Chordata, the idea of ​​interacting with art came to mind over and over again. liked it.
+So I wanted to create a new piece that would force people to actually come and interact with something, and the way I did that was to actually project a 1950s housewife into a mixer. (Laughter) This is a piece called 'Blend,' which actually makes you participate implicitly in the work of art.
+You may never be able to experience everything yourself.
+You can walk away, just watch this character stand in Blender and stare at you, or you can choose to actually interact with the character.
+So if you choose to actually interact with the piece and hit the blender button, you're actually sending this character into this dizzying mess.
+By doing so, you too become part of my work.
+Like people trapped in my work, you too — (blender sounds, laughter) — are part of my work. (Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) But, but don't you think this is a little unfair?
+Put a friend in a jar, or put this character, this kind of endangered character in a blender.
+But I never did anything about myself.
+I had never truly mourned myself.
+So I decided to create a self-portrait work.
+It's like a self-portrait taxidermy time capsule piece called "A Point Just Passed," projecting itself onto the punch clock of a time card. it's up to you.
+If you choose to punch punch card watches, you're actually making me old.
+So I start as a baby, and when the clock strikes, the baby actually transforms into a toddler, and then I transform from a toddler into a teenager.
+Since I was a teenager, I have changed into who I am today.
+From now on, I will become a middle-aged man, and from there I will become an old man.
+And if you punch the punch card clock 100 times a day, the pieces turn black and don't reset until the next day.
+In other words, you are erasing time by doing so.
+You are actually implicitly involved in this piece, erasing my life.
+So I like this aspect of interactive video sculpture. Being able to actually interact with it, and all of you being able to actually touch it and be part of it yourself. I hope someday all of you can be a part of it. Trapped in one of my jars. (laughs) Thank you. (applause)
+Now, I don't usually like comics, and I don't think there are many that are funny, and I find it strange. But I love this New Yorker cartoon.
+(Text: Never think outside the box.) (Laughter) So the man says to the cat, "You don't have the courage to think outside the box."
+Well, I think I used to be a cat.
+I always wanted to be outside the box.
+It's also because I come from different backgrounds as a chemist and a bacterial geneticist.
+So it didn't make sense what people told me about what caused cancer or where cancer came from, or for that matter, why you are who you are.
+Now, I would like to briefly explain why I thought so and how I tackled it.
+So, first, though, we have to give a very brief lesson about developmental biology. Apologies to those who know some biology.
+So when your mom and dad met, there was a fertilized egg. It's the round thing that made that little noise.
+It grows, grows more, and makes this handsome man.
+(Applause.) So this guy, every cell in his body has the same genetic code.
+So how does his nose become his nose and his elbows become his elbows, and why doesn't he wake up one morning and his nose turns into his feet?
+done. It contains genetic information.
+You all remember, Dolly, it came from a single breast cell.
+So why can't we?
+So guess how many cells there are in his body.
+There are 10 trillion to 70 trillion cells in his body.
+A trillion!
+Now, how did these cells, all with the same genetic material, create all these tissues?
+So the question I posed earlier becomes even more interesting when you think about this enormity in each of your bodies.
+Now, the prevailing cancer theory would say that a single cancer cell has a single oncogene, which makes you a cancer victim.
+Well this didn't make sense to me.
+Do you know what a trillion looks like?
+Let's see.
+There is zero after zero after zero.
+Now, if 0.0001 of these cells mutate and 0.00001 become cancerous, you're a cancer mass.
+You can get cancer all over your body. And you are not.
+why not?
+So after a series of experiments over the years, I determined that this was due to context and architecture.
+And let me briefly mention an important experiment that was able to show this in action.
+First, I came across this virus that causes those ugly tumors in chickens.
+Routh discovered this in 1911.
+This was the first cancer virus discovered, and I call it "oncogene", which means "oncogene".
+So he made a filtrate, and when he injected this filter, which was the liquid after the tumor had passed through the filter, into another chicken, it developed a tumor again.
+So scientists got very excited and said a single oncogene could do it.
+All you need is a single oncogene.
+So they put the cells in culture, the chicken cells and they put the virus on top of it and it builds up and this is malignant and this is normal, they said.
+And again this didn't make sense to me.
+So, for various reasons, we took this oncogene, attached it to a blue marker, and injected it into the embryo.
+Come on, look at it. Inside the fetus are those beautiful feathers.
+All of these blue cells are oncogenes in cancer cells and part of the feathers.
+So when I dissociated the feathers and put them in a dish, I got a mass of blue cells.
+So the chicken will have a tumor, but the embryo will not develop a tumor, and if you dissociate it and put it on a dish, it will develop another tumor.
+what do you mean?
+In other words, the microenvironment and the circumstances surrounding those cells are actually telling the oncogenes and cancer cells what to do.
+Now let's look at a normal example.
+As a normal example, consider the human mammary gland.
+I am working on breast cancer research.
+So here is a beautiful human breast.
+And many of you know what it looks like, except in its chest it has all these beautifully developed tree-like structures.
+So we decided to harvest just a few of the mammary glands called "acini". The acini contains all the little things inside the breast where the milk goes and where the nipple ends. As your baby sucks, it travels through that tiny tube.
+And we said, "Great!" Look at this beautiful structure!
+We want to put this into structure and ask the question of how cells do it.
+So we took out the red cell -- as you can see, the red cell is surrounded by blue and the other cells are pushing it. Behind it is a substance that people thought was mostly inert, just having structure to keep it in shape. So many years ago I took my first electron microscope picture and it turns out that these cells are actually quite beautiful.
+It has a bottom and a top, and since it was just born from a mouse in its early stages of pregnancy, it secretes a lot of milk.
+Take these cells out and put them in a dish and they will be like that within 3 days.
+they completely forget.
+Taking it out or putting it in a dish does not produce milk. they completely forget.
+For example, there is a beautiful yellow drop of milk on the left, but nothing on the right.
+Look at the nucleus The nucleus of the cell on the left is in the animal and the nucleus of the cell on the right is in the dish.
+they are completely different from each other.
+So what does this tell us?
+This shows that the context is overridden here as well.
+Cells behave differently in different contexts.
+But how does the context emit signals?
+Therefore, Einstein said, "There is no hope for ideas that seem insane."
+So you can imagine how skeptical I was. Couldn't get the money and couldn't do many other things. But I am very happy that everything worked out.
+Therefore, we created a part of the mammary gland of a mouse. There are all beautiful acini there, and everything red around is an acinus. And we said, "Okay, let's make this." I think maybe people think that that red thing around the acini is just a structural scaffolding, maybe there is information there, maybe it tells the cells what to do. I said it might be directing what to do and telling the core what to do.
+So I said that the extracellular matrix, or something called the ECM, sends signals, actually telling the cells what to do.
+So I decided to try making something like that.
+I found a sticky material containing an appropriate extracellular matrix, put cells in it, and after about 4 days the cells were reconstituted and I was able to make something like the one on the right in culture.
+The left side is the inside of the animal, that is, the in vivo one, the one under culture is full of milk, and the beautiful red color there is full of milk.
+I made "We Got Milk" for an American audience.
+have understood. And here we have this beautiful human cell, and you can imagine the context changing here as well.
+What are you going to do now?
+I made a basic hypothesis.
+I said that if it were true that architecture prevailed, architecture restored to cancer cells should make cancer cells think it was normal.
+can this be done?
+So I gave it a try.
+But for that, we needed a way to distinguish between normal and malignant. On the left, a human breast, a single normal cell, encased in a three-dimensional sticky gel containing extracellular matrix, and all of this is beautiful. Structure.
+On the right side, which looks very ugly, cells continue to grow, while normal cells stop.
+And here at high magnification you can see the normal acini and the ugly tumor.
+So we said, what's on the surface of this ugly tumor?
+Calm them down, they're signaling like crazy, the pathways are all messed up, and can you bring them back to normal levels?
+Well, it was great. daunting.
+Here's what we got.
+The malignant phenotype can be reversed.
+(Applause.) And here's a little movie to show that the malignant phenotype didn't just pick one. It's a little vague, but you can see that there are malignant cells on the left side and they are all malignant. Let's use a single inhibitor first and see what happens, they all look like that.
+I injected them into mice on the right and none formed tumors.
+Inject the remaining 100% tumor into the mouse.
+So this is a new way of thinking about cancer, a hopeful way of thinking about cancer.
+We should be able to address these things at this level, and these conclusions are that growth and malignant behavior are controlled at the level of tissue organization, and tissue organization is dependent on the extracellular matrix and microenvironment. indicates that
+got it. In this way, form and function are dynamic and interact.
+And here another five seconds of rest is my mantra. form and function.
+And of course we ask where are we going now?
+I would like to incorporate this way of thinking into my clinic.
+But before that, whenever you're sitting there, in 70 trillion cells, the extracellular matrix is ​​signaling the nucleus, and the nucleus is signaling the extracellular matrix, This is how balance is maintained and restored.
+We have made a number of discoveries, showing that the extracellular matrix interacts with chromatin.
+We have shown that there is indeed a small piece of DNA on a specific gene in the mammary gland that reacts with the extracellular matrix.
+It took years, but it was very rewarding.
+Before I move on to the next slide, I have to tell you that there is much more to discover.
+There are many mysteries we do not know.
+And I always tell my students and postdocs, "Don't be arrogant, because arrogance kills curiosity."
+curiosity and passion.
+You should always think about what else you need to discover.
+And maybe my findings need to be added or changed.
+So we've just made a startling discovery. A postdoc, a physicist in the lab, asked me what I would do if I put a cell in it.
+What do they do first?
+I said, "I don't know, I can't see."
+There was no high image in the past.
+So the imager and physicist did this amazing thing.
+This is a three-dimensional representation of a single human breast cell.
+look at it We do this all the time.
+have consistent motion.
+If you put cancer cells there, they will metastasize everywhere and do this. they don't do that.
+And when you put the cancer cells back together, the same thing happens again.
+Really daunting.
+The cells thus function like fetuses. That's really exciting.
+I would like to end with a poem.
+Well, I originally liked English literature, and I used to debate at university, but which one should I choose?
+Fortunately or unfortunately, chemistry won.
+But here is Yeats's poem. Read only the last two lines.
+It is called "Among Schoolchildren".
+"Body swaying to the music / Glowing eyes / How can you know a dancer from their dance?"
+And this is Merce Cunningham. I was lucky to dance with him when I was young. He's a dancer, and while he's dancing, he's a dancer as well as a dance.
+The moment he stops, we have neither.
+So it's like form and function.
+Now, I would like to show you a current picture of my group.
+I've been lucky enough to have great students and postdocs who have taught me a lot, and many of these groups have come and gone.
+They are the future and I try not to be afraid of them becoming cats or being told not to think outside the box.
+And I would like to leave this feeling.
+On the left is the water flowing off the coast, taken from a NASA satellite.
+Coral on the right.
+Now, if you take out the mammary glands and spread them out to remove the fat, it will look like this on your plate.
+do they look the same? Do they have the same pattern?
+Why does nature repeat such things over and over again?
+And we want to submit to you, we've sequenced the human genome, we know all about the sequence of genes, the language of genes, the alphabet of genes, but we know nothing about language. . and shape alphabet.
+So this is great new horizons and great things to discover for young and passionate old people and that's who I am.
+Let's go!
+(applause)
+First of all, I would like to thank Emeka, TED Global, for organizing this conference.
+This conference will rank among the most important conferences of the early 21st century.
+Do you think any African government would hold such a conference?
+I think you are AU. Would you like to hold such a conference?
+Even before doing that, they will seek foreign aid.
+I would also like to express my respect and respect to TED Fellows June Arunga, James Seekwati, Andrew, and other TED Fellows.
+I call them the Cheetah Generation.
+The Cheetah generation is a new breed of Africans who have no idea about corruption.
+They understand what accountability and democracy are.
+They won't wait for the government to do something.
+That is the cheetah generation, and Africa's salvation depends on this cheetah.
+In contrast, of course, we have the hippo generation.
+(Laughter) The Hippo generation is the ruling elite.
+They are trapped in an intellectual patch.
+They complained about colonialism and imperialism, but they didn't move.
+If you ask them to reform their economy, they won't reform their economy because they are profiting from the rotten status quo.
+There are many Africans who are very angry and resentful of the current situation in Africa.
+Well, we are talking about a continent that is not poor.
+It is rich in mineral resources and natural mineral resources.
+But Africa's mineral resources are underutilized to lift its people out of poverty.
+That is why many Africans are so angry.
+And Africa is in some ways, in many ways, more than just a tragedy.
+There is another enduring tragedy. The tragedy is that there are so many people, so many governments, so many organizations that want to help the people of Africa.
+they don't understand
+We are not saying don't help Africa.
+Helping Africa is a noble thing.
+However, aid to Africa has turned into an absurd stage.
+It is like the blind leading the ignorant.
+(Laughter) There are some things that we have to recognize.
+African beggar bowl leaks.
+Did you know that 40 percent of the wealth created in Africa is not invested here in Africa?
+It's brought from Africa.
+The World Bank says so.
+Look at the begging vessels of Africa.
+It leaks badly.
+There are those who think more money and aid should be poured into this leaky bowl.
+what is the leak?
+Corruption alone costs Africa $148 billion annually.
+yes, leave that alone.
+Capital flight from Africa, 80 billion a year.
+put that aside.
+Consider food imports.
+Africa spends $20 billion on food imports each year.
+Add up all these leaks.
+That's far more than the $50 billion Tony Blair wants to raise for Africa.
+Now, back in the 1960s, Africa wasn't just feeding itself, it was also exporting food.
+not anymore.
+We know something is fundamentally wrong.
+You know, I know, but you're going to spend all day here, so let's not waste time talking about these mistakes.
+Let's move on to the next chapter. That is the purpose of this conference. Next chapter.
+The next chapter begins with a fundamental question: "Who do you want to help in Africa?"
+There are people, and there are governments and leaders.
+Now, Idris Mohammed, who spoke before me, pointed out that our leadership in Africa was the worst.
+Its characterization is even more charitable, in my opinion.
+(Laughter) I'm on the internet discussion forum, the Africa internet discussion forum, and when I asked them, they said, "Since 1960, we've just had 204 heads of state in Africa."
+And I asked them to name only 20 good leaders. Name only 20 good leaders. Why don't you try this leadership challenge too?
+I asked them to tell me their names only 20 years old.
+Of course, everyone mentioned Nelson Mandela.
+Kwame Nkrumah, Nyerere, Kenyatta -- someone mentioned it in Everyone.
+(Laughs) I skipped that.
+(Laughter) What I mean is that they couldn't go over 15.
+Even if they could name me 20, what would that mean?
+20 out of 204 means that the vast majority of African leaders have disappointed the public.
+And if you look at them, you'll find a line-up of post-colonial leaders -- military Hoof chiefs, Swiss bank socialists, crocodile liberators, vampire elites, phony revolutionaries, and more.
+(Applause.) Now, this leadership is very different from the traditional leadership that Africans have known for centuries.
+The second false assumption we make when trying to help Africa is that we sometimes think that Africa has what is called a government that cares about its people, serves its interests, and is representative of its people.
+I have one special quote. The emir of Lesotho once said: “We have two problems here in Lesotho: the rats and the government.”
+(Laughter) What you and I understand as governments does not exist in many African countries.
+In fact, what we call a government is a vampire state.
+Because vampires suck the economic vitality out of people.
+Governments are the problem in Africa.
+A vampire state is a government that has been taken over by a band of bandits and crooks who use the means of state power to enrich themselves, their henchmen, and their tribesmen, and exclude everyone else -- (applause) --.
+The richest people in Africa are heads of state and ministers, and very often bandit lords are heads of state.
+where are they getting the money from?
+By creating wealth?
+no.
+By raking it off the backs of those in distress.
+It's not wealth creation. It's a redistribution of wealth.
+A third fundamental problem we must recognize is that if we want to help Africans, we have to know where they are.
+Consider the African economy.
+The African economy can be categorized into three sectors.
+There is a modern sector, an informal sector and a traditional sector.
+The modern sector is home to the elite.
+It is the seat of government.
+Many countries in Africa have lost their modern sector.
+It's dysfunctional.
+It's just a fandango of the import system, and the elite themselves don't understand it either.
+It is the cause of many of Africa's problems, where the struggle for political power spreads, spills over into the informal and traditional sectors, and kills innocent lives.
+Of course, there is a lot of development aid and resources going into the modern field.
+More than 80% of Côte d'Ivoire's development went into the modern sector.
+Other sectors, the informal sector and the traditional sector, have the majority of Africans, the real people of Africa. You will find it there.
+Now, obviously, if you want to help people, it's common sense to go where people are.
+But that's not what we did.
+In fact, we ignored the informal and traditional sectors.
+The traditional sector is now where Africa produces agriculture, which is one of the reasons Africa is not self-sufficient, which is why it has to import food.
+Well, we cannot develop Africa by ignoring the informal and traditional sectors.
+And without an operational understanding of how the informal and traditional sectors work, we cannot develop them.
+Let me explain that these two departments have their own unique institutions.
+The first is the political system.
+Africans traditionally hate government. They hate oppression.
+Examining their traditional system, Africans organize their provinces into two types.
+First, we belong to an ethnic society that believes that the state is necessarily tyrannical and does not want to have anything to do with centralized authority.
+These societies are, for example, the Igbo, Somali and Kikuyu. they don't have a chief.
+Other ethnic groups that had chiefs surrounded them in council after council to prevent abuse of power.
+For example, in Ashanti tradition, a chief cannot make any decisions without the consent of the Council of Elders.
+Without a council, the chief cannot pass any laws, and if the chief does not govern according to the will of the people, he is removed from office.
+Otherwise, people will abandon their chiefs and go elsewhere to establish new settlements.
+And if you look at the ancient African empires, they were all organized on one particular principle: the principle of confederation, characterized by a large devolution of power and the decentralization of power.
+Well, here's what I explained to you guys.
+This is part of the political heritage of indigenous Africans.
+Now compare this to the modern system established in Africa by the ruling elite.
+It's a completely different story.
+In the traditional African economic system, the means of production are privately owned.
+Owned by a large family.
+In the West, the basic economic and social unit is the individual.
+An American would say, "I am who I am, and I can do whatever I want."
+The accent is on the "I".
+In Africa, Africans say, 'I am because we are'.
+"We" means the community, the extended family system.
+Extended family systems pool resources collectively.
+they own a farm. They decide what to do and what to produce.
+They never listen to the chief's orders.
+They decide what to do.
+After producing crops, the surplus is sold in the market.
+If they make a profit, it is what they keep, not the chief taking it away from them.
+In a nutshell, what traditional Africa had was a free market system.
+Before the colonialists set foot on the continent, Africa had markets.
+Timbuktu was one big big market town.
+Kano, Salaga, they were all there.
+If you go to West Africa, you will find that market activity in West Africa has always been dominated by women.
+So it's quite fitting that this section is called the Marketplace.
+Africa is no stranger to markets.
+Africans practiced another form of capitalism, but suddenly after independence the market, capitalism, became the Western system, and leaders said Africans were ready for socialism. Stated.
+Nonsense.
+And yet, what kind of socialism did they practice?
+The socialism they practiced was a special form of Swiss bank socialism that allowed heads of state and ministers to rape and loot African treasuries and deposit them in Switzerland.
+It's not the system Africans have known for centuries.
+What should I do now?
+Let's go back to the indigenous organizations of Africa. Here we order the cheetahs to enter the informal sector, the traditional sector.
+There are African people there.
+And I would like to show you a short video about the informal sector. About shipbuilding, where I myself tried to mobilize diaspora Africans for investment.
+can you show it
+The men are out fishing in this little boat.
+Yes, it's a company.
+It was built by a local Ghanaian entrepreneur using his own capital.
+He has received no government aid and is building two larger ships.
+The bigger the boat, the more fish will be caught and landed.
+That means he can hire more Ghanaians.
+It also means he can create wealth.
+And it will have what economists call external influences on the local economy.
+All you have to do, and the elites have to do, is move this operation into the enclosure so that it can be done more efficiently.
+Now, it's not just this informal sector.
+There is also traditional medicine.
+Eighty percent of Africans still rely on traditional medicine.
+The modern healthcare sector has completely collapsed.
+Now here is the area. In short, there is a treasure trove of wealth in the field of traditional medicine.
+This is where Africans, especially diasporas, need to be mobilized and invested in this.
+We also need to mobilize diaspora Africans to enter agriculture, not just traditional fields, to drive change from within.
+We have mobilized Ghanaians in diaspora to bring change and democracy to Ghana.
+And I know that with cheetahs, we can take back Africa one village at a time.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So first, recall in the fog of your memory perhaps the most anticipated year of your life, and arguably the most anticipated year in all of human history: the year 2000.
+I think there was that immature longing that many felt after Y2K, the dot-com bubble, and when the clock struck midnight, emphasizing whose party to go to before the champagne ran out, and then into the millennium. In the year 2000 there should be just 2 and some more than zero meaning.
+Amazingly, for once, our world leaders actually lived to that millennium moment, going back to the year 2000 to create visionary, measurable, long-term goals called the Millennium Development Goals. We agreed to the rather extraordinary content of
+Now, I'm sure you all keep a copy of your goals under your pillow or next to your bedside table, but just in case you don't, you need to refresh your memory, so the agreed-upon pact is: will be Among other goals, it pledged to at least halve deaths from extreme poverty, hunger and disease by 2015, and promised to help developed countries achieve this through debt reduction, increased smart aid and trade reforms.
+Now that 2015 is fast approaching, it's time to assess how we're meeting these goals.
+But we also have to decide whether we like such a global goal.
+Some people don't. And if we like them, we have to decide what we want to do with these goals in the future.
+What would the world want to do together?
+We have to decide the process of making decisions.
+Well, I definitely think it's worth working on these goals and following through. Here are some reasons why.
+Not only the incredible partnerships between the private sector of the developing world, political leaders, philanthropists and amazing grassroots activists, but also 250,000 people outside this very building in Edinburgh for Make Poverty History. We marched through the streets.
+Overall, they achieved the following results. The number of people taking antiretroviral drugs and life-saving anti-AIDS drugs has increased. Malaria deaths nearly halved. By vaccinating so many people, 5.4 million lives could be saved.
+Combined, this means 2 million fewer children die each year last year than in 2000.
+Thanks to all these partnerships, 5,000 fewer children die each day, ten times more than those who do not die each day.
+So this is an amazing living proof of progress that I think more people should be aware of, but the challenge of delivering this kind of good news will probably be the subject of another TEDTalk. .
+Anyway, thanks to everyone involved in getting these results for now. I think this proved those goals were worth it.
+But there is still a lot of unfinished business.
+Yet, 7.6 million children die each year from preventable and treatable diseases, leading to 178 million children stunted (a dreaded term for lifelong physical and cognitive disability). suffering from malnutrition.
+So clearly we have a lot to do towards the goals we have achieved.
+But many believe that the Sustainable Development Goals, the Natural Resources Governance Goals, Access to Opportunity, Knowledge and Equity should have been included in the original package, but were not agreed upon at the time, but should now be included. thinking about. , the fight against corruption.
+All of these are measurable and can be included in new goals.
+But the big question here is what do you think the new goals should include?
+what do you want?
+Are you annoyed that I didn't talk about gender equality or education?
+Should they be included in the new goal package?
+Frankly, it's a good question, but there will be some difficult trade-offs and choices here, so hopefully the process by which the world determines these new goals is justified, right?
+Now, as we gather here in Edinburgh, the technocrats appointed by the United Nations and certain governments are busy designing a new package of goals with good intentions, and now they are nearly as similar. It has done so throughout the second half of the 20th century. Century, top down, elite, closed process.
+But of course, since then, the web, mobile phones, and the ubiquitous reality TV format have taken over the world.
+So what we would like to propose is to use these to get people from all over the world to participate in historical firsts. It's the world's first truly global poll and consultation, giving everyone everywhere an equal voice for the first time.
+So isn't it historically a big lost opportunity to not do this when you can?
+Hundreds of billions of aid is at stake and tens of millions of lives and deaths are at stake. And I would argue that the safety and future of you and your family are also at stake.
+So, if you're like me, I think there are three key steps in this crowdsourcing campaign: Collect, Connect, and Commit.
+So, first of all, this campaign should be based on key poll data.
+Go to every country that allows you to enter, ask 1,001 people what they want to do with their new goals, make a special effort to reach out to the poorest and those without access to modern technology, and make sure their opinions are heard. Make sure you are in the center of the world. future goals.
+Next, you should ask for a baseline study to monitor future goals and see if progress can be made. The original goal did not have adequate baseline survey data. To be able to actually monitor progress, you will need the help of big data throughout this process.
+And you have to connect with a lot of people.
+Here we see social media giants and upstarts, telcos, reality TV formats, game companies, telcos all come together in what feels like a “We Are The World” moment, an unprecedented time. Witnessing the role of no coalition.
+Can they work together to help rebrand the Millennium Development Goals to Millennial Goals?
+And if only 5% of the 5 billion people currently connected made a comment, and that comment turned into a commitment, we could crowdsource 300 million people worldwide to meet these goals. can help you do it.
+Based on my experience of running campaigns and getting world leaders to commit, I believe that with this collected data and this connected crowd, world leaders would commit to most of the crowdsourced recommendations.
+But the real question is, can we all be committed through this process?
+If so, are you prepared to iterate, monitor, provide feedback, and make sure these promises really deliver results?
+There are some great examples here for scaling up, but in practice most are being piloted within Africa.
+Open Data Kenya will geocode and crowdsource information about where projects are and whether they are getting results.
+Often they are not in the right place.
+And Ushahidi, Swahili for “witness,” geocodes and crowdsources information to support targeted responses in complex emergencies.
+This is one of the most exciting things in development and democracy, with the public at the fringes of the network to see if the promise of massive global aid and the vague stuff at the top really gets through to the public. For that reason, we are cooperating in forcing the process to free up. Invert the pyramid at the grassroots level.
+This openness, this forced openness, is the key, and I should be open even if it wasn't completely transparent yet. I have a completely transparent agenda.
+Long-term trends suggest that population growth, rising consumption patterns and conflicts over scarce natural resources will make life difficult this century.
+And look at the state of world politics today.
+Just look at the Rio Earth Summit, which took place just last week, and Mexico's G20, which also took place last week.
+To be honest, both fail.
+Our world leaders, our world politics, cannot do it at this time.
+they need our help. They need cavalry, but cavalry isn't going to come from Mars.
+it has to come out of us. This bottom-up, democratic process of deciding what the world wants to work on together is one of the key ways we can crowdsource the power to actually build a constituency that will reinvigorate the world. I think. 21st century governance.
+I started in 2000. Let it end in 2030.
+Many people made fun of the massive campaign we called 'Making Poverty History' a few years ago.
+It's true that it was a naive idea in many people's minds and was just a T-shirt slogan that worked for a while. But look.
+The empirical condition of being able to live on $25 or less is on the decline, let's see how far we can go by 2030.
+approaching zero.
+Certainly progress in China and India and poverty reduction there was the key, but recently poverty rates have fallen in Africa as well.
+As it approaches zero, it will become even more difficult as the poor are increasingly concentrated in fragile post-conflict states or middle-income states that care less about marginalized populations.
+But I am convinced that an increasingly unified effort combining the right kind of political movement with creative and technological innovation can achieve this and other goals.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Chris Anderson: Jamie, this is the puzzle for me.
+If today there was some tragedy that killed 100 children, or 100 children were kidnapped and then rescued by special forces, it would be news for a week. ?
+You put the number 5,000 up there as one of the numbers, is that a number?
+Jamie Drummond: We are having fewer children every day.
+CA: 5,000 children die every day.
+In other words, everything that is actually on the news agenda is dwarfed and out of sight.
+This must drive you crazy.
+JD: Yes, and there is a huge debate in this country about aid levels, for example, but aid alone is not the whole solution. No one thinks so.
+But if people see the results of this smart aid, they will go crazy.
+I wish the 250,000 people who actually marched outside this building knew the outcome.
+At the moment they don't and we haven't been able to do that so it would be great if we could find a better way to communicate that.
+Creatively, we have never been able to convey this success.
+If efforts like this can double their voices and amplify them at key moments, we can certainly get better policies.
+Mexico's G20 need not have failed.
+Rio, if you care about the environment, you didn't have to be a bust, did you?
+But while these conferences are taking place and I know people are skeptical and cynical about major global summits and promises and those promises that will never be kept, , that small part is making a difference, and politicians need more permission. from the general public.
+CA: But we still don't fully understand how the web works.
+This can lead to things like this.
+So if people here have experience with open platforms, I'd be interested in talking to them this week to try and move this forward.
+JD: Of course. CA: Okay, well, I have to say that if this conference somehow helps push that idea forward, that's a big idea, and if it pushes that forward, that's really cool. not. thank you. JD: I would really appreciate your help.
+CA: Thank you, thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, I was born with a rare visual impairment called colorblindness, or complete colorblindness, so I've never seen a color, and I come from a grayscale world, so I don't know what colors look like. don't understand.
+For me, the sky is always gray, the flowers are always gray, and the TV is still black and white.
+But since I was 21, I started hearing colors instead of seeing them.
+In 2003, I started a project with computer scientist Adam Montandon, and after further collaboration with Peter Kese from Slovenia and Matthias Lizana from Barcelona, ​​this electronic eye was completed.
+It's a color sensor that detects the frequency of the color in front of you — (frequency sound) — and sends this frequency to a chip attached to the back of your head. Then, through the bones, through bone conduction, you can hear the colors in front of you. .
+(Frequency sound) So, for example, this is a purple sound. (Frequency sound) For example, the sound of grass. (Frequency tone) This is red like TED. (Frequency sound) The sound of dirty socks. (Laughs) It's yellowish, isn't it?
+For eight years, starting in 2004, I have always heard colors. So it's now quite normal to hear colors all the time.
+However, at first I had to remember the names given to each color, so I had to memorize notes, but over time, all this information became a recognition.
+I didn't have to think about notes.
+And after a while, this realization became an emotion.
+The number of colors I like has increased, and I've started dreaming about colors.
+So I started dreaming in color when I felt the software and my brain became one. Because it was my brain that was creating the electronic sounds in my dreams. It wasn't software, and that's when I started feeling like a cyborg.
+That's when I started to feel that cybernetic devices were no longer devices.
+It became part of my body, an extension of my senses, and even part of my official image after a while.
+This is my passport from 2004.
+It's forbidden to use electronic devices to be listed on UK passports, but I told passport authorities that what they were seeing was actually a new part of my body and my brain. Claimed to be an extension and was eventually allowed to write using an electronic device. Passport photo.
+My life changed dramatically after hearing colors. Color is almost everywhere, so the biggest change is going to an art gallery, for example. For example, it is now possible to listen to Picasso's works. It's like going to a concert hall because you can listen to paintings.
+And supermarkets, I think this is very shocking. Walking along the supermarket is very, very charming.
+It feels like you are in a nightclub.
+Various melodies are packed. (Laughter) Right.
+Especially passageways with cleaning supplies.
+Really great. (laughs) Also, the clothes have changed.
+I used to wear matching clothes.
+Now I wear clothes that sound good. (Laughter) (Applause) I'm wearing C major today, so it's a very happy chord. (Laughter) But if I had to go to a funeral, I would wear B minor, turquoise, purple and orange. (Laughs) Also, food, the way I look at food has changed. Because I can put food on my plate and eat my favorite songs. (Laughter) So, depending on how you display it, you can hear the food, you can compose the music.
+For example, imagine a restaurant where you can serve Lady Gaga's salad as a starter. (Laughter) I mean, this might get teenagers to eat vegetables.
+It is a very fun restaurant where you can actually eat songs, such as Rachmaninoff's piano concerto for the main dish, Bjork's and Madonna's desserts.
+It has also changed the way we perceive beauty. When you look at a person, you can hear their face, so even if it looks very beautiful, it may sound terrible.
+(Laughter) And vice versa, the reverse may happen. So I really enjoy making sound portraits of people and things like that.
+Instead of drawing someone's face like you're drawing a shape, point your eyes at them and write down the different sounds you hear to create a sound portrait.
+Here are some faces.
+(musical chords) Yeah, Nicole Kidman would be nice. (Laughter) Some people I can never relate to, but they sound similar.
+Prince Charles has some similarities with Nicole Kidman.
+Similar to eye sounds.
+This means you can interact with people you wouldn't normally interact with, and you can actually see your audience's faces and create concerts.
+So I connect the eyes and then act out the audience's face.
+The good thing about this is that if a concert doesn't sound good, it's their fault.
+It's not my fault, because — (laughter) So the other thing that happened was that I started having the side effect of starting to color the normal sounds.
+When I heard the phone ring, I felt green because it sounded exactly green.
+The BBC beeping sounded turquoise and listening to Mozart became a yellow experience. So I started drawing music and drawing human voices. This is because the human voice has frequencies associated with colors.
+And here is some music translated into color.
+For example, Mozart's "Queen of the Night" looks like this.
+(music) It's very yellow and very colorful because it has different frequencies.
+(music) And this is a completely different song.
+(music) Justin Bieber's "Baby". (laughter) (music) So pink, so yellow.
+Therefore, voice can also convert speech to color. For example, these are two very famous speeches.
+One of them is Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have A Dream" and the other is Hitler.
+And I like to put these paintings in the exhibition hall without labels, and then ask people, "Which one do you like?"
+And most people change their minds when I say Hitler is on the left and Martin Luther King Jr. is on the right.
+So I was able to perceive 360 ​​colors just like human vision.
+All degrees of the color wheel could be distinguished.
+But I just wondered if this human vision is not good enough.
+There are many more colors around us that are invisible to the human eye but are visible to the electronic eye.
+So I decided to continue expanding my color sense and added infrared and ultraviolet to the color and sound scales so that I can hear colors that the human eye cannot perceive.
+For example, sensing infrared is great because it can actually detect if there is a motion detector in the room.
+I can hear it when someone points the remote control at me.
+And the nice thing about perceiving UV light is that you can tell if it's a good day or a bad day for sunbathing. Because UV is a dangerous color, a color that can actually kill us. something we don't recognize.
+That's why I founded the Cyborg Foundation two years ago. This is a foundation that seeks to help people become cyborgs and encourage them to expand their senses through the use of technology as part of their bodies.
+We should all think that knowledge comes from our senses, and if we expand our senses, we will also expand our knowledge.
+Life would be much more exciting if I stopped making applications for my phone and started making applications for my body.
+I think this is going to be a big big change that we will see in this century.
+Therefore, I encourage everyone to think about which senses they want to extend.
+I recommend becoming a cyborg.
+You are not alone. thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+Let's talk a little bit about open source security because security needs to get better in this 21st century.
+Let's start by going back in time to the 20th century to understand how that style of security worked.
+This is the French battlefield Verdun, just north of NATO headquarters in Belgium.
+In Verdun in 1916, 700,000 people were killed in 300 days, or about 2,000 per day.
+If we apply 20th century security to World War II, we find that the Battle of Stalingrad lasted 300 days and killed 2 million people.
+We have entered a cold war and continue to build walls.
+From the trench warfare of World War I to the Maginot Line of World War II to the Cold War, the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall.
+Walls don't work.
+My theme for us today is that instead of building walls to keep us safe, we need to build bridges.
+This is a famous bridge in Europe.
+Located in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
+This is the bridge over the Drina River that was the subject of Ivo Andrić's novel, telling of how a huge wall had been built over the years in a very difficult region of Europe and the Balkans. increase.
+More recently, the past decade has begun to see these communities hesitantly beginning to come together.
+Again, I argue that open source security is about connecting the international, interagency, public-private, and strategic communications, primarily through social networks.
+So let me talk a little bit about why you should do that. Because our global commons are under attack in many ways, and the causes of threats to our global commons are not solved by building walls.
+Well, I'm clearly a sailor.
+This is a liner, a ship that cuts through the Indian Ocean.
+What's wrong with this photo?
+There is a bellows wire on the side.
+This is to prevent pirate attacks.
+Piracy is a very active threat around the world today. It is located in the Indian Ocean.
+Piracy is also active in the Straits of Malacca.
+Active in the Gulf of Guinea.
+We see it in the Caribbean.
+This is a $10 billion annual disruption to the world's transportation system.
+At this time last year, 20 ships and 500 sailors were being held hostage.
+This is an attack on the global commons.
+We need to think about how to deal with it.
+Let's move to a different sea, a cyber sea.
+Here is a picture of two young men.
+They are now in prison.
+They carried out credit card fraud and profited over $10 billion.
+It's part of the $2 trillion annual discontinuous cybercrime in the global economy.
+2 trillion a year.
+This is slightly below the UK's GDP.
+So this cyber ocean, which we constantly know is a fundamental part of radical openness, is also very much threatened.
+Another concern of mine on the Global Commons is the threat posed by trafficking in the movement of drugs and opium from Afghanistan through Europe to the United States.
+We are concerned about cocaine coming in from the north of the Andean Ridge.
+We are concerned about illegal arms movement and trafficking. Perhaps most of all, we are concerned about human trafficking and its enormous costs.
+Although human trafficking occurs primarily at sea, it also occurs elsewhere in the commons on Earth.
+This is a picture, and I hope I can tell you that this is a very high tech piece of equipment for the US Navy that is used to deter trafficking.
+The bad news is that this is a semi-submarine operated by a drug cartel.
+Built in the jungles of South America.
+We caught it on that low-tech raft — (laughter) — and it had six tons of cocaine on it.
+The crew is 4 people. A sophisticated communication sweep.
+This kind of human trafficking is part of the threat to the global commons: drugs, humans, weapons forbid, weapons of mass destruction.
+And today, let's join forces in Afghanistan.
+This is a poppy field in Afghanistan.
+Eighty to ninety percent of the world's poppies, opium and heroin originate from Afghanistan.
+Of course, we also see terrorism there.
+This is where Al-Qaeda is set.
+You can also see that a very powerful rebellion is embedded there.
+So this terrorism concern is also part of the global commons and something we have to deal with.
+Well, here we are in the 21st century.
+We know 20th century tools don't work.
+what should we do
+I would argue that the muzzle alone cannot provide safety.
+We don't just provide security through the barrel.
+The use of military force will be necessary.
+When you do it, you have to do it well and competently.
+My theory, however, is that open source security is about international, interagency public-private linkages, bound together by the idea of ​​strategic communications on the Internet.
+Here are some examples of how this can work in a positive way.
+This is Afghanistan. These are Afghan soldiers.
+they all have books
+You should say, "That's strange. I think I read that this demographic, young men and women in their 20s and 30s, are almost illiterate in Afghanistan."
+you would be right
+Eighty-five percent of those enlisted in the Afghan security forces are illiterate.
+why? Because the Taliban withheld education from these men and women while they were supposed to learn to read.
+So the question is, why are they all standing there with books?
+The answer is that we have NATO working with private organizations and development agencies to teach them to read with literacy courses.
+We have taught well over 200,000 Afghan security forces a basic level of literacy.
+When you can read and write in Afghanistan, you usually carry a pen in your pocket.
+At the ceremony, when the young men and women graduate, they take the pen with pride and put it in their pocket.
+It brings together international organizations (50 countries are on this mission), interagency organizations, development agencies, and the public and private sectors to undertake this kind of security.
+Of course, we teach them combat skills as well, but I would argue that open source security means connecting in ways that create longer lasting security effects.
+Here's another example.
+This is a US Navy warship.
+It's called comfort.
+There is a sister ship called "Mercy".
+They are hospital ships.
+The Comfort treats patients throughout the Caribbean and South American coasts.
+A typical cruise will treat 400,000 patients.
+Not technically military personnel, but humanitarian organizations such as Operation Hope and Project Smile.
+Other organizations also send volunteers.
+A cross-ministerial doctor will emerge.
+They are all part of this.
+To give just one example of the impact of this, this 8-year-old boy walked with his mother for two days to an eye clinic set up by Comfort.
+When fitted to his extremely short-sighted eyes, he suddenly looked up and said, "Mama, the world."
+"Mommy, I can see the world."
+Multiply this by treating 400,000 patients, public-private partnerships with security forces, and you begin to see the power to create security in a very different way.
+There is a baseball player here.
+Can you spot the two US soldiers in this photo?
+Two young men on either side of these boys. This is part of a series of baseball clinics, and we will be joining Major League Baseball, the Department of State in this diplomatic role, and the military baseball players who are real soldiers with real skills and who are on board with this mission. I have sought cooperation. And they have clinics in Latin America and the Caribbean, Honduras, Nicaragua, Central America and the Caribbean, where baseball is very popular, all of which creates safety.
+It sets an example for young men and women about fitness and life, and I argue that it helps create our safety.
+Another aspect of this partnership is disaster relief.
+This is a US Air Force helicopter that took part after the 2004 tsunami that killed 250,000 people.
+In each of these large-scale disasters, the 2004 tsunami killed 250,000 people, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan killed 85,000 people, the Haiti earthquake killed about 300,000 people, and most recently Japan and the horrific combination of earthquakes and tsunamis that hit the nuclear industry. In all these cases, we see international actors, interagency, public and private sectors working together with security forces to respond to natural disasters of this nature.
+These are examples of open source security thinking.
+We tie it even further by doing things like this.
+Now, you're probably looking at this and thinking, "Oh, Admiral, this must be a sea lane of communications, or it could be a fiber optic cable."
+No, this is a world graphic by Twitter.
+Purple is tweets. Green is geolocation.
+White is synthetic.
+This is perfectly reminiscent of that great census that listed the world's six largest powers in descending order: China, India, Facebook, the United States, Twitter, and Indonesia. (Laughter.) Why would we want to get into these nets?
+Why do we want to get involved?
+We have previously talked about the Arab Spring and its influence.
+Here's another example. how to move this message.
+On this point, I gave a lecture in London some time ago. As I'm telling you, I'm on Facebook. Please be my friend.
+There was some laughter from the audience.
+There was an article published by the Associated Press.
+We were picked up in two places in the world: Finland and Indonesia.
+The headline read, "NATO Admiral Needs a Friend."
+(laughs) Thank you. (Applause.) So do I. (Laughter) And this story triggered the next morning with hundreds of Facebook friend requests from Indonesians and Finns. Most of them were like, "Admiral, I heard you need a friend. By the way, what is NATO?" ' (Laughter) So... It is a way to build security by tying
+Now, let me tell you a depressing story.
+This is a picture of a brave British soldier.
+He belongs to the Scotts Guards.
+He is on duty in Helmand, southern Afghanistan.
+I put him here just to remind us that no one wants to leave the room thinking they don't need a capable and capable army that can produce real military effect. about it.
+It is at the core of who we are and what we do, and we do it to protect freedom, free speech and all that we hold dear in society.
+But as you know, life is not an on/off switch.
+You don't need to have an army in heavy combat or in barracks.
+I would argue that life is a rheostat.
+You have to dial in. When we think about how we build security in this 21st century, there are times when we apply hard power in real wars and crises, but as we have been talking about, there are many times. prize. Today, our military can play a part in building international, interagency, public-private security through effective communication.
+I'd like to finish by saying what I heard about Wikipedia earlier today. I use Wikipedia all the time to look up facts, but as you can see, Wikipedia wasn't created by 12 smart people locked in a room writing articles.
+Tens of thousands of people enter information on Wikipedia every day, and millions pull it out every day.
+This is a perfect image for the basic point that no one is smarter than we all think together.
+No one, no alliance, no nation is smart enough for all of us to think together.
+Wikipedia's vision statement is very simple. A world in which all humans are free to share the sum of all knowledge.
+My contention to you is that through a combination of strategic international, interagency, public-private communications, we can holistically build security for all in this 21st century.
+thank you. (Thank you for applause. thank you. thank you. (applause)
+We start with a slightly darker story.
+Two thousand seven years ago, my wife was diagnosed with breast cancer.
+Stage IIB.
+Looking back, it wasn't just the hospital visit that was the most devastating part of the experience. Naturally, these were very painful for my wife.
+It wasn't the first shock to learn that she had breast cancer at just 39 years old, with no family history of cancer.
+The most terrifying and painful part of this whole experience was that we were making decision after decision.
+Should I have a mastectomy? Should I have a lumpectomy?
+Given that it was stage IIB, should I take more aggressive treatment?
+Are there any side effects?
+Or should it be a less aggressive treatment?
+And these were being forced on us by the doctors.
+Now you can ask the question, why did the doctors do this?
+The simple answer would be that doctors are doing this because they want to protect themselves legally.
+I think it's too simplistic.
+These are well-meaning doctors, some of whom have become very good friends.
+Perhaps they share the wisdom that has been passed down through the ages that when making decisions, especially important ones, they are best in charge, best in control, and in control. I guess I was just following this adage that it's best to driving seat.
+And indeed we were in the driver's seat making all these decisions.
+And let me tell you, if anyone has been there, it was a very painful and harrowing experience.
+That made me think.
+I said, is this whole adage valid when it comes to making decisions, it's best to be in the driver's seat, take the lead, take the lead?
+Or are there situations where it's much better to sit in the passenger seat and let someone else drive?
+For example, a trusted financial advisor, a trusted doctor, etc.
+And I said that since I study human decision-making, I'm going to do some research to find out some answers.
+Today I would like to share with you one of these studies.
+So imagine all of you as participants in a study.
+What I mean is that what you do in your research is drinking tea.
+If you're wondering why, I'll explain why in a few seconds from now.
+You will solve a series of puzzles. Here are just a few examples of these puzzles.
+The more puzzles you solve, the higher your chances of winning a prize.
+Well, why should we drink tea?
+why? Because it makes a lot of sense. If you think about it, the mind needs to be in two states at the same time to effectively solve these puzzles.
+Caffeine is very effective as you have to be vigilant.
+At the same time, you need to calm your mind. You should be calm, not excited. Chamomile is very suitable for it.
+Next comes between-subjects designs, AB designs, and AB testing.
+So I'm going to randomly assign you to one of two groups.
+Imagine there's an imaginary line here, and everyone here is in group A, and everyone here is in group B.
+Now, what I'm going to do is introduce you to these two teas and let you choose one.
+You can decide what your state of mind is. OK, I choose caffeinated tea, I choose chamomile tea.
+So you are in control, you are in control, you are in the driver's seat.
+Guys, I'm going to introduce you to these two teas, but you don't have a choice.
+I will give you one of these two teas. Remember, you will randomly choose one of these two teas.
+and you know that.
+Come to think of it, this is an extreme scenario. Because, in the real world, if you sit in the passenger seat, the driver is very often someone you trust, an expert, etc.
+Come on, everyone, let's have a cup of tea.
+Imagine you are drinking tea right now. We will wait for you to finish your tea.
+Wait another 5 minutes for the ingredients to take effect.
+You will have 15 puzzles to solve in 30 minutes.
+Here's an example of the puzzle you're about to solve.
+Is there anyone in the audience you would like to stab?
+AUDIENCE: Pulpit! Baba Shiv: Oh! OK.
+that's cool.
+Yes, and what if you were the participant who gave the answer, I would have adjusted the difficulty of the puzzle to your expertise.
+Because we want these puzzles to be difficult.
+These are tricky puzzles. Because your first instinct is to say "tulip".
+right?
+So they are tailored to your level of expertise. This is to make this difficult. I'll explain why later.
+Now let's look at another example.
+Who? This is even more difficult.
+Audience: Embark. BS: Right. oh! OK.
+Yes, this is also difficult.
+You can disentangle yourself by saying "Cumber," then "Maker," and so on.
+Now, the question we are asking here is in terms of results, and it concerns the number of puzzles solved. Will you, in the driver's seat, end up solving more puzzles? Because you are in control. You can decide which one to choose. In terms of number of puzzles to solve, would you choose tea or would you prefer tea?
+And systematically, through a series of studies, we show that you, the passenger, will solve more puzzles than you, the driver, even if the tea is randomly chosen. That's it.
+We also observe something else. So not only are you solving fewer puzzles, but you are also focusing less on your tasks. That means less effort and less persistence.
+How do we know that?
+Well, there are two objective measures.
+One is, on average, how long does it take you to solve these puzzles?
+I spend less time than you do.
+Then you have 30 minutes to solve them. Do you spend the full 30 minutes or give up before the 30 minutes are up?
+Compared to you, you are more likely to give up before the half hour is up.
+That means less effort put into it, and as a result less puzzles to solve.
+The following are possible. Why is this happening?
+And under what circumstances, and when, do we see this pattern of outcomes, with better and more favorable outcomes for passengers compared to drivers?
+It all has to do with what I call INCA.
+This is an acronym that describes the nature of the feedback you get after making a decision.
+Come to think of it, in this particular puzzle task, it could happen in a highly volatile stock market investment, it could be a medical situation, but the feedback here is immediate.
+Feedback is noticeable whether you're solving a puzzle or not.
+right? Second, it's negative.
+Remember that your deck is at a disadvantage against you in terms of the difficulty of these puzzles.
+And this can also happen in the medical field.
+For example, very early in treatment, negative feedback occurs before things become positive.
+right? It can happen in the stock market.
+The stock market is volatile and when you get negative feedback, it's instant.
+And the feedback in all these cases is specific and clear. You will know if you have solved the puzzle.
+Now, the added thing is, apart from this immediacy, this negativity, this concreteness, now you have a sense of subjectivity.
+You were responsible for your decisions.
+So what do you do?
+You focus on abandoned choices.
+you say, what do you know?
+(Laughter) It calls into question your decisions and lowers your confidence in your decisions, your performance, your confidence in solving puzzles.
+Therefore, they will take on fewer tasks, solve fewer puzzles, and get less favorable results than you.
+Come to think of it, this could also happen in the medical field, right?
+For example, a patient in the driver's seat.
+It is often advocated that cutting down on juice means lowering strength and making the body more active to speed up the recovery process.
+Therefore, when faced with INCA, when the feedback is immediate, negative, specific, and there is a sense of ownership, it is better to sit in the passenger seat and let someone else drive. It could be much better. .
+Well, I started with a dark story.
+I would like to end with a brighter atmosphere.
+It's been 5 years, a little over 5 years, and thankfully the good news is that the cancer is still in remission.
+Then everything ends well.
+But what I didn't mention is that very early in her treatment my wife and I decided to take the passenger seat.
+And it has made a huge difference in terms of the peace of mind that comes with it. We were able to focus on her recovery.
+We put all the decisions in the hands of our doctors and put ourselves in the driver's seat.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Across the United States, there is a growing public awareness that sexual violence and harassment occur all too often within institutions – without any accountability.
+As a result, the Me Too movement is upon us, and survivors around the world are calling for change.
+Students protest against sexual assault on campus.
+Soldiers are calling on Congress to reform the military, and workers from Hollywood stars to janitors have accused them of sexual harassment in the workplace.
+This is the tipping point.
+This is when social movements can create lasting legal change.
+But only if you switch tactics.
+Instead of fighting for reform system by system, it's time to tackle the constitution.
+As it stands, the U.S. Constitution denies basic protections to victims of sexual violence, including sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and stalking.
+Specifically, the 14th Amendment, which prohibits state governments from abusing their citizens, does not require state governments to intervene when private groups abuse their citizens.
+So what does that mean in real life?
+This means that if a woman calls the police from her home for fear of being attacked by an intruder, she is not entitled to state protection.
+Not only would the police be unable to respond, but she would have no legal remedy if preventable harm was caused as a result.
+What should I do?
+This is because, in theory, the state does not act on behalf of each citizen, but on behalf of all citizens collectively.
+The resulting constitutional flaws are in direct contradiction to international law, which mandates the intervention of the nation-state as a human right to protect its citizens from private gender violence.
+Our Constitution leaves discretionary powers instead of requiring intervention. This discretionary power has been used by states to systematically discriminate against granting relief to millions of victims.
+Unlike what we saw in Law & Order: SVU, justice is rarely given to victims of gender violence.
+And even in the rare cases where law enforcement chooses to act, victims have no rights during the resulting criminal proceedings.
+The victim is not a party to the criminal case.
+Rather, they are witnesses. Their bodies, evidence.
+Prosecutors do not represent the interests of victims.
+Rather, the prosecution represents the interests of the state.
+And states have discretion to dismiss criminal charges, enter into loose plea bargains, or otherwise remove victim voices from the process. Because, again, in theory, the state collectively represents the interests of all peoples, not one person individually.
+Despite this constitutional flaw, some victims of gender violence are protected by federal civil rights laws such as Title IX.
+Title IX isn't just about sports.
+Rather, it prohibits all forms of sex discrimination, including sexual violence and harassment, within educational programs that receive federal funding.
+While Title IX originally targeted sex discrimination in admissions, over time, it has actually seen sexual violence by certain parties, such as when teachers, students, and campus visitors were sexually assaulted and harassed. Educational institutions are now required to intervene and address gender violence when it occurs.
+What this means is that through Title IX, those seeking access to education are protected from gender violence in ways that do not exist in law.
+Title IX requires educational institutions to take reports of gender violence seriously or otherwise be held accountable.
+And through campus-level litigation proceedings, Title IX goes so far as to give victims fair rights during campus proceedings, which allows victims to take care of themselves during proceedings rather than relying on the institution. It means that you can represent your interests.
+And this is very important. Because educational institutions, like today's criminal justice system, have historically covered up gender violence.
+So while civil rights protects some victims, we should want to protect all victims.
+Instead of acting organizationally and fighting for reform on campuses, in the military, and in the workplace, now is the time to tackle the Constitution and pass the Equal Rights Amendment.
+Originally proposed in 1923, the Equal Rights Amendment guaranteed equality of men and women under the law, and like Title IX on Campus, constitutional amendments allowed the state to intervene and prohibit prohibited forms of sex discrimination. It can be mandated to address gender violence as such.
+The Equal Rights Amendment was not passed in the 1970s, but was actually scheduled to be passed in three states.
+And because we live in different political epochs, at least one of those states ratified the amendment in the last year.
+From the Women's March to the Me Too movement, the political will of the people needed to create lasting legal change is growing.
+So, as a victim rights attorney fighting to improve the chances of justice for survivors across the country, and as a survivor myself, I don't mean to say "time is up" here.
+I'm here to say "it's time".
+After gender violence, it's time for accountability to become the norm.
+It's time to pass the Equal Rights Amendment so that our legal system becomes a system of justice and #MeToo is finally "repeated."
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So what if your smartphone could perceive the world the way we do when we walk around, point it at something, and actually perceive images and objects like the human brain does? , isn't it great? And you'll be able to pull in information from an almost limitless library of knowledge, experiences, and ideas.
+Well, traditionally it was considered sci-fi, but now we're moving to a world where it's actually possible.
+So the best way to describe it is to show it.
+What you see here is Tamara. He has my cell phone connected now.
+So let's get started.
+Here's a painting by the great poet Rabby Barnes, it's just a normal image, but when you switch the input to your phone and run our technology, you can see what Tamara sees on the screen and when she You can effectively see what you are looking at. Something magical happens when you point at this image.
+(Laughter) (Bagpipes) (Bagpipes) (Applause) (Bagpipes) VOICE: Blink boiling now in flowery bras...
+Matt Mills: Well, the great thing about this is there's no cheating here.
+Nothing has been added to this image.
+And the great thing about this is that this technology will actually allow your phone to start seeing and understanding just like the human brain.
+Not only that, when you move an object it will track it and seamlessly overlay its content.
+Again, what's amazing about this is how advanced these devices are.
+All the processing for that is actually done on the device itself.
+Now, you can apply this anywhere. Whether it's art in museums, as you saw earlier, or the world of advertising and print journalism.
+Therefore, newspapers become outdated as soon as they are printed.
+This is this morning's newspaper. Wimbledon news is here. This is great.
+All we can do now is point to the front page of the newspaper and get the breaking news instantly.
+Voice: ...to the lawn, and adapting is very important, must be flexible, willing to change direction at a moment's notice, and she does it all. She won this title.
+MM: The link between the digital content and the physical is what we call the aura, and we'll use that term a bit as we go along.
+The beauty of this is that not only is it a faster and more convenient way to get information in the real world, but actually using this medium may allow you to view information in ways you've never seen before. That's it. Possible.
+Well, what I have here is a wireless router.
+An American colleague said we should call this a router so that everyone here can understand — (Laughter) — but here's the device.
+So what I can do now is instead of getting the manual for the device online, I just point at it and it recognizes the device, and then -- Audio: I'll start by plugging in the gray ADSL cable.
+Then connect the power. Finally, a yellow ethernet cable.
+congratulation. Setup is now complete.
+(laughs) MM: That's amazing. thank you.
+(Applause.) The great work that made that possible was done here in England by scientists from Cambridge. They work in our office. I took a nice picture of them here.
+They couldn't all be on stage, but we're here because we're going to bring their aura to the stage.
+Not very lively. (Laughs) It seems that this was the 4th take. (Laughter) Okay. Now that we're talking about Cambridge, let's move on to technological advances. Because in less than 12 months since we started putting this technology into our phones, the speed and processing of these devices has grown at a truly staggering rate. So now that you have a movie-quality 3D model that you can place in the world around you, here's the 3D model.
+Tamara, why don't you jump in?
+(music) (dinosaur roar) (laughter) MM: Let's jump in.
+(music) (dinosaur roar) (applause) When the fun is over, comes the more emotional side of what we do. Because with this technology, you can virtually see the world through someone's eyes, effectively storing it over time and tagging physical things that exist in the real world.
+The great thing about this is that the tools to do this are free.
+They are open and available to everyone in the application, and educators are enthusiastic about their classrooms.
+There are teachers who have tagged textbooks and teachers who have tagged school classrooms. British schools are a good example.
+Here's an image from the video, which I'm going to play from now on.
+Teacher: Let's see what happens. (as children talk) Please continue.
+Children: TV. (children's reactions) Child: Oh my god.
+Teacher: Now move it to either side. Let's see what happens.
+Get away from it and come back to it.
+Child: Oh, that's great.
+Teacher: So, did you do it again?
+Child: Whoa! how did you do
+Second child: It's magic.
+(laughs) MM: (laughs) So it's not magic.
+Anyone can do this. I'll do it now to show you how easy it is.
+So it's kind of called - Stadium Wave. So, on a count of 3, start from this side of the room and go this way.
+Tamara, are you recording?
+Well, are you ready?
+one two three. go!
+Audience: Whoa!
+MM: My friends are really good at it. (Laughter) (Laughter) Okay. Now return to the Aurasma application. What Tamara does is tag my badge on the video she just took. That way I can remember it forever.
+Now, there are a lot of people already doing this, and we talked a little bit about the educational side.
+On the emotional side, some have taken the action of sending postcards and Christmas cards back to their families with little messages.
+For example, someone photographed the inside of an old car's engine bay and tagged the various components inside the engine. That way, if you get stuck and want to learn more, you'll be able to point and discover. information.
+We are all very familiar with the Internet.
+Over the past 20 years, the way we live, work, and see the world has changed dramatically. The cool thing is that we think this is the next paradigm shift. Because now we can literally accept content. We share it, we discover it, we enjoy it, we make it part of the world around us.
+Downloading this application is completely free.
+This process is very fast if you have a good Wi-Fi connection or 3G.
+Oh there you are Now you can save.
+It just does a little bit of processing to convert the image we take into a kind of digital fingerprint. And what's great is that if you are a professional user, i.e. a newspaper, this tool is: Almost identical to the one used to create this demo.
+The only difference is that you can add links and a little more content. Are you ready?
+Tamara Rokerts: I'm ready.
+MM: Okay. So we were told it was ready. That is, you can point to the image. And there you are.
+Video MM: 1, 2, 3. go!
+MM: Well done. We were Aurasma. thank you.
+(applause)
+Frugal Digital is essentially C.I.D's small research group.
+So we are trying to find alternative visions of how to build a digitally inclusive society.
+that's what we're after.
+And we do this because we really believe today's silicon technology is largely a culture of excess.
+It's the fastest, most efficient, dazzling gadget you can own, yet about two-thirds of the world uses it to address the basic needs of life, including health care, education, and everything else. And getting to even the most basic of this technology is difficult. Kind of a very fundamental problem.
+So before I start, I would like to tell you a little anecdote, a small story about a man I once met in Mumbai.
+So this man's name is Sati Shri.
+He's a small entrepreneur, so he's a great person.
+He runs a small shop in one of Mumbai's back streets.
+He has a small shop of 10 square meters where a lot of things go on.
+It's unbelievable, I couldn't believe my eyes when I ran into him once.
+Basically what he's doing is providing all sorts of basic services that you use online, such as micropayments and booking tickets, but doing it for people offline, Connect to the digital world.
+More importantly, he makes money by selling mobile recharge coupons for prepaid subscriptions.
+But behind the scenes, he has this little corner with a few employees where he can fix just about anything.
+Even if you bring your mobile phone or gadget, you can have it repaired.
+And it's pretty incredible. Because when I took my iPhone there, he was like, "Yeah, do you want to upgrade?"
+"Yes." (laughs) I was a little skeptical, but I gave him the Nokia instead. (Laughter) But what surprised me was the amount of reverse engineering and know-how built into this little space of two meters.
+They know everything it takes to take it apart, take it apart, rewrite the circuits, re-flash the firmware, do whatever you want with the phone, and they can fix anything in no time.
+I can give you the phone this morning and pick it up after lunch. This was great.
+But we wondered if this was a local phenomenon, or really a global phenomenon.
+And over time, we began to understand and systematically study what this tinkered ecosystem was all about. Because it's not just happening on one street corner in Mumbai.
+It's actually happening all over the country.
+It's happening in Africa, for example in Cape Town, where we did extensive research on this.
+Even here in Doha, I found a little nook where you can fix alarm clocks and clocks. There are many small parts in it. It is not easy.
+To believe it, you have to try it yourself.
+But what drives this?
+It's literally a whole ecosystem of low cost parts and consumables that are produced all over the world and basically redistributed to serve this industry, you can even buy salvaged parts can.
+You don't necessarily have to buy new. Dismantled computers are deprecated, but you can buy salvaged components or ones that can be reassembled in new configurations.
+But what does this new approach bring us?
+that's the real problem. Because it is part of every society that lacks adequate resources.
+But there is an interesting paradigm.
+There are traditional crafts and technology crafts.
+These are emerging, which is why we call them tech crafts.
+It's not established.
+It's not institutionalized.
+They don't teach you at university.
+It is taught orally and is an informal educational system for this.
+So we said, 'What can we get out of this?
+What are the key values ​​we can derive from this?”
+The key is a local fix culture. This is great because it means you don't have to go through a huge bureaucratic system to fix your product or service.
+It can also be manufactured cheaply, which is great, so you can do more with it.
+And most importantly, it is possible to perform large-scale calculations at low cost.
+What that means is that we can actually build very clever algorithms and other kinds of extensible ideas into simple devices.
+So we call it the silicon cottage industry.
+This basically means that what was a pre-industrial system or paradigm is now happening again in a whole new way in small digital shops in most of the developing countries of the planet.
+So we kind of messed around with this idea and said, "What can we do with this?"
+Can you make a little product or service out of it? "
+So one of the first things we did was something called a multimedia platform. We call it lunchbox.
+Basically, one of the backgrounds we studied was a school in a very remote part of India.
+There is an amazing concept called Single Teacher School, basically one multitasking teacher teaching this wonderful little social environment.
+Although it is an informal school, it offers a truly holistic education.
+The only thing they lack is access to resources. Sometimes there are no textbooks, not even a proper curriculum.
+So we thought, "What can we do to make this teacher do more?" How can I access the digital world?
+Instead of being the sole guardian of information, be the facilitator of all this information.
+So we asked, "What steps do you need to take to empower teachers?"
+How do we make this teacher a digital gateway, and how do we design an inexpensive multimedia platform that can be built locally and served locally?”
+So we walked around.
+We went to the local market to try and figure out, "What can we pick up to make this happen?"
+So what we got was a tiny cell phone for about $60 with a tiny pico projector.
+We went for a flashlight with a very large battery and lots of small speakers.
+So, in essence, mobile phones provide us with a connected multimedia platform.
+This will allow you to go online, load and play files of various formats.
+The flashlight offers a very powerful, bright LED and a 6-hour rechargeable battery pack, while the lunchbox is a nice little package that you can put everything in, and lots of mini speakers to amplify the sound. I have. sufficient.
+Believe me, that little classroom is really noisy.
+They're screaming kids and they have to get over it.
+And when I took it home to my little tinkering setup at a cell phone repair shop, magic happened.
+We take the whole thing apart, reassemble it in a new configuration, do a hardware mashup, and systematically train you how to do this.
+What came out was a small lunch box, a form factor.
+(Applause.) And then we systematically field tested it. We learned a few key lessons from field testing and repeated them over and over again.
+One of the key issues was battery consumption and charging.
+Brightness becomes an issue when the sun is too strong outdoors.
+The roof is often broken, so there is not enough darkness in the classroom for these tasks.
+We have extended this idea. After a lot of testing, the next version we landed on was a box that could be trickle charged with solar energy, but most importantly connected to a car battery. Because the car battery is the ubiquitous power source. Insufficient power or unstable power.
+And the other important thing we did was make this box run on a USB key. Even though GPRS and all that was on paper, I realized that, at least in theory, it would be much more efficient to send data on paper. We will send you a small USB key by sea.
+It may take days to get there, but at least it gets there with high resolution and reliable quality.
+So we built this box and tested it over and over and did these things over and over.
+But it's not just about education.
+This kind of technology and metrology can actually be applied to other kinds of fields. One more little story.
+It's about this little device called the Medimeter.
+This is basically a small medical screening tool that we developed.
+India has a wonderful human context of health workers called ASHA workers.
+They are basically foot soldiers in the health system who live in their local communities and are trained in basic tools and basic concepts of health care. The main purpose is basically to tell people how to live a better life, but also to redirect or recommend what kind of medical care should be approached?
+These are basically referral services.
+But the thing is, after doing a lot of research, they realized it would be great to refer people to the nearest clinic or public health system. But what's happening with the public health system is that there are incredibly long lines. There are many people overloading the system simply because there are not enough doctors and facilities for the population being referred.
+So everything from the common cold to the severe symptoms of malaria receives roughly the same level of attention and no priority.
+So we said, "There must be a better way to do this."
+So we thought, "What can we do with ASHA workers? Interesting that these ASHA workers aren't just filters, they're a very well-thought-out referral system that enables network load balancing and patient guidance." How can I make it a filter?” Do they use different medical facilities based on the severity and severity of the situation?"
+The real key question was how can we empower this woman?
+How can we provide her with a simple tool that is essentially a screening rather than a diagnosis, and at least help her understand how to give the patient proper advice?
+And it will make a big difference in the system. This is because the waiting time and distance that people need to travel to perform a quick health check is often 7-15 kilometers, or even on foot. It is very harmful in the sense that it actually discourages people from accessing medical care.
+So if there is anything she can do, it would be great.
+So what we did was turn this device into a medical device.
+It's a pretty easy process, so I'd love to see a demo of it in action.
+Bruno, would you like to join us? (Cheers) Come on. (Applause.) So what we're going to do is measure some basic parameters of you, such as your pulse rate and the amount of oxygen present in your blood.
+So put your thumb on this.
+Bruno Giussani: Like this, does it work?
+Vinay Venkatraman: Yes. That is correct. BG: Okay.
+VV: Okay, let's get started. I hope it'll go well.
+(beep) It beeps too, because it's an alarm clock.
+So... (Laughter) So, bring it to the starting position and hit the read button. (Beep) Now, I would like you to read a little. (beep) And the pointer points to three different options.
+Let's see what happens here.
+(beep) Oh, Bruno, you can go home, actually.
+BG: Great. Good news. (Applause) VV: So... (Applause) So the point here is, unfortunately, if the pointer is pointing at the red dot, you have to rush to the hospital.
+Fortunately not today. And if it points to orange or amber, it basically means you need some sort of more ongoing care from a health care provider.
+So this is a very simple three-step screening process that could fundamentally change the equation of how public health care works in so many different ways.
+BG: Thanks for the good news. VV: Yes.
+(Applause.) So, very briefly, I'll explain how this is done. Because that's the more interesting part.
+So, essentially, the three things you need to do this transformation from this man to this man are a cheap remote control for your TV that you can find in just about every home today, a piece of a computer mouse, Basically anything you can do. Very low cost to scavenge and few parts need to be pre-programmed.
+Basically it's a microcontroller with a few extra components that can be shipped around the world at a fraction of the cost and all it takes is a little local tinkering talent to transform the device into something else is.
+Therefore, we are currently conducting systematic field testing to see if this sort of thing actually makes sense for ASHA personnel.
+We have done some reference tests to compare with professional equipment to see if there is some change in the effect and whether it actually affects people's lives. But most importantly, what we're trying to do now is expand this. Because there are over 250,000 ASHA workers on the ground who are these fine infantry. And if we can give support to at least some of them. Access to these things will only change the mechanics of the economics of public health care, changing the way the system actually works, not only at the systematic planning level, but also at the very grassroots, bottom-up level.
+That's all. We want to do this at scale.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+So the machine I'm about to tell you about is what I call the best machine ever.
+It was a machine that was never made, but it will be made.
+It was a machine designed long before anyone thought of computers.
+If you know anything about computer history, you know that in the 1930s and 40s, the simple computers that started the computer revolution as we know it today were created. You would be right, except that you are wrong. century.
+The first computers were actually designed in the 1830s and 1840s, not the 1930s and 1940s.
+It was designed, partly prototyped and partly built here in South Kensington.
+The machine was built by a man named Charles Babbage.
+Now, I feel very close to Charles Babbage. Because his hair is always completely messy like this in every photo. (Laughter) He was a very wealthy man, part of the British aristocracy. And on Saturday night in Marylebone, if you were one of the intellectuals of the time, you would have been invited to his house. Soiree – and he had invited all sorts of people, the King and the Duke of Wellington, many celebrities – and he would show you one of his machines.
+I really miss those days when you could go to a night party and see a demonstration of a mechanical computer. (Laughter) But Babbage, Babbage himself was born in the late 18th century and was a pretty famous mathematician.
+He held the post that Newton held at Cambridge, most recently that of Dr. Stephen Hawking.
+He is lesser known than either of them because he had the idea to build a mechanical computing device but never actually built one.
+The reason he didn't make any of them is because he's a classic nerd.
+Every time he had a good idea, he thought, "That's great, I'm going to start building it."
+spend a lot of money on it. I have a better idea.
+I'm going to work on this. (Laughter) And I'm going to do this. "
+He continued to do this until then-Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel basically kicked him out of 10 Downing Street, and kicking him out at the time meant "good job." (Laughter) What he designed was this monster, the analytics engine. Now, to give you an idea about this, here's a view from above.
+Each of these circles is a gear, a stack of gears, which is as big as a steam locomotive.
+So as we go along with this story, I want you to imagine this giant machine. We heard a great sound imagining what this would sound like.
+Then I'll describe the architecture of the machine, explain why it's computer architecture, and describe this machine, the computer.
+Now let's talk about memories. Memory was much like memory in computers today, but it was all metal and consisted of a stack of gears 30 high.
+Imagine hundreds of numbered gears at this height.
+It's a decimal machine. Everything is done in decimal.
+So he thought of using binaries. The problem with using binaries is that it makes the machine very expensive and ridiculous. As it is, it's huge.
+That's why he has a memory.
+Memories are here.
+Everything looks like this.
+This monster here is a CPU, a chip, if you like.
+Of course it's this big.
+completely mechanical. This whole machine is mechanical.
+This is a picture of some prototype CPUs in the science museum.
+A CPU can perform four basic functions of arithmetic: addition, multiplication, subtraction, and division. This is already a bit of a feat in metals, but it can do things that computers can do that calculators can't. This machine can examine its own internal memory to make decisions.
+It was able to realize a basic programmer's "what if" that fundamentally perfected the computer.
+it could be calculated. It was impossible to do the calculation. We should be able to do more.
+Now, when you look at this and stop for a moment and think about today's chips, you can't look inside a silicon chip. Very small.
+Still, if you actually run it, you'll see something very similar to this.
+CPUs have incredible complexity, memories have incredible regularity.
+Anyone who has ever seen an electron micrograph will recognize this. This all looks the same, but here's the incredibly complicated part.
+Everything the gear mechanism here is doing is done by the computer. But of course you have to program this. Of course, Babbage used technology of the time and technology that reappeared in the 50's and 60's. Punch cards in the 70's. This one over here is one of three punch card readers over here. This is a program created by Charles Babbage in the Science Museum not far from here. You can sit there and go watch. Waiting for the machine to be built.
+And these are not just one, there are many.
+He prepared the program in anticipation of this happening.
+Well, the reason they used punch cards was because the French company Jacquard developed the Jacquard looms and woven these amazing patterns controlled by punch cards. So he was just reusing the technology of the time, and like everything else, he was using the technology of the time: gears, steam, machinery from the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s. increase. Ironically, born in the same year as Charles Babbage was Michael Faraday, who would go on to completely revolutionize everything from dynamos to transformers.
+Of course, Babbage wanted to use proven technology, so he used steam and such.
+Well, he needed an accessory.
+Obviously you have a computer now.
+There are punch cards, CPU and memory.
+Requires accessories.
+That's not all. First of all, there was the sound. There was a bell, so there was a bell that the machine could ring if something went wrong (laughs) or if the machine needed an attendant to come over. (Laughter) And the punch card actually has an instruction to "ring the bell." So, I think you can imagine this "Ting!"
+Now, just stop and imagine that sound, this 'click, click, click, click' or the 'ding' of a steam engine, right? (Laughter) Of course you need a printer, and everyone needs a printer.
+This is actually a photo of the printing mechanism of another of his machines called Difference Engine No. 2. This wasn't made by him, but was actually made by the Science Museum in the 80's and 90's.
+This is also a fully mechanical printer.
+He was so obsessed with numbers that he would print just the numbers, but he would print them on paper as well, and he would also wrap words, so when he got to the end of the line, it would cycle like that.
+You want graphics too, right?
+I mean, if you're going to do something with graphics, he said, ``Well, I need a plotter.
+So he also designed a plotter, and you know, I think he got a pretty good machine at that point.
+A woman named Ada Lovelace also appears.
+Now imagine these soiree. All these great and good things happen.
+This woman was the daughter of Lord Byron, who was insane, evil, and dangerous, and her mother was a little worried that she too had inherited Lord Byron's madness and malignancy. "I know the solution. Math is the solution.
+We teach her math. That will calm her down. "
+(Laughter) Of course, there are no crazy mathematicians, so that's fine. (laughter) Everything will be fine. So she's trained in math, and when she goes to a soiree with her mother, Charles Babbage pulls out the machine.
+The Duke of Wellington was there, took out the machine, clearly demonstrated it, and she got it. She is the only person in his life to say, "I understand what this does, and I understand the future of this machine."
+And we owe her a great deal because we know a lot about the machine Babbage is going to build because of her.
+Some now call her the first programmer.
+This is actually from one of her translated papers.
+This is a program written in a particular style.
+Historically, it's not entirely accurate to say that she was the first programmer, but she actually did something even more amazing.
+More than just being a programmer, she saw something Babbage didn't see.
+Babbage was completely obsessed with mathematics.
+He was building a machine to do math, and Lovelace said, "This machine will do more than math." And as you do, everyone in this room has a phone, so they already have a computer now.
+When you access that phone, everything on that phone, computer, or other computing device becomes math. Everything at the bottom is numbers.
+Whether it's video, text, music, or audio, it's all numbers, and underlying them are mathematical functions. Just because they do it doesn't mean they can't express other things." The real world, like music. "
+This was a big leap. Because Babbage is there and says, "We can compute these amazing functions, we can print out these tables, we can draw graphs." , she says, "Look, if this is music in numbers, compose music."
+This is what I call Lovelace's Leap.
+When she says she's a programmer, she's done some work, but the real thing is stating that the future will be much, much, much better than this.
+A hundred years later, in 1936, a man named Alan Turing invented the computer once again.
+Now, of course, Babbage's machine was entirely mechanical.
+Turing's machine was entirely theoretical.
+Both came from a mathematical point of view, but Turing taught us something very important.
+He laid the mathematical foundations of computer science and said, "It doesn't matter how you build a computer."
+It doesn't matter if it's a mechanical computer like Babbage, or it's electronic like today's computers and probably future computers, or mechanical again when it comes to nanotechnology. is not.
+You can also go back to Babbage's machine and make it smaller. All those things are computers.
+In a way, it's the essence of computing.
+This is called the Church-Turing theory.
+And suddenly a link appears that says that what Babbage built was really a computer.
+In fact, everything we do with computers today was done very slowly. (laughter) To give you an idea of ​​how slow it was, I had about 1k of memory.
+It used punch cards, and the punch cards were fed in, making it about 10,000 times slower than the original ZX81.
+It also has a RAM pack.
+More memory can be added if needed.
+(Laughter.) So what's going on today?
+So I have a plan.
+The archives of the Science Museum in Swindon contain hundreds of plans and thousands of pages of notes written by Charles Babbage about this analytical engine.
+One of them is a series of plans we call Plan 28. It's also the name of the charity that I started with Doron Swayde, curator of computing at the science museum and the man who promoted this project. Build a difference engine and our plan is to build it.
+We build analytics engines here in South Kensington.
+The project has several parts.
+One was a scan of Babbage's archives.
+It's done. The second is to look at all these plans to decide what to build.
+The third part is a computer simulation of that machine, and the final part is physically building it in a science museum.
+Once that's built, you'll finally be able to understand how computers work. Instead of having a tiny chip in front of you, you have to look at this giant thing and say, "Oh, I can see the memory working." , I can see the CPU working. You can hear it working. You can probably smell it in action. (Laughter) But in the meantime, we do simulations.
+Babbage himself wrote that as soon as an analytical engine existed, it would certainly guide the direction of future science.
+Of course, he never built it because he was always tinkering with new plans, but of course everything changed when it was built in the 1940s.
+Here's a little sneak peek of what it looks like in action with a video showing just some of the CPU mechanics in action.
+So this is 3 sets of gears, but more are added. This is an additional mechanism in action. I mean, imagine this giant machine.
+So give me five years.
+It will happen before the 2030s arrive.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+Hi. this is my cell phone
+Cell phones can change your life and they give you personal freedom.
+With your mobile phone, you can film crimes against humanity in Syria.
+With a mobile phone, you can tweet messages and start protests in Egypt.
+With your mobile phone, you can record songs and upload them to SoundCloud to become famous.
+All this is possible with your mobile phone.
+I am a child in 1984 and live in the city of Berlin.
+Back then, let's go back to this town.
+Here you can see how hundreds of thousands of people rose up and protested for change.
+Imagine this was the fall of 1989, and everyone standing up and protesting for change had a cell phone in their pocket.
+Who has a mobile phone in the room?
+please wait.
+Pick up your phone, pick up your phone!
+please wait. Android, Blackberry, wow.
+It's a lot. Most people today have mobile phones.
+But today I will talk about me and my cell phone and how it has changed my life.
+And I will tell you about this.
+These are 35,830 lines of information.
+Raw data.
+And why is this information there?
+Because in the summer of 2006 the EU Commission submitted a directive.
+This directive is called a data retention directive.
+The Directive stipulates that each European telephone company and each Internet service company across Europe must store extensive information about its users.
+who calls who? Who's Emailing Who?
+Who texts who?
+If you are using a mobile phone, where are you?
+All this information is stored by your telephone company or internet service provider for at least 6 months and up to 2 years.
+And all over Europe people stood up and said, "We don't want this."
+They said they don't want this kind of data retention.
+We want self-determination in the digital age, and we don't want phone companies and internet companies having to store all the information about us.
+They were lawyers, journalists, priests, and they all said, "We don't want this."
+What we see here is that 10,000 people took to the streets of Berlin and shouted, "Freedom, not fear."
+And some even said this would be the Stasi 2.0.
+The Stasi was the East German secret police.
+Then ask yourself if it really works.
+Can they really store all information about us?
+every time you use your phone
+So I asked Deutsche Telekom, Germany's largest telephone company at the time, to send me all the information you had about me.
+And I asked them once, I asked them again, and I didn't get a real answer. It was just a vague answer.
+But I said, I want this information because this is my life that you decide.
+So I wanted this information and decided to file a lawsuit against them.
+However, Deutsche Telekom said, "No, we do not provide this information."
+So I finally made peace with them.
+I will drop the lawsuit and they will send me all the information I ask for.
+Because, meanwhile, the German Constitutional Court ruled that this EU implementation: The directive to German law was unconstitutional.
+So I got an ugly brown envelope with a CD in it. inside.
+And this was on the CD.
+35,800 and 3 lines of information.
+When I first saw it, I thought, "Wow, this is a huge file." have understood.
+But after a while I realized that this is my life.
+This is 6 months of my life recorded in this file.
+So I was a little skeptical, what should I do?
+Because he knows where I am, where I sleep at night, and what I do.
+But I said I wanted to go out with this information.
+I would like to publish them.
+Because I want to show people what data retention means.
+So we worked with Zeit Online and Open Data City to do just that.
+This is a visualization of 6 months of my life.
+You can zoom in, zoom out, rewind and fast forward.
+You can see my every step.
+You can also see how I travel from Frankfurt to Cologne by train and how often I call during that time.
+Everything is possible with this information.
+That's a little scary, isn't it?
+But it's not just me.
+It concerns all of us.
+At first it's like I call my wife and she calls me and we talk to each other a few times.
+And some friends call me and call each other.
+And after a while, you're calling you, and you're calling you, and you have this wonderful communication network.
+But you can see how employees communicate with each other, when to call, when to go to bed, and so on.
+you can see all this.
+You can see the hub, including who is the leader in the group.
+If we can access this information, we can know what society is doing.
+If you have access to this information, you can control society.
+This is the blueprint for countries like China and Iran.
+It's a blueprint for how to explore society. All of this is possible when you have access to this information because you know who is talking to whom and who is emailing whom.
+This information is then stored in Europe for at least 6 months and for a maximum of 2 years.
+As I said at the beginning, imagine that in the fall of 1989 everyone on the streets of Berlin had a mobile phone in their pocket.
+And the Stasi would have known who had taken part in this protest, and if the Stasi knew who the leaders behind it might never have happened. .
+The fall of the Berlin Wall probably never existed.
+And the Iron Curtain didn't fall after that.
+Because today, government agencies and companies want to store as much information as they can about us, both online and offline.
+They want to be able to keep track of our lives, and they want to store it all the time.
+But self-determination and living in the digital age are not mutually exclusive.
+But today you have to fight for self-determination.
+I have to fight for it every day.
+So when you get home, tell your friends that privacy is a 21st century value, not obsolete.
+Businesses and state agencies may store certain information, so tell them when you get home. No need to store.
+If you don't believe me, ask your phone company what information is stored about you.
+So, from now on, every time you use your phone, remind yourself that in the digital age you have to fight for self-determination.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As architects, we often ask ourselves what is the origin of the shapes we design.
+What kind of forms can we design without references?
+If there is no prejudice, if there is no prejudice, if you are free from experience, what kind of shape can you design?
+What if we were free from education?
+What would those invisible forms look like?
+Will they surprise us? Will they intrigue us?
+Will they please us?
+So how do we create something truly new?
+I suggest looking to nature.
+Nature is said to be the greatest architect of form.
+And I'm not saying that we should imitate nature, that we should imitate biology, but instead suggest that we can borrow natural processes.
+You can abstract them and create new ones.
+Morphogenesis, the main process of creation in nature, is the division of one cell into two.
+And these cells can be identical or different from each other due to asymmetric cell division.
+Abstracting this process and simplifying it as much as possible, you can start with a piece of paper, one side, and divide it into two sides with a crease.
+You are free to choose where to place the crease.
+That way you can distinguish the surfaces.
+An amazing variety of shapes can be created through this very simple process.
+This format can be used to generate 3D structures using the same process. But instead of folding things by hand, we take the structure into a computer and code it as an algorithm.
+By doing so, you can suddenly collapse anything.
+It can be folded a million times faster and can be folded in hundreds of variations.
+And when you're trying to make something three-dimensional, you start with a volume, not a single face.
+Simple volume, cube.
+Folding that surface over and over again, after 16 iterations and 16 steps, we end up with 400,000 surfaces and a shape like this:
+And if you change the place where you make the crease, if you change the fold ratio, this cube will change to this cube.
+You can also change the folding ratio to make this shape or this shape.
+So you control the form by specifying where to make the folds, but basically you're looking at a folded cube.
+And you can play with this.
+You can apply different fold ratios to different parts of the form to create localized conditions.
+You can start sculpting the form.
+Also, since the folding process is done on a computer, there are no physical restrictions.
+This means that the surfaces themselves can intersect, making them incredibly small.
+You can make creases that you couldn't make otherwise.
+The surface may become porous.
+can stretch. It may tear.
+All of this describes the range of forms we can create.
+But in any case, I didn't design the form.
+I have designed a process to generate a form.
+In general, as you can see here, changing the fold ratio slightly changes the form accordingly.
+But this is only half the story. A 99.9 percent folding rate produces geometrically equivalent noise instead of this.
+The form I showed you earlier was actually created after a very long trial and error process.
+I've found that a much more effective way to create a form is to use information already contained in the form.
+A very simple format like this contains a lot of information that is actually invisible to the human eye.
+So for example you can plot the edge length.
+White surfaces have long edges and black surfaces have short edges.
+Surface flatness, curvature, radiality, etc. can be plotted. All of this information may not be immediately visible, but it can be extracted, articulated, and used to control bending. .
+So instead of specifying a single ratio to fold, we now establish rules and links between the properties of a surface and how that surface folds.
+And because you designed a process, not a form, you can run the process over and over again to create entire families of forms.
+Although these forms look elaborate, the process is very minimal.
+It has a simple input and always starts with a cube. It's a very simple operation. Make a crease and repeat this over and over.
+Let's bring this process into architecture.
+how? And how big?
+I decided to design a column.
+Columns are the archetype of architecture.
+Throughout history, it has been used to express ideals about beauty and technology.
+The challenge for me was how can I express the ordering of this new algorithm in terms of columns.
+I started using 4 cylinders.
+After much experimentation, these cylinders finally evolved into this form.
+And these columns contain information on very different scales.
+Let's zoom in on them.
+The closer you get, the more new features you will discover.
+Some strata are close to the human visibility limit.
+And unlike traditional architecture, it creates both the overall shape and fine surface details in a single process.
+These forms cannot be drawn.
+If an architect were to draw these with pen and paper, it would probably take months, or even a year, to draw all the sections, all the elevations. Something like this can only be created through an algorithm.
+Perhaps the more interesting question is can these forms be imagined?
+Architects usually have some sort of vision of the final state of what they are designing.
+In this case the process is decisive.
+No randomness at all, but not completely predictable.
+Too many surfaces, too many details to see the final state.
+This therefore leads to a new role for architects.
+We need new ways to explore all the possibilities out there.
+First, you can design many variations of forms in parallel and nurture them.
+And going back to our analogy with nature, we can start thinking in terms of populations and talk about permutations, generations, mating and breeding to come up with designs.
+And the architect actually moves into the position of being the orchestrator of all these processes.
+But enough of the theory.
+At one point I simply wanted to dive into this image so I bought some red and blue 3D glasses and got very close to the screen but still the same as being able to walk around and touch things. It wasn't. .
+So there is only one possibility. To get the column out of the computer.
+There is a lot of talk about 3D printing right now.
+For me, or for my purposes at the moment, there are still too many unfavorable tradeoffs between scale on the one hand and resolution and speed on the other.
+Instead, I decided to take this pillar and build it as a layered model with a very large number of thinly stacked slices.
+What you see here is a top-down X-ray of the pillar you saw earlier.
+I didn't realize it at the time because I was only looking at the outside, but the surface of the pillar was automatically folded and continued to grow inside the pillar. This was a very surprising discovery.
+I calculated the cutting line from this shape and fed this cutting line to the laser cutter to create a superimposed stack of so many thin slices, some of which are shown here, cut individually . .
+And this is a photo, not a rendering. And after a lot of work, the final column was very similar to what I designed on the computer.
+Almost every detail, almost every surface intricacy was preserved.
+But it was very labor intensive.
+At this point, there is still a large disconnect between virtual and physical.
+It took months to design this pillar, but in the end it took the computer about 30 seconds to calculate all 16 million faces.
+The physical model, on the other hand, is made of 2,700-layer, 1-millimeter-thick, 700-kilogram sheets that could cover the entire auditorium.
+And the cutting path followed by the laser goes from here to the airport and back again.
+But it's becoming more and more likely.
+Machines are getting faster and cheaper, and promising technological developments are on the horizon.
+These are photos from the Gwangju Biennale.
+In this case, we used ABS plastic to manufacture the pillars. We used bigger and faster machines. It has a steel core inside, which makes it structural and able to withstand loads once.
+Each column is effectively a hybrid of two columns.
+If you have a mirror behind a pillar that creates some kind of optical illusion, you may see another pillar in the mirror.
+So where does this leave us?
+This project gives us a glimpse of the unseen objects that await us when we, as architects, start thinking about designing the process of creating things, rather than designing things. increase.
+I have given you one simple process inspired by nature. There are countless others.
+In short, there are no restrictions.
+Instead, we now have a process that allows us to create structures of any scale we never dreamed of.
+And, let me add, we plan to build them at some point.
+thank you. (applause)
+It is very difficult to speak at the end of a meeting like this, because everyone has spoken. All said.
+So I thought it might be helpful to remind us of some of what happened here, and then provide some ideas that we can take in and work on moving forward.
+That's what I'd like to try.
+We're here to talk about 'Africa: The Next Chapter'.
+But we're talking about 'Africa: The Next Chapter' because we look at the old chapter and the current chapter and argue that it's not that good.
+The pictures I showed you before and this picture depict drought, death, and disease, which we see every day.
+What we want to see is 'Africa: The Next Chapter', which is healthy, smiling and beautiful Africans.
+And what we've heard since the first day of the conference, all the important statistics have been released, where we are now, how the continent is improving. I think it's worth remembering.
+And it's important to have a platform to build upon.
+So I'm not going to spend too much time on it. I would like to remind you that we are here for Africa: The Next Chapter. Because for the first time there is a platform to build on.
+The continent is growing at a rate that people thought would never happen, and we're really on track.
+For decades it was 2%, now it is 5%, and the projections are 6% and 7%.
+And inflation has come down.
+External debt, which I can talk a long time about as I was personally working on one of the largest debts on the African continent, has decreased dramatically.
+As you can see, it's down from about 50 billion to about 12 billion or 13 billion.
+This is a big achievement.
+You know, we built up our reserves. Why is that important?
+Because it shows off our economy, shows off our currency, and provides a platform on which people can plan and build including businesses.
+We also saw some evidence that all this is making a difference as private investment flows have increased.
+Again, if you've seen this statistic before, it's about 6 billion to about 18 billion today.
+In 2005, remittances surged. Nigeria is on the rise. The surge is too dramatic, but it's increasing dramatically.
+And this is happening in many other countries as well.
+why is this important? Because it shows confidence.
+People are now confidently taking their money home. If people in the diaspora bring money home, it shows others that confidence is growing in your country.
+And now you get a net inflow instead of an outflow.
+Now, why is it important that we have to run very fast?
+It's important that we build this platform and that the President and Kikwete and other our leaders are saying, 'Look, we have to do something different.'
+Because we are facing challenges.
+62 percent of the population is under the age of 24.
+What does this mean?
+This means that young people must focus on how they engage in productive endeavors in life.
+The focus must be on how to create jobs, keep them from getting sick and get them educated.
+But most of all, they are productively engaged in their lives, creating a productive environment in our country that makes things happen.
+And just to back this up, one of the things I've done since leaving government recently is to set up a polling organization in Nigeria.
+Most of our countries don't even have polls.
+People have no voice.
+There is no way of knowing what people want.
+One of the things we asked them recently was what their biggest problem was.
+As in every other country where this is happening, employment is a top priority.
+This is the end of the story, and I would like to come back again.
+Before I get into this slide, I would like to briefly explain this.
+And for me, it's the next step in building this platform so we can move forward. This should not be taken lightly.
+Until just five, six, seven years ago, we couldn't even talk about the next chapter because we were in the old chapter.
+we didn't go anywhere.
+The economy was not growing.
+Per capita growth was negative.
+We didn't even have a microeconomic framework or a basis to move forward.
+So let's not forget that it took a lot of time to build this, including all the things Dele tried to do in Nigeria.
+Create unique programs to solve problems such as fighting corruption, building institutions, and stabilizing the microeconomy.
+Now you have a platform on which to build.
+And that brings us to the discussions that are taking place here, aid versus the private sector, aid versus trade, and so on.
+And someone stood up and said that one of the things that annoys me is that the discussion so far has been simplistic.
+And it's not up for debate.
+You are participating in the wrong discussion.
+The question here is how do we build partnerships where government funders, the private sector and ordinary Africans take responsibility for their lives.
+How does it all fit together?
+To move our continent forward, to do what I'm talking about, which is to hire young people.
+Much of what you've seen here brings creativity to this continent.
+So I think we were on the wrong side of the argument a little bit.
+Going back, what is it that combines all these elements to produce what we want? (Applause.) And I have something to say to you.
+For me, the issue of aid is that I don't think Africans need to go to the other side right now and feel bad about aid.
+Africa has given aid to other countries.
+Mo Ibrahim said at a forum we attended that he dreamed of one day Africa giving aid.
+And I said, "Mo, you're right. We do, no, but we're already doing it!"
+Britain and the United States would not be built today without African aid. "
+(Applause.) It is all the resources extracted from Africa, including humans, that have built these nations today.
+Therefore, when they try to give back, we must not go on the defensive.
+That's not the problem.
+The problem is how to use what is returned.
+how do you use it?
+Is it directed effectively?
+I would like to say a few words.
+It's all right to get help, but why take advantage of it?
+From 1967 to 1970, Nigeria fought the Nigeria-Biafra War.
+And in the middle of that war, I was 14 years old.
+We spent a lot of time cooking with my mother.
+As for the army - my father joined the army as a brigadier general - the Biafra army.
+We were on the Biafran side.
+And we ate one meal a day and ran around, but wherever we could help.
+At some point in 1969 things were very bad.
+In terms of food for the day, we had almost nothing.
+People and children were dying in Kwashiorkor.
+I'm sure some of you who aren't that young will remember these pictures.
+Well, I was in the middle of it.
+During that time, my mother fell ill with a stomach ailment for two or three days.
+We thought she was going to die.
+Father wasn't there.
+he was in the army
+I was the oldest in the family.
+My sister became seriously ill with malaria.
+She was 3 and I was 15.
+And she had a very high fever. we tried everything.
+It didn't seem to work.
+Until I heard that there was a doctor 10 kilometers away, examining people and giving them medicine.
+Now, I put my sister on my back and walked 10 kilometers with her tied to my back while burning.
+It was really hot. I was very hungry.
+I was scared because I knew that her life depended on whether I could reach this woman.
+I heard that a female doctor is treating you.
+I walked 10 kilometers with one foot in front of the other.
+When I got there, I saw a large crowd of people.
+Nearly 1,000 people gathered there, trying to break down the door.
+She used to do this at church. how were you supposed to get in?
+With my sister tied to my back, I had to crawl between people's legs and find my way to the window.
+And while they were trying to break down the door, I broke in through the window and jumped in.
+This lady told me it was almost time.
+She had barely moved by the time we burst into the hall.
+She injected me with chloroquine -- what I learned at the time was chloroquine -- gave her some -- must have been hydration -- and some other treatments and gave us I was in trouble.
+After a few hours, she started moving.
+Then she started sweating, so they covered her with a towel. This was a good sign.
+Then my sister woke up.
+And after five or six hours she said she could go home.
+I tied her up behind my back.
+I walked 10km on the way home and it was the shortest distance I have ever walked.
+I was so happy my sister was alive -- (Applause) --
+Now, at 41, she is a mother of three and a doctor who saves other lives.
+why do i say that? I'm telling you that because I don't care if it's you or your associates, whether it's assistance or wherever.
+Never mind what it is! (Applause.) You just want that person to live!
+Let's get a little emotional here, saving lives is what we do on this continent with some of the help we're getting, be it a farmer, a teacher, a mother, save anyone's life Let me just say that they are making a productive contribution to society. economic.
+And as economists, we can look at that side of the story as well.
+They are the people who are the producers of the economy.
+So if we save people from HIV/AIDS and malaria, it means they can form the productive base of our economy.
+And likewise, as someone said yesterday, their children will be an economic burden if they die if we don't.
+Therefore, if we look at it from an economic point of view, but apart from a social and humanitarian point of view, we need to save lives now.
+This is one of the reasons, from personal experience, that I recommend putting the resources you get into something productive.
+However, I should also mention that I am one of those who don't believe this is the only answer.
+That's why I said the discussion needs to be more refined.
+Well, you have to put it to good use.
+What happened in Europe?
+Did you know that Spain, part of the EU, receives $10 billion in aid from other EU countries?
+resources deeded to them, and were the Spaniards ashamed of this? no!
+The EU sent $10 billion. where did they use it?
+Have you been to southern Spain recently? There are roads everywhere.
+Infrastructure everywhere.
+Against this backdrop, the entire southern part of Spain developed as a service economy.
+Did you know that Ireland received $3 billion in aid?
+Ireland is currently one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union.
+For that reason, many people from other parts of the world go there in search of work.
+What did they do with the $3 billion aid?
+They built the information superhighway, acquired the infrastructure to participate in the information technology revolution, and used it to create jobs in the economy.
+They didn't say, "No, you know, we don't accept this."
+The European Union is currently busy transferring aid.
+What frustrates me is if they can build infrastructure in Spain i.e. roads, highways and whatever else they can build, why are they using the same aid to build the same infrastructure in our country Do you refuse to do it? (Applause.) As we ask and tell them what they need, one of my worries today is that we now have a lot of foundation.
+Now we talk about the World Bank, the IMF, accountability, all that and the EU.
+We also have civilians who now have a lot of money. Some of this audience has private foundations.
+And one day these foundations will have so much money that they will overtake the public aid being given.
+But I am concerned. I am very appreciative of what they are doing on the continent, but I am also concerned. I woke up with my stomach gnawed to see that there were new aid entrepreneurs on the continent.
+And they also go from country to country, again and again wondering what to do.
+But I'm not sure if their help is provided in the right way.
+And most of them don't know much about the continent.
+they are just discovering.
+And often you don't see Africans working with them.
+They just go it alone! (Applause.) And I get the impression, again and again, that they might not even be interested in hearing from any Africans they might know.
+They want to visit us, see what's happening on the ground, and make decisions.
+And now I may be saying something harsh.
+But I'm worried because this money is very important.
+Well, who are they to blame?
+Are we on their board when they make decisions about where the money goes? Are we there?
+Will we make the same mistakes we made before?
+Our presidents and leaders, everyone is talking about, have you ever called these people and said, 'Look, your foundation, your foundation, you guys have a lot of We have money, we are grateful.
+Let's sit down and really talk about where the money should go, where this aid should go. "
+have we done that? The answer is no.
+And each has its own efforts.
+And 10 years from now, billions of people will go to Africa again and we will still have the same problems.
+This is what gives us a hopeless image.
+We are powerless to tell everyone who brings money to sit down.
+And we don't do it because there are a lot of us. we don't adjust
+We're not calling Bill Gates or Soros or anyone else who can help and say, "Sit down, let's have a meeting together."
+Our priorities as a continent are:
+I want this money to flow here. "
+No one should be an entrepreneur out there looking for what's best.
+We have no intention of stopping them. But helping them helps make us better.
+And I regret that we are not doing this.
+10 years from now we will have the same story and we will be repeating the same things.
+So our question now is how can we take advantage of all this goodwill coming our way?
+How can governments work properly with these private foundations, international organizations and the private sector?
+I am also a strong believer in the private sector.
+But you can't do it alone.
+So you may come up with some ideas that might work.
+They said this is about spreading and sharing ideas.
+So why not consider taking advantage of this subsidy?
+Well, the first thing I would say to those who are helping us is, 'Don't be shy about your infrastructure.
+The health you are working on is not sustainable without infrastructure.
+If we had electricity, railroads, etc., that education would be more effective.
+Agriculture would be better off if there were railroads to bring goods to market.
+don't be shy.
+Invest some of your resources there too. "
+And this is a combination of private finance, international finance, multilateral finance, the private sector and Africa that we can put together as a partnership, so we can see that aid can be a catalyst.
+That's all I can do to help.
+I firmly believe that aid cannot solve our problems.
+But it can be catalyzed. And if you can't use it as a catalyst, you've failed.
+One of the reasons China is so popular with Africans today is not just that Africans are stupid and China is coming to steal their resources.
+That's because the Chinese have a little more influence.
+If you say, "We need a road here," they will help you build a road.
+They don't shy away from infrastructure.
+In fact, when I asked what was wrong with Nigeria, the Chinese Finance Minister said:
+He said, "You only need two things.
+Infrastructure, infrastructure, infrastructure, discipline.
+You have no discipline.” (Applause.) And I repeat the same across the continent.
+It's the same. We need infrastructure, infrastructure and discipline.
+So we can create catalysts that help provide some of that.
+I now believe we can also provide health and education.
+But I'm saying it's neither.
+Let's see how aid can be a catalyst for partnerships.
+I have one idea.
+Second, for the private sector, people are afraid to take risks on the continent.
+Why can't some of this aid be used as a sort of guarantee mechanism to enable people to take risks?
+(Applause.) And finally, they're both standing by me, and we're running out of time.
+Are you out of time?
+Now, let's not forget the punch line.
+One of the things I would like to ask you to do is support women and create jobs. (Applause.) I've said a lot about women here, but I don't need to repeat myself.
+But there are people who are creating jobs, women.
+And we know, putting funds in the hands of women, studies show. In fact, there is an econometric study, the World Bank Review, done in 2000 that shows that putting money in the hands of women leads to healthier children. More for the family, more for the economy, more for everything else.
+So my point here is not to say that men are unimportant, but what would they do if their husbands were left out?
+They will come home dissatisfied and cause difficulties that we do not want.
+It is not desirable for a man to beat his wife because she is unemployed.
+But at the last minute, we also -- and I'd like to push this -- because men automatically -- they -- don't automatically tend to get more support. Because there is
+But please understand that the resources in the hands of African women are powerful tools.
+There are people who create jobs.
+Beatrice Gakuba has created 200 jobs from her flower business in Rwanda.
+In Nigeria, there is a company called Ibkun Awoshika, and the chairman's company is also the same.
+she wants to expand.
+She needs another 20 million.
+She will create another 100, 200 jobs.
+What this tells us is how to assemble the resources to put money into the hands of ready middle-class women, business people who want to expand their businesses and create more jobs. It is about going.
+And finally, what are you going to do to join this partnership of Africans in aid, government, the private sector and as individuals?
+thank you. (applause)
+Doc Edgerton left us in awe and curiosity with this photo of a bullet penetrating an apple at just a millionth of a second.
+But now, 50 years later, we can see the world a million times faster, at trillions of frames per second instead of millions or billions.
+I introduce a new type of photography, femto photography. This is a new imaging technology that can create very fast slow-motion videos of moving light.
+This allows us to create cameras that can turn corners, look beyond the line of sight, and see inside the body without X-rays, truly challenging the meaning of the camera.
+Now turning the laser pointer on and off in trillionths of a second (a few femtoseconds) creates a packet of photons just a millimeter wide.
+And that packet of photons, that bullet, travels at the speed of light, and again a million times faster than a normal bullet.
+Now, if you took that bullet and this packet of photons and fired it into this bottle, how would those photons shatter into this bottle?
+What would light look like in slow motion?
+[light in slow motion ... 10 billion x slow] Now, the whole event -- (applause) Now, remember, the whole event is effectively happening in less than a nanosecond -- that's how light travels. is the time it takes to
+However, in this video we've slowed it down by a factor of ten billion, so you can see the light moving.
+(Laughter) But Coca-Cola didn't sponsor this research.
+(Laughter) Well, there's a lot going on in this movie, so let me break this down and show you what's going on.
+The pulse thus enters the bottle, the bullet, along with the packet of photons, begins to pass through and scatter inside.
+Some of the light leaks out and falls onto the table and you start to see ripples.
+Many of the photons eventually reach the cap and then explode in different directions.
+As you can see, there are air bubbles inside and they are bouncing.
+Meanwhile, ripples travel across the table, and the top of the bottle's reflection causes the reflection to concentrate after a few frames.
+Now, if you shoot a normal bullet the same distance and slow down the video, it's also 10 billion times faster. Do you know how long I have to sit here to watch that movie?
+(Laughter) Is it a day or a week? In fact, a full year.
+It's going to be a very boring movie -- (laughter) just slow, normal bullets in motion.
+But what about still life photography?
+Again you can see the ripples rippling off the table, the tomatoes and the back wall.
+It's like throwing a stone into a pond of water.
+I thought: This is how nature paints photos one femto frame at a time, but of course our eyes see the integrated composite.
+But if you look at this tomato again, you'll notice that even though the light washes it away, it continues to glow.
+It doesn't get dark. why is that?
+Because the tomato is actually ripe, the light bounces inside the tomato and comes out after a few trillionths of a second.
+So in the future, if this femto camera is on a camera phone, maybe we can go to the supermarket and see if the fruit is ripe without actually touching it .
+(Laughter) So how did my team at MIT create this camera?
+Now, as any photographer knows, when you take a picture with a short exposure, you get very little light.
+However, since it moves a billion times faster than the shortest exposure time, it gets very little light.
+So what we're doing is sending that bullet, that packet of photons, millions of times, recording it over and over again with very clever synchronization, and computer-weaving it from gigabytes of data so that I can is to create the femto video shown. you.
+And then you can take all that raw data and process it in very interesting ways.
+So Superman can fly.
+Some other heroes may become invisible.
+But what about new powers for future superheroes? It's about looking around the corner.
+The idea is that when you shine a light on the door, it bounces off, goes into the room, and part of it bounces off the door and back to the camera.
+And you can take advantage of these multiple light reflections.
+And it's not sci-fi. I actually built it.
+You can see the femto camera on the left.
+A mannequin is hidden behind a wall so it reflects light off the door.
+So after our paper was published in Nature Communications, it was noticed by Nature.com and this animation was created.
+(music) [Laser pulse fires] (music) Ramesh Raskar: We're going to fire bullets of light and they're going to hit this wall and because of the photon packet, they're in It scatters in all directions and some of it reaches our hidden mannequin, which in turn scatters that light again, and again the door reflects some of that scattered light.
+And although only a fraction of the photons actually make it back to the camera, the most interesting thing is that they all arrive in slightly different time slots.
+(music) And we have a very fast camera, a femto camera, so it has some unique features.
+It has excellent temporal resolution and can see the world at the speed of light.
+This way we know the distance to the hidden object as well as the distance to the door, but we don't know which point corresponds to which distance.
+(Music) When you irradiate the laser once, a raw photo that makes no sense when viewed on the screen is recorded.
+But I take many, dozens of such pictures and try to combine them and analyze the multiple reflections of light. And can you see hidden objects from there?
+Can I see it in full 3D?
+This is our reconstruction.
+(music) (applause) Well, there are still a few ways to get this out of the lab and onto the road, but in the future, cars that avoid colliding with anything around turns may be able to make
+Alternatively, you can look for survivors in danger by looking at the light reflected through an open window.
+Alternatively, we can build an endoscope that can see deep inside the body around an obstruction, or a heartscope.
+But of course, because of the tissue and blood, this is very difficult. As such, this calls on scientists to start thinking of femtophotography as a new imaging modality to solve the next generation of health imaging problems.
+Like Doc Edgerton, now a scientist himself, science has become an art, the art of ultra-fast photography.
+And then I realized that all the gigabytes of data we collect every now and then isn't just for scientific image processing.
+But you can also do new forms of computational photography with timelapses and color coding.
+And we look at the ripples.
+Remember. The time between each of these ripples is only a few trillionths of a second.
+But there's something interesting going on here, too.
+If we look at the ripples under the cap, they move away from us.
+Ripples should be heading towards us.
+what's going on
+We found that because we were recording at nearly the speed of light, strange effects were occurring. Einstein would have loved to see this photo.
+(Laughter) The order of events in the world is sometimes shown on camera in reverse order.
+Therefore, we can correct this distortion by applying a corresponding space and time warp.
+So, since our invention, we have open sourced all the data and details on our website, whether it's taking pictures around the corner, creating the next generation of health imaging, or creating new visualizations. rice field. And the research community will tell us that we should stop obsessing over camera megapixels (laughs) and start focusing on the next dimension of imaging.
+Finally.
+(applause)
+I will tell you about the disease that I am suffering from.
+And the funny thing is, I have a feeling that quite a few of you are suffering as well.
+If you're walking around a museum, walking around rooms and rooms full of paintings, after 15 or 20 minutes or so, you find yourself not thinking about the paintings.
+I am not connected with them.
+Instead, I'm thinking of the coffee I desperately need to wake up.
+I am suffering from gallery fatigue.
+How many of you are suffering -- yes. Hahahahaha!
+Sometimes it can last 20 minutes or more, but I think we all suffer from it. Is there any guilt that comes with it?
+In my case, I see a painting on the wall and someone decides to put it there and I think it's good enough to hang on that wall, but I don't see it all the time.
+In fact, most of the time you can't see it.
+And I leave feeling really unhappy.
+I feel more guilty and dissatisfied with myself than I think there is something wrong with the painting.
+And leaving a gallery like that is not a good experience.
+(Laughter) The problem is, I think we should give ourselves a break.
+When you walk into a restaurant and look at the menu, are you expected to order everything on the menu?
+no! you choose
+If you went to a department store to buy shirts, would you try them all on and want them all?
+Of course not. You can also choose That's expected.
+So why is it that when you go to an art gallery, you are not expected to have much choice?
+Why should we relate to all paintings?
+Well, I'm trying to take a different approach.
+And there are two things I do. When entering the gallery, first of all, go at a good speed, look at everything and identify what has slowed you down for some reason.
+I don't even know why I slow down, but something pulls me in like a magnet and I ignore everything else and just go for the picture.
+So the first thing I do is curate myself.
+I choose painting. It may be 1 in 50 paintings.
+The next thing I do is stand in front of the painting and tell myself a story about it.
+why story? We believe that our DNA commands us to tell the story.
+We tell stories about everything all the time, and I think we do it because the world is kind of a crazy, chaotic place, and sometimes stories, we try to understand the world a little bit. As such, they are trying to bring some order to it.
+How about applying it to looking at a painting?
+So now I'm going to visit the museum for the menu of this kind of restaurant.
+Here are three paintings that made me want to stop and tell a story about them.
+The first piece needs little explanation. "Girl with a Pearl Earring" by 17th century Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer.
+This is the most wonderful picture.
+I first saw this movie when I was 19, got the poster right away, and still have the poster. 30 years later, I still have it hanging in my house.
+She is with me everywhere I go and I never get tired of looking at her.
+What drew me to her in the first place was the gorgeous colors he used and the light that fell on her face.
+But I think the reason I come back here every year is something else, it's the look on her face, the look of conflict on her face.
+I don't know if she's happy or sad, and I keep changing my mind.
+So i will be back.
+One day, 16 years after I had this poster on my wall, I was lying in bed looking at her. And suddenly I thought What did the painter do to make her look like that?
+And it was the first time I thought the look on her face actually reflected how she felt for him.
+I used to think this was a portrait of a girl.
+Now I have come to think of this as a portrait of relationships.
+And I wondered what the relationship was.
+So I went to find out. After a little research, I had no idea who she was.
+In fact, we don't know who the models for Vermeer's paintings are, and we know very little about Vermeer himself.
+So I thought, "Wow!"
+You can do whatever you want and come up with any story you want.
+So I came up with this story.
+First of all, I thought I had to let her into the house.
+How does Vermeer know her?
+Well, there are suggestions that she is his 12-year-old daughter.
+His daughter was 12 when he painted this picture.
+And I thought, no, that's a very intimate look, but not the look a daughter gives her father.
+First, in Dutch painting of the time, if a woman's mouth was open, it indicated a sexual relationship.
+It would have been inappropriate for Vermeer to portray his daughter that way.
+So it's not his daughter, but someone close to him, physically close.
+Now, who else is at home?
+Servant, lovely Servant.
+So she is in the house.
+How am I supposed to get her to the studio?
+We don't know much about Vermeer, but what we do know is that he married a Catholic woman, lived with her mother in a house, and had his own room there. about it. studio. He also had 11 children.
+It would have been a chaotic and noisy home.
+If you've ever seen a Vermeer painting, you know it's incredibly calm and quiet.
+How does a painter paint so calmly and quietly around 11 children?
+Well, he compartmentalizes his life.
+When he got to the studio, he said, "Nobody comes here.
+Neither wife nor children. Ok, the maid will come in and clean it up. "
+she is in the studio He takes her to the studio and they stay together.
+And he decided to paint her.
+He made her wear very plain clothes.
+Now, all or most of the women in Vermeer's other paintings are dressed in very luxurious materials such as velvet, silk and fur.
+This is very clear. The only thing that isn't plain is her pearl earrings.
+Well, a servant shouldn't be able to buy pearl earrings.
+I mean, those aren't her pearl earrings. Who are they?
+We happened to know, but there was a list of clothes for my wife Katherina there.
+Among them is a yellow coat with white fur, a yellow and black bodice, which can also be seen in many other paintings, various women in paintings, and Vermeer's paintings.
+Apparently, her clothes were on loan to various women.
+It wouldn't be too much of a leap to think that the pearl earrings actually belonged to his wife.
+Now you have all the elements for your story.
+She's been in the studio with him for a long time.
+It took me a long time to make these paintings.
+They would spend all their time alone.
+She is wearing his wife's pearl earrings.
+she is gorgeous she clearly loves him. she is struggling.
+And does your wife know? maybe not.
+And if she didn't, well, that's the story.
+(Laughter) The next painting I'm going to talk about is Chardin's Boy Building a House of Cards.
+He was an 18th-century French painter best known for his still lifes, but he also painted figures.
+And in fact, he did four versions of this painting, with different boys building a house of cards, all concentrating.
+I like this version best. Because some boys are older and some are younger. For me, this version of Goldilocks porridge is perfect.
+He's not quite a child, he's not quite a man.
+He strikes the perfect balance between purity and experience, which made me stop in front of this painting.
+and i saw his face. It looks a bit like a Vermeer painting.
+Light comes in from the left and his face is illuminated by this bright light. It's in the middle of the picture, look at it. As I was looking at it, I stood there and said, "Look at me. Look at me."
+And he didn't see me. he was still looking at the cards. That's one of the captivating elements of this painting. It's that he's so focused on what he's doing that he doesn't even look at us.
+And that, to me, is a sign of a masterpiece, a sign of painting when resolution is lacking.
+he never looks at me
+So I was thinking about the story of who would be watching him if I was in this position.
+Not about the painter, I don't want to think about the painter.
+I'm thinking of my old version.
+He is a man, a servant, an older man who looks at this young servant and says, "Look at me. I want to warn you about what you're going through. Please look at me." is a servant of
+And he never does.
+And that lack of determination, the lack of determination in Girl with a Pearl Earring, I don't know if she's happy or sad.
+I wrote a novel about her, but I still don't know if she's happy or sad.
+You go back to the picture again and again, looking for answers and stories that fill the gaps.
+And we might make up a story, and it satisfies us temporarily but doesn't actually satisfy us and keeps coming back.
+The last painting I'm going to talk about is called "Anonymous" by Anonymous. (Laughter) This is a Tudor portrait purchased by the National Portrait Gallery.
+They thought it was a man named Sir Thomas Overbury, but then they found out it wasn't him and they don't know who it was.
+Now, at the National Portrait Gallery, it doesn't help if you don't know the biography of the painting.
+I don't know who he is, so I can't hang it on my wall.
+Unfortunately, this orphan, along with quite a few other orphans, spent most of his time in the warehouse, which included some beautiful paintings.
+This painting made me stop for three reasons. One is the disconnect between the smiling mouth and the pensive eyes.
+He's not happy, and why isn't he?
+The next thing that really attracted me was his bright red cheeks.
+he blushes. He blushes that a portrait is being made!
+This must be the man who blushes all the time.
+What is he thinking and blushing?
+The third thing that stopped me was his really gorgeous doublet.
+Silk, gray and beautiful buttons.
+And you know what that makes me think, is it kind of snug and puffy? It's like a duvet on your bed.
+I kept thinking about the bed and the red cheeks and of course when I look at him I kept thinking about sex and I thought, is he thinking that?
+And if I were to create a story, I thought about what to include at the end.
+So what would a Tudor gentleman be into?
+And I thought, Henry VIII, I see.
+He will be preoccupied with his legacy, his successor.
+Who will inherit his name and property?
+When you put them all together, you have a story to fill that gap that keeps you coming back for more.
+Now for the story.
+It's short.
+"Rosy" I still wear the white brocade doublet that Caroline gave me.
+Plain high collar, detachable sleeves and intricate buttons of twisted silk thread are placed close together for a snug fit.
+The doublet reminds me of the comforter on the vast bed.
+Perhaps that was the intention.
+The first time I wore it was at a fancy dinner her parents threw in our honor.
+Even before I got up to speak, I noticed that my cheeks were inflamed.
+I tend to blush all the time from exercising, drinking wine, and being emotionally charged.
+As a boy, I was teased by my sisters and schoolboys, but not by George.
+Only George could call me Rosie.
+I will not allow others.
+He managed to make the words kinder.
+George wasn't rosy when I announced it, he was as pale as my doublet.
+He shouldn't have been surprised.
+The general assumption was that I would one day marry his cousin.
+But hearing the words out loud is difficult.
+I know, but I could hardly speak.
+Later we found George on the terrace overlooking the kitchen garden.
+Even though he had been drinking all afternoon, he was still pale.
+We stood together and watched the maids cut the lettuce.
+"What do you think of my doublet?" I asked.
+he glanced at me. "That collar seems to be strangling you."
+"We can still meet," I insisted.
+"We can still hunt, play cards, and go to court.
+No need to change anything. "
+George didn't speak.
+"I'm 23. It's time to get married and have an heir. That's what is expected of me."
+George finished another glass of claret and turned to me.
+"Congratulations on your upcoming wedding, James.
+I am sure you will be satisfied with us. "
+He never used my nickname again.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi.
+I was harassed online.
+We have a lot.
+And that applies to my area of ​​work as well.
+I'm a digital creator, making stuff specifically for the internet.
+For example, a few years ago I created a series of videos called “Every Single Word,” an edited version of popular movies in the language of people of color, as an empirical way of talking about representation issues in Hollywood.
+Then, when transphobic toilet bills started getting media attention across the United States, I hosted and produced an interview series called “Sitting in Bathrooms with Transgender People.” That's exactly what they did there.
+(Laughter) And then -- I applaud you, of course.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+And you know those YouTube unboxing videos where YouTubers open up the latest gadgets?
+Thinking great, I satirized them in my weekly series, instead exposing unseen ideologies like police brutality, masculinity, and Native American abuse.
+(Laughter) My work -- thank you.
+One applauded, God bless.
+(Laughter) Hello, Mom.
+(Laughs) So my work became popular.
+Very popular.
+I got millions of views, got a lot of great coverage and got a lot of new followers.
+But the flip side of Internet success is a dislike of the Internet.
+I was called all.
+From 'beta' to 'snowflake' and of course the popular 'cuck'.
+please do not worry. Let's take a closer look at these terms.
+(Laughter.) So "beta" is an online term for "beta male."
+But let's be real, I wear pearl earrings and my fashion aesthetic is rich white woman running errands, so it's not like I want to be alpha.
+(Applause) It doesn't work at all.
+(Laughter) Now, the term "snowflake" is a derogatory term for sensitive people who believe they are unique. I'm a millennial and an only child, so no surprise!
+(laughs) But my favorite is "cuck."
+This is short for "netorare" and is a derogatory term for a man whose wife cheats on him.
+But folks, I'm so gay that if I had a wife, I'd encourage her to cheat on me.
+(laughs) Thank you.
+Let's see some of this negative behavior in action.
+It can also be direct.
+Like Marcos, who wrote, "The only thing I hate about humans is you."
+Thank you Marcos.
+Others are more concise.
+Like Donovan who wrote "gaywad faggg".
+Now, I should point out, Donovan is not wrong, okay?
+In fact, he's right on both counts, so give him credit where he deserves it.
+Thank you Donovan.
+Some write me questions like Brian, who asked, "Were you a bitch by nature, or have you learned to be a bitch over time?" increase.
+But what I love about this is that Brian must have slipped his finger because he sent me a thumbs up emoji after he finished typing.
+(laughter) So, baby, you too.
+(Laughter) It's fun to talk about these messages now.
+right?
+And laughing at them is cathartic.
+But I can tell you that it really doesn't feel good to receive them.
+At first I was screenshotting comments and making fun of typos, but I soon felt that this was elitist and ultimately unhelpful.
+So over time, I developed an unexpected coping mechanism.
+Most of the messages I received were from social media, so I clicked on the sender's profile picture and was able to learn all about the message.
+Being able to see the photos they've been tagged in, the posts they've written, the memes they've shared, and seeing that it's a human being on the other side of the screen somehow made me feel a little better. rice field.
+Not to justify what they wrote, right?
+However, it just provides context.
+Still, I felt it wasn't enough.
+So I called some of them, only those I felt comfortable talking to, and asked the simple question at the beginning. "Why did you write that?"
+The first person I spoke to was Josh.
+He wrote that I was a fool and that I was the cause of this country's division, and at the end added that it was a sin to be gay.
+I was very nervous during my first conversation.
+This is not a comment section.
+So I couldn't use tools like mute or block.
+Of course, I could have hung up on him.
+But I didn't want to.
+I liked talking to him.
+Because I liked him
+Here is a clip of our conversation.
+(Audio) Dylan Maron: Josh, you said you were about to graduate from high school, right?
+Josh: Hmm, hmm.
+DM: How is high school for you?
+Josh: May I use the term H-E-double hockey stick?
+DM: Oh yeah. Allowed.
+Josh: It was hell.
+DM: Really?
+Josh: Only two weeks left and it's still hell right now.
+I'm a little big I hate to use the word "fat", but I'm a little bigger than many of my classmates, so they seem to judge me before they even know me.
+DM: That's terrible.
+I mean, Josh, I want you to know that I was bullied in high school, too.
+So did the commonality of being bullied in high school erase what he wrote to me?
+no.
+And did our one phone call radically heal a politically divided country and resolve systemic injustice?
+No, absolutely not, right?
+But have our conversations made us more human with each other than our profile pictures and posts have ever been?
+absolutely.
+It didn't stop there.
+Because some of the hate I received was from "my side".
+So when Matthew, a queer liberal artist like myself, wrote publicly that I represented some of the worst aspects of liberalism, I wanted to ask him: .
+DM: You tagged me in this post.
+did you want me to see
+Matthew (laughs): I honestly didn't expect you to do that.
+DM: Have you ever been dragged around in public?
+Matthew: I have been there.
+And I just said, "No, I don't care."
+DM: So you didn't mind?
+Matthew: But it was hard.
+DM: Didn't you mind?
+Matthew: Oh, I'm curious, yes.
+DM: At the end of these conversations, there is time to reflect.
+Reconsider.
+And that's exactly what happened at the end of a phone call with a guy named Doug who I wrote was a talentless propaganda hack.
+(Audio) Did the conversation we just had change how you feel about writing online?
+Doug: Yes! I never had a conversation with you in my life when I said this to you, you were a "gifted hack".
+I really didn't know anything about you.
+And I think a lot of the time that's what the comments section really is, a way to vent your anger on the world with random profiles of strangers.
+DM (laughs): Right.
+Doug: But it definitely made me rethink how I interact with people online.
+DM: So I collected these conversations and many others for the podcast Conversations with People Who Hate Me.
+(Laughter) Before I started this project, I thought the real way to bring about change was to silence dissenting voices through epic video essays and comments and posts, but soon enough they already agreed. I found that I was just being cheered on by people. with me.
+Bless you from time to time.
+Sometimes the most devastating thing you can do is clap him.
+(Laughter) In some cases, the most destructive thing you could do was actually talk to people who disagreed, not just them.
+Now, every time I call, I ask my guests to tell me about themselves.
+And what I can sympathize with them is their answer to this question.
+And while empathy has turned out to be a key ingredient in keeping conversations on track, empathizing with someone you deeply disagree with can feel very vulnerable.
+So I established a mantra that works for me.
+Empathy is not endorsement.
+Empathizing with someone you deeply disagree with does not suddenly compromise your deepest beliefs and support them.
+For example, empathizing with someone who believes that being gay is a sin doesn't mean suddenly throwing everything away, packing up and grabbing a one-way ticket to hell, right?
+It's just about acknowledging the humanity of someone who was raised to think very differently than I do.
+I also want to be very clear about something.
+This is not a prescription for action.
+I think some people don't feel safe talking to people who slander them, or feel alienated and understandably incapable of giving empathy.
+I can understand that.
+This is exactly what I feel good at doing.
+As you know, I reached out to a lot of people for this podcast.
+And some will politely decline, while others will read my message and ignore it. Some automatically blocked me when I sent the invitation and hung up after 5 minutes of the call even though one guy actually agreed to it.
+I am also aware that this lecture will be posted on the Internet.
+And then there are the comment sections on the internet, and the comment sections inevitably spawn hate.
+So feel free to call me whatever you like while watching this talk.
+Feel free to call me a “gaywad,” a “snowflake,” a “cuck,” a “beta,” or “everything wrong with liberalism.”
+However, in that case, please be aware that we may ask you to speak with us.
+And if you automatically reject or block me or agree and hang up, chances are, baby, Snowflake is you.
+Thank you very much.
+(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause)
+This man has a so-called bee beard. (laughs) My beard is full of bees.
+Now, this may be what many people imagine when they think of bees, insects, or anything with two or more legs.
+First let me say, I know.
+I know that. But there is much to know. I want you to be open minded here, open minded and change the way you think about bees.
+Note that this man was not stabbed.
+Perhaps he has a queen bee attached to his chin, and other bees are drawn to it.
+This just illustrates our relationship with bees, which goes back thousands of years.
+We are so co-evolving because we depend on bees for pollination and, more recently, as an economic commodity.
+You may have heard stories about bees disappearing rather than dying, but they are gone.
+Not even a corpse was found.
+It's called Colony Collapse Disorder, and it's a weird one. Researchers around the world haven't yet figured out what causes it, but what we do know is that as honeybee numbers dwindle, the prices of the more than 130 fruit and vegetable crops we rely on for food will plummet. that it is rising.
+Therefore, bees play an important role not only in agriculture, but also in the economy.
+Here are some pictures of what is called roof greening, or urban farming.
+We are familiar with the image on the left, which shows our local neighborhood gardens in the South End.
+That's where I call home. I have a beehive in my backyard.
+And in the future, by making more use of urban areas with stacked garden spaces, rooftop greenery may also be realized.
+See this image above the orange line in Boston.
+Try to find a beehive. it's there.
+It's on the corner roof over there and has been there for years.
+With current urban beekeeping practices, beehives are fairly hidden, but not because they have to.
+Because people are uncomfortable with this idea. So think about this today. Think about the benefits of bees in cities and what makes them so great.
+Briefly explain how pollination works.
+So while we know the flowers, fruits and vegetables, and even alfalfa in the hay that livestock depend on pollinators for the meat we eat, the plants here have males and females. There are parts of and basically pollinators are drawn to them. Along the way, the bee visits several flowers, receives pollen and corresponding male sperm, and then moves on to another flower, and finally, in this case, an apple. produced.
+You can see the direction. the stem is down.
+By the time we eat, the flower ends have fallen off, but this is a basic overview of how pollination works.
+And think about city life. Neither now nor in the past, what about 100 years from now?
+What will happen? Habitat loss is a major challenge we face today. In 100 years, the population will continue to grow, reaching billions. God only knows what the population will be and how small the space to accommodate them all will be. So we need to change the way we look at cities. If you look at the photo on the left of New York City today, you can see how gray and brown it is.
+There is tar paper on the roof that bounces heat back into the atmosphere, no doubt contributing to global climate change.
+What if 100 years from now, we have green roofs everywhere, gardening, and the ability to grow our own crops in cities? We save money on transportation, we save on healthier food and provide local education to create new jobs.
+The future of our cities and urban life needs bees.
+Below is some of the data we have collected through our company with Best Bees, which delivers, installs and manages beehives for beehive seekers in both urban and rural areas. It also introduces bees and home backyard beekeeping ideas. Or rooftops, fire escapes, or for that matter how easy and possible it is.
+I've found that these numbers tend to be counter-intuitive. Now let's look at the first indicator, winter survival.
+Well, this has been a big problem for many years, basically since the late 1980s, with varroa mites invading and leading to a wide variety of viral, bacterial and fungal diseases.
+Overwintering is difficult, and most colonies are lost during that time, but bees have been found to survive better in urban areas than in rural areas.
+A bit counterintuitive, right?
+We think, oh, bees, countryside, agriculture, but that's not what the bees show.
+Bees love cities. (Laughter) In addition, a lot of honey is produced.
+City honey is delicious.
+Bees on the roof of Boston's Seaport Hotel, I can hear hundreds of thousands of bees flying right now, but I don't think anyone noticed when we walked by, but the locals I go to all of our community gardens and make delicious things. , healthy honey that tastes like the flowers of our city.
+Therefore, hives in urban areas have higher honey yields and higher overwinter survival rates than those in rural areas.
+Again, a little counter-intuitive.
+A historical review of bee health dates back to the year 950 and shows that even in Ireland, bee mortality was very high.
+So today's bee problem is not necessarily new. It's these urban problems that we don't really notice, even though they've been around for over a thousand years.
+So what I want you to think about is, what is an urban island?
+I think the temperature is higher in the city.
+Why are bees doing better in cities?
+This is a big question that helps us understand why they should live in cities.
+Possibly there is more pollen in the city.
+When trains come to city centers, they can carry pollen, but for very light pollen, it's just a big supermarket in the city.
+Many linden trees are planted along the railroad tracks.
+Perhaps there are fewer pesticides in cities than in [rural] areas.
+There are probably other things we haven't thought of yet, but that's one idea to think about. It's about city islands.
+And colony collapse disorders aren't the only ones that affect bees. Bees are dying and this is a very big, grand challenge of our time.
+Here you can see a world map where we are tracking the spread of this varroa mite.
+Well, varroa mites changed the landscape of beekeeping. In the upper right you can see that the year has changed and we are now in modern times. You can see that the varroa mite is prevalent from the beginning. From the 1900s to the present.
+It's 1968 and we cover most of Asia.
+In 1971, I saw this tick spread to Europe and South America. Then in the 1980s, specifically in 1987, varroa mite finally reached North America and the United States. That's when things changed for the bees. in the United States.
+Many of us remember being stung by a bee or seeing a flower with a bee from our childhood.
+Think of the children of today. Their childhoods are a little different.
+they don't experience this.
+There are no more bees.
+So we need bees, but they are disappearing and that is a big problem.
+What can we do here?
+That's why I'm doing research on bees.
+I got my Ph.D. I am studying bee health.
+I started researching bees in 2005.
+Bees started disappearing in 2006, so suddenly it became very important in the world for this little geeky kid to go to school and work with insects (laughs).
+And it worked out that way.
+Therefore, my research focuses on ways to make bees healthier.
+I haven't researched the exact cause of bee kill.
+I am not one of many researchers around the world studying the effects of pesticides, disease, habitat loss and nutrient deficiencies on bees.
+We are looking at ways to make bees healthier through vaccines, yogurt such as probiotics, and other types of treatments that can be given orally to bees. The process is so easy that even a 7 year old can do it. that.
+Just mix pollen, sugar, water, and any active ingredient you want in, and feed it to the bees. It does not contain any chemicals, it just boosts your immune system.
+Humans think positively about their health.
+We exercise, eat healthy, and take vitamins.
+Why not think the same way about bees?
+Before they get sick, take them where they thrive and try to get them healthier.
+I spent years in grad school stabbing bees and stinging vaccines. (Laughter) Years and years on the bench, 'Oh my god, it's 3am'
+And I'm still stinging bees."
+It's like, 'Hmm,' and that's what we do. (Laughter) I'd like to show you some images of urban beehives. Any beehive will do.
+I mean, be really open minded with this one.
+You can paint the hive to match your home.
+You can hide the nest inside the house.
+These are the three hives on the roof of the Fairmont Copley Plaza Hotel, which is beautiful here. That is, I used blue stained wood for the sheets to match the new color inside the room. This bee is very good and uses herbs that grow in the garden.
+It's what chefs go to use in cooking, and honey is used in bars to host live events.
+Honey contains a wide variety of sugars, making it a great nutritional substitute for regular sugar.
+We also have a classroom hive project, which is a non-profit venture. The world is spreading the idea of ​​bringing bee hives behind the glass in classrooms and museums to use them as exhibits. educational tool.
+This birdhouse seen here has been at Fenway High School for many years.
+Bees fly into the outfield at Fenway Park.
+nobody notices it. If you're not a flower, the bees don't care about you. (Laughter.) Not at all. it's not. They'll say, "Sorry for jumping around." (Laughter) Here are other images that tell some of the stories that make urban beekeeping really great. Beekeeping was illegal in New York City until 2010.
+This is a big problem. Because what pollinates all garden and local crops? Hands?
+So, in my hometown of Boston, there's a great company called Green City Growers that hand-pollinates pumpkins with cotton swabs, and if you miss that three-day period, you won't get any fruit.
+Customers are not happy and people are starving.
+So this is important.
+There is also an image of honey in Brooklyn.
+Now, that honey is so red that it was a mystery to the New York Times, but the New York State Department of Forensic Medicine came along and actually scientifically tested that red dye for Maraschino down the street. A study was conducted to match it with dyes found in cherry plants. (Laughter) By planting bee-friendly flowers, you can tailor your honey to your taste.
+Paris has become a great model for urban beekeeping.
+They had hives on the roof of the Opera House for years, and that's what started people thinking, 'Wow, we can do this, we should do this.
+Also, in London and Europe as a whole, things like rooftop greening and beehive integration are very advanced, so here are the ending notes.
+I would like to ask you to be open minded.
+What can we do to save bees, help them, or think about sustainable cities of the future?
+Well, really, try changing your perspective.
+Try to understand that bees are very important.
+Even if you see a bee, it will not sting you.
+The bees will die. Bees don't want to sting because they die when stung. (laughs) Don't panic. They are all over the city.
+You can even get your own hive if you want.
+There are great resources available and even companies that can help and guide you in your preparation. And like this girl, it is important for the world's education system that students learn about agriculture around the world. Even if you get stabbed.
+thank you. (applause)
+I've heard people talking about China the last few days.
+I also talked with my friends about China and the Internet in China.
+Something is very challenging for me.
+What I want my friends to understand is that China is complicated.
+So I always want to tell stories where one is that and the other is oh.
+You can't just tell a one-sided story.
+Let's take an example. China is a BRICs country.
+BRICs refers to Brazil, Russia, India and China.
+This emerging economy is truly contributing to the revival of the global economy.
+But at the same time, China is also the country of SICK, a term coined in Facebook's IPO documents.
+He said SICK countries meant Syria, Iran, China and North Korea.
+Four countries do not have access to Facebook.
+Basically, China is a country of chic BRICs.
+(Laughter) Another project was set up to monitor China and the Chinese Internet.
+And today I would like to share with you what I have personally observed over the last few years from that wall.
+So if you're a Game of Thrones fan, you definitely know how important the Great Wall is to the old kingdom.
+Prevents weird stuff from the north.
+The same was true for China.
+There was a great wall called Great Wall in the north.
+It has protected China from invaders for 2000 years.
+But China also has good firewalls.
+It is the largest digital perimeter in the entire world.
+It is not only to protect the Chinese regime from foreign countries and universal values, but also to prevent citizens inside China from accessing the world's free internet, and even to prevent them from uniting and dividing themselves into blocs. It's for.
+So the "Internet" is basically two Internets.
+One is the Internet and the other is Chinanet.
+But if you think Chinanet is like a dead land, a wasteland, then you are wrong.
+But we also use the very simple metaphor of the cat and mouse game to explain the battle that has been going on between Chinese censorship, government censorship, cats, and Chinese internet users over the past 15 years. Use It means us, rats.
+But this kind of metaphor can be too simplistic.
+So today I would like to upgrade it to version 2.0.
+There are 500 million internet users in China.
+This is the largest population of netizens, Internet users in the whole world.
+So even though the Chinese internet is completely censored, the Chinese internet community is really booming.
+How to make It's easy.
+You have Google, we have Baidu.
+You have Twitter, we have Weibo.
+You have Facebook, we have Renren.
+You have YouTube, we have Youku and Tudou.
+The Chinese government blocked all international Web 2.0 services, but we Chinese imitated everything.
+(Laughter) So that's what I call smart censorship.
+It's not just for censoring you.
+This Chinese national internet policy can be as simple as blocking and cloning.
+On the one hand, he wants to satisfy people's needs for social networks, which is very important. People really love social networking.
+But on the other hand, I want to put the server in Beijing so that I can access the data anytime.
+That's why Google pulled out of China because it couldn't accept the fact that the Chinese government wanted to keep its servers.
+Arab dictators sometimes did not understand these two hands.
+For example, Mr. Mubarak shut down the Internet.
+He wanted to prevent netizens from criticizing him.
+But when internet users lose access online, they take to the streets.
+And the result is very simple.
+Everyone knows Mr Mubarak is technically dead.
+But Tunisian President Ben Ali also did not follow the second rule.
+In other words, you keep the server at your fingertips.
+He allowed the US-based service Facebook to remain in Tunisia.
+Therefore, nothing can stop his own people from posting videos critical of his corruption.
+Same thing happened. He was the first person to be overthrown in the Arab Spring.
+But even these two very clever international censorship policies have not prevented China's social media from becoming a true public domain, a conduit for public opinion and a nightmare for Chinese officials.
+Because there are 300 million microbloggers in China.
+That's the entire US population.
+That is, even if 300 million microbloggers block their tweets on censored platforms.
+However, Chinanet itself can generate very powerful energy, something that has never happened in China's history.
+In July 2011, two trains [unknown cause] collided in the southern city of Wenzhou.
+Immediately after the train wreck, authorities literally covered up the train and tried to bury it.
+As a result, Chinese netizens were outraged.
+In the first five days after the train crash, there were 10 million criticisms posted on social media, something that has never happened in China's history.
+And later this year, the railways minister was dismissed and sentenced to 10 years in prison.
+Also, recently there was a very interesting discussion between the Beijing Ministry of Environment and the US Embassy in Beijing. The Environment Ministry accused the US Embassy of interfering in China's internal affairs by releasing air quality data from Beijing.
+So above is the embassy data, PM 2.5.
+He showed 148, they showed it was dangerous for sensitive groups.
+So I have a suggestion, but it's not good to go outside.
+But that's the Ministry of Foreign Affairs data. He shows 50.
+he says it's good It's good to be outside.
+However, 99 percent of Chinese microbloggers stand by the embassy.
+i live in beijing Every day, I look at the US Embassy data to determine if I should open the windows.
+Why is social networking in China growing so fast even amid censorship? One reason is the Chinese language.
+As you know, Twitter and Twitter clones have a kind of limit of 140 characters.
+But in English it's 20 words, or sentences with short links.
+Maybe in Germany you can just say "Ah!" in German.
+(Laughter) But in Chinese it's actually about 140 characters and it means a paragraph, a story.
+It contains almost all journalism elements.
+For example, this is Shakespeare's Hamlet.
+Same content. First, we can see that 1 Chinese tweet is equal to 3.5 English tweets.
+Chinese people are always cheating, right?
+For this reason, the Chinese see this microblog as a medium rather than just a media headline.
+And the clone, Niinasha, is the guy who cloned Twitter.
+It even has its own name, Weibo.
+“Weibo” is the Chinese translation of “microblogging”.
+It has its own innovation.
+In the comments section, China's Weibo looks more like Facebook than Twitter as it should.
+So these innovations and clones, like Weibo and microblogging, quickly became media platforms themselves when they hit China in 2009.
+It has become a media platform with 300 million readers.
+It became the media.
+Anything not mentioned on Weibo seems non-existent to the Chinese public.
+However, Chinese social media is also changing the way Chinese people think and live.
+For example, they give voiceless people a channel to hear your voice.
+There was a petition system. This is a remedy outside the judicial system, as China's central government wants to maintain the myth that the emperor is good. Aged local public servants are thugs.
+That is why petitioners, victims and farmers are about to take the train to Beijing to petition the central government and want the emperor to settle the matter.
+But with more people going to Beijing, there is also the danger of revolution.
+So they've been sending them back in recent years.
+And some of them were put in a black prison.
+But now that we have Weibo, I call it a Weibo petition.
+People just use their mobile phones to tweet.
+So your sad story might get picked up by a reporter, a professor, or a celebrity.
+One of them is Mr. Yao Chen. She is China's most popular microblogger, with nearly 21 million followers.
+It's almost like a national TV station.
+If you - then the sad story will be taken up by her.
+So, even with censorship, this Weibo social media gave Chinese people a real chance to chat and talk together with 300 million people every day.
+It's like a big TED, right?
+But it is also like the first public sphere happening in China.
+The Chinese begin to learn how to negotiate and speak with people.
+But the censor, the cat, is not sleeping either.
+It is very difficult to post sensitive words on Chinese Weibo.
+For example, you can't post the name of President Hu Jintao, you can't post the name of the city of Chongqing, and until recently you couldn't search for the last name of the supreme leader.
+So the Chinese are good at these puns, alternative phrasings, and even memes.
+They've even named themselves - you know, using the name of a world-changing battle between a grass mud horse and a river crab.
+The grass-mud horse is Kaonima, the phonetic alphabet of the motherfucker that netizens call themselves.
+River crab is héxiè, the phonetic alphabet for harmony, censorship.
+So it's like Kaonima vs Hexie, which is very good.
+So when a very political and exciting moment happened, you see a lot of very strange stories happening, as you can see on Weibo.
+Weird phrases and words can't be understood even if you have a PhD in Chinese.
+But you can't expand it any further. That's because China's Sina Weibo was established just one month after Twitter.com was officially blocked.
+So from the beginning, Weibo convinced the Chinese government that we were not the arena for any kind of threat to the regime.
+For example, "gather", "meet", "walk", whatever you want to post will be automatically recorded, data mined and reported to polls for further political analysis.
+Even if you want to hold a rally, the police are waiting before you go there.
+why? Because they have data.
+they have everything in their hands.
+So they can use data mining for the dissident's 1984 scenario.
+So the crackdown is very serious.
+But I want you to notice something very interesting in the process of the cat-and-cat game.
+Cats are subject to censorship, but the Chinese have not only one cat, but also community cats. Central cats and regional cats.
+(Laughter) You know, the server is in the hands of the [central] cat, and even that, even if netizens criticize the local government, the local government can't access the Beijing data.
+If he doesn't bribe the cats in the middle, he can't do anything but apologize.
+Over the past three years, the social movement around microblogging has transformed local governments, making them more and more transparent as data is inaccessible.
+The server is in Beijing.
+The train crash story, perhaps the question is not why there were 10 million complaints in five days, but why the Chinese central government allowed five days of free speech online.
+It's never happened before.
+It's very simple. Because even the Supreme Leader was fed up with this man, this independent kingdom.
+So they want an excuse - public opinion is a very good excuse to punish him.
+But also, the recent Bo Xilai incident is very big news, and he is the prince.
+However, between February and April of this year, Weibo really became a rumor market.
+Almost everything can be joked about these princes. It makes you feel like you live in America.
+But if you dare to retweet or mention a fake coup about Beijing, you will definitely get arrested.
+This kind of freedom therefore provides a targeted and precise window.
+So in China, Chinese, censorship is normal.
+What you realize is that freedom is strange.
+Something will happen behind the scenes.
+Because he was such a popular left wing leader that the central government wanted to purge him and he was so cute he convinced all the Chinese why he was so bad .
+As such, Weibo, a public sphere of 300 million people, has become a very useful tool for political struggle.
+But while this technology is very new, it is technically very old.
+Mao Zedong famously mobilized millions of Chinese in the Cultural Revolution to destroy all local governments.
+The Chinese central government doesn't even need to lead public opinion, so it's very easy.
+They're just giving people a target window so they don't censor them.
+Non-censorship has become a political tool in China.
+So that's the update for this game, it's a cat-and-mouse game.
+Social media has changed the way Chinese people think.
+A growing number of Chinese are willing to accept freedom of speech and human rights as a birthright, rather than privileges imported from the United States.
+But it was also a kind of citizenship training to give the Chinese a national public space and prepare them for future democracy.
+However, it did not change China's political system, and the Chinese central government used this centralized server structure to strengthen its power against local governments and various factions.
+So what does the future hold?
+After all, we are mice.
+No matter what kind of future we have, we must fight [Cat].
+Not only in China, but also in the United States, there are very small cute but bad cats.
+(laughter) SOPA, PIPA, ACTA, TPP, ITU.
+Also, like Facebook and Google, they claim to be friends with rats, but we sometimes see them dating cats.
+So my conclusion is very simple.
+We Chinese fight for freedom, you just watch the bad cats.
+Don't associate them with Chinese cats.
+Only in this way will the rat's dream of being able to tweet anywhere, anytime without fear in the future come true.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+I worked on a movie called Apollo 13, and when I worked on this movie, I discovered how our brains work and how our brains work. Did. Or whatever, it changes and changes our perception of things.
+It changes what we see. It changes what we remember.
+And as an experiment, I created myself the daunting task of recreating the Saturn V launch for this particular movie, and I published it, so I was a little nervous, so I decided to experiment and bring the group. I just wanted to know what people remembered or what impressed them when they played this stock footage.
+What should we actually try to reproduce?
+What should we try to imitate to some extent?
+This is the video I showed everyone.
+And what I discovered was because of the nature of the footage and the fact that we're doing this film, there's emotion embedded in that footage and what this launch means to us. , and that there was our collective memory of all the different things.
+When I showed it to him and asked him about his impressions and memorable shots immediately after the screening, he changed his mind.
+They had - camera movement.
+They had all kinds of stuff. The shots were combined and I was very intrigued. I mean, what were you looking at just a few minutes ago, and how did you come up with this description?
+And what I discovered is that what I should do is not actually reproduce what they saw, but reproduce what they remembered.
+Here is the launch video. It was basically based on taking notes and asking people what they thought, and then I combined different shots with different things to create a kind of collective consciousness that people remembered it. rice field. It looked like, but it wasn't.
+This is what was created for "Apollo 13".
+(Firing) So, literally what you're looking at right now is a collection of different people, different bundles of memories, mine included, that were a little liberal about the subject matter.
+Basically everything was shot with a short lens. This meant I was very close to the action, but I framed it very similar to long lens shots that give a sense of distance. Something that has never been seen before. (music) And it shows you exactly what it was reacting to when you were reacting to it.
+(music) Tom Hanks: Hi Houston, Odyssey.
+It has been a long time. (cheers) (music) Rob Legato: I pretend they're clapping for me.
+(Laughter) So now I'm in the parking lot. It's basically a tin can with a fire extinguisher and fire to recreate the launch. I threw wax in front of the lens to make it look icy. In other words, if you believe what I just showed you, basically what you react to and what moves your emotions is a complete lie, and I think that's very interesting. I was.
+And in this particular case, this was the climax of the film, and you know, the weight of accomplishing that was just getting the model out, throwing it out of the helicopter, and shooting.
+And that's just what I did.
+I'm the one shooting, and I'm a pretty mediocre operator, so it felt kind of believable trying to chase the rocket all the way down and give it a bit of an edge. to fit in the frame. So consider the following.
+The NASA consultant was actually an astronaut who was actually on part of the Apollo 15 mission, and was there basically to recheck my science.
+And I think someone thought they needed to.
+(Laughter) I don't know why, but they thought so.
+So we were like, he's a hero, he's an astronaut, and we were all kind of excited, and you know, I gave myself the freedom to say, you know Like, some shots I took weren't that bad.
+So maybe, you know, we were in a bit of a good mood about it, so I brought him here and he really checks and sees what we're doing We had to, and basically had to give us an A-plus report card. I showed him some shots we were working on and waited for your expected reaction and that's what I got. (music) (shooting sound) So I showed him these two shots and he basically told me what he thought.
+("That's not true.") (Laughter) Okay. (Laughter) That's what you dream about.
+(Laughter) So the words I got from him, he said to me, 'You would never design a rocket like that.
+The rocket cannot rise while the gantry arm is out. Can you imagine the tragedy that could result from that?
+We would never design such a rocket. "
+and he was looking at me It's like, "Yeah, I don't know if you noticed, but I'm the guy recreating one of America's greatest moments with a fire extinguisher in a parking lot."
+(Laughter) And I'm not going to argue with you. You are an astronaut and a hero. And I'm from New Jersey. So -- (laughter) I'm going to show you some footage.
+Please show us some footage and let us know what you think.
+I got the reaction I expected.
+So I showed him this, and this is the actual footage he was in. This is Apollo 15. This was his mission.
+So I showed him this and got an interesting reaction.
+("That's wrong too.") (Laughter) So what happened, I mean, I agreed to it was that he remembered it differently.
+He recalled that it was a perfectly safe gantry system and a perfectly safe rocket launch. Because he sits in a 100,000-pound-thrust rocket built by the lowest bidder.
+He hoped it would work.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So he twisted his memory.
+Well, Ron Howard ran into Buzz Aldrin, but he wasn't in the movie. So he had no idea that we were faking this footage. And he just reacted to react and I will do this.
+Ron Howard: Buzz Aldrin came up to me and said, "Hey, that launch footage, there were some shots I've never seen before. You guys, where did you get that from the vault? Did you find it?" And I said, "Well, no vault, Buzz, we generated everything from scratch."
+And he said, "Hey, that's pretty cool. Can I use it?"
+(explodes) ("of course") (laughter) RL: I think he's a great American.
+(Laughter.) So Titanic doesn't end well if you don't know the story.
+(Laughter) Jim Cameron actually filmed the real Titanic.
+So he basically set, or basically broke, the suspension of distrust. Because what he filmed was the real one, a sinking Mir submarine, or actually two Mir submarines sinking in a real shipwreck, and he created this very haunting footage. bottom.
+It's really beautiful and evokes a range of emotions, but he couldn't capture it all. And to talk, I had to fill in the gaps, which is pretty daunting now. Remember what really happened and what I went through, I'm the only one who can really blow it off at that point.
+Here's the footage he shot, and it was very moving and quite awe-inspiring.
+So I'm just going to do it, so you kind of absorb this kind of thing and describe kind of my reaction the first time I saw it.
+I felt like my brain basically wanted to see it come to life.
+I automatically wanted to see this ship, this magnificent ship, basically in all its glory, and conversely, I wanted it to be not in all its glory, but basically what it looked like. I wanted to see you go back to
+So I came up with the effect of showing later what I was trying to do, that was kind of the crux of the movie for me, that's why I wanted to do this movie, that's what I wanted to do. That's why. Make something like I made it.
+And the other thing that I found interesting is what we actually empathized with when you look at it.
+Here are some behind-the-scenes looks.
+So when you saw my footage, you would have seen this: Basically, a bunch of people flipped the ship, and the little Mir submarine was actually about the size of a small soccer ball, and smoke was shot in
+Jim went 3 miles down and I shot this in my garage about 3 miles away from the studio.
+So, though, what you're feeling, or what you're looking at, had the same emotion, the same haunting quality that Jim's footage had, so it's kind of hard for our brains. I found certain things very attractive once I believed in something. The real thing, you transfer everything you feel about it, this quality you have, and it's completely artificial.
+It's a complete cheat, but not for you. It turned out to be very interesting to explore and use, and that's what led me to create this kind of magical transition effect that I'm going to show you. And it was a seamless experience for them because all I was really trying to do was basically just have the audience cue the effect. I'm not showing you my interpretation, I'm showing you what you want to see.
+And here is the next shot right after this one. So you know what I was doing.
+Basically, if there are two subwoofers in the same shot, I shot it. Where are the cameras coming from?
+At the time Jim shot it, there was only one sub. Because he was shooting from the other side. I don't remember if I did this or if Jim did this.
+Jim will pat you on the back, so I'll give it to Jim.
+(Laughter) Okay. Now, let's move on to the Titanic.
+This is basically what I wanted the Titanic to magically port from one state to another. Therefore, we only play the shot once. (music) (music) And all I wanted was for it to melt in front of you.
+Gloria Stewart: This was the last time the Titanic saw the light of day.
+RL: So what I did was basically a different screening room experience. There it was basically tracking where I was looking or where we were looking. Of course, you see two people at the bow of the ship. Then at some point I changed the perimeter of the shot and I changed and it was becoming a rusty wreck and then I did it day after day and I found the exact moment I stopped looking at them I was. I started noticing the rest and the moment my eyes shifted, I marked it on the frame.
+It started changing as soon as my eyes moved, so I lost track of where I started and stopped.
+So let me show you one more time.
+(music) And it's literally done with what our brains do naturally. That is, as soon as you shift your attention, something changes. And I left the little scarf off, because I wanted it to be a really ghostly shot, essentially, I wanted it to feel like they were still on the shipwreck. There they were buried forever.
+Or something like that. I just made it up.
+(laughter) That was the last time I saw sunlight, by the way.
+It was a long movie to work on. (Laughter) Well, "Hugo" was also an interesting movie. Because the movie itself is about the illusion of cinema.
+This is a story about how our brains are tricked into watching the visual continuum that makes a movie, and one of the things I had to do was we . Sacha Baron Cohen is a very smart, very smart guy, a comedian, and he basically wanted to do a kind of slapstick homage to Buster Keaton, and he had leg braces on the run. I was hoping to get caught on a train.
+Very dangerous, very impossible. Especially in our stage, there is literally no way to actually move this train. Because it fits perfectly in the set.
+So let me show you the scene. And basically used a trick that Sergei Eisenstein identified. That is, if the camera moves with a moving object, things that are not moving appear to move, and things that are moving move. appears to be stationary, so what we really see is the train not moving at all, and what is actually moving is the floor.
+So here is the shot. Here's a little video of what you're seeing there. Here is our little test. So that's actually what you're seeing. And I thought this was kind of interesting because it was part of the homage to the movie. It itself came up with this kind of genius trick, but that's no credit to me.
+I told Marty I wish I could but I can't because it was invented in 1910 or so, but it's really hard to understand until you actually see it work. It's one of the things in my heart. ?"
+it won't move "
+(Laughter) (Applause) "And the ones without wheels move."
+accurately. (Laughter) Takes me to the next and final story -- Marty isn't going to see this, is he? It's all like a one-shot theory. It's a very elegant way to tell a story, especially if you're following someone's journey, and that journey is basically what we wanted to do based on that person's personality and the "Goodfellas" shots. very succinctly about it. It's one of the best shots in Martin Scorsese movie history, basically following Henry Hill to show what it's like to have a gangster walk through Copacabana and getting special treatment.
+he was the master of his world. We wanted Hugo to feel the same way, so we made this shot.
+(music) It's Hugo. (music) And I felt like if I could basically move the camera with him, I could feel what it's like to be this boy who's basically the master of his world, And his world, you know, is behind the scenes of the movie in the bowels of this particular station, only he can actually move and do it this way. And we had to make it feel like this was his normal day-to-day life, so the idea of ​​doing it in one shot was very important. And of course, shooting in 3D basically involves a giant camera hanging from a giant pole. So the challenge was to recreate the Steadicam shots and make them feel like the reaction they got when they saw the footage. "Goodfellas" shot.
+Now let's see how we did it in practice.
+It's actually five separate sets shot at five different times for two different boys.
+The shot on the left is where the shot ends and the shot on the right is where it takes over. And now it's time to replace the schoolboy, so I've moved on from the show's star, Asa Butterfield, to stand-in. (music) I wouldn't say his stuntman. We have a crazy rig we built for this. (music) So this is set number 3 that we're working on. and move on. Basically, the final moment of the shot is actually a Steadicam shot. Everything else was filmed on a crane or something like that, and it literally took place over five different sets, two different boys, different times, and it all had to feel like it was one shot, but it It was kind of great for me. I think it was probably the most acclaimed shot I've ever worked on. And when it was finished, I was kind of proud of it. I mean, I don't think you should be really proud of things.
+So I was kind of proud of it and went to my friend and said, 'This is one of the most acclaimed shots I've ever worked on.
+What do you think was the reason? "
+And he said, "Because nobody knows you had nothing to do with it."
+(Laughter) So all I can say is thank you. This is my presentation to you. (Applause) (Applause)
+I thought skipping might ease my nerves, but it was a bad idea because it actually caused a paradoxical reaction. (Laughter) Anyway, I was really happy to receive the invitation to introduce you to some of my music and composer work. Perhaps because it appeals to my well-known rich narcissism. (laughs) No kidding, I think you should say that and move on. (Laughter) So, as a matter of fact, I immediately had a dilemma. I mean, I'm really bored with music, and I'm really bored with the role of composer. So I decided to replace the idea with the word "boring". , as the focus of my presentation today.
+And I'm going to share my music with you all, in a way that tells a story, how I've used boredom as a catalyst for creativity and invention, and how boredom can be boring. would like to share with In fact, I was forced to change the fundamental question I was asking in my field. Boredom has also, in some ways, driven me to take on roles beyond the most traditional and narrow definition of composer.
+What I want to do today is start with an excerpt of the song on the piano.
+(music) Yes, I wrote it. (Laughter) No, I didn't — (Applause) Oh, thank you.
+No, no, I didn't write it.
+In fact, it was Beethoven's work, so it didn't work as a composer.
+Until a while ago, I was in the role of an interpreter, but now I am an interpreter.
+So what kind of interpreter? It's part of the music, right?
+But you can ask, "But is it music?"
+And I say this rhetorically because, of course, I have to admit that by any standard, this is of course a musical work. But the reason I'm putting this here now is to put it in your head for now. Because it will bring me back to this question.
+It will be a kind of refrain as we go through the presentation.
+I have this music by Beethoven here, and my problem with it is that it's boring.
+I mean, you — I'm just silent, you know — it's — (laughter) Beethoven, how can you say that?
+No, well, I don't know, but it's familiar to me.
+I got really sick of it because I had to practice it when I was a kid. So -- (laughter) I will. So what I want to do is change it, transform it in some way, personalize it. So, like this idea, I might take the opening -- (music) and then I might replace -- (music) and improvise that melody that goes on from there -- - (music) (music) That could be -- Thank you.
+(Applause.) That's the sort of thing I try to do, not necessarily better than Beethoven.
+In fact, I don't think it's any better than that. The problem is -- (laughter) -- that's more interesting to me. It's not boring for me.
+I'm really leaning on myself, because I have to think about what decisions to make on the fly, with Beethoven's text running in my head in time, and what kind of Because I'm trying to understand how to make a decision. The transformation I am about to add to it.
+I mean, this is a fascinating business for me and I'm really leaning into first person pronouns there and now my face is showing twice so this is basically a solipsistic business I think we can agree on one thing. (Laughter) But it's a fascinating instrument, it's intriguing for a while, but you quickly get bored of it. Piano actually means piano. Because the piano is this familiar instrument with a wide range of tones. It's actually pretty compressed, at least when you're not playing on the keyboard or doing things like lighting a fire and then listening.
+It gets a little boring so soon you try other instruments, they become familiar and you eventually find yourself designing and building your own instruments. I brought it in today and thought I'd play it a little bit so I can hear what it sounds like.
+(music) We need a door stopper, it's important. (laughs) I have a comb. It's the only comb I own. (music) They are all attached to my instruments. (laughs) (music) Actually, I can do a lot of things. It can be played with a violin bow. No need to use chopsticks.
+That's how I got this sound. (Music) Banks of live electronics can radically change the sound. (music) (music) This and that. (music), etc.
+Now you know a little bit about the sonic world of this instrument. I find this very interesting. Now I'm in the role of inventor. And the nice thing is that this instrument is called the Mouseketeer. (laughs) And the cool thing is that I'm the best Mouseketeer player in the world. (laughs) Okay? (Applause.) At that point, this is one thing, one of the privileges of being, and here's another role of the inventor. btw when i said the greatest in the world if so you are keeping score we had narcissism and solipsism and now a healthy amount of self centered there is a doctrine.
+I'm sure some of you have gotten bingo. Or I don't know. (Laughs) Anyway, this is also a very fun role.
+I must also admit that I am the worst Mouseketeer player in the world. It was this distinction that worried me most when I was on the front end of the tenure gap.
+I'm glad I got over it. I won't go into that.
+I'm crying in my heart I still have scars.
+Anyway, but I think what I'm trying to say is that all these companies are interested in me in their diversity, but as I've shown you today, they're really lonely companies. , I immediately wanted to interact with other people. So I'm really happy that I was able to make a piece for them.
+Sometimes I write for soloists, sometimes I work with one person, sometimes I work with a full orchestra, and sometimes I work with many people. This is probably the creative ability and role I am best known for professionally.
+Now, as a composer, some scores are like this, some are like this, and I make them all by hand, which is really troublesome.
+It takes a long, long time to make these scores. And now I'm working on a piece that's 180 pages long and it's just such a big part of my life that I just pull my hair out.
+I have a lot of it and I think it's a good thing. (Laughter) So this becomes really boring and really annoying for me, so after a while, not only is the process of notating boring, but you actually want to make the notation more interesting, and that led me to other projects like this. .
+This is an excerpt from a sheet music called "The Metaphysics of Notation".
+Full score is 72 feet wide.
+It's a collection of funny emojis.
+Let's zoom in on some of them here. You can see that it is quite detailed. I do all this freehand using a drafting template with straight edges, French curves. In reality, the 72-foot panel was divided into 12 six-foot-wide panels and installed around the lobby balcony of the Cantor Art Center Museum. The work was on display in the museum for a year, during which time it was experienced as a visual art for most of the week, with the exception of Fridays from 12:00 to 1:00, as you can see in these photographs, during which time various performers were present. I performed. They came along and interpreted these strange, undefined emojis. (Laughter) This was a really exciting experience for me.
+Musically, I was satisfied, but more importantly, I think it was exciting to take on another role as a visual artist, especially considering it will be exhibited in museums. (Laughs) Don't worry, we'll fill it all in. (Laughter) I'm a multitude. (Laughter) One, you might say, "Oh, you're a dilettante," and that's probably true. I can understand what you mean. Because I have no background or training in visual arts. But I just wanted to do it as an extension of my composition, a kind of extension. of creative impulses.
+But I can understand the question. "But is it music?"
+In other words, there is no traditional notation.
+This unspoken criticism can also be understood in this work "S-tog", which was produced while living in Copenhagen.
+I took the Copenhagen metro map and renamed all the stations to abstract musical provocations. Players follow a timetable that syncs with a stopwatch and displays minutes after the hour.
+So this is a case of actually altering something, or stealing something and turning it into sheet music.
+Another adaptation is this work.
+I tried to put the idea of ​​the wristwatch into musical notation.
+Make the face yourself and have the company make it, and the players will follow the score.
+Players respond musically as they follow the second hand and pass over various symbols.
+Here is another example and its realization from another work.
+In these two positions, I was also a scavenger, or a thief, in the sense of stealing subway maps and such. He was also a designer when it came to making watches.
+And again, this is interesting to me.
+Another role I would like to take on is as a performance artist.
+Some of my works have these strange theatrical elements, which I often perform. I would like to show you a clip from the work "Ecolalia".
+This is played by Brian McWhorter who is indeed an extraordinary performer.
+Let's look at this for a moment. Notice the instrumentation.
+(music) Well, you seemed nervous and laughing too, but I could see that your drill was a little sharper and your intonation a little questionable. (Laughter) Let's look at another clip.
+(music) You can see the mayhem going on, but there were no clarinets, trumpets, flutes, or violins. Here is a piece with a more unusual and more idiosyncratic instrumentation.
+This is a 'Tlön' with three conductors and no players. (Laughter) This is based on my experience of actually seeing two people having a heated argument in sign language. There were no decibels to speak of, but it was a very tumultuous experience emotionally and psychologically.
+I see. With weird appliances, the complete absence of conventional instruments, and too many conductors, people might wonder, "Is this music?"
+But let's move on to songs where I'm obviously acting like myself. That is my "Concerto for Orchestra".
+You'll notice there are a lot of traditional instruments in this clip. (music) (music) Actually, this is not the title of this work.
+It was a little mischievous. I actually put a space here to make it more interesting. This is the actual title of the piece.
+Let's continue with the same excerpt.
+(music) Wouldn't it be nice to have a flower shop? (laughter) (music) At least it's not boring anymore. Let's watch some more clips.
+(music) With all these theatrical elements, this forces me into another role, and it will probably be a dramaturge.
+We got along well. You had to write the orchestral part, right?
+have understood? But there were other things like this, right?
+There was a flower shop. We understand that it's putting pressure on the ontology of music as we've known it in the past, but let's take one last look today.
+This will be a piece called "Aphasia" for sound-synchronized hand gestures, which calls for yet another role. The last thing I would like to mention is the role of the choreographer.
+The score for this piece looks like this, instructing me, the performer, to make various hand gestures at very specific times in sync with the audio tape. That audio tape consists only of vocal samples.
+I recorded a great singer, took that voice into the computer, and warped it in countless ways to create the soundtrack we're about to hear.
+Here's an excerpt from "Aphasia". have understood?
+(music) So you can get a little taste of the piece. (Applause) Okay, that's kind of weird, isn't it?
+Is it music? I would like to conclude here.
+I finally decided that this was the wrong question and not the important one.
+The important thing is "Is it interesting?"
+And I don't mind "Is it music?" -- Don't worry about defining what I'm building.
+I simply allow my creativity to push in directions that are interesting to me, not worrying if the results resemble concepts or paradigms of what music composition should be like. yeah. And that's what really drives me. In a way, it means taking on all the different roles. So what I want you to think about is how much you can change the underlying problems in your field. Here's an extra little footnote. Because I just noticed you mentioned some psychological flaws earlier. Also, along the way, we had a fair amount of obsessive behavior and some delusional behavior and stuff like that as well. This is an argument for self-loathing and a kind of schizophrenia, at least in common usage of the term. What I really mean is dissociative identity disorder. (Laughter) In any case, despite all these dangers, think about the possibility of taking on a role in your job, whether it's closer to or farther from your professional definition. We recommend you take a look.
+Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+As you can imagine, I am really passionate about dancing. I'm passionate about making it, watching it, encouraging others to participate, and I'm also very passionate about creativity.
+Creativity is absolutely important to me and I believe it can be taught.
+I believe that the art of creativity can be taught and shared. I also think you can look into your own physical traits and cognitive habits and use that as a starting point to be beautifully cheating.
+I was born in the 1970s, and John Travolta was famous at the time for Grease, Saturday Night Fever, etc., and he provided a great male role model for me to start dancing. My parents were very supportive of me going.
+They absolutely encouraged me to take a risk, go, try and try. I had the opportunity and access to a local dance studio. And I had an enlightening teacher who allowed me to think of my own dances and invent my own dances. So what she did was let me create my own ballroom and Latin American dances. I will tell my friends.
+That was the first time I found an opportunity to express my voice and that was what drove me to become a choreographer.
+I feel like I have something to say, something to share.
+And what's interesting is that I'm obsessed with body technology right now.
+I think it's the most tech-savvy thing we have, and I think it's a way of getting the audience through the body, getting them moving, touching, and maybe helping them think about things differently. I am obsessed with finding
+So for me, choreography is really a physical thought process. It is a very important and collaborative process, not only for the body but also for the mind.
+It is related to other people.
+As you know, this is, in a sense, a distributed cognitive process.
+I work a lot with designers and visual artists, of course dancers and other choreographers, but they actually come from very different disciplines: economists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, cognitive scientists. , and I work with more and more intelligent people there. About different kinds of creative processes.
+What we thought we'd do a little bit today is explore this idea of ​​physical thinking. We are all experts in physical thinking.
+Yes, everyone has a body, right?
+And we all know what that body looks like in the real world. So one aspect of bodily thinking that we often think about is the concept of proprioception, the sense of one's body in real-world space.
+So we all know what it feels like to know where your finger tips are when you extend your arm.
+When you try to grab the cup, or it moves, you absolutely know that you have to do it again.
+So we are already experts in physical thinking.
+We don't think much about our bodies.
+We only think of ourselves when something goes wrong. So when you break your arm or have a heart attack, you become really conscious of your body.
+But how can we start thinking about using choreographic thinking and kinesthetic intelligence to enhance the way we think about things more generally?
+What I thought I would do is perform at the TED premiere.
+I don't know if this is good or not.
+just do it.
+What I wanted to do was create something using three versions of physical thinking.
+I would like to introduce I'm Paolo. It's Catalina.
+(Applause.) They don't know what we're doing.
+So this is not the type of choreography where you already have an idea of ​​what you want to do, you have a routine in your head and you just teach it. It's a so-called empty choreography. The ship just learns it.
+That's not the methodology we're working with.
+But what matters is how they perceive the information, how they get it, how they use it, and how they think with it.
+We're going to start really, really simple.
+Dance usually has a stimulus or a stimulus, and I thought I'd pick something simple. This is the TED logo. Everyone can see it and it's very easy to work on. And I'm trying to do something very simple. Creating an idea out of a body, which happens to be my body, and transforming it into someone else's body is a direct transmission of energy, a transformation.
+And I imagine this. If you don't mind, please do this too. I take the letter 'T', imagine it in my head, and place it. outside the real world. So you can always see the letter "T" in front of you.
+yes? It's absolutely there.
+If you see this, you can definitely walk around, right?
+There is a kind of grammar. It's very easy to explain because you know what you're going to do with it and you can start explaining it. Can you describe it in my arms?
+So all I did was hold my hand and move my hand.
+Oops, I can describe it in my head. Wow.
+have understood. You can do it on your shoulders too. yes?
+It gives me something to do, something to work on.
+If you lay the letter "T" flat on the floor, you might suddenly be able to do something with your knee, perhaps a little off the floor. Wow. Combining knees and arms gives you something physical, doesn't it? Then you can start building something.
+So for about a minute and a half, what I try to do is take that concept and make something, and the dancers behind me interpret it, and they interpret it. . In order to create a snapshot they are trying to take a part of it and it's like I'm offloading memory but they keep memory? yes?
+And see what you come up with.
+So take a little look at how they're doing, how they're accessing this, and what they're doing. Take this letter 'T', letter 'E' and letter 'D'. , "Make something. Okay. Let's go."
+So I have to put myself in the zone. right.
+It's a bit of an arm cross.
+So all I do is explore this 'T' space and flash it in action.
+I don't remember what I'm doing.
+I'm just working on my mission. My problem is this "T".
+I'll take a look from the side, oops.
+Moment of strike.
+that's it.
+So we're starting to build phrases.
+So what they're doing is, well, sort of, what they're doing is taking that aspect of the movement and generating it into a phrase.
+You can see that the speed is very fast.
+I'm not asking them to copy it exactly.
+They are using the information they receive to generate phrase beginnings.
+I can see it and know something about how they move.
+Yeah, they're so fast, right?
+So I took this aspect of TED and translated it into something physical.
+Some dancers capture the overall shape, the arc of movement, and the kinesthetic sense of movement as they watch the action and use it for memory.
+Some work on very specific details.
+Start with a small little unit and build it up.
+ok, do you have anything? one more.
+I mean, they solve this problem for me, and a little bit -- they're constructing the phrase.
+They've got something and they're going to keep it, right? One way to make it.
+That will be my start with this world premiere.
+have understood. From there, I'm going to do something completely different.
+I'm basically going to make a duet.
+Think of them as buildings, but they are just straight lines.
+They are no longer human beings, they are just pure lines and I am going to treat them as objects to think about.
+So what I'm thinking of doing is doing that by taking some physical extensions out of my body as I move and moving them and suggesting things to them. If so. Well then, let's go.
+Please take this arm.
+Could you put it on the floor?
+Right down to the floor. can i go down?
+yes. Cat, can you put your foot over there? yes.
+can it rotate?
+Oops, let's go back to the beginning.
+Are you ready? And... bang, bake... (metronome clicks) Great. Now, both of you, get up from there.
+We're both awake please. just now? they.
+(Applause) So from there, from there, we both get up, we both get up, go in this direction, go down. oops, oops, below.
+Oops, down, hmm. yes? under it. Jump.
+under it. Jump. Paolo, kick. It doesn't matter where. kick.
+Kick, switch, switch legs. Kick, switch, switch legs.
+yes? have understood? Cat, you're going crazy. I can almost get my head around it.
+Wow. Right after that, maybe. Wow, wow, oh.
+Grabbing her waist, back to the starting position, hoo, turn, turn, hoo, woo. (Snaps) That's great.
+Well, let's start a little from the beginning.
+Just let me take it easy here. I wish we had eight hours -- (laughter) I wish we were together eight hours a day.
+So maybe too many. So you're ready to go, and -- (clicks the metronome) (clicks the metronome) Nice job. yes? have understood. (Applause) Okay, not bad. (Applause.) More?
+yes. A little more, now, from that place.
+another. Face the front. another. Face the front.
+Imagine a circle in front of you.
+avoid it. avoid it. Hmm. Kick it out of the way.
+Kick it out of the way. Throw it into the audience. Hmm.
+Throw it into the audience again.
+We have a mental structure, and by sharing it we solve problems. they are doing it.
+Let's take a look at it. Ready, let's go.
+(plays metronome) Okay, great. Okay, let's go. Can I do the phrase first from the beginning? And then.
+And we're going to build something out of this, sort out the phrases. please. Nice and slow?
+Ready to leave... uh. (Sound the metronome) (Sound the metronome) The duet begins. (clicks the metronome) (clicks the metronome) Okay, okay. Ok, very nice. (Applause.) It was great. So -- (applause) Okay. So -- (applause) Well done. (Applause) That was my second way of working.
+The first is body-to-body transfer. Yes, I use an external mental structure that holds memories in concert.
+The second is to use them as objects to think with architectural objects and make a series of provocations. "If this happens, I will do that."
+If this happens -- "There are many ways to do that, but they are very quick. This is the third way.
+They have already started doing it and this is a task-based method and they have the autonomy to make all the decisions themselves.
+So I want us to do a little bit of a mental dance in this minute. So imagine. You can do this with your eyes closed, or you can open them and watch them if you don't want to, it's up to you.
+Think for a moment about the word "TED" in front of you. It's in your head and right in front of your heart.
+What I want you to do is transplant the outside of it into the real world, so imagine the word "TED" in the real world.
+What I want you to do is pick up that facet.
+Zone in an 'E' and scale that 'E' to be absolutely huge. Scale that "E" to be absolutely gigantic. Gives a three-dimensional effect.
+Think in 3D space. That's why now it's not the letters in front of me, but the space where my body can enter.
+I am now deciding where I will be in that space. So I'm going down to this little part of the rib under the letter "E" and thinking about it. I imagine this space. More than really high. If I asked you to mentally reach for the top of the "E", although you don't have to do so literally, where would you reach?
+Where would you be if you stretched out your finger?
+Where would you stretch your elbows?
+If I tell you to inject the color red into the space you are in, what does that do to your body? Then what if the entire wall on the "E" side collapses and you have to use your body weight to put it back up, what can you do with it?
+This is a mental imagery, describing a mental and vivid imagery that allows the dancer to choose for himself what to create.
+Yes, you can open your eyes if they were closed.
+So the dancers have been working on it.
+So just keep working on it for a bit.
+They're working on the mental structure here.
+Well, I think it should be left as a surprise.
+Now, it's a world premiere dance. yes? please.
+ted dance. have understood. Here we come I'll try to sort it out soon.
+So you're gonna do the first solo we made, yeah blah blah blah, we're going into a duet, yeah blah blah blah. In the next solo, blah blah, ah, and both at the same time, doing the last solution.
+have understood? have understood. Ladies and Gentlemen, 3 versions: World Premiere, TED Dance, Physical Thinking. (Applause.) So let's clap later and see if anything is good. (Laughter) So yes, let's clap -- yes, let's clap afterwards.
+please. Katarina, important moment, let's go.
+(beats the metronome) It's here, cat. (beats the metronome) Paolo, let's go. (plays the metronome) The last is a solo.
+what you made. (clicks the metronome) (clicks the metronome) Well done. Ok, good. wonderful. So -- (applause) So -- (applause) Thank you. (Applause) So three versions. (Applause.) Oh. (Laughter) (Applause) There are three versions of physical thinking, right?
+Three versions of physical thinking. I hope what you're going to do today is go somewhere and dance for yourself, and if not, at least cheat more beautifully and more often.
+thank you very much. (Applause.) Thank you. thank you. (Applause) Let's go. (Applause) (Applause)
+Many people face the news each morning with anxiety and fear.
+Every day we see news about mass shootings, inequality, pollution, dictatorships, wars and the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
+These are some of the reasons why 2016 was called the "worst year ever."
+Until 2017, that record was achieved (laughter), but many people nostalgic for the early decades when the world seemed safer, cleaner, and more equal.
+But is this a sensible way to make sense of the human situation in the 21st century?
+As Franklin Pierce Adams pointed out, "Nothing is more responsible for the good old days than bad memories."
+(Laughter) You can always fool yourself into declining when you compare the bloody headlines of today with the rosy images of the past.
+What would the trajectory of the world look like if we used a fixed scale to measure happiness over time?
+Compare the latest data today with the same measurements 30 years ago.
+Last year, Americans killed each other at a rate of 5.3 per 100,000, impoverished 7 percent of the population, and emitted 21 million tons of particulate matter and 4 million tons of sulfur dioxide.
+But 30 years ago, the country had a homicide rate of 8.5 per 100,000 people, a poverty rate of 12%, and emitted 35 million tons of particulate matter and 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide.
+What about the world as a whole?
+Last year, the world had 12 ongoing wars, 60 authoritarian states, 10 percent of the world's population plunged into extreme poverty, and over 10,000 nuclear weapons.
+But 30 years ago, there were 23 wars, 85 dictatorships, 37 percent of the world's population plunged into extreme poverty, and over 60,000 nuclear weapons.
+Indeed, last year was a terrible year for terrorism in Western Europe, with 238 deaths, but 1988 was even worse with 440 deaths.
+what happened?
+Was 1988 a particularly bad year?
+Or are these improvements a sign that the world will get better over time despite all the hardships?
+May I bring up the decidedly outdated concept of progress?
+To do so invites a certain amount of ridicule. It turns out that intellectuals hate progress.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And intellectuals who call themselves progressive really hate progress.
+(Laughter) Mind you, they don't hate progress.
+Most scholars and professionals would rather have surgery with anesthesia than without it.
+What irritates the talkative class is the idea of ​​progress.
+To believe that man can improve his condition, I say, means a blind, half-religious belief in outdated superstitions and false promises of myths of inexorable progress. was broken.
+You're a vulgar American can-do cheerleader with boardroom ideology, Silicon Valley, and Chamber of Commerce Lala ethos.
+You are a Whig history practitioner, a naive optimist, a Pollyanna, and of course a Pangloss, Voltaire who proclaimed that "everything is the best of the best possible worlds" alludes to the characters of
+Well, Professor Pangloss happened to be a pessimist.
+A true optimist believes that there could be a world far better than the one we have today.
+But all of this is irrelevant, because the question of progress is not a question of faith or an optimistic disposition, or seeing the glass half full.
+It's a testable hypothesis.
+In spite of all their differences, people generally agree on things that concern human well-being: life, health, food, prosperity, peace, freedom, security, knowledge, leisure, and happiness.
+All these can be measured.
+If it's improving over time, I think it's progress.
+Let's look at the data, starting with the most precious thing, life.
+For most of human history, life expectancy at birth was about 30 years.
+There are now over 70 of them worldwide, and over 80 in developed countries.
+Two hundred and fifty years ago, one-third of children in the world's richest countries did not reach their fifth birthday until the risk was reduced by a factor of 100.
+Today, less than 6 per cent of children in the world's poorest countries suffer that fate.
+Hunger is one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.
+It can wreak havoc on any part of the world.
+Today, hunger is relegated to the most remote and war-torn areas.
+Two hundred years ago, 90 percent of the world's population lived in extreme poverty.
+Today, less than 10 percent do.
+For most of human history, mighty nations and empires were almost always at war with each other, and peace was merely the interlude between wars.
+Now they are never at war with each other.
+The last great power war 65 years ago was between the United States and China.
+These days there are fewer and fewer wars of all kinds and fewer deaths.
+The annual incidence of war has fallen from about 22 wars per 100,000 people per year in the early 1950s to 1.2 today.
+Democracy is experiencing a clear setback in Venezuela, Russia and Turkey, and is threatened by the rise of authoritarian populism in Eastern Europe and the United States.
+But the world has never been more democratic than it has been in the last decade, and two-thirds of the world's population lives in a democracy.
+Every time norms of anarchy and revenge are replaced by the rule of law, murder rates drop.
+It happened when feudal Europe came under the control of centralized kingdoms. So today a Western European is 35 times less likely to be murdered than his or her medieval ancestors.
+It happened in colonial New England, in the American West where sheriffs moved into towns, and in Mexico.
+In fact, we are safer in every way.
+Over the past century, the likelihood of dying in a car crash has decreased by 96 percent, the likelihood of being knocked over on a sidewalk has decreased by 88 percent, the likelihood of dying in a plane crash has decreased by 99 percent, and the likelihood of dying has decreased by 95 percent. We are 89% less likely to die from natural disasters such as droughts, floods, wildfires, storms, volcanoes, landslides, earthquakes, and asteroid impacts. improved resilience.
+And what will happen to the typical act of God, the projectile thrown by Zeus himself?
+That's right, we're 97 percent less likely to die from a lightning strike.
+Before the 17th century, only 15 percent of Europeans were literate.
+Europe and America achieved universal literacy by the mid-20th century, and other countries are catching up.
+Today, over 90 percent of the world's population under the age of 25 can read and write.
+In the 19th century, Westerners worked more than 60 hours a week.
+We currently have less than 40 employees.
+Thanks to the widespread availability of water and electricity in developed countries and the widespread availability of washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, stoves and microwave ovens, the amount of time we spend doing household chores has fallen from 60 hours a week. . Up to 15 hours or less per week.
+Do all these benefits of health, wealth, security, knowledge and leisure make us happier?
+The answer is yes.
+Happiness has increased in recent decades in 86% of the world's countries.
+Well, I hope you understand that progress is not a matter of faith or optimism, but a fact of human history, indeed the greatest fact of human history.
+And how was this fact picked up in the news?
+(Laughter) If you tabulate the positive and negative sentiment terms in the news stories, you'll see that humanity is healthier, richer, smarter, safer, happier. In the last few decades, the New York Times has become increasingly moody, and so have the world's broadcasts. I've been steadily brooding.
+Why don't people appreciate progress?
+Part of the answer comes from cognitive psychology.
+We estimate risk using a mental shortcut called the "availability heuristic".
+The easier it is to recall something from memory, the more likely you are to judge it as such.
+Another part of the answer comes from the nature of journalism. It's in this satirical headline from "The Onion," "CNN Holds Morning Meeting To Decide What Viewers Should Panic For The Remaining Hours."
+(Laughter) (Applause) The news is about what happened, not what didn't happen.
+I don't see journalists saying, "I'm broadcasting live from a country that has been at peace for 40 years and a city that hasn't been attacked by terrorists."
+Also, bad things happen quickly, but good things don't happen in a day.
+For the past 25 years, a daily newspaper could have run the headline ``137,000 lifted out of extreme poverty yesterday''.
+That leaves 1.5 billion people in poverty, but I haven't read about it.
+The news also capitalizes on our morbid interest in what can go wrong, embedded in the show's policy of "where blood flows, it connects."
+Combine our cognitive biases with the nature of the news and you'll see why the world has been coming to an end for a really long time.
+Let's answer some questions about progress that many of you may have wondered.
+First, wouldn't it be better to be pessimistic, to rake up the filth, and speak the truth to power to prevent complacency?
+Well, not exactly.
+Being accurate is good.
+Of course, we need to recognize suffering and danger wherever they arise, but we also need to recognize the dangers of indiscriminate pessimism and how they can be mitigated. is needed.
+One of them is fatalism.
+If all our efforts to improve the world were in vain, why should we throw good money after bad money?
+The poor are always with you.
+And since the world is about to end, climate change won't kill us all, but a runaway artificial intelligence, so the natural reaction is to eat and drink just because we're going to die tomorrow. It's about enjoying life while it's merry.
+Another danger of thoughtless pessimism is radicalism.
+If all our institutions have failed, and any hope of reform has been dashed, the natural reaction is to destroy machines and destroy swamps, based on the expectation that whatever rises from the ashes will always be superior to it. to drain the empire and burn the empire. what we have now.
+Now, if there is such a thing as progress, what causes it?
+Progress is not some mystical force or dialectic that lifts us higher.
+It's not a mysterious arc of history that bends towards justice.
+It is the result of human endeavours, governed by ideas reminiscent of the 18th-century Enlightenment, that the application of reason and science to enhance human well-being leads to gradual success.
+Is progress inevitable? of course not.
+Progress does not mean that everything will be better for everyone everywhere at any time.
+It would be a miracle. Progress isn't a miracle, it's a solution to a problem.
+Problems are inevitable and solutions create new problems that must be solved in turn.
+The unsolved problems facing the world today are enormous, including climate change and the risk of nuclear war, but we see them as problems to be solved, not apocalypse waiting to happen. We must actively pursue solutions such as radical decarbonization and global zero against global warming. nuclear war.
+Finally, is the Enlightenment against human nature?
+This is a real question for me. For I am emphatically defending the existence of human nature with all its flaws and perversions.
+In my book, The Blank Slate, I argued that humanity's outlook was more tragic than utopian, that we were neither stardust nor gold, and that there was no way back to the garden.
+(laughs) But 15 years after The Blank Slate was published, my view of the world is brighter.
+Knowing the statistics of human progress, which began with violence and now encompasses every other aspect of our well-being, it is not human nature that matters in understanding our sufferings and afflictions, but rather human nature. It strengthened my belief that it was human nature guided by the canons of the Enlightenment. and institutions are also solutions.
+Admittedly, replicating my own data-driven epiphanies across humanity is not easy.
+Some intellectuals are outraged by my book, Enlightenment Now, first why do they dare to say they hate progress, and second why do they dare to say there was progress. , said.
+(Laughter.) For others, the idea of ​​progress just cools.
+Are we saving billions of lives, fighting disease, feeding the hungry, and teaching children to read?
+bored.
+At the same time, the most common response I've received from readers is gratitude for changing their worldview from a callous, helpless fatalism to something more constructive and even heroic. .
+I believe that the ideals of the Enlightenment can be turned into inspiring narratives, and I hope that others with greater artistic and rhetorical abilities than I can better communicate and spread them. .
+It looks like this:
+We are born into a ruthless universe, facing severe challenges to the life-enabling order and in constant danger of collapse.
+We have been shaped by a relentless competitive process.
+We are made of crooked wood, vulnerable to illusions, selfishness, and, at times, amazing stupidity.
+But human nature has also been endowed with resources that allow some sort of salvation.
+We are empowered to recursively combine ideas and think about our own thoughts.
+We have an instinct for language that allows us to share the fruits of our ingenuity and experience.
+We deepen our capacity for sympathy, compassion, imagination, compassion and sympathy.
+These donations have found a way to expand their power.
+The range of languages ​​has been expanded by written, printed and electronic languages.
+Our circle of sympathies has been broadened by history, journalism and narrative art.
+And our petty rational capacity is amplified by the norms and institutions of reason, intellectual curiosity, open debate, skepticism of authority and dogma, and the burden of proof to test ideas against reality. I came.
+As the recursive spiral of improvement gains momentum, we triumph over the forces that wear us down, especially the darker parts of our own nature.
+We approach the mysteries of the universe, including life and spirit.
+We live longer, suffer less, learn more, become wiser, and enjoy more small joys and rich experiences.
+Few are killed, raped, enslaved, exploited or oppressed by others.
+From some oases, territories of peace and prosperity are expanding and may one day cover the earth.
+Much suffering and tremendous danger remain, but ideas have been voiced as to how to mitigate them, and countless others have yet to be conceived.
+A perfect world never exists, and seeking it is dangerous.
+But there is no limit to the improvements we can achieve if we continue to apply our knowledge to advance human prosperity.
+This heroic tale is more than just a myth.
+Myths are fiction, but this is true, true as far as we know, and it is the only truth we can know.
+As we learn more, we can show which parts of the story are true and which are false.
+And this story is not of any tribe, but of all mankind, all sentient beings with an urge to penetrate the power of reason and being, for what it requires is life. for only the belief that is better than death, and that health is better than sickness. , abundance is better than scarcity, freedom is better than coercion, happiness is better than suffering, knowledge is better than ignorance and superstition.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm talking about stone runny nose.
+Since 1992, Canadian government scientist Dr. Max Bothwell has studied a type of algae that grows on rocks.
+Well, a very unscientific term for that algae is iwanosui. Because, you guessed it, it's a lot like a runny nose.
+But scientists also call it Didymosphenia geminata, and for decades, this algae has slimed riverbeds around the world.
+The problem with this algae is that it is a threat to salmon and trout and the river ecosystems they invade.
+Now, it came as no surprise that a reporter reached out to Dr. Bothwell in 2014 for a talk on algae, as it turned out that Dr. Bothwell of Canada was in fact a world-class expert in the field. .
+The problem was that Dr. Bothwell was not allowed to speak to reporters because the government at the time did not allow it.
+110 pages of e-mails and 16 government communications experts confronted Dr. Bothwell.
+Why couldn't Dr. Bothwell speak?
+We'll never know for sure, but Dr. Bothwell's research suggests that climate change may be responsible for aggressive algal blooms.
+But who would want to suppress climate change information?
+Yes, it's okay to laugh.
+I'm joking because it makes me laugh.
+We know climate change is being curbed for all sorts of reasons.
+I saw it first hand when I was a university professor.
+We see it when countries withdraw from international climate agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, and when industries fail to meet their emissions reduction targets.
+But it's not just information about climate change that's being suppressed.
+Many other scientific problems are obscured by alternative facts, fake news, and other forms of suppression.
+We've seen it in England, Russia, America and, until 2015, here in Canada.
+In the modern age of technology, where our very survival depends on discovery, innovation and science, scientists are free to conduct research, collaborate freely with other scientists, speak freely in the media, and freely Being able to act is very, very important. to speak to the public.
+Because, after all, science is humanity's best effort to reveal the truth about our world and our very existence.
+Our collective knowledge grows with each new revelation.
+Scientists should be free to explore unconventional and controversial subjects.
+They must be free to challenge the ideas of the time and be free to present uncomfortable or inconvenient truths. Because that's how scientists push boundaries, and pushing boundaries is what science is all about, after all.
+And here's another point. Scientists must be free to make mistakes. Because even a failed hypothesis can teach us something.
+The best way to explain it is through my own adventures.
+But before that, I have to take you to the past.
+It's the early 1900s, and Claire and Bella are roommates in Southern Ontario.
+One night, at the height of the Spanish flu pandemic, they attend a lecture together.
+When the evening is over, they go home and go to bed.
+In the morning, Claire calls Bella and tells her that she is going out to breakfast.
+When she came back after a while, Bella hadn't woken up.
+She pulls back the cover and makes a terrifying discovery.
+Vera was dead.
+When it comes to the Spanish flu, stories of lightning-quick deaths are commonplace.
+Well, I was a professor in my mid-twenties when I first heard these shocking facts. The scientist in me wanted to know why and how.
+My curiosity led me to the frozen lands to lead an expedition to find out what caused the 1918 Spanish Flu.
+I wanted to test current drugs against one of the deadliest diseases in history.
+I had high hopes that I would be able to develop an influenza vaccine that would be effective against the virus and its mutations, even in the event of a resurgence of influenza.
+So I led a research team of 17 people from Canada, Norway, the UK and the US to the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard.
+These islands lie between Norway and the North Pole.
+We dug up the bodies of six people who had died from the Spanish flu and were buried in permafrost, hoping the frozen ground would preserve the bodies and the virus.
+Well, I know what you guys are waiting for, that big scientific achievement.
+But my science story doesn't have the grand Hollywood ending.
+Most do not.
+In fact, we didn't find the virus, but we developed a new technique for safely exhuming bodies that might contain it.
+We have developed a new technique to safely remove tissue that may contain viruses.
+And we've developed new safety protocols to protect our research team and neighboring communities.
+We made an important contribution to science, even though it was not what we originally intended.
+In science, attempts fail, results turn out to be inconclusive, and theories fail.
+In science, research is based on the research and knowledge of others. Or, in Newton's words, standing on the shoulders of giants, research is constructed by looking further afield.
+Importantly, scientists should be free to choose what they want to explore, what they are passionate about, and free to report their findings.
+You heard me say that since 2015 the respect for science started to grow in Canada.
+how did we get here
+What lessons do we need to share?
+Actually, it goes back to my teaching days.
+I have seen institutions, governments and industries around the world suppress information about climate change.
+It infuriated me.
+I couldn't sleep at night because of it.
+How can politicians twist scientific facts for partisan interests?
+So I did what any politically appalled person would do. That is, I ran for election and won.
+(Applause.) I thought I'd use the new platform to talk about the importance of science.
+It soon became a battle for scientific freedom.
+After all, I'm a scientist, I come from a world under attack, and I personally felt the anger.
+You may become an advocate for those who are being silenced.
+But I soon realized that the scientists were nervous and scared to even talk to me.
+One of my friends, a government scientist who I will call McPherson, was concerned about the impact of government policies on his research and the deterioration of science in Canada.
+He was very concerned and fearful that the contents of the call would be tracked, so he wrote to me from his wife's email account.
+He wanted me to call my wife's cell phone so the call could not be traced.
+I wish I was joking.
+It immediately focused on what was happening in Canada for me.
+Why is my friend of 20 years so afraid to talk to me?
+So I did what I could at that time.
+I listened and shared what I learned with my parliamentary friends. My friend was interested in all things environment, science, technology and innovation.
+Then the 2015 elections were held and our party won.
+And we set up a government.
+And that friend is the current Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau.
+(Applause.) And he asked me if I could be Minister of Science.
+We are working hard with other government officials to put science back in its rightful place.
+I will never forget the day in December 2015 when I proudly stood before Congress and declared that the war on science was over.
+(Applause.) And I've worked hard to back that word up with action.
+We have had many successes.
+As we build this cultural shift, there is still work to be done.
+But we want government scientists to interact with the media and the public.
+It will take time, but we will do our best.
+After all, Canada is internationally regarded as a pioneer in science.
+And we want to send the message that you should stay away from something so basic and precious as science.
+So, for Dr. Bothwell, Claire and Vera, McPherson, and all the other voices, if you see science being suppressed, suppressed, attacked, speak up.
+Speak up when you see scientists being silenced.
+We must hold our leaders accountable.
+Whether by exercising our voting rights, writing articles in newspapers, or starting conversations on social media, it is our collective voice that secures scientific freedom.
+And at the end of the day, science is for everyone and leads to a better, brighter, bolder future for all of us.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.
+When I was first asked to give a TED Talk, I Googled to find out a little more about what it was like to give a TED Talk.
+One of the first things I read was that an American speaker felt good until he got on stage and then saw the timer ticking down.
+(Laughter) And it reminded her of bombs.
+I was thinking, "That's the last thing I need."
+(Laughter) (Applause) Anyway, it's a great honor to be here.
+I think it's a bit of a joke when newspaper editors choose photographers to open their speaking events.
+(Laughter) We're not famous for words. I've spent the last 40 years hiding behind cameras and never had to speak.
+But I'm here today and what I want to talk about is stories and their importance to me, and maybe to everyone.
+I am sure you will hear many stories today, but I believe that listening to other people will help us learn and understand more about the world and about other people.
+So I would like to tell you three stories that I have been doing as a photographer. I would like to talk about how those stories have inspired me and how they have become part of the stories I document in my life.
+As John said, I was a fashion and music photographer for 10 years.
+It was a lot of fun. But I always wanted to do something more with my work.
+And storytelling was something I always wanted to do.
+So 10 years ago, I decided to travel the world, photograph other people's situations, record their stories, and bring them back for others to understand.
+But this didn't happen overnight.
+When I worked as a music and fashion photographer, I always had this nagging feeling that something was missing and that I wasn't using my skills productively.
+That connection may seem very obvious now, but at the time I had no idea how I could use my photos to do anything useful.
+So I gave up on taking pictures.
+I quit that job completely and decided to work as a caregiver.
+As a care worker, I began caring for a young man named Nick.
+Nick has autism, very severe autism.
+But over the years of caring for him, we became very close friends.
+I cared for him 24 hours a day, swimming with him, going out for walks...
+But little by little, as I got to know him better, I realized that his story wasn't being told.
+He was self-harming and repeatedly punching himself in the face.
+And no one could actually see it.
+So here is Nick.
+He often described his life as living downstairs at a party.
+He said he could hear the party in the kitchen, but always felt trapped in the basement, his own little world, and that he could not go upstairs, even though he wanted to join the party.
+There I documented his life.
+I didn't intend to do anything in particular, I just started shooting as a record.
+When I started doing that, I realized that I could tell someone's story through my photos.
+As I said earlier, Nick will self-harm.
+he will punch himself in the face
+And no one could actually see it.
+As we developed a kind of close friendship, he finally allowed me to actually see him doing this and record it.
+It was a moment of trust.
+Social services weren't very good at helping Nick and said he wouldn't hurt himself as badly as we said.
+So one day I took a picture of him actually hurting himself.
+We brought it up to social services and their response changed incredibly quickly and we were able to get a lot of help.
+And now, eight years later, I am happy to say that I spoke with Nick last night and wanted to let you know that he is feeling much better and is no longer self-harming.
+And I hope, at least a little, that photography was part of that process.
+The main effect it had was that it inspired me to go out with my camera and tell other people's stories.
+One of the stories I did was in Kutupalong, on the border of Burma and Bangladesh.
+Here, Rohingya refugees have been left to rot for over two decades.
+Here is a photo of the informal camp.
+At the top you can see the official camp of the United Nations.
+All these huts are informal camps.
+Raw sewage is literally running through the camp.
+The people there have been forgotten, so I thought it was important to go and document their stories.
+So I consulted with the village elders. The next day people came in and I took portraits of all these people and documented their stories.
+So over time, I woke up in the morning, laid out a big white sheet, and started taking pictures of these people.
+But suddenly everything got a little out of control, and even though it was still dawn, literally hundreds of people showed up sick and sick, and we were crammed into this tiny little lot that we made, It was just... hopeless. .
+And that's exactly what their situation is. I'm helpless.
+A child with a tumor, no one to help, slowly suffocating to death.
+I panicked a little as people frantically approached me. I was trying to explain to the village elder that I am not a doctor and cannot help these people.
+Then the village elder turned to me and said, "No, it's very important. These people know you're not a doctor, but at least someone knows their story now." and someone is recording what is happening to them.”
+And it was a good moment for me.
+It was the realization that maybe it was worth going out and doing these things.
+Another story that inspired me was in Odessa, Ukraine.
+I was documenting a lot of street children.
+We actually ended up living together in a squat, and I can say that it was an experience.
+There was vodka violence late into the night, and I sat in the corner with my bag and just said, "When was this a good idea?"
+(Laughs) I think it's those moments when you think, "Why did you quit the fashion world?"
+But they are wonderful children and on their last day they took me to the sea for a kind of trip, a kind of farewell.
+they are drinking vodka
+Then Serge, who was the oldest and most violent man, came up, put his arm around me, and said, "I'm going swimming." He had just gotten out of prison after stabbing someone.
+Well, I have to say that I had a "Lonely Planet" guide to Ukraine, and it contained some advice.
+Its advice included "don't talk to street children, keep an eye on your luggage, and for all intents and purposes, don't go swimming."
+(Laughter) So I thought, "I don't know if this is a good idea."
+Serge hugged me in his arms.
+I'm like, "Okay." So there I am.
+(Laughter.) I literally handed all my cameras, all my equipment, to street kids.
+and they received it.
+It's kind of funny, but if you look behind you, you can see other street children who didn't get in the water saying, "Why are you in that water?"
+But one of the little kids, Lyric, had my camera and started taking pictures.
+He was really excited about this camera.
+And then I bought him a camera and we talked a lot about how to go back and start teaching him photography.
+He had a real eye for things.
+That's him, there he is.
+It was taken the last night I was there.
+I was staying there and left that night to pick up my luggage.
+and when he came back in the morning he was dead.
+He was on a lot of drugs and vodka.
+And he passed out during the night and never recovered.
+Again, it was a reminder of why I needed to document these people's stories. Because their lives matter and it's important to me to document them.
+Last February, he stepped on an IED while on patrol in Afghanistan.
+I'm over there somewhere.
+I became part of the story.
+At first, understandably, I was shocked by what had happened.
+I thought my work was done, everything made no sense to me.
+And I realized that I had never been to Congo, Angola or Bangladesh to take pictures.
+I went to those places because I wanted to make a difference, and photography just happened to be my tool.
+And I realized that my body was, in many ways, a living example of what war can do to someone.
+And I realized that I could use my own experience, my own body to tell that story.
+And it was also by looking back at other people I recorded.
+I thought of Nick and thought of his resilience.
+I thought about the Rohingya and the fact that they had no hope.
+I was reminded of the lyrics and the lives lost.
+And in fact, it was the stories I recorded that helped me get through the last year, survive, get back on my feet, and come tell not only their story, but my own. bottom. .
+So I painted a self-portrait. I wanted to show you the impact of bombs on people, but I also wanted to show you that life doesn't end when you lose a limb. Having what people say is a disability, but not being disabled. It means you can do anything if you put your mind to it and work hard.
+It's strange, but in many ways, when I look at who I was a year ago and who I am now, I realize that I have a lot of things I didn't have then.
+If it hadn't been for this, I wouldn't be sitting here now.
+I wouldn't have been able to show you those pictures or tell you those stories.
+Ten years ago, I was lucky when I sat down and thought about what I could do to make a difference in this world.
+I realized that my photography is a tool and a means.
+I think that's what really matters.
+It means we can all be part of that wheel.
+We can all be cogs of change.
+We can all make a difference.
+Everyone here has the ability to use something to make a difference in the world.
+We can all sit in front of the TV and think, 'I don't know what to do' and forget about it.
+But the reality is that we can all do something.
+It might just be writing a letter.
+You may be standing on a soap box and talking.
+You might just record someone's story and pass it on to others.
+But if each of us here wants to make a change, it can be done and nothing can stop us.
+And we all have our own experiences that we can also draw on.
+Really, that's all I wanted to talk about today.
+What I meant was that life goes on all over the world.
+People are having a hard time.
+We all have our own scary experiences.
+But if we share them and talk about stories, we can inspire each other to overcome our own bad experiences.
+I know the people I've recorded have gotten me this far.
+And I hope the story I was able to tell you helped you a little bit to get over things.
+And I hope that you will use your experience to help others.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+One morning when I was in the third grade, I remember my mother dropping me off at school with a classic Ghanaian dish called fufu.
+(Laughter) Fufu is a white ball of starch made from cassava and served with a light, dark orange soup with chicken or beef.
+A flavorful dish that my mother thought would warm her on a cold day.
+When I had lunch and opened the thermos to release the new smell into the air, my friends did not react favorably.
+(Laughter) “What is that?” one of them asked.
+"Fufu," I replied.
+(Laughter) "Well, it smells weird. What's a fufu?" they asked.
+Their reaction made me lose my appetite.
+I begged my mother not to let me go to school with Fufu again.
+I asked her to make me a sandwich, chicken noodle soup, or whatever other food my friend was eating.
+And this was one of the first times I started to notice the differences between what was unique to my family and what was common to others, Ghanaians, Africans, and Americans.
+I am a first generation American.
+Both my parents are immigrants.
+In fact, my father, Gabriel, came to the United States about 50 years ago.
+He arrived in New York from the city of Kumasi in northern Ghana, West Africa.
+He went to school, got a bachelor's degree in accounting, and eventually became an accountant.
+My mother, Georgina, joined him a few years later.
+She loved fashion and worked in a garment factory in lower Manhattan, saving enough money to open a women's clothing store.
+I consider myself American, African and Ghanaian.
+And there are millions of people around the world juggling these different classifications.
+They may be Jamaican-Canadian, Korean-American, or Nigerian-British.
+But what makes our stories and experiences different is that we were born and raised in a different country than our parents, and this can lead to misunderstandings when viewed through a narrow lens.
+I grew up in New York, which has the largest immigrant population in the United States.
+And for an Issei who grew up in a place like New York, you'd think finding your place would be easy.
+But throughout my childhood, there have been moments that shaped my understanding of the different worlds I belonged to.
+When I was in fifth grade, a student asked if my family were refugees.
+I didn't know what that word meant.
+He explained to me that his parents told him that refugees were people who came to the United States from Africa to escape death, starvation, and disease.
+When I asked my parents about it, they laughed a little because it was a generalization, not because it was funny.
+And they assured me that they had enough to eat in Ghana and were happy to come to the United States.
+(Laughter) As I've gotten older, these questions have become more complex.
+Middle school was the first time I attended school with a large group of Black American students, and many of them wondered why my voice was different from theirs, why my parents were different from their students. I couldn't understand what it looks like.
+"Are you black too?" asked the student.
+I mean, I thought I was black.
+(Laughter) I thought my skin color solved that.
+(Laughter.) When I asked my father about it, he said that when he first came to the United States, he was confused about its importance.
+He explained to me that when he was in Ghana, he didn't think about it because we were all black.
+But in the US that's the problem.
+(Laughter) But he said, 'But you're African.
+Remember that. "
+And he made this point even though many Africans on the continent think of me as just an American.
+These misconceptions and complex cultural issues don't just concern children.
+Adults don't know who the immigrants are.
+Looking at current trends, if I asked, "Who do you think is the fastest growing immigrant population in the United States?" Who would you say it is?
+Nine out of 10 people say they are Latinos, but they are actually African immigrants.
+What about schoolwork?
+What are the most educated immigrant demographics?
+Many people think I'm Asian, but I'm actually an African immigrant.
+Did you know that 3 out of 8 countries subject to so-called 'travel bans' are African countries, even in a matter of policy?
+Many believe that targeted Muslims live only in the Middle East, but many of those banned are African.
+So many assumptions we make about immigration are wrong when it comes to issues of education, policy and religion.
+Even with an eye on diversity and inclusion in the workplace, etc., who do you think is the least likely combination of gender and ethnicity to advance to senior management?
+This time the answer is not African.
+(Laughter.) And it's not black women and men, it's not Latino women and men.
+Asian women are the least likely to be promoted.
+Capturing these stories and issues is part of my job as a digital storyteller who uses technology to help people find these stories.
+This year I launched Enodi, an online gallery of portraits and first-hand descriptions of my project.
+Enodi's goal is to focus on first-generation immigrants like myself who have a kinship to the country we grew up in, our country of origin, and a concept called "blackness."
+I created this space to be a cyber home for many who are misunderstood in their various home countries.
+There are millions of Enodi who use hyphens to connect their country of origin with various hometowns such as the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany.
+In fact, many people you know may be Enodi.
+Actors Issa Rae and Idris Elba are Enodies.
+Colin Powell, former Attorney General Eric Holder, and former US President Barack Obama are all children of African or Caribbean immigrants.
+But how much do you know about us?
+This complex navigation is not just experienced by first-generation people.
+We are so involved in the lives and cultures of the peoples of North America and Europe that you may be surprised at how important we are to your history and future.
+So join the conversation. Discover who immigrants really are and see us apart from characterizations and limited media coverage and even what we look like.
+We're walking through a melting pot of cultures, so if something in that pot smells new or different to you -- (laughter) don't snort.
+Ask to share.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, I know a lot of alpha males in my life, chimpanzee alpha males. And talk about what an alpha male is. Because I think we can all learn a lot from our relatives who have an alpha male.
+As an example, I would like to cite a man I know, Amos. He was a young male, an alpha male. He was very popular, but fell ill and lost his position. Because they are male chimpanzees. You could tell from a mile away if you were weak, and they chased him, and he lost his position, and he got sicker and sicker, and at some point we let him go. I had to isolate myself.
+This group lived on a grassy island, so we had to isolate him in a cage, but we pried open the cage and saw that the rest of the chimpanzees still approached him. I made it possible.
+And what happened was most touching.
+Other chimpanzees brought him food or brought him wood wool. The wool is what they use for sleeping and building nests, and the female puts it on his back.
+He was leaning against the wall and had a pillow on his back the way we give our patients pillows in hospitals.
+And I thought, this is the way to go for alpha males.
+He was loved, respected, and everyone looked after him. However, this is not always the case, as some men do not end well when they lose their position.
+Amos was an example of a man liked as a leader. If you search the internet for the term alpha mail, you will find many business books explaining how to become alpha mail. What they mean is how to hit other people, hit them in the head, let them know you're the boss and don't touch me.
+And basically to them the alpha male is the bully.
+And I really don't like that kind of explanation. Because I wrote this book, The Politics of Chimpanzees, which Newt Gingrich recommended to his freshman legislatures, so I'm actually partly to blame for the term "alpha mail."
+I don't know what it's good for, but he recommended the book to them, and then the word "Alphamail" became very fashionable.
+But I think it's misused.
+It's used in a very superficial way that has nothing to do with what a true alpha male is.
+So I am here to explain what it is.
+The term itself actually goes back even further.
+It goes back to the study of wolves in the 40's and 50's, but basically the definition is very simple.
+The top male is the alpha male.
+The top female is the alpha female.
+Every primate group has one alpha male and one alpha female, but no more, just one.
+And I will explain how it happens.
+First is body language.
+Here you can see two male chimpanzees of the same size, but one walking upright, with hair up and a large stone in his hand. He is an alpha male.
+The mating male gasps at him, submits to him, and bows. To build a stable relationship, you need to go through these rituals many times a day.
+Here are some videos from the scene.
+Seen here is a female moaning at an alpha male and you can see how that happens.
+As the man approached, she growled at him.
+(chimpanzee groaning) He's showing off with all his hair up.
+Actually, I'm standing too close.
+Chimpanzees are much stronger than I am, but I was not very careful with this video.
+So what you saw was him standing up on his two legs with his arms outstretched.
+It's called bipedal locomotion.
+This is a common posture among high-ranking men and is highly recognizable because humans do this sort of thing.
+(Laughter.) Humans do this all the time.
+And what I really like about this photo are the two old men on the side.
+It's just a chimpanzee.
+In chimpanzees there are usually older males over the hill, they can no longer be alpha males, but they start playing games and forming coalitions in hiding from others.
+And they become so influential that there may actually be older men who are more influential than the alpha male himself.
+Just an example, three males I used to work with at the Dutch zoo where I used to work, the middle male here is a 17 year old alpha male.
+The male he grooms beside was twice his age and this older male made him the leader.
+So you can imagine that the old man has enormous power because he made an alpha male an alpha male.
+The man on the right is personally the strongest man.
+Trying it out in captivity shows that this male has no problem with either animal.
+It's just the combination of the two that he's having trouble with.
+So the coalition formation that takes place in chimpanzee society makes it much more complicated than you might think.
+That means, for example, the smallest male in a group could be the alpha male.
+It doesn't have to be the biggest and strongest male.
+Even the tiniest of men can become alpha males if they have the right friends to keep them happy, or if they have the support of a female.
+So the coalition system complicates everything. I am always waiting for the primaries, the end of the primaries here in the United States. Because it is the moment when we need to show unity.
+Now, let us first show how uniformity is exhibited in chimpanzees.
+Here you can see two men standing together on the left.
+You can also see the large canine teeth.
+And they stand together, showing the rest of the group, "We are together. We are a unit."
+The male on the right is walking together with breath.
+It's another way to show that you're together.
+Therefore, it is very important to show unity in a coalition system. As I said earlier, we are always waiting for that moment in primaries. Because at that time two members of the same party were fighting each other and they needed to. please come with me someday
+And it creates a very awkward situation.
+Embracing and uniting disliked people is absolutely necessary for the unity of the party, otherwise the party may collapse.
+So when it doesn't work out, as in this particular case (laughter), the party is in a mess because it didn't show unity.
+So it is a very important part of the confederacy system, which is shared between humans and chimpanzees.
+So how do you become an alpha male?
+First and foremost, you need to be impressive and intimidating, and you need to occasionally show your vitality to show that you are very strong, and there are many ways to do that.
+But the other thing to do is be generous.
+So, for example, a man who participates in a campaign to overthrow the leader, which can take 2-3 months to test all coalitions in the group, will also be very generous.
+They easily share their food with everyone.
+Or start tickling the female baby.
+Usually they are male chimpanzees and are not particularly interested in young children, but when they are on such campaigns they become very interested in them, tickling them and trying to attract the favor of females.
+(Laughter.) So, of course, as a human being, I'm a candidate, and I'm always intrigued by men picking up babies like this.
+This isn't something babies particularly like (laughs), but it's a signal to the rest of the world, so babies need to lift them into the air.
+And when we had a female candidate in the last election, I was very intrigued that her baby-holding style was more similar and that's what babies really like.
+But of course, she didn't have to send the message that she could hold the baby without dropping it, and the man did.
+So it's a very common tactic, and male chimpanzees spend a lot of time trying to win the favor of all kinds of political parties during election campaigns.
+Now, what are the privileges and costs of being an alpha male?
+The greatest privilege is women.
+Food really doesn't matter.
+A male chimpanzee can go without food for a week if he finds a female in heat and is sexually interested in her.
+Food is secondary to sex.
+And male chimpanzees, and us evolutionary biologists, of course have an explanation for this. That is, sex is linked to reproduction, and reproductive success is the measure of evolution.
+That's how everything evolves.
+Therefore, if the reproductive success rate can be increased by having males at the top, the ambition to be at the top among the males automatically arises.
+That's a privilege.
+One of the costs, of course, is the cost of keeping your partner happy.
+Therefore, if you gain the support of an old male and come to power, you will need to mate the old male with a female.
+Otherwise, the old man will be furious with you and you will lose him as a partner.
+So the deal is done.
+Once you become an alpha male in this way, you have to keep your partner happy.
+And that's one of the costs.
+The second cost is that everyone wants your position.
+The alpha male position is a very important position and everyone wants to take it away from you, so you should always keep an eye on your back.
+You should be very vigilant.
+For example, they need to disrupt the coordination of other chimpanzees, which male chimpanzees often do.
+They have a divide and conquer strategy.
+This is a very stressful situation and we actually have data on this.
+Data were obtained from the field, in this case faecal samples from baboons, not chimpanzees, were collected and analyzed for glucocorticoids.
+Here is a graph showing that the lower the ranking male baboons, the higher the level of cortisol in their faeces, but as you can see, the alpha males have levels as high as the bottom baboons. So while you might think being an alpha male is nice and dandy and awesome, it's actually a very stressful position and your physiology can show it.
+Now what are the obligations?
+And here, for me, it becomes very interesting and deviates greatly from the typical image of the alpha male.
+Alpha males have two kinds of duties.
+One is to keep the peace within the group.
+We call this the control role of controlling conflicts within the group. And the second is to be the most empathetic and, so to speak, the nation's greatest comforter.
+So the first thing is to keep the peace.
+This is the male that stops the quarrel between two females.
+Two females on the left and right were yelling and yelling at each other about food, but food is very important to females, so he stopped fighting between females and stood between them like this. .
+And what's very interesting to me is that it's fair for alpha males to do this.
+They don't support their mothers or best friends.
+No, no, they stop fighting and generally defend the weak.
+And it is very popular within the group as it provides safety for the lowest members of the group.
+And they get fair, which is an unusual condition for chimpanzees. Because they usually value friends and so on very much. And alpha males who are good at this are very effective at keeping order. Peace within the group.
+And the second thing they do is show empathy for others.
+I have a huge amount of research on empathy right now and I don't have time to go into it in detail, but empathy is a subject that is currently being studied in all kinds of animals: rodents, dogs, elephants, primates. is.
+And what you see here are two bonobos.
+The person in front was beaten in a fight.
+The person behind her puts her arm around her and comforts her.
+This is, in fact, also a way of measuring empathy in young children by observing how they respond to people in distress.
+And men of high status often do this.
+A superior male provides great comfort in a group, and provides comfort in places where earthquakes and hurricanes have occurred.
+The Pope does this. Presidents do this.
+All leaders around the world must do this work.
+The Queen does it and so on.
+They all have to do this job, so providing comfort is a very important job.
+And a man who excels in these two skills of keeping peace and providing comfort makes for a very popular leader, but one that actually contains self-interest.
+Because they don't just do it for the group, it also stabilizes their position.
+The more popular a man becomes as an alpha male, and the more other men look up to him and look up to him, the more likely that man's position will be defended if challenged by someone else. They're going to support the man because they want to keep a good leader for themselves.
+As such, this group is usually very supportive of men who are good leaders, but not at all supportive of bullies.
+And when the bully loses his position, things can get really bad there.
+This is actually data on comfort behavior.
+Although this is data on chimpanzee comfort, we find that females provide more comfort than males in middle and lower individuals.
+This is basically the whole community.
+And this is true for all mammalian studies of empathy, with females having more empathy than males.
+But look at the alpha male.
+Alpha males do far more than anyone else.
+Here's basically the data that alpha males are the best comforters.
+The last thing I want to say is about alpha females.
+Here is a photo of an alpha female mom from the Arnhem Zoo where I used to work. It's all over the internet now, and I think her video, who died at the age of 59, has been clicked 100 million times at this point. what happened last year.
+And Mom was the absolute centerpiece of the group.
+Therefore, she could not physically dominate men.
+Although she is ranked lower than men, she is the center of the community, and if there is a big trouble in the community, everyone will fall into the arms of Mama.
+And she was a very important person.
+Therefore, I do not wish to downplay the position of alpha females in chimpanzee groups.
+And then there is the bonobo, a species that is as close to us as chimpanzees.
+We tend to forget about bonobos, but bonobos adopt a matrilineal society, and alpha individuals are generally female.
+In general, it is the female who rises to the top of the community, but with much less knowledge of bonobos in general, how this is done, how they reach that position, and how they reach that position. Little does he know what he's doing.
+But what I want to emphasize is that the alpha in the population does not have to be male, in fact in one of our close relatives it is female.
+So the message I want to give you is that if we call the men in our society alpha males who are, for example, family or business or bosses in Washington, D.C., we should not insult chimpanzees. . By using the wrong label.
+(laughter) Don't call bullies alpha males.
+A big, strong, intimidating and insulting person is not necessarily an alpha male.
+Alpha males have all sorts of qualities and I've seen alpha males that are chimpanzees and bullies. There is indeed such a thing, but since most of the alpha males we have have leadership abilities, are integrated into the community, and like the last Amos, they are loved and respected. , things are much different than you might think.
+And thank you.
+(applause)
+Chris Anderson: Hello William. I'm glad to meet you.
+William Kamkwamba: Thank you.
+CA: So do you think there are any pictures? Where is this place?
+WK: This is my home. this is where i live
+K: Where? which country?
+WK: Kasung from Malawi. at Kasung. Yes Mara.
+CA: Okay. Well, are you 19 yet?
+WK: Right. i am 19 now.
+CA: You had the idea five years ago. What?
+WK: I wanted to make a windmill.
+CA: A windmill?
+WK: Right.
+CA: What, for power, lights, etc.?
+WK: Right.
+CA: So what did you do? How did you come to know that?
+WK: After I dropped out of school, I went to the library and read the book How to Use Energy and got information about sawmills.
+And I tried it and it worked.
+(Applause) CA: So you just copied the design of the book.
+WK: Oh no. I just -- CA: What happened?
+WK: Actually, the windmill design in the book has four, oh, three blades and mine has four blades.
+CA: That book had three, but yours had four.
+WK: Right.
+CA: So what made you successful?
+WK: The only reason I have four blades is because I want more power.
+CA: Okay.
+WK: Right.
+CA: So you've tested three and four worked better?
+WK: Right. test.
+CA: So what was the windmill made of?
+What materials did you use?
+WK: You're using a bicycle frame and pulleys and plastic pipes, but then what are you pulling -- CA: Do you have a picture of that?
+WK: Right. windmill.
+CA: So how did that windmill work?
+WK: When the wind blows, it rotates and occurs.
+CA: How much is your electricity bill?
+WK: 12 watts.
+CA: So that turned the house on? How many lights do you have?
+WK: Four light bulbs and two radios.
+CA: Wow.
+WK: Right.
+(Applause) CA: Next slide -- so who is that?
+WK: These are my parents with the radio.
+CA: So how did they figure out that you were 14 or 15 at the time? Were they impressed?
+WK: Right.
+CA: So what's yours? What are you going to do with this?
+WK: Well -- CA: What do you mean -- you mean -- do you want another one?
+WK: Yes, I would like to build another one to pump water and irrigate the crops.
+CA: So this should be bigger?
+WK: Right.
+CA: How big is it?
+WK: I'd say more than 20 watts.
+CA: Does that mean we can irrigate the whole village?
+WK: Right.
+CA: Wow. So, are you talking to the people here at TED to gather people who might be willing to help make this dream come true in some way?
+WK: Well, if you can help me with the ingredients, yes.
+CA: And when you think about your life going forward, do you envision continuing this dream of working in the energy sector, now that you are 19 years old?
+WK: Right. We would like to continue working on energy issues in the future.
+CA: Wow. William, it's an honor to be at the TED conference.
+Thank you for visiting us.
+WK: Thank you.
+(applause)
+Hello.
+i am not a farmer
+(Laughter.) It's not. I am a parent, resident, and teacher.
+And this is my world.
+And in the process, even though I'm the third generation of children, I started noticing that they were getting bigger.
+They are getting sicker and sicker.
+Adding to these complexities, I recently learned that 70% of the children I have met who are considered learning disabilities would not have survived had they not received proper nutrition before birth.
+The reality of my community is simple. It looks like this.
+Kids don't need to grow up to see something like this.
+And with jobs continuing to leave my community and energy continuing to flow in and out, it's no wonder some people call the South Bronx a desert.
+But I'm the oldest 6th grader you've ever met, so I wake up every day with this tremendous enthusiasm that I want to share with you today.
+And with this note, I would like to share with you my belief that children do not have to leave their communities to live, learn and earn in a better place.
+So I'm here to tell you a story about this wall I met outside that I'm now bringing inside.
+And it starts with 3 people.
+Crazy teacher -- that's me on the left, I'm dressed up nicely, thank you wife, I love you for buying me a nice suit -- my passionate district manager and help me It's a guy named George Irwin from Green Living Technologies. Helped me get involved with this patented technology.
+But it all starts with seeds like this in my classroom, in my place.
+And I am here today hoping that my reach is beyond my comprehension.
+And that's exactly what this is all about.
+And it starts with these wonderful kids who come early and stay late.
+All of my children are IEP or ELL learners, most of them are highly handicapped, most are homeless and many are in foster care.
+Nearly all of my children live below poverty.
+But those seeds have us growing in the classroom from day one. This is what my classroom looks like.
+And you can see how careful these kids are to these seeds.
+And then I realized those seeds would be farms like this all over the Bronx.
+But again, I'm not a farmer. i am a teacher
+Besides, I don't like weeding, and I don't like hard labor.
+So I wanted to think about how we could take this kind of success down into something small like this and bring it into the classroom for kids with disabilities, kids who don't want to leave the house, and everyone can do it. It is. may have access.
+So I called George Irwin and what do you know?
+He came to my class and built an indoor edible wall.
+And what we're doing is partnering it with authentic learning experiences: private-based learning.
+And hey, we created the first edible wall in New York City.
+So if you are hungry, get up and eat.
+You can do it right now. My children always play with cows.
+have understood? But we were just starting out, and the kids loved technology, so I called George and said, 'I have to learn more!
+Well, Mayor Bloomberg, thank you very much. Work permits are no longer required. The work permit comes with a slice and a bonded contractor. we will handle it for you. We decided to go to Boston.
+And my kids from America's poorest congressional district installed the first computer-designed green wall with real learning tools in a 21-story building. If you plan to visit, it's on. Top floor of the John Hancock Building.
+But closer to home, we've started putting up walls like this in schools with lights like this, real LED stuff, 21st century technology.
+And what do you know? We made money in the 21st century and it was a breakthrough. oh!
+Folks, this is my harvest.
+So what do you do with this food? You do the cooking!
+It's my heirloom students, who use plastic forks to make heirloom sauces, carry it to the cafeteria, grow the ingredients, and feed the teachers.
+And it's America's youngest nationally-certified worker to serve as president of the Bronx Borough.
+So what have we done? Well, I met nice people like you and they invited us to the Hamptons.
+That's why I call it 'South Bronx to Southampton'.
+And we started putting roofs like this, and we came from poor areas and started building landscapes like this, wow! people have noticed.
+So this summer, we were invited back in and actually moved to the Hamptons, paid $3,500 a week for the house, and learned to surf.
+And when you can do something like this -- this is what my kids put this technology into, and you have a house that looks like this, with a sedum like this, and a house that looks like this. If you could build a roof, this is the new green graffiti.
+So, you may be wondering what a wall like this actually does for children other than changing the landscape and the way they think.
+Now let me explain what it does.
+This has allowed me to meet great contractors like Jim Ellenberger of Ellenberger Services.
+And here comes the true triple bottom line.
+Because Jim realized that these kids, my future farmers, really possessed the necessary skills to build affordable housing for New Yorkers in their own neighborhoods.
+And this is what my kids are doing, earning a living.
+Now, if you're like me and live in a building, there are seven unemployed men trying to run a million dollars.
+I don't have it. But if I need a bathroom fix or a shelf, I'll have to wait six months before I meet someone with a much better car than mine.
+That's the beauty of this economy.
+But my kids are now licensed and insured to trade.
+And it was my first student, the first in his family to have a bank account.
+This immigrant student is the first person in his family to use an ATM.
+This is the true triple bottom line. Because you can turn an abandoned and impoverished neighborhood into something like this with an interior like this.
+oh! people have noticed. And notice they did.
+So I got a call from CNN and was happy to have them come to the farmers market.
+And when Rockefeller Center asked NBC if they could put this on their wall, we were overjoyed.
+But let's see how the children of America's poorest congressional district can build, design, plant, and install a 30-foot-by-15-foot wall in the heart of New York City. It's real "reality". Puede' moment.
+It's really academic if you ask me.
+But this is not a Getty image.
+Here's a picture I took of the Bronx Borough President addressing the kids at home, not in prison, making them feel a part of it.
+It's State Senators Gustavo Rivera and Bob Veeder, who come to my classroom to make kids feel important.
+And when the Bronx mayor shows up and the state senator comes to our class, believe me, Bronx residents can change their attitudes right now.
+We are ready, ready, willing and able to export our talent and diversity in ways we never imagined.
+And if my local senator publicly gets on the scale and says I have to lose weight, I have to lose weight too!
+Let me tell you, so do I and my kids.
+have understood? And celebrities started.
+Pete can't believe what we're growing.
+Lorna Sass came and donated a book.
+have understood? feeding the elderly.
+And when we found ourselves growing for food justice in the South Bronx, so did the international community.
+And my kids in the South Bronx were delegates to the first International Green Roof Conference.
+That's really great.
+What about non-local?
+Well, we met a woman named Avis Richards at the Grounds Up campaign.
+can't believe it! Because of her, my most disenfranchised and marginalized children were able to deploy 100 gardens in New York City public schools.
+That's a triple bottom line! have understood?
+One year ago today, I was invited to attend the New York Academy of Medicine.
+I thought this concept of designing a strong and healthy New York made sense, especially when the resources were free.
+So thank you guys and I love them.
+They introduced me to the New York City Health Strategic Alliance. Again, don't waste your free resources.
+And what do you know? Six months later, my school and my children won the first-ever High School Excellence Award for creating a healthy school environment.
+New York City's greenest class.
+But more importantly, my children learned to get and learned to give.
+And we started using the money we earned at farmers markets to buy gifts for the homeless and needy around the world.
+So we started giving back.
+It was then that I realized that the greening of America begins with the pocket, then the heart, and then the spirit.
+So we had something and we still have something.
+And thank Trinity Wall Street for noticing. Because they gave us the green Bronx machine.
+Currently, our force is 3,000.
+And what does it actually do?
+This teaches children to re-imagine their communities, and help them imagine what it would be like to grow up in a place like this.
+And my children who are trained and qualified, moms, you get tax breaks. Thank you, Mayor Bloomberg -- we can transform a community like this into something like that. It's another true 'sí se puede' moment for me, people.
+Well how do you start? It starts at school.
+No more little Knicks or little Nets.
+Group by broccoli, group by your favorite vegetables, or group by what you can target.
+have understood? And these are my future American farmers who grew up in America's most immigrant community, Brook Park on 141st Street.
+No wonder tenacious little children learn to garden like this and get such fruit.
+And I love it! So do they.
+And we are building teepees in burnt down areas.
+It really is a "yes we can" moment.
+And again, Brook Park is feeding hundreds of people without food stamps or fingerprints.
+We can do it in America's poorest congressional district, America's most immigrant community.
+Bissell Gardens is churning out food on a staggering scale and moving children into an economic environment they never imagined possible.
+Well folks, somewhere over the rainbow is the South Bronx of America. And we are doing it.
+How does it begin? Look at Jose's attention to detail.
+Thankfully, Omar knows that carrots don't come from aisle 9, bulletproof windows or Styrofoam in supermarkets, they come from the ground.
+If Henry knows green is good, so do I.
+And as they expand their taste buds, so does their vocabulary.
+And most importantly, when you put the big kids together with the little ones, you end up with a big, fat white guy coming out of the middle. That's cool, and it's great to have this kind of responsibility within your peers.
+God, we're running out of time, so we have to keep going.
+But this is the weekly salary I gave my children. That's our green graffiti.
+This is what we do.
+And behold the glory and bounty of Bronx County.
+Nothing excites me more than watching children pollinate plants instead of each other.
+Mind you, I am a protective parent.
+But those kids are now the kids putting pumpkin patches on the train.
+We also design coin ponds for wealthy people.
+We are becoming corn offspring too, building an enlightenment farm in the middle of Fordham Road and using garbage to make window glass bottles.
+I don't expect every kid to be a farmer, but I do expect them to read, write, blog about farming, and provide excellent customer service.
+I expect them to get engaged and yes!
+That's my wonderful classroom and meal.
+Where are you going? Zero miles to your plate, steps to the cafeteria.
+More importantly, local shelters where most children are fed one to two meals a day.
+And we're making it even stronger.
+Never had an Air Jordan fail on my farm.
+And in his time there were million-dollar gardens and incredible installations.
+Ladies and gentlemen, let me say one thing.
+This is a beautiful moment.
+Black fields, brown fields, toxic waste fields, battlefields – we in the Bronx prove that you can grow anything with cement.
+We also accept flower orders. It puts the bake sale to shame.
+We are taking orders now. I have a reservation for spring.
+And they are all grown from seed. we are all learning
+Again, being able to bring kids from such diverse backgrounds to do something special like this really allows us to create moments.
+Well, you can ask about these kids.
+40% attendance to 93% attendance.
+It all starts with over- and under-estimation.
+They are now my first pals all attending college and earning a living wage.
+The rest are scheduled to graduate in June this year.
+Happy kids, happy family, happy co-workers.
+surprised people. Glory and bounty of Bronx County.
+Let's talk about mint. where is my mint
+My class grows 7 varieties of mint.
+Mojito, anyone? Later we will go to the terepan.
+But please understand that this is my intelligent Viagra.
+Ladies and gentlemen, we have to act quickly, but please understand this. The borough, which brought us baggy pants and funky fresh beats, is becoming home to the organic.
+My green [indistinct] 25,000 pounds of vegetables, I grow organic citizens and enthusiastic kids.
+So please help me get from here to here.
+A self-sustaining corporate entity, 18 months of return on investment, plus paying people a living wage and health benefits while feeding people for a dollar penny.
+Martin Luther King Jr. said people need to be lifted up with dignity.
+So here in New York, I ask my fellow Americans to help us make America great again.
+It's easy. Share your passion.
+It's very easy. Please watch these two videos.
+One invited us to the White House, the other was recently reincarnated.
+And most importantly, kick the biggest bullies out of school.
+This has to go tomorrow.
+Guys, you can do it.
+Please keep children away from such stores.
+Make them a healthy dish, especially if you can pick it up from your classroom wall. it's delicious.
+Set an example of good behavior. Please put it on the green cart.
+Big kids love strawberries and bananas.
+Teach them the entrepreneurial spirit. Thanks to GrowNYC.
+let them cook. Today's lunch was wonderful. Let them do the cooking thing.
+But most importantly, just love them.
+Nothing works better than unconditional love.
+So my best friend Kermit said being green isn't easy.
+it's not. I come from a place where kids can always buy 35 flavors of blunt wrap, ice cream freezers stuffed with mushy malt liqueur.
+have understood? My dear friend Majora Carter once told me, we have all to gain and nothing to lose.
+So here, and when we come to expect some boldness out of boldness, I invite you to do something.
+I want you to do something.
+We are all tadpoles now, but please become a big frog and take a big green leap.
+It doesn't matter where you are left, right or middle.
+Please join us. Use it -- I have a lot of energy. Please help me use it.
+You can do something here.
+Take time to smell the flowers along the way, especially if you and your students are growing flowers.
+I'm Steve Ritz and this is the Green Bronx Machine.
+My wife and family, my children, thank you for coming every day, and I must thank my colleagues for believing in me and supporting me.
+We are growing towards a new economy.
+Thank you, God bless you and enjoy your day. I'm Steve Ritz.
+If you can!
+(applause)
+Like many of you, I am one of the lucky ones.
+I was born into an educated family.
+I am the daughter of two academics and a third generation with a Ph.D.
+As a child, I used to play in my father's college lab.
+As such, attending some of the best colleges was a no-brainer, which opened the door to a world of opportunity.
+Unfortunately most people in the world are not so lucky.
+Education is not readily available in some parts of the world, such as South Africa.
+In South Africa, the education system for the white minority was built during the apartheid era.
+As a result, today there is not enough capacity for the many more people who want and are entitled to a quality education.
+That shortage sparked a crisis at the University of Johannesburg in January this year.
+Several positions were left open under the standard admissions process, and thousands of people were among the first to queue for them the night before they were due to open for enrollment. , lined up in a mile-long line outside the gate. one of those positions.
+Twenty people were injured and one woman died after the gates opened.
+She was a mother who gave her life to give her son a better chance at life.
+But even in parts of the world where education is accessible, like the United States, it may be out of reach.
+There has been much debate over the past few years about rising healthcare costs.
+It may not be so obvious to people, but in the same period, tuition fees for higher education have almost doubled since 1985, for a total of 559 percent.
+This leaves many people unable to pay for their education.
+Finally, even if higher education is available, the door of opportunity may not open.
+Just over half of the people in the United States who have a college degree and a higher education actually have a job that requires that education.
+Of course, this is not the case for students who have graduated from top universities, but for many others, they are not getting their time and effort valued.
+In a recent article for The New York Times, Tom Friedman captured the spirit behind our efforts in a way no one else has.
+He said that great progress happens when something suddenly possible meets something desperately needed.
+We talked about what we needed.
+Let's talk about what suddenly becomes possible.
+What suddenly became possible was demonstrated by three large classes at Stanford University, each with over 100,000 students.
+To understand this, let's take a look at one of those classes, the Machine Learning class provided by my colleague and co-founder Andrew Ng.
+Andrew teaches one of the big classes at Stanford University.
+This is a machine learning class with 400 students enrolled each time.
+When Andrew taught a machine learning class to the general public, 100,000 people signed up.
+So to put that number into perspective, Andrew would have to teach a Stanford class and reach an audience of the same size for 250 years.
+Of course he will get really bored.
+So, seeing the impact of this, Andrew and I decided that we really needed to scale this up to bring the highest quality education to as many people as possible.
+That's why we founded Coursera. Its goal is to take the best courses from the best instructors at the best universities and make them available to people around the world for free.
+We currently have 43 courses across different disciplines from 4 universities on the platform, and I'd like to give you a little overview.
+(Video) Robert Ghrist: Welcome to Calculus.
+Ezekiel Emanuel: 50 million people are uninsured.
+Scott Page: Models help us design more effective institutions and policies.
+There is an incredible amount of racism going on.
+Scott Kremer: Mr. Bush imagined that in the future we would have a camera in the middle of our head.
+Mitchell Danaier: Mills wants sociology students to improve their mental quality...
+RG: The suspended cable takes the form of a hyperbolic cosine.
+Nick Parlante: For each pixel in the image, set red to zero.
+Paul Offitt: ... Thanks to the vaccine, we have eliminated the polio virus.
+Dan Jurafsky: Does Lufthansa serve San Jose and breakfast? Well, that's interesting.
+Daphne Kohler: So this is which coin to pick, and this is the second toss.
+Andrew Ng: So in large-scale machine learning, the computational...
+(Applause.) DK: Perhaps unsurprisingly, we've found that students love getting the best content for free from the best universities.
+Since launching its website in February, it now has 640,000 students from 190 countries.
+1.5 million people have registered, 6 million quizzes have been submitted and 14 million videos have been viewed in the 15 classes launched so far.
+But it's not just a matter of numbers, it's also a matter of people.
+Even if it's Akash from a small town in India, he'll never have access to a Stanford-quality course in this case, and he'll never be able to afford it.
+Or Jenny, a single mother of two, wants to go back and hone her skills so she can complete her master's degree.
+Or Ryan, who couldn't go to school and stay out of the house because his immune-compromised daughter didn't risk bringing germs into the house.
+We've been corresponding with Ryan lately, and I'm really happy to say that this story had a happy ending.
+Baby Shannon (you can see her on the left) is much better now and Ryan was able to get a job by taking some of our courses.
+So why were these courses so different?
+After all, online course content has been available for some time.
+The difference was that this was an actual course experience.
+It started on specific days, after which the students watched videos and did their homework every week.
+And these will be real homework assignments for a real grade, with real deadlines.
+You can check the expiration date and usage graph.
+These spikes show that procrastination is a global phenomenon.
+(laughs) At the end of the course, the students received a certificate of completion.
+We know many students who could get a better job if they could show that certificate to their future employers.
+Some students received a certificate and submitted it to their institution of enrollment for real college credit.
+So these students were getting something really meaningful out of their time and effort.
+Let's talk a little bit about some of the components included in these courses.
+The first factor is that explicitly designing content for an online format, away from the constraints of a physical classroom, lets you move away from, say, a monolithic hour-long lecture.
+For example, you can divide your material into short modules of 8-12 minutes each representing a coherent concept.
+Students can study this material in a variety of ways, depending on their background, skills, and interests.
+So, for example, some students may benefit from a little preparation material that others may already have.
+Other students may be interested in specific fulfillment topics that they would like to pursue personally.
+This format therefore allows us to break away from one-size-fits-all educational models and allows students to follow a more individualized curriculum.
+Of course, as an educator, we all know that students cannot learn by just sitting and passively watching videos.
+Perhaps one of the greatest elements of this effort is the need to have students practice the content in order to really understand it.
+Various studies have been conducted to prove this importance.
+For example, this one, published last year in the journal Science, found that even simple review exercises, in which students simply repeated what they had already learned, improved significantly on a range of future achievement tests over many other educational interventions. shows that it produces results.
+We have tried to incorporate search practice into the platform as well as other forms of practice in a variety of ways.
+For example, our videos are more than just videos either.
+Every few minutes the video will pause and students will be asked questions.
+(Video) SP: ...these four. Prospect theory, hyperbolic discounting, status quo bias, benchmark interest rate bias. They are all well documented.
+That is, they are all well-documented deviations from reasonable behavior.
+DK: Here the video pauses and the student types the answer into the box and submits. Clearly they weren't paying attention.
+(Laughter.) So they tried again, and this time it worked.
+There is also a description of the options if needed.
+The video then moves on to the next part of the lecture.
+This is the kind of simple question I, as a teacher, might ask in class, but when I ask this kind of question in class, 80 percent of the students still scribble down what I said last time. and 15 percent no longer participate in Facebook. And, in the front row, there are smart pants to blurt out answers before others have a chance to think, and I, as an instructor, am very pleased that someone actually knew the answer.
+And, in fact, most students even noticed that the question was asked.
+Here, all students must work on the material.
+And of course, the story doesn't end with these simple search questions.
+You should incorporate more meaningful exercises, and you should also provide students with feedback on those questions.
+Now, how do you grade the work of 100,000 students if you don't have 10,000 TAs?
+The answer is that we have to use technology to do it.
+Luckily, technology has come a long way, allowing us to grade many different types of interesting homework assignments.
+In addition to the multiple-choice and short-answer questions you saw in the video, you can also grade mathematics, formulas, and mathematical derivations.
+Whether it's a business class financial model or a science or engineering class physical model, you can score the model. You can also grade fairly advanced programming challenges.
+Let me show you something that is actually very simple, but quite visual.
+This is from the Computer Science 101 class at Stanford University, where students are supposed to color correct the blurry red image.
+They're typing programs into their browsers, and you can see they don't quite get it right. Statue of Liberty is still seasick.
+The student can then try again and this time be told they got it right and can move on to the next task.
+This ability to actively interact with the material and have it tell you what is right or wrong is critical to student learning.
+Of course, it is not yet possible to grade the required scope of work for every course.
+Specifically, it lacks critical thinking engagements that are essential in fields such as the humanities, social sciences, and business.
+So we tried to convince some humanities faculty, for example, that multiple choice is not such a bad strategy.
+It didn't go very well.
+So I had to come up with another solution.
+And the solution we ended up using is peer grading.
+Previous studies, such as this one by Saddler and Good, have found peer grading to be a surprisingly effective strategy for providing reproducible grades.
+This was only attempted in small classes, where it was found that, for example, student-assigned grades on the Y-axis actually correlated very well with teacher-assigned grades on the X-axis. was shown.
+What's even more surprising is that self-grading, in which students critically grade their work, actually correlates even better with teacher performance, as long as they are properly motivated to avoid giving full marks. .
+Therefore, it is an effective strategy that can be used for mass grading, and it is also a learning strategy that is beneficial for students as they actually learn from experience.
+So, we have now built the largest cross-grading pipeline ever devised, with tens of thousands of students grading each other's assignments, and I must say it has been very successful. yeah.
+But this is not just a student sitting alone in the living room working on a problem.
+A community of students has formed around each of our courses, a global community of people who share their intellectual endeavors.
+Shown here is a map created by a Princeton Sociology 101 course student by fitting himself into the world map, and is a good example of the global reach of this kind of effort.
+Students collaborated on these courses in a variety of ways.
+First, there was a question-and-answer session, where students asked questions and other students answered them.
+And what's really amazing is that there were so many students, which means that even if a student asks a question at 3 a.m., somewhere in the world there is someone going on and doing the same thing. To do. problem.
+So for many of our courses, the median time to answer a question in the Q&A forum was 22 minutes.
+This is not the level of service I have provided to Stanford University students.
+(Laughter) And what I've learned from my students is that this massive online community really allows them to interact with each other in more ways than they can in a physical classroom. You can see that there are
+Students also voluntarily formed small study groups without our intervention.
+Some of these were physical research groups aligned with geographic constraints that met weekly to work on problem sets.
+This is a study group in San Francisco, but there were study groups all over the world.
+Others were virtual study groups, some along linguistic and cultural boundaries. And at the bottom left of that, the Multicultural Universal Research Group, people clearly wanted to connect with people from other cultures.
+There are some great opportunities that come from this kind of framework.
+The first is that it has the potential to give us new and completely unprecedented perspectives on our understanding of human learning.
+Because the data that can be collected here is unique.
+Collect every click, every homework submission, every forum post from tens of thousands of students.
+Therefore, the study of human learning can be transformed from hypothesis-driven to data-driven. This revolutionized biology, for example.
+With these data, you can understand basic questions such as: What are the learning strategies that work well and that don't?
+You can also ask questions related to a particular course, such as what are the common misconceptions and how can students correct them.
+Here's an example from Andrew's Machine Learning class.
+This is a distribution of incorrect answers to one of Andrew's challenges.
+Since the answer happens to be a pair of numbers, we can draw it on this two-dimensional plot.
+Each small cross that appears is a different wrong answer.
+The big cross in the upper left is where 2,000 students gave the exact same wrong answer.
+Now, if two students in a class of 100 gave the same wrong answer, you would never know.
+But when 2,000 students give the same wrong answer, it's hard to miss.
+So Andrew and his students looked at some of the assignments, figured out the root cause of the misunderstandings, and then created targeted error messages that were provided to all students whose answers fell into that bucket. created. People who make the same mistake will now get personalized feedback telling them how to correct the misunderstanding more effectively.
+So this personalization is something that can be built by having a multitude of advantages.
+Personalization is perhaps one of the biggest opportunities here as well, as it offers the potential to solve a 30-year-old problem.
+Educational researcher Benjamin Bloom posed the so-called two-sigma problem in 1984 and observed the problem by studying three populations.
+The first is a lecture-based, classroom-learned population.
+The second group studied in a standard lecture-based classroom, but with a mastery-based approach, where students were unable to move on to the next topic until they demonstrated mastery of the previous topic.
+And finally, there was a group of students who were taught one-on-one instruction using tutors.
+The mastery-based population outperformed the standard lecture-based class in achievement scores by a full standard deviation (sigma), and tutoring improved performance by 2 sigma.
+To understand what this means, let's look at a lecture-based classroom and choose a median performance threshold.
+Therefore, in lecture-based classes, half of the students are above that level and half are below.
+With private tutoring, 98% of students achieve grades above that standard.
+Imagine if you could teach 98 percent of your students to be above average.
+Hence the 2 sigma problem.
+Because, as a society, we can't afford to have an individual human tutor for every student.
+But maybe you can afford to provide each student with a computer or smart phone.
+So the question is, how can we use technology to push from the left side of the graph, the blue curve, to the green curve on the right side?
+Computers are easy to learn because they don't get tired of watching the same video five times.
+And you won't get bored even if you score the same work over and over again. You've seen it in many of the examples shown so far.
+And even personalization is starting to see its beginnings, whether due to the personalized trajectory along the curriculum and some of the personalized feedback we've shown.
+So the goal here is to try and push and see how far you can get towards the green curve.
+So if this is all that great, is college obsolete?
+Well, Mark Twain certainly thought so.
+He said, "University is where the professor's lecture notes lead directly to the student's lecture notes, without going through either brain."
+(Laughter) However, I disagree with Mark Twain.
+I think it's not the college that he was complaining about, but the lecture-based format that many colleges spend a lot of time on.
+So, even further back, Plutarch said, "The mind is not a vessel that needs to be filled, but a tree that needs to be kindled."
+And perhaps we should spend less time filling students' minds with content by giving lectures at universities, and more time actually talking to students to stimulate their creativity, imagination, and problem-solving abilities. should be spent.
+So how do we do that?
+We do it by having active learning in the classroom.
+Numerous studies, including this one, have shown that using active learning to interact with students in the classroom improves performance across all indicators, including attendance, engagement, and learning as measured by standardized tests. I'm here.
+For example, you can see that this particular experiment nearly doubled the achievement score.
+So maybe this is the time we should spend in college.
+In summary, if you could provide the highest quality education for free to everyone in the world, what would you do? Three things.
+First, to establish education as a fundamental human right, so that every capable and motivated person in the world can acquire the skills they need to build a better life for themselves, their families and their communities. is to
+Second, it will enable lifelong learning.
+It's a shame that for so many people, learning stops as soon as they graduate from high school or college.
+With this amazing content available, we can learn something new whenever we want, whether it's simply to broaden our thinking or change our lives.
+And finally, great talent can be found anywhere, and this enables waves of innovation.
+Maybe the next Albert Einstein or the next Steve Jobs lives in some remote village in Africa.
+And if we can provide that person with an education, they will be able to come up with the next big idea and make the world a better place for all of us.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Until March 2011, I was a photo retoucher based in New York City.
+We are pale and gray creatures.
+We hide in a dark room with no windows and usually avoid the sun.
+We make skinny models leaner, perfect skin perfect and the impossible possible. And while we are constantly criticized by the press, some of us are actually talented artists with years of experience and a true understanding of images and photography.
+On March 11, 2011, I, like many people around the world, watched the tragic events in Japan from my home.
+Soon after, the organization I volunteered for, All Hands Volunteers, was on the ground within days to work as part of the response effort.
+I knew I couldn't just sit at home with hundreds of other volunteers, so I decided to participate for three weeks.
+On May 13th, I headed to Ofunato City.
+This small fishing village of about 50,000 people in Iwate Prefecture was one of the first to be hit by waves.
+The waters here have been documented to reach heights of over 24 meters and have traveled over 2 miles inland.
+As you can imagine, the city was devastated.
+We have cleared the canals and ditches of debris.
+We cleaned our school. We had the house cleared of mud and prepped for restoration and restoration.
+We hauled out tons of foul-smelling, rotting fish carcasses from the local fish processing plant.
+We got dirty, but we loved it.
+For weeks, all the volunteers and locals were finding the same thing.
+They were looking for photos, photo albums, cameras and SD cards.
+And everyone was doing the same.
+They used to collect them and give them to different places in different towns for storage.
+Now, it was only at this point that I realized that these photos were such a huge part of the personal loss these people felt.
+They fled the waves and had to leave absolutely everything they had for their lives.
+At the end of my first week of stay, I ended up helping out at a shelter in town.
+I used to help clean hot springs, communal hot springs, and huge giant tubs.
+This happened to be a place in town where an evacuation center was collecting photographs.
+This is where people were handing them in and I was honored that they actually trusted me that day to help them start washing by hand.
+It was emotional and inspiring. I had heard a lot about thinking outside the box, but it wasn't until I actually stepped outside of my own that something happened.
+When I go through the photos, some are over 100 years old, others are still in their envelopes from the processing lab, and I can't help but wonder if the retoucher can repair the rips and scratches. I did. I knew hundreds of people who could do the same.
+So that night I asked a few people on Facebook and by morning the response was overwhelming and so positive that I knew I had to give it a go.
+So I started retouching photos.
+This was the very first.
+It wasn't badly damaged, but where the water had discolored the girl's face, it had to be repaired with great precision and sensitivity.
+Otherwise, the girl doesn't look like that girl anymore, and certainly that's as tragic as the photo hurts.
+(Applause.) As time went on, thankfully more photos came in, and we needed more retouchers, so we reached out again on Facebook and LinkedIn, and within five days, 80 people from 12 countries. has requested assistance.
+Within two weeks, 150 applicants had gathered.
+In Japan, by July we had expanded into the neighboring town of Rikuzentakata and further north into the town of Yamada.
+Once a week, we would set up a scanning device in a temporary photo library and people would collect the photos.
+The older women, who had never seen a scanner before, within 10 minutes of finding the lost photos, gave them to us, had them scanned, and uploaded them to a cloud server. , will be downloaded by an unknown alien. Somewhere on the other side of the globe, the correction will begin.
+However, how long it takes to get it back is a whole other story, and obviously depends on the extent of the damage.
+It may take an hour. It may take several weeks.
+It may take several months.
+The kimono in this shot had to be mostly hand-painted or pieced together by taking out the rest of the colors and details that weren't damaged by the water.
+It took a long time.
+Now, all of these pictures have been damaged by exposure to water, soaked in salt water, covered in bacteria, soaked in sewage, and in some cases soaked in oil, all of which have been damaged over time. Manual cleaning was very important as it continued to damage over time. of the project.
+Photos could not be retouched unless they were washed, dried and collected.
+Well, we were lucky to have a hand wash.
+A wonderful local lady showed us around.
+It is very easy to cause further damage to corrupted photos.
+As my team leader Wynn once said, it's like getting someone a tattoo.
+No chance to spoil it.
+As far as I can see, the lady who brought these photos was lucky.
+She began cleaning them by hand herself, but stopped when she realized she was doing more damage.
+She was also a duplicate.
+All I had to do was remake the whole photo, putting areas that otherwise could not have been touched up at all, like her husband or face, into one good photo.
+As she collected photos from us, she shared a little bit of her story with us.
+Her photo was discovered in rubble far from where their home used to be by her husband's colleague at the local fire department, who identified her as her husband.
+In fact, on the day of the tsunami, he was responsible for making sure the tsunami gate was closed.
+A siren sounded and he had to go to the water's edge.
+Her two little sons were no longer so small, but both of her sons went to separate schools.
+One of them got caught in the water.
+It took her a week to find everyone again and make sure they all survived.
+The day I gave her the photo also happened to be her youngest son's 14th birthday.
+Despite all this, for her those pictures were the perfect gift for him, something he could see again, from that day in March when everything else in his life changed forever. It reminded me of a time before when I still had no scars. or destroyed.
+Six months after arriving in Japan, 1,100 volunteers visited All Hands, hundreds of whom helped hand clean more than 135,000 photos. Most of them have actually found their homes. Importantly, most of them have actually found their home again.
+With the help of over 500 volunteers from around the world, hundreds of photos from 90 families have been fully restored, retouched and returned.
+During this time, I actually spent about $1,000 on equipment and materials, most of which was printer ink.
+We take pictures all the time.
+A photograph is a reminder of someone or something, a place, a relationship, or a loved one.
+They are the keepers of our memory and history, the last thing we get and the first thing you look for when you go back.
+This project was all about restoring a small piece of humanity and giving someone that connection back.
+Being able to return a photo like this to someone can make a big difference in the recipient's life.
+This project also brought about a big change in the retoucher's life.
+Some of them are being given the opportunity to connect and give back to something bigger by using their talents for something other than skinny models and perfect skin.
+Finally, I would like to finish by reading an email I received from one of them, Cindy, on the day I returned from Japan after half a year.
+"As I worked, I couldn't help but think about the people and stories represented in the images.
+I was particularly struck by the photos of women of all ages, from grandmothers to little girls, gathered around babies. Because similar pictures from my family, my grandmother and mother, myself, and my newborn daughter hung on the walls of the house. .
+All over the world, at all times, our basic needs are the same, right?”
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+In Oxford in the 1950s, there was a very rare and wonderful doctor named Alice Stewart.
+And Alice is unusual, of course, because she was a woman, but in the 1950s, she was pretty rare.
+And she excelled, at the time being one of the youngest Fellows elected to the Royal College of Physicians.
+She continued to work after marriage, continued to work after her children were born, and was also unusual in that she continued to work in the medical field after being divorced and becoming a single parent.
+And she was unusual because she was really interested in new science, the emerging field of epidemiology, the study of disease patterns.
+But like any scientist, she knew that in order to make her mark, she needed to find difficult problems and solve them.
+The difficult problem Alice chose was the increasing incidence of childhood cancer.
+Most diseases are correlated with poverty, but in the case of childhood cancer, most of the children who died appeared to come from wealthy families.
+So what she wanted to know was what could explain this anomaly?
+Well, Alice had trouble getting funding for her research.
+In the end, she earned just £1,000 from the Lady Tata Memorial Award.
+That meant she knew she had only one more chance to collect the data.
+Well, she didn't know what to look for.
+This was really a needle in a search, like a haystack, so she asked everything she could think of.
+Did the children eat boiled sweets?
+Did they drink colored drinks?
+Did they eat fish and chips?
+Was there indoor or outdoor plumbing?
+At what point in life did they start school?
+And when her carbon-copied questionnaires began to come back, one thing after another emerged with the kind of statistical clarity most scientists can only dream of.
+Two to one mothers of the children who died had an x-ray during pregnancy.
+Well, the discovery overturned conventional common sense.
+Conventional wisdom holds that everything is safe up to a certain point, a threshold.
+It overturned common sense with great enthusiasm for the new technology of the time, the X-ray machine.
+And it went against what the doctors thought they were supposed to do, not to harm them.
+Nonetheless, Alice Stewart hastily published preliminary findings in The Lancet in 1956.
+People were so excited, there was talk of a Nobel Prize, and Alice was in a rush to study every case she could find before childhood cancer disappeared.
+In fact, she was in no hurry.
+It took a full 25 years for medical institutions in the UK and the US to abandon X-raying pregnant women.
+The data was there, it was open, it was freely available, but no one wanted to know.
+A child was dying a week and nothing changed.
+Openness alone cannot drive change.
+So Alice Stewart has had a very big battle for 25 years.
+So how did she know she was right?
+Yes, she had a great thought model.
+She worked with a statistician named George Neil, and George was everything but Alice.
+So Alice was very gregarious and gregarious, but George was a recluse.
+Alice was very warm and very empathetic with her patients.
+George frankly preferred numbers to people.
+But he had this wonderful thing to say about their working relationship.
+"My job is to prove Dr. Stewart wrong," he said.
+He actively sought denial.
+Different ways of observing her models and statistics and different ways of processing the data to disprove her.
+He saw his job as creating conflict over her theory.
+Because George's inability to prove him wrong gave Alice the confidence she needed to know she was right.
+This is a great model of collaboration. A thought partner that is not an echo chamber.
+How many of us have or dare to have such collaborators?
+Alice and George were very good at confrontation.
+They took it for granted.
+So what does such constructive confrontation require?
+First of all, we need to find people who are very different from us.
+That means we have to resist neurobiological urges. I mean, we mostly really like people who are similar to us. And that means finding ways to seek out and engage people with different backgrounds, different disciplines, different mindsets, and different experiences. with them.
+It requires a lot of patience and a lot of energy.
+And the more I thought about this, the more I thought it was a kind of love.
+Because if you're not really interested, you won't put in that kind of energy and time.
+And that also means that we must be ready to change our minds.
+Alice's daughter said that whenever Alice faced off against her fellow scientists, they made her think, think, and think.
+"My mother didn't like to fight, but she was very good at it," she said.
+So doing it in a one-to-one relationship is one thing.
+But the biggest problems we face, many of the biggest disasters we've experienced, come mostly not from individuals but from organizations, some of which are bigger than countries. It comes to mind that there are also organizations, many of which can have an impact. Hundreds, thousands, even millions of lives.
+So what do organizations think?
+Well, most likely not.
+And it's not because they don't want to, it's because they really can't.
+And they can't because those inside them are too afraid of conflict.
+In a survey of executives in Europe and America, 85% admitted there are issues and concerns they are afraid to raise at work.
+I feared the confrontation it would create, I feared getting into an argument I didn't know how to handle, and I felt doomed to lose.
+85% is a really big number.
+That means organizations can hardly do what George and Alice did so triumphantly.
+they cannot think together.
+And it's because people like many of us, who have been running organizations and trying our best to find the best people we can, most of the time get the most out of them. means no.
+So how do you develop the skills you need?
+Because it also takes skill and practice.
+If you're not afraid of conflict, you have to treat it as thinking and get really good at it.
+So recently I worked with an executive named Joe. Joe used to work for a medical device company.
+And Joe was very concerned about the device he was working on.
+He thought it was too complicated and that complexity could introduce errors and really hurt people.
+He feared harming the patient he was trying to help.
+But when he looked around the organization, no one else seemed concerned at all.
+So he didn't really want to say anything.
+After all, they may have known something he didn't.
+Maybe he looks stupid.
+But he kept worrying about it, worrying so much he came to think the only thing he could do was quit the job he loved.
+Eventually Joe and I found a way for him to express his concerns.
+And what happened then is what almost always happens in this situation.
+It turns out that everyone has the exact same questions and doubts.
+Joe now has an ally. they could think together.
+Sure, there were a lot of conflicts, arguments, and squabbles, but it allowed everyone around the table to get creative, solve problems, and change devices.
+Joe was the person many people think of as a whistleblower. However, like almost all whistleblowers, he was no stranger and was passionate about the organization and its higher purpose.
+But he was so afraid of conflict that at last he was more afraid of silence.
+And when he had the courage to speak out, he discovered much more in himself than he had ever imagined, surrendering to the system.
+And his colleagues don't think he's weird.
+They consider him their leader.
+So how can we make these conversations easier and more frequent?
+Delft University asks PhD students to submit five statements they are ready to defend.
+It doesn't really matter what they say, what matters is whether the candidate is willing and able to stand up to authority.
+I think it's a great system, but I think it's too little and too late to leave it to PhD candidates.
+I believe that if we want to create thinking organizations and thinking societies, we need to teach these skills at all stages of child and adult development.
+As a matter of fact, most of the biggest catastrophes we've witnessed seldom come from classified or hidden information.
+It comes from freely available and ubiquitous information, but we are deliberately blinded by our inability or unwillingness to deal with the conflict it causes.
+But when we dare to break that silence, or dare to look, and create conflict, we allow ourselves and those around us to do what is best thinking.
+Open information is great and open networks are essential.
+But truth does not set us free until we have the skills, habits, talents, and moral courage to take advantage of it.
+Opening up is not the end.
+It's the beginning.
+(applause)
+I do applied mathematics and this is a particular problem for people doing applied mathematics. It's that we are like management consultants.
+No one knows what the hell we are doing.
+So today I will try to explain what I am doing.
+Dance is one of the most human activities.
+I'm looking forward to seeing the ballet virtuoso and tap dancers that come later.
+Well, ballet requires an extraordinary level of expertise and a high degree of skill, and an initial level of aptitude that may possibly have a genetic component.
+Now, sadly, neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease are slowly eroding this extraordinary ability. So did my friend Jan Stripling, who was a virtuoso ballet dancer at the time.
+Over the years, great advances and treatments have been made.
+However, the disease affects 6.3 million people worldwide and they have to live with persistent weakness, tremors, rigidity and other symptoms associated with the disease. Therefore, what we need is an objective tool to detect this disease before it progresses. slow.
+We need to be able to measure progress objectively, and ultimately, the only way to know if there is actually a cure is if there is an objective measure that can be answered with certainty.
+Unfortunately, there are no biomarkers for Parkinson's disease or other movement disorders, so there are no easy blood tests to do, and what we do is tests like this 20-minute neurologist's test. Thing.
+I have to go to a clinic to do that. This is very costly and means it is never done outside of clinical trials. it was never done.
+But what if patients could do this test at home?
+This saves us the trouble of actually going to the clinic, and what if patients could do the test themselves?
+No need to spend a lot of time on staff.
+By the way, it costs about $300 to do this at a neurologist's clinic.
+So what I'd like to suggest to you all as an unconventional way to accomplish this is because, at least in some ways, we're all as virtuoso as my friend Jean Stripling.
+Here is a video of vocal cord vibration.
+Now this is healthy and this is the person who makes the sound. We can think of ourselves as vocal ballet dancers. Because we have to coordinate all of these vocal organs when we make sounds, and in fact we all have genes for that. For example FoxP2.
+And just like ballet, it requires an extraordinary level of training.
+Think about how long it will take your child to be able to speak.
+From the sound, you can actually track the location of the vibrating vocal cords. In the same way that Parkinson's disease affects the limbs, the vocal organs are also affected.
+In the bottom trace you can see an example of irregular vocal cord tremors.
+All exhibit the same symptoms.
+Voice tremors, weakness, and stiffness are seen.
+In fact, after a while, your voice will become softer and your breathing will become rougher. This is an example of that symptom.
+So these voice effects, which in some cases can actually be very subtle, use digital microphones and are now very advanced with modern machine learning and high accuracy voice analysis software. By using a combination of , we can now accurately quantify where someone is lying. Explore the continuum between health and disease using only audio signals.
+So how do these voice-based tests compare to expert clinical tests? Both are non-invasive.
+A neurologist's examination is non-invasive. Both use existing infrastructure.
+You don't have to design a whole new hospital for that.
+And they are both correct. However, voice-based testing is unprofessional.
+This means that you can manage yourself.
+It's fast, so it can take up to 30 seconds.
+These are super low cost and we all know what happens.
+When something becomes ultra-low cost, it becomes massively scalable.
+So here are some great goals you can start working on right now.
+Reduce logistical difficulties with patients.
+There is no need to go to the clinic for regular check-ups.
+Objective data can be obtained by performing high-frequency monitoring.
+Mass recruitment of clinical trials can be done at low cost, making population-scale screening possible for the first time.
+We have an opportunity to start searching for early biomarkers for this disease before it's too late.
+So today, we are taking the first step towards this by launching the Parkinson's Voice Initiative.
+With Aculab and PatientsLikeMe, we aim to record so many voices around the world to collect enough data to start working on these four goals.
+We have local numbers that are accessible to 500 million and 300 million people on earth.
+For a few cents per call, you can inexpensively call and record anyone, healthy or with Parkinson's. We are really happy to announce that we have already achieved 6% of our goal in just 8 hours.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Tom Riley: So, Max, if you take all these samples from, say, 10,000 people, are you going to be able to tell who's healthy and who's not?
+What can we get out of these samples?
+Max Little: Yes. yes. So what happens is that you have to indicate if you have the disease while on the phone. TR: Right.
+ML: Well, some people may not. They may not get over it.
+But you get a very large sample of data collected from all different situations. Getting data in different situations is important. Because then you're going to work out the confounders and look for the actual markers of the disease.
+TR: So 86 percent accuracy right now?
+ML: Much better than that.
+Actually my student Thanasis, I have to connect with him. because he did a great job. And now he has proven that it also works over cellular networks. This made this project possible and gives us 99 percent accuracy.
+TR: 99. Well, it's an improvement.
+What that means is that people will be able to — ML: (Laughter) TR: People can call from their cell phones and do this test, and people with Parkinson's disease can record your voice on the phone and then record your voice. Doctors can check a patient's progress and see where they are in the course of the disease.
+ML: That's right.
+TR: Thank you very much. Max Little, folks.
+ML: Thank you Tom. (applause)
+Starting from 1964.
+Bob Dylan is 23 years old and his career is about to reach its peak.
+He's been called the voice of a generation, churning out classic songs at seemingly impossible speed, but there are a few dissidents who argue that Bob Dylan is stealing other people's songs. ing.
+2004. Brian Burton, AKA Danger Mouse, took The Beatles' "White Album" and combined it with Jay-Z's "Black Album" to create the "Gray Album."
+The "Grey Album" became an instant internet sensation, with the Beatles' record company sending out countless cancellation requests, citing "unfair competition and diluting our precious property."
+Well, "The Gray Album" is a remix.
+New media made from old media.
+It was created using three techniques: copying, transforming, and combining.
+That's how I remix. It takes an existing song, chops it up, transforms it, and reassembles it into a new song, but the new song is clearly made up of the old song.
+But I don't think these are just remix elements.
+I think these are the basic ingredients of all creativity.
+I think of everything as a remix and I think this is a better way to think about creativity.
+Well, let's go back to 1964 and ask where Dylan's early songs came from.
+Here's a side-by-side comparison of some items.
+Well, the first song I listen to is "Nottamun Town". It is a traditional folk song.
+After that, Dylan's "Masters of War" flows.
+Gene Ritchie: ♫ In the town of Nottamun, no one will look out, ♫ ♫ No one will look up and no one will look down. ♫ Bob Dylan: ♫ Now, master of war, ♫ ♫ Builder of big guns, builder of death planes, ♫ ♫ Builder of all bombs. ♫ Kirby Ferguson: Well, the basic melody and overall structure are the same. "The Patriot Game" by Dominic Beehan. In addition to that, you can also hear Dylan’s “With God on Our Side”.
+Dominic Beehan: ♫ Rebels, come, ♫ ♫ and enumerate as I sing, ♫ ♫ It's a terrible thing to love your land. ♫ BD: ♫ Oh my name, it's nothing, ♫ ♫ My age, it doesn't mean much, ♫ ♫ The country I'm from is called the Midwest. ♫ KF: Well, in this case, Dylan admits he must have heard "The Patriot Game," but he forgot, when that song popped into his head, it was his song. I just thought it was.
+The final song is "Who will buy the ribbon", also a traditional folk song.
+Next to it is "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right".
+This is about lyrics.
+Paul Clayton: ♫ It's no use sitting and sighing now, ♫ ♫ Darling, and now it's no use sitting and crying. ♫ BD: ♫ It's no use sitting and wondering why, baby ♫ ♫ If you never know, ♫ ♫ And it's no use sitting and thinking why, baby ♫ ♫ It'll never do anything . ♫ KF: Well, there are a lot of these.
+It is estimated that two-thirds of the melodies Dylan used in his early songs were borrowed.
+This is fairly typical among folk singers.
+This is the advice of Dylan's idol, Woody Guthrie.
+"It's the world that matters.
+Don't worry about the tune. Listen to a song, sing high when they sing low, fast when they sing slow, and you have a new song. "
+(Laughter) (Applause) And that's what Guthrie did here, and I think you're all aware of the consequences.
+(Music) You know this song, right? do we know that
+Not really.
+It is a very old melody called "When the World's on Fire", and in this case it was performed by the Carter family.
+Guthrie adapted it into "This Land Is Your Land".
+So Bob Dylan, like other folk singers, copied and morphed melodies, often combining previous songs with new lyrics of their own making.
+Currently, American copyright and patent law runs counter to this concept of being built on someone else's work.
+Instead, these laws, and laws around the world, use the rather troubling metaphor of property.
+Now, a creative work may indeed be like an asset, but it is an asset that we are all building, and a creation can only take root and grow when its soil is prepared. can.
+Henry Ford once said, "I invented nothing new.
+I simply collected the findings of others through centuries of research.
+Progress happens when all the elements that make it possible are ready, and then it is inevitable. "
+2007. iPhone debuts.
+Apple undoubtedly brought this innovation to us early, but its time was near as its core technology evolved over the decades.
+It's multi-touch, which controls the device by touching the display.
+Here Steve Jobs introduces multi-touch and makes a rather ominous joke.
+Steve Jobs: And we invented a new technology called multi-touch.
+It is possible to perform gestures with multiple fingers, and it was patented. (laughs) KF: Yes. Still, multitouch is working here.
+Actually, this was at TED about a year ago.
+This is Jeff Han, or multitouch.
+At least it's the same animal.
+Let's hear what Jeff Han has to say about this new technology.
+Jeff Han: Multi-touch sensing is nothing new. I mean, people like Bill Buxton were playing with it in the 80's.
+The technology isn't the most exciting thing right now, except perhaps for its newfound accessibility.
+KF: So he's pretty candid about it not being new.
+In other words, the whole multi-touch is not patented.
+It's the small pieces that matter, and it's those little pieces that show a clear contradiction to the intent of patent law to promote the advancement of useful technology.
+This is the first slide to unlock ever.
+That's all. Apple has a patent for this.
+It's a 28-page software patent, but I'll summarize it and explain it. Spoiler alert: Slide the icon with your finger to unlock your phone. (laughs) I'm just exaggerating. It's an extensive patent.
+Now, could someone own this idea?
+Well, in the 80's there were no software patents and it was Xerox who pioneered graphical user interfaces.
+What if you had a desktop with patented pop-up menus, scroll bars, and icons that looked like folders and paper?
+Could a young and inexperienced Apple survive a legal attack from a much bigger and more mature company like Xerox?
+Now, this idea that everything is a remix might sound like common sense until you get remixed yourself.
+For example ​​...
+SJ: In other words, Picasso had these words.
+"Good artists copy. Great artists steal," he said.
+And you know, we've always shamelessly stolen great ideas.
+KF: Well, that was in '96. This is 2010.
+"Android is stolen property and will be destroyed."
+(Laughter) "I'm going to have a thermonuclear war on this one." So, in other words, great artists steal, but they don't steal from me.
+(Laughter) Now, behavioral economists might call this kind of thing loss aversion. We have a strong tendency to protect what we feel is ours.
+We have no such aversion to copying what others have.
+Here is the kind of equation we are considering.
+We have laws that basically treat creative works as property, infringement lawsuits carry huge rewards and settlements, huge legal costs to defend yourself in court, plus the loss of money. Cognitive biases are imposed on perceptions.
+And the total looks like this.
+This is the last four years of litigation in the field of smartphones.
+Is this promoting progress in the useful arts?
+1983. Bob Dylan is 42 years old, and it's been a long time since he was in the cultural spotlight.
+He recorded a song called "Blind Willie McTell", named after a blues singer, but this song is a journey into the past, in much darker, but simpler times, by Willie McTell. Traveling to a time when musicians like you had no illusions about anything. they did
+"It's a quote from another author, but I arranged it in my own way."
+I think this is mainly what we are doing.
+Our creativity comes from outside, not from within.
+We are not of our own making. We are dependent on each other, and to admit that to ourselves is not to accept mediocrity or derivativeness.
+It frees us from misunderstandings and motivates us to expect less of ourselves and just get started.
+Thank you very much. It was an honor to be here.
+thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+Two years ago, I was invited as an artist to participate in an exhibition marking the 100th anniversary of Islamic art in Europe.
+The curator had only one condition: the work had to be written in Arabic.
+Now, as an artist, as a woman, as an Arab, or as a person living in the world of 2010, I have only one thing to say. I wanted to say "no".
+In Arabic, to say "no", say "no, no thousands of times".
+So I decided to look for a thousand different nos.
+From Spain to the Chinese border, it covers anything produced under Islamic or Arab patronage in the last 1,400 years.
+I have compiled my findings in a book, arranged chronologically by name, patron, medium and date.
+The book was currently sitting on a small shelf next to a 3x7m high installation in Munich, Germany in September 2010.
+Well, in January 2011 the revolution started and life stopped for 18 days. And on February 12th, we innocently celebrated in the streets of Cairo believing that the revolution had succeeded.
+Nine months later, I found myself spraying messages in Tahrir Square. The trigger for this act was this image I saw in my news feed.
+I couldn't imagine living in a city where people were killed and dumped on the streets like garbage.
+So I took one letter "no" from a tombstone in the Islamic Museum in Cairo and added to it the message "no to the military regime".
+And I started spraying it on the streets of Cairo.
+But that led to the 'no's coming out of the book like ammunition, one after another, adding a message to it, and I started spraying it on the wall.
+So I want to share some of these no's with you.
+No to the new Pharaoh. Because the next person should understand that we will never be ruled by another dictator.
+No to Violence: Ramy Essam came to Tahrir on the second day of the revolution and sat there singing with this guitar.
+A month after Mubarak resigned, this was his reward.
+No to blinding heroes. Ahmed Harala lost his right eye on January 28 and his left eye on November 19 by two different snipers.
+No to murder, in this case no to murder of a religious person. Because Sheikh Ahmed Adina Refat was shot dead during a demonstration on December 16, leaving three orphans and a widow.
+Burning books is no. The Egyptian Institute was set on fire on December 17, resulting in great cultural loss.
+No to the nakedness of the people. The blue bra is a reminder of the national shame of allowing veiled women to be stripped and beaten in the streets, and the footprints read "Long live the peaceful revolution." Never retaliate with violence.
+No to barriers. On 5 February, concrete barricades were erected in Cairo to protect the Ministry of Defense from demonstrators.
+Speaking of walls, I would like to talk about the wall in Cairo.
+A group of artists decided to paint a life-sized tank on the wall. It's one to one.
+In front of this chariot is a man on a bicycle with a basket of grain on his head. For passers-by, this visual presents no problem.
+After the violence, another artist came and painted blood, demonstrators being run over by tanks, demonstrators and said: "From tomorrow I will wear a new face, the face of all the martyrs. I exist." wrote a message.
+Officials came, painted the walls white, stepped out of their chariots, and added the message: "Army and people, in one hand. Egypt for the Egyptians."
+Another painter comes and paints the top of the army as a maiden-eating monster in a river of blood in front of the chariot.
+The authorities come in, paint the walls white, get out of the tank, strip off the suit, and throw a bucket of black paint just to hide the monster's face.
+So I bring a stencil and spray it all over the suit, tank and walls. This is how it stands today until further notice. (laughs) Finally, I would like to conclude.
+I found Neruda scribbled on a scrap of paper in a Tahrir field hospital, so I decided to take a no-no to Cairo's Mamluk mausoleum.
+The message reads [Arabic] "You can crush the flowers, but you cannot delay the spring."
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. Shukran. (applause)
+The desire to live a different life can start in the most unusual places.
+This is where I'm from, Todmorden.
+This is a market town in the north of England, with a population of 15,000, between Leeds and Manchester, it's just a normal market town.
+It used to be like this, but now it's more like this, with fruits, vegetables and herbs growing everywhere.
+We call it propaganda gardening. (Laughter) In train lines, in station parking lots, in front of health centers, in people's forecourts, even in front of police stations. (Laughter) We have an edible canal towpath and we have a sprouting graveyard.
+Soil is very good. (Laughter) We also invented new forms of tourism.
+This is called vegetable tourism, and believe it or not, people from all over the world come to see our stilt beds, even when they're not growing much. (laughs) But that's where the conversation starts. (Laughter.) And you know, we're not doing it because we're bored. (Laughter) I'm doing it because I want to start a revolution.
+We tried to answer this simple question. Age, income and culture that help people find new ways of living, perceive the space around them differently, think differently about the resources they use and interact differently across age, income and culture. Can you find a unified language that cuts across the ?
+Can you find the language?
+And can you reproduce those actions?
+And it looks like the answer is yes, and language looks like food.
+So three and a half years ago, a few of us sat around the kitchen table and invented everything. (Laughter) (Applause) We came up with a very simple game plan and submitted it to a public meeting.
+I didn't consult. We didn't write a report.
+Enough. (Laughter) And we said at a public meeting in Todmorden, see, let's imagine our town is focused around three plates. Learning plates, what we teach our kids in school, and what new skills we share ourselves. And businesses, what they do with the pounds in their pockets and which businesses they choose to support.
+Now, imagine these dishes getting excited with community action over food.
+Once you start spinning one of the community plates, it's really cool. It really starts empowering people. However, if you can turn the community plate into a learning plate and then turn it into a business plate, you will get results in the true sense. Show me there, there's an action theater.
+We are starting to build our own resilience.
+We're starting to reinvent the community ourselves, and we've done it all without upsetting the strategy document.
+(Applause.) And there's a problem here, too.
+We are not asking anyone's permission to do this, we are just doing it. (Laughter) And we're not just waiting for a check in the mailbox to get started. And most importantly, don't let the sophisticated argument that these small actions are meaningless in the face of tomorrow's problems. Because I've seen the power of small actions and it's great.
+Now, back to the public meeting. (Laughter) We brought that proposal up to a meeting and two seconds later the room exploded.
+I have never experienced anything like that in my life.
+And it's been the same in every room and city we've been talking about.
+People are ready and responsive to food stories.
+They want the positive action they can take, and they truly know it's time to take personal responsibility and invest more in caring for each other and the environment.
+And it's been a rollercoaster since we had that meeting three and a half years ago.
+We started with a really simple job of seed swapping. Then they took a piece of land on the side of the main road and it was basically a dog litter box. And turned it into a really nice herb garden.
+I rented a corner of the parking lot of the station you see and made a vegetable nursery that everyone can share or pick by themselves.
+we went to the doctor. A £6 million health center has just been built in Todmorden, and for reasons I don't understand it is surrounded by thorny vegetation. (Laughter) So we went to the doctor and said, 'Can you see me?'
+They said, "If you get permission to plan and do it three times in Latin, it's all right," so we did—(laughter)—and now that doctor's surgery There are fruit trees, bushes, herbs and vegetables around. .
+There are many other examples, such as the corn in front of the police station and the planting of food that can be harvested and grown in a nursing home.
+But it does more than just grow. Because we are all part of this jigsaw puzzle.
+It's about getting the artists in your community together to do some great designs on those stilts and explain to people what's growing there. Because there are a lot of people who can't recognize a vegetable unless it's a little bit of a vegetable inside the plastic. Instruction packet on top. (Laughter) So there are people who designed these things. "If this looks like this, don't pick it. But if it looks like this, help yourself."
+This is about sharing and investing in kindness.
+And for people who don't want to do either of those things, they could probably cook, so we harvest them in season and then put them on the streets, in pubs, in churches, or where people live. I will go anywhere. It is alive.
+This means we go to people and say, "We are all part of the local food jigsaw and part of the solution."
+And we knew we had veggie travelers and we knew they loved them so much and they were really great, so we wondered what we could do to give them an even better experience. I was.
+So without asking anyone of course, we invented The Incredible Edible Green Root.
+This is an exhibition garden, an edible towpath, a bee-friendly place, and a pollinator story route, and it's the route we take to take people through town, past cafes and little shops. This is the designed route. Through our marketplace, not just the way people walk to and from the supermarket, we hope to change the way people walk in the city and change their behavior.
+And then there's the second plate, the learning plate.
+Well, we partner with high schools.
+we founded a company. Like you, we are designing and building an aquaponics unit in a vacant lot behind our high school. And now we are going to grow fish and vegetables in an orchard with bees, and the children will help us build it, and the children will be officers. The high school now teaches agriculture because the community was keen to work with the high school. Since I teach farming, I started thinking about how I could get them. How can we give more experience to kids who never qualified before but are really excited to grow up?
+So I got a piece of land donated by a local gardening center.
+It was really pretty muddy, but in a really incredible way, entirely volunteer driven, we turned it into a market garden training center. It's everything you need for polytunnels, raised beds, and soil under your fingers. Maybe in the future I will be able to get this job.
+As we did, some local scholars said, "Maybe we can help you organize a commercial horticultural course.
+We don't know a single person. "
+They're doing it and we'll be launching it later this year, but it's all an experiment and it's all voluntary.
+And then there's the third plate. As you walk through edible landscapes, learn new skills, and take an interest in things that grow with the seasons, you may want to spend more of your money helping. Not just vegetables, but meats, cheeses, beer, and anything else from local producers.
+But we are just a community group.
+We are all just volunteers. What can we actually do?
+So we did some very simple things.
+We collected a donation, had a chalkboard, wrote "incredibly edible" on it, and gave it to all the local marketers who sold what they sold in a week. I scribbled
+Really popular. People were gathering around it.
+Sales increased.
+Then we talked to the farmers and said, 'We're serious about this,' but they really didn't believe us. know. If we can build a campaign around one product and show local loyalty to that product, chances are they'll change their minds and see that we're serious.
+So we launched a campaign called "Every Egg Matters". Because it's just funny. (Laughter) And what we did was put people on the eggmap.
+A stylized map of Togmorden.
+Whoever, perfectly legally, is selling leftover eggs to their neighbors at the garden gate, we stick there. We started with 4, now we have 64. As a result, people went to the stores for local Todmorden eggs, and some farmers increased the amount of chickens they got as a result. It moved on to free-range poultry production and then meat poultry production. These are really small steps, but growing local economic confidence is starting to make an impact in many ways, and some farmers are now producing cheese. They raise herds and rare breeds of pigs, and do things they've never done before, like pastes and pies.
+There are more stalls selling local food, and a survey done for us by a local student showed that 49 percent of all food vendors in that town made a profit thanks to what we actually do. increased.
+We are just volunteers, just an experiment.
+(Laughter) Now, none of this is rocket science.
+It's certainly not wise or original.
+But it is combined and inclusive.
+This is not an exercise for people trying to sort themselves out anyway.
+This is exercise for everyone.
+Our motto is "If you eat, you'll be fine". (Laughter) (Applause) Beyond age, beyond income, and beyond culture.
+It was truly a roller coaster experience, but going back to the first question we asked, is it reproducible? It's definitely replicable.
+Incredibles edible plates are now manufactured in over 30 towns in England.
+One way or another, they are willing to make a difference in their lives, and there are communities in America and Japan all over the world. That's great, isn't it? America, Japan and New Zealand.
+New Zealand's post-earthquake people came to us to incorporate a local growth-centered public ethos into the heart of Christchurch.
+And none of these things require more money and don't require bureaucracy, but think things differently and bend the budget to create a supportive framework that the community can push back against. or ready to run programs.
+And our patch already contains some great ideas.
+Our local government decided to make Incredibles edible everywhere, and decided to do two things to help with that.
+First, they intend to create an asset register of the surplus land they own, put it in a food bank so that the community can use it wherever they live, and back it with a license.
+And they told all employees if they could help grow the community and help maintain the community space.
+Suddenly, we began to see action on the ground by local authorities. This is becoming mainstream.
+We are finally creatively responding to what Rio has demanded of us. There is much more you can do.
+So, let me just list a few. For one, stop putting thorny plants around public buildings. Waste of space.
+(Laughter.) Second, please make an edible landscape. Then our children will start walking in front of food every day, whether it's on the main street or in the park.
+Encourage local planners to put food establishments at the heart of town and city planning, rather than relegating them to the edge of settlements out of sight.
+Encourage all schools to take this seriously.
+This is not a second rate exercise.
+If you want to inspire tomorrow's farmers, tell all schools to create a sense of purpose around the importance of the environment, local food and soil.
+If you put it at the center of your school culture, you can create a different generation.
+There's a lot you can do, but in the end it's pretty simple.
+Through an organic process, through a growing awareness of the power of small actions, we are finally beginning to believe in ourselves again and in the ability of each of us to build a different and kinder society. According to my book, it's an incredible future.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (applause)
+Welcome to Africa! Or rather, should I say go home?
+Because this is where it all started, right?
+Looking at fossils millions of years old, we have all the evidence that human life as we know it began here.
+We will continue our wonderful journey for the next four days.
+You will hear "Africa: The Next Chapter".
+Great stories and anecdotes from speakers.
+But I kind of want to flip it over and put something out on the table to clear the air, so to speak.
+What's the worst thing you've ever heard about Africa?
+And this is not a rhetorical question.
+I really want an answer from you.
+keep it up! terrible.
+famine.
+corruption.
+more.
+Mass killings.
+AIDS。
+slavery.
+enough.
+We've all heard these things.
+But this is a story about Africa, a story we haven't heard.
+The stories we want to know and the positive stories that actually exist.
+Part of my talk will be about the investment opportunities that exist on this continent, in order to separate rhetoric from reality, fact from fiction.
+Access the real data and statistics that exist about what's really happening on the ground that make Africa a viable investment opportunity and choice for you.
+So Africa is turning around to some extent, so let's get started.
+It's a shift in how you manage your company's image and how you control your own destiny.
+And turnarounds are part of what I've been focusing on for most of my professional career.
+And it all started almost a decade ago as a young consultant at McKinsey &amp; A company with its first African office in Johannesburg.
+So we worked with leading CEOs on African issues, worked with African companies to rebuild, and made them not only the best companies in Africa, but the best companies in the world.
+But it wasn't until I completed my MBA in the US that I really formalized my focus on this turnaround.
+It all started with a great phone.
+It was from Harvard Business School guru and my professor, Rosabeth Moss Cantor.
+And she said, "Yuvin, I want to write a lawsuit. I want to write a lawsuit about public sector leaders that will teach the corporate world."
+And the leader that came to mind was Nelson Mandela.
+Because when Nelson Mandela took power as South Africa's first democratically elected president, he faced a situation that threatened to slide the country into the abyss of chaos.
+But he has set the country on a virtuous cycle.
+Now, this case, "Nelson Mandela: A Change Leader," has become part of the research foundation for the chapter "Confidence" in Rosabeth's new book.
+Confidence became a New York Times bestseller and topped Businessweek's hardcover bestseller list.
+The reason I bring this up is that when I was later interviewed by SABC Africa, a pan-African broadcaster, they asked me, "What is your most important lesson or what do you enjoy most?" Because. -- Because it was a great honor to participate in such a project.
+The lesson to be learned was that it was Africa—the story of Africa—that was used to share news with the rest of the world that could serve as a benchmark for corporate restructuring.
+Africa was being used as a success story!
+So I would like to share a personal story about turning points and transformations.
+it concerns me. In 1994, halfway through college, I packed a few things in my backpack and set off on a yearlong trip.
+You should have seen my parents' reaction!
+(Laughter) But soon I realized I was from the south of Africa, South Africa, and the northernmost part of Egypt.
+And I searched the most remote places.
+I went to Siwa Oasis. That was one of my stops.
+The Siwa Oasis is famous for several things, but most importantly, it was the place Alexander the Great visited when he wanted to find out what his destiny had in store for him.
+And according to legend, Alexander walked through this desert.
+Half of his battalion was wiped out in a sandstorm.
+And, according to mythology, he had an audience with an oracle, which predicted his great destiny.
+It was 300 BC.
+For this reason, Africa has long been viewed as a place to visit for answers.
+Now, what I remember about Siwa is the fantastic view of the night sky.
+Lacking natural light, Shiva is one of those great places where looking up reveals a perfect tapestry.
+Fast forward to 2002.
+I am at the Healthcare Development Conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+This is the same photo seen from the other side.
+A satellite image of the Earth.
+And that photo had such an impact on me that I will never forget it. I remember that exact moment.
+And I wanted to share with you an image of what I saw at that point.
+My first sight was North America at night in all its glory. warm feeling. light.
+And I saw it - Africa. Literally "Dark Continent".
+Africa may be dark, but what this message reminds me of is that this is both the challenge we face and the opportunity.
+For Africa may be dark except for a few specks in the north, south and elsewhere, but it shines with light in the hearts of millions of people who live there.
+Entrepreneurs, dynamic people, hopeful people.
+Geographer George Kimble said, "The only dark thing about Africa is our ignorance of it."
+So let's start shedding light on this amazing eclectic continent that has so much to offer.
+Let's unpack.
+Africa is the second largest continent after Asia.
+It is also home to 900 million people, making it the second most populous continent.
+In fact, going back to continents, Africa is so big that you could fit the continental United States, China, and all of Europe in it and still have space.
+Africa has over 1,000 languages ​​and over 2,000 languages ​​and dialects. Another estimate is 2,000.
+But you could also say, “Investing in Africa with over 1,000 languages ​​won't make a difference.”
+what does the data show?
+As an investment banker, I am involved in the cross-flow of information and the changes taking place in the capital markets.
+So I would like to share with you some of the signals, signs and winds that are heralding the changes sweeping this continent.
+Let's get started.
+And let's start with a high level of macro factors.
+Inflation is generally declining across Africa, and this is the first sign, reaching double digits in many countries.
+So let's take a look at some of them.
+I call it Z.E.N. get together.
+Zambia: Inflation increased from 18% to 9% from 2004 to 2006.
+Egypt: from 16 percent to about 8.4 percent.
+Nigeria: Similar situation, from 16 to 8 percent. a digit.
+More interestingly, other countries, South Africa, Mauritius and Namibia are also all in the single digits.
+But that's only part of the story. Currencies follow a similar trend, with currencies experiencing extreme stability.
+But it's about looking at the big picture.
+And the first myth to dispel is that Africa is not a country.
+It's made up -- (applause) It's made up of 53 different countries.
+In other words, the very definition of “investing in Africa” itself is bad.
+it's pointless.
+Each country has its own value proposition.
+You can make money in Africa and you can lose money.
+But chances do exist.
+And this is the topic for today. It is about discussing the very opportunity.
+Now let's take a look at specific materials and data for each country.
+As Emeka said, I was recently elected president of the South African Chamber of Commerce in the United States.
+And I am very proud and very happy to have this role. Because it's an attractive position.
+To hear this dialogue, which is gaining momentum and speed, about decisions about trade and coming companies.
+Then, the first port of call. Let's talk a little bit about South Africa.
+But instead of the South Africa we always talk about, gold, minerals and first world infrastructure, let's talk a little bit behind the scenes.
+For example, South Africa was recently named the top destination for offshore call centers for the UK's Top 1,000 companies.
+Same language, timeline, etc. Makes sense.
+Other headlines that reached South Africa recently were private equity giants Bain Capital and KKR.
+The South African headline was "They Landed". Pretty creepy.
+But what were they there for? to acquire property;
+Bing Capital's acquisition of major retailer Edcon is a testament to Bing Capital's growing confidence in the economy.
+Because it's a long-term battle.
+As retailers, this is based on our belief that this growing middle class will continue to thrive and continue to enjoy a booming economy and consumer confidence.
+But the story of Africa, and my focus is outside South Africa. Because there is too much going on.
+Without a doubt, Nigeria is clearly a hotspot.
+Tasks -- And you're going to hear a lot about Nigeria in these four days.
+But if you look at Goldman Sachs' performance, there was the famous BRIC report.
+A new report, The Next Eleven, highlights that Nigeria will be among the world's top 10 economies by 2020.
+It's an investment opportunity. Think about it.
+Are any of our banks, investors, etc. seriously considering going to Nigeria?
+If you haven't done it yet, why not?
+What is happening in Nigeria? some things.
+I would like to talk from the perspective of the capital markets.
+Bellwether signs again.
+The Guarantee Trust Bank recently issued its first Eurobond outside of Africa, but not in South Africa.
+But the first Eurobond, raising international capital offshore from its own balance sheet without government backing, is a sign of emerging confidence in its economy.
+Nigerian companies that raised capital offshore without government assistance.
+It's just a symptom of what's to come.
+Looking at the oil industry, Africa supplies 18 percent of the US oil supply, while the Middle East only 16 percent.
+An important strategic partner.
+Let's put Nigeria in perspective.
+Oil production is 2.2-2.4 million barrels per day, in the same league as Kuwait and the same league as Venezuela.
+But let's start paying attention to this point when it comes to Africa.
+And Emeka and I had this discussion.
+We must move away from the so-called "commodity curse".
+Because it's not about oil or commodities.
+To make Africa truly sustainable, we need to move to other industries.
+So let's unpack these very quickly. I see the clock counting down, so I'm going through these very, very, very fast.
+What else is going on? Egypt.
+Egypt is about to launch its first large-scale industrial zone with an investment of 2.8 billion.
+The announcement came out just a few weeks ago.
+Close to the Mediterranean, near Alexandria - textiles, petrochemicals.
+It is operated by a management company based in Singapore.
+So they want to move away from oil and emerge as an industrial powerhouse above all industries.
+Let's look at agriculture. Let's look at forestry.
+What is going on there?
+Last week, Tanzania announced the release of the East African Organic Produce Standard.
+Again, bringing East African farmers and stakeholders together to get the standards for organic produce. better price.
+We are partnering with small farmers in terms of pesticide-free and fertilizer-free.
+Again, this is your chance to challenge the market and get a higher price.
+Uganda: New Forest Company, which replants and redevelops forests. Why is that important?
+Once your energy needs are met and you need electricity, you will need utility poles to deploy it.
+But here's the sweetener of the deal.
+They will be using carbon credits.
+Let's go back to Nigeria.
+The banking sector has undergone a major transformation from 80+ banks to 25 banks. Strengthening the system.
+But what is going on there? Only 10% of countries have banks.
+The largest population in Africa is in Nigeria.
+Over 135 million people. Think about it.
+There are only 700 ATMs in Japan. chance.
+The same is true for telecommunications companies nationwide.
+Now let's look at the whole continent.
+For example, people will look at the roads and say, ``Angola: 90% of the roads are unpaved.
+Carrying goods is more expensive. Commodity prices will rise and inflation will be affected.
+Nigeria: 70% of roads are unpaved. Zambia: 80 percent.
+In general, more than 50% of roads are unpaved.
+This is your chance! You need energy - it's an opportunity.
+So what are the signs that things are fundamentally changing?
+Let's take a look at the African stock market.
+If you had to ask, "Which was the best performing stock market or stock exchange in the world in 2005?" would Egypt come to mind?
+In 2005, the Egyptian Stock Exchange's profit exceeded 145 percent.
+What is happening in some other countries?
+Let's look at some numbers for 2006. Kenya: over 60 percent. Nigeria: over 40%.
+South Africa: 20%. tall object.
+These trends are happening.
+But the key question when making an investment decision is, "What are the alternative investments?"
+Because today Africa is competing globally for capital.
+And global capital is agnostic and loyal.
+There is a glut of capital in the U.S., and higher yields are the key.
+What Africa offers is a diversification strategy and an opportunity to boost yields for investors who know what they are doing.
+Now, when looking at Africa versus others, and African countries versus others, comparisons become important.
+Ten years ago, very few countries received a sovereign rating from Standard & & Standard. Poor, Moody's and Fitch.
+Currently, 16 African countries have a sovereign country rating, and the number continues to grow. What does this mean?
+Let's look again at Nigeria. Double B Minus -- Belongs to the Ukrainian and Turkish leagues. I'll do a comparison soon.
+The backbone for capital holders around the world to make investment decisions.
+some other numbers. South Africa: Triple B Plus. Botswana: Plus.
+Bakino Faso: B-minus. and so on.
+In fact, one of the major distributors has set up an office in Africa.
+why would they do that? Because they expect the investment to continue.
+So one of the big leaders, and one of the last things I want to mention, is that an interesting thing I read is that CNBC has launched its first African channel. Why would CNBC do this?
+A 24-hour African news channel.
+They do it because they expect something to happen.
+Me and you, the investments we're making, and the investments the world is making, that's the 24-hour news channel dedicated to Africa.
+Here are the changes in progress in the pipeline.
+In conclusion, I would like to return to the very slides that deeply affected me many years ago.
+I would like to take this opportunity to give you an overview of what I saw in 2002, and ask you to think of your journey in terms of bringing light to this continent as you consider your role in Africa.
+Because there are great opportunities in store for you.
+And think about the concept of transformation in the back of your mind, because things can turn around quickly.
+In 1899, Joseph Conrad published Heart of Darkness, a terrifying horror story along the Congo River.
+If you look closely, you can also see one of the bright lights above the Congo River. And it is the very Congo River that is producing the light. The once dark center is now generating light with hydroelectric power.
+It's a shift in the power of ideas.
+So the next step is to explore these ideas further over the next four days.
+And, perhaps, if we can keep this picture in our minds, perhaps in the far future, when we convene in 2020, it will look very different.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am 150 feet underground in an illegal mine shaft in Ghana.
+The air is thick with heat and dust, making it difficult to breathe.
+You can feel sweaty bodies passing by in the darkness, but you can't see anything else.
+Speech can be heard, but mainly the shaft is a cacophony of men coughing and cracking stone with primitive tools.
+Like everyone else, I have a flickering cheap flashlight strapped to my head with this stretchy, tattered band. And you can barely make out the smooth tree branches supporting the walls of the three-foot-by-three-foot hole, which drops hundreds of feet into the ground. .
+As my hand slips, I suddenly remember a miner I met a few days ago. He lost his grip and fell feet into the shaft.
+As I stand to speak to you today, these people are still deep in the pit, risking and often dying for no compensation or compensation.
+I had to crawl out of that hole and I had to go home, but they are in slavery and I probably never will.
+Over the past 28 years, I have documented indigenous cultures from over 70 countries on 6 continents and in 2009 had the great honor of being the sole exhibitor at the Vancouver Peace Summit.
+Among the amazing people I met there, I met supporters of Free the Slaves, an NGO dedicated to the eradication of modern slavery.
+We started talking about slavery and actually learning about slavery. For I certainly knew that slavery existed in the world, but not to that extent.
+After I finished speaking, I was horrified and honestly ashamed that I knew nothing about this atrocity while I was alive. And I thought, if I don't know, how many others don't?
+My stomach started to rip, so within a few weeks I flew to Los Angeles to meet the director of Emancipation and offered to help.
+Thus began my journey into modern-day slavery.
+Oddly enough, I had visited many of these places before.
+Some consider it like a second home.
+But this time, you'll see a skeleton hidden in a closet.
+A conservative estimate is that there are over 27 million enslaved people in the world today.
+This is double the number of people taken from Africa in the entire transatlantic slave trade.
+150 years ago, the price of agricultural slaves was about three times the annual income of an American laborer.
+This is equivalent to about $50,000 in today's money.
+But today, an entire family can be enslaved for generations for just $18 in debt.
+Surprisingly, slavery generates more than $13 billion in profits worldwide each year.
+Many people find themselves forced to work without pay under the threat of violence, tricked into false promises of a good education and a better job, and are unable to walk away.
+Because slavery today is about commerce, the goods produced by enslaved people have value, but the people who produce them are disposable.
+Slavery exists almost everywhere in the world, but it is illegal everywhere.
+I was introduced to brick kilns in India and Nepal.
+This strange and wonderful sight was like stepping into ancient Egypt or Dante's hell.
+Surrounded by temperatures of 130 degrees, men, women, children, and indeed entire families wrapped in heavy blankets of dust, up to 18 bricks at a time are mechanically piled over their heads and pulled from a scorching kiln. carried to the scene. Trucks hundreds of yards away.
+Blinded by monotony and fatigue, they work in silence, repeating this task 16 or 17 hours a day.
+There were no breaks to eat or rehydrate, and urination was rarely a problem due to severe dehydration.
+There was so much heat and dust that my camera got too hot to even touch and stopped working.
+Every 20 minutes, I had to run to the cruiser and back to clean the equipment and run it under air conditioning to revive it. As I sat there, I thought my camera was treated much better than these people.
+When I got back to the kiln, I wanted to cry, but the abolitionist next to me quickly grabbed me and said, "Lisa, don't do that. Don't do that here." .
+And he made it very clear to me that showing emotions in a place like this is very dangerous, not only for me, but for them as well.
+I could not offer them direct assistance.
+I couldn't give them money or anything.
+I was not a citizen of that country.
+It could put them in an even worse situation than they are now.
+Freeing them would have to rely on Free the Slave to work within the system, and I believed they would.
+For me, I had to wait until I got home to really feel my heartbreak.
+In the Himalayas, children were found carrying stones many kilometers down the mountain to trucks waiting on the road below.
+The large slab was heavier than the children could carry, so they used handmade harnesses made of sticks, ropes and torn cloth to lift the slab over their heads.
+It's hard to witness something this overwhelming.
+How can you be so insidious and still have far-reaching influence?
+Some do not even know that they are slaves. People are forced to work 16, 17 hours a day without pay. Because this has been going on all my life.
+They have nothing to compare it to.
+As these villagers claimed their freedom, the slaveholders burned down all their homes.
+I mean, these people didn't have anything and they were so frightened that they were about to give up, but the woman in the center rallied them to try and persevere, and the abolitionists on the ground told them they were on their own. I helped rent a quarry, so now it's like this. They do the same hard work, but do it for themselves, receive money in return, and work freely.
+Sex trafficking is something we often think of when we hear the word slavery, and we were warned that due to this global perception, it would be difficult to work safely within this particular industry.
+In Kathmandu, I was escorted by women who were former sex slaves myself.
+They led me down a narrow flight of stairs into this dirty, dim, fluorescent-lit basement.
+It wasn't a brothel per se.
+It was more like a restaurant.
+Cabin restaurants, as they are known in the industry, are places of forced prostitution.
+Each room has a small private room where slaves and women, as well as seven-year-old girls and boys, entertain guests and encourage them to buy more food and wine.
+Each cubicle is dark and dingy, with numbers on the walls and separated by plywood and curtains.
+Workers here often endure tragic sexual abuse by customers.
+I remember feeling a burning terror at this moment as I stood in near darkness. At that moment, I could only imagine what it would be like to be trapped in that hell.
+There is only one exit, the stairs from where you came in.
+There were no backdoors.
+There were no windows large enough to pass through.
+These people have no escape at all. When addressing such a difficult subject, it's important to keep in mind that slavery, including sex trafficking, happens in our backyards as well.
+Tens of thousands of people are enslaved in agriculture, restaurants and domestic work, and the list goes on.
+The New York Times recently reported that between 100,000 and 300,000 American children are sold into sex slavery each year.
+it's all around us. We just can't see it.
+When people think of slave labor, they often think of the textile industry.
+I visited villages in India where whole families were enslaved in the silk trade.
+This is a family portrait.
+The black hand is the father, and the blue and red hands are the son.
+They mix the dyes in large barrels and soak the silk up to their elbows in the liquid, which is toxic.
+My interpreter told me their story.
+"We have no freedom," they said.
+"But we hope one day we can move out of this house and go somewhere else where we actually get dye money."
+Over 4,000 children are estimated to be enslaved in Lake Volta, the world's largest man-made lake.
+When I first arrived, I went to take a quick look.
+I saw what appeared to be a family fishing on a boat, two older brothers and several young children. Of course?
+error. They were all enslaved.
+Children are separated from their families, trafficked and disappeared, and forced to work long hours on boats on the lake even though they don't know how to swim.
+This young child is eight years old.
+As our boat approached, he was terrified that his little canoe would run him over.
+He was afraid that he might fall into the water.
+The bone-like branches of trees submerged in Lake Volta often get caught in fishing nets, and weary and frightened children are thrown into the water to untie the threads.
+Many of them drown.
+For as long as he can remember he has been forced to work on the lake.
+Fearful of his master and refusing to flee, he has been cruelly treated all his life and passes it on to the young slaves he manages.
+I met these boys at 5am, just as they were hauling the last net, and they had been working since 1am.
+On cold, windy nights.
+And it's important to note that these nets can weigh over 1,000 pounds when full of fish.
+I would like to introduce Mr. Kofi.
+Kofi is rescued from a fishing village.
+I met him at an asylum run by Free the Slaves, which rehabilitates victims of slavery.
+Here he was seen bathing in a well and pouring a large bucket of water over his head. And the great news is, today as you and I are sitting here talking, Kofi is reunited with his family, and even better, his family. They have been given the tools to earn a living and keep their children safe.
+Kofi is the embodiment of possibility.
+Someone stood up and made a difference in his life, so who would he become?
+As we were driving down the roads of Ghana with our partners from Free the Slaves, a fellow abolitionist on a moped suddenly sped toward our cruiser and banged on the window.
+He told us to follow a dirt road into the jungle.
+At the end of the road he urged us to get out of the car and told the driver to leave immediately.
+Then he pointed to this barely visible pavement and said, "This is the road, this is the road. Go."
+Pushing past the vines blocking the path, we started down the trail, and after walking for about an hour, realized that the trail was flooded from the recent rains, so we hoisted our photography equipment over our heads and descended. The water will soak up to your chest.
+After another two hours of hiking, the winding road abruptly ended in a clearing. And before us there were many holes the size of football fields, all filled with slave laborers.
+Many women panned for gold while wading through mercury-contaminated water with their children strapped to their backs.
+Mercury is used in the extraction process.
+These miners are enslaved in mine shafts in another part of Ghana.
+When they came out of the mine, they were soaked with their own sweat.
+Many of them were underground for 72 hours, and I remember staring into their tired, bloodshot eyes.
+The pit can be up to 300 feet deep and sacks of heavy stones are hauled out and later taken to another location where the stones are pounded to extract the gold.
+At first glance, this heart-pounding scene seems to be full of powerful people, but on closer inspection, the underprivileged are working around it, including children.
+They are all victims of injury, illness and violence.
+In fact, this muscular guy is very likely to be just like the guy here with tuberculosis and mercury poisoning in just a few years.
+It's Manul. When his father died, his uncle trafficked him to work with him in the mines.
+When his uncle died, Manul took over his uncle's debts which further led him to become a slave in the mines.
+He had been working in mines for 14 years when I met him. The leg injury seen here was actually from a mining accident and a very strict doctor said his leg should be amputated.
+On top of that, Manul has tuberculosis and has to work day in and day out in the mine.
+Still, he dreams of being free and educated with the help of local activists like the abolitionist movement. Such determination in the face of unimaginable difficulty fills me with complete awe.
+I want to shed light on slavery.
+When I was working in the field, I brought lots of candles and with the help of an interpreter, I told the people I was photographing that I wanted to illuminate their story and their plight. , to me it's safe, so I created these images.
+They knew they would be seen by everyone around the world.
+We wanted them to know that we were witnessing for them and that we would do whatever we could to make a difference in their lives.
+I truly believe that atrocities like slavery would be much more difficult to tolerate if we were able to see each other as equal human beings.
+These images are fine. They are human beings, just like you and I, and deserve the same rights, dignity and respect in life.
+Not a day goes by that I don't think of the many beautiful and abused people I have met.
+I hope these images awaken the power of those who see them, people like you. And I hope that power will ignite a fire that will shed light on slavery. Because without that light, the Beast of Bondage can continue to live. live in the shadows
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+After half a century of trying to prevent war, one question has never left my mind. How to deal with extreme violence without using force in retaliation.
+When faced with atrocities, whether it's a child facing a bully on the playground, domestic violence, or tanks and debris on the streets of Syria today, what is the most effective course of action? do you want?
+Counterattack? give up?
+Do you want more effort?
+The question is, "How do I deal with a bully without turning into a thug instead?"
+It's been with me since childhood.
+When I was about thirteen, Soviet tanks entered Budapest, and children not too many years apart from me threw themselves at them and were mowed down. I remember being glued to the black and white TV.
+Then I hurried upstairs and started packing my suitcase.
+Then my mother came and said, "What the hell are you doing?"
+And I said, "I'm going to Budapest."
+And she said, "For what?"
+And I said, "Children are being killed there.
+Something terrible is happening. "
+And she said, "Don't be so silly."
+And I started crying.
+And she got it, she said, "Okay, I know it's serious.
+you are too young to help
+Need training. I'll help you.
+But unpack your suitcase. "
+So I trained and spent most of my twenties going to work in Africa.
+But I realized that what I really wanted to know wasn't going to come from a training course.
+I wanted to understand how violence, oppression works.
+What I have since discovered is that bullies use violence in three ways.
+They use political violence to intimidate, physical violence to intimidate, and mental or emotional violence to undermine.
+And it is only in very rare cases that more violence is effective.
+Nelson Mandela believed in violence and went to prison, but 27 years later he and his colleagues learned the skills needed to transform one of the world's most nefarious governments into a democracy, an incredible I honed my skills slowly and carefully.
+And they did so with a total dedication to non-violence.
+They found that the use of force against force was ineffective.
+So what works?
+Over time, I've collected about six methods that actually work and are effective. Of course, there are many others.
+And the first is that there has to be a change that has to happen here within me.
+My reactions and attitudes to oppression are something I can control and something I can do about it.
+And what I need to develop is self-knowledge to do that.
+That means knowing how you move, when you fall, where your fears are and where your weaknesses are.
+When should I give in?
+What am I standing up for?
+And meditation and self-examination are one way to acquire this kind of inner power. Again, this is not the only one.
+And my heroine here, like Satish, is Burmese Aung San Suu Kyi.
+She led a group of students in protests in the streets of Rangoon.
+As they turned the corner, they were confronted by a line of machine guns.
+And she soon realized that the soldiers with trembling trigger fingers were more frightened than the student protesters behind them.
+But she told her students to sit down.
+And she was so calm, so lucid, she could go forward with no fear at all, walk up to the first gun, put her hand on it and put the gun down.
+and no one was killed.
+So fear can be overcome not only in the face of a machine gun, but also in a knife fight on the street.
+But you have to practice.
+What about our fears?
+I have a little mantra.
+My fear is bloated by the energy I feed it.
+And if it gets very big, that's probably what will happen.
+So we all know the 3 a.m. syndrome, when you wake up with something you were worried about -- I see a lot of people -- and roll over for an hour, and the symptoms go away. It gets worse. And by four o'clock, you'll be pinned to your pillow by a monster this big.
+The only thing to do is get up, make some tea, and sit next to you in terror like a child.
+you are an adult
+Children are scary.
+And you speak to your fear, asking what it wants or needs.
+How can this be improved?
+How can a child become strong?
+And you make a plan.
+And you say, "Okay, I'm going to sleep now.
+At 7:30 we get up and that's what we do. "
+I had such an experience at 3am on Sunday morning. I was so scared to talk to you that I couldn't move.
+(Laughter) So I did that.
+I got up, made a cup of tea, sat down, did it all and am here - still partially paralyzed, but here I am.
+(Applause.) That's fear. What about anger?
+Where there is injustice, there is always anger.
+But anger is like gasoline, if you spray it around and someone light a match, hell awaits.
+But anger as an engine, anger in the engine, is powerful.
+If we can get anger into the engine, it can propel us forward, get us through scary moments, and give us true inner strength.
+And I learned this in my work with nuclear weapons policy makers.
+Because at first I was so resentful that they were putting us in danger that I just argued and blamed them and thought they were wrong.
+It has no effect at all.
+To develop a dialogue for change, we have to deal with anger.
+In this case, it's okay to get angry at nuclear weapons, but there's nothing you can do about getting angry at people.
+They are human beings just like us.
+And they are doing what they think is best.
+And that's the basis we have to talk to them about.
+That is the third “anger”.
+And that brings me to the core of what is happening in the world today, or what I perceive to be happening. That is, the last century was top-down power.
+It was still the government that told people what to do.
+There are changes in this century.
+It's a bottom-up, grassroots force.
+It's like a mushroom growing through concrete.
+As Bundy said earlier, it's about people working with people miles away to make a difference.
+And Peace Direct discovered quite early on that locals in areas with high levels of conflict knew what to do.
+They know best what to do.
+So Peace Direct helps them make it happen.
+And what they are doing is demobilizing militias, rebuilding the economy, resetting refugees, and even releasing child soldiers.
+And to do this, they have to risk their lives almost every day.
+And they found that using violence in the contexts in which they operate is not only inhumane, but also less effective than using methods of connecting and rebuilding. .
+And I think the U.S. military is finally starting to understand this.
+Their counter-terrorism policy so far has been to kill rebels at almost any cost, and when civilians get in the way, it's called "collateral damage."
+And this is very irritating and humiliating to the people of Afghanistan, which makes recruiting to Al-Qaeda so much easier at a time when people are so disgusted with, say, burning the Koran.
+Therefore, military training must also change.
+And I think there are signs that that's starting to change.
+The British army has always been far superior in this regard.
+But there is one great example they can take inspiration from. It's a brilliant US Lieutenant Colonel called Chris Hughes.
+And he was leading his men through the streets of Najaf – which is actually in Iraq – and suddenly people were pouring out of the houses on both sides of the road, screaming, screaming, furiously angry. , surrounded these very young soldiers who were completely exhausted. I was scared and didn't know what was going on and I didn't speak Arabic.
+And Chris Hughes raised his weapon above his head, pointed to the ground, strode into the middle of the crowd, and said, "Kneel down."
+Then, huge soldiers with backpacks and bulletproof vests tumbled to the ground.
+Then came complete silence.
+And after about two minutes, everyone moved aside and went home.
+Now for me it's wisdom in action.
+In that moment, that's what he did.
+And it's happening everywhere now.
+Can't believe it?
+Have you ever asked yourself why and how so many dictatorships have fallen in the last 30 years?
+The dictatorships of Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Madagascar, Poland, the Philippines, Serbia, Slovenia, and now Tunisia and Egypt.
+And this is not what happened now.
+A lot of that is thanks to a book written by Gene Sharp, an 80-year-old man from Boston.
+He wrote a book, From Dictatorship to Democracy, with 81 methodologies for nonviolent resistance.
+And it has been translated into 26 languages.
+flying around the world.
+And it is used by young and old people all over the world because it is effective and effective.
+This is what gives me hope. More than just hope, this is what makes me so positive right now.
+Mankind finally got it.
+We now have a practical, workable methodology for answering my question, "How do I deal with bullies without becoming a thug?"
+We use skills like the one I outlined. It is the development of inner strength, that is, inner strength. Through self-awareness, recognize and manage your fears, use anger as fuel, collaborate and unite with others. Others, courage and, most importantly, a commitment to active non-violence.
+Now I don't just believe in non-violence.
+You don't have to believe it.
+Evidence of how it works is everywhere.
+And it turns out that we ordinary people can do the same as Aung San Suu Kyi, Gandhi and Mandela.
+We can put an end to the bloodiest century in human history.
+And we can organize to overcome oppression by opening our hearts and strengthening this incredible determination.
+And this generosity is exactly what I have experienced throughout the organization of this rally since I was here yesterday.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The story begins. I was at a friend's house and she had a copy of the DSM Manual, a manual for mental disorders, on her bookshelf.
+All known mental disorders are listed.
+In the 50's it was a very thin pamphlet.
+Since then it has grown and grown, and now has 886 pages.
+And there are currently 374 mental disorders listed.
+So, thinking I might be mentally ill, I flipped through the pages and found out there were 12.
+(Laughter) I have Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and it makes sense.
+I have nightmare disorder. This is classified when you have recurring dreams where you are being chased or declared a failure. And all my dreams are people chasing me down the street and saying, "You're a failure!"
+(Laughter) I have a relationship problem and I blame my parents for that.
+(Laughter) Just kidding. no kidding.
+just kidding.
+And I am malingering.
+And I think it's actually very rare to have both malingering and generalized anxiety disorder because malingering tends to make you feel very anxious.
+Anyway, as I read this book, I realized that I might be a lot more insane than I thought, and that it wouldn't be a good idea to diagnose myself as mentally ill without being a trained professional. Or maybe some psychiatric experts think so. A sort of bizarre desire to label essentially normal human behavior as mental illness.
+I didn't know which one was true, but I thought it was kind of funny, and thought maybe I should meet a psychiatric critic and ask them for their opinion, so I decided to have lunch with some Scientologists.
+(Laughter) It's a guy named Brian, leading a brilliant team of Scientologists determined to destroy psychiatry wherever it exists.
+They are called CCHR.
+And I said to him, "Can you prove that psychiatry is an unreliable pseudoscience?"
+And he said, "Yes, I can prove it."
+And I said, "How?"
+So I said, "Who's Tony?"
+And he said, "Tony's on Broadmoor."
+Well, Broadmoor is Broadmoor Hospital.
+It was formerly known as the Broadmoor Asylum for Criminals.
+It's a place to send serial killers and people who can't help themselves.
+So I said to Brian, "So what did Tony do?"
+And he said, "Almost nothing.
+He hits someone or does something and decides to feign insanity to escape prison.
+But he falsified it too well, and now trapped on Broadmoor, no one will believe him to be sane.
+Do you want me to take you to Broadmoor to see Tony? "
+So I said, "Yes, please."
+I started yawning uncontrollably around Kempton Park. Apparently, dogs also yawn uncontrollably when anxious.
+and arrived at Broadmoor.
+Then I was taken through gate after gate to the wellness center where I was to meet with the patients.
+It looks like a giant Hampton Inn.
+It is a calm color of peach and pine.
+And the only bold color is panic button red.
+Then the patients started pouring in.
+And they were pretty fat, wore sweatpants, and looked very docile.
+And Brian the Scientologist whispered to me. "They are being medicated." For Scientologists, this is like the worst evil in the world, but I think it's probably a good idea.
+(Laughter) And Brian said, "This is Tony."
+Then a man came in.
+And he wasn't wearing sweatpants, he was wearing a pinstripe suit.
+And he had his arms outstretched like someone in The Apprentice.
+He seemed like a man who liked to wear clothes that convinced me he was very sane.
+and he sat down.
+And I said, "So you really pretended to be here?"
+And he said, "Yes, yes, of course. I hit someone when I was 17.
+And as I was in prison awaiting trial, my cellmate said to me, "Do you know what you have to do?"
+fake madness.
+Tell them you're mad, you'll be sent to some crappy hospital.
+The nurses will bring you pizza and you have your own PlayStation,' I said.
+He said, "Well, I asked to see the prison psychiatrist.
+And I just saw a movie called "Crash" where people get sexual pleasure from crashing their car into a wall.
+So I told my psychiatrist that I get sexual pleasure when I crash a car into a wall. and said, "What else?"
+He said, "Oh, yes, I told my psychiatrist that I wanted to watch the woman die, because that would make me feel more normal."
+I said, "Where did you get that from?"
+He said, "Oh, the biography of Ted Bundy in the prison library."
+And they didn't send him to some cozy hospital.
+They sent him to Broadmoor.
+And as soon as he got there, he took one look at the place, asked to see a psychiatrist, and said, "There has been a terrible misunderstanding.
+I said, "How long have you been here?"
+He said, "If I had served my prison sentence for the original crime, it would have been five years.
+I have lived in Broadmoor for 12 years. "
+Tony said that convincing people that you are sane is much harder than convincing them that you are crazy.
+"I thought the best way to look normal was to talk normally to people about normal things, like football or what's on TV," he said.
+I subscribe to New Scientist, which recently published an article about how the US military is training bumblebees to sniff out explosives.
+So I said to the nurse, "Did you know that the U.S. military is training bumblebees to sniff out explosives?" When I read my medical records, they wrote: 'I believe bees can smell explosives,' (laughs)," he said.
+How can I cross my legs normally?
+It is impossible. "
+When Tony said that to me, I thought, 'Am I sitting like a journalist?
+Am I crossing my legs like a journalist? "
+He said, "You know, on one side of me I have the Strangler of Stockwell, and on the other I have the rapist who 'toeed through the tulips.
+So I find them so scary that I often stay in my room.
+And they take it as a sign of insanity.
+They say it's proof that I'm aloof and bossy. "
+Broadmoor, therefore, would be the only madman not to want to associate with a serial killer.
+Anyway, he seemed perfectly normal to me, but what did I know?
+When I got home, I emailed my doctor, Anthony Madden.
+I said, "What are you talking about?"
+And he said, "Yes, I admit that Tony feigned madness to escape prison, because his hallucinations - which at first seemed so mundane - the moment he reached Broadmoor for it disappeared in the
+But we evaluated him and determined he was psychotic. "
+And in fact, pretending to be insane is exactly what psychopaths do: crafty and manipulative.
+On the checklist: cunning, manipulative.
+In other words, pretending your brain is wrong is proof that your brain is wrong.
+I spoke to other experts and found that the pinstripe suit (typical psychopath) represents checklist items 1 and 2: good talk, superficial charm, and epic self-esteem. I was told that there is.
+So I said, "But why didn't he play with the other patients?"
+Typical psychopath -- it speaks to grandiosity and a lack of empathy.
+So, according to the clinician, everything that seemed most normal about Tony so far was evidence that he was crazy in this new way.
+he was a psychopath.
+And his clinician told me, "If you want to know more about psychopaths, attend the Psychopath Discovery Course run by Robert Hare, the inventor of the Psychopath Checklist."
+So I did.
+I have taken a psychopath finding course and have to say that I am now a certified and highly skilled psychopath finder.
+Here's a stat: 1 in 100 normal people is a psychopath.
+That means there are 1,500 people in his room.
+15 of you are psychopaths.
+However, this figure rises to 4% of CEOs and business leaders. So I'd say it's very likely that there are 30-40 psychopaths in this room.
+Carnage may occur by the end of the night.
+(Laughter) Hare said the reason is that, at its most ruthless, capitalism rewards psychopathic behaviors such as lack of empathy, resourcefulness, cunning, and manipulative.
+In fact, capitalism, perhaps even in its most ruthless aspect, is a physical manifestation of psychopathy.
+It's like a kind of psychopathy that affects us all.
+Hare said, "You know? Forget the man on Broadmoor who may or may not have feigned madness.
+who cares? It's not a big deal.
+The big problem is corporate psychosis," he said.
+You want to go interview a corporate psychopath. "
+So I tried. I wrote to the Enron people.
+I said, "Can I go to prison for an interview to find out you're a psychopath?"
+(Laughter) And they didn't reply.
+(laughs) So I changed my mind.
+I emailed 1990s property stripper "Chainsaw Al" Dunlap.
+He went into a failing business, laid off 30 percent of his workforce, and turned American towns into ghost towns.
+And I emailed him and said, "You have a very specific brain disorder that makes you... special, predatory mind curious, fearless. I think so.
+May I come and interview you about your particular brain disorder? "
+And he said, "Come on!"
+(Laughter) So I went to Al Dunlap's mansion in Florida.
+It was full of sculptures of carnivorous animals.
+There were lions and tigers--he took me into the garden--there were falcons and eagles, and he said, "There's sharks over there, and--he's too effeminate. It wasn't--" There are plenty of sharks and tigers. "
+It was like Narnia.
+(Laughter) Then we went to his kitchen.
+Now, Al Dunlap is brought in to save the bankrupt company, laying off 30 percent of its workforce.
+And he often dismissed people for his jokes.
+For example, in his famous story, someone came up to him and said, "I just bought a new car."
+And he said, "You may have a new car, but tell me what you don't have, it's a job."
+So in his kitchen, where he was with his wife Judy and his bodyguard Sean, I said, "You know what I said in your email that you might have a particular brain abnormality that makes you special?"
+He said, "Yes, it's a great theory, like Star Trek.
+So I said, ``Well--'' (clears throat) (laughter) Some psychologists might say that you--'' (murmurs) (laughter) And he said, "What?" I said.
+And I said, "I'm a psychopath."
+And I said, "I have a list of psychopathic traits in my pocket.
+Can we get through this together? "
+Contrary to myself, he seemed intrigued and said, "Okay, let's continue."
+And I said, "Okay, great self-esteem."
+He was standing under a huge oil painting of himself, and I must say it was hard to deny.
+(Laughter) He said, "Well, you have to believe in yourself!"
+And I said "manipulative".
+"That's leadership," he said.
+(Laughter.) And I said, 'I'm shallow and incapable of experiencing a range of emotions.'
+“Who wants to be overwhelmed by silly emotions?” he said.
+So he went through the psychopath checklist and basically turned the question into "Who moved my cheese?"
+(Laughter.) But the day I was with Al Dunlap, I realized something was happening to me.
+Every time he said something normal to me, he would say "no" to juvenile delinquency. rice field.
+He said "no" to many short-term marital relationships.
+He has only been married twice so far.
+Indeed, in his divorce papers, his first wife cited that he once threatened her with a knife and said he had always wondered what human flesh tasted like, but a bad marriage Then people say stupid things to each other in the middle of an argument. The marriage lasted 41 years.
+So every time he said something to me that wasn't supposed to be psychotic, I thought to myself, oh, I'm not going to put that in my book.
+And by becoming a psychopath spotter, I realized that I had become a bit of a psychopath.
+Because I was desperate to put him in a box labeled "Psychopath".
+I was desperate to define him by his craziest edge.
+And God, I realized that this is what I've been doing for 20 years.
+That's what all journalists do.
+We travel the world with notepads and wait for gems.
+And gemstones are always the outermost aspect of an interviewee's personality.
+And sew them together like medieval monks, leaving the normal ones on the floor.
+And as you know, this country is a country that massively overdiagnoses certain mental disorders.
+Childhood Bipolar Disorder -- Children as young as four years old are classified as bipolar because they have tantrums and score high on the Bipolar Checklist.
+When I got back to London, I got a call from Tony.
+He said, "Why didn't you return the phone?"
+I said, "Well, they say you're a psychopath."
+And he said, "I'm not a psychopath."
+He said, 'Did you know?
+One checklist item is lack of remorse, but another checklist item is crafty and manipulative.
+So when you say you regret your crimes, they say, "It's typical of psychopaths to artfully say you're sorry when you don't." It's like magic, it turns everything upside down. "
+"The court is coming up," he said.
+will you come "
+So I said okay.
+So I went to his court.
+And after 14 years on Broadmoor, they released him.
+They determined that he should not be detained indefinitely because he scored high on a checklist that could mean he had a higher than average chance of reoffending.
+So they let him go.
+And in the hallway outside he said to me, "You see, John?
+Everyone is a little psychopathic. "
+He said, "So do you, so am I. Well, obviously so am I."
+I said, "What are you going to do now?"
+"I'm going to Belgium," he said.
+There is a woman out there who cares.
+But she's married, so I need to get her to leave her husband. "
+(Laughter) Anyway, that was two years ago and that's where my book ended.
+And all was well for the last 20 months.
+Nothing bad happened.
+He lived with a girl in the suburbs of London.
+According to Scientologist Brian, he was trying to make up for lost time. It may sound ominous, but it's not necessarily ominous.
+Unfortunately, 20 months later he was again in jail for a month.
+He was involved in "a ruckus" at a bar, he called it.
+I ended up going to jail for a month. I know that's bad, but at least a month implies that whatever the ruckus was, it wasn't all that bad.
+And he called me.
+I think it's right that Tony misses.
+Because a person shouldn't be defined by their craziest edges.
+And who is Tony? He's a half-psychopath.
+In a world that doesn't like gray areas, he's a gray zone.
+But the gray area is where we feel the complexity.
+It's where you find humanity, where you find truth.
+And Tony said to me, "John, can I buy you a drink at the bar?"
+I want to thank you for everything you have done for me. "
+and i didn't go
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(Video) Newscaster: There's a road of great destruction here in town.
+...pull trees out of the ground, smash windows, strip roofs off houses...
+Katria O'Neal: It was me in front of my Monson, Massachusetts, house last June.
+After the EF3 tornado hit our town straight and blew off part of our roof, I decided to stay in Massachusetts instead of moving my stuff home that afternoon to continue with my master's program. .
+Morgan O'Neill: So on June 1st we weren't disaster experts, but on June 3rd we started faking it.
+This experience changed our lives and now we are about to change that experience.
+CO: So there are no tornadoes in Massachusetts. I was wisely standing in the front yard when the tornado came over the hill.
+After the streetlights passed me and my family dashed to the basement.
+Trees were thrown at the house and windows exploded.
+When I finally walked out the back door, I saw a transformer burning on the street.
+MO: I was here in Boston.
+I'm a PhD student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who happens to study atmospheric science.
+Actually, it's even weirder -- I was at the science museum playing with the tornado exhibit when the tornado happened -- (Laughter) and I missed her call.
+I got a call from Catria, heard the news, started following the radar online, and called my family back when another supercell was forming in their area.
+I drove home later that night with batteries and ice.
+We live across from a historic church that lost its very iconic steeple in a storm.
+Overnight it became a gathering place for the community.
+The city hall and police station were also hit, prompting people to flock to the church for help and information.
+CO: We heard there was hot food available, so we walked over to the church and found a problem when we arrived.
+In the center of the church stood several sweaty giants with chainsaws, but no one knew the extent of the damage yet, so they didn't know where to send them.
+As we watched, they got annoyed and left to find someone to help themselves.
+MO: So we started organizing. why? it had to be done.
+We found Pastor Bob and offered to provide some infrastructure for the response.
+I built a recovery machine using just two laptops and one air card.
+(Applause) CO: It was a tornado and people are heading to church to unload and do volunteer work.
+MO: People are donating clothes.
+We have to take inventory of the donations that are piling up here.
+CO: We also need a hotline. Can I make a Google Voice number?
+Mo: Right. And we need to tell people what not to bring.
+CO: Yes, but I don't even know which homes accept help.
+We need to recruit and send volunteers.
+MO: You have to tell people what they can't have.
+Hey, the news truck is here. tell them
+CO: Did you see my number on the news? No more freezers needed.
+(All) MO: Isn't it covered by insurance? CO: Will the juice box arrive within an hour?
+Together: Someone get me a post-it!
+(Laughter) CO: And then the rest of the community realized we had the answer.
+MO: You can donate 3 water heaters, but someone needs to come pick them up.
+CO: My car is in the living room!
+CO: My puppy is missing, but the chimney is not covered by insurance.
+MO: A group of 50 people at my church would like to live and eat for a week while the property is being repaired.
+CO: Yesterday you sent me to that spot on Washington Street, and now I'm covered in poison ivy.
+We had to learn how to answer questions quickly and solve problems in less than a minute. Otherwise, something more urgent will happen and it will not be completed.
+MO: We are not mandated by selection committees, emergency managers, or the United Way.
+We just started answering questions and making decisions because someone, everyone, had to.
+And why not me? I am the campaign organizer.
+I'm good at facebook.
+And I'm two
+(Laughter) CO: The point is that when there's a flood, a fire, a hurricane, you, or someone like you, pick yourself up and start organizing things.
+MO: After another 17-hour workday, Katria and I lay on the ground, emptying our pockets and trying to put dozens of pieces of paper into context. In other words, every piece of information you need to memorize and collate to help someone.
+After spending another day and showering at the shelter, we realized this wasn't too difficult.
+CO: In a country like ours where Wi-Fi is ubiquitous, it should be easy to harness the technology for a faster recovery.
+A system like the one we were creating on the fly could have existed in advance.
+And if any member of the community is in this organizational position every time disaster strikes, then these tools should be there.
+MO: So we decided to build them. It's a recovery in a box, something local organizers can deploy after any disaster.
+CO: I decided to stay in the country, give up my master's degree in Moscow and work full time to make this happen.
+Over the past year, we have become experts in the field of community-powered disaster recovery.
+And there are three main problems we observe with the current way things work.
+MO: Tools.
+Large aid organizations are an exception to the huge amount of money they spend after a disaster, but they often perform very specific tasks and then leave.
+Because of this, locals have to deal with thousands of volunteers and thousands of donations without any training or equipment.
+So they use post-its, Excel and Facebook.
+However, these tools cannot evaluate the high-priority information among all photos and wishes.
+Ko: It's timing.
+Political campaigns have no interest and no ability to act on them.
+Build both gradually until the moment when mobilization peaks at election time.
+But when disaster strikes, at first it's all about interest and no ability at all.
+And you only have about 7 days to get 50 percent of all web searches ever made to help your area.
+Then, when any sporting event occurs, we only have the resources we have gathered so far to meet our recovery needs for the next five years.
+This is Katrina's slide.
+This is the Joplin curve.
+This is the Dallas tornado curve in April that introduced the software.
+There is a gap here.
+Affected households must wait for an insurance adjuster visit before they can begin accepting property assistance.
+And there's only four days of interest in Dallas.
+Mo: Data.
+The data are inherently unattractive, but they can drive regional recovery.
+FEMA and the state will pay 85% of the cost of a federally declared disaster, and the town will pay the remaining 15%.
+The cost can be enormous, but if the town can mobilize X volunteers in Y hours, the dollar value of the labor used goes towards contributing to the town.
+But who knows?
+Now imagine the sinking feeling when you just sent out 2,000 volunteers and you can't prove it.
+CO: Those are three problems with a common solution.
+If we can get the right tools at the right time to those who inevitably rise up and start rebuilding their communities, we can create a new standard in disaster recovery.
+MO: The canvas creation tool, donation database, needs reporting, remote volunteer access, all had to be on an easy-to-use website.
+CO: And we needed help.
+Our software engineer and co-founder Alvin built these tools.
+Chris and Bill have taken their time to leverage operations and partnerships.
+And since January of this year, we've been flying to disaster areas, setting up software, training residents, and licensing software to communities that are preparing for disasters.
+MO: One of our first launches was after the Dallas tornado in April of this year.
+We flew into towns with static, outdated websites and overzealous Facebook feeds to try and build a response and launch a platform.
+We got all the attention in the first four days, but by that point the need had arisen before we lost the news cycle. Still, there were vast resources that people could provide that could meet their needs. needs of residents.
+CO: It works well, but it could be better.
+Emergency preparedness is very important in disaster recovery as it increases the safety and resilience of the town.
+Imagine if we could have these systems ready for use before disaster strikes.
+That's what we're working on.
+We are committed to distributing this software so that people can expect it, and so that they know how to use it and are pre-filled with micro-information that facilitates recovery.
+MO: It's not rocket science.
+In our hometown, Catria and I live here in Boston, so we've trained six residents to run these web tools themselves.
+They quickly accepted it and now they are a force of nature.
+Since June 1st last year, more than three volunteer groups have been working almost every day to help these residents get what they need and make sure they get home.
+They have hotlines, spreadsheets and data.
+CO: That's what makes the difference.
+June 1st of this year marked the first anniversary of the Monzon Tornado. Our community has never been more connected and empowered.
+Similar changes could be seen in Texas and Alabama.
+Because there is no need for Harvard University or Massachusetts Institute of Technology to rush to solve problems after a disaster. Local is required.
+No matter how good aid organizations are doing, they will eventually have to go home.
+But if you give locals the tools and show them what they can do to recover, they become experts.
+(Applause) Mo: Okay. Alright, let's go.
+(applause)
+Find out why hearing is so important to Alaska Natives by listening to sounds.
+Deafness makes the field fishing, caribou hunting, and berry picking that are central to Alaskan Native culture difficult.
+Hearing loss is not unique to rural Alaska.
+it's global.
+The Global Burden of Disease Project estimates that 1.1 billion people worldwide live with hearing loss.
+That's more than the entire population here in Sub-Saharan Africa.
+Over 80% live in low- and middle-income countries, many without hearing care.
+The impact on people's lives is enormous.
+Anuk is a 3 year old boy I treated in Alaska.
+The ear infection started when he was just four months old.
+His parents took him to the clinic, worried that he would speak less than his siblings.
+As expected, the hearing loss was the result of repeated infections.
+Without treatment, Anouk's speech will continue to be delayed.
+They perform poorly in school, have poor job prospects, and are more likely to experience social isolation.
+But it doesn't have to be this way.
+The World Health Organization estimates that half of the world's hearing loss is preventable.
+If Anuk's hearing loss is identified and treated promptly, his life and the opportunities he will have as he grows up can be very different.
+I am an ear surgeon working with partners around the world to research new ways to prevent hearing loss.
+This solution came out of a collaboration with a tribal health organization called Norton Sound Health Corporation.
+Assessment of hearing loss traditionally required an examination by an audiologist in a soundproof room with many permanent fixtures.
+An ear surgeon then examines Anuk's ear under a microscope and decides on a treatment plan.
+These resources are not available for remote configuration.
+In a state where 75% of communities are not connected by road to hospitals, expensive flights are required.
+To overcome these barriers, Alaska has developed a state-of-the-art telemedicine system that connects more than 250 village clinics with specialists to triage health issues of all kinds.
+A colleague of mine validated that ear-related telemedicine consultations are equivalent to face-to-face consultations.
+In 2016, 91 percent of patients receiving specialist telemedicine in the Norton Sound area were banned from travel.
+Telemedicine has saved over 18 million in transportation costs over the past 15 years in this one region.
+Our team is taking the power of telemedicine to new levels through a project funded by the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute.
+For the first time, we are combining telemedicine and mobile screening technology to expand the reach of expert triage beyond the point of care.
+Developed in South Africa, this cell-based screen costs more than 10 times less than traditional equipment and does not require extensive training.
+When I examine Anuk in school, I use sound-attenuating headphones and noise monitoring instead of a sound booth, and a phone adapter instead of a microscope to examine his ears.
+Screening and imaging in minutes.
+Alaskan telemedicine technology is then applied to transmit the data to specialists, who connect Anuk to the treatment he needs.
+Our team is starting a randomized trial in 15 communities along the Bering Sea to study how effective this intervention is.
+Our goal is to prevent childhood hearing loss throughout Alaska.
+But this concept is much bigger than a single nation.
+The impact is global.
+Mobile telemedicine has the potential to revolutionize access to healthcare.
+In Malawi, for example, there are only 2 ear surgeons and 11 audiologists for a population of 17 million.
+This technology could enable teachers and community health workers to provide access to care for children in places like Malawi.
+At scale globally, the power of mobile phones alone has the potential to transform the lives of children who previously had no access to hearing care.
+It's time to change the policy on preventable hearing loss.
+Anuk and countless children like him count on us.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I'd like to talk about what the open source programming world can teach us about democracy, but before I do, a little preface.
+Start here.
+Martha Payne. Martha is a nine-year-old Scotsman who lives in Argyll and Bute Council.
+A few months ago, Payne started a food blog called "NeverSeconds," which she used to bring her camera to school every day to record school lunches.
+Can you find vegetables? (Laughter.) And, as happens sometimes, this blog got dozens of readers first, then hundreds, then thousands. People got to watch her rate her school lunches, and that included my favorite category, "Pieces of." Hair is included in food. (laughs) Today was zero day. that's good.
+And two weeks ago yesterday she posted this.
+A post that says "Goodbye".
+She then said, "I'm sorry to say this, but today the principal pulled me out of class and told me that I was no longer allowed to take pictures in the lunchroom.
+I really enjoyed doing this.
+thank you for reading. good bye. "
+Can you imagine what happened next? (Laughter) The outrage was so rapid, so massive, so unanimous that the Argyll Butte Council reversed course that same day, saying, "We does, we will never censor a 9-year-old." (Laughter) Of course, this morning is different. (Laughter) This begs the question, why did they think they could get away with that? (Laughter) The answer is all of human history.
+(Laughter) So what happens when the media suddenly comes out with a bunch of new ideas?
+Now, this is not just a contemporary issue.
+This is what we have faced several times over the last few centuries.
+When the telegraph appeared, it was clear that the news industry was going global.
+What will this bring?
+Well, it is clear that it will lead to world peace.
+Television is a medium that allows us to literally see, not just hear, what is happening elsewhere in the world, but what does this bring?
+world peace. (Laughter) Phone?
+As you can imagine, world peace.
+Sorry for the spoiler alert, but there is no world peace. not yet.
+Even the printing press was considered a tool to enforce Catholic intellectual supremacy over Europe.
+What we got instead was Martin Luther's 95 Theses, the Protestant Reformation and, you know, the Thirty Years' War. Now, all of these predictions about world peace have come true: when many new ideas suddenly come into the world, they change society.
+What they did exactly wrong was what happened next.
+The more ideas in circulation, the more ideas individuals disagree with.
+More media always means more discussion.
+This is what happens when the sphere of media expands.
+Still, a look back at the early printing presses tells us what happened.
+We are a printing promotion organization.
+So how do you resolve those two things, lead to more discussion, but think it's a good thing?
+And I think the answer can be found in something like this.
+It was the cover of the first English-language scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, in the mid-1600s, and was created by a group of people who called themselves "The Invisible College," a group of natural philosophers. . They only later called themselves scientists and wanted to improve the way natural philosophers argued with each other.
+They needed openness. They had to create a norm that when they conducted an experiment they had to publish not only their claims but also how they did it.
+We can't trust you unless you tell us how you did it.
+But the other thing they needed was speed.
+They had to quickly synchronize what other natural philosophers knew. Otherwise, the correct discussion cannot proceed.
+The printing press was clearly the right medium for this, but the book was the wrong tool. It was too late.
+So they invented scientific journals as a way of synchronizing discussions across the community of natural scientists.
+The scientific revolution was not created by the printing press.
+It was created by scientists, but it could not have been created without the tool of the printing press.
+What about us? What about our generation and the media revolution, the Internet?
+Well, a prophecy of world peace? check. (laughter) More discussion? A gold star for that one. (Laughter) (Laughter) So YouTube is a real treasure trove. (Laughter) Should we discuss it? That's the problem.
+So I study social media. So, broadly speaking, you're observing people arguing.
+And if I had to choose a group that I think would be our Invisible College, a group of people of our generation who would use these tools not for more discussion, but for better discussion. is a bunch of people using and looking to leverage it, and I'd opt for open-source programmers.
+Programming is a three-way relationship between the programmer, the source code, and the computer on which it runs. However, computers are notoriously inflexible in their interpretation of instructions, so it's very difficult to write out a sequence of instructions that a computer knows how to do. If it does, it's written by one person.
+With multiple people, it is very easy for two programmers to overwrite each other's work if they are working on the same file, or to send incompatible instructions that simply halt the computer. , which magnifies this problem. The more programmers involved, the better.
+The first problem in managing large software projects is how to contain this social chaos.
+Well, for decades the standard solution to this problem is to use what is called a "version control system", and version control systems do literally that.
+Provide a legitimate copy of the software somewhere on your server.
+The only programmers who can change it are those who have been specifically granted permission to access that programmer, and only those subsections of the programmer who have permission to do so.
+And when I draw a diagram of a version control system, the diagram always looks like this:
+have understood. It looks like an organizational chart.
+And you don't need to squint to understand the political implications of a system like this.
+This is feudalism. One owner, many workers.
+Now, this is fine for the commercial software industry.
+It's just Microsoft's Office. Adobe's Photoshop.
+A company owns the software.
+Programmers come and go.
+However, there was one programmer who decided that this was not the way to work.
+Linus Torvalds.
+Torvalds is the most famous open source programmer, apparently the creator of Linux, and he looked at how the open source movement has addressed this issue.
+The core promise of open source software, open source licenses, is to ensure that all source code is always accessible to everyone, but of course, this creates the very threat of chaos. You have to dodge before you can get anything. work.
+As a result, most open source projects have silently adopted feudal management systems.
+But Mr. Torvalds said, "No, I don't mean that."
+His views on this were very clear.
+When you adopt a tool, you also adopt the management philosophy embedded in that tool. He wasn't going to adopt something that wouldn't work with the Linux community's way of doing things.
+To give you an idea of ​​how big a decision such as this was, this is a map of the internal dependencies within Linux, the Linux operating system. It shows which subparts of the program depend on which other subparts to start working.
+This is a very complicated process.
+It's a very complicated program, but for years Torvalds ran it from his e-mail box without the use of automated tools.
+People would literally email him agreed-upon changes and he would manually merge them.
+And 15 years after exploring Linux and understanding how the community works, he said, "I feel like I know how to write a version control system for free people."
+And he called it "Git". Git is distributed version control.
+There are two major differences from traditional version control systems.
+First, it lives up to the philosophical promise of open source. Everyone involved in the project always has access to all source code.
+When drawing a diagram of your Git workflow, use a diagram like this:
+Also, you don't have to figure out what the circles, boxes, and arrows mean, but you'll find that this is a much more complicated way of working than what your typical version control system supports.
+But it also brings back the chaos, and it's Git's second big innovation.
+Here's a screenshot from GitHub, the leading Git hosting service. Git creates this kind of signature every time a programmer uses Git to make a significant change, such as creating a new file, modifying an existing file, or merging two files.
+This long string of numbers and letters is a unique identifier associated with all changes, but without a central alignment.
+All Git systems generate this number the same way. This means that this is a signature directly and unforgeably associated with a particular modification.
+This has the following effects: Edinburgh programmers and Entebbe programmers both get the same thing: the same copy of the software.
+Each can make changes and merge them after the fact, even if they weren't aware of each other's existence beforehand.
+This is cooperation without coordination.
+This is the big change.
+Now, I don't tell you all this to convince open source programmers that it's great to have tools that support their philosophical way of working, but I thinks that's great.
+I bring all this to you because I think this means what it means for the way communities come together.
+When Git allows collaboration without coordination, very large and complex communities will form.
+This is the graph of the Ruby community.
+It's an open source programming language and all interconnections between people. This is not a software graph, but a people graph, all the interconnections between people working on a project. And this doesn't look like: Organization chart.
+It looks like an internal org chart, but we can now use these tools to create something together, albeit outside of this community.
+So there are two good reasons to think that this kind of approach can be applied to democracy in general and to law in particular.
+In fact, this is the usual response I get when I claim that something on the internet is good for democracy.
+(music) (laughter) Are you talking about the singing cat? Do you think it's good for society?
+All I have to say is the following about singing cats. It happens all the time.
+And this doesn't mean it will always happen on the internet, it means it will always happen in the media.
+After the rise of the commercial press, it didn't take long before someone realized that erotic novels were a good idea. (Laughter) You don't have to have a financial incentive to sell a book all the time until someone says, "Hey, you know what people pay for?" (Laughter) It took another 150 years for people to think about scientific journals, right? It was important in the early 1990s, but it didn't happen on a large scale, and it didn't happen right away. Change happens quickly, so if you're looking for where it's happening, you need to look at the white space.
+So the law is also concerned with dependencies.
+This is a chart showing US tax laws and the dependence of one law on the other for their overall impact.
+There is it as a site for source code control.
+But there's also the fact that law is another place where a lot of opinions circulate, but they have to be resolved to one canonical copy, and if you go to GitHub and look around, you'll find millions of projects. exists. It's all source code, but if you look around, you'll see people experimenting with the political implications of such a system.
+Someone has published all the Wikileaked cables from the State Department and the software used to interpret them. Among them is my all-time favorite cable gate telegraph. This is a tool for detecting naturally occurring haiku in State Department prose.
+(laughs) Yes. (Laughter) The New York State Senate, also for all reasons of update and fluidity, enacted something called the Open Legislation, which is also hosted on GitHub.
+Select a senator to see a list of bills proposed by that senator.
+Someone calling themselves Divegeek has published the Utah Code, a law of Utah. They published it there not only for distributing the code, but with the very interesting possibility that this could be used to further development. law.
+At last year's Senate copyright debate, someone presented the tool and said, "It's strange that Hollywood has more access to Canadian legislators than Canadians. Why don't you show them the It seems? "
+And also includes this very evocative screenshot.
+This is what is called a "diff" and is the one on the right here.
+This will show you when a change was made, who made the change, and what the change was for text that many people are editing.
+Those in red have been deleted.
+Green ones are additions.
+Programmers take this feature for granted.
+No democracy anywhere in the world, either in law or budget, provides this function to the people, even if it is done with our consent and with our money. is not.
+Now, I would love to share the fact that open source programmers have created a way of working together that is large scale, decentralized, low cost, and consistent with democratic ideals. Innovation is inevitable when the tools are in place. But it's not.
+Of course, part of the problem is simply lack of information.
+Someone posted on Quora, "Why don't legislators use distributed version control?"
+Graphically speaking, this was the answer. (Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) That's part of the problem, but only part of it.
+The bigger issue, of course, is power.
+Those who experiment with participation do not have legislative power, and those who have legislative power do not experiment with participation.
+They are experimenting with openness.
+Nothing deserves the name of a democracy without a commitment to transparency, but transparency is one-way openness, and being given a dashboard without handles is the core of what a democracy does to its citizens. It's never a promise.
+So let's consider this.
+It was technology that popularized Martha Payne's opinion, but it was political will that sustained it.
+The public expected her not to be censored.
+These collaboration tools are now in this state.
+we have them we've seen them they work
+Can I use it?
+Can the techniques that worked here be applied to this?
+T.S. Eliot once said, "One of the most important things that can happen to a culture is its acquisition of a new form of prose."
+I think that's wrong, but -- (laughs) I think it's a valid argument. right?
+A significant thing that can happen to a culture is the acquisition of new styles of argumentation, such as jury trials, voting, and peer review. right?
+In fact, new forms of argument have been invented in our lifetimes, the last decade.
+It is large, decentralized, low cost, and compatible with democratic ideals.
+The question for us now is, can we keep it a secret from our programmers?
+Or are we going to try to make it useful to society as a whole?
+Thank you for listening. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. thank you. (applause)
+Unfortunately, I'm one of the speakers you hope you won't see at TED.
+First, I don't have a cell phone, so I'm on the safe side.
+Second, a political theorist talking about the crisis of democracy is probably not the most exciting subject you can think of.
+Besides, I'm not going to answer you anything.
+I am just trying to add more to some of the questions we are discussing.
+And one thing that makes me wonder is the expectation, which is very common these days, that transparency and openness can restore trust in democratic institutions.
+There is another reason why you doubt me.
+Folks, the TED Church is a very optimistic community.
+(Laughter) Basically you believe in complexity, but you don't believe in ambiguity.
+As you said, I'm Bulgarian.
+And surveys mark us as the most pessimistic people in the world.
+(Laughter.) The Economist recently wrote an article about one of the recent studies on happiness. Its title was "Happy, Unhappy and Bulgarian".
+(Laughter) Now that you know what to expect, let me tell you the story.
+And today is a rainy election day in a small country. It may be my country, it may be your country.
+And it rained until 4pm, so no one went to the polls.
+But then the rain stopped and people went to vote.
+After the votes were counted, three-quarters of the people voted blank.
+Both the government and the opposition have simply been paralyzed.
+Because we know what to do about protests.
+I know who to arrest and who to negotiate with.
+But what about those who vote with blank votes?
+So the government decided to hold another election.
+And this time, even more people, 83 percent, voted blank.
+Basically they went to the ballot box and told them there was no one to vote for.
+This is the beginning of a beautiful novel called "Seeing" by José Saramago.
+But in my opinion, this very well captures some of the problems of modern European democracy.
+At some level, no one doubts that democracy is the best form of government.
+Democracy is the only game in this city.
+The problem is that many are beginning to believe that this is not a game worth playing.
+Over the past three decades, political scientists have observed that voter turnout in elections has continued to decline, and those expected to benefit most from voting are those who are least interested in voting. I was.
+I mean the unemployed, the disadvantaged.
+And this is the big question.
+Because I can see that trust in politics, trust in democratic institutions has really been destroyed, especially in this time of economic crisis.
+According to the latest survey conducted by the European Commission, 89% of Europeans believe that there is a widening gap between the views of policy makers and the public.
+Only 18 percent of Italians and 15 percent of Greeks believe their vote matters.
+Basically people are beginning to understand that you can change the government, but you can't change the policies.
+And the question I want to ask is: Why do we live in a much freer society than ever before? We have more rights, can travel easier, and have access to more information. At the same time that trust in our democratic institutions basically collapsed?
+Basically what I want to ask is what has worked and what has gone wrong in the last 50 years when talking about democracy.
+And start with what works.
+And the first ones that worked, of course, were these five revolutions, which, in my view, profoundly changed the way we lived and deepened our experience of democracy.
+The first was the cultural and social revolution of the 1968-1970s, which put the individual at the center of politics.
+It was a human rights moment.
+Basically this was also an epidemic, a hitherto unknown culture of dissent, basically a culture of misfit.
+So I believe even those are just 68 year olds. Yet most of us weren't born then.
+But then came the market revolution of the 1980s.
+And despite many on the left trying to hate it, the truth is that it was precisely the market revolution that sent the message that "government knows better."
+And a more choice-driven society will emerge.
+And, of course, 1989 is the end of communism, the end of the Cold War.
+It was the birth of the global world.
+And there is also the Internet.
+And it's not this kind of audience that I'm trying to preach about how the internet has empowered people.
+It changed the way we communicated and basically made us look at politics.
+The very idea of ​​the political community has completely changed.
+And I would like to mention one more revolution. This is a revolution in brain science and has completely changed the way people understand how they make decisions.
+This worked for me.
+But when you think about what went wrong, you end up repeating the same five revolutions.
+Because first there was the cultural and social revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, which in a sense destroyed the concept of collective purpose.
+All these collective nouns that we have been taught are the very concepts of nation, class and family.
+Even if we are married, we start to prefer to get divorced.
+All these were very under attack.
+And it is very difficult to get people involved in politics who believe that what really matters is their own position.
+And then there is the market revolution of the 1980s and a massive increase in inequality in society.
+Recall that until the 1970s, the spread of democracy was always accompanied by a reduction in inequality.
+The more democratized our society has become, the more equal it has become.
+Now we see the opposite trend.
+The current spread of democracy goes hand in hand with widening inequalities.
+I find this very disturbing when we talk about what is going on and what is wrong with democracy these days.
+And if you go to 1989 - which basically no one will criticize - many will say, ``Look, it was the end of the Cold War that tore the social contract among the elites. ”And people in Western Europe too. "
+When the Soviet Union still existed, the rich and powerful needed their people because they were afraid of them.
+Now the elite are basically liberated.
+they are very mobile. You can't tax them.
+And basically they are not afraid of people.
+The result is a very strange situation in which the elite is basically out of voter control.
+So it's no coincidence that voters are no longer interested in voting.
+When we talk about the Internet, yes, it has brought us all together, but we also know that the Internet has created echo chambers and political ghettos where you can stay in your political community for life. .
+And it's getting harder and harder to understand people who aren't like you.
+I know a lot of people here have spoken brilliantly about the digital world and the possibilities of cooperation, but have you seen what the digital world has brought to American politics these days?
+This is partly the result of the internet revolution.
+This is the flip side of what we love.
+And when it comes to brain science, what political consultants learned from brain scientists is don't talk to me about ideas anymore, don't talk to me about policy programs.
+What really matters is basically manipulating people's emotions.
+And you have this so strongly that when we talk about revolutions these days, these revolutions are no longer named according to ideologies or ideas.
+Previously, revolutions had ideological names.
+They could be communists, they could be liberals, they could be fascists or Islamists.
+Revolution is now invoked under the most used medium.
+There's the Facebook revolution, there's the Twitter revolution.
+The content no longer matters, the problem is the media.
+I say this because one of my key points is what worked and what didn't.
+And as we are now trying to figure out how we can change the situation, basically what we can do about democracy, we should keep this ambiguity in mind. must be
+Because perhaps some of the things we love most are also the things that can hurt us the most.
+These days, it is very common to believe that this combination of transparency, active citizens, new technology, and more transparent legislation can restore trust in politics.
+With these new technologies and people ready to use them, it will be much harder for governments to lie, even harder for them to steal, and perhaps even harder for governments. you believe to kill them.
+This is probably true.
+But I believe that when we put transparency at the center of our politics, we also have to be clear that the message is "Transparency is stupid."
+Transparency is not about restoring trust in an organization.
+Transparency is the management of political mistrust.
+We assume that society is built on mistrust.
+By the way, mistrust has always been very important for democracy.
+This is why checks and balances exist.
+This is basically why there is a creative mistrust between delegates and the people they represent.
+But if politics is just the management of mistrust—and I am very happy that '1984' is mentioned—then '1984' is turned upside down.
+Instead of Big Brother watching over you, we will be Big Brother watching the political class.
+But is this the ideal of a free society?
+For example, if you really believe that politics is also about managing distrust, can you imagine that decent, civic and talented people will stand for election?
+Aren't you afraid of all these technologies tracking every word a politician makes on a particular issue? Aren't you afraid this will be a very strong signal for politicians to repeat their position? Are you taking the wrong position because consistency becomes more important than common sense?
+And, Americans in this room, are you afraid that the president will rule on what he said in the primaries?
+I feel this is very important because democracy is about people changing their opinions based on rational discussion and argument.
+And we can lose this by the very lofty idea of ​​holding the people accountable to show that they will not tolerate the opportunism of politicians.
+So for me this is very important.
+And I believe that perhaps when we discuss politics these days, it makes sense to look at these kinds of stories as well.
+But let's not forget that any announcement is veiled.
+No matter how much our government wants transparency, it will be transparent selectively.
+In a small country, which is mine, and which may be yours, we have made the decision to make all government decisions and ministerial discussions public. This is a real case. It was published online 24 hours after the parliamentary debate took place.
+And the public was very supportive of it.
+So I had the opportunity to speak with the Prime Minister about why this decision was made.
+He said, "Listen, this is the best way to shut my pastors down.
+Because it will be very difficult for them to speak out when they know that this case will be open to the public in 24 hours and will be a political crisis in some ways. "
+So I really believe that when we talk about transparency, when we talk about openness, what we should keep in mind is what worked and what didn't.
+And this is Goethe, who is neither a Bulgarian nor a political scientist, but he said several centuries ago, "Where there is much light, there is great shadow."
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I want to talk about how to build and rebuild trust. Because trust is the foundation of everything we do, and I believe that if we can learn to trust each other more, humanity can make unprecedented progress.
+But what happens when trust is broken?
+What would you do if your CEO was caught on video disrespecting your employees?
+What if your employees experience a culture of bias, exclusion, or even worse?
+What if a data breach occurs and it feels more like a cover-up than a serious deal?
+And most tragically, what happens when technology failures lead to loss of life?
+If I had given this talk six months ago, I would have worn an Uber t-shirt.
+I'm a professor at Harvard Business School, and I was very drawn to go to an organization that was on fire figuratively and perhaps literally.
+I read everything in the newspapers and that was exactly what drew me to this organization.
+This was an organization that lost trust with all its important constituents.
+But there are words I have to share about myself.
+My favorite attribute is redemption.
+I believe there are better versions of us around every corner. I have also witnessed first-hand how organizations, communities and individuals change at breathtaking speed.
+I took an Uber. I was hopeful that an upturn there might give permission to the rest of us with narrower agendas.
+But when I joined Uber, I made a big mistake.
+I promised to wear an Uber T-shirt every day until everyone else was wearing an Uber T-shirt.
+I obviously didn't give it much thought.
+(Laughter) I've been wearing an Uber T-shirt for 250 days.
+Now I have been released from that obligation and returned to HBS. And what I want to do is share with you how far I have taken that freedom. It's still a small step (laughs), but I just want to say this. I'm on my way
+(Laughter) Now, believe me, if you're going to rebuild it, you've got to understand its components.
+The building blocks of trust are very well understood.
+Trust has three points.
+You are much more likely to trust me if I feel real.
+If you feel my logic is really rigorous, you are much more likely to trust me.
+And if you believe my empathy is directed at you, you are much more likely to trust me.
+When all three are working, we have a lot of confidence.
+But trust is threatened when any of these three are shaken.
+Well, what I want to do is:
+I want each of us to be able to create more trust tomorrow, literally tomorrow, than we do today.
+The way to do that is to understand where your own trust is faltering and have a ready-made prescription for overcoming it.
+So I would like to work together.
+Can you tell me a little bit about whether you're here voluntarily?
+(Laughter) Right. OK. are you OK. wonderful.
+OK. So -- (laughter) very helpful feedback.
+(Laughter.) So the most common wobble is empathy.
+The most common upset is that people don't believe we're meant for ourselves and that we're too self-centered.
+No wonder.
+We're all so busy with so many demands on our time that it's easy to rob us of the time and space needed for empathy.
+For Dylan to be Dylan, we need real-time time.
+And for us, with too much to do, that time may run out.
+But we get stuck in a vicious circle because not revealing empathy makes everything difficult.
+If you don't question trust, everything becomes difficult, you have less and less time to empathize, and it becomes so.
+So here's the prescription: Identify where, when, and who can distract you.
+It should almost perfectly track when, where and for whom you may withhold empathy.
+And if, in such cases, we can come up with something that triggers us to look up, to look at the people in front of us, to listen to them, to be deeply immersed in their point of view, then we have a firm conviction. you can get a chance. foot of empathy.
+If you have nothing else to do, put your cell phone away.
+It's the biggest distraction magnet yet to be made, and it's very difficult to generate empathy and trust in its presence.
+In doing so, you can soften the emotions that sway empathy.
+There are two forms of logic wobble.
+It's either the quality of logic or the ability to convey logic.
+Now, if the quality of your logic is in jeopardy, I can't help you with that.
+(Laughter) I don't think it will take that long.
+(Laughter) Fortunately, though, our logic is often sound, but our ability to communicate that logic is often at stake.
+Luckily there is a very easy fix for this.
+Nonsense when you consider that there are two ways to communicate in the world, and Harvard Business School professors are known for being 2 by 2. Triangles are important.
+(Laughter) I think there are two ways of communicating in the world. The first is to take us on a journey. It's an epic journey full of twists and turns, mystery and drama until you finally get to the heart of the matter. , and some of the world's best communicators communicate exactly this way.
+But if the logic is shaky, this is very dangerous.
+So instead, start with your main point in a concise half-sentence, and then present your supporting evidence.
+This means people have access to our great ideas. And just as important, if it disconnects before it's done...
+Women -- (laughter) (applause) Even if it gets cut off before it's finished, you still get credit for the idea, as opposed to someone else coming in and taking the idea from you.
+(Applause) I got goosebumps.
+(Laughter) The third wobble is reliability, which I find the most annoying.
+We humans can literally instantly sniff out whether a person is truly who they really are.
+So in many ways the prescription is clear.
+Don't want to shake your credibility? be you
+wonderful.
+And when someone similar to you is nearby, it's very easy to do.
+But if you express some difference, the prescription for “be yourself” can be very difficult.
+At every stage of my career, I have been tempted, personally and by the guidance of others, to silence who I am in the world.
+I am a woman with very strong opinions and really deep convictions and outspoken.
+I have an amazing wife and we have some very crazy ambitions together.
+I like men's clothing and comfortable shoes.
+Thank you Allbirds.
+(Laughter) In some situations, this makes me different.
+I hope that each person here has the beautiful luxury of expressing their difference in some context of their lives.
+But with that privilege comes a very sincere temptation to hold back who you are. If you hold back who you are, you are less likely to be trusted.
+And the less likely you are to be trusted, the less likely you are to be given unreasonable assignments.
+And without these unreasonable duties, the chances of promotion are low, repeated, and eventually severely depressed by senior executive demographic trends.
+(Laughter) And it all comes back to us being who we are.
+So here is my advice.
+Wear whatever makes you feel great.
+Pay less attention to what people want to hear from you, and more attention to what your authentically awesome self needs to say.
+And, leaders out there, it is your duty to set the conditions that not only make it safe for us to be authentic, but that we welcome it, celebrate it, and value it for who we are. Yes, and that's the key to us that it's possible to do better than we ever knew.
+Now, back to Uber. What happened with Uber?
+Uber was rocking all over the place when I got there.
+Empathy, logic, and credibility all teetered like crazy.
+However, we were able to find a very effective and quick solution to the two wobbles.
+Give an example of empathy.
+In Uber meetings, it was not uncommon for people to text each other...
+about the meeting.
+(Laughter) I had never seen anything like it.
+(Laughter.) It might have accomplished a lot, but it didn't create a safe, empathetic environment.
+But the solution is very clear. Technology, off and away.
+So people had to look up, stare at the people in front of them, listen to their opinions, immerse themselves in their perspectives, and collaborate in unprecedented ways.
+Logic was similarly unstable. This was because the organization's rapid growth meant employees and managers were promoted again and again.
+Soon they were put in a completely irrelevant position.
+Their position was above their capabilities, but it wasn't their fault.
+The solution is a mass influx of executive education focused specifically on logic, strategy and leadership.
+It gave people a rigorous quality of logic and turned a lot of triangles right around so people could communicate effectively with each other.
+As for the last credibility, I'd say it's still pretty shaky, but honestly, it doesn't make Uber much different than every other company I've seen in Silicon Valley and beyond.
+Teaching people to adapt is still much easier.
+It's much easier to reward them when they say what you meant to say than to reward them when they say something completely different than what you meant to say.
+But when we understand this, how we celebrate difference, and how people bring the best version of themselves forward, that's the world I want my sons to grow up in. is.
+And it is an honor, with those assembled here, to take arms with you and move forward to rebuild trust in every corner of the globe.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+One of my favorite words in the entire Oxford English Dictionary is "snollygoster". Because it sounds so good.
+And Snollygoster means "dishonest politician".
+A 19th-century newspaper editor better defined the term, and some said, "A haughty goster is one who seeks and wins office regardless of party, platform, or cause." It's about someone who gets there by monumental force." "
+(Laughter) Now, I have no idea what a "tokunological" is.
+I think it has something to do with language.
+But we know that language is very important at the heart of politics, and that every politician must strive to control language.
+For example, it wasn't until 1771 that the British Parliament allowed newspapers to accurately report the words spoken in the deliberative chambers.
+And this was in fact due to the courage of the man who stood in Congress with the extraordinary name of Bras Crosby.
+And although he was thrown into the Tower of London and imprisoned, he was brave enough, brave enough to fight them, and eventually became a very popular following in London. and won.
+And it was only a few years later that the phrase "bold as brass" was first recorded.
+Most people think it's because of the metal.
+No; that is the responsibility of the free press activists.
+But to really illustrate how language and politics interact, I want to go back to the United States shortly after it achieved independence.
+And they had to face the question of what to call their leader, George Washington.
+they didn't know.
+What do you call the leader of a republic?
+And this has been debated in Congress for many years.
+And there were all sorts of suggestions on the table that could have been successful.
+Some wanted to call him "Lord Washington", some called him "His Highness George Washington", others called him "Washington, Defender of Liberties for the People of the United States". .
+Not so catchy.
+Some people just wanted to call him king, but it was tried and tested.
+They had the idea that they could be elected kings for a fixed term, not even a monarchy.
+And you know, it could have worked.
+And this discussion went on for three weeks, so everyone got really bored.
+I read the diary of this poor senator who kept repeating, "Still on this subject."
+And the reason for the delay and boredom was that the House was against the Senate.
+The House didn't want Washington to get drunk with power.
+They didn't want to call him "King" in case they gave him an idea or an idea of ​​a successor.
+So they wanted to give him the humblest, meanest, most pathetic title imaginable.
+And the title is...
+(Laughter) "President." They didn't invent the title.
+That is, it existed before, but it simply meant someone who presided over a meeting.
+It was like being the head of a jury.
+And it wasn't as grand as the words "foreman" or "supervisor."
+There were occasional presidents of small colonial councils and dignitaries of government, but they held no real office.
+That is why the Senate opposed it.
+They said, "That's ridiculous! You can't call him 'president'." This man has to go and sign a treaty and meet a foreign dignitary.
+Who would take him seriously if he had a ridiculous little title like 'President of the United States'? "
+(Laughter.) And after three weeks of debate, the Senate finally gave up.
+Instead, they agreed to use the title "President" for the time being.
+But they also, out of a fair respect for the opinions and practices of civilized nations, whether in republican or monarchical forms of government, respect themselves for the opinions and practices of civilized nations which they are accustomed to annex through their institutions of government. I also wanted to absolutely retract that we did not agree. Chief Justice, a fine title—not a bloody “President.”
+And the emergence of a singularity in foreign exchanges may not undermine the dignity of the American people, which means we don't want to be seen as bloody weirdos.
+From here we can see three interesting things.
+First of all, and this is my favorite, as far as I know, the Senate has never formally recognized the title of President.
+President Barack Obama is on time and is just waiting for Senate action.
+(Laughter) The next thing we learn is that when the government says this is a temporary measure, (Laughter) we can still wait 223 years.
+But the third thing you learn, and this is a really important point, and one I'd like to leave here, is that the title "President of the United States" doesn't sound humble at all. Is that true these days?
+It has to do with just over 5,000 nuclear warheads at his disposal, the world's largest economy, and a fleet of drones.
+Reality and history have given the title its grandeur.
+And in the end, the Senate won.
+They earned a prestigious title.
+And also another concern of the Senate, the emergence of the singularity -- well, at the time it was the singularity.
+But do you know how many countries have presidents now?
+One hundred and forty seven.
+It's all because they want to sound like the guy with 5,000 nuclear warheads.
+In the end, the Senate won and the House lost.
+Because no one is so humbled to be told that they are the President of the United States.
+That's the important lesson I can teach you, and that's the lesson I want to leave you with.
+Politicians choose and use words to try to shape and control reality, but in reality reality changes words far more than words change reality.
+thank you very much.
+We have great ideas that will change the world.
+Great, you will be shocked.
+my beautiful baby
+The thing is, everyone loves beautiful babies.
+I mean, I was a beautiful baby.
+This is me and my father a few days after I was born.
+So in the world of product design, a beautiful baby is like a concept car.
+It's a knockout.
+You look at it and think, "Oh my god, I'm going to buy it soon!"
+So why does this year's new car look almost the same as last year's new car?
+(Laughter) What was the problem between the design studio and the factory?
+Today, I don't want to talk about beautiful babies, but clumsy adolescence in design. It's the boring teenage years, like trying to figure out how the world works.
+Let's start with examples from some of the studies we've done on neonatal health.
+Here's the problem. Worldwide, mostly in developing countries, 4 million babies die each year before their first birthday or even in the first month of life.
+It turns out that half of those children, or about 1.8 million newborns worldwide, can survive the first three days, perhaps the first week, if kept warm.
+This is the neonatal intensive care unit in Kathmandu, Nepal.
+All blanketed children are in incubators. Something similar to this.
+This is a donated Japanese Atom incubator found in the Kathmandu NICU.
+this is what we want.
+Perhaps Japanese hospitals upgraded their equipment and donated the old ones to Nepal.
+The problem is that without technicians and spare parts, such donations quickly become trash.
+So this seemed like a problem that we could do something about.
+Keeping a baby warm for a week is no rocket science.
+That's how I started.
+We have partnered with a leading medical research institution here in Boston.
+We conducted months of user research overseas and tried to think in the same way that designers do human-centered design: try to understand what people want.
+We erased thousands of post-its.
+We built dozens of prototypes to get to this point.
+This is the NeoNurture incubator. It has a lot of smart features built in and I found it to be very good.
+So the idea here is that unlike a concept car, we want to blend something beautiful with something that actually works.
+And our idea is that this design will inspire manufacturers and other influential people to pick up and run this model.
+I have bad news here. The only baby actually placed in a NeoNurture incubator was this one during a Time magazine photoshoot.
+So recognition is great.
+We want to put our designs out there and let people see them.
+I have won many awards.
+But it felt like a booby prize.
+We wanted to create something beautiful that would make the world a better place, but I feel like this kid hasn't been active long enough to warm up.
+So it turns out that design for inspiration isn't really...
+I mean, for us, I think it's either too slow for what I want to do, or it just doesn't work, it's inefficient.
+So I really want to design for results.
+I don't want to make beautiful things. We want to make the world a better place.
+Therefore, when designing NeoNurture, we paid great attention to the people who use it, such as poor families, rural doctors, overworked nurses and even repair technicians.
+We covered all the basics and thought we did everything right.
+Well, it turns out that for a product to be successful, many people have to be involved in it: manufacturing, finance, distribution, regulation.
+PATH's Michael Free says we need to know who "chooses, uses and pays for" such products.
+And I have to ask the question VCs always ask: "Sir, what is your business and who are your customers?"
+Who are our customers?
+This is the director of a hospital in Bangladesh, out of the facility.
+Turns out he didn't buy any equipment.
+Such decisions are made by the Ministry of Health and by foreign donors, and they are only vague.
+Similarly, it is also a multinational medical device manufacturer.
+It turned out that they had to fish where the fish were.
+In other words, it turns out that emerging markets with fish have a rising middle class, diseases of the wealthy, such as heart disease and infertility.
+So we see that in one aspect, designing for results actually means thinking about designing for manufacturing and distribution.
+OK, that was an important lesson.
+We then tried to take that lesson and apply it to our next project.
+So we started by finding an organization called MTTS in Vietnam that manufactures neonatal care technology for Southeast Asia.
+Another partner of ours is East Meets West, an American foundation that distributes its technology to poor hospitals in the area.
+So we said to them, "So what do you want?"
+What problem do you want to solve?"
+And I said, "Let's tackle neonatal jaundice."
+So this is one of the daunting global problems.
+Jaundice affects two-thirds of newborns worldwide.
+About 1 in 10 of these newborns will develop severe jaundice if left untreated, causing lifelong disability or even death in children.
+One way to treat jaundice is called an exchange transfusion.
+As you can imagine, this is expensive and a bit dangerous.
+There are also other treatments.
+It's very technical, very complicated, and a little daunting.
+You have to put the blue light on the child.
+(Laughter) A bright blue light hits as far as it can cover the skin.
+How hard is this problem?
+I went to MIT. Ok, I get it.
+(laughs) Let me give you an example.
+This is an overhead phototherapy device designed for American hospitals and here's how to use it:
+It is on the baby and illuminates one patient.
+Take it out of American hospitals and send it overseas to overcrowded facilities in Asia. Here's how it's used in action:
+These dark blue squares show where phototherapy is effective.
+It looks like this when you actually use it.
+So children at risk are not really getting effective phototherapy.
+But without training, without something like a light meter, how would you know that?
+There are other examples of such problems.
+This is the neonatal intensive care unit, where mothers come to visit their babies.
+And keep in mind that it's already kind of disappointing because my mother may have just had a C-section.
+A mother is visiting her child.
+She saw her baby naked, lying under a blue light, and looking somewhat defenseless.
+It is not uncommon for mothers to cover their babies with blankets.
+From a phototherapy perspective, it's probably not the best course of action.
+In fact, it sounds kind of silly.
+But what we've learned is that there are no stupid users. Only stupid products exist.
+We have to think like existentialists. It is not a picture that we would paint, but a picture that we have actually painted.
+It's purpose-designed for real-world use.
+How do people actually use this?
+Similarly, if you think about our partner MTTS, they have developed amazing technology to treat neonatal ailments.
+So we introduce overhead warmers and CPAP.
+Inexpensive and really sturdy.
+They have used this technology to treat 50,000 children in Vietnam.
+But here's the problem. Every doctor, every hospital administrator in the world has seen television. Curse the reruns of that "ER"!
+After all, they all know what a medical device should look like.
+They want Buck Rogers, but they don't want it to be effective.
+It sounds silly, but there are actually hospitals that would rather have no equipment than cheap and shoddy equipment.
+Again, if you want people to trust your device, it has to look trustworthy.
+So when we think about the results, we know that looks matter.
+We have put together all that information.
+I tried to get it right this time.
+And this is what we developed.
+This is the Firefly phototherapy device, but we didn't stop by the concept car this time.
+From the very beginning, we started by talking with manufacturers.
+Our goal is to create state-of-the-art products that our partner MTTS can actually manufacture.
+Our goal is to research how they work and the resources they have access to so they can make this product.
+That's the design-for-manufacturing question.
+When it comes to practical use, you'll notice that the Firefly has one bassinet.
+It only fits one baby, and the idea here is that it's clear how you should use this device.
+If you try to put multiple children in, you end up stacking them on top of each other.
+(Laughter) So the idea here is to make it harder to get it wrong.
+In other words, we want the correct usage to be the easiest way.
+Another example, another stupid mom.
+Foolish mom thinks baby is cold and wants to put blanket on baby.
+That's why Firefly has lights above and below the baby, so even if mom puts a blanket over the baby, the baby is receiving effective light therapy from below.
+Here's the final story: A friend in India told me that they never really tested the electronics for distribution in Asia, and didn't go so far as to train cockroaches to climb and pee on every little part. rice field. inside.
+(Laughter) I think it's interesting.
+I had a laptop in the Peace Corps and its screen had a lot of dead pixels.
+Then one day I looked inside and they were all carcasses of dead ants that had invaded my laptop.
+Those poor ants.
+(Laughter) So what we've done with Firefly is the problem that most products have electronics that get hot and need vents or fans to cool them down.
+We decided that we couldn't put a "no trespassing" sign next to the vent.
+In fact we got rid of all those things.
+Firefly is completely sealed.
+These are kind of lessons learned. As awkward as being a pretty goofy teenager is, being a frustrated designer is even worse.
+So I thought, "What I really want to do is change the world."
+We also have to take care of manufacturing and distribution.
+Pay attention to how people actually use their devices.
+I actually have to be careful. No excuse for failure.
+I have to think like an existentialist.
+We have to accept that there are no stupid users, only stupid products. "
+We have to ask ourselves the hard questions.
+Are we designing for the world we want?
+Are we designing for the world we live in?
+Ready or not, are we designing for the world to come?
+I got a job designing products.
+Since then, I've learned that if you really want to make a difference in the world, you have to design for results.
+And what matters is the design.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I heard the best joke about Bond Emelwa.
+Just a few minutes ago, I was having lunch with him when a Nigerian journalist came in - and this is something only people who have seen a James Bond movie will understand - and said, A Nigerian journalist came up to him and said, ``Oh, see you again, Mr. Bond! "
+(Laughter) It was great.
+So here I have a little piece of paper. Mainly because I am Nigerian. If you leave me alone, I will talk for about two hours.
+I just want to say hello, good evening.
+It's been an incredible few days.
+It's going downhill from here. Just wanted to thank Emeka and Chris.
+But most importantly, all the invisible people behind TED just watching them flit around the venue create this space for such diverse and powerful conversations. That's what they did.
+It's really amazing.
+I was in the audience.
+I'm a writer, I've seen slide shows of people, scientists, and bankers, and I've felt like a gangsta rapper at a bar mitzvah.
+(Laughter) What do I have to say about this?
+I was watching Jane [Goodall] yesterday and I thought it was really great. When I saw the wonderful chimpanzee slides, I thought: "Wow. What if chimpanzees could talk? What would it say?" "
+My first thought was, "Oh, it's George Bush."
+But I wondered, "Why would you be rude to a chimpanzee?"
+I think my green card is gone.
+(Laughter) There's been a lot of story told in Africa.
+And it's becoming more and more clear to me that we're talking about news stories about Africa. We are not really talking about African stories.
+And it's important to distinguish. Because if this news is anything, 40 percent of Americans can't afford health insurance, or have the most inadequate health insurance, and even if a president has a president However, they cannot enroll in health insurance. Millions of people, even their own parliaments, continue to protest and promote senseless wars.
+So, if there is any news, the US is right there with Zimbabwe, right?
+It really isn't, is it?
+And speaking of war, my girlfriend wears a great T-shirt that says, "Bombing for peace is like fucking for virgins."
+It's amazing.
+The truth is, everything we know about America, and what Americans are Americans, we don't get from the news.
+I live there.
+We would come home at the end of the day and say, 'The Wall Street Journal has said the stock exchange has closed at so many points in time that I know very well who I am now. ’ I don’t think.
+What we know about how to be who we are comes from stories.
+It comes from novels, movies and fashion magazines.
+It comes from popular culture.
+In other words, it is the agent of our imagination that really shapes who we are. And this is important to remember. Because in Africa, the complex questions we want to ask about what this means have been asked, from the San rock paintings, through the Sundiata epic of Mali, to contemporary contemporary literature.
+If you want to know about Africa, read our literature, not just Things Fall Apart. Because that's like saying, "I know all about America because I've read Gone with the Wind."
+That's very important.
+There is a poem by Jack Gilbert called "The Dialect of the Forgotten Mind".
+He said, "When the Sumerian tablets were first translated, they were thought to be business records.
+But what if it were a poem or a psalm?
+My love is like twelve Ethiopian goats standing still in the morning light.
+Massive thuja is what my body wants to say to your body.
+Giraffe is lust in the dark. "
+This is important.
+This is important because misreading actually complicates things and creates opportunities.
+The first Igbo Bible was translated from English around the 1800s by Bishop Crowther, a Yoruba.
+And it is important to know that Igbo is a tonal language. That's why they say the word "igwe" and "igwe". With the same spelling, one means 'sky' or 'heaven' and the other means 'bicycle' or 'iron'. "
+Therefore, "God is in heaven, surrounded by his angels" was translated as "Igbo".
+And for some reason, when Cameroon tried to translate the Bible into Cameroonian Patois, they chose the Igbo version.
+I do not intend to introduce the Patois translation. Try standard English.
+Basically, it comes down to "God is riding a bicycle with his angels."
+This is good because language complicates things.
+As you know, we often think that language is a reflection of the world we live in, but it turns out that's not true.
+In fact, language makes the world we live in.
+language is not. In other words, the thing itself has no changeable value. We think they are worth it.
+And language cannot be understood in its abstract state.
+It can only be understood in the context of a story, and all, all this is a story.
+And it's important to remember that. Because otherwise we would be ahistorical.
+There was a parade of great ideas here.
+But these are not new to Africa.
+Nigeria became independent in 1960.
+The first time the possibility of independence was discussed was in 1922 after the Abba Women's Market Riots.
+In 1967, during the Biafra-Nigeria civil war, Dr. Nyoku Obi invented a cholera vaccine.
+Remember, if you don't, 10 years from now we'll be back here trying to tell this story again.
+So what that tells me is that it really isn't -- the issue isn't really the stories being told or which stories are being told, the issue is really what we are willing to do. It's a condition of humanity that wants to complicate all stories, and that's really what it's all about.
+Tell me a Nigerian joke.
+Well, it's a joke anyway.
+So there's Tom, Dick, and Harry, and they're doing some construction work.
+Then Tom opened the lunch box and found rice in it, saying, "For 20 years my wife has been packing rice for lunch.
+If I did the same thing tomorrow, I would throw myself off this building and kill myself. "
+And Dick and Harry repeat this.
+The next day, Tom opens the lunch box and finds rice in it, so he throws himself and kills himself, followed by Tom, Dick, and Harry.
+And now an inquest is underway. Tom's wife and Dick's wife are distraught.
+They wished they hadn't packed the rice.
+However, Harry's wife said, "You know, Harry made his own lunch for 20 years."
+(Laughter) This seemingly harmless joke, when I heard it as a kid in Nigeria, was about Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa, and Hausa was Harry.
+In short, a tragic but quirky-looking joke about Harry becomes a vehicle for spreading ethnic hatred.
+My father was educated at Cork University in Cork in the 50's.
+In fact, every time I read a book in Ireland, people get me all wrong and say, 'Oh, this is Chris Oberney of Cork.
+But he too was in Oxford in the 1950s, and growing up in Nigeria, my father used to tell me, 'Never eat or drink in a Yoruba house, you will be poisoned. from".
+Now that I think about it, if you knew my father, you would have poisoned him too.
+(Laughter.) So I was born in 1966 when the Biafran-Nigeria civil war started, but the war ended three years later.
+I grew up in school and the federal government didn't want us to be taught about the history of war. That's probably because we thought we were going to create a new generation of rebels.
+So a Pakistani Muslim, a very creative teacher, tried to teach us about this.
+So what he did was teach us the history of the Jewish Holocaust. So I huddled around books with pictures of people in Auschwitz, learning my own people's dark history through the dark histories of other peoples.
+So, picture this. Picture this in action.
+A Pakistani Muslim teaches young Igbo children the history of the Jewish Holocaust.
+The story is powerful.
+The story is fluid and belongs to no one.
+And it's no surprise that my first novel, when I was 16, was about neo-Nazis taking over Nigeria and establishing the Fourth Reich.
+It makes perfect sense.
+And they were trying to take over the country by blowing up a strategic target, but were thwarted by a Nigerian James Bond and a Jewish Nazi hunter called Coyote Williams.
+And it happened on four continents.
+And when this book came out, I was hailed as Africa's answer to Frederick Forsyth, a dubious honor at best.
+But also, the publication of this book came just in time for me to be accused of creating blueprints for a failed coup plot.
+So at the age of 18 I was sent to prison in Nigeria.
+I grew up very blessed. Talking about privilege is important because we are not talking about privilege here.
+Many of us are very blessed.
+I grew up watching servants, cars, TV and all that stuff.
+My Nigerian coming-of-age story was so different from the one I encountered in prison that I didn't have the words to describe it.
+I was utterly horrified, utterly devastated, and kept trying to find a new language, a new way to make sense of all this.
+Six months later, they released me without any explanation.
+Now, if you've seen me at the buffet table, you know it was because it cost too much to feed me.
+(Laughter) But I grew up with this incredible privilege. Not just me, millions of Nigerians grew up with books and libraries.
+In fact, we were discussing last night how Harold Robbins' sensual novels have had a greater impact on the sex education of African sexual teenage boys than any other sex education program ever. .
+they are all gone.
+We are wasting the most precious resource on this continent: our imagination.
+In Raoul Peck's film Sometime in April, Idris Elba holds a machete in the air and is forced by a mob to cut up a Tutsi but best friend, a Rwandan army officer. Played by Fraser James.
+And Fraser is on his knees, his arms tied behind his back, crying.
+he is snorting
+It's a painful sight.
+And watching it makes us feel ashamed.
+And we want to say to Idris, "Chop him up.
+shut him up "
+And as Idris moved, Fraser yelled, "Stop!"
+Please stop! "
+Idris paused, then started again and Fraser said, "Please!
+Please stop! "
+And it's not the look of fear and horror on Fraser's face that stops Idris or us. That's the look in Fraser's eyes.
+It says, "Don't do that."
+That's nice, but I'm not saying this to save myself. I am doing it to save you, because if you do that you will be lost. "
+Faced with inevitable death, so afraid of defiled himself and crying that in that moment Fraser said to Idris, "Tell your girlfriend that you love her." . "
+At that moment, Fraser says, "I'm already lost, but it's not you... it's not you."
+This is the salvation we can all hope for.
+African stories are proliferating in the West.
+I really don't care anymore.
+I am more interested in the stories we tell about ourselves. As a writer, I have found that African writers have always been the stewards of our humanity on this continent.
+The question is, how do you balance a great story with a story of hurt and self-loathing?
+And here is the difficulty I am facing.
+I am moving beyond political rhetoric to asking ethical questions.
+I am asking us to balance the notion of our total vulnerability with the notion of total transformation of what is possible.
+As a young middle-class activist in Nigeria, I joined a whole generation in the movement to stop the government.
+And I called on millions of people to stand up to governments without questioning their right to do so.
+And I saw them locked up in jail and tear gassed.
+I justified it, saying, "This is the price of the revolution.
+Have I been imprisoned myself?
+Have I ever been beaten myself? "
+It wasn't until I was imprisoned again that I realized the true meaning of torture and how easily one could be dehumanized while engaged in war. It was a just, just war.
+excuse me.
+Sometimes I can stand in front of the world and say - and when I say this, change is a difficult and time-consuming process - sometimes I can stand in front of the world and say, My name is Chris Avani.
+It's my 6th day as a human and it's only sometimes. "
+But this is good.
+It's never easy.
+No answer.
+As I told Rachel from Google Earth about my challenge to American students, I said: "You know nothing about Africa. You are all idiots."
+So they said, "Tell me about Africa, Mr. Avani."
+So I went to Google Earth and learned about Africa.
+And to tell you the truth, this is it, right?
+There are no Africans that matter, and most of us are as utterly ignorant as the rest of us about the continent we come from, yet we want to make a deep statement about it. .
+And I think it would be a more nuanced, more interesting conversation if we could just acknowledge that we are all trying to get closer to the truth of our community.
+I would like to believe that we can get past all this without being agnostic about this issue.
+When I was 10 years old, I read Another Country by James Baldwin and was blown away by the book.
+Not because it was my first encounter with homosexual sex and love, but because the way James wrote about it prevented me from attaching otherness to it.
+"Look," said Jimmy.
+"Here is love, all of it."
+The fact that it happens in "another country" pretty surprises you.
+My friend Ronald Gottsman says there are three kinds of people in the world. Those who can count and those who cannot.
+(Laughter) He also says that the root of all our problems is our belief in an essential and pure identity, be it religious, ethnic, historical, ideological.
+I would like to introduce a poem by Youssef Komnyakaa that speaks of transformation.
+It's called "Ode to the Drum" and I try to read it in such a way that Youssef would be proud to hear him read it.
+"Gazelle, I killed you for the exquisite feel of your skin and the ease with which I can be nailed to the weathered board like white flesh paper.
+Last night I heard my daughter praying for meat at my feet.
+You know it wasn't anger that stopped my heart until the hammer fell.
+A few weeks ago, before you crouched in the grassy silence, you crushed me like you once crushed me into a song with the weight of a woman.
+And now I'm tightening eyelashes shaped like five bowstrings, shaped by the skin around my ribs.
+Ghosts cannot go back inside the body drum.
+Seasoned by wind, dusk and sunlight.
+Pressure can undo everything.
+The face is carved five times into the ebony wood with brass nails.
+You have to drive with trouble on hills.
+Trouble in the valley, trouble in the river.
+No palm wine, fish, salt or gourds.
+Kadum. Kadum. Kadum.
+Kadum.
+Now I hit you back with a song
+Get up and walk away like a leopard. "
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I will talk about why I became a sculptor. You might think that sculptors deal with meta, they deal with objects, they deal with bodies, but what I really care about is what I named this talk 'Making Space'. is.
+A space that exists both inside and outside of us.
+So when I was a kid, I don't know how many people who grew up in the 50's were forcibly sent upstairs to rest. (Laughter) That's a really bad idea. So after lunch you are 6 years old and you want to climb a tree.
+But I had to go upstairs and it was actually a tiny little room made out of old balconies, so incredibly hot, narrow and light I had to lie there. It was outrageous.
+But anyway, for some reason, I promised myself that I wouldn't move and that I was going to do what Mama wanted me to do.
+And I lay there, hot, dark, claustrophobic, in this little space behind my eyes, about the size of a matchbox. But it was really weird, it felt like if this went on for days, weeks, months, the space would get even bigger and I really enjoyed that half hour of forced stillness and rest. It was dark and cool, and I was really looking forward to going to that dark place.
+Is it okay to do something completely different?
+Can you all close your eyes for a moment?
+Now, this is not crazy.
+It's not cult. (Laughter) I just want everyone to go there.
+So I will do it too. Let's all go together.
+So close your eyes for a moment.
+Here we are in space, the subjective and collective space of bodily darkness.
+I see it as a place of imagination and possibility, but what is its nature?
+It is incorporeal. nothing inside.
+it is dimensionless. it is infinite.
+it is infinite.
+Now open your eyes.
+That's what I think of as the space of sculpture -- which is a bit paradoxical, sculpture that aims to make a material proposition -- but that's the space that sculpture can bring us together. think.
+So imagine we are in the middle of America.
+you are sleeping When you wake up, you can see up to 70 miles without lifting your head off the ground in your sleeping bag.
+This is a dry lake bed.
+I was young I had just graduated from art school.
+I wanted to do something directly related to the world, the place.
+It was such a lovely place that I could imagine I was there for the first time.
+It was a place where not much happened.
+Anyway, please be patient.
+I picked up a palm-sized stone and threw it as far as I could. It was about 22 meters.
+Then all stones within that radius were removed to create a pile.
+By the way, it was the mountain.
+And I stood on the mountain and threw all those stones out again, and here is the rearranged desert.
+Well, it may not look like much has changed since he started.
+(Laughter) What the hell is all the fuss about?
+In fact, Chris was concerned and said, "Don't show me that slide. They just think you're one of those crazy contemporary artists who don't do much."
+(Laughter.) But really, this is evidence of living bodies on top of other objects, rocks that have been subject to geological formation, erosion, and the action of time on objects.
+In a way, this is a place where I want you to look at things differently. Because of this event, the human event that happened there, this place in general just asks us to take another look. This world is, in some ways, very different from the world we've shared, the world of technology, so let's take another look at the world of the elements.
+The elemental world that we all live in is that space, the darkness of the body, that we all visited together.
+I wanted to start over that environment, the environment of the intimate and subjective space in which each of us lives, from the other side of the eye.
+So, I will introduce the daily state of the studio.
+You can see I'm not making a big deal out of it. I'm just standing there, eyes closed, and other people shaping me, that's the proof.
+This is an index record of a living moment of a body.
+Using the language of neutrinos and cosmic rays, and using the boundary conditions of objects as limits, could we map that space, in a way completely reversing the most traditional Greek pointing idea?
+In the olden days they would take a block of Pentelic marble and drill a hole through the surface to identify the skin, the appearance, what Aristotle defined as the distinction between matter and appearance, what makes things visible. But here we are working again from the other side.
+Or can it be done as a special membrane?
+This is a lead case built around the space my body used to occupy, but now it's empty.
+It's a work called "Learning To See".
+It's a little, well, you can call it night, or you can call it 96 percent of gravity that we don't know about, dark matter placed in space, anyway, another version of human space in the whole universe. is. But I don't know if the eyes are visible, but they are shown and closed.
+The work is called 'Learning to See' because it tells the story of a reflexive functioning object and its connection to the darkness of the body that I see as a space of vision and possibility. because
+In another way, can't we use the language of the particles around the nucleus to talk about the body as an energy center?
+It is no longer a statue, no longer the obligation to stand, to erect a human body, or to erect a statue, release it, let it be an energy field, a cosmic space that speaks of human life. Between being entropy as a kind of concentration of attention and being a place of human potential in the whole universe.
+Is there another way?
+Dark matter lies towards the horizon.
+If the mind lives in the body, if the body lives in the clothes, in the rooms, in the buildings, in the cities, then they also have the last skin. Is there one, and is the skin perceptible?
+horizon.
+And is art about trying to imagine what lies beyond the horizon?
+In a sense, can we use the body as an empty catalyst for a kind of sympathy with living space-time experiences? I stand here in front of you, trying to feel and connect in this space. - Can we use the time we share, the memory of the body, the memory of human space in the universe, to catalyze the experience of elemental time, which is also direct experience?
+Human time, industrial time, is tested against the ebb and flow of time, in which the memory of a particular body (any body) changes how many times as in mechanical duplication. are also multiplied and placed 3 square miles and 1 mile apart. It disappears into the sea in different conditions, day and night.
+You can see this work. It is located at the mouth of the River Mersey on the outskirts of Liverpool.
+And there you can see what a typical afternoon Liverpool sea looks like.
+Pieces appear and disappear, but perhaps more importantly, this is looking north from the center of the installation. They create a field, a field that engages life and surrogate bodies in a kind of relationship, to each other. and its relation to limits, edges and horizons.
+Second, is it possible to take the concepts of mind, body, and bodybuilding and replace the first body, the biological body, with the second body, the architecture and the built environment?
+It's called "Australian Desert Room".
+It's in an undefined location and I never published where it is.
+It is the object of the mind.
+I think it's the Buddha of the 21st century.
+Again, the darkness of the body is now held in this bunker shape of the squatting body, the minimum position the body needs to occupy.
+There are holes at the level of the anus and penis.
+I have pierced ears. There are no holes for the eyes.
+There is a groove in the mouth part. It is 2.5 inches thick concrete and hollow inside.
+Again, we found a spot with a perfectly flat 360 degree horizon.
+This is simply asking again, as if arriving for the first time, what is the relationship between human projects and time and space.
+Taking this idiom that the darkness of the body has been transferred to architecture, so to speak, using architectural space as a metaphor rather than for living, using its systolic, diastolic smaller and larger spaces. , can it provide humans with some kind of direct physical story?a journey through space, light and darkness?
+This is a work with a certain proportion and weight that makes the body a city, a collection of cells all interconnected and allowing a certain visual access in a certain place.
+The last piece I just wanted to share with you is "Blind Lights". This is probably the most open work. At a conference of radical openness, perhaps this is as radical as I think it is, with light and water vapor. my material.
+This is a box filled with 1.5 atmospheres of pressure, with clouds, and very bright light.
+If you walk towards the threshold that is always open, you will disappear, both to yourself and to others.
+You can't see it even if you put your hand in front of you.
+I can't see my feet when I look down.
+You are now objectless consciousness, free of the dimensional and measured ways life binds us to the compulsive.
+But this is actually a space filled with people, disembodied voices, and from their surroundings when people come very close to their body zones, they become visible to you as expressions. increase.
+When they appear near the edge, they are representations, representations with the viewer turned to the viewed side.
+For me, art is not an object of high monetary exchange.
+It is a modern reconfirmation of our first-hand experience.
+As John Cage said, "We are not moving towards some kind of goal.
+We have reached our goal and it is changing with us.
+If art has any purpose, it is to open our eyes to that fact. "
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Hello.
+My name is Simone.
+Did you know that if you get nervous on stage, you'll be asked to imagine the audience naked?
+It's like it makes you feel better.
+But I thought imagining you naked in 2018 felt kind of weird and wrong.
+Well, we're working hard to get through that stuff, so we need new ways to deal with when we're nervous on stage.
+And then I realized that what I really want is to be able to look at you as much as you look at me. Just to level things out a bit.
+So if I had more eyes, would we all be so comfortable?
+So, in preparation for this talk, I made myself a shirt.
+(rattling) (laughs) Googly eyes.
+It took 14 hours and 227 googly eyes to make this shirt.
+And being able to see you as much as you see me is actually only half the reason why I made this.
+The other half is being able to do this.
+(Googly eyes rattled) (laughs) That's why I often do this kind of thing.
+I found the problem and come up with some solution to it.
+For example, brush your teeth.
+It's something we all have to do and it's kind of boring and nobody likes it.
+If there were seven-year-olds in the audience, they would say, "Yeah!"
+But what if there was a machine that could do it for you?
+(Laughter) That's what I call it...
+I call it a "toothbrush helmet".
+(laughter) (robotic arm buzzing) (laughter) (applause) So my toothbrush helmet is recommended by 0 out of 10 dentists, and it's definitely not going to revolutionize dentistry. but it completely changed my life.
+I finished this toothbrush helmet three years ago, and when it was done, I went to my living room, set up a camera, and shot a seven-second clip of it in action.
+And now it's a standard modern fairy tale about a girl posting it on the internet. Internet takes the girl by storm, thousands of men flood the comments section asking her to marry -- (laughs) Ignore all that, start a YouTube channel, and keep building robots.
+Since then, I've carved out this little niche for myself on the internet as the inventor of the useless machine. Because, as we all know, the easiest way to get to the top in your field is to pick a very small field.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So I run a YouTube channel about my machines, and I've had hair cuts with drones -- (drone sounds) (laughter) (drone crashes) (laughter) (drone sounds) (laughter) (applause) To the machine that helped me get up in the morning -- (alarm) (laughter) (video) Simone: Wow!
+To this machine that helps me cut vegetables.
+(knife chop) I'm not an engineer.
+I didn't study engineering at school.
+But I was a very ambitious student growing up.
+In middle school and high school, I got all A's and graduated at the top of my class.
+On the flip side, I suffered from very severe performance anxiety.
+This is the email I sent to my brother at that time.
+"You cannot understand how difficult it is for me to confess this.
+I'm so embarrassed.
+I don't want people to think I'm stupid.
+Now I'm starting to cry too.
+Fuck. "
+No, I didn't accidentally burn down my parents' house.
+What I wrote in my email, and what makes me so angry, is that I got a B on my math test.
+So clearly something happened between here and here.
+(Laughter.) One of them was puberty.
+(laughs) It was a really great time.
+But I also became interested in building robots and wanted to learn hardware on my own.
+But building anything with hardware can be very difficult, especially if you're self-taught.
+You are more likely to fail, and more likely to be made a fool of yourself.
+And that was my biggest fear at the time.
+So I came up with a setup that guarantees 100% success.
+In my setup it's nearly impossible to fail.
+It was trying to build something that would fail rather than try to succeed.
+I didn't realize it at the time, but building something stupid was actually a very smart thing to do. Because for the first time in my life, I didn't have to deal with performance anxiety as I continued to learn about hardware.
+And as soon as I removed all pressure and expectations from myself, that pressure was quickly replaced by enthusiasm and I was just able to play.
+So as an inventor, I'm interested in what people struggle with.
+It can be small, big or medium. Something like a TED Talk presents a whole new problem that I can solve.
+Identifying the problem is the first step in the process of building a useless machine.
+So before coming here, I sat down and thought about the potential problems that might arise in giving this talk.
+forget what to say.
+People don't laugh, that's you.
+Even worse is laughing at the wrong things. It was okay to laugh, thank you.
+(Laughter) Or sometimes my hands start shaking when I'm nervous and I'm really self-conscious about it.
+Or my fly was open all the time and you noticed it but I didn't, but my fly is closed so it's okay.
+But what really makes me very nervous is my hands shaking.
+When I was a kid and I was giving presentations at school, I remember writing notes on paper and putting the notebook behind the paper so people couldn't see the paper shaking.
+And I will tell you a lot.
+About half of the audience probably thought, "It's a lot of fun to build useless machines, but how does this work as a business?"
+Lectures are part of that.
+And the arranger will always give you a glass of water to drink when you're thirsty on stage. I always want to drink that water, but I don't dare pick up a glass because people might. I can feel my hands trembling.
+But what about the machine that gives you a glass of water?
+I was sold to a nervous girl in a googly-eyed shirt.
+Actually, I have to take this off for something -- (googly eyes) Oh.
+(chattering) (laughter) I still don't know what to call this, but I think it's something like a "head orbiter." Because this platform can rotate this platform around you and put anything on it.
+You can also have a camera. You can take a picture of the whole head.
+As true, this is a very versatile machine.
+(laughter) Yes there is. That is, if you want, you can put snacks on it, for example.
+I have popcorn here.
+And you just put a little bit like that.
+And although it takes some sacrifices for the sake of science, I just want to drop popcorn on the floor.
+Let's take a detour.
+(robot buzzes) (laughter) And you have little hands.
+You have to adjust the height, but you can do it with a simple shrug.
+(Laughter) (Applause) It has little hands.
+(clapping hands) (laughter) (applause) I bumped the mic, but I hope everyone is okay.
+OK, and if you clap your hands a little more because I need to chew on this popcorn -- (applause) I get it. So this is like your own little personal solar system. I'm a millennial, so I want to. Everything revolves around me.
+(Laughter) Back to the glass of water, that's what we're here for.
+So I promise, I mean, there's still left, but no water, sorry.
+But I still have to do a little work with this machine as I have to lift the glass and place it on the platform. But even if your hands are a little trembling, no one will notice because you are dressed so attractively. part of the equipment.
+So we are all fine.
+OK。
+(robot buzzing) (singing) Oh no, I'm stuck.
+Wouldn't it be comforting to hear that even robots can have stage fright?
+I'm just a little stuck.
+It's very human to them.
+Oh wait, let's go back a little bit, and then -- (glass falls) (laughter) Isn't it a beautiful time to be alive?
+(Laughter) (Applause) My machine may look like a simple engineering slapstick, but I realized I had stumbled upon something bigger than that.
+It's an expression of joy and humility that is often lost in engineering, and for me it was a way to learn about hardware without performance anxiety getting in the way.
+People often ask me if I ever plan to build something useful, and I may one day.
+But the way I see it, I've already built this job myself, so it's something I could never have planned or could have planned. (Applause.) That's something I could never have planned.
+Rather, it happened because I was passionate about what I was doing and shared that enthusiasm with others.
+To me, that's the real beauty of making useless things. Because it's about acknowledging that we don't always know the best answer.
+And you turn off the voice in your head that you know exactly how the world works.
+A toothbrush helmet may not be the answer, but at least you're asking the question.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Sydney. I've waited my whole life to go to Sydney.
+I arrived at the airport, checked into my hotel, and sitting in the lobby was a Sydney Festival brochure. After a quick look, I found a show called "Minto: Live."
+The description read, "The streets of Minto's suburbs will be the stage for performances created by international artists in collaboration with the people of Minto."
+Was this place called Mintto?
+Sydney is a suburban city, and Mint is about an hour southwest.
+I have to say, it was nothing like what I had in mind on day one.
+I mean, I was thinking Harbor Bridge or Bondi Beach, but what about Mint? Still, as a producer, I couldn't resist the temptation of a site-specific theatrical project. (Laughter) So on Friday afternoon, I got stuck in traffic, and I'll never forget what I saw when I got there.
+For the performance, the audience would walk from house to house in the neighborhood, and performers, residents, would come out of their homes and perform these autobiographical dances on lawns and driveways. (Laughter) This show is a collaboration with a UK based performance company called Lone Twin.
+Lone Twin came to Mint and worked with the residents to create these dances.
+This Australian Indian girl came out and started dancing on the front lawn of her house. Her father peered out the window to see what the noise and commotion was and immediately joined her.
+And he was followed by his sister.
+And soon they all started doing this joyful and exhilarating dance on the lawn. (Laughter.) And as I walked through my neighborhood, I was amazed and touched by the incredible sense of ownership this community clearly felt for this event.
+At Minto: Live, Sydneysiders interacted with international artists and truly celebrated Sydney's diversity in a unique way.
+I believe that the Sydney Festival that gave birth to Mint: Live is a new form of art festival for the 21st century.
+These festivals are completely open.
+They can transform cities and communities.
+To understand this, I think it makes sense to think about where we came from.
+The contemporary arts festival was born in the rubble of World War II.
+Civic leaders created these annual events to celebrate culture as the highest expression of the human spirit.
+In 1947 the Edinburgh Festival was born, Avignon was born, and hundreds of other festivals followed.
+Their work is of a very high art form, and stars such as Laurie Anderson, Merce Cunningham and Robert Lepage, who have worked on this circuit, have also appeared, including the Mahabharata and the monumental Einstein on the Road. We held original shows like "Beach". . "
+But as the decades went by, these festivals really became established, and as culture and capital accelerated, the internet brought us together, the highs and lows kind of disappeared, and a new kind of festival emerged.
+The old festivals continued to thrive, but from Brighton to Rio to Perth something new was emerging and these festivals were very different.
+These festivals are held because, like Mint, we understand that dialogue between the local and the world is essential.
+They are open because they ask the audience to be players, protagonists and partners rather than passive spectators, knowing that the imagination is not included in the building and much of their work. It's from Field work or outdoor work.
+In other words, the new festival asks the audience to play a key role in shaping the performance.
+While companies such as De La Guarda and Punchdrunk, which I produce, create fully immersive experiences that put the audience at the center of the action, German performance company Rimini Protokoll takes this to a whole new level.
+With series such as '100 Percent Vancouver' and '100 Percent Berlin', Rimini Protocol creates shows that reflect society in real life.
+Starting three months in advance, through a careful process, the Rimini Protocol selected 100 people who were representative of the city at that time in terms of race, gender and class, and asked those 100 people to tell them about themselves and their lives. Share stories and the whole thing becomes one event. A snapshot of that city at that moment.
+LIFT has always been a pioneer in venue utilization.
+They understand that plays and performances can happen anywhere.
+You can put on a show in a school classroom, at an airport, (laughs) in a department store window.
+An artist is an explorer. Who will show me this city again?
+Artists take us to remote parts of the city we have yet to explore, or take us to buildings we pass by every day but have never entered. I will give it to you.
+I think artists really show us the people we miss in life.
+Back to Back is an Australian company for people with intellectual disabilities. I saw their amazing show during rush hour at the Staten Island Ferry Terminal in New York.
+We in the audience were given headsets and sat to one side of the terminal.
+The actors were right in front of us, among the commuters, and we could hear them, otherwise we might not have seen them.
+So Back to Back takes site-specific theater and uses it as a gentle reminder of who and what we choose to edit from our everyday lives.
+In other words, the dialogue between the locals and the world, the spectators as participants, players and protagonists, the innovative use of the premises, all of this is what makes the great productions of the great French company Royal du Luxe. alive inside.
+A giant Royal Deluxe doll comes to town and lives there for a few days.
+In "The Sultan's Elephant", Royal Deluxe comes to central London and brings it to a standstill with the story of a giant girl and her time-traveling elephant friend.
+In a matter of days, they transformed a gigantic city into a community where endless possibilities reign.
+The Guardian wrote: "If art means transformation, there could be no more transformational experience.
+What "Sultan's Elephant" expresses is nothing but the artistic occupation of the city and the reclamation of the streets for the people. "
+I can talk about the economic impact these festivals have on the city, but I'm interested in much more. For example, how festivals help express the city, how the city reveals itself.
+Festivals promote diversity, bring about dialogue with neighbors, enhance creativity, provide opportunities to foster civic pride, and improve our overall psychological well-being.
+In short, it makes the city a better place to live.
+Case in point: When the 'Sultan's Elephant' arrived in London just nine months after the 7.7 incident, one Londoner wrote: "For the first time since the London bombings, my daughter called me in that glowing voice.
+She was with other people to see The Sultan's Elephant, and you know, that made all the difference. "
+Lynn Gardner writes in The Guardian that while great festivals provide world maps, city maps, and our own maps, there is no fixed model for festivals.
+I think the great thing about festivals, new festivals, is that they perfectly capture the complexity and excitement of life for all of us today.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+There are many ways that the people around us can help improve our lives.
+Even though we share the same public space, we don't run into all our neighbors, so much wisdom isn't passed on.
+So over the last few years, I've been experimenting with ways to share more with my neighbors in public using simple tools like stickers, stencils, and chalk.
+These projects were born out of my questions like "How much are my neighbors paying for their apartments?"
+(Laughter) How can we lend and borrow more without knocking on each other's doors at the wrong time?
+How can we share more memories of abandoned buildings and better understand our landscapes?
+How can we share more hopes for empty stores so that our community can reflect our needs and dreams today?
+I live in New Orleans now and I love New Orleans.
+My soul trusts in a city that, for hundreds of years, is always healed by giant oak trees, shade lovers, drunkards and dreamers, always making way for music. .
+It feels like there's a parade in New Orleans every time someone sneezes.
+(Laughter) This city has some of the most beautiful architecture in the world, but it also has one of the highest numbers of abandoned real estate in America.
+I live near this house, and I thought about how I could make this house a better space for my neighbourhood. I also thought about something that would change my life forever.
+In 2009 I lost someone very dear to me.
+Her name was Joanne and she was my mother.
+And her death was sudden and unexpected.
+And I thought a lot about death.
+And… I felt a deep sense of gratitude for the time I had spent so far.
+And... it became clear to me what it meant for my life right now.
+However, I struggle to maintain this perspective in my daily life.
+I think it's easy to forget what's really important to you when you're caught up in the hustle and bustle of everyday life.
+So, with the help of friends old and new, I turned the side of this abandoned house into a giant chalkboard and stenciled the fill-in-the-blank sentence, "Before I die, I want to...".
+So anyone passing by can pick up a piece of chalk, reflect on their life, and share their personal aspirations in public.
+I didn't know what would happen in this experiment, but by the next day the wall was completely buried and the wall continued to grow.
+And I would like to share some of the things that people have written on this wall.
+"I want to be tried for piracy before I die."
+(laughs) "I want to cross the International Date Line before I die."
+"Before I die, I want to sing to millions of people."
+"I want to plant a tree before I die."
+"Before I die, I want to live off the grid."
+"I want to hug her one more time before I die."
+"I want to be someone's cavalryman before I die."
+"Before I die, I want to be completely myself."
+Thus, this neglected space became a constructive space, people's hopes and dreams made me laugh out loud, tears flowed, and comforted me in my own hard times.
+It's knowing you're not alone. It is about understanding our neighbors in new and enlightening ways. It's about creating space for reflection and reflection, and remembering what really matters most to us as we grow and change.
+When I created this last year, I started getting hundreds of messages from passionate people who wanted to build a wall with their community.
+So my colleagues at the civic center and I built a toolkit, and walls are now being built in countries around the world, including Kazakhstan, South Africa, Australia, Argentina, and others.
+Together, we have shown how powerful the public space can be when we are given the opportunity to speak up and share more with each other.
+Two of the most valuable things we have are our time and our relationships with other people.
+In today's world of increasing distractions, it's more important than ever to find ways to stay in perspective while remembering that life is short and sweet.
+People often hesitate to talk about or even think about death, but I have found preparing for it to be one of the most empowering.
+When I think about death, my life becomes clear.
+Our shared spaces can better reflect what is important to us as individuals and as a community, and more ways to share our hopes, fears, and stories allow us to The people around us not only help us create a better place, but they can also help us live a better life.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+When I was a child, every summer I flew from my home in Canada to visit my grandparents in Mumbai, India.
+Well, Canadian summers are pretty mild at best. Around 22 degrees Celsius or 72 degrees Fahrenheit is a typical summer day, and it's never too hot.
+Mumbai, on the other hand, is a hot and humid place with temperatures reaching 30 degrees Celsius or 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
+As soon as I arrived, I asked, "How can I live, work, and sleep in this weather?"
+To make matters worse, my grandparents didn't have air conditioning.
+And even though I tried my best, I couldn't convince them to get it.
+However, this situation is changing rapidly.
+Cooling systems currently account for 17% of the electricity we use worldwide.
+This includes everything from much-needed air conditioners during summer vacations, to refrigeration systems that keep food safe and cold in supermarkets, to industrial-scale systems that keep data centers running.
+Together, these systems account for 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions.
+But what keeps us awake is that energy use for cooling could increase sixfold by 2050, largely due to increased usage in Asian and African countries.
+I have seen this firsthand.
+Almost every apartment in and around my grandmother's house now has air conditioning.
+And it stresses that it is good for the health, well-being and productivity of people living in temperate climates.
+But one of the most worrying things about climate change is that the warmer the planet, the greater the need for cooling systems, themselves large sources of greenhouse gas emissions.
+This could create a feedback loop, with cooling systems alone likely to become one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century.
+In the worst case, we could need more than 10 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity each year just for cooling by 2100.
+This is half of today's power supply.
+It is for cooling only.
+But it also presents us with great opportunities.
+A 10-20% improvement in the efficiency of all cooling systems could have a real and significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions now and in the second half of this century.
+And it can help avoid worst-case feedback loops.
+I am a scientist who thinks a lot about light and heat.
+In particular, we will discuss how new materials can alter the course of nature's fundamental elements in ways once thought impossible.
+So while I've always understood the importance of air conditioning during summer vacations, it was an intellectual puzzle I stumbled upon about six years ago that actually got me to tackle the problem.
+How were ancient humans able to make ice in desert climates?
+Here is a photo of an ice house, also called Yakchal, in southwestern Iran.
+There are dozens of remains of such structures across Iran, and evidence of similar structures throughout the rest of the Middle East and even China.
+Centuries ago, the people who ran this ice house filled the pool visible to the left early in the evening as the sun set.
+And then something amazing happened.
+Water freezes even when the temperature is below freezing, say 5 degrees Celsius or 41 degrees Fahrenheit.
+The ice produced is collected early in the morning and stored for use throughout the summer in the building you see on the right.
+If you've ever noticed frost forming on the ground on a clear night, even when the temperature is well above freezing, you've seen something very similar actually happening. there will be
+wait a minute.
+How does water freeze when the temperature is below freezing?
+Evaporation may have played a role, but not enough to actually turn water into ice.
+Something else must have cooled it.
+Think of a pie chilling on the windowsill.
+Cooling requires that heat to flow to a cooler location.
+That is, the air that surrounds it.
+Incredible as it may sound, the heat of that puddle actually flows into the coldness of space.
+How is this possible?
+Well, the puddle, like most natural substances, sends out its heat as light.
+This is a concept known as thermal radiation.
+In fact, we are now sending heat into each other and around us as infrared radiation.
+We can actually visualize this using a thermal camera like the one you're showing now and the images it produces.
+So that puddle is releasing its heat upwards towards the atmosphere.
+The atmosphere and the molecules in it absorb some of that heat and send it back.
+In fact, this is the greenhouse effect that causes climate change.
+But there is an important thing to understand here.
+Our atmosphere doesn't absorb all that heat.
+If so, we would be on a warmer planet.
+At certain wavelengths, especially between 8 and 13 microns, our atmosphere has something called a transmission window.
+This window effectively allows some of the heat that rises as infrared radiation to escape and carries away the heat of the pool.
+And you can escape to a much colder place.
+This upper atmosphere-to-space cold can reach as low as -270 degrees Celsius, or -454 degrees Fahrenheit.
+So that puddle can pump out more heat to the sky than the sky can send back.
+As a result, the pool will be cooler than the ambient temperature.
+This is an effect known as night sky cooling or radiative cooling.
+And it has always been understood by climate scientists and meteorologists as a very important natural phenomenon.
+I came across all of this towards the end of my PhD at Stanford University.
+And although I was surprised by its apparent simplicity as a cooling method, I was really puzzled.
+Why not take advantage of this?
+Well, scientists and engineers have been working on this idea for decades.
+But it turned out that there was at least one big problem.
+There was a reason it was called night sky cooling.
+why?
+Well, it's a little one called the sun.
+Therefore, the cooling surface must face the sky.
+And, unfortunately, you'll be looking up at the sun during the day when you want the coldest.
+And the sun heats most matter to such an extent that it completely negates this cooling effect.
+My colleagues and I spend a lot of time thinking about how materials can be structured at very small length scales so that light can be used to do new and useful things. The length scale is smaller than the wavelength of light itself.
+It's the first time I've realized that there might be a way to make this possible during the day using insights from this field known as nanophotonics or metamaterials research.
+To do this, we designed a multilayer optical material shown in the microscopic image here.
+It's 1/40th the thickness of a normal human hair.
+And you can do two things at once.
+First, it delivers heat exactly where the atmosphere radiates the most heat.
+We turned our windows to space.
+The second effect is to avoid heat from the sun.
+It is a very good mirror for sunlight.
+The first time I tested this was on the Stanford rooftop shown here.
+I left the device unplugged for a while, and after a few minutes I approached it and within seconds I knew it was working.
+how?
+It felt cold to the touch.
+(Applause.) I want to emphasize how strange and counterintuitive this is, but this material and other similar materials get cold when taken out of the shade, even in the sun.
+Here are some data from our first experiments. There, despite direct sunlight, the material remained 5 degrees Celsius, or over 9 degrees Fahrenheit, or cooler than air temperature.
+The manufacturing methods used to actually produce this material already exist on a large scale.
+I was so excited. Because there might be an opportunity to actually make something useful and not just make something cool.
+This raises the big question:
+How can this idea actually save energy?
+We believe the most direct way to use this technology to save energy is to increase the efficiency of today's air conditioning and refrigeration systems.
+To do this, I built a fluid cooling panel like the one shown here.
+These panels have a similar shape to solar water heaters, but work in reverse, using our special materials to passively cool the water.
+These panels can be integrated with components called condensers found in almost all cooling systems to improve the underlying efficiency of the system.
+Our start-up SkyCool Systems recently completed field testing in Davis, CA as shown here.
+The demonstration showed that the efficiency of the cooling system could be improved by as much as 12% in the field.
+Over the next year or two, we are very excited to see this being introduced into the first commercial scale pilots in both the air conditioning and refrigeration space.
+In the future, this type of panel could be integrated with more efficient building cooling systems, potentially reducing energy usage by two-thirds.
+And finally, we might actually be able to build a cooling system that doesn't require power input at all.
+As a first step towards that, my colleagues at Stanford University and I showed that, with better engineering, we could actually keep the temperature more than 42 degrees below the ambient temperature.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Imagine that. It's a hot summer day with temperatures below freezing.
+So I'm very excited about all that we can do for cooling, and I think there's still a lot of work to be done, but as a scientist, I believe this research highlights You are also drawn to deeper opportunities.
+We can harness the cold darkness of space to improve the efficiency of all energy-related processes on Earth.
+One process I would like to focus on is solar cells.
+It heats up in the sun and becomes less efficient as it gets hotter.
+In 2015, we showed that intentional microstructures on top of solar cells could better exploit this cooling effect to passively keep them cool.
+This allows the cell to operate more efficiently.
+We are investigating this type of opportunity further.
+We wonder if we can use the coldness of space to save water.
+Alternatively, it could be an off-grid scenario.
+It may be possible to generate electricity directly in this cold.
+There is a large temperature difference between us on Earth and the cold of space.
+This difference, at least conceptually, could potentially be used to drive what is called a heat engine to generate electricity.
+So could we build a night generator that would produce useful amounts of electricity when the solar cells weren't working?
+Is it possible to create light out of darkness?
+Central to this ability is the ability to manage the thermal radiation that exists around us.
+We are constantly exposed to infrared rays. If we could bend it to our will, we could greatly alter the flow of heat and energy that permeates us every day.
+This ability, combined with the cold darkness of space, points to a future where, as a civilization, we may be able to more intelligently manage our very large thermal energy usage.
+I believe that incorporating this capability into our toolkit will prove essential as we face climate change.
+So the next time you take a walk outside, you'll be amazed at how vital the sun is to life on Earth. But let's not forget that the rest of the sky has something to offer us as well.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Ever since I was little, I've always been fascinated -- (laughs) Oh!
+(laughter) OK, I meant younger and shorter.
+(Laughter) If you can imagine it.
+But ever since I was little, I've always been fascinated by how exactly the world works.
+So, very early on, this led me into the fields of mathematics and chemistry.
+I kept going further, and as I did so, I realized that all areas of science are interconnected.
+And without that one, the others are of little value.
+So, inspired by Madame Curie and the local science museum, I began asking myself these questions and undertook my own research outside my garage and bedroom.
+I started reading journal articles, entered science competitions, attended science fairs, and did whatever I could to gain the knowledge I craved.
+So while studying anatomy for a competition, I came across the subject of something called a chronic wound.
+And one of the things that struck me was that there are more chronically injured people in the United States than breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and leukemia combined. Statistics.
+hold up.
+So what is a chronic wound?
+(Laughter.) And why have I never heard of a 5km walk for chronic wounds, why haven't I even heard of chronic wounds in general?
+(Laughter) After getting past these preliminary questions, let me make it clear to you that a chronic wound is basically when the patient has some pre-existing condition that doesn't heal normally. Except for normal wounds. Most often it is diabetes.
+Continuing with this research, we discovered an even more astonishing statistic.
+In 2010 alone, $50 billion was spent treating chronic wounds worldwide.
+Furthermore, it is estimated that about 2% of the population will suffer chronic injuries at some point in their lives.
+This was unreasonable.
+Further research led to the finding that there was a correlation between the water level in the wound dressing and the healing stage of chronic wounds.
+So I thought, why not design something that measures the water level in a wound so that doctors and patients can better treat it.
+And in essence, it facilitates the healing process.
+That's exactly what I was trying to do.
+As a 14-year-old, I was working in a home garage turned lab, so there were a lot of restrictions.
+The biggest reason was the lack of grants, large amounts of funding, and lack of resources.
+In addition, I also had a lot of criteria.
+The product had to be biocompatible as it interacts easily with the body, and it had to be low cost as I designed and paid for it myself.
+It also had to be mass-producible because we wanted it to be made by anyone, anywhere.
+So I made a circuit diagram.
+On the left is an early schematic of my design, showing both a bird's eye view and one stacked variant.
+Stacking variants mean that the entire product is made up of various individual parts that must work together.
+And what is shown there is one possible arrangement.
+So what is this all about?
+So I continued testing sensors, but like any scientist stumbles along the way, I had some problems with my first generation sensors.
+First of all, I couldn't figure out how to get the nanoparticle ink into the printcheck cartridge without spilling the nanoparticle ink all over the carpet.
+That was the number one problem.
+Problem 2 was the inability to precisely control the sensitivity of the sensor.
+You couldn't scale up, you couldn't scale down, you couldn't do anything like that at all.
+So I wanted something to solve it.
+Problem 1 was easily solved by scouring eBay and Amazon for available syringes.
+However, issue 2 required more consideration.
+So this is a factor.
+So what the space-filling curve does is that it aims to occupy all the possible area within one unit square.
+Also, by writing a computer program, you can have different iterations of different curves, getting closer and closer to a unit square, but never quite there.
+Now you can control thickness, size, do whatever you want, and predictable results.
+So I started building sensors and testing them more rigorously, using money from previous science fair awards.
+Finally I had to connect to read this data.
+So I connected the Bluetooth chip. This can be seen in the app screenshot on the right.
+This will allow anyone to monitor wound progress and transmit it wirelessly to doctors, patients and anyone else who needs it.
+[CONTINUOUS TESTING AND IMPROVEMENT] In conclusion, my design was a success. But science never ends.
+There is always something to do, something to refine.
+That's what I'm currently working on.
+But what I learned was that the attitude I took while doing this was more important than what I actually designed.
+And the attitude was that even though I was 14 in her garage working on something I didn't fully understand, I could still make a difference and contribute to this field.
+And that's what motivated me to keep going, and that this will inspire many others who do this kind of work, even if they weren't too sure about it. hoping.
+I hope that is the message you will receive today.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Have you ever seen a baby learn to crawl?
+Because, as any parent knows, it's heart-wrenching.
+At first they wriggle on the floor, usually facing backwards, then they drag themselves forward, then they lift themselves up and we all clap.
+And that simple movement forward and upward is the most basic direction of progress we humans perceive.
+We tell it in our evolutionary story too. All the way through to Homo erectus, whose ancestors wobbled and eventually stood upright, and Homo sapiens, who was always male and always depicted with middle legs.
+No wonder, then, that we readily believe that economic progress will follow exactly the same pattern: an upward-sloping growth line.
+It's time to rethink and rethink the shape of progress. Because today we have an economy that needs to grow whether it makes us prosperous or not, and what we need especially in the richest countries is to make us prosperous Because it is an economy that allows won't you grow?
+Admittedly, this is a bit of a flippant statement that hides a significant shift in thinking, but I believe this is the change we need to make if we are to thrive together here in this century. I'm here.
+So where did this obsession with growth come from?
+Well, GDP, Gross Domestic Product, is just the total cost of goods and services sold within the economy in a year.
+Although it was invented in the 1930s, it quickly became a top policy goal, and even today, governments of the richest countries believe that the solution to their economic problems lies in more growth.
+How it happened is best told through the 1960 W.W. John classic. Rostow.
+I love it and have the first edition.
+"Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto".
+(laughs) It smells like politics, doesn't it?
+And Rostow says that all economies must go through five stages of growth. First, traditional society. A country's output is limited by its technology, institutions, and ideas. But then came the belief that growth was necessary for something beyond itself, such as the beginning of banking, the mechanization of work, the dignity of a nation or a better life for our children, and the prerequisites for takeoff were obtained. You can Then it will take off, compound interest will be built into the economic system, and growth will become normal. The fourth is the drive towards maturity where you can have any industry you want, regardless of your natural resource base. And the fifth and final stage is the era of mass consumption, where people can buy all the consumer goods they want, such as bicycles and sewing machines. This was in 1960. Remember.
+Now, you'll hear implicit airplane metaphors in this story, but this airplane is one of a kind. Because landing is never allowed.
+Rostow flew us off into the twilight of consumerism, and he knew it.
+He wrote, "And beyond that is the question that history offers us only fragments.
+What if the increase in real income itself becomes unattractive? "
+He asked the question, but never answered it. Here's why.
+In 1960, he was an adviser to presidential candidate John F. Kennedy, who was running for election with a promise of 5 percent growth. So Rostow's job was to keep the planes flying, not how or how. When allowed to land.
+More than half a century later, we are in the twilight of consumerism. The economy has come to expect, demand and depend on endless growth. Because we are economically, politically and socially dependent on it.
+Today's financial system is designed to pursue the highest rate of financial return, putting publicly traded companies under constant pressure to achieve higher sales, greater market share and higher profits, while banks We are financially obsessed with growth because we are indebted to make money. More interest has to be paid back.
+We are politically obsessed with growth because politicians want more tax revenue without raising taxes, and GDP growth seems to be the surefire way to do that.
+And no politician wants to lose his place in the G-20 family photo.
+(Laughter) But if the economy stops growing and the rest of the world continues to grow, it will be pushed out by the next emerging power.
+And it's thanks to a century of consumer propaganda that we're socially addicted to growth. This propaganda was interestingly created by Sigmund Freud's nephew, Edward Bernays. Bernays realized that his uncle's psychotherapy could be turned into a highly profitable retail therapy if we were convinced. To believe that we change ourselves every time we buy something.
+None of these addictions are insurmountable, but look where this journey has taken us.
+Global GDP has grown tenfold since 1950, and that increase has brought prosperity to billions of people, but the global economy is also incredibly fragmented, with a huge share of returns to wealth. is now only a fraction of 1% of the world total. .
+And the economy is incredibly degenerate, rapidly destabilizing this delicately balanced planet on which all our lives depend.
+Our politicians know it, so we are providing new growth destinations.
+You can achieve green growth, inclusive growth, smart, resilient and balanced growth.
+As long as you choose to grow, choose the future you want.
+I think it's time to choose higher ambition, much bigger ambition. Because the challenges of the 21st century for humanity are clear. It is to meet the needs of all people within this special and unique living earth vehicle as we and the rest of nature can. prosper.
+Progress towards this goal cannot be measured in terms of money.
+I need a dashboard of indicators.
+And when I sat down and tried to draw what it would look like, it looked like a donut, as strange as it may sound.
+Sorry, let me introduce you to one donut that might actually be good for us.
+Now imagine that human resource use radiates out from the center.
+The hole in the middle is where people are short of basic necessities.
+They lack the food, health care, education, political voice and housing that all people need to live with dignity and opportunity.
+We want to get everyone out of the hole, past the infrastructure, and into that green donut itself.
+But as big as this is, we can't keep our collective resource use from going beyond that outer circle, the ecological ceiling. Because we are putting so much pressure on this extraordinary Earth out there that it is starting to go crazy.
+We are causing climate collapse, acidifying our oceans, perforating the ozone layer, and pushing ourselves beyond the planetary boundaries of the life support systems that have made our planet a benevolent home for humanity for the past 11,000 years. increase.
+This dual challenge of meeting everyone's needs within the means of the planet thus invites new forms of progress. This is no longer this upward trajectory of growth, but the sweet spot for humanity, thriving in a dynamic balance between the world and the planet. foundation and ceiling.
+And after this painting, from Maori tarangi to Taoist yin and yang to Buddhist infinity knot to Celtic double helix.
+So can we find this dynamic balance in the 21st century?
+Well, that's an important question. Because, as these red wedges show, we are far from balance at the moment, both short and overdone.
+Peek into that hole and you'll see that millions, if not billions, of people around the world still don't have their most basic needs met.
+But we have already crossed at least four of these planetary boundaries and are at risk of irreversible impacts from climate change and ecosystem collapse.
+This is the home state of humanity and our planet.
+Us, people of the early 21st century, this is our selfie.
+None of the economists of the last century saw this situation, so how can they imagine their theories could challenge this problem?
+We need our own ideas. Because we are the first generation to see this and perhaps the last to have a real chance to change this narrative.
+As you know, 20th-century economics assured us that if growth created inequality, we shouldn't try to redistribute it. Because more growth will level the situation again.
+If growth creates pollution, don't try to regulate it. Because further growth will purify things again.
+However, it turns out that this is not and will not be the case.
+We need to build an economy that systematically addresses this shortage and excess.
+We need a deliberately renewable and distributive economy.
+As you know, we inherited a degenerate industry.
+We take material from the earth, make it into what we want, use it for a while, often just once, and then throw it away. We need to bend those arrows and create a well-functioning economy, as it is about to take us beyond planetary boundaries. With and within the cycles of the living world, resources are used over and over again without being exhausted, the economy runs on sunlight, and the waste from one process feeds the next.
+And this kind of reproduction design is popping up everywhere.
+From Quito to Oslo, Harare to Hobart, over 100 cities around the world already generate more than 70% of their electricity from solar, wind and waves.
+Cities such as London, Glasgow and Amsterdam have pioneered circular urban design, finding ways to turn the waste from one urban process into food for the next.
+And from Tigray, Ethiopia, to Queensland, Australia, farmers and foresters are regenerating once-barren landscapes, brimming with life once again.
+But our economy must not only be renewable by design, it must also be distributive by design. With the centralized technologies, institutions, wealth, knowledge and power of the 20th century concentrated in the hands of a few, we have an unprecedented opportunity to make it happen.
+In this century we can design technologies and institutions to distribute wealth, knowledge and power to many.
+Renewable energy networks, digital platforms and 3D printing are replacing fossil fuel energy and large-scale manufacturing.
+200 years of corporate intellectual property management are being turned upside down by bottom-up, open source, peer-to-peer knowledge commons.
+And companies that are still chasing maximum profit for their shareholders suddenly find themselves next to social enterprises designed to generate multiple forms of value and share it with people across their network. It looks pretty outdated.
+From AI to blockchain to the Internet of Things to materials science, if we can leverage today's technologies, and if we can leverage them for decentralized design, we can ensure that medical, educational, financial, energy and political voices reach and empower people. would be able to give those who need it most.
+As you can see, regenerative and distributive design creates great opportunities for the 21st century economy.
+So what about Rostow's air travel?
+Well, for some, it's still the hope of endless green growth, which means exponential GDP growth could go on forever, while resource use continues to decline, thanks to dematerialization. I have the idea that there is.
+But look at the data. This is a flight of fancy.
+Sure, we need to dematerialize our economy, but we cannot decouple this reliance on endless growth from the scale of resource use needed to bring us safely back within planetary boundaries. you can't.
+I know this idea of ​​growth is unfamiliar, but growth is good.
+We want our children to grow and our garden to grow.
+Yes, looking to nature, growth is a wonderful and healthy source of life.
+It's a stage, but many economies like Ethiopia and Nepal today may be in that stage.
+Their economy is growing at 7 percent a year.
+But again, look to nature. From the feet of a child to the Amazon forest, nothing in nature grows forever.
+Things grow, grow and mature. Only by doing so can you thrive for a very long time.
+we already know that.
+When my friend told me she went to the doctor, I felt that growth was very different. Because we intuitively understand that when something tries to grow forever in a system that is healthy, vibrant and thriving, it threatens the health of the body. whole.
+Why, then, can we imagine that our economy is the only system that will defy this trend and grow forever and prosper?
+We urgently need financial, political and social innovation so that we can overcome our structural dependence on growth and focus on prosperity and balance within the social and ecological boundaries of the donut. I need it.
+And if just thinking about the concept of boundaries makes you feel like you have boundaries, think again.
+Because the world's most original people turn boundaries into sources of creativity.
+From Mozart playing a five-octave piano, Jimi Hendrix playing a six-string guitar, to Serena Williams playing on a tennis court, the limit is to unleash our potential.
+And the donut boundary unlocks the potential for humanity to thrive with limitless creativity, participation, belonging and meaning.
+It takes all sorts of ingenuity to get there, so give it a try.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi. So let's talk a little bit about the people who make the things we use every day: shoes, handbags, computers, mobile phones, etc.
+Now, this is a conversation that often evokes a lot of guilt.
+Imagine a teenage farm girl making less than a dollar an hour sewing running shoes, or a Chinese kid jumping off a rooftop after working overtime building an iPad.
+We, the beneficiaries of globalization, seem to be exploiting these victims every time we shop, and feel that injustice is embedded in the products themselves.
+After all, what's wrong with a world where iPhone assembly line workers can't even afford iPhones?
+It is taken for granted that Chinese factories are repressive, and that it is due to our desire for cheap products.
+So this simple narrative that equates Western demand with the suffering of the Chinese people is appealing, especially in a time when many of us already feel guilty about our impact on the world, but it can also be inaccurate and disrespectful. I have.
+It must be an insane amount of self-obsession to imagine that we have the power to displace tens of millions of people halfway across the globe and make them suffer in such horrific ways.
+In fact, China is able to sell goods to markets around the world, including its own, thanks to a combination of factors such as low costs, a large and educated workforce, and a flexible manufacturing system that responds quickly to market demands. manufacturing.
+By focusing on ourselves and our gadgets, we've made the other individual invisible and as small and replaceable as the parts in your cell phone.
+Chinese workers aren't forced into factories because of their insatiable appetite for iPods.
+They choose to leave home to earn money, learn new skills and see the world.
+In the ongoing debate about globalization, what is missing is the voice of the workers themselves.
+Here are some.
+Bao Yongxiu: "My mother tells me to go home and get married, but if I get married now before I grow up, I can only marry ordinary workers, so I'm not in a hurry."
+Cheng Ying: "When I came home on New Year's Day, everyone said I had changed. They asked me what I had done to change so much.
+I told them that I had studied and worked hard. They won't understand if I say any more. "
+Wu Chunming: "Even if I make a lot of money, I'm still not satisfied.
+Making money is not enough to give meaning to life. "
+Xiao Jin: "Now I study English after work. In the future, my customers will not be only Chinese, so I have to learn more languages."
+By the way, all these speakers are young women aged 18 or 19.
+So I spent two years getting to know these assembly line workers in a factory city in southern China called Dongguan.
+Certain topics have come up many times. How much money have you made, what kind of husband do you want to marry, should you move to another factory or stay where you are?
+Other topics were barely mentioned. It included a living environment that was close to prison life for me. Ten or fifteen workers shared one room, fifty shared one bathroom, and day and night were ruled by the factory clock.
+Everyone they knew lived in a similar environment, but it was still better than a dormitory or home in the Chinese countryside.
+Workers said little about the products they made, and often had great difficulty explaining exactly what they were doing.
+When I asked Lu Qingming, the young woman I got to know best, what she was doing specifically on the factory floor, she said something like "qiu xi" in Chinese. .
+It wasn't until much later that I realized she said "QC" or quality control.
+She couldn't even tell me what she was doing on the factory floor.
+All she could do was parrot out garbled abbreviations in a language she didn't understand.
+Karl Marx saw this as the tragedy of capitalism, the alienation of workers from the products of labor.
+Unlike traditional manufacturers of shoes or furniture, for example, workers in industrial factories have no control, no joy, no real satisfaction or understanding of their work.
+But like many of the theories Marx arrived at while sitting in the reading room of the British Museum, this theory was wrong.
+Just because a person spends time making a work of something does not mean that he or she becomes that work, the work of something.
+What matters is what she does with the money she earns, what she learns from it, and how it changes her.
+It never mattered what the factory made, and the workers didn't care who would buy their products.
+Meanwhile, journalistic coverage of Chinese factories highlights the relationship between workers and the products they make.
+Many articles calculate, "How long will it take this worker to make enough money to buy what he's making?"
+For example, a junior assembly line worker at an iPhone factory in China has to pay two and a half months' wages for one iPhone.
+But how meaningful is this calculation in practice?
+For example, I recently wrote an article for The New Yorker magazine, but I cannot afford the advertisements that appear there.
+But who cares? I don't want an ad in the New Yorker and most of these workers don't really want an iPhone.
+Their calculations are different.
+How long do you have to be in this factory?
+How much money can you save?
+How much does it cost to buy an apartment, a car, get married and send a child to school?
+The workers I knew had a strangely abstract relationship to the products of their labor.
+About a year after I met Lu Qing Ming (Ming), she invited me to her family's village for Chinese New Year.
+On the train on the way home, she gave me a present. It is a Coach branded coin purse with brown leather trim.
+I thanked her while thinking it was fake like almost everything else sold in Dongguan.
+After we got home, Min gave his mother another present. A Burke handbag, and a few nights later her sister was sporting a maroon LeSportsac shoulder bag.
+Slowly I learned that these handbags were made in their own factory and that every single one of them was authentic.
+"This bag sells for $320 in the US," Ms. Min's sister told her parents.
+Her parents, who are farmers, were speechless as they watched.
+"That's not all. Coach is announcing a new line, 2191," she said. "We will sell one bag for 6,000 yen."
+She stopped and said, "I don't know if it's 6,000 yuan or 6,000 US dollars, but it's 6,000 anyway." (Laughs) Min-san's sister's boyfriend, who was visiting her hometown with me on New Year's Day, said, "It doesn't seem worth it."
+Mr. Min's sister turned to Mr. Min and said, "Some people really understand these things. You don't understand at all."
+(Laughter) (Applause) In Ming's world, coach bags had a strange currency.
+They weren't worthless at all, but they weren't close to real value. Because very few people they knew wanted to buy it or knew how much it was worth.
+Once, when Ming's sister's friend got married, she brought a handbag as a wedding gift.
+Another time, after Ms. Min had already left the handbag factory, her sister visited her with two Coach Signature handbags as gifts.
+Peeking into the zippered pocket of one of them, I found a card that read "American Classic" in English.
+In 1941, inspired by the lustrous patina of the All-American baseball glove, the Coach founder created a new collection of handbags in the same luxuriously soft gloved hand leather.
+Six master leather artisans crafted 12 signature handbags of perfect proportions and timeless flair.
+They were fresh, functional and loved by women all over the world. A new American classic was born. "
+I wonder what Karl Marx would have judged about Ming and her sisters.
+Their relationship to the products of their labor was more complex, surprising, and interesting than he had imagined.
+Nevertheless, his worldview remains entrenched, tending to view workers as faceless masses and to imagine that we can know what they really think.
+When I first met Ms. Min, she had just turned 18 and had just quit her first job on the assembly line of an electronics factory.
+Over the next two years, I watched her change jobs five times, eventually landing a high-paying post in the purchasing department of a hardware factory.
+She then married a fellow migrant worker, moved with him to his village, gave birth to two daughters, and bought enough money to buy a used Buick for herself and an apartment for her parents. saved money.
+She recently returned to Dongguan alone to work in a factory that makes construction cranes, temporarily leaving her husband and children in the village.
+In a recent email to me, she explained: "You should have some ambition while you're young so that when you're old you can look back on your life and see that it wasn't wasted."
+There are 150 million workers like her across China, one-third of whom are women, leaving their villages to work in factories, hotels, restaurants and construction sites in big cities.
+Together, they are the largest immigrants in history, starting in rural China and ending with an iPhone in your pocket, Nikes on your feet, and a Coach handbag on your arm, globalization has changed the lives of millions. is. The number of people who work, marry, live and think.
+Few people want to return to their previous state.
+When I first went to Dongguan, I was worried that spending too much time with the workers would make me feel depressed.
+I was also afraid that nothing would happen to them, or that they wouldn't tell me anything.
+Instead, I found a smart, funny, brave, and generous young woman.
+They opened their lives to me and taught me a lot about factories, China, and how to live in the world.
+This is the coach purse Ming gave me on the train back to visit her family.
+I carry this book around with me as a reminder of the bond that binds me to the young women I have written about, a bond of a personal nature that is measured in memory, not financial, not in money. .
+This wallet is a reminder that what you imagine sitting in your office or library is not what you actually find when you step out into the world.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you, Leslie, that was an insight that many of us have never had.
+But I'm curious. For example, if you had a minute with the head of Apple's manufacturing department, what would you say?
+Leslie Cheung: About a minute?
+CA: One minute. (laughter) LC: What really struck me about the workers is how spontaneous, self-motivated and resourceful they are. And what struck me is that what they want most is education and learning. Some of them come from very poor backgrounds.
+They usually quit school when they were in 7th or 8th grade.
+Their parents are often illiterate, and then they come out to the city and take computer classes or English classes on their own in the evenings or on weekends and learn really, really rudimentary things. Like how to type a document in Word or how to say very simple things in English.
+So if you really want to help these workers, start these small, very focused, very hands-on classes in these schools and what will happen That said, all workers will move on, but hopefully they will go on to a higher level school. You can help self-improvement.
+Talk to workers and they want it.
+They don't say "I want better hot water in the shower".
+I want a nicer room. I would like television. "
+I mean, it would be nice to have something like that, but that's not why they're in town or what they care about.
+CA: Was there a narrative sense from them that things were kind of grim and bad, or was there some kind of level coming-of-age story where things are getting better over time?
+LC: Oh, sure, sure. I mean, it was interesting. Because I basically spent two years in this city called Dongguan. In the meantime, an immeasurable change was seen in everyone's life. Upward, downward, sideways, but generally upward.
+Spend enough time and it's upwards. The people I met moved to cities 10 years ago and are now basically urban middle class, so the trajectory is definitely up.
+It's hard to tell once you're suddenly sucked into the city. They all look poor and desperate, but they really aren't.
+Sure, factory conditions are really tough and it's not what you or I want to do, but from their point of view, where they're coming from is worse and where they're going is hopefully much better. I think that there. It's about providing the context of what's going on in their mind, not necessarily what's going on in your mind.
+CA: Thank you for speaking with us.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+In system D, this is the store. So this is a photo taken in Makoko, a slum in Lagos, Nigeria.
+Shops come because it is built on a lagoon and there are no streets where shops are likely to be found.
+And within the same community, this is business synergy.
+This is the boat that the woman was rowing, and this craftsman makes boats and paddles and sells them directly to those who need them.
+And this is a global business.
+Ogundillo smokes fish in Makoko, Lagos, so I asked her, "Where does the fish come from?"
+And I thought she'd say, "Oh, look, over a lagoon somewhere, or across Africa," but she said it's from here, it's from the North Sea You will be glad to know that I said
+Here it is caught, frozen, transported to Lagos, smoked and sold on the streets of Lagos for a small profit.
+And this is a business incubator.
+This is the Olsosun Dump, the largest dump in Lagos with 2,000 people working here. I heard about this from Mr. Andrew Sabol.
+Andrew spent 16 years scavenging for materials in dumps, earning enough money to become a contract scaler. That is, they carried scales and weighed all the materials people picked up from the dump. Now he's a scrapper.
+That's the little warehouse behind him, where he earns twice the minimum wage in Nigeria.
+This is a shopping mall.
+This is Oshodi Market in Lagos.
+Jorge Luis Borges has a story called "Aleph". Aleph is the point of the world where absolutely everything exists, and for me this image is the point of the world where absolutely everything exists.
+So what am I talking about when I talk about System D?
+It is traditionally called the informal economy, the underground economy, or the black market.
+I don't think so.
+I think it's very important to understand that this stuff is completely open. It's right there.
+All this is done openly and openly.
+There is nothing underground.
+It is our preconceived notion that it is underground.
+I plagiarized the term System D from the former French colonies.
+The French have a word, débrouillardise, which means self-reliance, but the former French colonies turned it into the self-reliant economy, System D for the DIY economy.
+But the government hates the DIY economy. That's why I took this photo in 2007, but this is the same market in 2009. And I don't think they meant that when the organizers of this conference were talking about radical openness. Streets should be open and people should be gone.
+I think what we have is a pickle problem.
+I had a friend who worked in a pickle factory, and the cucumbers would fly in on this conveyor belt. I had to throw it in the trash. It will be ground and mixed with vinegar and used for other kinds of benefits.
+This is the pickle economy.
+For all of us to watch, here's a stat from the Financial Times earlier this month. We are all looking at the luxury economy.
+It's worth $1.5 trillion each year, which is a lot of money, right?
+This is three times the gross domestic product of Switzerland.
+That's why it's huge. But it should be marked with an asterisk, which means it excludes two-thirds of the world's workers.
+1.8 billion people worldwide work in the unregulated, informal economy.
+That's a huge number, but what does this mean?
+Well, I mean, a single political system, united in a single country, if you call it the "United Republic of Street Vendors," the USSR, or "Bazaaristan," is worth $10 trillion each year, and that becomes possible. Second largest economy in the world after the United States.
+And given projections that most of the economic growth over the next 15 years will come from emerging economies in the developing world, it could easily overtake the United States and become the world's largest economy.
+In other words, the implications are immense. Because there are 1.8 billion jobs here. And it is here that we can build a more equal world. Because people can actually make money, live and thrive, says Andrew Sabol. bottom.
+Big companies recognize this too, and the interesting thing about this slide isn't that they can run around with a box on their head without dropping it.
+Gala sausage rolls are made by UAC Foods, a global company active in Africa and the Middle East, but Gala sausage rolls are not sold in stores.
+UAC Foods recognizes that it will not sell even if it is put in the store.
+It is sold only by a group of hawkers who run around the streets of Lagos in bus stops and traffic jams to sell it as a snack, and has been sold that way for 40 years.
+It is a corporate business plan.
+And it's not just Africa.
+This is Mr. Clean looking lustfully at the other Proctors and their entire family. Gambling products, and Procter &amp; Gamble, you know, the statistic that's always quoted is that Walmart is the biggest customer, but it's true, and as a store, Walmart is 15 percent, Procter We have acquired 15 percent of &amp; Gamble Co.'s business is affiliated with Walmart, but their biggest market segment is what they call "high-frequency stores," all these little kiosks, women in canoes, and the informal economy. All other businesses that exist in System D. , Procter & Gamble earns 20% of revenues from that market segment and is the only market segment growing.
+So Procter & Gamble said, "I don't care if a store is incorporated or registered or anything like that.
+We want to put our products in that store. "
+And then there are mobile phones.
+This is an advertisement for the South African multinational MTN, which operates in about 25 countries, when it expanded into Nigeria. The Nigerian is the big dog of Africa.
+One in seven Africans is Nigerian and everyone wants to enter the Nigerian mobile phone market. And when MTN came in, they wanted to sell mobile services like I had in the US or people in the UK and Europe. If you have an expensive monthly plan, get a phone, pay overages and you're dead. It costs a fee—and their plans go awry and go up in flames.
+Then they went back to the drawing board and re-planned and came up with another plan. We are not selling you a phone, nor are we selling you a monthly plan.
+We only sell airtime.
+And where are airtime sold?
+Umbrella stands ubiquitous in the streets, where people are sold without registration and license, MTN makes most of its profits, perhaps 90 percent of its profits, from sales through the informal economy, System D. .
+And where did the phone come from?
+Well, they're from here. It is located in Guangzhou, China. Upstairs in this rather forlorn-looking electronics mall, you'll find the Guangzhou Dashatou Second-hand Goods Trade Center, where you'll follow the muscular men carrying boxes. , and where are they going?
+They are going to Eddie in Lagos.
+Most cell phones out there today are not used.
+The name is a misnomer.
+Most of them are pirated. It has a name brand, but it is not made by a name brand.
+Now, is there a downside to that?
+I agree. As you know, China has no intellectual property (laughter).
+Versace without vowels.
+Giuomani, not Armani.
+S. Guuuci, and -- (laughter) (applause) because of the distribution of goods in this way all over the world, for example, in the street market at 25 Via Marso in São Paulo, Brazil, where you can buy counterfeit designers. It is. glasses.
+You can buy clone cologne.
+Of course, pirated DVDs can also be purchased.
+You can buy New York Yankees caps in all kinds of unofficial patterns.
+You can buy cuecas baratas, designer underwear that wasn't actually made by a designer, and even bootleg evangelical mixtapes. (Laughter) Now, companies tend to complain about this, and they, they, I'm not going to fully address the legitimacy of complaining about it, but I did ask a major sneaker maker earlier this year I asked him what he thought about copyright infringement. , and they said to me, "You can't quote me on this, because if you quote me on this, I'll have to kill you." We use piracy as market research.
+Sneaker makers told me, ``If you can see that Puma is pirated, or Adidas is pirated but sneakers aren't, then you know you did something wrong.'' (Laughter) Because of this, tracking piracy is very important to them, and their customers want genuine deals, so people buying, piracy, are their customers anyway. not.
+Well, there's another problem.
+This is a genuine road sign in Lagos, Nigeria.
+System D really doesn't pay taxes, does it?
+Given this, I think government is, first of all, a social contract between the people and the government. If the government is not transparent, the people are not transparent, and neither are we. We blame gnomes for not paying taxes and we don't realize that everyone in the world is cheating, including some highly respected companies. Let me give you an example.
+One company paid 4,000 bribes in the first 10 years of this millennium, with one company paying out $1 million in bribes every business day.
+In the world. That company was Siemens, the German electronics giant.
+So it is wrong for us to blame, because this is happening in both formal and informal economies. I'm not single-minded about Siemens, I'm saying that everyone does. have understood?
+Finally, I would just like to say what the principles would be if Adam Smith had formulated a theory of the free market instead of the free market.
+First, we need to understand that it can be considered a cooperative, but this is the idea of ​​Brazilian jurist Roberto Mangabeira Unger.
+Joint development is the way forward.
+Second, according to the [Austrian] anarchist philosopher Paul Feiraabend, facts are relative, and what is for Nigerian businessmen the right to large-scale self-reliance is for others It is considered unauthorized and frightening, and we need to recognize that there are differences in how we do it. People define things and their facts.
+Third, this is a quote from the great American beat poet Allen Ginsberg, barter and different kinds of currencies, alternative currencies are also very important in an alternative economy, and he said his good looks We just talked about buying what you need.
+So I would like to say that this economy is a huge force for global development and we need to think of it that way.
+thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+"Five hospitals in Aleppo were bombed."
+It was a text message I received on a dark winter night in November 2016.
+One of them was a children's hospital run by Syrian colleagues from the IDA Independent Physicians Association.
+It was the sixth bombing.
+In the aftermath of the bombing, I watched in horror as head nurse Malak frantically drags a premature baby from an incubator to safety until she breaks down in tears.
+And I was devastated.
+My fellow humanitarians and I have spent blood, sweat and tears rebuilding hospitals so that patients can live without dying.
+And through this work, I made a discovery.
+The survival of people in crises is due to the great work of those in crises themselves.
+People are surviving because of local doctors, nurses, aid workers from the heart of the affected areas, and those who dare to work where others cannot or do not want to work.
+People like Malak keep people alive. Despite suffering severe burns while on duty, the first thing Malak did after being discharged from the hospital was to return to work while caring for her young children.
+From the rubble of death and desolation rises the bravest and noblest of men.
+Local humanitarians are a light in the darkness of war.
+Syrian organizations currently conduct 75% of humanitarian operations in Syria, according to data.
+However, they receive 0.3 percent of the Syrian aid budget.
+Moreover, the same thing is happening in crises around the world.
+I have seen this reality firsthand.
+That means people with the knowledge, skills and frontline capabilities rarely have the tools, equipment and resources needed to save lives.
+That means organizations like IDA don't have the money to rebuild hospitals.
+The humanitarian system undermines the most difficult communities.
+Well, at the time I received that message, I was on hiatus from clinical work and a start-up company, determined to address this imbalance and enable our local responders to provide healthcare to war-torn communities, I was establishing CanDo.
+We have devised a simple model. This means sourcing credible and influential local groups, supporting their development through accelerator programs, and connecting them with you through crowdfunding platforms, where they can raise money for their health needs. That's what it means.
+So when IDA asked for help, I decided to launch CanDo seven months early with little money. Many people, including myself, thought I had finally lost my mind.
+I wanted to do something that turned our collective anger into something beautiful.
+Thus, People's Convoy was born.
+This is a global crowdfunding campaign to enable IDA to rebuild a brand new children's hospital and, if successful, we the people will transport medical equipment from London to the Syrian border.
+And we did it.
+Thousands of people from all over the world came together to achieve a world first. We built the first ever crowdfunded hospital.
+The location was carefully selected by local experts, the IDA, as it was determined to be safe and able to serve the largest number of displaced children.
+IDA was so touched by the people's response that it named it the 'Hospital of Hope'.
+We've been open for just over a year and have treated over 15,000 children so far.
+(Applause.) We can provide life-saving assistance in the most fragile places on earth.
+The system needs to change, and change begins with all of us sharing a new humanitarian vision. That vision is that you, global citizens with the skills, expertise and resources, will unite with our local responders. We are all humanitarians, getting the resources we need into the hands of those who need them most and are best positioned to use them effectively and efficiently.
+We need to support those who are not only saving lives now, but also helping to reconnect and restore damaged communities after the conflict is over.
+Local humanitarians are tenacious, brave enough to dust off the wreckage and set out again, risking their lives to save others.
+And we too can match their courage by not looking away or turning our backs, but by helping those who are helping ourselves and working together to save more lives.
+thank you.
+(Applause) (Cheers) (Applause) Shoham Arad: Come over here.
+Why are hospitals bombed?
+Laura Hallam: Well, that's a good question.
+There, Human Rights Physicians documented nearly 500 attacks on hospitals and the killing of more than 800 medical personnel, more than 90 percent of them by the Syrian regime, which part of targeted targeting and medical subversion, they claim. , using it as a weapon of war.
+And the problem with this is that it's not just our problem, it's your problem, it's everyone's problem. Because, A, it aggravates the refugee situation. The destruction of the health system means that we will be the epicenter of the next Ebola epidemic. It's going to be Syria. And unfortunately, this has set a very dangerous precedent that makes all hospitals around the world dangerous, which is not what it should be.
+SA: So this isn't really just about money. CanDo is not just about money.
+Tell us what it means to you that 5,000 people around the world donated $350,000 to build Hope Hospital.
+RH: I think the answer lies in that word, hope.
+I think everyone who donated has renewed faith in humanity, knowing that there are people like IDA and doctors who are the best of humanity. It was like an absolute return.
+IDA, Syrians and many in conflict areas feel they are not heard or seen.
+And I think there's a fact that they see things through the prism of the government, so when they see the government not acting, they assume that everyone who lives in that place doesn't care. .
+So when you see the exhibit, it really renews everyone's faith in humanity.
+SA: Thank you Laura.
+RH: Thank you. SA: Thank you as always.
+(applause)
+First, I'm going to tell you something that my grandmother would have set off the alarm with, "Hey, hey, hey, hey."
+(Laughter.) And this is... are you ready?
+OK。
+I have stage IV lung cancer.
+Oh, I know, "poor me."
+I don't feel that way.
+I'm fine with that.
+Admittedly, I have certain advantages. Not everyone can be so blunt.
+I have no young children.
+I have a smart, happy, wonderful, grown daughter.
+No major financial stress.
+My cancer is not very aggressive.
+It's like the Democratic leadership -- (laughter) I'm not sure we can win.
+It's basically just sitting there waiting for Goldman Sachs to fund it.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Oh, and the best part of all is that I've had great results.
+yes.
+I didn't even know until someone tweeted it a year ago.
+And they said: "You are to blame for sexually assaulting an American man."
+(Laughter) (Applause) I don't take all the credit, but...
+(Laughter) But what if you don't have my advantage?
+The only advice I can give you is to be friends with reality, like I did.
+No one has a worse relationship with reality than I do.
+From the beginning, I was not attracted to reality.
+If they had Tinder when I ran into reality, I would have swiped left and it was all over.
+(Laughter) And reality and I -- we don't share the same values ​​or the same goals -- (Laughter) To be honest, I don't have any goals. I have fantasies
+They are just like goals, but without the effort.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I don't really like hard work, but you know the reality. It is either push, push, push, push, push through the functions of its agent, the executive brain. It's one of those "yay!" Dying Danger: Due to my executive brain functions, I can no longer move around.
+(Laughter) But something happened that made me realize that reality may not be reality.
+So what happened is that I basically wanted reality to leave me alone, but I wanted to be left alone in a nice house with a Wolf range and a Sub-Zero fridge...
+Private Yoga Lessons -- I ended up signing a development deal with Disney.
+And then one day I found myself in a new office on Two Dopey Drive -- (Laughter) The reality is I should be proud...
+(laughter) And I'm staring at the presents they sent me to celebrate my arrival. Not the Lalique vase or grand piano I heard other people got, but a 3ft tall Mickey Mouse stuffed animal (lol) with a catalog in case I want to order more things that don't fit my aesthetic.
+(Laughter) And when I checked the catalog to see the price of this 3-foot-tall mouse, this is what it said...
+"Life-size".
+(Laughter) And then I realized.
+Reality was not "reality".
+Reality was a scammer.
+So I dived into quantum physics and chaos theory to find out the actual reality, and I just finished the movie - yes, finally finished - I won't go into that here, and anyway, After the filming ended, I broke my leg and it didn't heal, so a year later I had to have surgery again, which took a year and two years in a wheelchair. That's when I encountered the reality of limits.
+That limit that I've spent my life denying, overcoming, and ignoring was the reality, and I had to deal with it, requiring imagination, creativity, and my entire skill set.
+I found myself superior in the actual reality.
+I didn't just agree with it, I fell in love with it.
+And given my equally precarious relationship with the zeitgeist, I should have known...
+If anyone's in the Betamax market, let me tell you -- (Laughter) that the moment I fell in love with reality, the rest of the country would decide to go in the opposite direction. should have known
+(Laughter) But I'm not here to talk about Trump, or the alt-right, or the climate change deniers, or even the makers of this thing you would call a box. not a box. "
+(Laughter) They're gaslighting me.
+(Laughter) (Applause) But what I want to talk about is a personal challenge to the reality that I personally take, and I want to preface it by saying that I love science.
+I'm not a scientist myself, but I have an uncanny ability to understand anything about science, except the actual science (Laughter).
+But the most outlandish concept makes sense to me.
+string theory. The idea that all of reality emanates from the vibration of these little things - I call it the "Big Twang".
+(laughter) Wave-particle duality: the idea that one thing appears as two things...
+Look?
+That photons appear as waves and particles agreed with my deepest intuition that there is good and evil in people, and right and wrong in thinking.
+Freud was right about penis envy, but wrong about who has one.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
+(Applause) And there's a little change in that. Reality appears to be two things, but in reality it turns out to be the interplay of those two things: space, time, mass, energy, life and death.
+So I don't understand. I just don't understand the mindset of people trying to "overcome death" and "overcome death".
+How do you do that?
+How can we overcome death without killing life?
+It makes no sense to me.
+Also, I must say it is incredibly ungrateful.
+So you've been given this extraordinary gift: life, but it's as if you asked Santa for a Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow and got a salad spinner instead.
+Beef has an expiration date.
+Death is a determining factor in trading.
+I don't know.
+I don't get it -- it's disrespectful to me.
+It is rude to nature.
+The idea that we are trying to dominate nature, that we are trying to master nature, that nature is too weak to withstand our intelligence, no, I don't think so.
+I'm sure you've actually read quantum physics like I have -- well, I read an email from someone who read quantum physics -- (Laughter) we You have to understand that you are no longer living in Newton's clockwork universe.
+We live in a universe like a banana peel, but we can never know everything, control everything, predict everything.
+Nature is like a self-driving car.
+The best thing we can do is be like the old lady in the joke -- I don't know if you've heard of it.
+An old lady was driving with her middle-aged daughter in the passenger seat, and her mother ignored the red light and went straight ahead.
+And she didn't say anything because she didn't want to say "you're too old to drive".
+Then, when the mother passed the second red light, the daughter, being as tactful as she could, said, "Mom, did you notice that we passed two red lights just now?"
+Then my mother said, "Oh, am I driving?"
+(Laughter) (Applause) So...
+And now I'm going to take a mental leap. It's easy for me because I'm an Ebel Niebel of the spiritual leap. My license plate says "Cogito, ergozoom".
+I hope you'll be happy to join me on this subject, but my real question with the mindsets you're passionate about overcoming death is whether you're anti-death. It translates to me as rebirth, and to me as rebirth. The word anti-nature can also be translated as anti-woman. Because women have long been identified with nature.
+And my source for this is the German philosopher Hannah Arendt, who wrote the book The Human Condition.
+And in it she states that work is classically associated with men.
+Work comes out of your head. It is what we invent, what we create, and how we leave our mark on the world.
+Labor, on the other hand, is associated with the body.
+It relates to those who give birth, or those who receive birth.
+So for me, the idea of ​​denying that, denying that we are in tune with biorhythms, the cyclical rhythms of the universe, is to create a welcoming environment for women and those involved in the workforce, the human being. there is no. We associate them as descendants of slaves, or people engaged in manual labour.
+Here's what it looks like in terms of a world that's like a banana peel, from my way of thinking, which I call "Emily's World."
+First of all, I am very grateful for life, but I don't want to be immortal.
+I'm not interested in having my name preserved for posterity.
+As a matter of fact, I don't want that to happen. Because it comes from my observation that no matter how good you are, how brilliant, how talented you are, fifty years after your death they will turn you against you.
+(Laughter.) And I have actual evidence to prove it.
+The headline in the Los Angeles Times reads, "Anne Frank: Not so good after all."
+(Laughter) Also, I love to synchronize with the cyclical rhythms of the universe.
+That's the special thing about life. It is a cycle of creation, degeneration and regeneration.
+The "I" is simply a set of particles arranged in this pattern, after which all of its constituent parts are decomposed, naturally available, and reorganized into another pattern.
+For me, it is very exciting and I am even more grateful to be part of the process.
+You know, I'm looking at it now from the perspective of German biologist Andreas Weber, who sees death as part of the gift economy.
+You have been given a huge gift of life, make the most of it and give it back.
+And Aunt Mame said, "Life is a party." Well, I ate full.
+I have a very strong appetite for life, I have consumed life, and I will be consumed in death.
+I burrow into the ground in my natural form, where I devour all microbes, debris and decomposers to my heart's content.
+I think they think I'm delicious.
+(laughter) Yes.
+I think the best thing about my attitude is that it's authentic.
+You can see it.
+can observe it.
+it actually happens.
+Well, maybe I didn't enrich my gifts, I don't know about that, but my life has certainly been enriched by others.
+Thanks to TED for introducing me to a whole network of people who have enriched my life. That includes my website designer, Tricia McGillis. She works with my wonderful daughter, my website, all I have to do is blog.
+No need to use executive brain functions...
+Ha, ha, ha, I won!
+(laughs) And I really appreciate it.
+I don't want to say "audience" because we don't perceive it as something else at all.
+Think again from the point of view of quantum physics.
+And, as you know, quantum physicists don't know exactly what happens when waves become particles.
+There are various theories, such as wavefunction collapse, decoherence, etc., but they all agree on one thing: reality arises through interactions.
+(Voice breaks) So do you.
+And every audience I've ever met, past or present.
+Thank you so much for making my life a reality.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+I would like to tell you about two games of chess.
+The first event occurred in 1997, when the human Garry Kasparov was defeated by the machine Deep Blue.
+For many, this marked the beginning of a new era in which humans would be ruled by machines.
+But 20 years later, the biggest change in how we interact with computers is the iPad, not the HAL.
+The second game was a freestyle chess tournament in 2005, where humans and machines could participate together as partners rather than adversaries if they so wished.
+Initially, the results were predictable.
+Even supercomputers lost out to grandmasters with relatively weak laptops.
+The surprise finally came. who won?
+Not grandmasters with supercomputers, but actually two American amateurs with three relatively underpowered laptops.
+Their ability to direct and manipulate computers to explore specific aspects in depth effectively negated the Grandmaster's superior chess knowledge and the other adversaries' superior computational prowess.
+This is a surprising result. The average man, the average machine beat the best man, the best machine.
+Isn't it supposed to be man vs machine anyway?
+Instead, the key is cooperation, and the right kind of cooperation.
+Over the past 50 years, we've focused a lot of attention on Marvin Minsky's vision for artificial intelligence.
+It's certainly a sexy vision. Many people accept it.
+This has become a mainstream idea in computer science.
+But in the era of big data, network systems, open platforms, and embedded technologies, I would suggest that it is time to reassess another vision that was actually developed at the same time.
+I'm talking about J.C.R. Licklider's human-computer symbiosis, perhaps best called "intelligence augmentation," I.A.
+Licklider is a computer science giant who has had a tremendous impact on the development of technology and the Internet.
+His vision was to enable humans and machines to work together to make decisions and control complex situations without stubbornly relying on pre-determined programs.
+Notice the word "cooperate".
+Rickrider recommends that instead of turning Toaster into "Star Trek" data, they take out humans and make them more capable.
+Humans are really great. Our way of thinking, our non-linear approach, our creativity, our iterative hypotheses are all very difficult for a computer to do if possible.
+Licklider intuitively recognizes this as humans set goals, formulate hypotheses, determine criteria, and perform evaluations.
+Of course, humans are also very limited in other ways.
+We are bad at scale, calculation, and quantity.
+It takes high-end talent management to keep a rock band united and performing.
+Licklider foresaw that computers would do all the routable work needed to prepare for insight and decision making.
+This approach has accumulated wins beyond chess, quietly, without too much fuss.
+Protein folding is a topic that shares the incredible breadth of chess. There are more ways to fold proteins than there are atoms in the universe.
+This is a world-changing problem that will have a profound impact on our ability to understand and treat disease.
+And the on-site power of a supercomputer alone is not sufficient for this task.
+Foldit, a game created by computer scientists, illustrates the value of this approach.
+Amateurs, not engineers or biologists, play video games to visually rearrange the structure of proteins so that the computer can manage atomic forces and interactions and identify structural problems. .
+This approach outperformed supercomputers 50% of the time and tied 30% of the time.
+Foldit recently made a remarkable and important scientific discovery by deciphering the structure of the Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.
+A protease that remained undecided for over a decade was solved in a matter of days by three players. Probably the first major scientific breakthrough brought about by playing video games.
+Last year, a 9/11 memorial was opened on the site of the Twin Towers.
+The names of thousands of victims are displayed using a beautiful concept called "meaningful adjacency".
+Arrange names side by side based on their relationship to each other, such as friends, family, and co-workers.
+Putting it all together, 3,500 victims, 1,800 adjacency requests, the importance of overall physics specs, and final aesthetics is quite a computational challenge.
+When the media first reported it, such a feat was fully credited to algorithms from New York City design firm Local Projects. The truth is a little more subtle.
+Algorithms were used to develop the underlying framework, but humans used that framework to design the final result.
+So in this case, computers were evaluating millions of possible layouts, managing complex relational systems, and tracking very large sets of measurements and variables, while humans were designing and composing. You can now focus on the selection of
+So, the more you look around, the more Licklider's vision you will see everywhere.
+Whether it's augmented reality in our iPhones or GPS in our cars, human-computer symbiosis is making us even better.
+So what can we do if we want to improve human-computer symbiosis?
+You can start by designing to include humans in your processes.
+Instead of thinking about what computers do to solve problems, we design solutions around what humans do.
+When you do this, you quickly realize that you spent all your time designing interfaces between humans and machines, especially those that remove friction in their interactions.
+In fact, this friction is more important than human or machine power in determining overall performance.
+That's why two amateurs with a few laptops easily defeated a supercomputer and a grandmaster.
+What Kasparov calls a process is a by-product of friction.
+The better the process, the less friction.
+And minimizing friction turned out to be the critical variable.
+Take big data as another example.
+Every interaction we make around the world is recorded by an ever-growing array of sensors, including mobile phones, credit cards, and computers. The result is big data, which actually gives us the opportunity to better understand the human condition.
+Most approaches to big data focus on "How do I store this data? How do I search for this data? What do I do with this data?" .
+These are necessary questions, but not enough.
+The important thing is not to understand how to calculate, but to understand what to calculate. How do you impose human intuition on this scale of data?
+Again, start by designing to incorporate humans into the process.
+When PayPal first started in business, the biggest question wasn't "How do I send money online?"
+It was, "How can we do that without being tricked by organized crime?"
+Why is it so challenging? Because computers can learn to detect and identify fraud based on patterns, but they can't learn to do so based on patterns they've never seen before. Also, organized crime has a lot in common with this target audience. Entrepreneurship — (laughter) — and one big key difference is purpose.
+Therefore, a computer alone can catch all but the smartest crooks, and catching the smartest crooks is the difference between success and failure.
+Problems like this have a whole class of adaptive adversaries. They rarely exhibit repeatable patterns that computers can recognize.
+Instead, there are essential ingredients to innovation and disruption, and these issues are being buried in big data.
+For example, terrorism. Terrorists are always adapting to new situations to a greater or lesser degree. Regardless of what you see on TV, these adaptations and terrorist detection are fundamentally human.
+Computers don't detect new patterns or new behaviors, but humans do. Humans use technology, test hypotheses, and ask machines to do things for insights.
+Osama bin Laden was not captured by artificial intelligence.
+He was fascinated by the dedication, resourcefulness, and brilliant people who partnered with various technologies.
+As tempting as it may sound, you can't use algorithms to mine data and come up with answers.
+There is no “find the terrorist” button, and data mining can become less effective the more you integrate data from disparate sources across disparate data formats from highly disparate systems.
+Instead, people need to look at the data and look for insights, and as Licklider foresaw long ago, the key to good results here is the right type of cooperation, and as Kasparov recognized , which means to minimize friction in the interface.
+This approach allows you to comb through all available data from various sources, identify key relationships and bring them together in one place, and so on. This has been nearly impossible in the past.
+For some, this has terrifying implications for privacy and civil liberties. For others, this heralds an era of increased protection for privacy and civil liberties, which are fundamentally important.
+It must be recognized, and even with the best of intentions, they cannot be ignored.
+So let's look at some examples of the recent impact of technology built to foster human-computer symbiosis.
+In October 2007, US and coalition forces stormed an al-Qaeda hideout in the city of Sinjar on the Iraqi-Syrian border.
+They found a treasure trove of documents: 700 biographical sketches of foreign combatants.
+These foreign fighters left their families in the Gulf, Levant and North Africa to join Al Qaeda in Iraq.
+These records were personnel forms.
+Foreign combatants buried them as they joined the organization.
+Al-Qaeda, it turns out, is not without bureaucracy. (Laughter) They answered questions like, "Who scouted you?"
+"Where is your hometown?" "What kind of job are you aiming for?"
+The final question revealed a surprising insight.
+Most of the foreign fighters were going to become suicide bombers for martyrdom. This is very important because between 2003 and 2007 there were 1,382 suicide bombings in Iraq, which were the main source of instability.
+Analysis of this data was difficult. The original was an Arabic paper and had to be scanned and translated.
+The friction of the process resulted in no meaningful results within the operational period using only humans, PDFs and persistence.
+Researchers had to use technology to tap into the human mind to dig deeper and explore non-obvious hypotheses, and real insights were gained.
+Twenty percent of foreign fighters are from Libya, and 50 percent of those from a single Libyan city are very significant, as previous statistics put the figure at 3 percent. It also helped focus on Abu Yahya al-Libi, a senior cleric of the Islamic militant group in Libya, who is gaining prominence in al-Qaeda.
+In March 2007, he gave a speech, after which the participation of Libyan foreign fighters surged.
+But perhaps most sensibly, and perhaps least obvious, by flipping the data, the researchers could delve into Syria's coordinating networks that are ultimately responsible for hosting and transporting foreign fighters to the border. was made.
+These were not ideologues, but a network of mercenaries engaged in coordinating business for profit.
+For example, they charged Saudi foreign fighters significantly more than Libyans, otherwise they would have been handed over to Al-Qaeda.
+Perhaps adversaries would disrupt their networks if they learned that would-be jihadists were cheating.
+In January 2010, a devastating 7.0-magnitude earthquake struck Haiti, the third deadliest earthquake in history, leaving 1 million people homeless, 10 percent of the population.
+One seemingly small aspect of the overall relief effort became increasingly important as food and water deliveries began.
+January and February are dry months in Haiti, but many of the camps were flooded.
+The only agency with intimate knowledge of Haiti's floodplains was devastated by the earthquake, and its leader was inside.
+So the question is which camps are at risk, how many people are in these camps, what will be the schedule for flooding, and how to prioritize relocation given very limited resources and infrastructure. The question is whether to rank them.
+The data were incredibly different. The US military had detailed information about only a small part of the country.
+Data from the 2006 Environmental Risk Conference and other geospatial data were available online, but none were integrated.
+The human goal here was to identify relocation camps based on priority needs.
+To answer this question, computers had to integrate vast amounts of geospatial information, social media data, and information from relief organizations.
+By implementing a good process, what would normally take 40 people over 3 months became a trivial task of 3 people and 40 hours. All this was a triumph of human-computer symbiosis.
+We are more than 50 years into realizing Licklider's vision for the future, and the data suggests that we should be very excited about humans and machines working together to tackle the toughest problems of this century. increase.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+Just imagine.
+Two men, Rahul and Rajiv, who live in the same neighborhood, have similar educational backgrounds and similar occupations, both presented to the local accident hospital with acute chest pains.
+Rahul is advised to undergo heart surgery, but Rajiv is sent home.
+What explains the difference in the experiences of these two nearly identical men?
+Rajiv suffers from mental illness.
+Differences in the quality of care available to people with mental illness are one reason why they live shorter lives than those without mental illness.
+Even in the world's most resource-rich countries, this difference in life expectancy is as much as 20 years.
+In the developing world, the gap is even greater.
+But of course, mental illness can also kill in more direct ways. The most obvious example is suicide.
+You may be as surprised as I am to learn that suicide is at the top of the list of leading causes of death among young people in every country in the world, including the world's poorest.
+But beyond the impact of health conditions on life expectancy, we are also concerned about quality of life.
+Now, to examine the overall impact of health status on both life expectancy and quality of life, we need to use a metric called DALY, which stands for disability-adjusted life years.
+In doing so, we learn some amazing things about mental illness from a global perspective.
+For example, it turns out that mental illness is the leading cause of disability worldwide.
+For example, depression is the third leading cause of disability, alongside conditions such as diarrhea and pneumonia in children.
+All mental illnesses together account for approximately 15 percent of the global burden of illness.
+Certainly, mental illness also wreaks havoc on people's lives, but let's consider the absolute numbers, not just the burden of illness.
+The World Health Organization estimates that there are nearly 400-500 million people with mental illness on this small planet.
+Some of you here may be a little surprised by the numbers, but we're talking about autism and intellectual disability in childhood, depression and anxiety in adulthood, substance abuse, and psychosis. Think for a moment about the amazing diversity of mental illness, ranging from I'm sure all of us here today can think of at least one person in our most intimate social networks who suffers from mental illness.
+I can see some people there nodding their heads.
+But beyond the staggering numbers, what's really important from a global health perspective, and what's really concerning from a global health perspective, is that the vast majority of these affected people are living in their It means they are not getting the care we know can change their lives. And remember, there is solid evidence that interventions as diverse as medications, psychological interventions, and social interventions can make a big difference.
+Nevertheless, even in the most resource-rich countries, for example here in Europe, about 50 percent of the affected people do not receive such interventions.
+In countries like the one I work in, the so-called pay gap is surprisingly approaching 90 percent.
+So it's no surprise that if you talk to someone who suffers from mental illness, you'll hear stories of hidden suffering, shame, and discrimination in nearly every area of ​​their lives.
+But perhaps the most heartbreaking stories are those in which even the most basic human rights were violated, such as the young woman shown in this image, and sadly, the very people built to care for them. Even in the facility, it is unfolding every day. People with mental illness, mental hospital.
+It is this injustice that really drives my mission to take some action to change the lives of people suffering from mental illness. is to fill the gaps between the knowledge we have. , knowledge of effective treatments, and how to apply that knowledge practically in the everyday world.
+And a particularly significant challenge that I have had to face is the significant shortage of mental health professionals such as psychiatrists and psychologists, especially in developing countries.
+I am now trained in medicine in India and have since chosen psychiatry as my specialty, much to the dismay of my mother and the whole family who thought that neurosurgery would be a better option for my brilliant son. I was allowed to.
+In any event, I continued my psychiatric treatment and found myself in training in some of the best hospitals in the country in England. I was so blessed.
+I worked with a team of incredibly talented, caring, and most importantly, highly trained and professional mental health professionals.
+Shortly after my training, I was sent to work first in Zimbabwe and then in India, and I was faced with a whole new reality.
+This was the reality of a world where mental health professionals are almost non-existent.
+Zimbabwe, for example, had only a dozen psychiatrists, most of whom lived and worked in the city of Harare, and only a few could meet the mental health needs of nine million people living in rural areas.
+It turns out that in India the situation is not so good.
+To give perspective, if the proportion of psychiatrists in the population found in the UK had to be converted to India, one might expect there to be around 150,000 psychiatrists in India.
+Guess what, actually.
+The actual number is about 3,000, or about 2 percent of that.
+Like I was trained in a mental health care model that relied heavily on expensive and specialized mental health professionals to provide mental health care in countries like India and Zimbabwe. I quickly learned that I could not follow the mental health care model.
+I needed to think outside the box and think about a different model of care.
+At that time, I came across these books and learned about the concept of task shifting in global health.
+The idea is actually very simple. The idea is to take advantage of whoever is available in the community and train them to provide a range of medical interventions when specialized medical professionals are in short supply. In these books I read inspiring examples. They are trained to effectively diagnose and treat childbirth, early pneumonia.
+It occurred to me that if the general public could be trained to perform these complex medical interventions, perhaps psychiatry could do the same.
+Today, I am very happy to share with you that there have been many experiments in task shifting in mental health care in developing countries over the past decade. I would like to share with you the results of three such experiments in particular. Three of them focused on depression, the most common of all mental illnesses.
+In rural Uganda, Paul Bolton and his colleagues used villagers to demonstrate that interpersonal psychotherapy can be provided for depression, and used a randomized controlled design to determine the number of people who received this intervention. 90% recovered, while comparisons showed about 40%. Villages.
+Similarly, Atif Rahman and colleagues, using a randomized controlled trial in rural Pakistan, found that female health-care visitors, who are local maternal health workers in the Pakistani health care system, showed cognitive behavioral changes in depressed mothers. We have shown that therapy can be provided, and here again there is a dramatic difference in psycho-psychiatric symptoms. Recovery rate. About 75 percent of the mothers recovered, compared with about 45 percent in the comparison villages.
+And in my own trial in Goa, India, community-selected general counselors trained to provide psychosocial interventions for depression and anxiety experienced recovery rates of 70%. It was again shown to be 50% in comparison primary health centres. .
+Now, putting all these different experiments in task shifting together, there are of course many other examples, and if we need to identify what are the key lessons we can learn for successful task shifting operations , I think: This particular acronym, SUNDAR.
+SUNDAR means "attractive" in Hindi.
+The five key lessons shown in this slide seem to me to be very important for effective task shifting.
+First, we need to get rid of all medical jargon and simplify the messages we use.
+We need to decompose complex medical interventions into smaller components so that they can be easily transferred to untrained individuals.
+We need to bring health care closer to people's homes rather than large facilities, and we need to make use of available and affordable people in our communities to provide health care.
+And importantly, we need to redeploy the small number of professionals who can take on roles such as capacity building and oversight.
+Now, for me, task shifting is a truly global idea. Because although it arose out of the resource scarcity of developing countries, it is also very important for resource-rich countries. good. why is that?
+Part of the reason is that the cost of healthcare in the developed world, or the [developed] world, is rapidly spiraling out of control, and a huge portion of that cost is labor.
+But just as importantly, medicine has become incredibly specialized and very remote from the community.
+But to me, what really sucks about the idea of ​​task shifting is that it fundamentally empowers, not just making health care more accessible and affordable.
+This will enable the public to more effectively care for the health of others in their communities and, in doing so, better protect their own health. In fact, for me, task shifting is the ultimate example of the democratization of medical knowledge, and therefore medical power.
+Just over 30 years ago, the nations of the world came together in Alma-Ata to make this symbolic declaration.
+Well, 12 years later, you can see that we are still far from that goal.
+Yet today, with the knowledge that ordinary members of the community, with training, and adequate supervision and support, can effectively deliver a range of medical interventions, perhaps that promise is now within reach. I guess it's in
+Indeed, implementing the slogan “Health for All” requires involving everyone in that particular effort, and in the case of mental health, especially those suffering from mental illness and their caregivers. There will be
+A few years ago, professionals like me and people affected by mental illness came together, shoulder to shoulder, to give people with mental illness the care we know can change their lives. The right to receive and live life with dignity.
+And finally, when there is a moment of peace and quiet after these very busy days, or perhaps after, the person who thought you were mentally ill, or that you were. Think of the person you were thinking of. Dare to take care of them. thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+So when the White House was built in the early 19th century, it was an open house.
+Neighbors were coming and going. A local dentist happened to pass by President Adams.
+He wanted to shake hands with the president.
+The president dismissed the secretary of state he was meeting with and asked the dentist if he would pull the tooth out.
+Then, in the 1850s, under President Pierce, when a neighbor passed by and said, "I want to see a beautiful house," Pierce said to him -- perhaps the only thing he is known for - is known to have said , "Why, of course you can come in.
+This is not my home. It's people's homes. "
+Well, in early 2009, when the Obama administration was inaugurated, when I went to the White House, the White House was never open.
+A curtain of bombs covered my window.
+I was running Windows 2000.
+Social media blocked by firewall.
+We didn't have a blog, let alone 12 Twitter accounts like we do today.
+I joined the company as Head of Open Government, embracing the values ​​and practices of transparency, participation and collaboration and instilling them in the way we work, how we open up government and work with people. It was for
+Now, one thing we do know is that companies are good at getting people to work together in teams and networks to build very complex products like cars and computers, and the products that society creates are complex. The more you have, the more successful you are. Society is outdated.
+Corporations make things, but governments make public goods. They are treating cancer, educating children, building roads, etc. No agency is particularly good at this kind of complex problem. No institution is better at putting our talents to work and working with us in such an open and collaborative way.
+So what did we do when we wanted to create an open government policy? Naturally, we wanted to ask civil servants how we should open up our government. .
+It turns out that it had never been done before.
+We wanted to ask the public to help shape our policy. It's common to comment after the rules are written, not after the fact, but I wanted to get them to comment up front. There was no legal precedent, no cultural precedent, no technical way to do this.
+In fact, many people said it was illegal.
+This is the crux of the problem.
+Government exists to guide the two streams of values ​​and expertise to and from the government and to the people, all the way to decision-making.
+But the way our institutions are designed is an 18th-century, centralized model where every four years, every two years, and at most once a year, we direct the flow of values ​​through voting. has become This is a pretty poor and flimsy way for us to really express our values ​​in the age of social media.
+Today we have technology that allows us to express ourselves to a great extent or a little too much.
+And in the 19th century, the concepts of bureaucracy and the administrative state were superimposed to govern large, complex societies.
+But we have centralized these bureaucracies.
+We've let them settle. And we know that the smartest people always work for someone else.
+Just by looking around this room, you can see that expertise and intelligence are not just confined to our institutions, but are widely distributed throughout society.
+Scientists have recently studied a phenomenon often described as flow, the phenomenon in which the design of our systems, whether natural or social, directs the flow of everything that flows through them.
+Thus, rivers are designed to direct water flow, lightning coming from clouds directs electrical flow, and leaves are designed to direct nutrient flow to trees, sometimes having to go around trees. There is also Although there is an obstacle, it is to allow nutrients to flow.
+The same goes for our social and government systems. There, at least Flow provides a helpful metaphor for understanding what the problem is, what is really broken, and the urgent need we have. Today, we all feel the need to redesign the flow of our organization.
+We live in the Cambrian era of big data and social networks, and we have the opportunity to redesign these institutions that actually started very recently.
+please think about it. What other businesses do you know of? And what sector of the economy, especially one as big as the public sector, does not regularly try to reinvent its business model?
+Of course, we invest heavily in innovation. We invest in broadband, science education and science grants, but little in reinventing and redesigning our organization.
+Of course, it's all too easy to complain about partisan politics and entrenched bureaucracies, and we love to complain about government. Especially during election time, this is eternal entertainment, but the world is complicated. Our population will soon reach 10 billion, many of whom will lack basic resources.
+So it's okay to complain, but what would actually replace what we have today?
+What will happen the day after the Arab Spring?
+Well, obviously one of the compelling alternatives presented to us is networking. right? Networks such as Facebook and Twitter. they are skinny they are mean.
+Facebook has 3,000 employees and governs 900 million residents.
+They have recently risen to combat legislative encroachment, and we might even call them citizens because the citizens of these networks work together to serve each other in such a wonderful way.
+But private communities, private, corporate, privatized communities are not bottom-up democracies.
+They cannot replace the government.
+Being friends on Facebook isn't as complicated as you and I working together and doing the heavy lifting of governance.
+But social media teaches us something.
+Why is Twitter so successful? Because it opens the platform.
+APIs will be exposed and hundreds of thousands of new applications can be built on top of them to read and process information in new and exciting ways.
+We need to think about how to open government APIs. And we have to think about how to do that. The next great superpower will be one that can successfully combine institutional hierarchies. Because we have to. To maintain these public values, the tide must be adjusted. But given the diversity, the pulsating life, the turmoil and the excitement of networks, we are all working together to build these new innovations on top of our institutions and governance practices.
+There is precedent for this. Good old Henry II here invented the jury in the 12th century.
+A strong, practical and transparent model for transferring power from government to the people.
+Today, we have the opportunity and obligation to create thousands of new ways of interconnecting networks and institutions, thousands of new kinds of juries (citizen juries, carrot mobs, hackathons, etc.). there is. We have just started inventing models. It allows us to co-create governance processes.
+We do not yet fully grasp what this will look like, but pockets of evolution are beginning to emerge all around us. Maybe not even evolution, I'm starting to call it a revolution. how we govern.
+Some of them are very high tech, some are very low tech. For example, a project that MKSS is running in Rajasthan, India, takes state spending data and paints the walls of 100,000 villages, asking villagers to come and see who is on the government payroll. Please comment on who actually died, what the bridge to nowhere is, and work together through civic engagement to actually save money and get access to that budget.
+But it's not just government crackdowns.
+It is also about creating a government.
+Spacehive in the UK is participating in crowdfunding, asking you and me to raise money to build goalposts and park benches so we can actually serve our community better.
+In some cases the service does not exist, but no one does it better than Ushahidi in this activity of actually engaging us in providing it.
+Created after Kenya's post-election riots in 2008, this crisis-mapping website and community actually uses crowdsourcing to map debris, whether it's after the earthquake in Haiti or the most recent one. The goal is to provide better rescue services to those trapped under in Italy.
+And the Red Cross also trains volunteers, and Twitter not only complements existing government agencies, but often certifies volunteers as an alternative to volunteers.
+What we're seeing a lot of examples right now is clearly government data disclosure and there aren't enough examples yet, but this practice of people creating and generating innovative applications based on government data are beginning to be seen.
+There were many examples, but I chose this one by Jon Bon Jovi. You may not know that he runs a soup kitchen in New Jersey that feeds the homeless, especially homeless veterans.
+In February, he approached the White House, saying, "We want to fund an award to create scalable national applications that help make life better not just for the homeless, but for those who serve the homeless." rice field.
+Finalists will be announced in the competition from February 2012 to June 2012.
+In what was once a bureaucratic world, can you imagine accomplishing anything in less than four months?
+You can barely fill out forms in that time, much less produce real, tangible innovations that improve people's lives.
+And let me be clear that this open government revolution is not about privatizing government. Because, in many cases, what we can do with that will in an open government revolution is provide policies that are more progressive and better than regulation, legislation, and policy. A litigation-oriented strategy as we formulate policy today.
+Texas regulates 515 occupations, from well drillers to florists.
+Currently, guns are allowed in churches in Dallas, but unauthorized flower arrangements are prohibited. You will be put in jail.
+So what is Texas doing? They are asking you and me to use our online policy wiki to not just remove the onerous regulations that hinder entrepreneurship, but to replace them with more innovative alternatives. Sometimes, we use transparency in creating new iPhone apps to protect consumers and the public, and to promote economic development.
+It's a wonderful byproduct of open government.
+What we have said so far about development is not just about the benefits. Economic benefits and job creation are the result of this open innovation effort.
+Sberbank, Russia's largest and oldest bank, which is largely owned by the Russian government, has launched a crowdsourcing practice to involve employees and the general public in developing innovations.
+Last year, they saved $1 billion and 30 billion rubles through open innovation, making a radical push to extend crowdsourcing beyond banks to the public sector.
+And there are many examples of these innovators using open government data and not just building apps, but starting companies and hiring people to work with governments to build apps.
+Therefore, many of these innovations are local.
+San Ramon, Calif. has released an iPhone app. This app allows you to say that you or I are trained and certified in CPR, so if someone has a heart attack you will be notified and you can rush to them. can. Come here and give CPR.
+Victims who receive bystander CPR are more than twice as likely to survive.
+"There's a hero in all of us" is their slogan.
+But it's not just local.
+The Canadian province of British Columbia publishes a catalog outlining all the ways residents and citizens can engage with the province in co-building governance.
+Let me be clear, and perhaps controversially, open government does not mean transparent government.
+Just sending data to the Trans Am doesn't change how the government works.
+No one will do anything with that data to change lives or solve problems, nor will it change governments.
+It is to create antagonism between civil society and government over control and ownership of information.
+And transparency by itself is not reducing the flow of money into politics, perhaps creating more accountability than taking the next step of changing the way we work, combining participation and cooperation with transparency. Not even.
+I think we can actually see this evolution in two stages. The first step in the open government revolution is getting better information from the crowd to the center.
+Beginning in 2005, this is how this open government effort in the United States really began. I was teaching my students a patent law class and explaining how one person in the bureaucracy had the power to make decisions about which patents. This application will be the next patent and will therefore have exclusive rights to all fields of inventive activity for 20 years.
+Well what have we done? We said we could build a website, we could build a professional network, a social network. By connecting networks to institutions, scientists and engineers can get better information to patent offices to support decision making.
+We have piloted this effort in the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and Australia and are pleased to announce that the United States Patent Office has introduced universal, full and complete openness and that all patent applications will be published. think. Citizen participation initiative starting this year.
+This second stage of evolution — yes. (Applause.) They are worth reaching out to. (Applause.) The first step is getting better information.
+The second step is to acquire decision-making power.
+Participatory budgeting has been practiced for many years in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
+They just started it in Chicago's 49th Ward.
+Russia, like Lithuania, uses wikis to rally citizens and make laws. We are well on the road to an open government revolution as we begin to see authority over core government functions such as spending, legislation and decision making.
+There are many things we can do to get there.
+Publishing data is clearly one thing, but the key is creating more opportunities for participation: creating and managing.
+Hackathons and mashathons, working with data to build apps, are obvious ways to get people involved and participating, like judges, but we need more of the same.
+That's why we need to start with the youngest people.
+I've heard TED talks about people biohacking and hacking plants with Arduino, and Mozilla is working with young people around the world to build websites and make videos. are doing
+We want to remind young people that we live in a passive society, not a read-only society, but a writable one, and that we have the power to change communities and change institutions. That's when we really start. Set yourself on the path to this open government innovation, to this open government movement, to this open government revolution.
+So I would like to end by saying that I think the important thing for us to do is talk about this revolution and demand it.
+As a matter of fact, there are no words yet to describe it.
+Equality and fairness, traditional elections and democracy are still not very nice words.
+Not funny enough. They are not exciting enough to involve us in this wonderful opportunity that awaits us. But I would argue that if you want to know the kinds of hopeful and exciting innovations being talked about here at TED like clean energy, clean education and development, if you want to see them adopted, And if we want it, that is. To see them scale, we want to see them become the governance of tomorrow. In that case, we all need to be on board and involved.
+We must open up our institutions and create open institutions that, like leaves, nourish our bodies, our politics, our cultures, creating stronger democracies and a better tomorrow. .
+thank you. (applause)
+I thought I'd start with a very brief history of the city.
+A settlement usually began with people gathering around a well, and the size of the settlement was about the distance you could walk with a pot of water on your head.
+In fact, if you fly over Germany, for example, and look down, you see hundreds of these small villages, all about a mile apart.
+I needed easy access to the field.
+And for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, the home was the very center of life.
+Life was very small for most people.
+It was a center of entertainment, a center of energy production, a center of labor, and a center of medicine.
+Then industrialization took off and everything started to become centralized.
+There was a dirty factory that was relocated to the outskirts of the city.
+Production was concentrated in the assembly plant.
+It had concentrated energy production.
+Learning took place at school.
+Medicine was done in hospitals.
+And then the network developed.
+There was a water supply and sewage network that made such uncontrolled expansion possible.
+More and more functions were separated.
+There was a railroad network connecting residential, industrial and commercial areas.
+In fact, the model was to give everyone a car, build roads to get everywhere, and give people a place to park when they got there.
+And we still live in that world, and it ends up like this.
+So there will be Los Angeles sprawl, Mexico City sprawl.
+China has an incredible new city, a sprawl of towers.
+They're all building cities based on the model we invented in the 50's and 60's, which I would argue is really outdated. Hundreds of new cities are planned around the world.
+Some say that China alone will have 300 to 400 million people in the next 15 years.
+That means building the equivalent of the entire US infrastructure in 15 years.
+Imagine.
+And we all need to take care of this, whether we live in a city or not.
+Cities will account for 90 percent of population growth, 80 percent of global CO2 emissions, and 75 percent of energy use, but at the same time, more and more people want to live in cities.
+More than half of the world's people now live in cities, and the situation will continue to escalate.
+Cities are places of celebration and of personal expression.
+There are pillow fight flash mobs, and I've been to them a few times. It's a lot of fun.
+Cities are where most of the wealth is created and where women find opportunities, especially in developing countries.
+That's a big reason why the city is growing so fast.
+There are several trends affecting cities right now.
+First of all, work is becoming decentralized and mobile.
+Office buildings are basically abolished for private work.
+Thanks to distributed computing, the home is once again -- communication is becoming central to our lives, producing, learning, shopping, healthcare, and other things we used to think outside the home. It is the center of everything. House.
+And everything people buy, every consumer product, is becoming capable of being personalized in some way.
+And that's a very important trend to consider.
+This is my image of the future city.
+(Laughter) In the sense that it's a place for people.
+It may not be the way people dress, but the question now is how can we have all the good things that we identify with in the city without all the bad things? That's it.
+This is Bangalore.
+Last year it took me hours in Bangalore to travel a few miles.
+Therefore, cities have all kinds of negative problems, such as congestion, pollution, and disease.
+How can you get the good without having the bad?
+So we went back and started looking at the great cities that evolved before the automobile.
+Paris was a collection of small villages whose structures can still be seen today.
+The 20th arrondissement of Paris is this small district.
+Most of the necessities of life are within 5 or 10 minutes walking distance.
+Looking at the data, we can see that having such a structure results in a very even distribution of stores, doctors, pharmacies and cafes in Paris.
+And if you look at the cities that developed after the automobile, it's not that kind of pattern.
+Few are within a 5 minute walk of most areas of places like Pittsburgh.
+Not to mention Pittsburgh, but most American cities have actually evolved this way.
+So we said let's see the new city. We are working on some new city projects in China.
+So we said let's start with the neighboring cells.
+We think of it as a compact urban cell.
+So most of what most people want is served within a 20 minute walk.
+This also includes resilient power microgrids, district heating, electricity and communication networks.
+You can concentrate there.
+Stewart Brand would probably put a small nuclear reactor in the center.
+And he may be right.
+And, in effect, you can form a mesh network.
+Since this is like a typology pattern for the Internet, there can be a set of neighbors.
+Density can be dialed up. For Cambridge, about 20,000 people per cell.
+Manhattan density goes up to 50,000.
+It connects everything to public transportation and provides most of what most people within the area need.
+You can start developing a whole typology of streetscapes and the vehicles that can drive on them.
+I'm not going to go through them all. I'll show you just one.
+This is Boulder. It's a great example of a mobility parkway, a superhighway for joggers and cyclists that allows you to travel from one end of the city to the other without crossing the road, and even bike-sharing. More on this later. straight away.
+This is an even more interesting solution in Seoul, South Korea.
+They took the elevated highway, removed it, reclaimed the road, and reclaimed the river under it under the road. This has made it possible to go from one end of Seoul to the other without having to cross the roadway for cars.
+Manhattan's High Line is very similar.
+There are bike lanes that are rapidly becoming popular all over the world.
+I lived in Manhattan for 15 years.
+I went back a few weeks ago to take pictures of the awesome new bike lanes they have put in place.
+We have not yet reached Copenhagen, where about 42% of city trips are by bicycle.
+That's mainly because they have great infrastructure there.
+In fact, we did something completely wrong in Boston.
+The Great Digging -- (Laughter) So we've done away with highways, but we've created islands of traffic, and it's certainly not a non-vehicle travel route.
+Since on-demand mobility is what we've been thinking about, we believe we need an ecosystem of these shared vehicles connected to public transport.
+These are some of the vehicles we've been working on.
+But shared use really matters.
+When sharing a vehicle, one vehicle can be used by 4 or more people.
+Here in Boston we have Hubway and in Paris we have the Velib system.
+In our media lab, we have developed this small city car optimized for shared use in the city.
+I have removed all unnecessary things such as engine and transmission.
+We moved everything to the wheels, so everything is in the wheels, including the drive motors, steering motors, and braking.
+This puts less strain on the chassis, allowing it to do things like fold up, allowing this tiny vehicle to fold up into a small footprint.
+Here's a video that aired on European television last week that showed the Spanish Minister of Industry driving this tiny car that can turn when folded.
+No need to reverse. No parallel parking required.
+Just spin and enter directly.
+(Laughter) So we're working with a company to commercialize this.
+My PhD student Ryan Chin presented these early ideas at a TEDx conference two years ago.
+What's interesting is that when you start adding new elements to it, like autonomy, you get out of the car, you park at your destination, you pat the car on the butt, and the car starts running, automatically parks, automatically We believe this is the future, with about 7 times more vehicles available in a given area than traditional cars.
+In fact, you can do this today. It doesn't really matter.
+Shared use, folding and autonomy can be combined, and such strategies increase land use rates by approximately 28 times.
+So one of the graduate students said, "How will self-driving cars communicate with pedestrians?"
+You have no one to look up to.
+I don't know if I will get run over.
+So he develops strategies to enable vehicles to communicate with pedestrians. So -- (laughter) the headlights are eyeballs, the pupils can be dilated, they have directional audio, they can throw sound directly at people.
+What I love about this project is that he solved a problem that didn't exist yet. So, (Laughter) I also think we can democratize access to bike lanes.
+As you know, bike lanes are mostly used by young men in elastic pants. So -- (laughter) we're going to develop bike-lane vehicles that can be used by the elderly, people with disabilities, women in skirts, business people, energy congestion, mobility, aging, obesity. can be addressed simultaneously.
+This is an early design for this little tricycle.
+It's an electric bicycle.
+You have to pedal to navigate in bike lanes, but for seniors it's a switch.
+If you are a healthy person, it may take a lot of effort to run fast.
+If you can shower, you'll have 40 calories when you go to work and 500 calories when you get home.
+We hope to build it this fall.
+Housing is another area where we can really improve.
+Boston Mayor Menino said the lack of affordable housing for young people is one of the biggest problems facing the city.
+The developers say, "Okay, let's build a tiny little apartment."
+People say we don't want to live in a small conventional apartment.
+That's why we're saying let's build a standardized chassis, just like our cars.
+Through the process of introducing advanced technology, technology-enabled filling materials into apartments, and giving people the tools within this open-loft chassis to define what their needs, values, and activities are, the matching algorithm Match unique assemblies. Integrated infill components, furniture and cabinets are customized for that individual and provide the tools to refine through the process. It's like working with an architect, a dialogue begins when you present alternatives. to those who respond.
+Now, the most interesting implementation for us will be when we will be able to install robot walls, transforming your space from exercise to work if you run a virtual company.
+Inviting guests will develop two guest rooms.
+A traditional one-bedroom arrangement is available if desired.
+That's probably the case most of the time.
+16 people can be accommodated in one regular bedroom with the table folded down. Or maybe you need a dance studio.
+That is, architects have been thinking about these ideas for a long time.
+What we have to do now is develop something that can accommodate the 300 million Chinese who want to live comfortably in cities.
+We believe that by utilizing these strategies, even a very small apartment can function as if it were twice as spacious.
+I don't believe in smart homes. It's kind of a false notion.
+I think you should build a stupid house and put the smart stuff in there.
+(Laughter) So we've been working on the chassis of the wall itself.
+As you know, the standardized platform has a motor and a battery and a small solenoid that locks in place and provides low-voltage power when in operation.
+We think we can standardize all this. That way people will be able to customize what they put in their walls. Just like cars, we will be able to integrate all kinds of sensing to recognize human activity. No problem.
+(Laughter) So the developers are saying, "This is great."
+A conventional building would have a fixed envelope and could probably contain 14 units.
+It can accommodate 28 if it works like double the size.
+However, it means double the parking space.
+Parking is really expensive.
+It costs about $70,000 per space to build a conventional parking lot inside a building.
+So with folding and autonomy, you can do it in a seventh of the space.
+Just factoring in parking costs drops to $10,000 per car.
+You can go even further by adding shared use.
+All kinds of advanced technologies can also be integrated through this process.
+There is a way to market for innovative companies to bring technology into the home.
+In this case, it's a project we're working on together with Siemens.
+We have installed sensors in all furniture and interior materials to understand where people are and what they are doing.
+Blue light is very efficient, which is why we have these adjustable 24-bit LED fixtures.
+It is believed to recognize where people are and what they are doing, illuminate with full-spectrum white light when needed, and save perhaps 30-40 percent energy consumption compared to traditional state-of-the-art lighting. increase. system.
+It simply displays data from sensors embedded in furniture.
+We don't really believe in cameras doing anything in the home.
+We think these little wireless sensors are more effective.
+I think you can also personalize the sunlight.
+It's the ultimate personalization in a way.
+So we looked at articulated mirrors on the façade that allow sunlight to enter anywhere in the space. This allows the majority of the glass to be shaded even on hot days like today.
+In this case, she can pick up her phone and map her island kitchen meal prep to a specific spot in the sunlight.
+Algorithmically it stays there for as long as she engages in that activity.
+Combination with LED lighting is also possible.
+We believe workplaces should be shared.
+I mean, I think this is really the workplace of the future.
+This is Starbucks.
+Maybe number three -- and everyone is in their own little personal bubble with their backs to the wall, food and coffee on the way.
+We need shared spaces for interaction and collaboration.
+We're not doing a very good job of it.
+Cambridge Innovation Center offers shared desks.
+I have spent a lot of time at the design factory at Aalto University in Finland. There are shared shops and shared fab labs, shared quiet spaces, electronics spaces, and recreational areas.
+Ultimately, we believe that all of this will come together to pave the way for new models of mobility, new models of housing, new models of how we live and work, and markets for advanced technologies.
+But ultimately the main thing we should focus on is people.
+Cities are all human.
+Those are places for people.
+There's no reason why it can't dramatically improve the livability and creativity of the city, while at the same time dramatically reducing CO2 and energy, like Melbourne's laneway.
+It is a global obligation. I need to get this right.
+thank you.
+Like many of you here, I am trying to contribute to the recovery of Africa.
+The problem of transformation in Africa is really a question of leadership.
+Only wise leaders can transform Africa.
+And it is my contention that how we educate our leaders is fundamental to progress on this continent.
+I would like to give some talks to explain my point of view.
+Yesterday we all heard about the importance of stories.
+This year, an American friend of mine volunteered as a nurse in Ghana and in three months came to a conclusion about leadership in Africa that took me over a decade to reach.
+Twice she was involved in surgeries that caused power outages at the hospital.
+The emergency generator did not start.
+There were no flashlights, no lanterns, no candles, it was pitch black.
+The patient had two cuts.
+The first time was a caesarean section.
+Luckily, the baby was safe and both mother and child were safe.
+The second was surgery under local anesthesia.
+The anesthesia will wear off. The patient feels pain.
+he is crying he is screaming he is praying
+pitch black. No candles, no flashlights.
+And the hospital may have had flashlights.
+They could have afforded these things, but they didn't.
+And it happened twice.
+Another time, she watched in horror as a patient died because nurses refused oxygen.
+And three months later, just before she returned to the United States, nurses in Accra went on strike.
+And her recommendation is to take this opportunity to fire everyone and start over.
+Start over.
+Now, what does this have to do with leadership?
+Health ministry officials, hospital administrators, doctors and nurses make up only 5 percent of their peers who have completed secondary education.
+they are elite. they are our leaders.
+Their decisions and actions matter.
+And when they fail, nations literally suffer.
+So when I talk about leadership, I'm not just talking about political leaders.
+We hear about it a lot.
+I'm talking about elite.
+It is the job of trained people to be guardians of society.
+Lawyers, judges, police, doctors, engineers, civil servants, these are leaders.
+And we have to train them right.
+Well, my first sharp and memorable experience of leadership in Ghana happened when I was 16 years old.
+A military coup had just happened, and soldiers had permeated society.
+They were pervasive.
+Then one day, I went to see my father at the airport, and as I was walking down this grassy slope from the parking lot to the terminal building, I was stopped by two soldiers with AK-47 assault weapons. rice field.
+And they asked me to join the crowd of people running up and down this embankment.
+why? Because the road I took was considered off-limits.
+There are no indications of this effect.
+I was 16 years old now. I was very worried about what my friends would think if they saw me going up and down this hill.
+I was especially worried about what the girls would think.
+So I started arguing with these people.
+It was a little reckless, but I was only 16.
+I got lucky.
+Ghana Airways pilots were in the same predicament.
+Because of his uniform, they speak to him differently, explaining to him that they are just following orders.
+So he took their radio, talked to his superiors, and got us all released.
+What lessons can we learn from an experience like this?
+For me there are several.
+Leadership is important. Those people are following orders from their superiors.
+I learned something about courage.
+It was important not to see those guns.
+I also learned that thinking about girls helps.
+(Laughter) So a few years after this incident, I got a scholarship to leave Ghana and go to Swarthmore College.
+It was a breath of fresh air.
+As you know, the faculty there didn't want me to memorize and repeat information like they did when I was in Ghana.
+They wanted us to think critically.
+They wanted us to be analytical.
+They wanted us to be concerned about social issues.
+In the economics class, I got high marks for my understanding of basic economics.
+But I learned something deeper than that. Ghana's economic leaders, the managers of the Ghanaian economy, made a breathtakingly wrong decision that threatened to bring our economy to the brink of collapse.
+And here again, a lesson was learned that leadership is important.
+That's very important.
+But I never fully understood what had happened to me at Swarthmore.
+I was vaguely aware of it, but I didn't fully realize it until I actually went out into the world and joined Microsoft Corporation.
+And I was part of this team. This thinking and learning team was tasked with designing and implementing new software that created value for the world.
+And it was great to be part of this team.
+It was great.
+And I realized what happened to me at Swarthmore, this transformation—the ability to confront problems, complex problems, and design solutions to those problems.
+The ability to create is the most powerful thing that can happen to an individual.
+And I was one of them.
+Well, during my tenure at Microsoft, the company's annual revenue grew to exceed the GDP of the Republic of Ghana.
+By the way, it continues.
+After I quit, the gap widened.
+Well, we already talked about one of the reasons why this happened.
+I mean, the people there are very hardworking, persistent, creative and empowering.
+But there were also some external factors such as free markets, rule of law and infrastructure.
+These were provided by institutions run by people I call leaders.
+And those leaders didn't just emerge spontaneously.
+Someone trained them to do such work.
+Well, this funny thing happened when I was at Microsoft.
+I became a parent
+And for the first time, Africa has never been more important to me.
+I realized that the current state of the African continent is important to my children and their children.
+As far as my children are concerned, the state of the world depends on what is happening in Africa.
+And around this time, I was going through a so-called “midlife crisis,” and Africa was in turmoil.
+Somalia collapsed into anarchy.
+Rwanda was in the middle of this genocidal war.
+And it seemed to me that it was the wrong direction, so I had to go back to help again.
+I couldn't just stay in Seattle, raise my kids in an upper-middle-class neighborhood, and be content with that.
+This was not the world I wanted my children to grow up in.
+So I decided to get engaged and the first thing I did was go back to Ghana and talk to a lot of people and try to understand what the real problem was.
+And for every issue, three things popped up in quick succession: corruption, weak institutions, and the people who run them: their leaders.
+Now, looking at those three problems, they look really hard to deal with, and that's why I got a little scared.
+And they might say, "Hey, don't try."
+But for my part, I asked the question, "Where did these leaders come from?"
+Why does Ghana produce leaders who are unethical and incapable of solving problems?”
+So I tried to find out what was going on in the education system.
+And it was the same from elementary school to graduate school, learning by rote.
+Ethics are rarely emphasized and the typical Ghanaian university graduate is more entitlement than responsibility.
+This is wrong.
+So I decided to tackle this particular issue.
+Because it seems to me that any society needs to be very intentional about how it trains its leaders.
+And Ghana was not paying enough attention.
+And this is indeed true across sub-Saharan Africa.
+So this is what I do now.
+I am trying to bring my Swarthmore experience to Africa.
+I wish every country in Africa had a liberal arts college.
+I think it makes a big difference.
+And what Assisi University is trying to do is develop a new generation of ethical and entrepreneurial leaders.
+We seek to develop leaders of extraordinary integrity who are capable of tackling complex problems, asking the right questions, and coming up with workable solutions.
+We'll admit it looks like Mission: Impossible at times, but we have to believe these kids are smart.
+If we engage them in education and talk about the real problems they face—the problems our society as a whole faces—and the skills that enable them to participate in the real world and the magic will happen.
+Well, it's been a month since this project started and classes have just started.
+A month later, when I came to the office, I received this email from one of my students.
+And very simply, I said, "I am thinking now."
+And he signed "thank you".
+It's a very simple statement.
+But as I understood what was going on with this young man, I almost burst into tears.
+And it's great to be able to participate in empowering someone in this way.
+I'm thinking now
+This year we challenged our students to create their own Code of Honor.
+There is currently a very active debate on campus about whether there should be an honor code and what it should look like.
+One of my students asked me a question that warmed my heart.
+Is it possible to create a perfect society?
+Her understanding that the student-created code of honor constitutes reaching perfection is incredible.
+We cannot achieve perfection now, but when we get there, we can achieve excellence.
+I don't know what they will do in the end.
+I don't know if they decide to have this honor code.
+But the conversations they have now about what a good society should look like, what a good society should look like, is really good.
+Are you out of time? OK.
+I'd like to leave this slide alone because it's important to think about it.
+I am very excited about the fact that all Assisi University students are doing community service before they graduate.
+For many of them it was a life-changing experience.
+These young future leaders are beginning to understand the real job of leadership, the real privilege of leadership: serving humanity after all.
+I'm even more excited about the fact that, at least that year, our student body elected a woman as student council president.
+It is the first time in Ghana's history that a woman has been elected student council president at any university.
+It says a lot about her.
+It says a lot about the culture that is forming on campus.
+Much has been written there about the colleague who elected her.
+She won with 75 percent of the vote.
+And it gives me great hope.
+It turns out that businesses in West Africa also appreciate what is happening to their students.
+I have graduated two classes of students so far.
+And all of them are in place.
+And we've had great reports from companies in Ghana and West Africa, but what impresses them most is the work ethic.
+Passion for what they do.
+Perseverance, ability to deal with ambiguity, ability to tackle problems never seen before.
+This is a good thing, because there have been a few times over the last five years that this felt like "Mission: Impossible".
+And it's really nice to see the glow of promise of what will happen if we train our children right.
+I believe that current and future leaders of Africa have a great opportunity to drive a massive reconstruction of the continent.
+It's a great opportunity.
+There are not many opportunities like this in the world.
+I believe Africa has reached a tipping point with the march of democracy and free markets.
+We are at a point where we will create a great society within a generation.
+It depends on inspired leadership.
+And my contention is that how you train your leaders will make a big difference.
+Thank you and may God bless you.
+(applause)
+The murder took place a little over 21 years ago on January 18, 1991, in the small bedroom community of Lynnwood, California, just a few miles southeast of Los Angeles.
+A father comes out of the house and tells his teenage son and his five friends to stop running around on the front lawn and sidewalks and go home, finish schoolwork and get ready for bed. rice field.
+And as the father was giving these instructions, a car drove slowly past the father and the teens, and shortly after a hand flew out of the passenger window, and—"Bang, bang !”—Kill his father.
+And the car picked up speed and drove off.
+The police and investigators were amazingly competent.
+They considered all the common culprits and within 24 hours they had a suspect. It was Francisco Carrillo, a 17-year-old boy who lived about a few blocks from where the shooting took place.
+They found his photo. They prepared a picture and showed it to one of the teens the day after the shooting.
+That's the shooter I saw who killed my father. "
+That was all the trial judge had to ask to try Carrillo for first-degree murder.
+In a survey conducted prior to the actual trial, five other teens were each shown the same photo.
+The photo we can best judge is probably the one you see in the photo array in the bottom left corner of these headshots.
+The reason we're not entirely sure is due to the nature of evidence preservation in our judicial system, but that's also the whole TEDx story later. (Laughter.) So, in the actual trial, all six teenagers testified and showed their identities made up on a photo array.
+he was found guilty. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and transferred to Folsom Prison.
+So what could be wrong?
+A frank and fair trial, a thorough investigation.
+No gun was found.
+No vehicle has been identified as the vehicle with the shooter's arm outstretched, and no one has been charged as the driver of the shooter's vehicle.
+And what about Carrillo's alibi?
+Which parent here wouldn't lie about your son or daughter's whereabouts in a murder investigation?
+He was sent to prison but consistently maintained his innocence for 21 years.
+So what's the problem?
+In fact, this kind of case problem arises many times over from decades of scientific research on human memory.
+First of all, we have all the statistical analysis from the activities of the Innocence Project, and there are currently 250, 280 documented cases in which people have been wrongfully convicted and subsequently acquitted. including those on death row. Subsequent DNA analysis found that more than three-quarters of all acquittal cases involved only eyewitness-identifying testimony during the conviction trial.
+We know that witness identification can be flawed.
+Another comes from an interesting aspect of human memory related to various brain functions, but can be summarized here in simple terms for brevity. "The brain hates a vacuum".
+Under the best viewing conditions, the absolute best, we only detect, encode, and store in our brain fragments of the entire experience before us, and they are distributed to different parts of the brain. It will be saved.
+Now, when it's important to be able to remember what our experience was, we have an imperfect and partial store, and what happens?
+Under consciousness, without the need for any kind of motivated processing, the brain can process information that was not there, information that was not originally stored, reasoning, guessing, information obtained as an observer after observation. Embed information from the source.
+But it happens unconsciously and you don't even know it's happening.
+This is called reconstructed memory.
+It happens all the time in every aspect of our life.
+A group of appeals lawyers, led by a brilliant attorney named Ellen Eggers, pools their experience and talents to petition the Superior Court for a retrial of Mr. Francisco Carrillo.
+They retained me as a forensic neurophysiologist because I had expertise in eyewitness memory identification, which obviously makes sense for this case, right?
+But it's also because I have expertise and testify to the nature of human night vision.
+Now what does that have to do with this?
+Now, one of the things that suddenly struck me while reading the Carrillo case documents was that the investigator said the crime scene, the lighting at the time of the shooting, was good.
+All of the teens testified that they looked good during the trial.
+But this happened at 7:00 pm in mid-January in the northern hemisphere. At night.
+So I calculated the lunar and solar data for that location on Earth at the time of the shooting, and found that the day was well past the end of the twilight, and the moon wasn't out that night. bottom.
+So all the light from the sun and moon in this area is what you see on your screen here.
+The only lighting in the area had to come from artificial sources. So I go out and actually reconstruct the scene with a photometer, different lighting scales, other different color perception scales, plus special cameras and high resolution cameras. - It's a speed film, right?
+Take and record all measurements.
+Then take a photo. Here's what the scene looked like from the position of the teenager looking at the passing cars and filming.
+This is the view directly across the street from where they were standing.
+Recall that the investigator's report stated that the lighting was good.
+The teens said they could see better.
+This is looking down on the east side where the shooting vehicle has driven away, the lighting directly behind the father and the young men.
+As you can see, it's poor at best.
+No one would call this bright and good lighting, and it's actually just as good as these pictures. And the reason we took these pictures was because I knew I had to testify in court, and the pictures are worth more than that. A thousand words are needed to convey abstract concepts such as numbers, lux, international measurements of illuminance, and Ishihara color blindness.
+If you show them to someone unfamiliar with that aspect of science, they will turn into salamanders in the midday sun. It's like talking about the tangent of the visual angle, you see?
+Their eyes are just cloudy, okay?
+A good forensic expert must also be a good educator and a good communicator. That's part of the reason we take pictures, to make the situation easier for someone with the facts to understand, not just where the light source is, what we call spill or distribution.
+These are actually some of the pictures I used when testifying, but more important to me as a scientist are those measurements, the photometric measurements, which I used in my actual visual It can be translated into ability predictions. From the human eye under such conditions, and my measurements recorded in the field at the same time under the same sun and moon conditions, I could predict that there would be no reliable color perception. This is important for face recognition, because there is only scotopic vision, which means very low resolution, called boundary or edge detection, and furthermore, because under this light the eyes are fully dilated. , with a lower depth. The depth of field, the distance at which you can focus and see details, should have been at a distance of less than 18 inches.
+I testified to that in court. The judge was very careful, but the hearing of this request for reconsideration was very long. As a result, I found myself thinking out of the corner of my eye: Perhaps the judges needed to do a little more work than just increase the numbers.
+Here I got a little bolder, turned around and asked the judge, "I think you should go out and see the scene yourself, Your Excellency."
+Now, I may have sounded more like a dare than a please (laughs), but still, credit to this man's honor and bravery for saying, "Yes, I will."
+A striking figure in American jurisprudence.
+So in fact we found the same identical situation and rebuilt the whole thing and he came out with an entire brigade of sheriffs to protect him in this community, okay? (Laughter) We actually had him stand at some distance from the road. Closer to the suspected vehicle—the shooting vehicle—than the actual teenage boys, he stood a few feet from the curb into the middle of the street.
+The car that came was the same car that the teens described.
+The car had a driver and a passenger, but after the car passed the judge, the passenger reached out and gave it back to the judge as the car drove on. Exactly as described by teenage boys, right?
+Well, he didn't have a real gun in his hand, so he had a black object in his hand that resembled the gun described.
+He pointed and the judge saw this.
+This is the car 30 feet away from the judge.
+An arm sticks out from the passenger side, pointing at you.
+It's 30 feet away.
+Some teens said the car was 4.5 meters away when they actually opened fire.
+have understood. It's 15 feet.
+At this point, I was a little apprehensive.
+This judge is someone you would never want to play poker with.
+He was quite stoic. I couldn't see the movement of his eyebrows.
+I didn't see any bend in his head.
+I have no idea how he reacted to this, but after he saw this reenactment, he turned to me and said, "Is there anything else you'd like me to see?"
+I said "sir," and I don't know if I was encouraged by the scientific measurements I had in my pocket and the knowledge that they were accurate, or if it was just stupidity. Attorneys say so. When they heard me say this, they thought, "Yes, sir, I want you to stand there, and let the car go around the block again, and come, and stop right in front of you." ” At a distance of 3-4 feet, I want the passenger to reach out with a black object and point it at you. Then you can look at it as long as you like. "
+And that's what he saw. (Laughter) As you may have noticed, and this was also in my test report, all the primary lighting is coming from the north side, and the shooter's face is obscured in the photo. It must have been backlight.
+In addition, so-called shadow clouds are generated, in which the interior of the car becomes dark because of the roof of the car.
+And this is 3-4 feet away.
+Why did I take the risk?
+I knew the depth of field was no more than 18 inches.
+Three or four feet, it could have been as far as a football field.
+Here is what he saw.
+He returned, but there was evidence that he had been told over several days. Finally, the court issued a judgment granting a request for a retrial.
+He also released Carrillo to help prepare his defense should prosecutors decide to retrial Carrillo.
+They decided not to.
+He is now an emancipated human being. (Applause) (Applause) This is him hugging his grandmother-in-law.
+He -- his girlfriend was pregnant when he went to court, right? And she had a little boy.
+He and his son now attend and take classes at California State University, Long Beach. (Applause.) What does this example mean? What are the important things we should keep in mind for ourselves?
+First of all, there is a long history of antipathy between science and law in American jurisprudence.
+I can entertain you with a horror story of ignorance based on decades of experience as a forensic expert trying to bring science to court.
+An opposing Congress will always fight it and oppose it.
+One suggestion is that we all become more sensitive to the need to get more science in the courts through policies and procedures. And I think a big step towards that would be to honor law schools and make more requirements. It provides knowledge of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics to everyone involved in law. because they will be judges.
+Consider how judges are selected in this country.
+It is very different from most other cultures. have understood?
+Another caveat I'd like to suggest is the caution we should all have. We must constantly remind ourselves of how accurate the memories we know and believe to be true are.
+There are decades of research, cases like this, examples of what individuals really really believe. None of the teens who identified him thought they had picked the wrong person.
+No one thought that he could not see his face.
+We should all be very careful.
+All our memories are reconstructed memories.
+They are the product of our first experience and all that has followed.
+they are dynamic.
+Adaptable. We all need to be careful because they are volatile. The accuracy of our memory is not measured by how vivid it is or how confident we are that it is correct.
+thank you. (applause)
+A few years ago, I started trying to understand if there was any potential to develop biofuels on a scale that would actually compete with fossil fuels, but not with agriculture for water, fertilizer, or land.
+So this is what I came up with.
+Imagine a system with an enclosure just below the water, filled with wastewater and some kind of oil-producing microalgae, made out of some kind of flexible material that moves with the waves in the water. Of course, the algae we plan to build will use solar energy to grow the algae. Algae use CO2, which is a good thing, and algae produce oxygen as they grow.
+The growing algae are in vessels that distribute heat to the surrounding water, which can be harvested to make biofuels, cosmetics, fertilizers and animal feed. Of course you're going to have to worry about other stakeholders like fishermen and ships because you're going to have to make this on a large area, but well we're talking about biofuels so alternative liquid fuels know the importance of the possibility of obtaining
+Why are we talking about microalgae?
+Here you'll see a graph showing different types of crops that are being considered for biofuel production. So you can see that there are soybeans that produce 50 gallons per acre per year, as well as some taller plants like sunflowers, canola, jatropha, and palms. The graph there shows what impact microalgae can have.
+In other words, microalgae yields 2,000-5,000 gallons per acre per year compared to 50 gallons per acre per year from soybeans.
+So what are microalgae? Microalgae are tiny. That is, they are very small, as seen here in a photo of a single-celled organism compared to a human hair.
+These little creatures have been around for millions of years, and there are thousands of species of microalgae in the world, including some of the fastest growing plants on earth, like I showed you earlier. to produce large amounts of oil.
+So why should this be done offshore?
+Well, the reason we're doing this offshore is because, as I suggested, we're going to be using wastewater, so when you look at coastal cities, you don't have a choice. Sewage treatment plants are embedded in cities.
+This is the city of San Francisco, which already has 900 miles of sewer pipes under the city, discharging wastewater offshore.
+Therefore, different cities around the world treat their wastewater differently. Some cities handle it.
+Some cities just release water.
+But in any case, the water released is perfectly sufficient for microalgae growth.
+So let's imagine what the system would look like.
+We call it OMEGA. This is an acronym for Offshore Membrane Enclosures for Growing Algae.
+NASA requires the use of proper acronyms.
+So how does it work? We've already shown how it works.
+Fill the floating structure with wastewater and a CO2 source. The wastewater provides the nutrients necessary for algae to grow, and the algae sequester CO2, which is emitted into the atmosphere as a greenhouse gas.
+Of course, the growth is powered by the sun, the energy of the waves on the surface powers the algae, and the temperature is controlled by the temperature of the surrounding water.
+Growing algae produces oxygen as I mentioned and also produces biofuels, fertilizers, food and other interesting bialgal products.
+And the system is contained. What does that mean?
+Modular. Suppose something completely unexpected happened to one of your modules.
+Leak. I was struck by lightning.
+Leaked wastewater is water that has already flowed into its coastal environment, and the leaked algae are biodegradable and live in the wastewater, so they are freshwater algae, meaning they cannot live. They die in salt water.
+The plastics that build this up are some familiar plastics that we have a lot of experience with and rebuild the modules so they can be reused.
+So when we think about this system that I'm showing, we might be able to go beyond that. So you have to think in terms of water, fresh water. This is also an issue for the future. In the future, we are currently working on ways to collect wastewater.
+Another consideration is the structure itself.
+It provides a surface for objects in the sea, and this surface, covered with seaweed and other sea life, enhances marine habitats and increases biodiversity.
+And finally, since this is a marine structure, it can be thought of in terms of how it contributes to aquaculture activities in the ocean.
+So you're probably thinking, "Well, this sounds like a good idea. How can we be sure it's real?"
+I set up a lab at the California Fishing Facility in Santa Cruz. That facility was able to set up a large saltwater tank to test some of these ideas.
+We also set up a lab at one of San Francisco's three sewage treatment plants, also to test the idea.
+And finally, we wanted to know where we could study what impact this structure would have on the marine environment, so we set up a field site at a location called the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory in Monterey Bay. I worked at the port. Find out how this affects marine life.
+The lab we established in Santa Cruz was our Skunk Works.
+It was where we grew algae, welded plastics and construction tools, made many mistakes, and, as Edison said, found 10,000 ways the system wouldn't work. .
+Well, we're going to grow algae in our wastewater and build tools that allow us to get into algae life so we can learn how algae grow, what makes algae happy, how to make sure we're healthy. can be maintained. A culture that survives and thrives.
+Therefore, the most important feature we had to develop was the so-called photobioreactor (PBR).
+These are floating structures made of cheap plastic materials that allow algae to grow, and we've built many designs, most of which have failed miserably. The about 30 gallon design worked well, but we scaled up to 450 gallons in San Francisco.
+Now let's explain how the system works.
+We basically take wastewater containing algae of our choice and circulate it through this floating structure, this tubular flexible plastic structure. And it circulates inside this object, and of course there is sunlight, it's on the surface, and the algae grow on the nutrients.
+But this is like putting your head in a plastic bag.
+Algae don't suffocate from carbon dioxide like we do.
+They suffocate as they produce oxygen. It doesn't actually suffocate, but the oxygen it produces is problematic and consumes all the carbon dioxide.
+The next thing we had to think about was how to remove the oxygen. By bubbling through the system before recirculating the water, we built a tower that recirculated some of the water, putting back the CO2 and removing the oxygen.
+Here is a prototype, the first attempt to build this type of column.
+Next, a large column installed in an installed system in San Francisco.
+This column actually had another very cool feature. It is the algae that settles in the column. This allowed the algal biomass to be accumulated in an easily harvestable condition.
+Therefore, the algae concentrated at the bottom of the column are removed, and then the algae float to the surface and are removed with a net.
+I also wanted to investigate how this system would affect the marine environment, so I mentioned that this experiment would be conducted at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratory field site.
+Of course, the material turned out to be overgrown with algae. Then I had to develop a cleaning procedure. We also examined how seabirds and marine mammals interact. In fact, the sea otters here found this very interesting. And working across this little floating water floor on a regular basis, we were hoping to hire this guy or train him to be able to clean the surfaces of these things, but that's for the future .
+So what we were really doing was working in four areas.
+Our research encompassed not only the study of how algae grow, but also the biology of the system, including what eats the algae and what kills them.
+We did the engineering to understand not only how to build this structure on a small scale, but also how to build it on the huge scale that we ultimately need.
+You said you looked at birds and marine mammals, you basically looked at the impact of systems on the environment, and finally you looked at economics. Economics is about what energy is needed to run the system.
+Can you get more energy out of your system than you have to put into it to keep it running?
+And what about operating costs?
+What about capital costs?
+But what about the overall economic structure?
+So let me tell you this is not easy. We still have a lot of work to do in all four of these areas to make the system really work.
+But I don't have much time. I would like to give an artist's conception of what this system might look like if we were in a protected bay somewhere in the world and we were in the background of this image. , sewage treatment plants, and sources of CO2 emissions, but the economics of this system prove difficult to make it work in practice.
+Unless you think of this system as a means of treating wastewater, sequestering carbon, or even photovoltaic panels or wave energy or even wind energy, from the point of view of integrating all these different activities. To get you started, you can also include things like: Such facility farming.
+In this system, therefore, shellfish farming takes place and mussels and scallops are farmed.
+We will be farming oysters and anything else that produces high value products and food. And this is going to be the market driver as we build systems on an ever-larger scale so that we can eventually compete with the idea of ​​doing it. fuel.
+So the big question always arises. Because marine plastic currently has a very bad reputation. So we've been thinking from cradle to cradle.
+What to do with this plastic that needs to be used in the marine environment?
+I don't know if you know about this, but in California there's a lot of plastic that's being used as plastic mulch in the fields right now, and it's the plastic that's making these little greenhouses along the soil surface. Stick This warms the soil for a longer growing season, allows for weed control, and of course makes watering much more efficient.
+So the OMEGA system will be part of this kind of work, and hopefully in the field once it's finished with the marine environment.
+Where would you put this offshore and what would it look like offshore?
+Here's an image of what you can do on San Francisco Bay.
+San Francisco produces 65 million gallons of wastewater per day. Assuming a five-day residence time, the system would need to contain 325 million gallons, equivalent to approximately 1,280 acres of Omega modules floating in the San Francisco Bay.
+Well, that's less than 1 percent of the bay's surface area.
+Producing 2,000 gallons of fuel per acre per year would produce over 2 million gallons of biodiesel or about 20 percent of the diesel required in San Francisco, but that's not doing anything about efficiency. . .
+Where else could this system be installed?
+There are many possibilities.
+Of course, as I mentioned earlier, there is also the San Francisco Bay.
+San Diego Bay, Mobile Bay and Chesapeake Bay are examples, but the reality is that as sea levels rise, there will be many new opportunities to consider. (Laughter) I'm talking to you about a system of integrated activities.
+Biofuel production is integrated with alternative energy and integrated with aquaculture.
+I set out to find a path to innovative production of sustainable biofuels, and along the way realized that what sustainability really needed was integration, not innovation.
+Long term, I have great faith in our collective, collaborative ingenuity.
+I think there are very few limits to what we can achieve if we are fundamentally open and don't care who is being judged.
+The sustainable solutions to our future problems will be many and many.
+From alpha to omega, I think you have to consider everything.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Chris Anderson: Jonathan, just a quick question.
+Will this project continue within NASA, or will a very ambitious Green Energy Fund come along and have to stop it?
+Jonathan Trent: So NASA is now at a stage where they want to develop it into something offshore, but due to permitting issues and limited time, they're going to do it in the US. has many problems. Permits must be obtained to do things offshore.
+At this point, we really need outside people and we're going to keep this technology completely open and put it out there for anyone who's interested and wants to make it happen. .
+CA: That's interesting. It is not patented.
+You are making it public.
+JT: Of course.
+CA: Okay. Thank you very much.
+JT: Thank you. (applause)
+In other words, ES cells are really wonderful cells.
+They are our body's own repair kit and are multipotent. In other words, it can transform into every cell in our body.
+Soon we will actually be able to use stem cells to replace damaged or diseased cells.
+But that's not what I want to talk about. Because there are some really amazing things we're doing with stem cells right now that will completely change the way we look, the models of disease, and our ability to understand why we get sick. because it is on. We also develop drugs.
+I truly believe that stem cell research will allow children to see Alzheimer's, diabetes and other major diseases the way we see polio today as a preventable disease. increase.
+There is a wonderful field here that holds great hope for humanity, but like IVF more than 35 years ago, the field has been under political and economic siege until the birth of a healthy baby Louise.
+Important research is being challenged, not supported, and we have found that private and safe laboratories where this research can proceed without interference are of great importance.
+So, in 2005, I founded the New York Stem Cell Foundation Institute to create a small organization that could do this work and help.
+What we quickly saw was that the world of medical research, but also that of drug and therapy development, is, as you might expect, dominated by large organizations. Sometimes large organizations really struggle to get out of their own way. And sometimes you can't ask the right questions, and there's a huge chasm between academic research and the pharmaceutical companies and biotechs that are responsible for delivering all medicines and many cures, and that chasm. is getting bigger. So we knew that to really accelerate cures and cures, we needed to address this problem with two things: new technology and new research models.
+Because if we don't close that gap, we're exactly where we are today.
+We've been pondering this for the past few years and making a list of different things that need to be done. So we have developed a new technique that can actually generate thousands of genetically diverse stem cells. It's software and hardware. We use rows to create a global array, our own avatar.
+And we did this because we thought that this would really deliver the promise, the promise, of the full sequencing of the human genome. In addition, by doing so, it will be possible to actually conduct clinical trials. Much more effective, much safer, much faster and much cheaper to produce drugs and treatments using culture dishes with human rather than animal cells.
+So let's put that into perspective for you and give some background.
+This is a very new field.
+Human embryonic stem cells were first identified in 1998, and just nine years later, a group of Japanese scientists harvested skin cells and reprogrammed them with a highly potent virus to create a type of induced pluripotent stem cell. Succeeded in creating pluripotent stem cells. , or what are called IPS cells.
+While these cells are still not the gold standard human embryonic stem cells, they are very good for disease modeling and drug discovery potential, so this was truly a phenomenal advance.
+So a few months later, in 2008, one of our scientists built on that research. He took skin biopsies from people with a disease this time called ALS, or motor neuron disease in the UK.
+He turned them into the IPS cells that I talked about earlier, and then turned those IPS cells into actually diseased and dying motor neurons.
+So basically what he did was take a healthy cell and turn it into a diseased cell, and he recreated the disease over and over in the dish. This was extraordinary. Because this was the first time we made a cell model. Diseases from living patients in living human cells.
+And in observing the progression of the disease, we were able to discover that motor neurons actually die in disease in a different way than previously thought in the field. There was actually another type of cell that was pumping out toxins and contributing to the death of these motor neurons, but we didn't get to see that until we had a human model.
+Researchers trying to understand the causes of disease without human stem cell models are akin to researchers trying to figure out what happened in a plane crash without black boxes or flight recorders. I can say .
+They could hypothesize about what went wrong, but they had no way of knowing what actually caused the horrific event.
+And stem cells have actually given us a black box against disease. It's an unprecedented opportunity.
+This is truly amazing. Because so many diseases can be recreated in a dish, and cell phone conversations can see what's starting to go wrong long before a patient has symptoms.
+This opens up the possibility of using human cells to test for drugs, which is expected to become routine in the near future.
+Currently, drug testing methods are quite problematic.
+It takes an average of 13 years (that's the equivalent of one drug) to bring a successful drug to market. With $4 billion in sunk costs, only 1 percent of the drugs that start down that road actually get there.
+I can't imagine having that number in any other business you're thinking of entering.
+It's a terrible business model.
+But it's actually an even worse social model because of what this entails and costs us all.
+So the way we develop drugs today is to test promising compounds. We didn't have a disease model using human cells, so we were testing with cells from mice, other organisms, or cells we engineered, and they weren't. There is no characteristic of the disease that we are actually trying to cure.
+As you know, we are not rats. You can't go inside a living, diseased human, take out a few brain or heart cells, and start fooling around in the lab to test a promising disease. medicine.
+But what you can do with human stem cells is actually create an avatar. Whether it's a living motor neuron, a beating heart cell, a liver cell, or any other type of cell, we can make cells and test them for drugs. Promising compounds, on the actual cells that you're going to affect, and this is now, and it's absolutely extraordinary, in the very early stages of developing and testing assays, you're first you will know in It doesn't have to take 13 years to bring a drug to market only to find that it doesn't work or, worse, harms people.
+However, in practice it is not enough to observe cells from a few people or a small group. Because we need to take a step back.
+we have to see the big picture.
+Look around this room. We are all different and I could have Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, probably if one of us had that disease or if we both had Parkinson's and It will have a different effect than if you were receiving treatment. We took drugs, but if our genetic make-up is different, we'll probably get different results. A drug that worked wonderfully for me may very well not work for you, and it could just as well be a drug that is harmful to you. This is safe for me. And while this seems quite obvious, unfortunately up until now this has not been the way drug development is done because the pharmaceutical industry has not had the tools.
+So we need to break away from this one-size-fits-all model.
+The way we've developed pharmaceuticals is basically like going to a shoe store, no one asks what your size is or whether you're going dancing or hiking.
+They just say, "You have feet, these are your shoes."
+Shoes don't do it, and our bodies are many times more complex than just our feet.
+So this really has to change.
+There have been very sad examples of this in the last decade.
+There are great drugs, actually several types of drugs, but that particular drug was Vioxx. For those suffering from severe arthritis pain, this drug has been an absolute lifesaver. But unfortunately for another subset of those people, it has suffered quite a bit. Serious cardiac side effects, and for some of those people, the cardiac side effects were fatally severe.
+But imagine another scenario. There, we have a genetically diverse array of heart cells, and we could actually test the drug, Vioxx, in Petri dishes and identify people with this gene. People with these genetic subgroups or genetic shoe sizes (about 25,000 of them) have no problems.
+Those who were lifesavers could still take their medicine.
+The drug would never have been administered to those whose misfortune or fatality it had been, and an entirely different outcome would have been expected for the company that had to discontinue the drug. prize.
+That's great, and I thought, okay, when we're trying to solve this problem, obviously we have to think about genetics, we have to think about human experimentation, but There is a fundamental problem, because now stem cell lines are extraordinary, but lines are just collections of cells, manually created one at a time and taking months.
+This is not scalable. Also, when doing manual work, even the best laboratories have variability in technology, and if you manufacture pharmaceuticals, you need to know what aspirin to take. The amount in the bottle on Monday is the same as the aspirin out of the bottle on Wednesday.
+So we looked at this and thought that craftsmanship is great in clothes and breads and crafts, but in stem cells craftsmanship doesn't really work and we need to address this.
+But even then, there was still another big hurdle. It actually brings us back to mapping the human genome. Because we are all different.
+Sequencing of the human genome shows us all of the A's, C's, G's and T's that make up our genetic code, but that code, the DNA itself, sees the 1's and 0's of the genes. It's like Even without a computer that can read computer code.
+It's like having an app without having a smartphone.
+We needed a way to bring biology to that amazing data. The way to do that was to find a surrogate, a biological surrogate, that could contain all the genetic information but be able to sequence it. Read along and in such a way that you can actually create this amazing avatar.
+We must have stem cells of all genetic subtypes that represent who we are.
+This is what we built.
+Automated robotic technology.
+It has the capacity to produce thousands of stem cell lines. It is genetically sequenced.
+It has massively parallel processing capabilities, and we hope it will change the way we discover drugs, and I think we'll end up rescreening drugs on arrays like this. All the drugs in existence today and in the future we will be taking drugs and treatments that have been tested for side effects on all relevant cells, brain cells, heart cells and liver cells.
+It just brought us to the doorstep of personalized medicine.
+It's here now, and in our family, my son still has type 1 diabetes, which is incurable, and I lost my parents to heart disease and cancer. But my story is probably familiar to you. it's your story.
+We all, or the people we care about, can become patients at some point in our lives. That's why I think stem cell research is so important for all of us.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+Fifteen years ago, it was widely believed that most brain development occurred in the first few years of life.
+Fifteen years ago, we did not have the ability to look inside the living human brain and track its development over a lifetime.
+Over the past decade or so, advances in brain-imaging techniques, mainly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have allowed neuroscientists to look inside the brain of living humans of all ages to see changes in brain structure and brain function. began to track Structural MRI is used when you want very high-resolution snapshots and pictures of the inside of the living human brain. You can ask questions like how much gray matter does the brain contain and how does gray matter exist? change with age?
+It also uses functional MRI, called fMRI, to take videos, movies of brain activity while participants participate in some task in which they think, feel, or perceive. .
+So many laboratories around the world are participating in this kind of research, and we now have a very rich and detailed picture of how the living human brain develops. . This image has fundamentally changed the way we think about human brain development. The brain does not stop in early childhood, it continues to develop throughout adolescence and into the 20s and 30s.
+Puberty is thus defined as the period of life that begins with the biological, hormonal and physical changes of puberty and ends at the age when the individual acquires a stable and independent role in society.
+(Laughter) It can last a long time. (Laughter) One of the brain regions that undergoes the most dramatic changes during puberty is called the prefrontal cortex.
+This is a model of the human brain, just the prefrontal cortex.
+The prefrontal cortex is an interesting brain region.
+It is proportionally much larger in humans than in any other species and is involved in a wide range of high-level cognitive functions such as decision-making, planning, planning what to do tomorrow, next week, next year, and restraint. increase. Please stop saying really rude things and doing really stupid things because it's inappropriate behavior.
+It is also involved in social interactions, understanding others, and self-awareness.
+MRI studies examining the development of this area have shown that it does undergo dramatic development during puberty.
+For example, looking at gray matter volume, gray matter volume across ages 4 to 22 increases in childhood. You can see this in this graph. It peaks in early adolescence.
+Arrows indicate peak gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex. We can see that this peak occurs several years later in boys than in girls. This is probably because boys, on average, reach puberty several years later than girls, after which there is a significant decrease in gray matter volume during puberty. prefrontal cortex.
+As bad as it sounds, this is actually a very important developmental process. This is because gray matter contains synapses, which are connections between cell bodies and cells, and a decrease in gray matter volume in the prefrontal cortex is thought to correspond to synaptic pruning, or removal. of unwanted synapses.
+This is a really important process. It is partly dependent on the environment an animal or human is in, and synapses that are used in that particular environment are strengthened and synapses that are not used are reaped.
+You can think of it a bit like pruning a rose bush.
+Prune weak branches so that the remaining important branches can grow stronger. This process of effectively fine-tuning brain tissue in response to species-specific environments occurs in the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions during this period. human puberty.
+Therefore, the second investigation we use to track adolescent brain changes is to use functional MRI to examine changes in brain activity across age.
+So let me give you an example from my lab.
+Therefore, my lab is interested in the social brain, the network of brain regions that we use to understand and interact with other people.
+So I'd like to show you a picture of a soccer match to illustrate two aspects of how the social brain works.
+So this is a soccer game. (laughter) Michael Owen just missed a goal and is lying on the ground. The first aspect of the social brain that this picture shows so well is how social-emotional responses are automatic and instinctive. I mean, everyone's doing the same thing with their arms and faces as they haven't met this goal in the blink of an eye for Michael Owen. Even Michael Owen skating on the grass does the same thing with his arm and probably has a similar look on his face. The only people who aren't are the guys in the yellow in the back -- (Laughter) -- and I think they're on the wrong end of the stadium, and they're another social emotion that we all recognize right away. It's reacting, and it's the second aspect of the social brain that this picture shows so well: how we perceive other people's actions, actions, gestures, and facial expressions as underlying emotions and mental states. How good it is to read in perspective.
+So no need to ask these guys.
+You have a pretty good idea of ​​what they are feeling and thinking at this exact moment.
+That's what interests me in my lab.
+So in my lab, we take adolescents and adults into the lab to do brain scans and give them certain tasks that involve thinking about other people, their minds, their mental states, their emotions. As in other laboratories around the world, this is part of the prefrontal cortex called the medial prefrontal cortex, shown in blue on the slide, and located in the middle of the prefrontal cortex in the midline of the head. .
+This area is more active in adolescents than adults as they make social decisions and think about others. This is actually a meta-analysis of nine different studies on this area from laboratories around the world, all of which show that: Similarly, activity in this medial prefrontal cortical region decreases during puberty.
+And we suspect that this is because adolescents and adults use different mental approaches and different cognitive strategies to make social decisions. And one way to find out is to bring people into a lab and do some behavioral research on them. Here's another example of the kind of task I use in my lab.
+Imagine that you are a participant in our experiment. Walk into the lab and you'll see this computerized task.
+This task presents a set of shelves.
+Now you will notice that there are things on these shelves, some of them have things, and there is a man standing behind the shelves and there are some things that he cannot see.
+From his point of view, they are blocked with a kind of gray piece of wood.
+Here is the same set of shelves from his point of view.
+Note that he can only see some of the objects, while you can see many more.
+The task here is to move the object.
+Remember that the director standing behind the set on the shelf intends to tell you to move objects, but not to tell you to move invisible objects. This creates a very interesting situation where there is some kind of contradiction between your point of view and the director's point of view.
+So imagine he told you to move the top track to the left.
+There are 3 trucks there. You instinctively choose the white track because it's the top track from your point of view, but then you have to remember, 'Oh, he doesn't want that track. I can't see it, so he must be trying to get me to move the blue truck, which is the best truck from his perspective, believe it or not, normal and healthy like you Intelligent adults make mistakes about 50 percent of the time on such tests.
+They move white trucks instead of blue trucks.
+So we give this kind of challenge to youth and adults, and also have control conditions where there is no oversight and instead we give people the rules.
+We said to them, 'Okay, we're going to do the exact same thing, but this time we don't have a director. Instead, objects with a dark gray background should be ignored.
+It turns out that this is exactly the same condition, only you have to remember to apply this somewhat arbitrary rule in the condition where there is no director, but in the condition of the director it takes into account the director's point of view You must remember to to guide their ongoing actions.
+Now, let me show you the percentage of errors in the large developmental studies that we have done, which ranged from age 7 to adulthood, and what you will see are the adult groups in both conditions. error percentage. So gray is a condition of the director, and a sensible adult makes a mistake about 50 percent of the time, but when the director doesn't exist, i.e. when all he has to do is remember the rule of ignoring gray, he makes mistakes. It turns out to be much less. Background.
+Developmentally, these two states develop in exactly the same way. From late childhood to mid-adolescence, both of these trials show an improvement, in other words a reduction in errors, in both of these conditions.
+But where things get really interesting is when comparing the last two groups, the mid-adolescent group and the adult group. Because there is no continuous improvement in the unsupervised situation there.
+In other words, everything needed to remember the rules and apply them seems fully developed by mid-adolescence, but in contrast, look at the last two gray bars. And the director still sees significant improvements. This means that we still have the ability to consider the perspectives of others (which, by the way, we do all the time in our daily lives) to guide our ongoing actions. It develops in mid to late adolescence.
+So if you have a teenage son or daughter and you think sometimes they have a hard time taking other people's perspectives, you're right. that's right. This is why.
+That's why we laugh at teenagers sometimes.
+They are parodied and sometimes demonized in the media as stereotypical teen behavior. They take risks, can be moody at times, and are very self-conscious.
+I have a really nice anecdote that I heard from a friend of mine. He says the most noticeable thing about his teenage daughters before and after puberty was their level of shyness in front of him.
+So he said, "Before puberty, if my two daughters were messing around in the store, I would say, 'Hey, stop joking around and I'll sing you your favorite song.' As soon as the girls stopped playing around, it became a threat after puberty.
+(Laughter.) The very notion of their father singing in public was enough to get them well behaved.
+So people often ask, "So, is puberty a sort of recent phenomenon?"
+Is it something we recently invented in the West? "
+And indeed the answer is probably not. There are many descriptions of adolescence in history that are very similar to those we use today.
+So there's the famous quote from Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, where he describes adolescence as follows: In the meantime, they only gave birth to children, abused ancient goods, stole, and fought. ' (Laughter.) He went on to say, 'Having said that, who but a 19-year-old and a 2-year-old and a 20-year-old's seething brain would hunt in this weather? (Laughter.) Some 400 years ago Shakespeare painted adolescents in a light very similar to the one in which we paint them today, but today we see their behavior as their I'm trying to understand in terms of the fundamental changes happening in the brain of
+For example, consider taking risks. We know that adolescents are prone to taking risks. that's right.
+They are more prone to taking risks than children and adults, especially when they are with friends. Adolescents have important motivations for independence from their parents and to impress their peers.
+But now we are trying to understand it in terms of the development of a part of the brain called the limbic system. So I'm going to show you the limbic system, which I've shown in red on the slide behind me, and also this brain.
+In other words, the limbic system is located deep in the brain and is involved in emotional processing and reward processing. Doing something fun, including taking risks, is rewarding.
+It gives you the courage to take risks.
+And this region, a region within the limbic system, has been found to be more sensitive to risk-taking rewards in adolescents than in adults, as well as the prefrontal cortex (seen in blue in the figure). I know I am sensitive. The slides here keep us from taking too much risk, which is still developmental in adolescents.
+Brain research has found that the adolescent brain is very deeply developed and this has implications for education, rehabilitation and interventions. The environment, including education, can and does shape adolescent brain development, but routine education for teenagers in the West is relatively recent. .
+For example, all four of my grandparents left school in early puberty. They had no choice.
+And that's still true for many teens around the world. 40 percent of teens do not have access to secondary education.
+Still, this is a time in your life when your brain is particularly malleable and adaptable.
+It's a great opportunity for learning and creativity.
+Thus, heightened risk-taking, poor impulse control, and self-consciousness, which are sometimes seen as adolescent problems, should not be blamed.
+It actually reflects changes in the brain that offer great opportunities for education and social development. thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+It's time to start designing for our ears.
+Architects and designers tend to focus exclusively on these.
+They use these in their designs and design for them. That's why we're sitting in a restaurant that looks like this (loud crowd noise), with sounds like this, yelling from a foot away trying to be heard over our dinner. Companion or why we fly - (cabin crew announcement) - this costs £200 million and someone talks through an old-fashioned handset on a cheap stereo system so we can get out of our skin I felt like jumping out.
+We design environments that engage us. (Laughter) And it's not just our quality of life that suffers.
+It's also our health, our social behavior, and our productivity.
+How does this work? Well, there are two ways.
+Let's start with the atmosphere. There's a whole TEDTalk about this.
+Sound always affects us physiologically, psychologically, cognitively and behaviorally.
+The sounds around us affect us even if we are not conscious of it.
+However, there is also a second method.
+it is interference. Communication requires sending and receiving. I have another TEDTalk about the importance of conscious listening, but I can send as many as I want and you can be a great conscious listener too.
+If the space to transmit is not effective, communication will not be established.
+Spaces tend to contain noise and acoustics.
+A room like this has acoustics, and this room has very good acoustics.
+Many rooms are not very good.
+Here are some examples from two areas that we all seem to care about: health and education.
+(Hospital noise) When I went to visit my terminally ill father in the hospital, I asked myself, how can anyone thrive in a place with all this noise?
+The noise in the hospital is getting worse and worse.
+Noise levels in hospitals have doubled in recent years, affecting not only patients but also those who work there.
+You want zero dispensing errors. However, as noise levels rise, so does the number of dispensing errors by hospital staff.
+But most of all, it affects patients. It could be you or it could be me.
+Sleep is absolutely essential for recovery.
+That's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves, and with all this threatening noise going on, even if you can sleep, your body says, 'I'm under threat'. This is dangerous."
+And the quality of sleep is also reduced, and the recovery is also reduced.
+In our medical practice, the benefits of ear-friendly design are enormous.
+This is the field I want to challenge this year.
+educate.
+Can you imagine what it would be like to see a classroom like this?
+I have to ask myself.
+(“Do architects have ears?”) (Laughter) Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends are architects. (Laughter) And they do have ears.
+But I think sometimes we don't use them when designing buildings. An example is shown below.
+This is a £32 million flagship academy school, just recently built in England and designed by one of Britain's top architects.
+Unfortunately, it was designed to look like a corporate headquarters, with a vast atrium in the middle and no back wall at all, leading to classrooms.
+The children could not listen to their teacher.
+They had to go back and spend £600,000 to build the wall. Stop this open-plan classroom madness now.
+These modern buildings aren't the only ones to suffer.
+Traditional classrooms are also being damaged.
+A study done in Florida just a few years ago found that if you were sitting in the fourth row of the classroom where this photo was taken, your speech intelligibility was only 50%.
+Children are missing one word in two.
+That doesn't mean they're only half-educated, but it does mean that they have to work very hard to connect the dots and understand what's going on.
+This is greatly affected by the reverberation time, which is how reverberant the room is.
+This is what a classroom with a typical reverberation time of 1.2 seconds would sound like.
+(inaudible echo) Not so good, is it?
+If you reduce this 1.2 seconds to 0.4 seconds by installing acoustic treatment, sound absorbing material, etc., it will look like this.
+Speech: Languages ​​allow an infinite number of words to be written in a small character set. In arithmetic, a simple zero can be used to construct numbers from just a few digits to an infinite number.
+Julian Treasure: What a difference.
+Now, thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James for the education you will receive, and for those simulations. The signal and background noise were the same.
+The only thing that changed between these two examples was the acoustics of the classroom.
+If we could compare education to watering a garden, that would be an apt metaphor, but unfortunately for some groups, especially those with hearing impairments, for example, much of the water reaches the flowers before it reaches them. It will evaporate.
+Now, it's not just for deaf children. It could be kids with colds, glue ears, ear infections and even hay fever. On any given day, 1 in 8 children fall into that group.
+And there are children for whom English is a second language, or for which everything they are taught is a second language.
+In the UK this represents over 10% of the school population.
+And finally, after Susan Kane's amazing TEDTalk in February, it turned out that introverts find it very difficult to empathize when they're working in groups in a noisy environment.
+sum them up. It means that there are many children who do not have a proper education.
+But it's not just children who are affected.
+(Noisy Conversation) A study conducted in Germany found that the average noise level in a classroom was 65 decibels.
+You really have to raise your voice to speak above 65 decibels, but teachers don't just raise their voices.
+This graph maps the teacher's heart rate and noise level.
+The noise rises, the heart rate rises.
+that's not good for you.
+In fact, 65 decibels is exactly the level found in this large study of all the noise and health evidence, and it is the threshold for myocardial infarction risk.
+For you and me, it's a heart attack.
+It may not be too far-fetched to suggest that many teachers lose their life expectancy significantly by teaching in such environments every day.
+How much would it cost to treat a classroom to that 0.4 second reverberation time?
+2500 lbs.
+A recent study from Essex in the UK showed that doing this not only created a room suitable for deaf children, but one in which their behavior improved and their performance significantly improved. I was. They found that it would cost £90,000 a year to send a child from outside the area to a school with such a room, if one did not.
+I think economics has a pretty clear understanding of this.
+I am glad that there is some discussion about this.
+A few weeks ago in London, I hosted a huge conference called Sound Education, which brings together top sound engineers, government officials, and teachers.
+We've finally started discussing this issue, but we're discussing the incredible benefits that can come from doing ear-friendly design in an educational setting.
+Incidentally, the conference also spawned a free app designed to help kids study when they have to work from home, such as in a noisy kitchen.
+And it's free at the conference.
+Let's broaden our horizons a little and look at the city.
+We have city planners.
+Where is the Urban Sound Planner?
+I don't know anything like that in the world, but the opportunity is there to change the experience of our cities.
+The World Health Organization estimates that a quarter of the European population suffers from poor sleep quality due to urban noise. we can do more than that.
+And we spend a lot of time working in the office.
+Where is the office sound planner?
+People who say, "Don't let that team sit next to this team," because they like noise and need silence.
+Or, don't spend all your budget on a giant screen in your conference room and put one tiny mic in the middle of a 30-person table. (laughs) If you can hear me, you can understand me without looking at me. If you can't hear me but you can see me, it won't work.
+Therefore, office sound is a very large area, and incidentally, it has been found that noise in the office renders people unhelpful, makes teamwork less enjoyable, and reduces work productivity.
+At last we have a home. We hire an interior designer.
+Where are the interior sound designers?
+Everyone, become an interior sound designer and listen to the sounds in your room to design effective and appropriate sounds.
+A friend of mine, the London architect Richard Mazuk, coined the term 'invisible architecture'.
+i love that word
+It's about designing the experience, not the look, to create spaces that sound as good as they look, are fit for purpose, and improve quality of life, health and well-being, social behavior, and productivity.
+Let's start designing the ears.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (applause)
+The work of exposing the global food waste scandal began when I was 15.
+I bought a pig I lived in Sussex.
+And I started feeding them in the most traditional and environmentally friendly way.
+I went to the school kitchen and said, "Give me the leftover food that my school friend turned his nose on."
+I went to my local bakery and bought some stale bread.
+I went to a local greengrocer and also to a farmer who discarded potatoes for supermarkets because they were different shapes and sizes.
+This was great. Our pig turned that food waste into delicious pork. I sold the pork to my school friend's parents and made quite a bit of pocket money on top of my teenage allowance.
+But most of the food I was feeding my pigs was actually fit for human consumption, and it just scratched the surface far up the food supply chain: supermarkets, greengrocers, bakeries. I just realized that it is. We were bleeding food at home, at the factory, at the farm.
+The supermarket wouldn't even tell me how much food they were wasting.
+I was spinning backwards. I've seen boxes full of food locked and trucked to landfills and wondered if there was a smarter response than wasting food.
+One morning, while feeding the pigs, I noticed a particularly delicious-looking sun-dried tomato bread that came out from time to time.
+I grabbed it, sat down, and had breakfast with the pig. (Laughter) It was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism, really exposing the injustice of food waste and offering a solution to food waste. It's just sitting down and eating instead of throwing food. please leave it
+It is, so to speak, a way to confront the big corporations that waste food and, most importantly, expose the public that when we talk about food being wasted, we are not talking about rotten food. became a method. , we are not talking about insane.
+We are talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted on a huge scale.
+Eventually, I started writing a book to demonstrate how serious this problem is on a global scale. It shows a breakdown by country of estimated levels of food waste in countries around the world.
+Unfortunately, there is no empirical data, no hard and fast statistics, so to prove my point, I first need to find some alternative way of determining how much food is wasted. had.
+So I looked at the food supply of every country and compared it to what each country might actually consume.
+It is based on dietary intake studies, obesity levels, and a variety of factors that give rough estimates of how much food people actually put into their mouths.
+The black line in the middle of this table is probably the level of consumption, taking into account a certain level of unavoidable waste.
+There will always be waste. It's not as unrealistic as we think we can live in a lean world.
+But that black line shows what a country's food supply should look like if it were to allow good, stable, safe and nutritious diets for all its people.
+We can quickly see that the points above that line include most of the world's countries, represent unnecessary surpluses, and likely reflect the level of waste in each country.
+As the country gets richer, more and more investments are made to get more surpluses in stores and restaurants. As you can see, most European and North American countries fall short of 150-200 percent of their population's nutritional needs.
+This means that in a country like the United States, there is twice as much food on store shelves and in restaurants as it actually takes to feed an American population.
+But when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers, what really struck me was how you could see how it leveled off.
+Countries grow rapidly towards that 150 mark, then plateau and, as you might imagine, don't really continue to rise.
+So I decided to analyze the data a little more closely to see if it was correct.
+And that's what I came up with.
+If you include not only the food in shops and restaurants, but also the food humans give to livestock, humans can eat corn, soybeans, wheat, etc., but they choose to fatten livestock instead of increasing meat production. And in addition to dairy products, most wealthy countries find that their citizens have three to four times the amount of food they need to feed themselves.
+Countries like America have four times the amount of food they need.
+I am always reminded of these graphs when people talk about the need to increase global food production to feed the expected 9 billion people on earth by 2050.
+In fact, there is a large buffer between starvation in rich countries.
+Never before has there been such a huge surplus.
+In many ways, this is the great success story of human civilization and the agricultural surplus it was trying to achieve 12,000 years ago.
+It's a success story. It's a success story.
+But what we must now recognize is that we are reaching the ecological limits of what the planet can withstand. When we cut down forests on a daily basis to grow more food, when we extract water from depleting reservoirs, when we emit fossil fuels to grow more food, much of it If we are discarding, we have to think about what we can save.
+And yesterday I went to one of my local supermarkets to find out what they're throwing away, if you don't mind.
+I found quite a few packets of biscuits among all the fruits and vegetables and everything else that was there.
+And I thought this might become a symbol of today.
+So imagine that these nine biscuits I found in the trash represent the world's food supply. Start with 9 people.
+That's what happens in fields all over the world every year.
+The first biscuit will be lost before leaving the farm.
+This is largely a problem related to the development of labor agriculture, where infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization, grain storage and even basic fruit crates are in short supply, causing food to be wasted before it leaves the field. means to put away.
+The next three biscuits are the foods we decided to feed our livestock: corn, wheat, and soybeans.
+Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals, turning two-thirds of them into faeces and heat, so we lose two of them and leave this one in meat and dairy. became.
+Throw the other two in the trash.
+This is what most people think of when they think of food waste, or what goes into trash, supermarket bins, restaurant bins. I lost two more, leaving only four biscuits to eat.
+This is not a very efficient use of the earth's resources, especially given the billions of hungry people already in the world.
+After looking at the data, I had to demonstrate where the food was going.
+where does it end up? We are used to seeing something on our plate, but what happens to all that is lost in the meantime?
+A supermarket is an easy place to start.
+This is the result of my hobby, informal bin inspection. (Laughter) It may seem strange, but if we rely on companies to tell us what's going on in the back of the store, we're going to sneak up there and open the trash cans and take out the contents. You no longer need to confirm. inside.
+But this is something you see more or less on every street corner in the UK, Europe and North America.
+This represents an enormous amount of food waste, but what I discovered while writing the book was that this apparent amount of waste was actually just the tip of the iceberg.
+Going back up the supply chain, we can see where the actual food waste occurs on a massive scale.
+May I raise my hand if you have sliced ​​bread in your house?
+Who lives in a household where that crust, that slice at the beginning and end of each loaf, is eaten?
+Yes, most people, not everyone, but most people, and I'm glad this is what I'm seeing all over the world, somewhere in the world a supermarket serving sandwiches with a crust Has anyone seen a sandwich shop? that? (Laughter) Of course not.
+So I kept thinking, where does that crust go? (Laughter) Unfortunately, this is the answer. This one factory produces 13,000 freshly baked breads daily. The bread is freshly baked that day.
+The same year that I visited this factory, I visited Pakistan. There, in 2008, the world's food supply was tight and people were starving.
+We are contributing to this crisis by putting food in the trash in the UK and around the world. We haul food off the market shelves that hungry people rely on.
+Taking it a step further, some farmers throw away a third or more of their harvest because of visual standards.
+For example, this farmer invested £16,000 in growing spinach, but there was some grass growing in it, so he didn't get a single leaf.
+Any imperfect looking potatoes are good for pigs.
+Parsnips too small for supermarket standards, tomatoes from Tenerife, oranges from Florida, and bananas from Ecuador that I visited last year. This is a day's worth of waste from an Ecuadorian banana plantation.
+Wrong shape and size, all discarded and completely edible.
+If you do the same with fruits and vegetables, you should be able to do the same with animals.
+All the traditional, delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy go to waste: liver, lungs, heads, tails, kidneys, testicles. In the United Kingdom and the United States, visceral consumption has been halved over the past 30 years.
+As a result, this substance is at best fed to dogs or incinerated.
+This man serves the national dish in Kashgar, the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region in western China.
+They are called sheep organs.
+It's delicious, nutritious and, as I found out when I was in Kashgar, it symbolizes the taboo against food waste.
+I was sitting in a roadside cafe.
+The chef started talking to me and I finished my bowl, but halfway through the conversation he stopped talking and started frowning at my bowl.
+I thought, "Oh my god, what taboo did I break?"
+How would I insult the host? "
+He pointed to three grains of rice in the bottom of my bowl and said, "Clean." (Laughter) I thought, 'Oh my God, I keep telling people all over the world to stop wasting food.
+“This guy beat me up with his game. (Laughter) But it gave me faith. It has given me faith that our people have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources.” We have the power to make a difference when you tell us you want to eliminate waste.
+Fish, 40-60 percent of Europe's fish are dumped into the sea without ever being landed.
+Our household has lost touch with food.
+This is an experiment I did with 3 lettuce.
+Who keeps lettuce in the refrigerator?
+most people. The one on the left was stored in the refrigerator for 10 days.
+The one in the middle, on the kitchen table. Not much difference.
+The one on the right is treated like a cut flower.
+It's a living thing, so I cut a slice off it and stuck it in a vase of water and it was fine for another two weeks after this.
+As I said at the beginning, food waste will inevitably occur. The question is how best to do it.
+I answered that question when I was 15.
+In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago. To tame pigs and turn food waste back into food.
+In Europe, however, the practice has been illegal since 2001 following an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.
+It's unscientific. it is unnecessary.
+Just like cooking human food, if you cook pig food, it will be safe.
+It also saves a lot of resources.
+Europe now depends on millions of tonnes of soybean imports from South America, the production of which contributes to global warming, deforestation, biodiversity loss and is used to feed livestock here in Europe. .
+At the same time, we are throwing away millions of tons of food waste that could and should have been fed to them.
+If you do that and feed your pigs, you'll save that amount of carbon.
+Subjecting food waste to anaerobic digestion, the method currently recommended by the government to dispose of food waste, which converts food waste into gas to generate electricity, yields only 448 kilograms per ton of food waste. You can save carbon dioxide. I'd rather feed the pigs.
+We knew it during the war. (laughter) A ray of hope: The global fight against food waste has begun.
+The event of feeding 5,000 people was the first one I organized in 2009.
+We fed all 5,000 people food that would otherwise be wasted.
+Since then, the same thing has happened again in London and is happening internationally and across the country.
+This is how organizations band together to celebrate food and claim that the best way to eat food is to enjoy it by eating it and to stop wasting it.
+For the earth we live on, for our children, for all the other creatures that share it, we are land animals, dependent on the land for food. Now we are ravaging the land to grow food that no one will eat.
+Stop wasting food. thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+We get up in the morning, get dressed and put on our shoes and go out into the world.
+When we plan to come back, undress, go to bed, get up, and repeat, the expectations and rhythms give us the structure of how we organize ourselves and our lives. , gives us a measure of predictability.
+If you live in New York City as much as I do, with so many people doing so many things in such close proximity, it's almost as if life is given an extra hand off the deck .
+You never are, just that collocations that are not are possible and you wouldn't expect it to happen.
+And you never thought you would be the kind of guy you walk down the street with, and the rest of your life is forever changed because you chose to go to either side.
+And one night I'm on the local train uptown.
+I ride I tend to be a little wary when taking the subway.
+I'm not the type to zone by wearing headphones or reading a book.
+I got in the car and saw this couple, college kids, a man and a woman sitting next to each other, and she had her leg over his leg. Get your knees up, they're doing -- they've got this little contraption, they're tying these knots, and they're doing it with one hand, and they're doing it very quickly left-handed and right-handed Doing it by hand, and then she'll pass it to him and he'll do it.
+I've never seen anything like this before.
+It's like practicing a magic trick.
+And at the next stop, a man got into the car. He looked like a visiting professor.
+He had an overstuffed leather bag, a rectangular file case, a laptop bag, a tweed jacket with leather patches, and — (laughter) — he looked at them, and then he blinked and knelt before him. And he starts saying, "Listen, here's how you can do it. Look, if you do this—" Then he takes the laces out of their hands and immediately starts tying the knots. Surprisingly even better than they were doing.
+It turned out that they were medical students on their way to a lecture on the latest suturing techniques, and he was the one in charge of the lecture.
+(Laughter) So he started talking to them and he said, 'No, this is very important here. Time will be - all the information will come in, the organs will get in the way, it will be slippery, and beyond that it is very important to be able to do these things. Of course, it should be possible to operate without looking at your fingers, whether you are left or right handed. "
+And at that moment, when I heard it, I had just been thrown out of a subway car into the night world, on the way from the sidewalk where I was stabbed, to an ambulance on my way to St. Vincent's Hospital Trauma Unit. Manhattan, and what happened, gangs came from Brooklyn.
+As part of the initiation into three of the members, they had to kill a man, and I happened to be the man walking down Bleecker Street that night, and they said nothing. jumped at me without hesitation.
+I was very lucky that when I was at Notre Dame, I was on the boxing team, so my instinct was to raise my hand right away.
+The man on the right had a 10-inch blade and got under my elbow and the knife came up and cut the inferior vena cava.
+If you know anything about anatomy it's not nice to be cut and of course it was all over in the middle and I still had my hands up but he pulled them out and aimed at my neck , sank. He was driven up to the hilt of his neck and hit the right straight to knock out the man in the middle.
+The other guy still continued to attack me, collapsing my other lung, but I managed to gain a minute by punching him.
+I ran down the street and the ambulance guys intubated me on the sidewalk and informed me that an ambulance was coming into the trauma room.
+And one of the side effects of massive blood loss is tunnel vision. So I remember being on a stretcher and having a little nickel-sized field of vision and moving my head, and I got to St. Vincent's Hospital and we're rushing down this hallway and I'm I saw the lights go out, and it's such a strange effect of memory.
+They don't really go to the usual places where memories go.
+They had a sort of vault that was stored in hi-def and George Lucas did all the sound effects. (Laughter.) So sometimes when I think of them, they feel like they're unlike any other.
+And I walked into the trauma room and they were waiting for me and there were lights and I could breathe a little more now because the blood had left and my lungs were filling. It's very difficult to breathe and now it's like being on a stretcher.
+And I said, "Is there anything I can do to help?"
+And — (laughter) — the nurse was hysterically laughing and I was turning to see everyone and I was in college raising money for flood victims in Bangladesh. I had a strange memory of collecting Then I turned around and the anesthesiologist was pushing the mask on me and I thought, 'He looks Bangladeshi' — (laughter) — and I just have those two facts and I'm like, 'This I thought it might work out somehow. (Laughter) Then I go outside, and they treat me overnight, and they needed about 40 units of blood to keep me there while they worked, and the surgeon About a third of my intestines were removed, my cecum, an organ I didn't know I had, and later he was one of the last things he did while there. told me it was to remove the appendix instead of me. I thought it was great, look, it's just that there's a little neat stuff at the end. (laughs) And in the morning I realized.
+When he woke up, he told them he wanted to be there and gave me about a two percent chance of living.
+So when I woke up, he was there and it was, waking up was like breaking through ice into a frozen lake of pain.
+It felt like it was enveloping, and there was only one place where it hurt less than anything I've ever felt. It was the instep of my foot. He grabbed the arch of my foot and rubbed the top of my foot with his thumb.
+And when I looked up, he was like, "Nice to meet you," and I was trying to remember what had happened, trying to make sense of it all in my head, but the pain was It was just overwhelming, and he said, 'You know, we do.'
+Back then, I had waist-length hair, drove a motorcycle, was unmarried, and ran a bar, so times were different. (Laughter) But I was on life support for three days, and everyone expected it. I thought I wouldn't make it in time because I had so much to do. So it was three days that everyone was waiting for. I die or I poop, and — (laughter) — when I finally poop, somehow, surgically speaking, it's like you crossed some good line, and — (laughter) Laughter) — the surgeon came in that day and took the sheet off me.
+He has three or four friends, which he does, and they all see no infection, and they're crouching over me, poking and poking. , was like, 'No hematoma, oh, oh, look at the color,' and as they were discussing, I was like, like this restored car, he was like, 'Oh, I did it. I'm just saying (Laughter) And it was just, great. Because they high-five him about my good grades. (Laughter) That's my zipper, still with the staples and everything.
+Then when I went outside, when the flashbacks and nightmares tormented me, I would go back to him and kind of ask him out.
+And as a surgeon, I think he basically said, "Boy, I saved your life.
+For example, now you can do whatever you want, you just have to do it.
+It's like I gave you a new car and you're complaining that you can't find parking.
+Just go out and do your best.
+But you are alive That's it. "
+And then I hear a 'bong-bong', the subway doors close, next is my stop, and I look at these kids and go and think to myself, 'Let's lift our shirts' and Show them.' — (Laughter) — and I thought, 'No, this is the New York City subway. (Laughter.) I think that's why they went to the lecture.
+As I step off and stand on the platform, my index finger touches the first wound from the umbilical cord, and the last scar from the surgeon is traced around it. A chance encounter with knife-wielding kids on the street led me to my surgical team, and I think their training and skill, and always a little bit of luck, pushed back the chaos.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. I am very lucky to be here. thank you. (applause)
+Today I want to talk to you about a difficult subject that is close to me, and closer than you might think.
+I came to England as an asylum seeker 21 years ago.
+i was 21 years old.
+I was forced to leave my hometown, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where I was a student activist.
+I hope my children can meet my family in Congo.
+But I would like to tell you what the Congo has to do with you.
+But first, I have a request.
+Why don't you put your hand in your pocket and take out your mobile phone?
+Please feel that nostalgic weight...
+How the finger naturally slides toward the button.
+(Laughter) Can you imagine a world without it?
+It connects us with loved ones, family, friends and colleagues at home and abroad.
+It is a symbol of an interconnected world.
+However, anything you hold in your hand leaves a stain of blood, and everything ends up in the mineral, tantalum. Tantalum is mined as coltan in Congo.
+Corrosion resistant heat conductor.
+Store energy in your phone, playstation or laptop.
+It is used as an alloy in aerospace equipment and medical equipment.
+It's very powerful, so you only need a small amount.
+It would be nice if the story ended there.
+Unfortunately, what you have in your hands has not only enabled incredible technological development and industrial expansion, but it has also contributed to unimaginable human suffering.
+Since 1996, more than 5 million people have died in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
+Countless women, men and children have been raped, tortured and enslaved.
+Rape is used as a weapon of war to instill fear and depopulate entire regions.
+The quest to extract this mineral has not only aided but intensified the ongoing war in the Congo.
+But don't throw your phone away just yet.
+30,000 children are drafted and forced to fight in armed groups.
+Congo consistently performs horribly in global health and poverty rankings.
+Notably, however, the United Nations Environment Program estimates the country's wealth at over $24 trillion.
+State-regulated mining collapsed, and control over mines was fragmented.
+Coltan is easily dominated by militants.
+One well-known illegal trade route is across the border into Rwanda, where Congolese tantalum is disguised as Rwandan.
+But don't throw your phone away just yet. The irony is that the technology that has imposed such unsustainable and devastating demands on the Congo is the same technology that has brought this situation to our attention.
+All we know about conditions in the Congo and mines is only thanks to the communication possible with mobile phones.
+Similar to the Arab Spring, recent elections in Congo allowed voters to send text messages from their local polling stations to polling stations in the capital, Kinshasa.
+And as a result, the Diaspora is working with the Carter Center, the Catholic Church, and other observers to draw attention to the undemocratic results.
+Mobile phones have provided people around the world with an important tool to achieve political freedom.
+This has truly revolutionized the way we communicate on Earth.
+It allowed significant political change to occur.
+So we are faced with a contradiction.
+Mobile phones are tools of freedom, but they are also tools of oppression.
+TED has always celebrated technology in its perfected form, what it can do for us.
+It's time to question technology.
+where did it come from?
+who makes it?
+And for what?
+Here, I speak directly to you, the TED community, and everyone you may be watching on your screen or mobile phone in Congo around the world.
+All technology is in place for us to communicate and all technology is in place for us to communicate this.
+At this time, there is no clear solution regarding fair trade.
+But there has been great progress.
+The United States recently passed legislation targeting bribery and illegal activities in Congo.
+Recent UK legislation can be used as well.
+In February, Nokia announced a new policy on sourcing minerals in Congo and petitioned Apple to produce conflict-free iPhones.
+A campaign to make the university conflict-free is spreading across the university campus.
+But we're not there yet.
+We need to continue increasing pressure on telcos to change their procurement processes.
+Twenty-one years ago, when I first came to England, I was homesick.
+I missed the family and friends I left behind.
+Communication was very difficult.
+With any luck, it took months to send and receive letters.
+Like most people in Congo, my parents didn't own a phone line, even if they could afford my home phone bill.
+Now my two sons, David and Daniel, can talk to my parents and get to know them.
+Why should we allow such a wonderful, glorious and necessary product to cause unnecessary suffering to mankind?
+We want fair trade food and fair trade clothing.
+It's time to claim fair trade mobile phones.
+This is an idea worth spreading.
+(applause)
+Now is the perfect time to become a molecular biologist. (Laughter) It's getting easier and cheaper to read and write DNA code.
+By the end of this year, it will be possible to sequence 3 million bits of information in the genome within a day for less than €1,000.
+Biotechnology is perhaps the strongest and fastest growing technology sector.
+It has the potential to replace fossil fuels, revolutionize healthcare, and impact every aspect of our daily lives.
+So who can do it?
+I think everyone would be pretty relieved if this guy did it.
+But what about that guy? (lol) (lol) In 2009 I first heard about DIYbio.
+This is a movement that advocates making biotechnology accessible to everyone, not just scientists and people in government labs.
+The idea is that making science open and allowing diverse groups to participate has the potential to really inspire innovation.
+End users know their needs best, so putting technology in their hands is usually a good idea.
+And with all the social, moral, and ethical issues associated with this highly sophisticated technology coming, what are we scientists doing in these labs? I'm not good at explaining to the general public exactly what
+Wouldn't it be nice if there was a place in your neighborhood where you could actually learn about this stuff?
+I thought so.
+So three years ago, I got together with a group of like-minded friends and founded Genspace.
+It's a non-profit community biotechnology lab in Brooklyn, New York, with the idea that people can come and take classes and walk around the lab in a very open and friendly atmosphere. bottom.
+None of my previous experiences prepared me for what happened next. Can you guess?
+The press started calling us.
+And the more we talked about how great it was to raise science literacy, the more they wanted to talk about us creating the next Frankenstein, and as a result, for the next six months, Googling my name did not yield my scientific knowledge. Papers, got this.
+[“Am I Resident Evil?”] (Laughter) It was pretty depressing.
+The only thing that got me through that period was knowing that there were people all over the world trying to do the same.
+They were opening biohacker spaces, some of which faced much bigger challenges, more regulation and fewer resources than we did.
+But now, three years later, we are standing here.
+This is a vibrant global community of hackerspaces, and this is just the beginning.
+These are some of the largest and there are others that are open every day.
+There will probably be one in Moscow and one in South Korea, but the cool thing is that each one has its own personality, born from the communities it comes from.
+Let us take you on a little tour.
+Biohackers work alone.
+We work in groups both in big cities (laughs) and in small villages.
+We are doing reverse engineering of lab equipment.
+We are genetically manipulating bacteria.
+We hack hardware, software, wetware and of course the code of life.
+we like to make things
+Then we like to break things down.
+we grow things.
+We make things shine.
+and make the cells dance.
+The spirit of these institutes is open and positive, but sometimes when people think of us, the first thing that comes to mind is biosafety, biosecurity, and the other dark side.
+I do not mean to discount those concerns.
+Any powerful technology is inherently dual-use, and when you get things like synthetic biology and nanobiotechnology, you really need it. We need to look at both amateur groups as well as professional groups. Because they have better infrastructure. With better facilities, we have access to pathogens.
+So the United Nations has done just that, recently releasing a report on the whole field. They concluded that the positive impact of this technology far outweighs the negative risks, and they also focused on the DIYbio community in particular. And, unsurprisingly, they noted, the press consistently tends to overestimate our capabilities and underestimate our ethics.
+As a matter of fact, last year DIYers from around the world, from America to Europe, came together to develop a common code of ethics.
+This goes far beyond what conventional science has accomplished.
+We currently follow state and local regulations.
+We dispose of waste properly, follow safety procedures, and do not work with pathogens.
+As you know, if you're dealing with pathogens, you're not part of the biohacker community, you're part of the bioterrorist community, sorry.
+And sometimes people ask me, "So what happens to the accident?"
+Well, when dealing with the safe creatures we normally deal with, the chances of someone accidentally creating something like a superbug and causing an accident are literally as big as a snowstorm in the middle of the Sahara desert. Probability.
+Now it might happen, but I'm not planning my life around it.
+In fact, I chose to take a different kind of risk.
+I signed up for something called the Personal Genome Project.
+This is a study at Harvard University where at the end of the study my whole genome sequence, all my medical information and my identity will be collected and put online for everyone to see.
+A lot of the risks they talked about in the informed consent part were involved.
+What I love most is that someone can download my sequence, go back to the lab, synthesize fake Ellen DNA, and plant it at the crime scene. (Laughter) But like DIYbio, the positive outcomes and potential positive outcomes far outweigh the risks in a study like this.
+Now, you may be asking yourself this question. "What will we do in the biolab?"
+Well, not too long ago we were asking, "What does anyone do with a personal computer?"
+So this is just the beginning.
+What we are seeing is just the tip of the DNA iceberg.
+Let me show you what you can do right now.
+A German biohacker journalist wanted to know whose dog left small gifts in his city.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Yes, you guessed it. He threw tennis balls at all the dogs in his neighborhood, analyzed their saliva to identify them, and confronted their owners.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) I found an alien species in my backyard.
+It looks like a ladybug, right?
+It's actually a Japanese beetle.
+And the same kind of technology -- it's called DNA barcoding, and it's pretty cool -- you can use it to tell if the caviar is really beluga, or if that sushi is really tuna, or if you paid a fortune to buy it. You can check if the goat cheese is really beluga. Goat stuff really.
+The biohacker space allows you to analyze mutations in your genome.
+You can analyze your breakfast cereals for GMOs or find out your ancestry.
+You can fly weather balloons into the stratosphere, collect microbes, and see what's there.
+Biosensors can be made from yeast to detect contaminants in water.
+You can make a kind of biofuel cell.
+You can do a lot.
+You can also do arts and science projects. Some of these are truly eye-opening and look at social and ecological issues from a completely different perspective.
+It's really cool, isn't it?
+Some people ask why I am involved.
+I was able to have a perfectly good career in mainstream science.
+The point is that these labs have something to offer society that you can't find anywhere else.
+There is something sacred about the space in which you can work on a project that no one needs to justify that it makes a lot of money, saves humanity, or is even possible.
+You just need to follow safety guidelines.
+A space like this all over the world could change the perception of who is allowed to do biotechnology.
+It is in these spaces that personal computing was born.
+Why not Personal Biotechnology?
+Who knows what we'll be able to do once everyone in this room is on board.
+This is a very new area and as we often say in Brooklyn, we haven't seen anything yet. (laughter) (applause)
+So I want to start by offering you a free lifehack that doesn't require any skill. That's all it takes. Change your posture for 2 minutes.
+But before I say that, I want you to do a little audit of your body and what you're doing with it right now.
+So how many of you make yourself small?
+You may be arching your back, crossing your legs, or squeezing your ankles.
+Sometimes I grab my arm like this.
+Sometimes we spread out. (Laughter) Okay.
+So pay attention to what you are doing now.
+More on this later, but I hope that learning how to adjust this a little can make a big difference in how your life unfolds.
+So we are very interested in body language, especially the body language of others.
+You know, we're interested in, for example, you know — (laughter) — awkward exchanges, smiles, contemptuous glances, or very awkward winks, or even things like handshakes.
+Narrator: Here they are arriving at number 10.
+This lucky police officer gets to shake hands with the President of the United States.
+The Prime Minister has come -- no. (Laughter) (Applause) (Laughter) (Applause) AMY CUDY: I mean, with or without a handshake, we're going to be talking for weeks and weeks.
+Even the BBC and the New York Times.
+So when we think of apparently non-verbal behavior, or body language, which we call non-verbal as a social scientist, we think of communication because it's language.
+When we think of communication, we think of interactions.
+So what is your body language telling me?
+what do i want to tell you
+And there are many reasons to believe that this is a valid way of looking at this.
+As such, social scientists have spent a great deal of time studying the impact of our body language and the body language of others on our judgments.
+And we make comprehensive judgments and inferences from body language.
+And those decisions can predict really meaningful life outcomes, like who to hire or promote, who to ask out on a date, and so on.
+For example, Tufts University researcher Nalini Ambadi found that if people watched a 30-second silent clip of an actual doctor-patient interaction, the doctor's good judgment would sue him. is expected.
+I mean, it doesn't really matter if the doctor is incompetent, but do we like the person and the way they interact?
+Even more dramatic, Princeton University's Alex Todorov found that judging a political candidate's face in just one second could predict 70% of the outcomes of US Senate and gubernatorial elections, even going digital. Well, we've shown that even emojis commonly used in online negotiations can have consequences such as: Claim more value from that bargain.
+Bad usage is the worst. right?
+So when we think non-verbally, we think about how we judge others, how they judge us, and what the consequences are.
+However, we tend to forget that the non-verbal language affects other audiences, and that is ourselves.
+We are also influenced by non-verbal things, thoughts, emotions and physiology.
+So what am I talking about nonverbal?
+I am a social psychologist. I study prejudice and teach at a competitive business school, so it was only natural that I would become interested in power dynamics.
+I became particularly interested in non-verbal expressions of power and control.
+And what are the non-verbal expressions of power and control?
+Well, here's who they are.
+Therefore, in the animal kingdom they are trying to expand.
+That means making yourself bigger, stretching out, taking up space, and basically being open minded.
+It's about opening up.
+And this applies to the entire animal kingdom.
+And humans do the same. (Laughter.) I mean, they do this both when they're chronically empowered and when they're feeling empowered in the moment.
+And this is especially interesting. Because it really shows how universal and old these expressions of power can be.
+Jessica Tracy studied this expression, known as pride.
+She showed that people who were born sighted or who were congenitally blind do this when they win in physical competition.
+So when they cross the finish line and win, it doesn't matter if no one has seen it.
+they do this
+What do we do when we feel helpless?
+we do the exact opposite.
+we make ourselves small.
+That is, animals and humans do the same.
+This is what happens when you combine high power and low power.
+So what we tend to do with power is complement the non-verbal part of the other person.
+So when someone has a really powerful attitude towards us, we tend to make ourselves small. we do not reflect them.
+We do the opposite of them.
+So, I'm observing this behavior in my classroom, what do I notice?
+I have found that MBA students are really demonstrating all their non-verbal abilities.
+I mean, it's like the Alpha caricature people really want to come into the room, come to the middle of the room before class starts, and really take up space.
+It feels very spacious when you sit down.
+They raise their hands like this.
+Others are almost down when they come in. You know it as soon as they come in.
+You can see it on their faces and bodies. They sit on a chair and dwarf themselves, and when they raise their hands, they become like this.
+I noticed a few things about this.
+First, don't be surprised.
+Gender also seems to be relevant.
+So women are much more likely to do this sort of thing than men.
+This is not surprising as women chronically feel less empowered than men.
+But another thing I've noticed is that it also seems to be related to how well the students are participating and how well they're participating.
+This is very important in the MBA classroom as half of the grade counts.
+As a result, business schools have been plagued by this gender gap.
+Enrollment of similarly qualified women and men produces this difference in performance, which appears to be partly attributable to participation.
+So I started wondering if people were coming and participating in this way.
+Would it be possible to get people to fake it, and would that increase their participation even more?
+So what I really wanted to know, to my major collaborator Dana Carney at Berkeley, can you fake it to success?
+For example, can you actually experience the consequences of your actions making you appear more powerful if you do this for just a short time?
+Therefore, we know that our nonverbal quirks determine how others think and feel about us. The evidence abounds.
+But our real question was, are our nonverbalities determining how we think and feel about ourselves?
+There is some evidence that they do.
+For example, we laugh when we feel happy, and we also feel happy when we are forced to smile like this with a pen in our teeth.
+So go both ways.
+When it comes to power, it goes both ways.
+So when you feel powerful, you're more likely to do those things, but pretending to be powerful can also make you more likely to actually feel powerful. .
+The second question is, we know our minds change our bodies, but is it also true that our bodies change our minds?
+And when I say spirit, what do I mean when it comes to those in power?
+So I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the physiological things that make up our thoughts and feelings, and in my case it's hormones. Look at hormones.
+So, how are the minds of the powerful and the powerless?
+People in power therefore naturally tend to be more assertive, more confident, and more optimistic.
+They actually feel that they can win even if it's a game of chance.
+They also tend to think more abstractly.
+So there are many differences. they take more risks.
+There are many differences between powerful and powerless people.
+Physiologically, there are also differences in two important hormones: testosterone, the dominant hormone, and cortisol, the stress hormone.
+So what we found is that strong alpha males in the primate hierarchy have high testosterone and low cortisol, and strong and effective leaders also have high testosterone and low cortisol.
+So what does that mean? When thinking about power, people tended to think only of testosterone. Because it was about dominance.
+But in reality, power is also how you respond to stress.
+So, do you want a powerful leader who is dominant, testosterone-rich, and highly responsive to stress?
+Probably not, right?
+What you're looking for is someone powerful, assertive, and dominant, but less stress-responsive and laid-back.
+So if, in the primate hierarchy, alpha had to take over, if an individual suddenly had to take over the role of alpha within a few days, that individual's testosterone would be greatly elevated and cortisol would be greatly increased. I know it's going down.
+So we have evidence that the body can shape the mind, at least at the facial level, and that role changes can shape the mind.
+So what happens? Change role. What happens when you do it at a really minimal level, such as this small operation or small intervention?
+“Stand like this for two minutes, I think it will make you stronger,” you say.
+Here's what we did.
+We decided to bring people into the lab and do a little experiment. They then held either a high power pose or a low power pose for two minutes. I will introduce 5 poses of them. Only two have been accepted.
+So here is one.
+A few more.
+This woman has been dubbed "Wonder Woman" by the media.
+Here are a few more.
+So you can stand or sit.
+And this is the low power pose.
+In other words, it folds and makes itself smaller.
+This is very low power.
+You are really protecting yourself when you are touching your neck.
+This is what happens.
+They come in, spit into the vial, and for two minutes we say, 'We gotta do this, we gotta do this.
+They don't see photos of poses.
+We don't want to instill in them the concept of power.
+We want them to feel empowered.
+Then we ask them, "How much power do you feel?" Subjects are given the opportunity to gamble on an array of merchandise, and a saliva sample is taken.
+that's it. That's the whole experiment.
+So this is what we found.
+Risk tolerance, or gambling, found that 86% gamble when in a high power pose.
+It's only 60% in the low power pause state, but that's a very big difference.
+Check out testosterone here.
+From baseline at entry, high performers experience an increase of about 20% and low performers experience a decrease of about 10%.
+Again, after about 2 minutes you will get these changes.
+For cortisol:
+Those with high power experience a decrease of about 25 percent, while those with low power experience an increase of about 15 percent.
+So, in two minutes, there's a hormonal shift, and your brain is either basically assertive, confident, and comfortable, or it's very stress responsive and kind of shuts down. will be
+Has anyone ever felt that way?
+So our non-verbal elements seem to determine how we think and feel about ourselves. In other words, it is not only others, but also ourselves.
+Also, our bodies change minds.
+But the next question, of course, is can a few minutes of power poses really change your life in a meaningful way?
+This is a small lab job and takes just a few minutes.
+Where can this be applied in practice?
+It is therefore likely to be used in evaluative situations such as social threat situations.
+Where are you rated by your friends and friends?
+For some, it's a statement at a school board meeting.
+It could be giving a pitch, giving a talk like this, or giving a job interview.
+We've determined that job interviews are the most relatable experience that most people have experienced.
+So we put out these findings, and the media hype it up and say, "Wow, this is what you do when you go to a job interview, right?"
+(Laughter.) You know, we were naturally horrified and we said, 'Oh my God, no, I didn't mean to do that at all.'
+For various reasons, no, please don't do that.
+Again, this is not what you talk to other people about.
+It's you talking to yourself.
+What do you do before you go into a job interview? Do this.
+you are sitting You look at your iPhone or Android and you're not trying to ignore anyone.
+You're looking at your notes, hunched over, and dwarfing yourself, but probably the last thing you should be doing is this, when you're in the bathroom, right? do it. Please find 2 minutes.
+That's what we want to test. have understood?
+So we take people to the lab where they again do high or low power poses and have a very stressful job interview.
+It is 5 minutes long. they are recorded.
+It looks like this because they are also judged and judges are trained not to give non-verbal feedback.
+Imagine this person interviewing you.
+So nothing happens for 5 minutes and this is worse than getting jeered.
+People hate this.
+That's what Marianne Lafrance calls "standing in the quicksands of society."
+So, cortisol really spikes.
+This is the job interview we gave them. Because I really wanted to know what happened.
+Then have the coder examine these tapes (four of them).
+They are blind to the hypothesis. They are blind to the situation.
+They have no idea who's posing what, but they end up looking at these tapes and saying, 'I want to hire these people.' Only high power posers.
+Also, we rate these people more positively overall. "
+But what drives it?
+It's a matter of the presence they bring to their speeches.
+Because we base our assessment on all the variables related to ability, such as how well the speech is structured.
+How good are they? What are their qualifications?
+Those things have no effect. This is what is affected.
+Things like this.
+they are bringing themselves.
+They bring their own ideas, but they are themselves, with no residue on them.
+That is, it is driving or mediating the effect.
+So when I tell people about this, our bodies change our minds, our minds can change our actions, and our actions change our outcomes. can, they tell me, "it feels like a fake". right?
+So I said lie until you succeed.
+When you get there, you still don't want to feel like an impostor.
+I don't want to feel like a cheater.
+I don't want to just get there and feel like I shouldn't be here.
+It really resonated with me. Because I want to tell you a little story about being a cheater and how I feel I shouldn't be here.
+When I was 19, I got into a terrible car accident.
+I was thrown out of the car and rolled over multiple times.
+I was thrown out of the car.
+And then I woke up in a head injury rehab ward. I had also dropped out of college. Then I found out that my IQ had dropped by two standard deviations, which was very traumatic.
+I knew my IQ. Because I perceive myself to be smart and have been called gifted since I was a child.
+So I dropped out of college but keep trying to go back.
+They say, 'You're not going to finish college.
+But you have other things to do, and it doesn't work. "
+So I really struggled with this, and I have to say, being robbed of your identity, your core identity, and for me it was wise to do that. Nothing makes you more helpless than being robbed.
+That made me feel completely helpless.
+Worked and worked, luckily worked, luckily worked.
+I finally graduated from university.
+It took me four years longer than the others, convincing my angel adviser Susan Fisk to let me in, and finally making it to Princeton University, where I decided I shouldn't be here. .
+i am a scammer
+And the night before my freshman talk, my freshman talk at Princeton is a 20 minute talk in front of 20 people.
+that's it.
+I was afraid of finding out the next day, so I called her and told her I was quitting.
+She said, "You won't quit, I made a bet on you and you will stay.
+You are going to stay here and this is what you are going to do.
+you're going to fake it
+Even if you're terrified and just numb and have an out-of-body experience, just do it, do it, do it until the moment comes when you say, "Oh my God, I do." I'm doing it
+It's like this. I'm actually doing this.'' So that's what I did.
+Five years in grad school, a few more years, I'm at Northwestern, I'm moving to Harvard, I'm at Harvard, and I don't think about it much anymore, but I've been thinking about it for a long time. "You shouldn't be here"
+So at the end of my first year at Harvard, a student who hadn't spoken in class all semester came into my office even though I was saying, "If you don't participate, you'll fail." . . I really didn't know her at all.
+She came in completely defeated and said, "I shouldn't be here."
+And that was that moment for me.
+One was realizing, oh my god, I just don't feel like that anymore.
+I don't feel it anymore, but she does and I understand the feeling.
+And two, she should be here!
+For example, she can pretend it and she can become it.
+So I thought, "Yes, you should be here!"
+And tomorrow you're going to fake it, make yourself powerful, and you know -- (applause) and you're going to go to class and make the best comments ever. "
+Look? And she gave the best comment ever, and people turned around and were like, oh man, they didn't even realize she was sitting there. (Laughter.) A few months later she came back to me and I realized that she wasn't just pretending to be able to do it, she was pretending to be. I was.
+That's how she changed.
+So I want to tell you, don't imitate until you succeed.
+Fake it until you are.
+Do enough until it actually happens and internalizes.
+The last thing I want to leave you with is this.
+Small tweaks can lead to big changes.
+So, it's been two minutes.
+2 points, 2 points, 2 points.
+Try this for two minutes in an elevator, in a bathroom cubicle, or behind closed doors at your desk before entering the next stressful evaluation situation.
+that's what you want to do.
+Configure your brain to best deal with the situation.
+Boost your testosterone. Lower your cortisol.
+Oh, don't leave the situation feeling like you're not showing them who you are.
+I really feel the need to step out of that situation and say who I am and show who I am.
+So first of all, I would like to ask you guys to try power poses and also share the science because it is easy.
+There is no ego involved in this. (Laughter) Give it to me. Please share it with people. Because the people who have the most access to it are those who have no resources, no technology, no status, no power.
+Give it to them because they can do it in private.
+They need their bodies, their privacy, and their two minutes, which can dramatically change the outcome of their lives.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am truly honored to be here. As Chris said, it's been over 20 years since I started working in Africa.
+My first self-introduction was at the Abidjan airport on a sweaty morning in Ivory Coast.
+I had just left Wall Street, had my hair cut like Margaret Mead, gave up almost everything I owned, and had just arrived with all my necessities—a few poems, a few clothes, And of course the guitar too. I was going to save the world, so I thought I'd start with the African continent first.
+However, literally within days of my arrival, I was told in very clear terms by a number of West African women that Africans do not want to save, thank you very much, especially not from me.
+I was too young, unmarried, childless, and didn't know much about Africa. Besides, my French was pathetic.
+So it was an incredibly painful time in my life, but still, it started giving me the humility to really start listening.
+I think failure is also an incredible motivation, so I moved to Kenya and worked in Uganda. Then I met a group of Rwandan women. In 1986 they asked me to move to Kigali to help them start the first microfinance. facility there.
+So we decided to name it "Doutellimbele", which means "Forward with Enthusiasm". While doing so, I realized that there weren't many businesses that started with women, so I thought I'd try my hand at starting a business.
+So I started looking around and heard about a bakery run by 20 prostitutes.
+Then, out of curiosity, I went to see this group, and what I met there were 20 unmarried mothers who were trying to live their lives.
+And that was the beginning of understanding the power of words and how what we call people alienates us from them and diminishes them.
+Also, the bakery isn't like a business, in fact it's a classic charity run by people with good intentions, basically spending $600 a month to make these 20 women a small business. I also found myself busy making crafts and baked goods. , lives on 50 cents a day and is still poor.
+So I made a deal with the women. I said, 'Look, we've removed the philanthropic aspect and run this as a business, and I'll help you out.'
+They tensely agreed. I started out nervous, but of course things are always harder than you think.
+First of all, I thought we needed a sales team. And we're clearly not the A team here. So let's do it. I have had all this training.
+A quintessential example of this was when we literally marched with buckets through the streets of Nyamilambo, a popular neighborhood in Kigali, selling all the little donuts to people and then returning. "
+Then the women said, "You know, Jacqueline, who wouldn't buy an orange bucket of donuts from a tall American woman at Nyami Rambo?" And for example -- (laughter) -- that's a good point.
+So I challenged myself to play the American way, both as a team and as an individual. Completely unsuccessful, but over time the women learned to sell their way.
+Then they started listening to the market and came back with ideas for cassava chips, banana chips and sorghum bread. Before we knew it, we had cornered the market in Kigali, and the women were earning three to four times the income of the rest of the country. average.
+And with that boost of confidence, I thought, 'Well, it's time to make a real bakery, let's paint. And the women said, "That's a really great idea."
+And I said, "So what color do you want it to be?" And they said, "Well, you choose." And I said, 'No, no, I'm learning to listen.
+choose. It's your bakery, it's your streets, it's your country, it's not mine. "
+But they didn't give me an answer.
+So a week, two weeks, three weeks went by, and finally I said, "Well, what about blue?"
+And they said, "Blue, blue, we love blue. Let's make it blue."
+So I went to the store, took the rebellious Gordens among them, and brought all this paint and fabric to make the curtains, and on painting day we all gathered at Nyamilambo and put it on. The idea came to paint it white. Like a little French bakery, it has blue trim. But it wasn't as satisfying as painting walls that were decidedly blue like the morning sky.
+So blue, blue, everything became blue.
+The walls were blue, the windows were blue, and the sidewalk in front was blue.
+Aretha Franklin was yelling "R-E-S-P-E-C-T," women's hips were shaking, little kids were trying to hold paintbrushes, but today was their day.
+And when it was over, we stood across the street and looked at what we had done and said, 'That's so beautiful.
+Then the women said, "It really is."
+So I said, "I think that color is perfect," and everyone nodded except for Gaudens, so I said, "What?"
+And she said "nothing". And I said, "What?"
+And she said, "Well, that's pretty, but look, our color is actually green." I've learned that it's really hard to say what you mean if you've been dependent on charity all your life that you've been living on charity instead.
+And the main reason for that is that people never actually ask you, and even if they do, you don't really want them to know the truth.
+And I learned that listening isn't just about waiting, it's about learning how to ask better questions.
+So I lived in Kigali for about two and a half years doing these two things, and it was a special time in my life.
+And it taught me three lessons that I think are very important for us today, and definitely in my work.
+The first is that dignity is more important to the human spirit than wealth.
+As Eleni said, when people get an income, they get a choice, and that's fundamental to dignity.
+But as human beings, we also want to see each other and be heard, and we must never forget that.
+Second, traditional charity and aid will never solve the problem of poverty.
+I think Andrew explains it pretty well. So I move on to my third point. Markets alone cannot solve the problem of poverty.
+Yes, we were running this as a business, but the philanthropic support included in the training, management support, strategic advice, and perhaps most importantly, new contacts, networks, access to new markets. someone had to pay for
+So at a micro level, this combination of investment and philanthropy has a real role.
+And at the macro level, some speakers reason that even healthcare should be privatized.
+But having a father with heart disease, realizing that what our family could afford wasn't what he deserved, and a good friend stepping in to help, I decided that every man could We truly believe that you have the right to access health at a price. I can afford it.
+I think the market helps us understand that, but I don't think we can have the kind of society we want to live in without a philanthropic component.
+And it was these lessons that made me decide to start the Acumen Fund about six years ago.
+This is a non-profit venture capital fund for the poor, and in short there are some contradictions.
+For-profit organizations and non-profits that primarily raise philanthropic funds from individuals, foundations and corporations and then pivot to provide affordable health, housing, energy and clean water to low-income people in South Asia. Invests in both stocks and loans in associations. so that they can choose for themselves.
+We have invested nearly $20 million in 20 different companies, resulting in nearly 20,000 jobs and providing tens of millions of services to people who otherwise would not be able to serve.
+I would like to tell you two stories. Both are in Africa.
+Both are about investing in entrepreneurs who are dedicated to their service and know their market well.
+Both live at the intersection of public health and business, and because they are manufacturers, they directly create employment and indirectly create income. Because of its involvement in the malaria sector, Africa loses about $13 billion a year. A year because of malaria.
+And as people get healthier, they get richer.
+The first is called Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited.
+The company was founded in Kenya about seven years ago by a brilliant entrepreneur named Patrick Henfrey and three of his colleagues.
+They are traditional farmers who have seen all of Kenya's agricultural ups and downs over the past 30 years.
+Well, this plant belongs to the mugwort genus. It is the basic ingredient in artemisinin, the best-known treatment for malaria.
+Considering it is native to China and the Far East, but malaria is also prevalent here in Africa, Patrick and others suggested, "It's a high-value-added product, so let's bring it here."
+Farmers can get three to four times the yield of corn.
+So, with patient capital—one that can be raised early, actually below market returns, and willing to work long-term in combination with operational and strategic support—they are now building the company. was established. Purchased from 7,500 farmers.
+That means about 50,000 people will be affected.
+I'm sure some of you have visited. These farmers are supported by Kickstart and TechnoServe, helping them become more self-sufficient.
+They buy it, dry it, and bring it to this factory. This plant was also partially purchased by Novartis patient capital, which has a strong interest in obtaining the powder to manufacture Cortem.
+Acumen has been working with ABE for the past year, year and a half, reviewing new business plans and expansions, providing management support, developing term sheets and assisting with financing.
+And in the last month or so, I've really understood what patient capital means emotionally. Because, during the biggest financial crisis in its history, the company was literally 10 days away from proving that the products it produced were of the world-class quality level needed to manufacture Cortem.
+And we called every social investor we knew.
+Now some of the same social investors are very interested in Africa, understand the importance of agriculture and support farmers.
+And even when we explain that when ABE goes away, all 7,500 jobs will go away, we can see this split between business and society.
+And now is the time to start thinking more creatively about how they can be brought together.
+So Acumen executed two bridge loans instead of one. And the good news is that they actually meet the World Quality classification and are now in the final stages of moving to the next level by completing a $20 million round. I think this will be one of the most important companies in East Africa.
+This is Samuel. he is a farmer
+He was actually living in the slums of Kibera when his father called him to talk about mugwort and the potential for added value.
+So he went back to the farm, and in short, he now has 7 acres of land under cultivation.
+Samuel's children go to private schools and he has begun to help other farmers in the area get into wormwood production - he says dignity is more important than wealth.
+Next, I think many people know.
+I talked a little bit about this at Oxford two years ago, and some people visited the A to Z manufacturing industry, one of East Africa's great authentic companies.
+It's another creature at the confluence of health and enterprise.
+And this is a story about a public-private solution that actually works.
+It started in Japan. Sumitomo has developed a technology that essentially impregnates polyethylene-based fibers with organic insecticides, allowing it to create mosquito nets, malaria mosquito nets that last for five years and never need to be re-soaked.
+Like mugwort, it was produced only in East Asia, although it may change the vector. And as part of its social responsibility, Sumitomo said, "For the people of Africa, why don't we experiment to see if we can produce in Africa?"
+UNICEF stepped forward and said it would "purchase most of the nets and distribute them free of charge as part of the Global Fund and UN commitment to pregnant women and children."
+Acumen stepped in with patient funding, we also helped identify entrepreneurs to partner with all of us here in Africa, and Exxon provided the first resin.
+When I scoured entrepreneurs, I couldn't find anyone on the planet better than Anuj Shah, an A to Z manufacturing company.
+As a 40 year old company, we understand the manufacturing industry.
+From socialist Tanzania to capitalist Tanzania, it continued to prosper. When we first started, we had about 1,000 employees.
+So Anuj took an entrepreneurial risk here in Africa to create a public good that was bought by a malaria aid agency.
+And, simply put, I repeat, they are very successful.
+The first net went live in October 2003, the first year.
+We thought the number of hits was 150,000 nets per year.
+This year, the company is producing 8 million nets a year and employs 5,000 people, 90 percent of whom are women, mostly unskilled.
+They have a joint venture with Sumitomo.
+So, both from an African business point of view and from a public health point of view, these are real successes.
+But if you're serious about solving poverty, that's only half the story. Because it is not sustainable in the long term.
+A company with one big customer.
+And if bird flu strikes, or if for some other reason the world decides that malaria is no longer such a priority, everyone loses.
+So Anuj and Acumen are talking about testing the private sector. Because in countries like Tanzania, aid agencies assume that 80 percent of the population earns less than $2 a day.
+At the time of manufacture, it costs $6 to produce these and another $6 to distribute them. So the market price on the free market is about $12 per net.
+Most people can't afford it, so let's give it away for free.
+And we said, 'Well, there are other options.
+Let's use the market as the best eavesdropping device we have and understand what price people will pay for this so they get the dignity of choice.
+We can start building local distribution and indeed the public sector costs could be much cheaper. "
+So we are providing a second round of patient capital to A to Z, providing loans and subsidies so that A to Z can adjust their pricing and listen to the market. I made it possible and discovered a lot.
+The first is that, although different people pay different prices, an overwhelming number of people buy with $1 net and make a purchase decision.
+And when you listen to them, you will have a lot to say about what they like and what they don't like.
+And some of the channels that I thought would work didn't.
+However, thanks to this experimentation and iterations that were allowed thanks to patient capital, we found that distribution in the private sector would cost about $1, and net purchases would cost about $1.
+So from a policy standpoint, if we start with the market, we have a choice.
+You can continue at $12 net and pay the customer zero. Or you could experiment with at least part of it, charging $1 net and costing the public sector another $6 net to give dignity to the public. And have a distribution system that can start to persist over time.
+We have to start conversations like this. I don't think there is a better way to start than with the market, but you also need to involve other people at the table around the market.
+Every time I visit A ​​to Z, I am reminded of my grandmother, Stella.
+She looked a lot like the women sitting behind the sewing machines.
+She grew up on a farm in Austria, was very poor and poorly educated.
+She moved to the United States where she met my grandfather who was a cement hauler and had nine children. Three of them died in infancy.
+My grandmother had tuberculosis and worked in a sewing machine factory making shirts for about 10 cents an hour.
+Like many women I have seen from A to Z, she works hard every day, understands what suffering is, has a deep faith in God, loves her children, and receives benefits. never did.
+But because she had market opportunities and lived in a safe society with access to affordable health and education, she and her children lived a life of true purpose and pursued their true dreams. I was able to.
+I look around at my brothers and cousins. As I said earlier, we have a lot of people. Then there are teachers, musicians, hedge fund managers, designers, and more.
+A younger sister who grants other people's wishes.
+And my hope is that when they look at these women, when they meet the farmers, and when they think of all the people across this continent who work hard every day, they feel the opportunities and the possibilities, and It is to be able to believe and act. Services will be made available so that children can live a life of greater purpose.
+It shouldn't be too difficult.
+But it requires the determination of all of us to fundamentally reject stereotypes and step out of the ideological box.
+Service as well as success requires investment in enthusiastic entrepreneurs.
+It requires opening your arms wide, expecting little love in return, but demanding responsibility and bringing responsibility to the table.
+And most of all, we all need the courage and perseverance to start listening to each other seriously, whether rich or poor, African or non-African, local or diasporic, left or right. It is necessary to have power. .
+thank you.
+(applause)
+This is my grandfather, Salman Schocken. Born into a poor and uneducated family, he had to support six children. When he was 14, he was forced to drop out of school to help put bread on the table. .
+He never returned to school.
+Instead, he went on to build a glorious empire of department stores.
+Salman was a consummate perfectionist and his stores were jewels of Bauhaus architecture.
+He was also the ultimate self-learner and, like everything else, he did it in epic style.
+He surrounded young obscure scholars like Martin Buber, Shai Agnon, and Franz Kafka, and paid each of them a monthly salary so that they could write in peace.
+Still, in the late 1930s, Salman foresaw what was to come.
+He left everything else and fled Germany with his family.
+The department store was confiscated and he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit of art and culture.
+The high school dropout died at the age of 82. A formidable intellectual, he was the co-founder and first CEO of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the founder of the critically acclaimed Shocken Books, which was later acquired by Random House.
+This is the power of self-study.
+And these are my parents.
+They too could not enjoy the privileges of a college education.
+They were too busy building a family and a country.
+Yet, like Salman, they were persistent and self-taught throughout their lives, and our homes were piled up with thousands of books, records and works of art.
+I vividly remember my father telling me, ``When everyone in my neighborhood has a TV, I'm going to buy a normal FM. wireless. (Laughter) That's me. I was going to grab my first abacus, but I actually had what my dad thought was a good enough replacement for the iPad. (Laughter) So one of the things I learned from home is the idea that educators don't necessarily have to teach.
+Instead, we can provide an environment and resources that encourage their natural ability to learn on their own.
+Self-study, self-exploration, self-development: these are the virtues of good education.
+So I want to tell you about a self-taught, self-developing computer science course I built with my brilliant colleague Noam Nisan.
+As you can see from the pictures, both Noam and I were fascinated by first principles in our early days, but over the years, as our knowledge of science and technology has become more sophisticated, our reverence for these early fundamentals has grown. My feelings only grew stronger.
+So it's no wonder, about 12 years ago, when Norm and I were already computer science professors, the same phenomenon was just as frustrating.
+As computers became more and more complex, students were losing the forest for the trees. In fact, it's impossible to connect with the soul of a machine by operating a black box PC. Or a Mac covered in many layers of closed, proprietary software.
+So Norm and I believe that if we want our students to understand how computers work, to get them down to the bone, perhaps the best way to do it is to have a complete, practical, general-purpose system. I had the insight to let the Learn purpose, useful computers, hardware, and software from the ground up, from first principles.
+Well, I had to start somewhere. So Noam and I decided to build a cathedral based on the simplest possible building blocks, so to speak, called NAND.
+It's just a simple logic gate with four input and output states.
+So we now have God giving us NAND — (laughter) — and telling us to build a computer, and when we asked how we do it, God said, "One step at a time." Begin this journey by telling the students that they have answered.
+Then, following this advice, I walk students through an elaborate series of projects that start with this low-level, humble NAND gate and gradually build up chipsets, hardware platforms, assemblers, virtual machines, and basic components. An operating system and a compiler for a simple Java-like language called "JACK".
+Students celebrate this glorious end by using JACK to create all sorts of cool games like Pong, Snake, Tetris, and more.
+You can imagine the great joy of playing a Tetris game written in JACK, compiled to machine language with a similarly written compiler, and seeing the result run on the machine you built in just a few seconds. A thousand NAND gates.
+This is a tremendous personal triumph, from first principles to an amazingly complex and useful system.
+Noam and I worked for five years to facilitate this rise and create the tools and infrastructure that would allow students to build it in one semester.
+And an amazing team that helped make this happen.
+The trick was to decompose the computer structure into a number of standalone modules, each of which could be specified, built, and unit-tested separately from the rest of the project.
+And from day one, Norm and I decided to make all these building blocks freely available in open source on the web.
+So we put everything on the web: chip specs, APIs, project descriptions, software tools, hardware simulators, CPU emulators, stacks of hundreds of slides, lectures, and people all over the world come here. , invited you to get everything you need and do anything. they want it.
+And then something fascinating happened.
+The world has arrived.
+And soon, thousands of people built our machines.
+And NAND2Tetris became one of the first large open online courses, but seven years ago we didn't know what we were doing was called a MOOC.
+We observed how self-organizing courses spontaneously emerged from the material.
+For example, Pramode C.E., an engineer from Kerala, India, organized a group of self-learners to build computers under his excellent guidance.
+And Parag Shah, another engineer from Mumbai, broke our project into smaller, more manageable pieces and now plays a role in a pioneering DIY computer science program. .
+Those who are attracted to these courses usually have a hacker mindset.
+They want to understand how things work, and they want to do it in groups, like the Washington D.C. Hacker Club that uses our materials to deliver community courses. I think.
+And because these materials are widely available and open source, different people take them in completely different and unpredictable directions.
+For example, Yu Fangmin from Guangzhou used FPGA technology to build a computer and used video clips to show others how to do the same. Also, Ben Craddock has developed a very good computer game that runs within the CPU architecture. A complex 3D maze developed by Ben using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine.
+The Minecraft community went crazy over the project, and Ben became a media celebrity.
+And indeed, for quite a few people, this NAND2Tetris pilgrimage has been a life-changing experience, if you will.
+For example, consider the case of Dan Rounds, a music and math major from East Lansing, Michigan.
+A few weeks ago Dan posted a winning post on our website that I would love to read.
+Then Dan said:
+“Understanding computers is as important to me as reading, writing and doing math, so I took the coursework and managed to get through it. I have never faced such a challenge.
+But given what I feel I can do now, would definitely do it again.
+For those considering NAND2Tetris, it's a tough journey, but it will change you a lot. "
+So Dan demonstrated a number of self-study learners taking this course voluntarily on their own from the web. This is very surprising because these people don't really care about grades.
+They do it for a single motive.
+They have an extraordinary passion for learning.
+With that in mind, I would like to say a few words about traditional college grading.
+Enough.
+We are obsessed with grades because we are obsessed with data. But grading takes all the fun out of failure, and most of education is about failure.
+Courage, according to Churchill, is the ability to go from defeat to defeat without losing enthusiasm. (Laughter) And [Joyce] said that mistakes are the gateway to discovery.
+Yet we do not tolerate mistakes and worship grades.
+So we collect your B plus and A minus and add them up to a number like 3.4 which is stamped on your forehead and totals who you are.
+Well, in my opinion, we overdid this nonsense and the grading became degrading.
+So I'd like to talk a little bit about upgrades and share an overview of my current project. Although this is different from previous projects, it shares exactly the same characteristics of self-learning, learning by doing. This project deals with mathematics education from kindergarten through high school, starting with mathematics in early childhood. We believe math should be taught hands-on like anything else, so we do it on tablets.
+So here's what we should do: Basically, we have developed a number of mobile apps, each of which explains a specific concept in mathematics.
+For example, consider area.
+When dealing with concepts like domains, it also provides a set of tools that children can experiment with to learn.
+So if you're interested in area, one of the natural things to do is to tile an area of ​​this particular shape and simply count the number of tiles needed to completely cover it.
+This little exercise here gives a good first insight into the concept of area.
+What about the area of ​​this figure?
+Well, when you put them side by side, it doesn't work very well.
+Instead, through a guided process of trial and error, as you experiment with these different tools, at some point you'll discover that one of several legitimate transformations you can do is: increase. As before, you can cut out the figure, rearrange the parts, glue them together and proceed to tiling.
+(Applause) Now, this particular transformation didn't change the area of ​​the original figure. So your six-year-old playing with this has just discovered a clever algorithm to calculate the area of ​​a given parallelogram.
+By the way, we do not replace teachers.
+We believe teachers should not be replaced, they should be empowered.
+Then what about the area of ​​the triangle?
+So, after some guided trial and error, the child, with or without help, could replicate the original shape, take the result, transpose it, paste it on the original shape, and do what we did. We discover that we can continue with Before: cut, sort, paste — oops — paste, glue, and tile.
+Since this transformation has doubled the area of ​​the original shape, we know that the area of ​​the triangle is equal to the area of ​​this rectangle divided by two.
+But we discovered it through self-exploration.
+Thus, in addition to learning some useful geometry, children will learn some very important things, such as reduction, the art of turning complex problems into simple ones, and generalization, which is the heart of any science. We've touched on sophisticated scientific strategies. Discipline, or the fact that some properties are immutable under some transformations.
+And all of this is something even young children can master using such mobile apps.
+So now we are: First of all, it breaks down the K-12 math curriculum into a number of such apps.
+And because we can't do it alone, authors, parents, or anyone really interested in math education can use this authoring tool to create similar apps on tablets without programming. We have developed a very advanced authoring tool that you can develop.
+And finally, we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem that adapts different apps for different learners according to their evolving learning styles.
+The driving force behind this project is my colleague Shmulik London. The trick is to surround yourself with good people, as Salman did nearly 90 years ago. Because in the end we are all human.
+And a few years ago I was walking through Tel Aviv and saw this graffiti on the wall. And I found it so compelling that I am now preaching this graffiti to my students and I hope to preach it to you as well.
+Now, I don't know how many people here know the word "Mensch".
+It basically means being human and doing the right thing.
+So what's written in this graffiti is, "High-tech Shumi high-tech.
+The most important thing is to be Mensch." (laughs) Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+I have to say that I am very happy to be here.
+I think there are over 80 countries on here, and speaking to all these countries is a whole new paradigm for me.
+I think every country has something called a parent-teacher conference.
+Do you know what a parent-teacher conference is?
+It's not the one for your kids, it's the stuff you went through when you were a kid, the parents coming to school and the teacher talking to the parents, and it's a little bit awkward.
+Well, I remember when I was in 3rd grade. My father was never absent from work, a typical blue-collar, working-class immigrant, was going to school to see his son, how was he doing, and when the teacher said to him, he said, "You know what? Like, John is good at math and art."
+And he nodded a little.
+The next day I saw him talking to a customer at a tofu shop, and he said, "You know, John is good at math."
+(Laughter.) And it stuck with me all my life.
+Why didn't your dad say art? why wasn't it ok?
+why? It became my lifelong question, and that's okay, because being good at math meant he bought me a computer, and who remembers this computer? You know, this was my first computer.
+Who Had an Apple II? Very cool, Apple II users. (Applause.) As you remember, the Apple II did absolutely nothing. (laughter) I plug it in, type, and I see green text.
+Most likely you will say you are wrong.
+That was the computer as we know it.
+That computer is the one I studied for my father's dream to go to MIT. But at MIT, I learned about computers on all levels, and then I went to art school to get away from them, thinking of computers as mental thought spaces.
+And I was influenced by performance art. So this was 20 years ago. I made a computer out of a human.
+It was called the "human-powered computer experiment."
+It has a power manager, mouse driver, memory, etc. and was built in Kyoto, the ancient capital of Japan.
+A room split in two.
+When I turn on the computer, my assistant places a giant floppy disk made out of cardboard and inserts it into the computer.
+And the floppy disk drive guy puts it on. (Laughter) She finds the first sector on the disk, takes the data off the disk, and of course gives it to the bus.
+Thus, the bus eagerly carries data to the computer's memory, CPU, VRAM, etc., making it the computer that actually works. That's really a bus. (laughs) And it looks kind of fast. It's a mouse driver, XY here. (Laughter) It seems like it's going kind of fast, but it's actually a very slow computer, and when I realized how slow this computer was compared to how fast computers were, I started questioning computers and technology in general. I was.
+So today I'm going to talk about four things.
+The first three are how I became interested in technology, design and art, how they intersect and overlap, and how four years ago I became president of Rhode Island School. It's about a theme I've been working on since. Design: Leadership.
+And then I'll talk about how I went about combining these four areas as a sort of synthesis, a sort of experiment.
+To start with technology, technology is great.
+When the Apple II came out, it really couldn't do anything.
+I was able to display text and after a short wait, I got something called an image.
+Remember those gorgeous full-color images when computers were first able to create images?
+And a few years later, we had CD-quality sound.
+It was unbelievable. I could hear the sound on my computer.
+Then watch movies via CD-ROM. It was amazing.
+Remember that excitement?
+Then came the browser. The browser was great, but it was very primitive and very low bandwidth.
+I waited for text first, then images, then CD-quality sound over the internet, then movies over the internet. It's kind of amazing.
+Then came mobile phones, then text, images, voice and video. And now we have iPhones, iPads, and Androids with text, video, audio, and more.
+See this little pattern?
+Perhaps we're kind of stuck in a loop, and this sense of potential that we get from computing is something I've wondered about for the last decade or so, and we've been wondering for the most part. We have looked to design to understand design, just as we do. Using our technology has been my passion.
+Here's a small experiment to give you a quick design lesson.
+Designers talk about the relationship between form and content and content and form. Well what does that mean?
+Well, the content is the word there, namely fear.
+It's a four letter word. It's a kind of bad feeling word, fear.
+Fear is set in Light Helvetica, so it's not as stressful. When you set up fear in Ultra Light Helvetica, it's like, "Oh, fear, who cares?" right? (Laughs) Same Ultra Light Helvetica bigger, oops, it hurts. fear.
+You can see how the form changes when you change the scale. The content is the same, but the feel is different.
+It's kind of funny if you change the typeface to, say, this typeface. It's a pirate typeface, like Captain Jack Sparrow. ah! fear!
+Oh it's not scary That's really interesting.
+Or this kind of horror, nightclub kind of typeface. (Laughter) Well, you have to go to the fear. (Laughter) That's great, isn't it? (Laughter) (Applause) Just change the same content.
+Otherwise you will succeed -- the letters are scattered, as close together as on the deck of the Titanic, you feel sorry for the letters, I'm terrified.
+you feel sorry for them
+Or change the typeface to:
+Very classy. It's like that fine dining restaurant "Fear".
+You can never enter there. (Laughs) That's amazing, Fear. But it is form and content.
+Just change one letter in that content and you have a much better word, better content. In other words, it's free.
+"Free" is a great word. It can be delivered in almost any way.
+Freebold feels like Mandela free.
+Yes, I feel free.
+Even the light is free, oh, I feel like I can breathe freely.
+It feels great. Or you can spread it out freely and you're like, oh, you can breathe freely, it's so easy.
+Add a blue gradient and a dove and you're free for something like Don Draper. (Laughter) You see, format, content, design, that's how it works.
+that's a powerful thing. It's like magic, like the magicians you see at TED. It's magic.
+Design makes it happen.
+And I was curious about how design and technology intersect, so to give you a sense of what I used to be doing, I wanted to show you some old pieces that were never published today. to introduce.
+So -- yes.
+So I did a lot of work in the 90's.
+This was a plaza that reacted to sound.
+People ask me why I made it. It's not clear. (Laughter) But I thought it would be nice for the square to react to me, and my kids were little back then, and they would play with these things, like, 'Oh,' and 'Dad.' You said oh, oh, oh, yeah
+If we go to a computer store, they will do the same.
+And they say, "Dad, why doesn't the computer respond to sound?"
+And that really was when I was wondering why my computer wasn't responding to sounds.
+So I made this as an experiment at the time.
+And I spent a lot of time in areas like interactive graphics, but I was forced to stop doing that because MIT students are so much better than me, and I had to hang up my mouse.
+However, in 1996, I made my last work. It was black and white, monochrome, completely monochrome, all done in integer math.
+It's called "tap, type, write".
+This is a tribute to the wonderful typewriter my mother used to type on as her legal secretary.
+There are 10 variations. (typing sound) (typing sound) It's out of alignment.
+There are 10 variations. It's like spinning a letter around.
+(typing sound) It's like a circle of letters. (typing sound) This was 20 years ago, so it's just a -- you see, this is -- I love the French movie Red Balloon.
+Great movie, right? i love that movie So this is kind of a play on it. (typing sound) (typewriter bell) Peaceful, kind of. (Laughter) I'm going to show you this for the last time. This is a question of balance.
+Typing can be a bit stressful, so when you type on this keyboard, it balances out.
+(Laughter) I always say, 'Hit the G and life'll be fine.
+thank you. (Applause.) Thank you.
+That was 20 years ago and I've always been on the fringes of art.
+Being president of RISD got me deep into art. Art is great, fine art, pure art.
+When people say, "I don't understand art.
+I do not understand at all. ’ That means the art works, right?
+Art should be enigmatic, so when I say, "I don't understand," I think, oh, that's wonderful. (Laughter) Art does that because art is asking questions, questions that may not be answered.
+RISD has an amazing facility called the Edna Lawrence Nature Lab. There are 80,000 animal, bone, mineral, and plant samples.
+You know, in Rhode Island, if an animal is run over on the road, they call us and we pick it up and stuff it.
+And why is this facility there?
+This is because with RISD you must look at the actual animal, the object, in order to understand and perceive its volume.
+RISD cannot draw from an image.
+And a lot of people ask me, John, can't this all be digitized? Shouldn't it be better?
+And I often say, there's something good about the old ways. There is something very different out there and even in this new era we need to understand what is good about our ways.
+And I have a best friend, Fuuta Hasegawa, a new media artist. He played games with his wife when he was based in London, actually Tokyo. He would go to an antique store, and when he found an antique he wanted, he would ask the owner about the inside story of the antique, and if the story was good, he would buy it.
+So they went to an antique store, saw this cup, and said, "Tell me about this cup."
+Then the shopkeeper said, "It's old, isn't it?" (Laughter) "Tell me more." "Oh, it's really old."
+And as a new media artist, he said, looking back, you know, I've spent my entire career making new media art.
+People say, "Wow, what is your art?" New media.
+And he realized that it's not a question of old or new.
+It's something in between.
+It's not about "old" soil or "new" clouds. It's about what's good.
+The combination of cloud and dirt is the beginning of the action.
+You see it in every interesting art and every interesting business today. It's very interesting how the two combine to make something good.
+So art asks questions, and leadership asks a lot of questions.
+We are not functioning so easily anymore.
+We are no longer a simple dictatorship.
+As an example of authoritarianism, I was traveling in Russia once and saw a sign at a national monument in St. Speaking English, you're trying to single me out. It's unfair.
+But I found a sign for Russian speaking people and it was the best sign ever for saying no.
+It was like, "No swimming, no hiking, nothing."
+My favorite is "no plants". Why bring a plant into a national monument? don't know.
+And "no love". (Laughter) That's authoritarianism.
+What is it structurally?
+It's a hierarchy. We all know that many systems today operate in a hierarchical structure, but as you know, it's broken.
+It's now a network instead of a complete tree.
+It is heterokey, not hierarchical. It's kind of awkward, isn't it?
+So, I believe leaders today are faced with a different way to lead.
+Here's a study I did with my colleague Becky Vermont on creative leadership. What can we learn from artists and designers about how to demonstrate leadership?
+Because, in many ways, ordinary leaders love to avoid mistakes.
+Creative people actually love to learn from their mistakes.
+Traditional leaders always want to be right, creative leaders want to be right.
+And this frame is important today in this complex and ambiguous space, and I believe artists and designers have a lot to teach us.
+There was a show in London recently and a friend invited me to come to London and sit in the sandbox for four days and I said great.
+So I sat in the sandbox four days in a row, six hours each day, making six-minute appointments with anyone in London, and it was really bad.
+But I listened to people, listened to their problems, drew pictures in the sand, tried to make sense of things, and it was a little hard to understand what I was doing.
+Look? It's a 1:1 meeting that lasts about 4 days.
+In fact, it felt like being president.
+I thought, "Oh, this is my job. President. I have a lot of meetings, don't I?"
+And by the end of the experience, I knew why I was doing this.
+Because, dear leaders, what we are doing is making unlikely connections and hoping that something will happen. In that room, I realized there were so many connections between people across London. Therefore, leadership that brings people together is a big issue today.
+It's a great design challenge, whether it's hierarchical or heterogeneous.
+And one of the things I do is do research on systems that can combine technology and leadership with art and design perspectives.
+In fact, let me show you something you haven't seen anywhere else.
+What this is is a kind of sketch, an application sketch written in Python. Did you know you have Photoshop?
+It's called Powershop and how it works imagine your organization. CEOs never come to the top. The CEO is at the heart of the organization.
+There are different departments within your organization and you may need to consider different areas. For example, green is a well-performing region and red is a poorly performing region.
+As a leader, how do you scan, connect, and make things happen? For example, open a distro here, find the different subdivisions there, know people here in Eco, and You may find that these people here are in Eco, people who could be involved as CEO, people who are going. Beyond hierarchy.
+One of the CEO's challenges is finding cross-disciplinary connections. So when you look at the R&D department, you have one person who cuts across two areas of interest. This person is important to be involved.
+So, for example, you might want to see how you interact with them in the heads-up display.
+how many cups of coffee do you have
+How often do you call or email?
+What's the point of their email? How are you doing?
+Leaders may use these systems to better regulate how they work within heretical organizations.
+You can also imagine using technology like Cambridge University's Luminoso, which was looking at deep text analytics. What is the main point of your communication?
+That's why I think these systems are important.
+They are intended for leader-centric social media systems.
+And I believe this kind of perspective will start to grow as more leaders enter the art and design fields. Because in art and design you can think like this and you can find different systems like this. I'm just starting to think: I am happy to share it with you.
+Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to everyone who listened. Thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+So if someone asks you three words to summarize your reputation, what would you say?
+How do people explain your judgment, knowledge, and behavior in different situations?
+Today we will explore together why the answer to this question is so important in an era when reputation is your most valuable asset.
+First, I would like to introduce you to someone whose life has been changed by a market driven by reputation.
+Sebastian Sandys has been an Airbnb B&B host since 2008.
+I met him recently and over a few cups of tea he told me how entertaining guests from all over the world enriches his life.
+More than 50 people have stayed in the 18th-century sentry hut where he lives with his cat, Squeak.
+Now, I mention Squeak because Sebastian's first guest happened to witness a fairly large rat cross the kitchen, and she conditionally promised not to leave a bad review. It means he has a cat.
+So Sebastian bought Squeak to protect his reputation.
+As many of you know, Airbnb is a peer-to-peer marketplace that matches people with rental space with people looking for a place to stay in over 192 countries.
+The locations rented out are what you might expect: spare rooms and vacation homes, but part of the magic is the unique locations you now have access to: treehouses, tents, airplane hangars, and igloos.
+If you don't like the hotel, you can rent the castle down the road for $5,000 a night.
+This is a great example of how technology is creating markets that never existed before.
+Here's a heat map of Paris to see how fast Paris is growing.
+This image is from 2008.
+Pink dots represent host properties.
+Even four years ago, letting strangers stay at your house seemed like a crazy idea.
+The same holds true in 2010.
+And now in 2012.
+There are Airbnb hosts on almost every main street in Paris.
+What's happening here now is the power of technology to unlock the latent power and value of assets of all kinds, from skills to space to physical possessions, in ways and scales never before possible. people are recognizing that
+It's an economy and culture called communal consumption, through which people like Sebastian are becoming micro-entrepreneurs.
+They are empowered to make money and save money from their existing assets.
+But the real magic and secret source of a collaborative consumption marketplace like Airbnb isn't inventory or money.
+We use the power of technology to build trust between strangers.
+This side of Airbnb really stuck with Sebastian during the London riots last summer.
+He woke up around 9:00 a.m. and checked his email to find a flood of messages asking if he was okay.
+Former guests from all over the world saw the rioting going on right down the street and wanted to see if they needed anything.
+In fact, Sebastian told me: "I had 13 former guests contact me before my mother called." It gets to the heart of why, after finishing, I decided to spread this into a global movement.
+Because at its core is empowerment.
+That's because by participating in marketplaces like Airbnb, Kickstarter, and Etsy that are built on personal relationships rather than empty deals, people lost meaningful connections somewhere along the way. To be able to make connections that allow us to rediscover our humanity. .
+Now, the irony is that these ideas are actually taking us back to the old market forces and cooperative behaviors that are baked into us all.
+It's being reinvented in a way that's appropriate for the Facebook age.
+We are beginning to find ourselves wiring the world so that we can share, exchange, rent, barter, or trade literally just about anything. We share our cars with WhipCar, our bikes with Spinlister, our office with Loosecubes, and our garden with Landshare. We lend and borrow money with strangers on Zopa and Lending Club.
+We exchange lessons on everything from sushi making to coding on Skillshare, and even pets on DogVacay.
+Welcome to the wonderful world of communal consumption that allows us to match what we want with what we have in a more democratic way.
+Today, communal consumption is creating the beginning of a transformation in how we think about supply and demand, but it is also part of a massive shift in values ​​that is underway, helping people to keep up with the Jones generation. Instead of consuming, we are consuming to achieve our goals. I know the Jones family.
+But the main reason why it's so popular right now is that each new advancement in technology makes it easier and easier to share, with greater efficiency and social trust glue.
+Well, I've seen thousands of these markets and trust and efficiency are always key factors.
+Let's take an example.
+Meet Chris Mok, 46 years old. He definitely has the best job here at SuperRabbit.
+Well, four years ago, Chris unfortunately lost his job as an art buyer at Macy's and, like many people, struggled to find new work during the recession.
+And by chance I found a post about TaskRabbit.
+Well, the story behind TaskRabbit, like many great stories, begins with a very cute dog named Kobe.
+Well, what happened was, in February 2008, Leah and her husband were waiting for a taxi to take them to dinner when Kobe trotted over and my husband was salivating.
+They realized they were running out of dog food.
+Kevin had to cancel the taxi and trudge through the snow.
+Well, later that night, the two self-described tech geeks started talking about how nice it would be to have an eBay for errands.
+Six months later, Leah quit her job and TaskRabbit was born.
+At the time, she didn't realize that she had actually come up with a bigger idea, later called service networking.
+It is essentially how you use your online relationships to get things done in the real world.
+The way TaskRabbit works today is that people outsource tasks they want to do, specify a price they're willing to pay, and bid vetted rabbits to get the job done.
+Yes, in fact, there is a rigorous four-step interview process designed to find potential personal assistants and weed out dangerous rabbits.
+There are now more than 4,000 rabbits in the United States, with another 5,000 on the waiting list.
+The tasks posted now are just what you'd expect, like helping with household chores or shopping at the supermarket.
+In fact, I recently learned through TaskRabbit that 125,000 pieces of laundry have been cleaned and folded.
+But I love that the number one task posted over 100 times a day is the one that many of us have suffered from. That's right, assembling IKEA furniture. (Laughter) (Applause) Great. Now, laugh it off, but Chris here is actually making up to $5,000 a month from running errands in his life.
+And 70 percent of this new workforce was previously unemployed or underemployed.
+Think of TaskRabbit and other examples of communal consumption like a steroid-enhanced lemonade stand. they are really great.
+Now, come to think of it, in the last 20 years, we've evolved from trusting people online to share information to trusting people to hand over credit card information, and now we're in third place in trust. is amazing. wave: Connect trusted strangers to create a human-powered marketplace of all kinds.
+In fact, I came across this interesting study by the Pew Center this week. The study revealed that active Facebook users are three times more likely to believe most people can be trusted than non-internet users.
+Virtual trust transforms the way we trust each other face-to-face.
+Well, I'm an optimist, but I'm an optimist, so I have to be very careful. In short, there is an urgent need to address pressing and complex problems.
+How do we make sure our digital identities mirror our real-world identities? Do we want them to stay the same?
+How can we mimic how we build trust online and face-to-face?
+How can we stop people who have done bad things in one community from doing bad things under another guise?
+In the same way that companies often use some kind of credit rating to decide whether to give a user a cell phone plan or mortgage interest rate, marketplaces that rely on transactions between relatives would We need some kind of device to inform the user of Sebastian and the mortgage interest rate. Chris is a good egg and the device has a reputation.
+Reputation is a measure of how much the community trusts you.
+Let's see Chris.
+You can see that over 200 people gave him an average rating of 4.99 or higher out of 5.
+Over 20 pages of reviews of his work describe him as being very friendly and quick, and he has reached the highest level, level 25, becoming a Super Rabbit.
+Now — (laughter) — I love the term super rabbit.
+And interestingly, Chris points out that as his reputation grows, so does his chances of winning a bid and how much he can charge.
+In other words, for SuperRabbits, reputation has real-world value.
+Well, I know what you're thinking.
+Well, this is nothing new. Think eBay powersellers or Amazon star ratings.
+The difference today is that every transaction we make, the comments we leave, the people we flag, the badges we earn leave a trail of reputation for how trustworthy or untrustworthy we are. to leave.
+And it's not just the sheer breadth of it, but the amount of reputation data out there that's staggering.
+please think about it. In the last six months alone, 5 million nights have been booked on Airbnb.
+Carpooling.com has 30 million rides shared.
+$2 billion worth of loans will be made through the peer-to-peer lending platform this year.
+This accumulates millions of pieces of reputation data about how well we behave or how we misbehave.
+Capturing and correlating the information traces that we leave behind in various places is currently a major challenge, and we are required to elucidate it.
+People like Sebastian are rightfully starting to ask: Shouldn't we own our reputation data?
+Shouldn't the reputation he's personally invested in and built on Airbnb travel with him from one community to another?
+What this means is that he starts selling used books on Amazon. Why should he start from scratch?
+It's kind of like when you move to Sydney from New York.
+It was outrageous. I couldn't get a cell phone plan because my credit history wasn't on the trip.
+I was essentially a ghost within the system.
+I'm not saying here that the next step in the reputation economy is to sum multiple ratings to create some kind of empty score.
+People's lives are too complicated, and who would want to do that?
+Also, I want to be clear that this is not counting tweets, likes and friends in a Klout-like way.
+They measure our influence, not our credibility.
+But the most important thing we should keep in mind is that reputation is largely situational.
+Just because Sebastian is a great host doesn't mean he can assemble IKEA furniture.
+The big challenge is figuring out what data makes sense to get. Because the future depends on smart aggregation of reputation rather than a single algorithm.
+It's only a matter of time before you can do a Facebook or Google-like search to see the full picture of someone's behavior in different contexts over time.
+I imagine who, when, where and why they trusted you, your credibility on TaskRabbit, your cleanliness as a guest on Airbnb, the knowledge you showed on Quora and Tripovo, all of these are 1? It is a real-time stream that is displayed together in one place. This is stored in some kind of reputation dashboard that paints a picture of reputation capital.
+It's a concept I'm currently researching and writing my next book about, currently defined as the value of reputation, intent, competence, and values ​​across communities and markets.
+This is not a distant frontier.
+In fact, there's a wave of startups like Connect.Me, Legit, and TrustCloud looking for ways to aggregate, monitor, and use online reputation.
+Now, I know this concept might sound a bit like Big Brother to some of you. Of course, there are some big issues around transparency and privacy that need to be resolved, but in the end, if we can collect our personal reputation, we actually have more control over it. And draw out the enormous value that comes from it.
+And more than your credit history, you can actually shape your reputation.
+Think of Sebastian. Consider how he bought the cat and influenced Sebastian.
+Privacy issues aside, another really interesting issue I'm looking at is how to empower digital ghosts (the most trusted people in the world who are not active online for some reason). That's it.
+How can we take their contributions to work, community and family and turn that value into reputational capital?
+Ultimately, if we get it right, reputational capital can create a great deal of positive confusion about who has power, trust and influence.
+Only 30% of us really know it The 3-digit score, traditional credit history, no longer limits the price of things, what we can access and, in many cases, what we can use It is no longer the deciding factor. what the world can do.
+In fact, reputation is currency and I believe it will be stronger than credit history in the 21st century.
+Reputation is the currency that you can trust me.
+What is interesting here is that reputation is the socio-economic lubricant that makes communal consumption work and scales, but the sources and applications of reputation are much greater than this area alone.
+Let me give you an example from the recruiting industry. Reputation data can make resumes look like antiquities from the past.
+Four years ago, technology bloggers and entrepreneurs Joel Spolsky and Jeff Atwood decided to start something called Stack Overflow.
+Well, Stack Overflow is basically a platform where experienced programmers can ask other good programmers very detailed technical questions about things like tiny pixels and Chrome extensions.
+The site receives 55,000 questions a day, 80% of which are answered correctly.
+Today, users earn reputation in many ways, but basically by making their colleagues understand what they are saying.
+A few months after the site's launch, the founders heard something interesting, but it didn't really surprise them.
+What they heard was that users were putting their reputation scores at the top of their resumes and recruiters were searching the platform for unique talent.
+Thousands of programmers now find better jobs this way. Because Stack Overflow and reputation dashboards provide a rare opportunity to learn how that person really behaves and what their peers think of them.
+But I think the larger rationale of what's going on behind Stack Overflow is incredibly exciting.
+People are beginning to realize that the reputation that a place creates has value beyond the environment in which it was built.
+Very interesting.
+When you talk to superusers, whether they're SuperRabbit, Stack Overflow or Uberhost superusers, they all talk about how having a great reputation unlocks a sense of power in themselves.
+Stack Overflow creates a level playing field and allows true talent to rise to the top.
+At Airbnb, people are often more important than space. TaskRabbit puts people in control of their economic activity.
+Now, at the end of our tea with Sebastian, he wondered how, on a bad rainy day, when no one came to his bookstore, all the people in the world who had said wonderful things about it. Told me what I remember. About him and what it says about him as a person.
+He turns 50 this year and is confident that the rich tapestry of reputation he's built with Airbnb will lead him to do something interesting for the rest of his life.
+As you know, there are only a few opportunities in history to reinvent some of the workings of our socio-economic system.
+We live in one of those moments.
+We believe we are at the beginning of a cooperation revolution as important as the industrial revolution.
+In the 20th century, the invention of traditional credit transformed the consumer system and controlled in many ways who had access to what.
+In the 21st century, new trust networks and the reputational capital they generate will reinvent ideas about wealth, markets, power and personal identity in ways we can't yet imagine.
+thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+It's 2008 and I just finished my first year of design school.
+And now I'm doing my first year-end exam. It's a form of ritual torture for design students, who are made to stand next to a table with everything they've made in a year. Many professors, most of whom I have never seen before, give their unfiltered opinions about this research.
+Then came my turn. I am standing next to the table and everything is lined up nicely. I hope my professors can see how much effort I put into making my designs practical, ergonomic and sustainable.
+And I'm starting to get really nervous because no one says anything for a long time.
+It's just completely silent.
+Then one of the professors started talking and said, "Your work gives me joy."
+joy?
+I wanted to be a designer because I wanted to solve real problems.
+I think joy is a great thing, but it's kind of light, it's not essential.
+But I was also kind of intrigued. Because joy is this intangible feeling, and how does it come from what's on the table next to me?
+I asked my professors, "How do things make us feel joy?"
+How can tangible things make us feel intangible joy? "
+They hem, hem, and do a lot of gestures with their hands.
+"They just do it," they said.
+As I packed my bags for the summer, I couldn't help but think about this question...
+This began a journey of understanding the relationship between the physical world and the mysterious and strange emotion we call 'joy'. At the time, I had no idea that the trip would take 10 years.
+And what I've discovered is that not only are they connected, but the physical world can be a powerful resource for us to build happier, healthier lives.
+After reading the reviews, I thought, "I know what joy feels like, but what exactly is it?"
+And I realized that even scientists don't always agree and sometimes use the words "joy" and "happiness" and "positive" more or less interchangeably.
+But loosely speaking, when psychologists use the word joy, they mean intense, momentary experiences of positive emotions—feelings that make us smile and want to jump.
+And this is really technical.
+The desire to jump is one way scientists measure pleasure.
+It differs from happiness, which measures how well you feel over time.
+Joy is feeling good in the present moment.
+This was interesting to me. Because as a culture, we are obsessed with the pursuit of happiness, yet we tend to overlook joy in the process.
+So I thought, "Where does joy come from?"
+I started asking everyone I knew, and even people I had just met on the street, what brought them joy.
+Whether on the subway, in a café, or on an airplane, it was "Hello, nice to meet you. What brings you joy?"
+I felt like a detective.
+I said, "When was the last time you saw me?"
+who were you with what color was it?
+Have you seen anyone else? "
+I was a joyful Nancy Drew.
+(Laughter) And after a few months of doing this, I realized that things started to come up again and again.
+It was like cherry blossoms and bubbles...
+Swimming pool, tree house etc.
+Hot air balloons and googly eyes (laughs) and ice cream cones, especially the ones with sprinkles.
+These seemed to cross boundaries of age, gender and ethnicity.
+So, come to think of it, we should all stop and turn our faces to the sky as a multicolored arc of rainbows cuts across the sky.
+And fireworks—you don't even have to know what they're for. And it makes us feel like we are celebrating too.
+This is not a happy thing for some people. They are good for almost everyone.
+they are universally happy.
+And seeing them all together gave me this indescribable feeling of hope.
+The sharply divided and politically polarized world we live in can have the effect of making our differences feel too great and insurmountable.
+But underneath it all, there is a part where each of us finds joy in the same thing.
+And while these are often said to be mere passing pleasures, they are in fact very important because they remind us of the common humanity found in common experiences of the physical world. .
+But I still needed to know: what's so fun about these things?
+I put a picture of them on the wall of my studio and came there every day trying to figure it out.
+Then one day something clicked.
+I've seen all these patterns: round ones...
+A bright pop of color...
+Symmetrical shape ...
+A sense of richness and diversity...
+A feeling of lightness or elation.
+Viewed in this way, the feeling of joy is mysterious and elusive, but we are more aware of its visible physical attributes—what designers call aesthetics—the same root as the Greek word aísthomai. I realized that I could access the feeling of joy through the words that came from. , means "I feel", "I feel", "I perceive".
+And because these patterns taught me that joy begins with the feeling, I started calling them "pleasure aesthetics." A feeling of joy.
+And with this discovery in mind, I found myself finding little moments of joy everywhere I went - vintage yellow cars and witty street art.
+It was as if I had put on rose-tinted glasses, and I knew what to look for, so I could see it everywhere.
+It was as if small moments of joy were hidden in plain sight.
+At the same time, there was another realization: if these things bring us joy, why are so many parts of the world the way they are?
+(laughter) Why do we work here?
+Why do we send our children to schools like this?
+Why are our cities like this?
+And this is most acute in the places that house the most vulnerable among us: nursing homes, hospitals, homeless shelters and housing projects.
+How did we end up in a world like this?
+We all have fun in the beginning, but as we get older, being colorful or too playful can leave room for judgment.
+Adults who show genuine joy are often dismissed as childish, too feminine, unserious, self-satisfied, etc., which is why we suppress joy and end up in a world like this.
+But if joy aesthetics can be used to find more joy in the world around us, can't it also be used to create more joy?
+Over the past two years, I've scoured the globe looking for different ways people have answered this question.
+And this led me to the work of artist Mr. Arakawa and poet Madeline Gins. They believed that this kind of environment was literally killing us.
+So they set out to build apartments in the belief that they would reverse the aging process.
+And this is it.
+(Laughter) (Applause) This is a real place, just outside of Tokyo.
+I spent one night there and it was a lot.
+(Laughter) The floors are undulating so you don't walk around the apartment as much as bouncing around, and there are bright colors in every direction.
+I don't know if I left young or not, but it's as if they tried to create an apartment that made us feel young and ended up creating a delightful apartment.
+Admittedly, this is a bit overkill for everyday life, but it made me wonder. What will happen to the rest of us?
+How do we bring these ideas back to the real world?
+So I started looking for people doing just that.
+For example, this hospital designed by Danish artist Paul Garnes.
+Or these schools transformed by the non-profit Publicolor.
+Interestingly, public commentators have heard from school administrators that attendance has improved, graffiti has disappeared, and children actually say they feel safer in these painted schools. Thing.
+And this is consistent with research conducted in four countries, which found that people working in more colorful offices were actually more alert and more confident than those working in drab spaces. It shows that you are there and friendly.
+Why is this happening?
+Now, when I started tracing our love of color, I realized that some researchers were seeing links to our evolution.
+In a very primitive sense, color is a sign of life, a sign of energy.
+And the same is true of abundance.
+We have evolved in a world where scarcity is dangerous and abundance means survival.
+So one sheet of confetti (in case you're wondering, it's the singular for confetti) is (Laughter) not a lot of fun, but when you add it up, it's one of the most fun substances on the planet. You get one. .
+Architect Emmanuel Moureau often incorporates this idea into his work.
+This is a retirement home she designed, using these colorful spheres to create a rich atmosphere.
+And what happened to all those round things I noticed?
+Well, it turns out that neuroscientists are also studying this.
+They put people in an fMRI machine and showed them pictures of angular and round objects.
+They found that the amygdala, the part of the brain partly associated with fear and anxiety, glows when people see angular objects, but not when they see round objects. That was it.
+They speculate that since angles in nature are often associated with objects that are dangerous to us, we may have evolved an unconscious wariness towards these shapes, while curves reassure us. doing.
+You can see it in action at the new Sandy Hook Elementary School.
+After a mass shooting there in 2012, architects Svigals + Partners knew they needed to create a safe building, but also wanted to create a fun building, so they filled in the building with curves. .
+Waves run along the sides of the building, there is a rippling canopy above the entrance, and the whole building bends towards the entrance in a welcoming pose.
+Each moment of joy is small, but over time, they add up to more than the sum of its parts.
+So maybe what we need to do is not pursue happiness, but find ways to embrace it and put ourselves on the path of joy more often.
+We all have a deep-seated urge to seek joy in our surroundings.
+And we have it for a reason.
+Joy is not superfluous.
+It is directly related to our survival instincts.
+At its most basic level, the drive for pleasure is the drive for life.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+Thank you thank you.
+(applause)
+Other people. Everyone is interested in others.
+Everyone has relationships with other people and is interested in these relationships for various reasons.
+Good relationships, bad relationships, annoying relationships, agnostic relationships, and what I'm going to do is focus on the central part of the interactions that occur in relationships.
+So I took as inspiration the fact that we are all interested in interacting with other people, and completely stripped away all that complex functionality, and rotated that object, that simplified object. increase. , engages in scientific exploration and provides an early, early stage of new insight into what happens while two brains interact simultaneously.
+Before we do that, let me tell you a few things that made this possible.
+First, we can now safely eavesdrop on healthy brain activity.
+With no needles, no radioactivity, and no clinical reason, we can record from the brains of friends and neighbors as they perform various cognitive tasks while walking around the city. It uses a method called functional magnetic resonance imaging.
+You have probably read about it or heard about it in some incarnation. Here's the two-sentence version.
+Everyone has heard of MRI. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to take snapshots of areas such as the brain, knees, and stomach to create grayscale images frozen in time.
+In the 1990s, it was discovered that the same machine could be used in another mode, in which it was found that microscopic blood flow videos could be made independently from hundreds of thousands of sites in the brain.
+Well, so what? In fact, changes in neural activity in the brain, what makes the brain work, what makes software work in the brain are closely correlated with changes in blood flow.
+Creating a movie of blood flow provides an independent proxy of brain activity.
+This literally revolutionized cognitive science.
+Take your favorite cognitive domains, such as memory, motor planning, thinking about your mother-in-law, getting angry at people, emotional reactions, and put people in a functional MRI machine to see how these kinds of variables map. Please imagine for brain activity.
+It's still in its infancy, and in some ways crude, but really 20 years ago it was nothing.
+It's impossible for someone like this. It's not possible for healthy people.
+It caused a literal revolution and paved the way for us to prepare for new experiments. As you know, neurobiologists have a lot of experimental setups for nematodes, rodents, fruit flies, etc.
+And now we are ready for a new experiment. it is human.
+We can now use humans to study and model human software, and we have some burgeoning biological methods.
+Now, let me give you an example of an experiment that people do. It is in the so-called field of evaluation.
+Rating is just what you think it is.
+If you were to go and evaluate two companies against each other, you would want to know which one is worth more.
+Culture discovered an important feature of valuation thousands of years ago.
+What if you want to compare orange to a windshield?
+Well, orange cannot be compared to a windshield.
+they don't mix. they do not mix with each other.
+So instead, convert them to a common currency scale, put them on that scale, and evaluate them accordingly.
+Yes, your brain must do the same. We are now beginning to understand and identify the brain systems involved in evaluation. One of them contains the neurotransmitter system, whose cells are located in the brainstem and supply a chemical called dopamine. to the rest of the brain.
+I won't go into the details, but this is an important finding, and we know quite a bit about it now, and it's only a small part of it, but the point is, those are the neurons that humans lose. It's for They have Parkinson's and are also neurons hijacked by literally any drug of abuse, and that's no surprise.
+Drugs of abuse will come in and the values ​​of the world will change. They change the way you value the symbol associated with your drug of choice, placing it above all else.
+However, here is the important feature. These neurons are also involved in how we literally assign values ​​to abstract ideas, and we've shown here some symbols that assign values ​​for different reasons.
+Our brains have behavioral superpowers, and dopamine is at least partially responsible.
+We can deny any instinct we have for survival for the sake of an idea, just an idea. No other species can do that.
+In 1997, the cult "Heaven's Gate" committed mass suicide based on the idea that spacecraft were hiding in the tail of the then-visible Comet Hale-Bopp, waiting to take them to the next level. Did. It was an incredibly tragic event.
+More than two-thirds of them had college degrees.
+But the point here is that they were able to negate the survival instinct using the very same system put in place to help them survive. That's a lot of control, right?
+One thing I've omitted from this story is the obvious. This is the focus of my remaining short talk. it's other people.
+These same rating systems will be reintroduced when rating interactions with other people.
+So, this same dopamine system that contributes to drug addiction, Parkinson's freezing, and many forms of psychosis is responsible for valuing interactions with other people and giving value to your actions. are also reused. I am interacting with someone else.
+Let's take this example.
+In this area, it offers a vast amount of processing power that is almost imperceptible.
+Here are some examples. So here is the baby.
+She is 3 months old. She's still pooping in her diaper and can't do calculus.
+She is related to me. Some people would love to see her on screen.
+Even if you cover one of her eyes, you can still read something with the other. You can see a kind of curiosity in one eye and perhaps a bit of surprise in the other.
+I have a couple here. They share a moment together, and we even experimented with cutting out different parts of this frame to still see them sharing it. They share it in parallel.
+Well, elements of the scene also tell us this, but it can be read directly from their faces, and when you compare their faces to normal faces, it would be a very subtle clue.
+Here is another couple. He projects onto us, and she obviously projects love and admiration onto him.
+Here is another couple. (Laughter.) And I'm afraid I don't see love and admiration on the left side. (laughter) Actually, I know this is his sister. And you can see him saying, "Okay, we're doing this for the cameras, and then you stole my candy and punched me in the face." I guess.
+Ok, so what does this mean?
+That means throwing a lot of processing power into this problem.
+It engages the deep systems of our brains: the dopaminergic systems that exist to pursue sex, food and salt.
+they keep you alive. It gives them the pie and the kind of behavioral punch we call superpowers.
+So how can we take it and arrange a kind of gradual social interaction and turn it into a scientific investigation?
+And the short answer is games.
+economic game. So we work in two areas.
+One field is called experimental economics. Another field is called behavioral economics.
+And we steal their game. And we devise them for our own purposes.
+This shows a particular game called the Ultimatum game.
+The red player is given $100 and can offer to share with the blue player. Suppose Red wants to keep 70 and proposes 30 to Blue. So he proposes a 70/30 split with Blue.
+Control goes to blue, and if blue says "accept" he gets the money, but if blue says "deny" nobody gets anything. have understood?
+Therefore, a rational choice economist would say that any non-zero offer should be accepted.
+What do people do? 80/20 people don't care.
+If it's 80/20, it's a coin flip to accept it or not.
+why is that? Because you are angry.
+you are angry That's an unfair offer, and you know what an unfair offer looks like.
+This is the kind of game my lab and many labs around the world do.
+This is just an example of what these games are investigating. The interesting thing is that these games require a lot of cognitive devices online.
+You have to be able to get to the table with someone else's appropriate model.
+You have to remember what you did.
+For that we must rise up now.
+Then I need to update the model based on the signal that comes back, and I need to do something interesting. So you have to do a kind of deep thought analysis.
+So you have to decide what the other person expects from you.
+You need to send a signal to manage the image of you in their mind.
+like a job interview. If you're sitting across from someone's desk and they have a pre-existing image of you, you signal across the desk and take that person's image of you from one place to where you want it. move it.
+We are so good at this that we don't really notice it.
+This kind of probe exploits this. have understood?
+In doing this, we discovered that humans are literal canaries in social interaction.
+Canaries were once used in mines as a type of biosensor.
+It acted as an early warning system, as birds faint before humans when methane builds up, carbon dioxide builds up, or oxygen is depleted. It was like, "Hey, get out of the mine." things don't go so well.
+Even when people gather at a table and social interactions are very frank and staged, it's just numbers going back and forth between people, which brings with them very sensitive emotions.
+We then realized that this could be exploited. We've actually done this, and now we've had thousands, maybe 5,000 or 6,000 people do this. In fact, to turn this into a biological probe, surprisingly, we need a larger number. But either way, patterns emerged and we were able to take those patterns, translate them into mathematical models, and use those mathematical models to gain new insights into these interactions. . Well, so what?
+Well, I mean, it's a very good indicator of behavior, and economy games give us the concept of optimal play.
+It can be calculated during the game.
+And you can use it to subdivide your actions.
+This is where it's amazing. Six or seven years ago we formed a team. I was in Houston, Texas at the time.
+Currently in Virginia and London. We built software that links functional magnetic resonance imaging machines over the Internet. I think we ran up to 6 machines at once, but let's focus on just 2.
+Therefore, machines anywhere in the world are synchronized.
+We synchronize machines, set them up in these tiered social interactions, and eavesdrop on both interacting brains. So, for the first time, we don't need to look at just the average of a single individual, or look at individuals playing computers, or attempt to make inferences as such. You can research individual dyads.
+We can study how one person interacts with another, raising numbers and gaining new insights into the boundaries of normal cognition, but more importantly, we can We use people with defined mental illnesses, or brain injuries, as those to explore and explore these social interactions.
+So we started this effort. I think we made some hits, some early discoveries.
+We believe this has a future. But this contrasts with the standard way of thinking about mental illness, characterizing people as birds, and contrasting that with the new glossary of terms that actually redefine mathematical terms. method. So we take advantage of the fact that healthy partners play major depressives, have autism spectrum disorders, or have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and use it as a kind of biosensor. use a computer program. Modeling the person gives you a kind of analysis about it.
+We are just getting started, but we have sites all over the world. Here are some partner sites.
+Ironically, hubs are concentrated in tiny Roanoke, Virginia.
+We now have another hub in London with the rest in the works. We hope to provide the data at some stage. Making this available worldwide is a complicated matter.
+But what we study is also just a fraction of what makes us interesting as humans. So I encourage others interested in this to ask for the software and guidance on how to proceed with it.
+Let me think about one last thing.
+What's interesting about cognitive research is that in some ways we are limited.
+We didn't have the tools to simultaneously observe interacting brains.
+But in reality, we are very social creatures, even when we are alone. We are not solitary minds built from property to survive in the world independently of other people. In fact, our minds are dependent on others. Because they depend on and are expressed by others, the notion of who we are sees ourselves in our interactions with those who are close to us and those who are our enemies. Until then, we often don't know who we are. You, people who are agnostic to you.
+So this is the first step in harnessing insights about what makes us human and turning them into tools to gain new insights into mental illness.
+Thank you for inviting me. (Applause) (Applause)
+After all, with tens of millions of people unemployed or underemployed, there is considerable interest in how technology is affecting the workforce.
+And as I watched the conversations, I realized that they were both focusing on exactly the right topic and completely missing the point.
+The theme, the question it focuses on, is whether all these digital technologies are impacting people's ability to earn a living, or, put a little differently, are droids stealing our jobs? The question is whether there are
+And there is some evidence that they are.
+When America's GDP resumed its slow, steady rise, the Great Recession ended, and several other economic indicators also began to recover, putting them in a kind of rapid health state.
+Corporate profits are very high. In fact, including bank profits, their profits are higher than ever.
+And corporate investment in equipment, hardware, software and more is at an all-time high.
+That is why companies are starting to issue checkbooks.
+What they're not really doing is hiring.
+So this red line is the employment-to-population ratio, or the percentage of working-age people who have jobs in America.
+And you can see that it plummeted during the Great Recession and hasn't started to recover at all.
+But this story is not just a recession story.
+The decade we have just experienced has seen relatively poor job growth across the board, especially when compared to other decades, with fewer people on record working at the end of the decade than before. is only in the 2000s. at first.
+Graphing the number of potential employees versus the number of jobs in the country shows that the gap grew larger and larger over time, and then widened during the Great Recession.
+I did a simple calculation.
+I took the GDP growth rate over the last 20 years and the labor productivity growth rate over the last 20 years and used them in a fairly naive way to try to predict the number of jobs the economy would need to keep growing. bottom. Here is the next line. I came up with it.
+Is it good or bad?
+This is the government's projection of the future working-age population.
+So even if these predictions were accurate, the gap would not close.
+The problem is that these predictions are unlikely to be accurate.
+In particular, I think my forecast is overly optimistic. Because when I made my predictions, I assumed that the future would be similar to the past due to increased labor productivity. Actually, it's not what I believe.
+Because if you look around, I think you're still missing out on the impact of technology on the workforce.
+In just the last few years, we've seen digital tools unlock skills and abilities we never had before, cutting deep into what we humans do for a living.
+Throughout history, if you wanted to translate something from one language to another, a human had to be involved.
+Today, multilingual, instant automatic translation services are available free of charge via many devices, right down to smartphones.
+Anyone who has used these knows they are decent, if not perfect.
+Throughout history, if you wanted something written, a report or an article, you had to involve a person.
+not anymore.
+Here's an article about Apple's earnings that appeared on Forbes online a while ago.
+Written by an algorithm.
+And it's not just decent, it's perfect.
+A lot of people see this and say, "Okay, but those are very specific and narrow tasks, and most knowledge workers are actually generalists.
+And they're sitting on a very large body of expertise and knowledge and using that to respond to some kind of unpredictable demand on the fly, which is very difficult to automate. . "
+One of the most impressive knowledge workers in recent memory is a guy named Ken Jennings.
+Winning the quiz show Jeopardy! 74th time in a row.
+took home $3 million.
+Ken on the right loses 3 to 1 to Watson, a supercomputer playing IBM's Jeopardy.
+So when you think about what technology can do for general knowledge workers, especially when you start doing things like connecting Siri to Watson, and understand what we're saying and repeat it. increase.
+Right now, Siri is far from perfect, so we can make fun of her shortcomings, but even if technologies like Siri and Watson improve along the Moore's Law trajectory, six years from now it will still be. It should also be borne in mind that it is not. A 2x or 4x better would be 16x better than it is today.
+So I'm starting to wonder if a lot of knowledge work will be affected by this.
+And digital technology isn't just impacting knowledge work, it's starting to exert its power in the physical world as well.
+Not long ago, I had the opportunity to ride in Google's self-driving car, and it lived up to its name.
+(laughter) And I can assure you that it handled the stop-and-go traffic on US 101 very smoothly.
+There are approximately 3.5 million people in the United States who drive trucks for a living. I think some people will be affected by this technology.
+And at this point, humanoid robots are still incredibly primitive.
+But they are improving rapidly, and DARPA, the investment arm of the Department of Defense, is looking to accelerate its trajectory.
+So, in short, the droids are coming for our jobs.
+In the short term, we can stimulate increased employment by encouraging entrepreneurship and investing in infrastructure. Because today's robots are not yet good at repairing bridges.
+But I think that in the long term, in the lifetimes of most people in this room, we're going to move to a very productive economy that doesn't require a lot of human resources. . Worker.
+And managing that transition will be the greatest challenge facing our society.
+Voltaire summed up the reasons why. He said, "Work protects us from the three great evils of boredom, vice and need."
+However, despite these challenges, I am personally still a big digital optimist and believe that the digital technologies currently under development will take us to a utopian rather than a dystopian future. I have great confidence that they will.
+To explain why, I would like to pose a ridiculously broad question.
+May I ask, what was the most important development in human history?
+Now, I would like to share some of the answers I got for this question.
+This is a great question, and the reason we start endless discussions about it is that some people bring up both Western and Eastern philosophical systems that have changed the way many people think about the world.
+And others say, "No, really, the big story, the big development is the creation of the world's major religions, which have changed civilizations, changed the lives of countless people, and influenced them." would say
+And others will say, "Indeed, empire is what changes civilization, what changes civilization, what changes people's lives, so the great developments in human history are stories of conquest and war. ”
+And the merry soul always cries out, "Hey, don't forget the plague!"
+(Laughter) There are optimistic answers to this question, so some people bring up the Age of Discovery and the opening up of the world.
+Some speak of intellectual achievements in mathematics and other disciplines that have helped us better understand the world. Others speak of a time when the arts and sciences flourished.
+It's a never-ending debate, with no single definitive answer.
+But if you're a geek like me, you'll say, "So what does the data show?"
+And then we start doing things like graphing things that might be of interest to us, like total world population, or some measure of social development or social progress.
+And start plotting the data. Because with this approach, big stories, big developments in human history bend those curves.
+So when I run this and plot the data, I quickly come to a strange conclusion.
+In fact, you conclude that none of these things mattered that much.
+(Laughter) They're not doing a big deal with the curve.
+The history of mankind has one story, one development that is only about a 90-degree bend in the curve, and that is the story of technology.
+The steam engine and other related technologies of the Industrial Revolution changed the world and so influenced human history that, in the words of the historian Ian Morris, "...they ridiculed everything that hitherto happened. bottom".
+And they did this by increasing the power of our muscles to infinity and overcoming their limitations.
+What we are working on now is to overcome the limitations of individual brains and multiply our mental powers indefinitely.
+Shouldn't this be as big a deal as overcoming our muscular limitations?
+So, to reiterate a bit, looking at what's happening with digital technology these days, we're far from the end of this journey.
+When looking at what is happening to our economy and society, my only conclusion is that we haven't seen anything yet.
+Here are some examples.
+The economy does not run on energy.
+They are not run by capital, they are not run by labor.
+The work of innovation, the work of coming up with new ideas, is therefore some of the most powerful and most basic work we can do in the economy.
+You'll find a lot of people who look pretty similar...
+(Laughter) We plucked them out of elite institutions and put them in other elite institutions and waited for innovation.
+Now -- (laughter) As a white guy who spent his entire career at MIT and Harvard, I have no problem with this.
+(Laughter) But so did others, and they disrupted the party and loosened the innovation dress code.
+(laughter) Here are the winners of the Topcoder programming challenge. I assure you that no one cares where these kids grew up, where they went to school, or what they look like.
+The only thing anyone cares about is the quality of the work, the quality of the ideas.
+And in a technology-facilitated world, we've seen this happen time and time again.
+Innovation efforts are becoming more open, more inclusive, more transparent, more merit-based, and will continue to do so, whatever MIT or Harvard thinks of it. And I couldn't be happier about that development.
+Sometimes it's like, 'Okay, I'll admit that, but technology is still a tool for the wealthy world and what's not happening is these digital tools aren't improving the lives of those at the bottom of the pyramid. Hmm.” "
+And I want to be very clear about it, it's nonsense.
+The bottom layer of the pyramid has benefited greatly from technology.
+Economist Robert Jensen did this brilliant study some time ago, taking a close look at what happened when a fishing village in the Indian state of Kerala got its first mobile phone.
+And when you write for a quarterly economics journal, you have to use very dry and very careful language.
+But when I read his paper, I get the feeling that Jensen wants to yell at us.
+Prices stabilized, allowing people to plan their lives economically.
+Waste is not reduced, but eliminated.
+And the lives of sellers and buyers in these villages have improved noticeably. "
+Now, I think Jensen was very lucky to land in a group of villages where technology had improved their situation.
+What happened instead was that he saw the phenomenon, again and again, of dramatic improvements in people's lives and well-being when technology was first introduced into the environment and communities. documented very carefully.
+So as I looked at all the evidence and thought about the room before us, I became a huge digital optimist and began to think that this brilliant statement by physicist Freeman Dyson was not actually an exaggeration. increase.
+Our technology is a wonderful gift and we are very fortunate to live in a time when digital technology is expanding, deepening and becoming more profound around the world.
+Yes, droids are taking our jobs, but the focus on that fact is completely off the mark.
+The point is that it frees us up to do other things. I am very confident that what we are about to do is to reduce poverty, monotony and misery around the world.
+I am very confident that we will learn to live more lightly on earth. We also very much believe that what we are trying to do with our new digital tools is going to be very deep and very beneficial. Mock everything so far.
+A final word to our old friend Ken Jennings, the man who was at the forefront of digital advancement.
+I'm with him I repeat his words too. "For my part, I welcome the new computer champion."
+(laughs) Thank you very much.
+Hi. So this man thinks he can teach you the future.
+His name is Nostradamus, but he looks a bit like Sean Connery here because of the sun. (Laughter) And I think, like most of you, I don't really believe people can see the future.
+I don't believe in precognition. From time to time we hear that someone was able to predict what would happen in the future. That's probably because it was a fluke. All we hear are tales of flukes and freaks. .
+You don't always hear people say they got something wrong.
+Now, we would expect that to happen in the silly story of precognition, but the problem is that in academia and medicine we have exactly the same problem, and lives are at stake in this environment.
+First, consider precognition, after all, just last year a researcher named Darryl Bem conducted a study that found evidence of precognitive abilities in undergraduates. It was published in a peer-reviewed academic journal. Some of those who read this said: "Well, well, that makes sense, but I think it's a fluke and a freak, because if you do research and you don't find evidence that undergraduates have precognitive abilities, you'll know." will not be published.
+And in fact we know it to be true. Because several different groups of research scientists tried to replicate the results of this prognostic study, and when they submitted it to the very same journal, the journal said, "No, we're not interested." said. In publishing replication. We are not interested in your negative data. "
+So this already proves how a true and biased sample of all the scientific research ever done appears in the academic literature.
+But it doesn't just happen in the dry academic field of psychology.
+For example, something similar happens in cancer research.
+So just a month ago, in March 2012, some researchers reported in Nature how they tried to replicate 53 different basic science studies examining potential therapeutic targets in cancer. However, only one of those 53 studies was successful. Duplicate 6.
+47 of those 53 were irreproducible.
+And they say in the discussion that it is very likely that the freak is published.
+People do a lot of different research, and when it works they publish it, when it doesn't work they don't publish it.
+And their first recommendation on how to solve this problem is because this is a problem and it sends us all into a dead end, so their first recommendation on how to solve this problem is science to facilitate the publication of negative results in science and to change science. Incentives to encourage scientists to post negative results more publicly.
+But it doesn't just happen in the very dry world of cancer research in preclinical basic science.
+It's also happening in the very real flesh and blood of academic medicine. In 1980, some researchers studied a drug called lorcainide. It was an antiarrhythmic drug, a drug that suppresses abnormal heart rhythms. The idea was that after people had a heart attack, they had a pretty good chance of having a heart attack. Because of the abnormal heart rhythm, giving drugs to reduce the abnormal heart rhythm increases the chances of survival.
+Early in its development, they conducted very small trials with less than 100 patients.
+Fifty patients received lorcainide, ten of whom died.
+Another 50 patients were given dummy placebo sugar tablets containing no active ingredient, of which only one died.
+Therefore, they considered the drug a failure, its commercial development was discontinued, and because its commercial development was discontinued, the trial was never published.
+Unfortunately, in the next five or ten years, other companies had the same idea about drugs to prevent arrhythmias in heart attack victims.
+These drugs were put on the market. Because heart attacks are so common, these drugs are so widely prescribed that it took a very long time to discover that these drugs caused an increase in mortality, and their safety. Over 100,000 people in America died needlessly before they detected a sex signal. Prescription of antiarrhythmic drugs.
+Well, indeed, in 1993, the researchers who conducted that 1980 study, that early study, issued a grave apology to the scientific community, in which they stated: The mortality that occurred in the lorcainide group was due to chance. "
+Development of lorcainide was abandoned for commercial reasons and the study was never published. It's now a good example of publication bias.
+It's a technical term for the phenomenon of ugly data being lost, unpublished, or actually left missing, and the results described here "provide an early warning of upcoming problems." It is possible," the researchers said.
+Now, these are basic science stories.
+It's about 20, 30 years ago.
+The scholarly publishing environment is very different today.
+There are academic journals like 'Trials' which are open access journals that publish all trials that have been performed on humans, regardless of whether the results are positive or negative.
+However, this problem of losing negative results during operation is still very prevalent. In fact, it's so prevalent that it cuts to the core of evidence-based medicine.
+This is a drug called reboxetine, which I myself prescribed. It's an antidepressant.
+And being such a geeky doctor, I read all the research possible on this drug. I read one published study that showed reboxetine to be superior to placebo. I also read three other published studies that showed that reboxetine is as good as other antidepressants. I thought reboxetine was just as good as other antidepressants. Please, try it.
+But it turns out I was misunderstood. In fact, seven trials were conducted comparing reboxetine with dummy placebo sugar tablets. One of them was positive and was published, but six of them were negative and remained unpublished.
+Three trials comparing reboxetine with other antidepressants were published, in which reboxetine was similarly superior, but data representing three times as many patients were collected, suggesting that reboxetine was more effective than other treatments. were also shown to be worse, and those trials were ineffective. Published.
+I felt misunderstood.
+Now, you might say, this is a very unusual example and I don't want to be guilty of selectively referencing only the same kind of points I'm blaming others for .
+However, it turns out that this phenomenon, publication bias, is actually very well-studied.
+So here's an example of how to approach this.
+The classic model is to take a large body of research that is known to have been done and completed and see if it has been published anywhere in the academic literature. This therefore required all trials ever conducted on antidepressants approved by the FDA over a period of 15 years.
+They adopted all studies submitted to the FDA as part of their approval package.
+This means that not all clinical trials that have been done with these drugs are in this category. Because you never know if those drugs exist. However, these were done in order to obtain marketing authorization.
+Then they went to see if these trials were published in the peer-reviewed academic literature. And this is what they found.
+It was about 50/50. In fact, half of these trials were positive and the other half were negative.
+However, when we searched the peer-reviewed academic literature for these trials, we found a very different picture.
+Only three negative trials were published, while all but one positive trial were published.
+Going back and forth between the two reveals the startling difference between reality and what doctors, patients, health service commissioners, and academics perceive in the peer-reviewed academic literature. understand.
+We are misunderstood and this is a systemic flaw at the core of medicine.
+In fact, there are currently over 100 studies on publication bias, which are quite numerous and summarized in a systematic review published in 2010, where we were able to find all the studies on publication bias.
+Publication bias affects all areas of medicine.
+On average, about half of all trials are missing in action, and positive results are about twice as likely to be published as negative results.
+This is the cancer at the core of evidence-based medicine.
+If you toss a coin 100 times and don't tell you the result of half of them, you can make it appear as if you always have a coin that comes up heads.
+But that doesn't mean I had a two-faced coin.
+It means that I was the one who got the chance and you were the fool who let me go. (Laughter) But this is exactly what we blindly accept in all of evidence-based medicine.
+To me, this is research misconduct.
+If I did one study and withheld half the data points from that one study, they would basically accuse me of research misconduct.
+Yet, for some reason, if someone does 10 studies and only publishes 5 with the desired results, we don't consider it research misconduct.
+And while that responsibility is spread across a network of researchers, academics, industry sponsors, and journal editors, for some reason it becomes more acceptable, but the implications for patients are terrifying.
+And this is exactly what is happening today.
+The drug is Tamiflu. Tamiflu is a drug that governments around the world have spent billions of dollars stockpiling, and we panicked and stockpiled it, believing it would reduce the incidence of flu complications.
+Complications is a medical euphemism for pneumonia and death. (Laughter) Now, Cochrane's systematic reviewers were trying to gather all the data from all the trials that have been done on whether Tamiflu actually did this, and some of those trials was found to be unpublished.
+They didn't know the outcome.
+And when they began obtaining court records through various means, including Freedom of Information Act requests and harassment of various organizations, what they found was inconsistent.
+When I tried to obtain the clinical research report, a 10,000-page document that represented the information as accurately as possible, I was told that I was not authorized to obtain them.
+If you want to read the full response, excuses and clarifications of the drug companies, you can read what's written in this week's issue of PLOS Medicine.
+And the most amazing thing to me of all this is that not only is this a problem, I realize this is a problem, but I had to get a bogus fix.
+Some pretend that this is already a solved problem.
+First of all, there was a trial register and everyone said 'oh ok'. We have everyone register their trials, post their protocols, tell them what they're going to do before they do it, and then we can see if every trial is right for them. was carried out, completed and published.
+But people didn't bother to use those registers.
+So an international committee of medical journal editors came along and they said, "Well, we're going to defend this line."
+No journals or exams will be published unless they are registered before starting.
+But they didn't cross the line. A study conducted in 2008 found that half of all clinical trials published in ICMJE member-edited journals were not properly registered, and a quarter of those were not registered at all. .
+And finally, an amendment to the FDA was passed several years ago that required anyone conducting a clinical trial to publish the results of their trial within a year.
+And a study published in the BMJ's first edition in January 2012 that looked at whether people adhered to that ruling found that only 1 in 5 did. .
+This is a disaster.
+If you don't have access to all the information, you won't be able to know the true benefits of the medicines you prescribe.
+And this is not a difficult problem to solve.
+The FDA amended law requires that only studies conducted after 2008 be published, so people should be forced to publish all studies conducted on humans, even older ones. I don't know what kind of world we live in. Practices are based on clinical trials completed in the last two years.
+We need to publish all human trials, including older trials, for all drugs currently in use, and tell everyone we know that this is a problem and has not been fixed.
+thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+I have always written mostly about architecture, buildings, but writing about architecture is based on certain premises.
+When an architect designs a building, it becomes a place. Or when many architects design many buildings, it becomes a city. Regardless of the complex mix of political, cultural and economic forces that shape these places, after all, you can go and visit them. You can walk around them.
+You can smell it. you can feel them.
+You can experience their sense of place.
+But what has struck me in the last few years is that I spend less and less time outside and more and more sitting in front of my computer screen.
+Especially since I got my iPhone around 2007, not only have I been sitting in front of the screen all day, but at the end of the day I've been waking up to look at this little screen I carried in my pocket.
+And what surprised me was how quickly my relationship with the physical world changed.
+In this very short period of time, whether you call it the last 15 years or so of being online or the last 4-5 years of being online all the time, our relationship with our surroundings has changed. . In that our attention is always divided. As you know, we are both looking inside the screen and at the same time looking at the world around us.
+And what's even more shocking to me, and what really got me hooked, is that the in-screen world doesn't seem to have a physical reality of its own.
+I went looking for pictures on the internet and this is all I could find. It's like the Milky Way, this famous image by Opte of the Internet, this endless expanse where we seem to be nowhere.
+We can never seem to get the whole picture of it.
+It always reminds me of Apollo's image of the Earth, the blue marble painting, and I think it's likewise meant to suggest that we don't really understand the Earth as a whole.
+We are always small in front of that expanse.
+I mean, if I had this world and this screen, and I had a physical world around me, I would never be able to bring them together in the same place.
+And then this happened.
+One day, as it happens sometimes, the internet broke. The person in charge of the cable came to fix it. He started with a dusty clump of cable behind the couch and followed it to the front of my building, to the basement, and outside. When I went to the backyard, the wall was cluttered with cables.
+And when he saw a squirrel running along the wire, he said, "That's your problem.
+Squirrels are nibbling on your internet (lol) This seemed amazing. The Internet is a transcendental idea. The Internet is a set of protocols that have changed everything from shopping to dating to revolutions.
+It was clearly not something a squirrel could chew on. (Laughs) But it seems so.
+In fact, a squirrel bit my internet. (Laughter) And then an image popped into my head of what would happen if I pulled the wire out of the wall and started tracing it. where does it go?
+Was the Internet a place you could actually visit?
+can i go there? who shall we meet?
+You know, was there really anything there?
+And the answer was, by all appearances, no.
+This is the Internet, a black box with red lights as depicted in the sitcom The IT Crowd.
+This building is usually on top of Big Ben. That's where you get the best reception. But they had negotiated so that a colleague could borrow it for an afternoon to use for a presentation in the office.
+The internet elders decided to let go of the internet for a while, but she looked at the internet and said: "Is this the Internet? Is it the whole Internet? Is it heavy?"
+They say, "Of course not. The Internet has no weight."
+And it was embarrassing. I was looking for the kind of thing only fools are looking for.
+The internet was like that amorphous blob, or a stupid black box with flashing red lights.
+It wasn't the real world.
+But in fact it is. There is the real world of the Internet out there, and I spent about two years visiting these places on the Internet. I've been in large data centers that consume as much power as the city they're located in, and I've visited places like 60 Hudson Street in New York. This is one of the world's buildings and one on a very short list. It has about a dozen buildings that are interconnected by more networks of the Internet than anywhere else.
+And that connection is clearly a physical process.
+It's about the routers of one network like Facebook, Google, BT, etc. Whether it's Comcast or Time Warner, it's usually a yellow fiber optic cable running up to the ceiling and connecting to a router on another network. This is decidedly physical and surprisingly intimate.
+In buildings like 60 Hudson and a dozen others, there are ten times more networks connected than in the next tier.
+The list of these locations is very short.
+And 60 Hudson is particularly interesting because there are about six very important networks there. These networks are the networks that serve the undersea cables that connect Europe and America and connect us all.
+Of particular interest to me are these cables.
+If the internet is a global phenomenon, if we live in a global village, it's because there are cables like this under the ocean.
+And in this dimension they are incredibly small.
+You can hold it in your hand. It's like a garden hose.
+But in another dimension they are incredibly vast, imaginably vast.
+They spread across the ocean. They are 3,000, 5,000, and 8,000 miles long, and even if the materials science and computational techniques are incredibly complex, the underlying physical processes are remarkably simple. Light enters at one end of the ocean and leaves at the other end. The light usually comes from a building called a landing station that is discreetly hidden in a small seaside neighborhood. Undersea has an amplifier that looks like this: It's like a bluefin tuna, boosting your signal every 50 miles. Because the transmission speed is so incredibly fast, the basic unit is a wavelength of light at 10 gigabits per second, which is probably 1000 times your connection. It can carry 10,000 video streams, but that's not all. Instead of just passing one wavelength of light through a single fiber, you're probably passing 50, 60, or 70 different wavelengths or colors of light through a single fiber. And the cable probably has 8 fibers, 4 in each direction.
+And they are small. It's as thick as a hair.
+And somehow connected to the continent.
+It is connected in the manhole like this. Literally 5,000 miles of cable connect here.
+It is located in Halifax and is a cable that runs from Halifax to Ireland.
+And the landscape is changing. Three years ago, when I started thinking about this, there was a cable on the west coast of Africa. On this map by Steve Song, it was represented as a thin black line.
+There are currently more than six cables connected, three to each coast.
+Because once countries are connected by cables, they realize that it's not enough. If you're going to build an industry around cables, you need to know that cable connections are permanent, not tenuous. Because when the cable breaks, you have to send the ship out into the water and throw the barb to the side, pick it up, find the other end, fuse the ends back together, and throw it away. .
+It's a very, very physical process.
+This is my friend Simon Cooper. Until recently, he worked for Tata Communications, the telecommunications arm of the Indian conglomerate Tata.
+And I never met him. We have only communicated via this telepresence system. That's why I always think of him as someone in the internet. (laughs) And he's British. The submarine cable industry is mostly British, and they all appear to be 42 years old.
+(Laughs) Because it started at the same time as the boom about 20 years ago.
+And Tata started as a telecommunications business until it bought two cables, one transatlantic and one transpacific, and kept adding parts to them, building belts all over the world. Little by little east or west.
+They have this -- this literally has rays all over the world, and if a cable breaks in the Pacific, it will send the other way. Once that was done, I started looking for where to wire next.
+They searched for unwired places. It meant cables to the north and south, mainly to Africa.
+But what amazes me is Simon's incredible geographic imagination.
+He thinks about the world with this incredible expanse.
+I was particularly interested in seeing one of these cables being built. You know, online all the time, we experience fleeting moments of connection, this kind of short-lived adjacency—a tweet, a Facebook post, an email—that seemed to have physical consequences.
+It seemed like there would be a moment when the continents would connect, so I wanted to see it.
+And Simon was working on the development of a new cable, WACS, the West Africa Cable System, which would extend from Lisbon down the West Coast of Africa to Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon.
+And he said he would come soon depending on the weather but he would tell me when he would come, gave me about 4 days notice and told me to go to this beach south of Lisbon and 9 This man is going to go in a little while. get out of the water. (Laughter) And he'll be carrying a green nylon line, a lightweight line called messenger line. It was the first link between sea and land, which would then be used for this 9,000-mile light trail.
+A bulldozer then began to pull the cable from this dedicated cable landing ship and the cable was floated on these buoys until it was in position.
+Then you see a British engineer watching over you.
+And when he got to the right place, he went back into the water with a big knife and cut off each of the buoys. The buoy then flew into the air and the cable fell to the seabed. He went all the way to the ship, and when he got there they gave him a glass of juice and a cookie, then he jumped in again, swam back to shore, and then lit a cigarette. (Laughter) And when that cable got ashore, they started getting ready to connect it to the other side, the cable that had been unloaded from the landing station.
+First they cut it out with a hacksaw, then they start scraping the inside of this plastic like a chef, and finally they line up the hair-thin fibers like a jeweler. The fallen cable is fused with this punching machine.
+And when I see them attacking this cable with a hacksaw, I stop thinking of the Internet as a cloud.
+It starts to seem incredibly physical.
+And what surprised me was that this is based on the most sophisticated technology, and while it is very new, the physical process itself has been around for a long time, and the culture is the same. bottom.
+You can see the local workers. You can see the British engineer giving instructions in the background. And more importantly, the locations are the same. These cables still connect classic port cities such as Lisbon, Mombasa, Mumbai, Singapore and New York.
+And the process on land takes about 3-4 days, and when it's done, the manhole cover is put back on and sand is pushed over it, but we all forget about it. .
+And while we seem to talk a lot about the cloud, every time you put something on the cloud, you're giving up some responsibility for it.
+We don't have much connection with it. We make other people worry about it.
+And that doesn't seem right.
+There's a great line from Neil Stevenson that wired people should know about wired.
+And I think we need to know where the internet came from and what is physically connecting us all physically.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (applause)
+(music) (applause) Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. It's a special privilege to be here.
+A few weeks ago, I saw a video on YouTube of Congressman Gabriel Giffords in the early stages of recovery from that terrible bullet.
+This entered her left hemisphere and knocked out Broca's area, the language center of her brain.
+And in this session, Gabby is working with a speech therapist, but she's having trouble getting some of her most basic words out, causing her to become more and more overwhelmed and eventually start sobbing. , I can see you start crying without words. her therapist's arm.
+Then, after a while, her therapist tried a new method and started singing along. Gabby started singing in tears. You can hear her clearly enunciating the words of the song that describe how she feels. She sings "Let it shine, shine it, shine it" on a descending scale.
+And it's a very powerful and poignant reminder that the beauty of music has the power to speak, in this case, literally, where words don't.
+Watching this video by Gabby Giffords reminded me of the work of Dr. Gottfried Schlaug, one of the prominent neuroscientists who studies music and the brain at Harvard University. Schlaug is the proponent of a therapy called Melodic Intonation Therapy, which is very popular in the music field. Under treatment now.
+Schlaug said that aphasic stroke patients can't make three- or four-word sentences, but they can still sing the lyrics to a song, whether it's "Happy Birthday to You" or a favorite Eagles song. discovered that it can be done. Like the Rolling Stones.
+And after 70 hours of intensive singing lessons, they discovered that music could literally rewire the wiring in patients' brains, creating homologous language centers in the right hemisphere to compensate for left hemisphere damage. .
+When I was 17, I visited Dr. Schlaug's lab. Then, one afternoon, he explained to me about cutting-edge research on music and the brain. He explained how the brain structure of musicians is fundamentally different from non-musicians, how music works, how we listen to music, and more. How music can brighten the entire brain, from the prefrontal cortex to the cerebellum, how music can be a neuropsychiatric tool to help children with autism, stress, anxiety and depression. How serious is Parkinson's disease? You'll discover how a dying Alzheimer's patient was able to hear Chopin's music on the piano. what they learned as children.
+But there was an ulterior motive for my visit to Gottfried Schlaug: I was at a crossroads in my life and was about to choose between music and medicine.
+I was fresh out of undergrad, working as a research assistant in Dennis Selcoe's lab at Harvard, where he was studying Parkinson's disease, but I fell in love with neuroscience. I wanted to become a surgeon.
+I wanted to be a doctor like Paul Farmer or Rick Hawes. They are fearless people who travel to places like Haiti and Ethiopia to treat AIDS patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and children with disfiguring cancers.
+I wanted to be that kind of Red Cross doctor, a doctor without borders.
+On the other hand, I played the violin all my life.
+Music was more than just a passion for me. It was an obsession.
+it was oxygen. I was fortunate enough to have studied at the Juilliard School in Manhattan, had my debut performance with Zubin Mehta and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv, and found out that Gottfried Schlaug had studied as an organist at the Vienna Conservatory. However, he gave up his love of music to pursue a career in medicine. And that afternoon I had to ask him. "How did you make that decision?"
+And he said that sometimes he still wishes he could play the organ like he used to, and that medical school would be waiting for me, but the violin just isn't.
+Then, after studying music for two more years, I decided to try the impossible before taking the MCAT and entering medical school like the good son of India and becoming the next Dr. Gupta. (Laughter) So I decided to try the impossible and auditioned for the esteemed Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.
+It was my first audition, and after three days of performing behind the screen during a trial week, I was offered the position.
+And it was a dream. It was a wild dream to play with an orchestra, to perform in the iconic Walt Disney Concert Hall with the famous Gustavo Dudamel orchestra, but more importantly to me, my new family and It was to be surrounded by musicians and teachers who had become. my new music home.
+But a year later, I met another musician who had also studied at Juilliard. He was instrumental in helping me find my voice and shape my identity as a musician.
+Nathaniel Ayers was a Juilliard double bass player who suffered a series of psychotic episodes in his early twenties, was treated with Thorazine in Bellevue, and 30 years later found himself homeless on the streets of Skid Row in downtown Los Angeles. I decided to send it.
+Nathaniel's story, as told through his book and film The Soloist, pioneered homelessness and mental health advocacy across the country, but I became his friend and his violin teacher. and told him about it wherever he was. I had his violin and I took lessons with him wherever I had mine.
+And when I saw Nathaniel on Skid Row over and over again, I was amazed at how the music took him from his darkest moments, from what seemed like the beginning of a schizophrenic episode to my layman's eyes. I was able to see if I was able to get back on my feet.
+Playing for Nathaniel gave the music a deeper meaning. For it was communication, communication without words, communication of a message deeper than words, which was recorded at a fundamentally primitive level in Nathaniel's mind, yet it came through as follows: . A true musical offering from me.
+Someone like Nathaniel could have been homeless on Skid Row because of mental illness, but someone like him with a tragic story who never became homeless is Skid Row. I felt resentment that there were tens of thousands of people in Row alone. Are you going to make a book or a movie about them to get them off the streets?
+And at the very core of this crisis of mine, I felt that somehow a life of music had chosen me. Somehow, perhaps in a very naive way, it felt like what Skid Row really needed was someone like Paul Farmer, not another classical musician. Playing in Bunker Hill.
+But ultimately, if I'm really passionate about change, if I want to make a difference, I already have the perfect tools to make it happen, music is my world and his. It was Nathaniel who taught me that I am a bridge that connects the world.
+German Romantic composer Robert Schumann once said, "It is the duty of the artist to shed light on the darkness of the human heart."
+This is particularly poignant because Schumann himself suffered from schizophrenia and died in exile.
+And, inspired by what I learned from Nathaniel, I started an organization of musicians in Skid Row called The Street Symphony, bringing music to the darkest places and bringing light to skid row shelters and clinics. I performed for the homeless and the mentally handicapped. Combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and those incarcerated or criminally labeled as psychotic.
+After an event at Patton State Hospital in San Bernardino, a woman walked up to us in tears, paralyzed and shaking but with a wonderful smile and said, She'd never heard classical music before, never thought she'd like it, never heard the violin, but hearing this music was like hearing the sunshine. , no one came to visit them, and when she heard us play for the first time in six years, she stopped shaking without medication.
+Suddenly, at these concerts, we discovered that, off the stage, off the footlights, off the tuxedo tails, musicians never got the tremendous therapeutic effect of music on the brain. It's about being a conduit to reach your audience. Even if you had access to this room, you would never have access to the kind of music we make.
+Just as medicine does more than just heal the building blocks of the body, the power and beauty of music goes beyond the "E" in the middle of our beloved acronym.
+Music is more than just aesthetics.
+The emotional synchronicity we experience when listening to Wagner's operas, Brahms' symphonies, and Beethoven's chamber music reflects our shared common humanity, our deeply communal consciousness, neuropsychiatrist Ian McGill It forces us to remember the empathic consciousness that Christo advocated. It is said to be embedded in the right hemisphere of our brain.
+And for people living in the most dehumanizing conditions of mental illness, homelessness and incarceration, music and the beauty of music transcend the world around them, and they still have the ability to experience something beautiful. provide an opportunity to remember Humanity has not forgotten them.
+And that radiance of beauty, that radiance of humanity, is transformed into hope, and we, whether we choose the path of music or the path of medicine, if that is what we want, We know that we must first instill within our communities and audiences to encourage healing from within.
+I would like to end with the words of the romantic English poet John Keats. I'm sure you all know this, but it's a very famous word.
+Keats himself had given up a career in medicine to pursue poetry, but died a year older than me.
+Keats said, "Beauty is truth and truth is beauty.
+That's all you know on Earth, and that's all you need to know. "
+(music) (applause)
+(circus music) [Ted and Ed's Carnival] [John Lloyd's Inventory of the Unseen] [Adapted from a TEDTalk given by John Lloyd in 2009] June Cohen: The next speaker is The Wonder I've spent my entire career trying to elicit a sense of the
+Welcome John Lloyd.
+(Applause) [Hall of Mirrors] The question is, "What is invisible?"
+In fact, there are more of them than you might think.
+I would say everything, everything that matters, everything except that that matters.
+We can see matter, but we cannot see what is wrong.
+We can see stars and planets, but we cannot see what separates them or what connects them.
+As with humans, with matter we can only see the surface of things, we cannot see inside engine rooms, or at least not without difficulty, to see what excites people. you can't. And the more you look at something, the more you know. it disappears.
+In fact, if you look closely at an object, if you look at the basic substructure of matter, there is nothing there.
+The electrons kind of fizzle out, leaving only the energy.
+One of the interesting things about invisibility is that you can't understand what you see.
+Gravity is one of those things that we cannot see or understand.
+It is the least understood and weakest of the four fundamental forces, and no one knows what it is or why it is there.
+Not surprisingly, Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist of all time, believed that Jesus came to Earth specifically to manipulate the levers of gravity.
+That's why he thought he was there.
+So, smart man, it could be wrong, I don't know.
+(laughs) Consciousness. I can see everyone's faces. I don't know what you guys are thinking.
+Isn't that amazing?
+Isn't it incredible that we can't read each other's minds? If you get close enough, you can touch and taste each other, but you can't read each other's minds.
+I think that's pretty amazing.
+In this great Middle Eastern religion, the Sufi faith, which some claim to be the root of all religions, all Sufi masters are telepaths, they say, but their main exercise of telepathy is , is to send us a powerful signal that telepathy is not. it doesn't exist
+That's why we think it doesn't exist. The Sufi Masters are working on us.
+In the question of consciousness and artificial intelligence, as with the study of consciousness, artificial intelligence has really gotten nowhere, and we have no idea how consciousness works.
+Not only have they not created artificial intelligence, they have not yet created artificial stupidity.
+(laughter) The laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all powerful.
+do you remember someone?
+interesting.
+As you can imagine, I'm not a materialist, I'm a non-materialist.
+And I found a new word that is very useful: ignorance.
+have understood? I am an agnostic.
+[God?] Until someone properly defines the term, the question of whether God exists cannot be addressed.
+Another invisible thing is the human genome.
+And this is getting weirder. Because when they started digging into the genome about 20 years ago, they thought it probably contained about 100,000 genes.
+Since then, it has been revised downward every year.
+The human genome is now thought to contain slightly over 20,000 genes.
+This is unusual as rice is known to have 38,000 genes.
+Potatoes have 48 chromosomes, two more than humans and the same as gorillas.
+(Laughter) These things are invisible, but they are very strange.
+A star during the day, I always find it fascinating.
+the universe disappears.
+The more light, the less visible.
+time. No one can see the time.
+I don't know if you know this.
+There is a big move in modern physics to decide that time doesn't really exist because it's too inconvenient for numbers.
+It's much easier if it doesn't actually exist.
+Of course, we cannot see the future, nor can we see the past except in memory.
+One of the interesting things about the past is that it is especially invisible. My son asked me the other day. "Dad, do you remember when I was two years old?"
+And I said yes. He said, "Why can't you?"
+Isn't that unusual?
+I can't remember what happened to me before I was 2 or 3 years old.
+This is good news for psychoanalysts. Otherwise they will lose their jobs.
+Because that's where all the things that make you happen (laughs).
+Another invisible thing is the grid we hang from.
+This is charming.
+You probably know that cells are continuously renewed.
+Skin sheds, hair grows, nails grow, but every cell in the body is replaced at some point.
+Taste buds, about every 10 days.
+Liver and internal organs take a little longer.
+The spine takes years.
+But when seven years pass, none of the cells in your body will remain from seven years ago.
+The question is, then who are we? what are we
+What is this thing we are hanging?
+is it really us?
+Atoms cannot be seen. No one does.
+It is smaller than the wavelength of light.
+I can't see the gas.
+Interestingly, someone mentioned 1600 recently.
+Gas was invented by Dutch chemist van Helmond in 1600.
+It is said to be the most successful word invention ever by a known person.
+Pretty good. He also invented a word called "brass" which means astral radiation.
+Unfortunately it didn't.
+(Laughter) But good job, he.
+Light -- You can't see the light.
+In the darkness of a vacuum, you can't see it when someone shines a beam straight into your eye.
+It's a bit technical, but some physicists will disagree.
+But it's strange that you can't see the ray, only what it hits.
+Electricity, you can't see it.
+Don't let anyone tell you that you understand or don't understand electricity.
+No one knows what it is.
+(Laughter) You'd probably think that the electrons in the wire would travel instantaneously down the wire at the speed of light, but when you turn on the light, that's not the case.
+Electrons jump down a wire at the same speed as honey spreads.
+Galaxies -- There are estimated to be hundreds of billions in the universe. Hundreds of millions.
+How many can you see?
+Five. To the naked eye, 5 out of 100 billion galaxies.
+And one of them is very difficult to see unless you have very good eyesight.
+radio waves. There is one more thing.
+When Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves in 1887, he called them radio waves because they radiate.
+Someone said to him, "Heinrich, what does this mean?"
+What is the meaning of this radio wave you found? "
+And he said, "Well, I don't know, but one day someone will find a use for them.
+The greatest thing we can't see is what we don't know.
+It's incredible how little we know.
+Thomas Edison once said, "We don't know a millionth of a percent about anything."
+And so I came to the conclusion. Because you are asking questions like: "What is the other thing that we cannot see?"
+Most of us matter. what's the point?
+The point is, as far as I'm concerned, there are really only two questions worth asking.
+"Why are we here?" "What should we do while we are here?"
+To help you, I would like to leave you with two things from two great philosophers, perhaps the two greatest philosophical thinkers of the twentieth century.
+One is a mathematician and engineer, the other is a poet.
+The first was Ludwig Wittgenstein, who said, "I don't know why we're here, but it's certainly not for fun."
+(Laughs) He was a cheerful guy.
+(Laughter.) And second, and finally, W.H. Auden, one of my favorite poets, said, "We are on Earth to help others.
+I don't know what other people are here for. "
+(laughter) (applause) (circus music) [Take a souvenir photo here!] [Let's continue our journey into the unknown!] (circus music)
+When I was considering a career in the art world, I took a course in London, and one of my supervisors was a hot-tempered Italian named Pietro, who drank too much, smoked too much, and sweared too much. was.
+But he was a passionate teacher. I remember an earlier class with him. He projected an image onto the wall, asked us to think about it, and pasted the image of the painting.
+It was a landscape with a half-clothed figure drinking wine. In the lower part of the foreground was a naked woman, and on the hillside in the background was a statue of the mythical god Bacchus, who said, "What is this?"
+And I, because no one else did, raised my hand and said, "Titian's Bacchanale."
+He said, "What is it?"
+I thought maybe my pronunciation was wrong.
+"This is Titian's Bacchanale."
+He said, "What is it?"
+"I'm Titian's Bacchanale," I said. (Laughter) He said, 'You boneless bookworm!
+It's an outrageous orgy! "
+(Laughter) As I said earlier, he was swearing too much.
+I learned an important lesson there.
+Pietro was skeptical of formal art training or art history training. I feared that people would be filled with jargon and only classify things instead of observing them. And I wanted to remind us that all art was once modern. He asked us to use our eyes. He was particularly evangelical about this message because he was about to lose his sight.
+He asked us to look at the object and ask some basic questions.
+what is that? How is it made? Why was it made?
+How is it used?
+And these became important lessons for me when I later became a professional art historian.
+A kind of serendipitous moment for me came a few years later when I was studying Nordic court art. Of course, it was highly debated in terms of painting, sculpture and architecture of the time.
+However, when I started reading historical documents and contemporary accounts, I realized that the tapestry descriptions were everywhere and that certain elements were missing.
+Tapestries were ubiquitous from the Middle Ages to the 18th century, and it was easy to see why.
+Tapestry was portable. Roll it up and send it forward, and by the time you hang it, the cold, damp room will transform into a richly colored space.
+Tapestries effectively provided a vast canvas on which patrons of the time could paint the heroes or themselves they wished to relate to, plus tapestries were very expensive.
+It required a number of skilled weavers working long hours with very expensive materials such as wool, silk and even gold and silver threads.
+In short, tapestry was an incredibly powerful form of propaganda at a time when visual imagery of any kind was rare.
+Well, I became a tapestry historian.
+Eventually, I became a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. I thought the Metropolitan Museum of Art was one of the few places where I could have a really large-scale exhibition on a subject I was passionate about.
+Around 1997, I received permission from the director at the time, Philippe de Montebello, to hold an exhibition in 2002. The preparation period is usually very long.
+It wasn't easy. No more problems with storing your tapestry in the back of your car.
+It must be wrapped around a huge roller and transported on a large cargo ship.
+Some of them were so large that you had to climb a large staircase in front to enter the museum.
+We thought a lot about how to present this unknown subject to a modern audience. I used a darker color to enhance the remaining color on objects that often fade. Arrangement of lighting to highlight the silk and gold thread. labeling.
+As you know, we live in an age where we are all too familiar with television footage, photographs, and one-hit wonder footage. These were big and complex, almost like comic strips with multiple stories.
+We had to engage the audience and have them slowly explore the object.
+There were many skeptical opinions. On the first night, I heard one senior staff member say, "This is going to be the bomb."
+But in the weeks and months that followed, hundreds of thousands of people came to see the show.
+The exhibition is designed to be experienced, and the tapestries are difficult to photograph.
+So let your imagination run wild, these wall-high objects, some ten meters wide, by courtiers and dandies who wouldn't look out of place in today's fashion press. A gorgeous court scene is drawn. Hunters rushing through undergrowth chasing wild boars and deer, fierce battles with scenes of horror and heroism.
+I remember taking classes at my son's school. He was eight years old at the time, and little boys too, I mean, they were little boys. And what caught their attention was that during one of the hunting scenes, it was a dog pooping in the foreground. (Laughter) — It's kind of an artist joke to the face.
+And you can imagine them.
+But it made them live it up. I think they suddenly realized that these weren't just old faded tapestries.
+These are images of the world of the past, and it was no different for our viewers.
+And as a curator, I was proud. I felt like I changed the needle a little.
+Through this experience that can only be created in a museum, I have opened the eyes of audiences, historians, artists, journalists and the general public to the beauty of this lost medium.
+Years later, I was invited to be the curator of a museum, and after I got through it, I said, "Who am I? Tapestry nerd? I don't wear ties!" -- I just realized that fact. I am a passionate believer in that curated museum experience.
+We live in an age where information is ubiquitous and expertise is 'just adding water', but it's all about presenting important objects in well-told narratives, what curators do, and how complex and esoteric. Nothing compares to the interpretation of the subject matter. , unfolding it for a general audience in a way that preserves the integrity of the subject.
+And that's what, for me now, is both the challenge and the joy of my work, whether it's an exhibition of samurai swords, or early Byzantine artifacts, or Renaissance portraiture, or at the show I just heard about. Well, it's supposed to support the curator's vision. The McQueen show was a huge success last summer.
+It was an interesting case.
+Shortly after McQueen's suicide in late spring/early summer 2010, costume curator Andrew Bolton came to see me and said, "I've always wanted to do a McQueen show, and now is the time. We have to do it, we have to do it quickly."
+It wasn't easy. Throughout his career, McQueen has worked with a small team of designers and managers who have been very protective of his legacy, but Andrew went to London to work with them over the summer and put on his great fashion show with them. You won the trust of the designer who created it. , was a performance art piece in itself, so I think we decided to do something that had never been done before in a museum.
+It wasn't just a standard install.
+In fact, we've demolished galleries, recreated completely different settings, recreated his first studio, the Hall of Mirrors, Curiosities, Sunken Ships, Burnt Interiors, Opera Arias to Fornication of Pigs.
+And in this particular setting, the costumes were like actors and actresses, or living sculptures.
+It could have been a train accident.
+It may have looked like a shop window on Fifth Avenue at Christmas, but thanks to the way Andrew connected with McQueen's team, he conveys McQueen's rawness and brilliance, and the show is so transcendent. It became a phenomenon of 2015. right in itself.
+By the end of the show, some people were lining up for 4-5 hours to get into the show, but no one complained.
+How many times have I heard, “Wow, it was worth it”.
+It was a very intuitive and emotional experience. "
+Well, I've described two very immersive exhibitions, but I believe collections, individual objects, have the same power.
+The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded as an encyclopedic museum, not as an American art museum. And today, 140 years later, that vision is as prescient as ever. Because, of course, we live in a world of crisis and challenge. And we are exposed to it through 24/7 newsreels.
+Our galleries allow you to explore the civilizations and cultures we see today.
+Whether it is Libya, Egypt or Syria, it is in the gallery that we can explain and give a greater understanding.
+So our new Islamic Gallery is a great example of that, having opened almost a week ago since 9/11, 10 years ago.
+I think most Americans knew very little about the Islamic world before 9/11. Then, during America's darkest period, our knowledge of the Islamic world was brought to our attention, and our perceptions deepened through the polarization of that horrific event.
+Today, our gallery showcases the development of various Islamic cultures over the 14th century across vast geographic expanses. Hundreds of thousands of people have also visited the galleries since they opened last October.
+I am often asked, "Will digital media replace museums?"
+And I think these numbers categorically deny that notion. So, don't get me wrong, I'm a big fan of the web.
+It gives us a way to reach out to audiences around the world, but there is no substitute for the authenticity of the objects presented by passionate scholarship.
+Bringing people face-to-face with our objects transcends time and space and may be very different from our lives, but with people who have hopes and dreams, frustrations and achievements just like us. It's a way to face each other. in their lives. And I think this is a process that helps us understand ourselves better and make better decisions about where we're going.
+One of the world's great portals, the Great Metropolitan Hall has the majestic atmosphere of a medieval cathedral.
+From there you can walk in any direction and access almost any culture.
+I often go out to halls and galleries to see visitors come in.
+Some of them are comfortable. they feel at home.
+they know what they want.
+Others are very anxious. It's a scary place.
+They feel the organization is elitist.
+I'm working to break that elitism.
+I want to put people in a meditative frame of mind, ready to get a little lost, to explore, to see the strange in the familiar, and to venture into the unknown. I'm here.
+Because it's important for us to show them great works of art in person, capture those uncomfortable moments that make them want to reach for their iPhone or Blackberry, and create a zone for their curiosity. expansion.
+And whether it's a representation of a Greek sculpture that reminds me of a friend, a dog pooping in the corner of a tapestry, or back to my tutor Pietro, that dancing figure that's certainly knocking back the wine. and the naked figure in the left foreground.
+oh. She is the perfect embodiment of youthful sexuality.
+At that moment our scholarship can tell you this is silly, but if we're doing our job right and you've checked the jargon at the door, your intuition Please believe me.
+I know it's an orgy.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+I would like to dedicate this to all the women of South Africa who refused to falter in the midst of apartheid.
+And of course I dedicate this book to my grandmother. I think my grandmother played a really important role for me, especially during the time when I was an activist and was being harassed by the police.
+Remember, on June 16, 1976, South African students boycotted Afrikaans as a medium of oppression. Because it was like I was really told that I had to do everything in Afrikaans, biology, mathematics, etc. What will happen to our language?
+And when the students wanted to talk to the government, the police responded with bullets.
+So every year on June 16th, we remember all our comrades and students who have passed away.
+And I was very young then. I started asking questions when I was 11, I think, and that was when my political education began.
+And then I joined a youth organization under the African National Congress.
+So as part of organizing this memorial and other things, the police will round up, calling us leaders.
+I used to run away from home around the 9th or 10th of June when I knew the police might be coming.
+And one day my grandmother said, "No, I'm not going to run away.
+This is your place, you stay here. "
+And indeed the police came. Because the police will arrest us, put us in jail, and after about 20 days they will release us whenever they feel like it.
+So it was June 10th. They came and surrounded the house. Then my grandmother turned off all the lights in the house and opened the kitchen door.
+And she said to them, "Vousi is here, but don't take him tonight.
+I'm tired of you coming here and harassing us while your children are sleeping peacefully at home.
+He's here, and you're not going to take him.
+I have a bowl of boiling water, whoever gets here first gets it. "
+and they left.
+(Applause) (Music) ♫ Tula Mama, Tula Mama, Tula Mama, Tula Mama. ♫ ♫ I remember my childhood through the mist of tears in your eyes. ♫ ♫ I know the truth in your smile. ♫ ♫ I know the truth in your smile. ♫ ♫ Pierce through the darkness of my ignorance. ♫ ♫ Oh my mom is lying down sleeping ♫ ♫ You are so sick your heart is crying. ♫ ♫ Wonder, wonder, wonder, where is this world going? ♫ ♫ Is it right that children have to fend for themselves? No no no no no. no. ♫ ♫ Is it right to let worries pile up in an old lady's head? ♫ ♫ Very unfortunate faceless people. ♫ ♫ Tula Mama Mama, Tula Mama. Tula Mama Mama. ♫ ♫ Tula Mama, Tula Mama, Tula Mama Mama, Tula Mama ♫ ♫ Tomorrow will be better. ♫ ♫ You better climb tomorrow, Mom. ♫ ♫ Tula Mama, Tula Mama. ♫ ♫ Should I cut into the tune like a bluesman or a bard? ♫ ♫ And from a distance without a blues club, would I sing, ♫ ♫ Baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby, baby. ♫ ♫ Should I stop singing about love now that my memory is stained with blood? ♫ ♫ ♫ ♫ Sister, why do we sometimes mistake acne for cancer? ♫ ♫ So who would say no more love poems? ♫ ♫ I want to sing a love song ♫ ♫ For that woman who got pregnant and jumped over the fence ♫ ♫ But still gave birth to a healthy child. ♫ ♫ Softly walk in the smiling sunshine ♫ ♫ It will ignite my love song, my life song ♫ ♫ My love song, my life song, my love song , ♫ ♫ Song of my life, song of my love, song of my life. ♫ ♫ Oh, I'm not running away from the song, ♫ ♫ I hear a persistent voice, more powerful than enemy bombs. ♫ ♫ The song that washed away our lives and the rain of blood. ♫ ♫ My love song, my life song, my love song, ♫ ♫ My life song, my love song, ♫ ♫ My life song, my love song Sing me - ♫ ♫ My life song, my love song, my life song -- Sing it all together -- ♫ ♫ My life song, my love song -- I hear you No -- ♫ ♫ my song love song, my life song -- you can do better -- ♫ ♫ my life song, my love song -- keep singing, keep singing -- - ♫ ♫ My love song, my life song, yes my love song -- ♫ ♫ You can do better than that -- ♫ ♫ My life song, yes my love song , my life song, my love song -- ♫ ♫ keep singing, keep singing, keep singing - my love song. ♫ ♫ Oh yeah. My song is--love song, song of my life. sing. Love song, song of my life. sing. ♫ ♫ Love song, song of my life. sing. Love song, song of my life. sing. ♫ ♫ Love song, song of my life. sing. Love song, song of my life. ♫ ♫ Love song, song of my life. ♫ (applause)
+Over the past six months, I have spent a lot of time traveling. I think I've done 60,000 miles without ever leaving my desk.
+Only two people can do that.
+They look like one, but they are two. Here I am Eddie, but at the same time my alter ego is a big green boxy avatar nicknamed Cyber ​​Frank.
+So that's how I spend my time. I'd like to start with testing if possible. I work in business, so it's important to focus on results.
+And I was thinking, 'What should I talk about? What should I do? I'm in the TED audience.'
+I need to stretch. How shall we make it? "
+So I hope the difficulty is just right.
+So let's take a look at this.
+Please, can you help me solve this problem? Feel free to shout the answer out loud if you want.
+The question is which of these horizontal lines is longer?
+The answer is?
+AUDIENCE: Same. Eddie Oben: Same.
+No, they are not the same. (Laughter) They are not the same. The top one is 10% longer than the bottom one.
+So why did we say they are the same? Remember when we were kids that big at school, they played the same pranks on us?
+It was to teach parallax. do you remember?
+And you said, "Same!" And you got it wrong.
+remember? And you learned the answer, and you've had this answer in your head for 10, 20, 30, 40 years. The answer is the same. The answer is the same. So when you ask me how long it is, I say it's the same, but it's not the same because I changed it.
+This is what I am trying to explain as what happened to us in the 21st century.
+Someone or something changed the rules of how our world works.
+When I joke, I try to explain that it happened in the middle of the night, you know, while we were sleeping, but 15 years ago it was midnight. have understood?
+didn't you notice? But basically what they are doing is switching all the rules across the board, removing, flipping, and completely reinventing the way businesses, organizations, and even countries run well. — Do you think I'm kidding, right? A whole new set of rules is in operation. (laughs) Did you notice that? So that means you missed this one.
+You probably — no, you weren't. have understood. (laughter) My naive thought is what happened is that the real 21st century around us is not so obvious to us, so instead we understand and perceive , spending time rationally reacting to a world that no longer exists.
+Incredible, huh? have understood. (Applause.) So let me take you on a little journey through a lot of things that I don't understand.
+If you search for the word "creative" on Amazon, you'll find about 90,000 books.
+A Google search for “innovation + creativity” returns 30 million hits. If you add “consultants”, the number doubles to 60 million. (laughs) Are you with me? Still, statistically, two years after the idea was born, about 1 in 100,000 ideas are profitable or profitable.
+has no meaning. Companies spend years having expensive executives carefully prepare forecasts and budgets that are outdated or need to be changed before they are announced.
+Is there such a thing? When you look at the vision we have, the vision of how we change the world, execution is what matters. we have a vision
+You have to make it happen.
+We have spent decades specializing in implementations.
+People should be good at making things happen.
+But if, for example, a family of five is going on vacation, imagine traveling all the way from London to Hong Kong, their budget is only £3,000. spending.
+What's really going on is if you compare this to the average real project, the average real successful project, the family actually spent £4,000 to go to Makassar, South Sulawesi and Leaves two children. (Laughter) What I want to explain is that there are some things we don't understand.
+It gets even worse than that. Let's talk about this briefly.
+Since this is a quotation, I will only extract the words.
+There it is written - and exclaimed - "In summary, Your Majesty, the failure to anticipate the timing, extent and severity of the crisis was due to lack of creativity and intelligence. It was because of the number of brains,” or something like that. so.
+This was the meeting of eminent economists to apologize when the Queen of England asked, "Why didn't anyone tell us the crisis was coming?" . (Laughter) You'll never get a knighthood. You will never get the title of knight. (Laughter) That's not the point. Remember, they are prominent economists and the smartest people on the planet. Do you see the challenge? (laughs) It's scary. As my friend and mentor Tim Brown of IDEO explains, design has to be big, and he's right.
+He wisely explains this to us. He says design thinking needs to tackle the big system to the challenges we have.
+he is totally right.
+And ask yourself, "Why was I ever so small?"
+Isn't it funny? If collaboration is so great and cross-departmental work is so great, why did we build such a huge hierarchy?
+You know, what's going on is probably that we're unaware of the changes we described earlier.
+What we do know is that the world is accelerating.
+Cyberspace moves everything at the speed of light.
+Technology accelerates things exponentially.
+This is now, that was in the past, and if we start thinking about change, you know all governments want change, you are here for change, everyone wants change. Yes, that's really great. (Laughter) And what happens is, there's this wonderful whooshing acceleration and change.
+Speed ​​is accelerating. That's not all.
+At the same time, we've done some really weird things at the same time that we've done that.
+We doubled our population in 40 years and put half of it in cities so they could all be connected and interacted with.
+The density of human relationships is amazing.
+There is a graph showing the movement of all this information. The information density is amazing.
+And then did the third thing.
+Someone who has a small desk under the stairs as an office will say, "This is my little desk under the stairs, no!" With an internet connection, you are sitting at the headquarters of a global company.
+What happened is that we changed the scale.
+Size and scale are no longer the same.
+Plus, every time you tweet, more than a third of your followers will follow you from a country other than yours.
+Global is the new scale. we know that
+So people say things like, "The world is a turbulent place right now." Have you ever heard them say such things?
+And they use it as a metaphor. Have you ever encountered this?
+And they think it's a metaphor, but it's not a metaphor.
+It's a reality. As a young engineering student, I remember attending a demonstration. There the demonstrator was doing something very interesting.
+What he did is get a transparent pipe. Have you seen this demonstration before? — He attached it to the faucet. So, in reality, we have a situation where we try to draw a faucet and a pipe, but in reality we skip the faucet. Taps are hard.
+have understood? Write the word "tap" there. is that ok? Tap. (laughter) So he attaches it to a transparent pipe and lets out water.
+And he said, "Did you notice anything?" And there is water rushing through this pipe.
+I mean, this is not funny. are you with me
+So the water will rise. he declined it. wonderful.
+And he said, "Have you noticed anything?" No, then he sticks a needle into the pipe, connects this to a container, and fills the container with green ink. You and me?
+What do you think will happen then? As it flows through the pipe, a thin green line will appear. Not so funny.
+And if you add a little more water, the water will start to come back. But nothing changes.
+So he's changing the flow of water, but it's just a boring green line.
+he adds a few more. he adds a few more. And then strange things happen.
+There's this little flicker, and then when he turns a little further, the entire green line disappears and instead shows a little ink-like dust demon near the needle.
+They are called eddies. not me. And since they disperse the ink so violently, it actually dilutes the ink and makes the color disappear.
+What happened in the world of pipes was that someone flipped the pipes. They changed the rule from laminar to turbulent.
+All the rules are gone. In that environment all the possibilities that turbulent flow offers are immediately available, which is different from laminar flow.
+If it wasn't for the green ink, I would never have noticed.
+And I think this is our challenge. Because the speed, scale and density of interaction has been increased by those of you who actually and probably have all the technology and whatnot.
+Now, how do we deal with it and deal with it?
+Well, you could call it a mess, or you could try and learn.
+Yes, study, but I know you guys grew up in a time when the so-called correct answer actually existed, because of the answer you gave me to the horizon puzzle. And I believe it will last forever.
+So here's a little line that represents learning. This is how we used to do it. We were able to see things, understand them, and put them into practice over time.
+The world is out here. So what happened to the pace of our learning as the world accelerated? You will find that you have to go through monthly meetings anyway.
+If you work for an institution, the day will come when the institution will make that decision.
+And if you work in a market where people believe in cycles, it gets even more interesting because you have to wait so long for the cycle to break down before you decide that "something is wrong." You and me?
+So the line can be pretty flat in terms of learning.
+You and me? The point here, the point where the lines cross, the pace of change overtakes the pace of learning, that's what I described when I talked about midnight.
+So what does it bring us? Yes, it completely changes what we have to do and many of the mistakes we make. We solve last year's problems without thinking about the future. If you think about it, what problems will the things you solve today create in the future?
+If you don't understand the world you live in, it's nearly impossible to be completely sure what you're trying to offer is appropriate.
+Let's take a quick example. I mentioned creativity and ideas earlier. All the CEOs around me, my customers want innovation, they want innovation. They tell people to take risks and be creative!
+Unfortunately, words change as they travel through the air.
+What they hear is, "If you do something wrong, I'll fire you." why? (Laughter) Because — why? Because in the old world, yes, in the old world, it wasn't acceptable to do things wrong.
+If something goes wrong, you have failed. How should it be treated?
+Well, it's a harsh way of saying it, but I could have asked someone with experience.
+So we learned the answer and kept it in our heads for 20, 30 years, are you with us?
+The answer is, "We will never do anything different."
+And all of a sudden we tell them to do it and it doesn't work.
+As you know, there are actually two things that can go wrong in the new world.
+One is following the procedure and doing what it is supposed to do, which is very difficult, sloppy and wrong. How should it be treated? you should probably be fired.
+On the other hand, if you're trying to do something new that no one has done before, you're completely wrong. How should it be treated?
+It's free pizza! You should be treated better than successful people.
+It's called smart failure. why? It won't be on your resume.
+So what I'd like to leave you with is an explanation as to why I actually moved 60,000 miles from my desk.
+When I realized the power of this new world, I quit my secure teaching job and founded the world's first virtual business school to teach people how to make this happen. Some of the rules I learned on my own.
+If you're interested, worldaftermidnight.com has more information, but I've applied them to myself for over a decade. And I'm still here and I have a house. And most importantly, I hope I can do enough to inject a little green ink into your life so that when you leave and make your next perfectly wise and rational decision, take a moment. I want you to take your time and think about it. I wonder if this still makes sense in the new world after midnight. "thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you, thank you. (applause)
+We tell stories to understand the world we live in.
+And while remixing and sharing have come to define the web as we know it, we want all of us to be part of that story through simple tools that allow us to make things happen online. became.
+However, the video is omitted. It arrived on the web in a small box and was left there completely disconnected from the data and surrounding content.
+In fact, box size and image quality are the only things that have changed with video over a decade on the web.
+Popcorn changes everything.
+It's an online tool that allows anyone to combine video with content captured live directly from the web.
+Videos made with Popcorn behave like the web itself. It's dynamic, full of links, fully remixable, and finally free from the frame.
+We would like to share with you a demo of a prototype that is currently in development and will be released later this fall.
+It's completely free and works in any browser.
+So every popcorn production starts with a video. So I created a short 20 second clip using the newscaster template used in the workshop.
+So let's see. I'll come back and show you how I made it.
+Hello and welcome to my newscast.
+I added my location on Google Maps. It's live, so try to move it.
+You can add popups with live links and custom icons, pull content from web services like Flickr, or add articles and blog posts with links to full content.
+So let's go back and show you what you saw. There were a lot of them.
+Here is the timeline. If you've edited video, you'll be familiar with this, but you'll see the web event captured in the video instead of the clip in the timeline.
+In this Popcorn production, we have a title card and a picture-in-picture Google map that Popcorn pushes out of the frame and takes up the entire screen.
+There are two popups that display other information and a final article with a link to the original article.
+Visit this Google Map and learn how to edit it.
+Just go to your timeline and double-click an item. I set my hometown to Toronto.
+Let's set it to something else.
+Popcorn instantly hits the web, talks to Google, grabs a map, and puts it on your display.
+And it's exactly the same for people who see your work.
+And it's live. it's not an image. Click to zoom in and up to street view if needed.
+I mentioned adding a live feed in the video, and it's a quick thing to do. Add a live feed from Flickr. Go to the right, grab Flickr from the list of options, drag it to the timeline, place it where you want it, and immediately Flickr will launch and start grabbing images based on your image. tag. Now the devs love ponies so much that they set it as the default tag.
+Let's try something different, perhaps a little more relevant today.
+Here is a live image taken directly from the feed.
+A week from now, if you come and see this, it will be very different, dynamic, just like the web. Just like the web, everything is sourced, so clicking a link takes you directly to Flickr to show you the source image. .
+Everything you see today is built using the basic building blocks of the web: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
+So it's completely remixable. It also means no proprietary software. All you need is a web browser.
+So imagine if all the videos we watch on the web worked like the web, were fully remixable, linked to the source content, and interactive for everyone watching.
+I think popcorn has the potential to change the way we tell stories on the web and the way we understand the world we live in.
+thank you. (applause)
+[This talk contains mature content. Recommended at the discretion of the reader] My specialty as a sex educator is to bring science to life.
+But my first and most important task is to remain neutral, wherever I am, without being embarrassed, irritating, criticizing, or embarrassed when talking about anything related to sex. .
+Any questions are welcome.
+Once, I was literally walking out the front door after a meeting in a hotel lobby when a colleague chased me.
+"Emily, I have a question for you.
+A friend of mine wants to know if it's possible to become addicted to vibrators lol. "
+The answer is no, but you can be spoiled.
+Another meeting, this one in an outdoor tropical paradise, I was having a breakfast buffet when several couples approached me.
+"Hi Emily, sorry to interrupt, I just wanted to ask you a quick question about premature ejaculation."
+"Yes, let's talk about the stop/start technique."
+that's my life.
+I stay neutral when others might "rush."
+Quickness is a combination of surprise and embarrassment combined with disgust and a feeling of not knowing what to do with your hands.
+So it's a product.
+The reason you go through it is because in the first 20 years of your life, sex is a dangerous, uncomfortable, eternal source of shame, and no one will love you if you aren't really good at sex. Because I learned
+(Laughter.) So when you hear me talk about sex while you're sitting in a room full of strangers, you might be startled, and that's normal.
+We recommend breathing.
+The feeling is a tunnel.
+We pass through darkness and finally reach the light.
+And I promise it will be worth it.
+Because what I want to share with you today is the piece of science that has changed the way I think about everything from the behavior of neurotransmitters in our emotional brains to the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. .
+to our judicial system.
+And it starts in our brain.
+You may have heard that there is an area in the brain called the “reward center”.
+I think calling it a reward center is a bit like calling a face a nose.
+This is one of the prominent features, but it ignores other parts and can be very confusing if you're trying to understand how faces work.
+The three systems are actually intertwined, but separable.
+I like the first system.
+It's like a reward, this is the opioid hotspot in the emotional brain.
+Evaluate the effect on pleasure. "Does this stimulation feel good?"
+how good?
+Does this stimulation make you uncomfortable?
+how bad "
+Dropping sugar water on a newborn infant's tongue causes the opioid-preferring system to set off fireworks.
+And I have the system I want.
+Desire is mediated by this vast dopaminergic network in and around the emotional brain.
+It motivates us to move toward or away from the stimulus.
+Wanting is like having a toddler follow you around and ask for another cookie.
+In other words, desire and liking are related.
+they are not identical.
+And the third system is learning.
+Learning is Pavlov's dog.
+Remember Pavlov?
+He makes the dog salivate in response to the bell.
+It's easy, just feed your dog food and it will automatically salivate and ring a bell.
+Food, saliva, bells.
+food, bells, saliva.
+Bell, salivate.
+Does that salivation mean the dog wants to eat the bell?
+Does it mean that the dog felt the bell was delicious?
+no.
+What Pavlov did was associate bells with food.
+Looking at this separation of desires, preferences, and learning, we find here an explanatory framework for understanding what researchers call arousal discrepancies.
+Discord, very simply, is the lack of a predictable relationship between physiological responses such as salivation and subjective experiences of pleasure and desire.
+It happens in every emotional and motivational system we have, including sex.
+Research over the last 30 years has shown that increased genital blood flow may occur in response to sex-related stimuli, even when the stimuli are not associated with subjective experiences of desire or preference. increase.
+In fact, the predictive relationship between genital responses and subjective experience is 10-50%.
+It's a huge range.
+Observing genital blood flow alone does not necessarily predict how a person will feel in response to a sex-related stimulus.
+I explained this to my husband, and he gave me the best possible example.
+He said, "So this might explain, once when I was in high school, I...
+I got an erection in response to the word "donut hole" (laughs) Did he want to have sex with a donut?
+no.
+He was a teenage boy with a flood of testosterone, and testosterone made everything a little more sex-related.
+And it can go both ways.
+A man with a penis may struggle to get an erection one night and wake up the next morning with an erection, but it's just annoying.
+A female friend in her 30s called me and said, He said, "No, you're still dry. Just be gentle." And I was so ready.
+So what's wrong, is it hormones, should I see a doctor, what's going on? "
+answer?
+It's an awakening mismatch.
+If you have unwanted pain, talk to your healthcare provider.
+Otherwise -- Arousal discrepancies.
+Your genital behavior does not necessarily predict your experience of subjective preferences and desires.
+Another friend back in college told me about her first experience with power play in a sexual relationship.
+She said her partner tied her arms above her head like this, and while she was standing, he positioned her astride the bar and pushed her clitoris up like this .
+So my friend was standing there and the man walked away.
+It's a power play.
+leave her alone.
+So there's a friend of mine and she said, 'I'm bored'.
+(Laughter.) And when the man came back, she said, "I'm bored."
+And he looked at her, looked at the bar, and said, "So why are you wet?"
+why was she wet?
+Is direct pressure on the clitoris related to sex?
+yes.
+Will it tell him if she wants or likes what's happening now?
+no.
+What do you tell him that she wants or likes what is happening now?
+she is!
+She recognized and articulated what she wanted and what she liked.
+All he had to do was listen to her.
+My friend is on the phone -- what's the solution?
+You say to your partner, "Listen to your words."
+Also buy some lube.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I applaud lube.
+(Applause) People everywhere.
+But what I want to tell you is the dark story of listening to her.
+This comes from a note a student sent me after I gave a lecture on arousal discrepancies.
+She was with a partner, a new partner and was happy to do things but they got to the point that she was only interested in that so she said no.
+My partner said, "No, I'm wet, I'm ready, don't be shy."
+shy?
+As if it didn't take that much courage and confidence to say no to someone you love.
+She didn't want to hurt that feeling.
+But she said it again.
+she said no.
+Did he hear her?
+In the days of Me Too and Time's Up, people ask me, "How do you know what your partner wants or likes?"
+Are all agreements now verbal and contractual?”
+Consent can be ambiguous and requires a large cultural conversation about it.
+But if we eliminate this myth, can we really notice how clear consent is?
+In all of the examples I've discussed so far, one partner recognized what they wanted or liked and articulated, "I want you right now."
+"no."
+And their partners said they were wrong.
+It's gaslighting.
+Profound and low quality.
+You say you feel one way, but your body proves you feel something else.
+And we only do this when it comes to sexuality. Because arousal discrepancies occur in every emotional and motivational system we have.
+If my mouth drools when I bite into a wormy apple, will someone say to me, "You said no, but your body said yes?"
+(Laughter) And it's not just partners who get it wrong.
+The National Legal Education Program released a paper titled "Judges Speak: What I Wish I Knew Before Presiding over Cases of Adult Victims of Sexual Assault."
+Thirteen: Victims, both male and female, may experience physical reactions, but these are not sexual reactions in the sense of lust or reciprocity. "
+This brings me one step closer to darkness, but then I promise to find my way to the light.
+I'm thinking of recent cases involving multiple cases of non-consensual sexual contact.
+Imagine you were a juror and found out that your victim had an orgasm.
+Will your gut reaction to this incident change?
+Remember, orgasms are physiological. It is the spontaneous and involuntary release of tension in response to sex-related stimuli.
+However, the perpetrator's attorney made sure the jury knew about those orgasms because he thought orgasms could be construed as consent.
+I should also add that this was a child who had been abused by an adult in the family.
+We recommend breathing.
+Such stories, even if they are frightening, can leave a person with all sorts of emotions, from anger to shame to confused excitement because they are related to sex.
+But I know it's hard to sit with those feelings in a room full of strangers, but if we can find a way to work through all the confusing feelings, we believes that she can find a way to a light of compassion for that child and the relationship her body was damaged by the adults whose job it was to protect it.
+"Response to the genitals only means that it is a sex-related stimulus, not that it is desired or liked, but of course consented. It doesn't mean anything.
+(Applause.) That compassion and hope is what drives me to travel and talk about this to anyone who will listen.
+I can see it helping people even when I am uttering words.
+Please speak up.
+You don't have to say "clitoris" in front of 1000 strangers.
+But have a brave conversation just once.
+Share this with anyone you know who has experienced sexual violence. you definitely know someone
+1 in 3 women in the United States.
+1 in 6 men.
+Almost half of transgender people.
+"A genital response means it's a sex-related stimulus.
+That doesn't mean it was wanted or liked. "
+Tell a judge you know, a lawyer you know, a police officer, or a potential juror in a sexual assault case.
+"Some people think that if they don't want or like what's going on, their body won't react, if that's true.
+Instead, a discrepancy in arousal.
+Say this to a confused teenager trying to figure out what the heck is in your life.
+For example, if you take a bite of this moldy fruit and you're drooling, no one will say to you, "Well, you just don't want to admit how much you like it."
+The same is true for the bottom, discrepancies in arousal.
+Say it to your partner.
+My genitals don't tell me what I want or prefer.
+that's right.
+(Applause.) The roots of this myth are deep and intertwined with some very dark forces in our culture.
+But with every courageous conversation we make the world a little better and a little simpler for confused teenagers.
+It makes things a little easier for friends on the phone who are worried she's broken.
+A little bit easier and safer for one in three female survivors.
+1 in 6 men.
+half are transgender.
+me too.
+Thank you for all your courageous conversations.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Helen Walters: Emily, come over here.
+Thank you very much.
+I know you do that all the time, but still, I really appreciate you having the courage to come on this stage and talk about it.
+It took me a really long time, but I really appreciate it.
+thank you.
+Emily Nagoski: Thank you for being here.
+HW: So, as you said at the beginning of your talk, in your normal day-to-day work, you probably get a lot of questions.
+But what are the questions you get asked all the time that you can share with everyone here so you don't have to answer 1000s for the rest of the week?
+JA: The question I get asked most often is actually the question below almost every other question. So, can I become addicted to vibrators? Please help me with my erectile dysfunction.
+At the root of every question is actually the question "Am I normal?"
+The answer in my mind is what is normal and why do I want it to be my sexuality.
+Why do we want to be normal only when it comes to our sexuality?
+don't we want to be special?
+Do you just want normal sex or do you want the best sex in your life?
+But I think there's a lot of fear in being too sexually different.
+When people ask me, "Is what I'm going through normal?" what they're really asking me is, "Do I have a place?"
+Do I belong in this relationship, do I belong in this community of people, do I belong on earth as a sexual person?
+The answer to that is always "yes".
+There are only two barriers, only two limitations. One is to talk to your healthcare provider if you are experiencing unwanted sexual pain.
+And two: you are free to do whatever you want, just as everyone involved is free and happy to be there and free to leave whenever you want.
+No script, no box, complete freedom to do whatever you want as long as there is consent and no unwanted pain.
+HW: Great. Thank you very much.
+JA: Thank you.
+HW: Thank you, you are great.
+(applause)
+(Cello music begins) You found me, found me under a mountain of broken memories with your steady, steady love.
+You rocked me, you rocked me, you rocked me all night with steady, steady love.
+(cello music continues) (tapping rhythmically) You found me, found me under a pile of broken memories with your steady, steady, steady love.
+And you rocked me, you rocked me, you rocked me all night with your steady, steady, steady love.
+(music ends) (applause) Thank you.
+(applause)
+My job is to organize information.
+Professionally, I often try to make sense of things that don't make much sense on their own.
+So my father may not understand what I do for a living.
+My ancestors were farmers.
+He is a member of an ethnic minority called the Pontic Greeks.
+They lived in Asia Minor and fled to Greece after a massacre some 100 years ago.
+Since then, migration has been a theme in my family.
+My father immigrated to Germany, studied and got married in Germany. As a result, I now have a half-German brain with analytical thinking and a slightly goofy demeanor that goes along with it.
+And of course, that meant I was a foreigner in both countries, which made immigration very easy for me too, based on good family traditions.
+But of course, most of our daily trips are within the city.
+And moving from A to B may seem pretty obvious, especially to someone who knows the city.
+But the question is why is it so obvious?
+How can we know where we are going?
+So, about twelve years ago, I was cast ashore in Dublin's ferry port as a professional expat. I am sure you have all experienced this before.
+You have arrived in a new city and your brain is trying to make sense of this new place.
+Once you find your home base, your home, start building a cognitive map of your environment.
+Essentially, it's this virtual map that exists only in your brain.
+All animal species do it, even if the tools we all use are slightly different.
+Of course, we humans don't move around marking our territory with smell like dogs do.
+We don't run around emitting ultrasonic sounds like bats.
+Nights in the Temple Bar area can get pretty wild, but we don't.
+(Laughter) No, we do two important things to make the place ours.
+First, move along a straight route.
+Usually we find the boulevard, but this boulevard becomes a linear strip of the map in our mind.
+But our minds keep it very simple, don't we?
+All streets are generally perceived as straight lines and we ignore the little twists and turns they make.
+But when we take a side road, our minds tend to adjust the turn to a 90-degree angle.
+Of course, this creates some funny moments when you're in an old city layout that follows some sort of circular city logic.
+Maybe you've had that experience too.
+Suppose you are at some point on a side street that juts out from the main square of the cathedral, and you want to go to another point on the side street as well.
+A cognitive map in your head might say, "Alice, go back to the cathedral's front square, turn 90 degrees and walk down the opposite side street."
+But somehow I felt adventurous that day and suddenly I realized that the two spots were really only one building apart.
+Now, I don't know about you, but I always feel like I've found this wormhole or this interdimensional portal.
+(Laughter) So we move along a straight route, the mind straightens the street and perceives the turns as 90 degree angles.
+The second thing we do to make a place our own is to attach meaning and feeling to what we see along the way.
+When you go to the Irish countryside and ask an old lady for directions, be prepared for an elaborate Irish tale about every landmark.
+She can point me to the pub where my sister used to work, or ``...please pass by that church where I got married'' or something like that.
+Therefore, we fill our cognitive map with these semantic markers.
+Additionally, it abstracts and recognizes repeating patterns.
+We recognize them by experience and abstract them into symbols.
+And of course we can all understand these symbols.
+(Laughter) Moreover, we are all capable of understanding cognitive maps, and you can create these cognitive maps for yourself.
+The next time you want to tell your friends how to get to your house, all you have to do is pick up a beer mat, pick up a napkin, and watch yourself create this amazing communication design.
+It has a 90 degree angle.
+You can also add small symbols along the way.
+And if you look at what you just drew, you'll see that it doesn't look like a street map.
+If you superimpose the actual city map on top of the map you just drew, you'll notice that the streets are far apart from each other.
+No, what I just drew is more like a diagram or schematic.
+It is a visual structure of lines, dots and letters designed in the language of our brain.
+It is therefore not surprising that the great icon of information design of the last century, the map of the London Underground, the pinnacle of showing everyone how to get from A to B, was not designed by cartographers and city planners. Not so surprising. It was designed by an engineering draftsman.
+In the 1930s, Harry Beck applied the principles of schematic design and forever changed the way public transportation maps were designed.
+Now, the key to this map's success lies in its extreme simplification, omitting unimportant information.
+This not only straightened the roads and turned them into 90- and 45-degree angles, but also created extreme geographic distortions in the map.
+If you look at the actual locations of these stations, you will see that they are quite different.
+However, this is all for the clarity of the public Tube map.
+For example, if you want to go from Regent's Park Station to Great Portland Street, the subway map will tell you to take the subway to Baker Street, change, and take another subway.
+Of course, we don't know that the two stations are only about 100 meters apart.
+We now turn to public transport, which is a rather delicate subject here in Dublin.
+(Laughter) For those of you who don't know about public transport here in Dublin, basically Dublin has a local bus system that has grown with the city.
+With each additional suburb, another bus route was added that ran from the suburbs to the city center.
+And when these local buses approach the city center, they all run parallel and converge on almost one main street.
+So when I got off the ship 12 years ago, I tried to understand it.
+This is because exploring the city on foot limits the reach.
+But exploring a new public transportation system in a foreign country builds a cognitive map in your head in much the same way.
+Normally, you would choose the quick transportation route for yourself, but in your mind you would perceive this route as a straight line.
+And like a necklace of pearls, all the stations and stops line up neatly along the line.
+And only then will you begin to discover some local bus routes that fill that void and allow shortcuts to wormholes, interdimensional portals.
+So I tried to understand, and when I arrived I was looking for an informational leaflet that would help me decipher and understand this system. And then I found those pamphlets.
+(Laughter.) They weren't geographically distorted.
+There was a lot of missing information, but unfortunately it was the wrong information.
+For example, in the center of the city there were practically no lines indicating the route.
+(Laughs) Actually, the station doesn't even have a name.
+(Laughter) Well, the Dublin transport map is better, and it's pretty good after finishing the project, but it still doesn't have the station names or the lines.
+So, being naive and half-German, I decided, "Alice, why don't you make your own map?"
+that's what i did.
+I researched how all the bus lines travel around the city. All bus routes were separate routes which was nice and logical.
+I have plotted it on my own map of Dublin and in the city center...
+I got a delicious spaghetti plate.
+(Laughter) Well, this is a bit of a mess, so of course I decided to "apply the general design rules" and clean up the corridors, widen the roads where many buses pass, and make straight lines, 90 degree corners, 45 degree angles. We filled the corner, or part of the road, with bus lines.
+And I made this city center bus map 5 years ago.
+Zoom in again so you can fully appreciate the impact of the wharf and Westmoreland Street.
+(Laughter) Now I can proudly say -- (Applause) As a public transportation map, this diagram is a total failure.
+(Laughter) Maybe, except for one aspect, it's a nice visual representation of how congested and overcrowded the city center really is.
+Call me outdated, but I think public transport maps should have lines. Because lines are like that.
+It's like a little thread that winds its way through the city center and streets.
+As it were, the Greek man in me felt that if I didn't get the line, it would be like entering the Minotaur's labyrinth without Ariadne giving me the thread to find my way. I'm here.
+So, after my academic research, a large number of questionnaires, case studies, and many map reviews, I've found that many of the problems and shortcomings of public transport here in Dublin are the lack of consistent public transport maps. I was. A simplified and consistent map of public transport -- I believe this is an important step in understanding the public transport network on a physical level, but I would like to see a visual representation of the public transport network. It is also an important step to be able to map on a meaningful level.
+So I teamed up with a gentleman named James Leahy, a civil engineer who recently graduated from DIT's Master's Program in Sustainable Development, and together we drafted a simplified model network and visualized it. I was able to do.
+So here's what we did:
+We have distributed these rapid transit corridors throughout the city center and extended them to the suburbs.
+Rapid wanted to provide services with rapid transit vehicles.
+If possible, it will allow exclusive use of the roads, allowing for high volume and high quality transportation.
+James wanted to use bus rapid transit instead of light rail for this.
+For me, it was important that the vehicles on the highway were visually distinguishable from the local buses on the road.
+Now we can eliminate all the local buses that were running in parallel with these rapid transit modes.
+The gaps that formed around it were refilled.
+That is, if there was a street in the suburbs that the bus used to go through, they put the bus back. These buses no longer run to the city center and connect to the nearest express bus. -Transport mode, one of the thick lines there.
+So all that was left was just a few months of work and a few fights with my girlfriend. Our place was always packed with maps. And one of the results was this map of the Dublin metropolitan area.
+This map shows only rapid transit connections and does not show local buses. It is very similar to the "subway map" style that was a huge success in London and has since been exported to many other major cities and is therefore the language we should use. Used for public transport maps.
+More importantly, with such a simplified network, it will be possible to tackle the ultimate challenge and create a map of public transport in the city center. This map allows you to view all modes of transport as well as quick transport connections. You can see what a map like this looks like, including local bus routes and streets.
+Let's zoom in a little.
+This map includes each mode of transport such as Rapid Transit, Bus, DART and Tram.
+Each individual route is represented by a separate line.
+Each station, each station name is displayed on the map, and side streets are also displayed.
+In fact, most of the side streets are named, and there are also some landmarks, some of which are indicated by small symbols, and others are indicated by these isometric three-dimensional bird's-eye views.
+The map's relatively small overall size allows it to be kept as a folded map or displayed in a modestly sized display box at a bus stop.
+I think it tries to strike the best balance between actual representation and simplification, a language that finds its way in our brains.
+So straight lines become straight lines, corners are neatly trimmed and, of course, the all-important geographic distortions that make public transportation maps possible.
+For example, take a look at the two main corridors that run through the city (the yellow and orange corridors here). This is what an actual, accurate city map looks like. In my warped and simplified public transport map.
+Therefore, a successful public transport map should be designed to fit the way our brain works, rather than sticking to exact representations.
+The response was great, and I was really happy.
+And of course, for myself, I was very happy that people in Germany and Greece finally understood what I was doing for a living.
+This is the skyline of my hometown, New Orleans.
+It was the perfect place to grow, but it's one of the most vulnerable places in the world.
+Half of the city is already below sea level.
+In 2005, the world watched as Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and the Gulf Coast.
+1,836 people died. Nearly 300,000 homes were lost.
+My mother's car is on top. It's not my mother's car, but it was carried up to the roof by the flood waters. Below is my sister's car.
+Luckily, they and other family members were evacuated in time, but lost their homes and, as you can see, almost everything in them.
+Other parts of the world have been hit by even more devastating storms.
+Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and its aftermath killed 138,000 people in Myanmar.
+Climate change is impacting our homes, communities and lifestyles. We should be ready for every opportunity at every scale.
+This talk is about preparing for and being resilient to the coming changes that will affect our home and our collective Earth.
+The changes in these times do not affect us all equally.
+Distribution has important implications, but it's not what you always think.
+In New Orleans, seniors and female-headed households were the most vulnerable.
+For people in fragile low-lying countries, what value would you place on losing the country where your ancestors are buried? And where will your people go?
+And how will they cope in a foreign land?
+Will there be conflict over immigration tensions or competition over limited resources?
+Conflicts have already escalated in Chad and Darfur.
+Like it or not, ready or not, this is our future.
+Certainly, some are looking for opportunities in this new world.
+It's the Russians planting flags on the ocean floor to claim mineral rights under receding Arctic sea ice.
+But while there may be individual winners in the short term, the collective losses will far outweigh them.
+Look no further than the insurance industry struggling to cope with catastrophic growing losses from extreme weather.
+The military understands that. They call climate change a doubling of threats that could harm stability and security, but governments around the world are weighing how to respond.
+So what can we do? How can we prepare and adapt?
+I would like to share three examples, starting with adaptations to severe storms and floods.
+In New Orleans, the I-10 Twin Span, partially destroyed in Katrina, has been rebuilt 21 feet higher for greater storm surges.
+And these elevated, energy-efficient homes were developed by Brad Pitt and Make It Right for the hard-hit 9th Ward.
+The dilapidated church my mother attends has not only been rebuilt on a higher ground, it is poised to become the nation's first Energy Star church.
+They sell electricity back to the grid thanks to things like solar panels and reflective paint.
+My electricity bill in March was only $48.
+Now, these are examples of rebuilding New Orleans in this way, but it would be better if others acted proactively with these changes in mind.
+In Galveston, for example, there are strong homes here that survived Hurricane Ike, while other homes on neighboring lots clearly didn't.
+And around the world, satellites and warning systems are saving lives in flood-prone areas such as Bangladesh.
+But perhaps just as important as technology and infrastructure, the human element is even more important.
+We need better plans and systems for evacuation.
+We need a better understanding of how and why people make decisions in times of crisis.
+While it is true that many of those who died in Katrina did not have access to transportation, others refused to evacuate as the storm approached because available transportation and shelters refused to bring pets.
+Imagine leaving your pet behind during an evacuation or rescue.
+Fortunately, in 2006, Congress passed the Pet Evacuation and Transportation Standards Act (Laughter) (spelled "PETS") to change that.
+Second, be prepared for heat and drought.
+Farmers face drought challenges from Asia to Africa, Australia to Oklahoma, where climate-change-related heatwaves killed tens of thousands in Western Europe in 2003 and struck again in Russia in 2010. bottom.
+In Ethiopia, 70% of the population, ie 7-0%, depend on rainfall for their livelihood.
+Oxfam and Swiss Re are working with the Rockefeller Foundation to help farmers like this build terraces on hillsides and find other ways to save water, but drought has come. We also offer occasional insurance.
+The stability this provides gives farmers confidence in their investment.
+It gives them access to affordable credit.
+This has made them more productive and enabled them to pay for their insurance on their own for the long term without assistance.
+This is a virtuous cycle that could potentially be replicated across developing countries.
+After a deadly heatwave in 1995 turned the refrigerated vehicles of the popular Taste of Chicago festival into makeshift morgues, Chicago opened refrigeration centers, supported vulnerable communities, and planted trees. , and the creation of cool whites to reduce the effects of urban heat islands, and has become recognized as a leader. Or a green roof overgrown with vegetation.
+This is the Green Roof of City Hall, next to [part of] the roof of Cook County, but the surface temperature is above 77 degrees Fahrenheit.
+In fact, Washington, D.C. led the nation in installing new green roofs last year, partly thanks to a 5-cent tax on plastic bags.
+They split the cost of installing these green roofs with the home and building owners.
+Roofs not only mitigate the effects of urban heat islands, but they also save energy, which in turn reduces climate-causing emissions and reduces stormwater runoff.
+So some solutions to heat can be win-win.
+Third is adaptation to sea level rise.
+Rising sea levels threaten coastal ecosystems, agriculture and even large cities. In the Mekong Delta, if the sea level rises by 1 to 2 meters, it will look like this.
+Half of Vietnam's rice is grown there.
+Infrastructure will be affected.
+Airports around the world are located along the coast.
+That's natural, right? There is open space, planes can take off and land without worrying about noise or avoiding tall buildings.
+Here's just one example: San Francisco airport with over 16 inches of flooding.
+Imagine the enormous cost of protecting this critical infrastructure with dikes.
+But changes may occur that you might not have imagined. For example, plane takeoffs require more runways. This is because the air heats up and becomes less dense, resulting in less lift.
+The city of San Francisco is also spending $40 million to rethink and redesign its water and wastewater treatment. Such drains can be flooded with seawater, backflowing the factory and harming the bacteria needed to dispose of the waste.
+Therefore, these drains were modified to block sea water from entering the system.
+Beyond these technical solutions, community engagement at the Georgetown Climate Center should consider existing legal and policy tools available and consider how they can respond to change. Encourage.
+For example, in land use, which areas are protected by adding seawalls, raising or altering buildings, or retreating to allow movement of important natural systems such as wetlands and coasts? Would you like to?
+Other examples to consider. In the UK, the Thames embankment protects London from storm surges.
+The Asian Cities Climate [Change] Resilience Network is restoring critical ecosystems like forest mangroves.
+Not only are they important ecosystems in their own right, but they also act as buffers to protect inland communities.
+New York City is highly vulnerable to storms, as evidenced by this clever sign, and highly vulnerable to rising sea levels and storm surges, as evidenced by flooded subways.
+But back on the ground, these elevated ventilation grates for metro systems show that the solution is both functional and attractive. Indeed, in New York, San Francisco and London, designers have envisioned ways to better integrate the natural and built environments with climate change in mind.
+I think these are inspiring examples of what is possible when we feel empowered to plan a world unlike any other.
+But a word of caution here.
+Adaptation is too important to leave to the experts.
+why? Well, no experts.
+We are stepping into uncharted territory, yet our expertise and systems are grounded in the past.
+“Stationarity” is the concept of being able to predict the future based on the past and plan accordingly, and this principle is applied in engineering, the design of critical infrastructure, urban water systems, building codes, It also controls many water rights and other legal precedents. .
+But we can no longer rely on established norms.
+We operate outside the range of CO2 concentrations seen on Earth for hundreds of thousands of years.
+The biggest point I want to make is this.
+It is up to us to look at our homes, our communities, our vulnerable and at-risk situations, and find ways to not just survive but thrive. It is up to us to ask the government. We call on leaders to do the same, even if they are tackling the root causes of climate change.
+There is no quick fix.
+There is no one-size-fits-all solution.
+We all learn by doing.
+But valid words are working.
+thank you.
+1 in 4 people suffer from some form of mental illness. So if it's one, two, three, four, it's you.
+you. yes. (Laughter) With weird teeth. And you are next to him. (Laughter) You know who you are.
+Actually that whole line is incorrect. (laughs) It's not good. Hi. yes. Really bad. don't look at me (Laughter) I'm one in four. thank you.
+I think I inherited it from my mother. My mother used to crawl around the house on all fours.
+She had two sponges in her hand and two more tied to her knees. My mother has gone crazy. (Laughter.) And she crawled behind me and said, 'Who brings footprints into the building?!
+So it was kind of a clue that things weren't right.
+So before we begin, I would like to thank the makers of Lamotrigine, Sertraline, and Reboxetine. Because I wouldn't be vertical today without these few simple chemicals.
+So how did it start?
+About my mental illness, well, I'm not even going to talk about my mental illness.
+what shall we talk about? have understood.
+The last time I got sick, it was because I had a deep Kafkaesque existentialist revelation, maybe Cate Blanchett played me and she won an Oscar. I always dreamed of that. (Laughter.) But that didn't happen. I fell ill during my daughter's sports day.
+All my parents sat in the parking lot and ate from the backseat of their cars, but only the British had sausages. They loved sausage. (Laughter) Sir Rigor Mortise and Lady Rigor Mortise were nibbling on the tarmac. Then the guns rang out, and all the girls started running, and all the mummies said, "Run! Run, Chlamydia! Run!" (laughs) "Run like the wind, Veruka! Run!"
+And girls, girls, running, running, running, except for my daughter who had just stood at the starting line, just waving. Because she didn't know she had to run.
+So I spent about a month in bed, and when I woke up, I found myself being held in an institution, and when I saw the other prisoners, I knew my people, my I realized that I found a tribe of (Laughter) They became my only friends because they became my friends because I knew very few people -- well, I had a lot of cards and flowers. It was not sent. I mean, if I had a broken leg or had a child with me, I would have flooded. But all I received was a few calls to cheer me up.
+Cheer up.
+I hadn't thought of that. (Laughter) (Laughter) (Applause) Because the only thing you get with this disease is that it comes with a package. It means feeling a real sense of shame. Because my friends are saying "oh". Now, show me the lump, show me the X-ray." And of course you have nothing to show, so you're like, really sick of yourself. I got carpet bombed. I don't live in a residential area. "
+So you start hearing these abusive voices, but you don't hear a single abusive voice, you hear about 1000-100,000 abusive voices. It sounds like the devil has Tourette's disease.
+But we all know there are no demons here, no voices in our heads.
+You know, when you rant, all those tiny neurons come together and through those little crevices release really toxic chemicals like "I want to kill myself." If it repeats over and over on a loop tape, you may be depressed yourself.
+Oh, it's not even the tip of the iceberg.
+When a little baby is born and you verbally abuse it, that little brain releases chemicals that are so destructive that the little part of the brain that can distinguish between good and evil doesn't grow, and you become a homegrown psychotic. may become.
+When a soldier sees his friend blown up, his brain goes into such a state of alertness that he cannot really verbalize the experience and just feels the terror all over again.
+So my question. My question is, why do people always have a lively imagination when they are mentally damaged? about it.
+Why get sympathy when every other organ in the body is sick, except the brain?
+I would like to say a little more about the brain. I know you love the brain at TED, so feel free to spend a little time here.
+Well, let me tell you, I have good news.
+I have good news for you. First of all, we've come a long, long way.
+We started out as tiny, tiny little single-celled amoebas just clinging to rocks, and now, you know, brains.
+please. (Laughter) This little baby has a lot of horsepower.
+It manifests itself completely consciously. It has state-of-the-art robes.
+We have an occipital lobe, so we can actually see the world.
+Now that we have the temporal lobe, we can actually hear the world.
+There is a bit of long-term memory here. So, do you remember that night you wanted to forget, when you got so drunk? Bye-bye! Had disappeared. (Laughter.) Actually, there are 100 billion neurons in there that transmit information electrically. From here, I will introduce a little from the side.
+I don't know if it's available here. (Laughter) So I scurry off, so — (Laughter) — and to everyone — I know, this is what I drew myself. thank you.
+For each single neuron you can actually have 10,000 to 100,000 different connections, dendrites, or whatever you want to call it, and every time you learn something or gain experience, you get a thicket of information. grows. .
+Can you imagine all humans carrying that gear around, including Paris Hilton? (laughs) Go figure.
+But I have some bad news for you guys. I have bad news.
+This is not for 1 in 4 people. This is for 4/4.
+We are not ready for the 21st century.
+Evolution did not prepare us for this. People who say we just don't have bandwidth and oh we're having a great day it's totally fine are more insane than the rest.
+Because I'll show you where evolution might have some flaws. Okay, let's talk about this.
+When we were ancient — (laughter) — millions of years ago, we suddenly felt threatened by predators. — (laughter) — I will — thank you. I drew these myself. (laughs) Thank you very much. thank you. thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. Anyway, we're filled with our adrenaline and our cortisol, and kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, and suddenly we're out of fuel and we're back to normal. have understood.
+The problem is modern man - (laughter) - we still fill ourselves up with chemicals when we feel in danger, but we can't kill the traffic wardens - (laughter) - the realtors who are the fuel. You can't eat many times because it stays in the body, so we are always on alert and in a constant state. And here's another thing that happened.
+About 150,000 years ago, when language appeared on the Internet, we began to verbalize this constant urgency. Therefore, it may not just be ``Oh, there is a sabretooth tiger,'' but suddenly ``Oh, there is a sabretooth tiger.'' Unfortunately, I didn't send the email. My thighs are too fat.
+Oh my god, everyone knows I'm stupid. You weren't invited to the Christmas party! "
+I mean, there's this nagging loop tape that goes on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on and on, do you know what's wrong? What once made you safe now drives you insane.
+I'm sorry to bring you bad news, but someone has to.
+Your pet is happier than you. (Laughter) (Applause) Kitten, meow, happy, happy, human, no. (Laughter) Totally, totally, I mean, messed up.
+But my point is, if we don't talk about this and learn how to deal with our lives, we won't be one in four. Four out of four people are going to get really, really sick in the upstairs department.
+At the same time, could you please stop the stigma?
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you.
+So I have bad news, I have good news, and I have a mission.
+The bad news is we all get sick.
+I get sick. I get sick.
+And we all get sick. The question is, how sick are you? is that what kills us?
+Is it for us to survive?
+Is it something we can treat?
+And as long as we are human, we will get sick.
+That's why we've always looked for reasons to explain why we get sick.
+And for a long time it was the gods, right?
+Is God angry or is God testing me? Or God is punishing or judging me these days.
+And as long as we've been looking for explanations, we've come to something that's getting closer and closer to science. It's a hypothesis about why we get sick, and as long as there are hypotheses about why we get sick. , we tried to treat it too.
+This is Avicenna. He wrote a book over 1,000 years ago called The Code of Medicine. And the drug testing rules he laid down are very similar to the rules we have today. That is, disease and medicine should be of equal strength. A drug needs to be pure, and ultimately it needs to be tested on humans. Putting these narrative and hypothetical themes together in human testing yields beautiful results, even if the technology isn't all that great.
+A man named Carlos Finley. In the late 1800s, he had an unconventional hypothesis for the time.
+He believed that yellow fever was not transmitted through dirty clothing.
+He thought it was transmitted by mosquitoes.
+and they laughed at him. For twenty years they called this man "Mosquito Man". But he did human experiments, right? He had this hypothesis and tested it on people.
+So he recruited volunteers to immigrate to Cuba, live in tents, and voluntarily contract yellow fever.
+So some of the tents had people in dirty clothes, while others were in tents full of mosquitoes exposed to yellow fever.
+And it was conclusively proven that the cause of yellow fever was not a magic powder called vomit on clothes.
+But we didn't know until we tested it on people we actually knew.
+And this is what those people signed up for.
+This is what yellow fever looked like in Cuba at the time. You suffered alone in your tent in the heat and probably died.
+But people volunteered for this.
+And this is not just a cool example of a theoretical scientific experimental design. They also did such a wonderful thing.
+They signed this document. This is called an informed consent document.
+Informed consent is a concept we should be very proud of as a society, isn't it? It's what separates us from the Nazi forced medical experiments in Nuremberg. The idea is that consenting to participate in research without understanding it is not consent.
+It protects us from harm, scammers, and people who try to trick us into participating in clinical research that we don't understand or agree with.
+And then, putting together the stream of narrative hypotheses, human experiments, and informed consent, we get what we call clinical research, and this is how we do most of our medical work. North, south, east or west doesn't matter.
+Clinical studies form the basis of research methods, so when we consider a new drug, yes, we test it in humans, draw blood, conduct experiments, and obtain consent for that research. That I'm not screwing people as part of that.
+But the world is changing around clinical research that has been fairly well established for decades, if not 50 to 100 years.
+So we can now collect data on the genome, but as we saw earlier, the genome is not predisposing.
+We may collect information about the environment.
+And more importantly, we can gather information about our choices. Because what we think of as our health turns out to be more like the interplay of our body, genome, selection and environment.
+And the clinical methods we have are based on the idea of ​​human-to-human interactions, and are not well suited for that research. You interact with your doctor and enroll in a study.
+So this is my grandfather. I never actually met him, but he held my mother and I have his genes in me, right?
+His choice was communicated to me. Like most people, he was also a smoker. is my son
+In other words, my grandfather's genes have been passed down to him, and my choices will affect his health.
+Although the technology of these two photographs could not be more different, the methodology of clinical research has not fundamentally changed over this period.
+We just got better stats.
+The way we obtain informed consent was largely shaped after World War II, around the time the picture was taken.
+That was 70 years ago, and the way we get informed consent, this tool designed to protect us from harm, has now created silos. As such, the data we collect for prostate cancer and Alzheimer's trials are kept in silos that can only be used for prostate cancer and Alzheimer's research.
+right? Networking is not possible. cannot be merged.
+It cannot be used by unqualified persons.
+Therefore, physicists cannot access it unless they submit the paperwork.
+Computer scientists cannot access without submitting paperwork.
+Computer scientists are impatient. They don't submit documents.
+And this is an accident. These were tools created to protect us from harm, but now they are protecting us from innovation.
+And that was never the goal. It didn't matter. right?
+It is, so to speak, a side effect of the forces we have created for the better.
+So, come to think of it, the depressing thing is that Facebook will never change something as important as its advertising algorithm with a sample size as small as a Phase III clinical trial.
+You cannot take information from past trials and combine them to create a statistically significant sample.
+That sucks, right? That means 45 percent of men will develop cancer. 38 percent of women will develop cancer.
+1 in 4 men die from cancer.
+At least in the United States, 1 in 5 women die from cancer.
+And 3 out of the 4 drugs given to people with cancer fail. And this is personal for me.
+My sister is a cancer survivor.
+My mother-in-law is a cancer survivor. Cancer sucks.
+And with this disease, hospitals don't offer much privacy. Naked most of the time.
+A stranger walks in and looks at you and pokes and shoves you, but I'm telling cancer survivors that this tool that we created to protect them is actually theirs. When I told them that they were hindering the use of their data, especially in the case of only 3-4 percent of patients, even if cancer patients signed up for clinical research, their reaction was, "God, please protect my privacy." Thank you.
+It is outrageous that we have this information and cannot use it.
+And it's an accident.
+So the cost of blood and treasure from this is huge.
+Cancer costs $226 billion annually in the United States.
+1,500 people die every day in the United States.
+And things are getting worse.
+The good news is that some things have changed. And the most important change is that we are now able to measure ourselves in ways that were previously governed by the healthcare system.
+That's why many people talk about this as a digital exhaust.
+I think of it like dust flowing behind a child.
+We can reach out and grab that dust, and we can learn a lot about health from it, so if our choices are part of health, what do we eat? is a very important aspect of our health. So if we could do something very simple and basic to take pictures of food, and enough people could do it, we would have a lot of ideas about how food affects our health. you can learn a lot.
+One interesting takeaway from this is this is an iPhone app called The Eatery. We think our pizza is much healthier than other people's pizzas. have understood? (Laughter) It seems like a trivial result, but this is the kind of research that used to take years and hundreds of thousands of dollars for the health system to accomplish.
+It was completed in 5 months by a few startups.
+I have no financial interest in it.
+Less obvious, however, is that genotypes can be determined, and while genotypes are not definitive, they do give clues.
+So I could show you mine. Only A, T, C, G.
+Here is its interpretation. As you can see, I have a 32% risk of prostate cancer, a 22% risk of psoriasis, and a 14% risk of Alzheimer's disease.
+So if you're a geneticist, you're going, "Oh my god, you told everyone you have the ApoE E4 allele. What's wrong?"
+right? When I got these results, I started talking to my doctor, but he told me not to tell anyone. My response was, "When I have this disease, will it help someone cure me?"
+And no one could say yes to me.
+And I live in the world of the web. There, beautiful things happen when you share things, not bad things.
+So I started putting this on the slidedeck and I got even more uncomfortable and went to the doctor and I said, 'I really want to get a blood test.
+Please return the data. So, here are my recent blood tests.
+As you can see, I have high cholesterol.
+I have particularly high bad cholesterol and my liver numbers are a bit low because I had a dinner party with lots of good wine the night before the test. (laughs) Yes. But see how this information is incalculable.
+This is like a picture of my grandfather holding my mother from a data point of view and I had to get into the system and retrieve it.
+So what I'm proposing here is to reach behind and grab the dust, reach inside the body and grab the genotype, reach the medical system and grab the record, and use it together. Build something, that's the commons.
+Commons is often talked about here, there, and everywhere. Commons are nothing but public goods constructed from private property.
+We do it voluntarily and through standardized legal channels. We do it through standardized technology.
+right. Commons is just that. It's something we build together because we think it matters.
+The data commons are unique because we create them from our own data. And while many people prefer and are obsessed with privacy as a methodology to control their data, at least some of us really prefer sharing as a form of control. The remarkable thing about digital commons is that it doesn't require large amounts of data. If your sample size is big enough to produce something beautiful at scale, this is the ratio.
+So there aren't many programmers writing free software, but there is the Apache web server.
+Not many people read and edit Wikipedia, but it works. So as long as some people like sharing as a form of control for themselves, as long as we can let information out, we can build a commons.
+And in biology, the numbers are even better.
+So when Vanderbilt University conducted a survey asking people, "Would you like to take a biosample or blood from you and share it with our biobank?", only 5 percent refused to participate.
+I'm from Tennessee. This state is not the most scientifically active state in the United States. (Laughter) But only 5% wanted to quit.
+So if you give them the opportunity and the choice, they will want to share.
+And the reason I'm obsessed with this, in addition to the obvious family aspect, is that I spend a lot of time around mathematicians, and mathematicians, to extract signal from noise. It is attracted to places with large amounts of data because it can be used for
+And the correlations they can reveal aren't necessarily causal, but in this day and age, math is like a giant set of power tools sitting on the floor unconnected to your health. . We use hand saws.
+With so many common genotypes, so many common outcomes, so many common lifestyle choices, and so much environmental information, we begin to uncover correlations between the nuances of people and the choices they make. can do. And then there's the health that's created as a result of those choices, and the open source infrastructure to do all this.
+Sage Bionetworks is a non-profit organization building giant math systems waiting for data, but it doesn't.
+that's what i do. I actually conducted a study that was considered to be the world's first fully digital, fully self-contributed, unlimited in scope, ethically approved clinical study with worldwide participation and data contributions. It has started.
+So whether you reach behind your back and grab the dust, or reach inside your body and grab the genome, or reach into the health system and somehow extract the medical records, you can inform online. You can actually receive the de-consent process. Donations to Commons must be voluntary and must be notified. You can actually upload your own information and have it donated to mathematicians doing this kind of big data research. The goal is to get 100,000 in the first year. We had a statistically significant cohort with 1 million people in the first 5 years. It can be used to extract smaller sample sizes from traditional studies and map them to reveal subtle correlations between the variations that produce results. Our unique health and the kind of health we need to move forward as a society.
+And I spent a lot of time around other commons.
+I've been on the early web. I've been involved in the early days of the Creative Commons world, and they all have four things in common. It's all very simple.
+So if you go to the website and register for this study, you won't see anything complicated.
+But it's not that simple. They are intentionally weakened. Because you can add power and control to your system at any time. But once you add them in the first place, it's very hard to remove them. So simple doesn't mean simple. Weak doesn't mean weak.
+Those are the strengths of this system.
+And just because it's open doesn't mean there's no money.
+Companies that are closed systems are making a lot of money on the open web. One reason the open web will survive is that companies have a vested interest in the openness of the system.
+All of these are part of the clinical studies we have created. So you can actually participate. All that is required is that you are 14 years old and willing to sign a "I will not be in a clinical trial" contract. Basically, you participate.
+You can start analyzing your data.
+CAPTCHA also needs to be resolved. (Laughter) And if you want to build a corporate structure on top of that, that's fine too. It's all a matter of agreement, so if you don't like the terms, don't participate.
+This is exactly the commons design principle that we are implementing for medical data.
+And the other thing about these systems is that they only need a really unreasonable few people working together to build them. It didn't take a lot of people to make Wikipedia as Wikipedia or keep it as Wikipedia.
+And I hate the word "patient" because when it comes to health, you shouldn't overdo it.
+I don't like to put up with it when the system or medicine is broken.
+I'm not talking about the politics of medicine, I'm talking about the scientific approach to medicine.
+That's why I don't want to hold back. And the challenge I gave you is not to hold back. So, I would like you to actually go home and go get the data.
+You will be shocked, offended, and surely furious to learn how difficult it is to get your hands on it.
+But I want you to try this too and maybe you will share it. Probably not.
+If no one in your family is sick, you may not be able to do it. But if you would, or if you were sick, you probably would.
+And in the coming months, we'll be able to run experiments to find out exactly how many people are unreasonable.
+This is the Athena Breast Health Network. This is a study of 150,000 women in California and all the data is returned to the study participants in a computable format that can be loaded into the study I put together with one click. That way, you'll know exactly how many people are willing to do unreasonable things.
+So, in closing, I would like to say that since I quit my job almost a year ago to do this job, the greatest thing I have learned is that it really takes that much to achieve great results. It means you don't need people.
+We just have to be willing to be irrational, the risk we are taking is not the risk taken by 14 men with yellow fever. right?
+It's about getting naked digitally and in public. I mean, you know more about me and my health than I know about you. It's already asymmetrical.
+And being naked and alone is terrifying.
+But voluntarily being naked in a group is very beautiful.
+So not all of us need it.
+It needs all of us. thank you.
+(applause)
+We are definitely talking to terrorists, there is no doubt about it.
+We are in a new form of terrorism and a state of war.
+It's a kind of good old fashioned terrorism, but packaged for the 21st century.
+One of the big things about counter-terrorism is how we perceive it.
+Because perception leads to your reaction to it.
+Therefore, if there is a traditional perception of terrorism, it would be that it is a form of crime and a form of warfare.
+So how are you going to answer that?
+Naturally, you will meet kind people and kind people.
+you fight it If you have a more modernist approach, and your perception of terrorism is mostly causal, then naturally the reactions that come out of it will be more asymmetric.
+We live in a modern global world.
+Terrorists are really adapted to it.
+That's what we have to do too, which means that those working on counter-terrorism must, in effect, start wearing Google tinted glasses or something.
+For me, all I wanted was for them to see terrorism as if it were a global brand, like Coca-Cola.
+Both are pretty unhealthy. (Laughter) When you look at it this way as a brand, you can see that it's a pretty flawed product.
+As already mentioned, it's very bad for your health, it's also bad for the people affected, and it's really not good if you're a suicide bomber either.
+We don't actually do what it says on the can.
+You will not get 72 virgins in Heaven.
+I don't think that will happen.
+And I'm not going to end capitalism in the '80s by supporting one of these groups. That's loads of nonsense.
+However, if you notice it, it has an Achilles heel.
+Brands have an Achilles heel.
+I mentioned health, but consumers have to agree.
+The consumer the company needs is a terrorist supporter.
+They are the people who endorse, support and promote the brand and are the people we need to reach out to.
+We have to attack that brand in front of them.
+If you want to carry on this brand theme, there are two important ways to do it.
+One is to shrink the market. What I mean is it's their brand against our brand. we have to compete.
+We have to show that we are a better product.
+If we're trying to show that we're a better product, I probably wouldn't do something like Guantanamo Bay.
+We talked about reducing the underlying need for the product itself. There may be all sorts of things out there that promote poverty, injustice, and terrorism.
+The other, as we've said, is to criticize the product and attack the brand myth.
+As you know, there is nothing heroic about killing young children.
+Perhaps we should focus on that and reiterate that message.
+We must disclose the hazards of our products.
+Our target is not only the creators of terrorism, terrorists, as I said earlier.
+Not only are they sellers of terrorism, that is, they finance or facilitate it, they are also consumers of terrorism.
+We must enter their homeland.
+We are hiring from there. From there they get their power and strength.
+Consumers come from there.
+And you have to get your message out there.
+So the important thing is that we have to interact with terrorists, intermediaries, etc. in those areas.
+We need to engage, educate and interact.
+Now let's stay a little longer with this brand and think about delivery mechanisms.
+How do these attacks work?
+Well, shrinking markets is actually important for governments and civil society. We have to show that we are better.
+We have to show our values.
+We must practice what we preach.
+But when it comes to harming the brand, if the terrorist is Coca-Cola and we are Pepsi, I don't think anyone will believe anything I say about Coca-Cola as a Pepsi.
+So we have to find another mechanism. One of the best mechanics I've come across so far is Victim of Terror.
+They're the ones who can actually stand there and say, "This product sucks. I had it and felt sick for days."
+Whatever it was, I burned my hand. 'You believe them.
+I can see their scars. you trust them
+But whether it's victims, governments, NGOs or the Queen of Yesterday, in Northern Ireland we have to interact and engage with many layers of terrorism, effectively I have to dance a little with the devil. .
+This is my favorite part of my speech.
+I wanted to blow you up to make a point, but — (laughter) — TED said we had to do a countdown for health and safety reasons, so a little Irish, a Jewish terrorist, Kind of like a health and safety terrorist, and I — (laughter) — have to count 3, 2, 1, and that's a little alarming, so I wonder what my motto would be and it looks like this: "It's not a heart attack, it's a body part."
+So, 3, 2, 1. (explosive sound) Very good. (Laughter) Well, the 15J woman was the suicide bomber in all of us.
+We are all victims of terrorism.
+There are 625 of us in this room. We will be scarred for life.
+A father and son were sitting over there.
+My son is dead. father lives
+Fathers will probably blame themselves for not sitting in that seat for their children for years to come.
+He became addicted to alcohol and would probably commit suicide within three years. That's the stats.
+Here is a very young and attractive woman. I think she suffered the worst mental and physical damage from a suicide bomber I have ever seen. It's a human shard.
+What that means is that in the next few years, 10 years, 15 years from now, when she's sitting in a restaurant, or on the beach, sometimes she'll start rubbing her skin and come out of there. It means that A splinter of that splinter.
+And it's hard for the head.
+There's a woman there who lost her leg in this bombing.
+She will find out that she is getting a pathetic amount of money from the government for taking care of what happened to her.
+She had a daughter who was going to one of the best colleges. She plans to drop out of college to take care of her mother.
+We are all here, and all who are watching will be traumatized by this event, but all of you, the victims here, will learn some hard truths. It will be.
+I mean, in our society, we sympathize, but after a while we start being ignored. We are not trying hard enough as a society.
+We do not care for victims and do not support them. And what I am about to show is that victims are actually the best weapons against further terrorism.
+How would a turn-of-the-2000s government approach today? Well, we all know.
+What they did then was aggression.
+If the suicide bomber was from Wales, I would say, good luck to Wales.
+As we all know, surprise legislation, emergency clause legislation, shakes the foundation of our society, but it is wrong.
+We will spread prejudice against Welsh all over Edinburgh and all of England.
+In today's approach, governments have learned from their mistakes.
+They look at what I started with, a more asymmetrical approach to it, a more modern perspective, cause and effect.
+But past mistakes are inevitable.
+It's human nature.
+The fear and pressure to do something about them will be immense. they will make mistakes.
+They don't just get smarter.
+There was once a famous Irish terrorist who very beautifully summed up this point. "What I can say about the British government is that you should always get lucky, but we only get lucky once," he said.
+So what we have to do is make it happen.
+You have to start thinking about acting more proactively.
+We need to build a stockpile of non-combat weapons in this war on terror.
+But, of course, it's an idea and not something governments are very good at.
+Right before the explosion, I would like to return to the mindset of this brand. We were talking about Coke, Pepsi, etc.
+We see this as a brand war of terrorism versus democracy.
+They will see it as a freedom fighter, a truth against injustice, imperialism, and so on.
+We must see this as a deadly battlefield.
+They don't just want [our] flesh and blood.
+In fact, they want our cultural soul. That's why the brand analogy is such an interesting way to look at this.
+Look at Al Qaeda. Al-Qaeda was essentially a commodity on the shelf of a souk somewhere that many had never even heard of.
+9/11 started it. The day was an important marketing day for the company, packaged for the 21st century. they knew what they were doing.
+They were effectively doing something within this brand image to create a brand that could be franchised around the world where poverty, ignorance and injustice exist.
+As I said earlier, we have to enter that market, but we have to use our heads, not our strength.
+If we change how we perceive and think as a brand, it will not be a solution or a countermeasure against terrorism.
+What I'd like to do is take a quick look at some examples from my research on areas that try different approaches to these things.
+The first one is called "Law" because I can't find a better word for it.
+When we were initially considering filing a civil lawsuit against the terrorists, everyone thought we were a little crazy, heretics and weirdos. Now it has a title. everyone is doing it
+Bombs fall, people start lawsuits.
+But one of the first early incidents of this was the Omagh bombing.
+Civil lawsuits have been filed since 1998.
+A bomb exploded in Omagh and the real IRA was in the middle of a peace process.
+That meant that the perpetrators could not really be prosecuted for many reasons, but the main ones had to do with the peace process, what was happening, and the greater good.
+So, if you can imagine, it also means that the people who bombed your children and your husband were walking around the supermarket where you lived.
+Some victims said enough was enough.
+We filed a private lawsuit and thankfully, ten years later, we actually won. I need to be a little careful because I'm a little more appealing now, but I'm pretty confident.
+Why did it work?
+It was effective not only because justice was seen to be done where there was a large void.
+Because the strength of the Real IRA and other terrorist groups comes from the fact that they are weak. They didn't know what to do when they put the victim under the hood and turned it upside down.
+they were perplexed. Their recruitment has declined.
+This action actually stopped the bomb - fact.
+We, or our victims, have become ghosts haunting terrorist organizations.
+There are other examples. There is a case called Almog, which is about a bank that, from our point of view, allegedly offered a bounty to a suicide bomber.
+Just by taking action, the bank stopped taking action. In fact, powers around the world have actually closed loopholes in the banking system that previously could not really address this issue for real political reasons because of the many competing interests. .
+There was also another case, called the McDonald affair, in which some of the Semtex victims of the interim IRA bombing, provided by Gaddafi, were sued, an action that caused surprise in the new Libya.
+New Libya was sympathetic to these victims and began to accept them. A whole new dialogue began.
+But the problem is that we need more and more support for these ideas and examples.
+Civil issues and civil society engagement.
+Good things are in Somalia. The fight against piracy is underway.
+If anyone thinks that the war on piracy can be waged and defeated in the same way that the war on terrorism is fought, they are mistaken.
+What we're trying to do there is turn pirates into fishermen.
+Of course, they were ex-fishermen, but we stole their fish and dumped tons of toxic waste into the water. So what we're trying to do is have the Coast Guard in the fisheries to create safety and jobs. If it strengthens, we can ensure that al-Shabaab and others no longer have the poverty and injustice that prey on them.
+These efforts cost less than missiles, certainly less than a soldier's life, but more importantly they bring war to their homes, not ours, and we are investigating the causes. .
+The last thing I want to talk about is dialogue.
+The benefits of dialogue are clear.
+It self-educates both sides, allows for better understanding, and exposes strengths and weaknesses. And indeed, like some of our previous speakers, shared vulnerability leads to trust, which then becomes part of the process of normalization.
+But it's not an easy road. After the bomb, the victim is not interested in this.
+I have a real problem.
+It is politically dangerous for both the protagonist and the interlocutor. One time I was doing it, and every time I did something they didn't like, they would actually throw stones at me, and if I did something they liked, they would go up in the air. It started firing, but it wasn't great either. (Laughter) Whatever the point, it gets to the heart of the matter. You are doing it and talking to them.
+Now, the last thing I would like to say is that anyone who follows reason would say that they would like to have a perception of terrorism that is not just a military perception.
+We need to foster a more modern and asymmetric response to it.
+This is not terror friendly.
+It's about fighting them on the modern battlefield.
+Like I said, we have to foster innovation.
+Government is welcoming. It wouldn't come from a dusty hallway.
+The private sector has a role.
+Our role now is to leave and consider how we can help victims around the world bring their initiatives to life.
+I'm going to leave you with some big questions here that might change people's perceptions, but who knows what thoughts and reactions will come out of them, me and my terrorists Did the group actually have to blow you up to get our point across?
+We must ask ourselves these questions, even if they make us uncomfortable.
+Have we ignored injustice and humanitarian struggle anywhere in the world?
+Indeed, what if involvement in poverty and injustice is exactly what terrorists want us to do?
+What if bombs were merely a wake-up call to us?
+What if that bomb went off because we had no thoughts or things to deal with these things and interactions in dialogue?
+What is arguably indisputable, as I have said, is that we need to stop being reactive and be more proactive. And I'd like to leave you with one thought, it's a provocative question for you to think about. And the answer would require sympathy for the devil.
+This is a question many great thinkers and writers have grappled with. What if we actually need a crisis to change society?
+What if society actually needs terrorism to change and adapt for the better?
+It is Bulgakov's theme, that painting of Jesus and the devil walking hand in hand in the moonlight in Gethsemane.
+What that means is that humans, in order to survive in development, have to dance with the devil, here in the very spirit of Darwin, essentially.
+Many say communism was defeated by the Rolling Stones. that's a good theory.
+Maybe the Rolling Stones have a part in this too.
+thank you.
+(music) (applause) Bruno Giussani: Thank you. (applause)
+Beau Lotto: So this game is very simple.
+All you have to do is read what you see. right?
+So I count on you, so we don't all do it together.
+Yes, 1, 2, 3 Audience: Can you read this?
+BL: It's amazing. How's this? 1, 2, 3. Audience: You are not reading this.
+BL: Okay. one two three. (laughs) If you're Portuguese, right? how about this? one two three.
+Audience: What are you reading?
+BL: What are you reading? There are no words for it.
+I said read what you see. right?
+Literally "Wat ar ou rea in?" (laughs) Right?
+that was what you should have said. right? why is this?
+Because perception is based on our experience.
+right? The brain receives meaningless information and creates meaning out of it. In other words, we don't see what's there, we don't see information, we only see what was useful to us in the past.
+have understood? So when it comes to perception, we are all like this frog.
+(laughs) Right? I am getting information. It's about generating useful behavior. (laughter) (laughter) (video) Man: Wow! Wow! (Laughter) (Applause) BL: And sometimes it gets a little frustrating when things don't go your way.
+But here we are talking about perception, right?
+And perception underpins everything we think, know, believe, hope, dream, wear, and fall in love with. Everything starts with perception.
+Now, if perception is based on our history, it means that we are only reacting according to what we have done so far.
+However, in practice, this is a very big problem. Because how can we see it differently?
+Now, I would like to talk about a different point of view. And all new perceptions begin the same way.
+They start with questions.
+The problem with questions is that they create uncertainty.
+Now, uncertainty is a very bad thing. That's evolutionarily bad. If you're not sure it's a predator, it's too late.
+have understood? (Laughter) Even seasickness is a result of uncertainty.
+right? As you go down in the boat, your inner ear lets you know you're on the move. Your eyes are moving with the boat so it looks like I'm stationary.
+Your brain can't handle the uncertainty of that information and you get sick.
+Asking "why?" is one of the most dangerous behaviors because it leads you to uncertainty.
+And yet, ironically, the only way we can do anything new is by stepping into that realm.
+So how can we do something new? Fortunately, evolution has given us the answer, right?
+And you'll be able to handle even the most difficult questions. The best questions are those that create the most uncertainty.
+They are the ones who question what we already believe to be true. right?
+It's easy to ask questions about how life began or what's spreading across the universe, but questioning what you already believe to be true is actually a step into the realm. will be stepped into.
+So what is evolution's answer to the uncertainty problem?
+it's play.
+Now, play is more than just a process. Any play expert will tell you that it really is the way it is.
+Play is one of the only human activities in which uncertainty is really celebrated. Uncertainty is what makes play fun.
+right? You can adapt to change. right? Be open to possibilities and collaborative. In fact, this is how we form social ties and are intrinsically motivated. I mean, we play for the sake of playing. Play itself is a reward.
+Now, if you look at these five ways of being, they are exactly what it takes to be a good scientist.
+Science is not defined by the methods section of the paper.
+It is really a way of being and this applies to all things creative.
+So add the rules to play and the game is complete.
+That's what experiments are really about.
+I asked if anyone of us could be a scientist if we had enough of these two ideas that science is a way of life and experimentation is a game.
+And who should ask more than 25 kids ages 8-10?
+Because they are play experts. So I brought the bee arena to a small school in Devon. The aim was to make children not only look at science differently, but to see themselves differently through the scientific process. right?
+The first step was asking questions.
+Now, I must say that I was unable to fund this research because scientists said small children could not make a useful contribution to science, and teachers argued that children could not. must be
+So I did it anyway. right? of course.
+So I would like to ask you some questions. It is written in small letters so that it is not difficult to read. Importantly, five of the questions the children invented have actually been the basis for scientific publications over the past five to fifteen years. right?
+So they were asking important questions for professional scientists.
+Well, here I would like to share the stage with someone special. right?
+She was one of the young people who participated in this study and is currently one of the youngest researchers in the world. right? If she takes the stage, she'll be the youngest person ever to speak at TED. right?
+Now, science and questions are about courage.
+Now she is the embodiment of courage because she stands here to speak to you.
+So, Amy, can you come up? (Applause) (Applause) So Amy is going to help tell a story about what we're calling the Blackhorton Bee Project, and first she's going to tell you the questions they came up with. is. So please, Amy.
+Amy O'Toole: Thank you Bo. We figured it would be easy to understand the connection between humans and apes in the way we think because of their similar appearance.
+However, we suspected that it might be related to other animals. Humans and bees seem so different from us, so it would be great if we thought alike.
+So we asked whether humans and bees can solve complex problems in the same way.
+In fact, we wanted to know if bees can adapt to new situations using previously learned rules and conditions. So what if bees could think like we do?
+Well, that's amazing, since we're talking about insects with only a million brain cells.
+But it actually makes a lot of sense for bees to do so, because they can recognize good flowers, just like us, regardless of the time of day, the light, the weather, or from what angle they approach the flower. I'm here. (Applause) BL: The next step was experimenting, designing a game. So the children set off and planned this experiment. So it's a game. So, Amy, can you tell us what the game was and what the puzzle that put the bees was?
+AO: The puzzle we came up with was the if-then rule.
+We asked the bees to learn not just to go to certain colors, but to go to certain colored flowers only for certain patterns.
+You will only be rewarded if you go to a yellow flower when a yellow flower is surrounded by blue, or when a blue flower is surrounded by yellow.
+There are a number of different rules that bees can learn to solve this puzzle. Which question is interesting?
+What was really exciting about this project was that neither we nor Bo had any idea if it would work.
+It was completely new and had never been done by anyone, including adults. (laughs) BL: It was really hard for the teachers, including the teacher.
+It's easy for scientists to walk into a lab and have no idea what they're doing. Because that's what we do in the lab. But for teachers, not knowing what will happen at the end of the day is a huge achievement. Go to Dave Strudwick, a collaborator on this project. have understood?
+In fact, I won't go into detail about the research because you can read it, but the next step is observation. Here, we introduce some of the students conducting the observations. They record data on where the bees fly.
+(Video) Dave Strudwick: So what are we going to do — Pupil: 5C.
+Dave Strudwick: Does she still go here? Student: Yes.
+Dave Stradwick: So you're tracking each one. Student: Henry, can you help me here?
+BL: "Can you help me, Henry?" A good scientist would say that, right?
+Student: There are two over there.
+And here are three.
+BL: Really? Now you have your observations. We have data.
+They do simple calculations, averaging, etc.
+And now we would like to share. That's the next step.
+So I'm going to write this up and submit it for publication. right? Therefore, you should write it down.
+So of course I go to the pub. have understood? (Laughter) That's me on the left, okay? (Laughter) Now, I tell them that the paper has four different sections: introduction, methods, results, and discussion.
+The preface says what is the question and why?
+Method, what did you do? Result, what were your observations?
+And the debate is who cares. right?
+It's basically a scientific paper. (Laughter) So the kids give me words, right? I put it in the story. So this paper is written in KidsPeak.
+It wasn't written by me. It was written by Amy and other students in the class. As a result, this scientific paper begins with "Once upon a time..." (laughs). In the results section it says, "Training phase, puzzles... duh, duh." right? (Laughter) And how to do it, "Then put the bees in the fridge (and made a bee pie)," he says with a smile. right? (Laughter) This is a scientific paper. We will do our best to make it public.
+So here is the title page. There are many writers out there.
+All in bold are 8-10 years old.
+The original author is Blackawton Primary School. This is because if it were to be mentioned, it would be "Blackawton et al", not the individual. So we submitted it to a public access journal and it said: I said many things, but I said this.
+"Unfortunately, this paper does not pass our initial quality control checks in several respects." LOL) So we said we'd have it reviewed. So I sent this paper to Dale Purves, one of the world's leading neuroscientists at the National Academy of Sciences, and he said, "This is the most original thing I've ever read. scientific paper"--(laughter)--"and it certainly deserves wide exposure."
+Vision expert Larry Maloney said, "This paper is fantastic.
+If it is a work drawn by an adult, it will be possible to publish it. "
+So what did we do? Send it back to the editor.
+they say no.
+So we asked Larry Hempel and Natalie Hempel to write a commentary for scientists explaining their findings, including references, and submitted it to Biology Letters.
+There it was reviewed by five independent reviewers and published. have understood? (Applause) (Applause) This science took four months to research and two years to publish. (Laughter) Classic science. In short, Amy and her friends will be the youngest published scientists in the world.
+What was your feedback like?
+Well, it came out two days before Christmas and got 30,000 downloads on the first day.
+It was the choice of the editors of Science, a leading scientific journal.
+Biology Letters is freely accessible in perpetuity.
+This is the only article freely accessible by this journal.
+Last year, the paper was the second most downloaded paper by Biology Letters and received feedback not only from scientists and teachers, but also from the general public.
+And read just one.
+"I recently read 'Blackawton Bees' and there are no words to describe exactly how I feel.
+What you guys have done is real, true, and amazing.
+Curiosity, interest, innocence, and enthusiasm are the most basic and most important things in doing science.
+Who could have more of these qualities than a child?
+Please congratulate your children's team from my side. "
+I would like to end with a physical metaphor.
+can i do it to you (Laughter) Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, come on. yeah yeah. have understood.
+Now, science is about taking risks. So this is an incredible risk, right? (Laughter) Not for him, but for me. right? Because I've only done this once before. (Laughter.) And you like technology, right?
+Simon Schocken: Yes, but I like myself.
+BL: It's the epitome of technology. right. have understood.
+Well... (laughter) Okay. (Laughter) So let's do a little demonstration, shall we?
+You have to close your eyes and point where you can hear my applause. have understood?
+(Applause) (Applause) Well, why don't we all shout it out there? one two three?
+Audience: (shouting) (laughter) (shouting) (laughter) Great. Now open your eyes. I will do it again.
+Everyone there screams. (shouting) Where is the sound coming from? (Laughter) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause.) What do you mean? What matters is what science can do for us.
+right? We usually go through life reacting, but if we want to do something different, we have to step into uncertainty. When he opened his eyes, he could see the world in a new way.
+That's what science offers us. It offers the possibility to step through uncertainty through the process of play, right?
+Now, I believe that true science education should be about giving people a voice and allowing them to express that voice, so I asked Amy for the final voice of this short story.
+So, Amy?
+AO: This project was really inspiring to me. Because this project brought the process of discovery to life. And it taught me that I can discover something new in anyone, that is, in anyone, and that small questions can lead to big questions. discover.
+Changing the way people think about something can be easy or difficult. It all depends on the person's perception of change.
+But it was surprisingly easy to change the way we think about science. After playing the game and starting to think about puzzles, I realized that science is not just a boring subject, everyone can discover something new.
+I just need an opportunity. My chance came in the form of the Beau and Blackawton Bee projects.
+thank you. BL: Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+In 1975, in Florence, I met my former professor of art history, Professor Carlo Pedretti, now a world-famous Leonardo da Vinci researcher.
+Well, he asked me if I could find some technical way to solve the five-century-old mystery of Leonardo da Vinci's lost masterpiece, The Battle of Anghiari, which should be in the Hall of 500. rice field. At the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence.
+Well, in the mid-70s, especially in Italy, there weren't many opportunities for a bioengineer like me. So, together with researchers from the United States and the University of Florence, I decided to start researching the murals painted by Vasari. Searching for the missing Leonardo in the long walls of the Hall of 500 people.
+Unfortunately, we didn't know then that it wasn't the place for us to see. Due to the need to investigate further, the study was discontinued and, due to the increased interest, it was only brought up in 2000. And the enthusiasm of the Guinness family.
+Now, this time, the focus is on restoring the Hall of 500 and the so-called Sala Grande, built in 1494, to its original appearance, examining the original doors, windows and sequences. To do so, we first created a 3D model and then used thermography to discover hidden windows. These are the original windows in Sala Grande's Hall. The height of the ceiling was also discovered, and the entire layout of this original hall was restored to its pre-Visari state, reconstructing the entire structure, including the all-important staircase. Accurately place the "Battle of Anghiari" in a specific area of ​​one of the two walls.
+Now, we also know that on at least two occasions Vasari, who was commissioned by Archduke Cosimo I of the Medici to rebuild the Hall of 500 between 1560 and 1574, preserved a masterpiece, especially by placing a brick wall. I also learned something. Leave a small air gap in front of it.
+What we [see] here is Masaccio, the church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. So, perhaps, in the case of this great work of art by Leonardo, Visari said he did something like that. because he was a great man. An admirer of Leonardo da Vinci.
+So we built some very sophisticated radio antennas just to survey both walls looking for air gaps.
+I found many things in the void on the right side of the east wall, and that's where I believe the "Battle of Anghiari", or at least the part we know, is depicted, which is the "War of the War". It's called the "Battle for You should find the standard.
+Well, from there, unfortunately, the project was canceled in 2004. many political reasons.
+So I decided to go back to my alma mater and proposed the establishment of the Center for Cultural Heritage Engineering Scientific Research at the University of California, San Diego.
+In 2007, he established CISA3 as a research center for cultural heritage, especially art, architecture and archeology. So the students started pouring in and we started building the technology. Basically it was also what we needed to move forward and do fieldwork.
+We returned to the 500 person hall in 2011. This time with an amazing group of students and my colleague Professor Falko Kuester, now director of CISA3, I came back because I already knew where to go. Look to see if there's still anything left.
+Well, but for some reason we are limited and rather not worth explaining, among many other options it is limited to just endoscopy and a 4mm camera attached to it By, we succeeded in recording and recording. Some fragments were taken and found to be reddish, black, and some beige fragments, after which more advanced examination, XRF and X-ray diffraction were performed. The results have been very good so far. It certainly seems to indicate that we have discovered some pigments, and we know for sure that no other artist painted the walls until Vasari came around 60 years later. Therefore, those pigments are firmly associated with mural paintings, and are probably most likely. to Leonardo.
+Well, we are looking for the best and most appreciated works of art that mankind has ever achieved.
+In fact, it was Leonardo's most important commission ever, and the creation of this great masterpiece made him one of the most influential artists of his time.
+Also, over the last 37 years, I've had the privilege of working on some masterpieces in the background, but basically what do I do? To assess the state of preservation, for example. See here the face of Our Lady of the Chair. Put the UV light on and suddenly you see another, another woman, an old woman, should I say.
+It still has a ton of varnish on it and some retouching and over cleaning. becomes very noticeable.
+But technology has also helped us write new pages of our history, or at least update the pages of our history.
+For example, in another painting by Raphael, "Woman with a Unicorn", we see a unicorn.
+A lot has been said and written about unicorns, but when you X-ray a unicorn, it becomes a puppy.
+And — (laughter) — no problem, but unfortunately, as a result of continuing scientific testing of this painting, Raphael didn't paint the unicorn, he didn't paint the puppy, and he actually left the painting unfinished. It turns out. The unicorn exotic symbol — (laughter) — is unfortunately not very reliable. (Laughter) Well, authenticity too. Let's take a moment to wonder if science can really make progress in the area of ​​authenticity in works of art. There will be a cultural revolution to say the least, but there will also be a market revolution, let me add. Consider this example. Otto Marceus, Pitti Museum's 'Still Life', an excellent painting, was examined with an infrared camera and, fortunately for art historians, was confirmed to be signed by Otto Marceus. It also says when it was made and where it was made.
+It was a good result. In some cases, it's not so good. So, once again, authenticity and science can work together to change the way we do not show attribution, but at least lay the groundwork for showing more objective, or rather less subjective, attribution. can. as it is done today.
+But I can say that the discovery that really captured my imagination and sparked my admiration was this incredibly vivid picture beneath this layer, the brown layer, of Adoration of the Magi. Here you can see a homemade setting XYZ scanner with an infrared camera. A peek into the brown layers of this masterpiece reveals what lies beneath.
+Well, this is Leonardo da Vinci's most important painting that happens to be in Italy. See amazing facial images no one has seen in five centuries. Look at these portraits.
+It is wonderful. I see Leonardo at work.
+The warmth of his creations can be seen directly in the strata of the panels. And rather you can see this cool spotted elephant. (Laughter) Thanks to this elephant, we have more than 70 new images that we haven't seen in centuries.
+It was an epiphany. We have come to understand and prove that the brown paintwork we see today was not done by Leonardo da Vinci. As a result, all we were left with were other drawings that had not been seen for five centuries. Thanks to technology.
+Well, it's a tablet. Well, I thought, if all of us have this joy, this privilege of seeing all this and finding all these discoveries, what will the rest of us do?
+So we thought of an augmented reality application using a tablet. Simulate what we, or anyone, can do in a museum environment.
+So let's say you go to a museum with your tablet.
+And like this, just point the tablet's camera at the picture you want to see.
+have understood? And I just click on it, we pause and now turn to you. The image, or should I say the moment the camera is fixed to the painting, and the image you see there now is displayed in the painting while it is loading. So look.
+As I said earlier, you can zoom in. You can also scroll after that.
+have understood? Let's go find elephants.
+Therefore, only one finger is required. Just wipe to reveal an elephant. (Applause) (Applause) Do you understand? And if you want, you can keep scrolling to see the entire iconography change, for example, on the stairs. There are many lay people rebuilding new temples from the ruins of old temples, and many figures are emerging. look?
+This is more than just curiosity. Because it changes not only the iconography you see, but the meaning of the iconography and its paintings. And we believe this is a cool, easy way to make it accessible to everyone. Instead of just being passive, like walking through the endless rooms of a museum, you become the protagonist of your own discovery.
+(Applause) Another concept is the digital medical record. This sounds very obvious when talking about real patients, but when talking about works of art, it has unfortunately never been adopted as an idea.
+Well, again, this should be the beginning, the very first step, to do a real conservation, and the conditions of conservation, the techniques, the materials, and even when and why we surround paintings. Whether the environment needs to be remedied, or rather to intervene.
+Our vision is to rediscover the spirit of the Renaissance and create a new field where engineering for cultural heritage truly represents the fusion of art and science.
+We definitely need new types of engineers who can go out and do this kind of work and rediscover for us these values, cultural values ​​that we desperately need, especially today. is.
+In a nutshell, this is what we are trying to do.
+We are giving the past the future in order to get the future.
+As long as we live with curiosity and passion, there is a little bit of Leonardo in us. thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+I am very, very happy to be among the best of them. The light really disturbs my eyes and reflects off my glasses.
+I am very happy and honored to be among such innovative and intelligent people.
+You've listened to the three previous speakers, what happened?
+Everything I was going to say, they said here, so it seems there's nothing else to say.
+(Laughter) But there's a saying in my culture that if a bud leaves the tree without a word, it's a young bud.
+So I do. I'm not young, I'm very old, so I still say something.
+Another conference will be held in Berlin, so we host this conference at a very good time.
+It's the G8 summit.
+The G8 summit has proposed that the solution to Africa's problems should be a massive increase in aid similar to the Marshall Plan.
+Unfortunately, I personally don't believe in the Marshall Plan.
+One is that the benefits of the Marshall Plan have been exaggerated.
+Germany and France were the largest recipients, accounting for just 2.5% of GDP.
+The average African country receives 13-15 percent of its GDP in foreign aid, an unprecedented transfer of financial resources from rich to poor countries.
+But my point is that there are two things that need to be tied together.
+How the media presents Africa in the West, and the consequences.
+By showing hopelessness, helplessness and hopelessness, the media is telling the truth, and nothing but the truth, about Africa.
+But the media doesn't tell the whole truth.
+Because despair, civil war, starvation, starvation are part of the African reality, but not the only one.
+And secondly, they are the tiniest realities.
+Africa has 53 countries.
+Only six countries have civil wars, and only six are covered by the media.
+Africa has immense opportunities that can never pass through the web of despair and helplessness presented to viewers primarily by Western media.
+But the effect of that presentation is to evoke empathy.
+It appeals to pity. It appeals to what is called philanthropy.
+And as a result, the West's view of Africa's economic dilemma is distorted.
+A false framework is the product of the idea that Africa is a place of despair.
+how do i do that? We should give food to the hungry.
+We have to deliver medicine to sick people.
+We should send peacekeepers for those facing civil war.
+And in the process, Africa has been robbed of its autonomy.
+My point is that it is important to recognize that Africa has fundamental weaknesses.
+But at the same time, it also offers opportunities and many possibilities.
+We need to reframe the challenge facing Africa from one of despair, called poverty reduction, to one of hope.
+We frame this as a challenge to hope, and it's worth creating.
+The challenge facing everyone with an interest in Africa is not that of reducing poverty.
+It should be a wealth-creating challenge.
+If you change those two things and say that Africans are poor and need poverty reduction, well-intentioned international cartels are making inroads on the African continent. What?
+We provide medicines to the poor, food aid to the hungry, and peacekeepers to those facing civil war.
+And in the process, none of these things are really productive, as we are treating the symptoms rather than the causes of Africa's underlying problems.
+Guys, putting someone in school or giving them medicine doesn't make them wealthy.
+Wealth is a function of income, which comes from finding profitable trading opportunities and high-paying jobs.
+Now, when we start talking about wealth creation in Africa, the second question becomes: Who is the agent of wealth creation in any society?
+they are entrepreneurs. [Unintelligible] told us they were always about 4 percent of the population, but 16 percent were copycats.
+But they also thrive in entrepreneurship work.
+So where should you put your money?
+We need to put money where we can grow productively.
+We support private investment in Africa, both domestically and internationally.
+We support research institutes because knowledge is a key part of wealth creation.
+But what is the international aid community doing for Africa today?
+They invest heavily in primary health care, primary education and food relief.
+The entire continent has become a desperate place in need of charity.
+Ladies and gentlemen, can you tell me who your neighbors, friends or relatives have become rich through charity work?
+Is it to take alms with a begging bowl?
+Is that person in the audience?
+Do any of you know a country that has developed through the generosity and kindness of others?
+Well, I haven't seen the hands, so what I'm stating seems to be true.
+(Bono: Yes!) Andrew Mwenda: I see Bono saying he knows this country.
+what country is that?
+(Bono: Land of Ireland.) (Laughter) (Bono: [unintelligible]) AM: Thank you. But let me just say this.
+Outside parties can only offer you opportunities.
+It's up to your inner capacity to take advantage of that opportunity.
+Africa had many opportunities.
+Many of them have not done us much favors.
+why? It lacks the internal, institutional and policy frameworks that can benefit from external relations. Let's take an example.
+Under the Cotonou Agreement, formerly known as the Lomé Convention, African countries were given the opportunity to export goods duty-free from Europe to the European Union market.
+My home country, Uganda, has a quota to export 50,000 tons of sugar to the EU market.
+We have not yet exported a kilogram.
+We import 50,000 tons of sugar from Brazil and Cuba.
+Second, under the Beef Protocol of the agreement, beef-producing African countries have quotas for duty-free exports of beef to the European Union market.
+None of these countries, including Africa's most successful country, Botswana, has ever met its quota.
+So what I would like to argue today is that the fundamental reason for Africa's inability to engage the rest of the world in more productive relationships is its inadequate institutional and policy frameworks. .
+And interventions in all their forms require support, evolution of the kinds of institutions that create wealth, the kinds of institutions that increase productivity.
+How do we get started? Why is aid a bad medium?
+Aid is bad, but do you know why?
+Because every government in the world needs money to survive.
+We need money for the simple things of upholding law and order.
+You have to pay the military and police to show law and order.
+And many of our governments are so autocratic that they really need the military to overwhelm the opposition.
+The next thing we have to do is pay the political ties.
+Why should people support their government?
+It offers them high-paying jobs or, in many African countries, informal opportunities to profit from corruption.
+Indeed, with the exception of a few governments like the Idi Amin regime, no government in the world can attempt to rely entirely on force as a means of control.
+Many countries are [opaque] and need legitimacy.
+To gain legitimacy, governments often have to provide things like primary education, basic health care, roads, and build hospitals and clinics.
+If a government's financial survival depends on raising money from its own people, such a government will be driven by self-interest to govern in a more enlightened way.
+It is with those who create wealth.
+Discuss what policies and institutions are needed to expand the scale and scope of the business and collect more tax revenue.
+The problem of the African continent and the aid industry is that it distorts the structure of incentives faced by African governments.
+The productive headroom in our government's pursuit of revenues does not lie in the domestic economy, but in international donors.
+Our government finds it more productive to talk to the IMF and the World Bank than to sit with Uganda, entrepreneurs from Uganda, businessmen from Ghana, and enterprising leaders from South Africa. I'm here.
+All I can say is that even if you have 10 PhDs, you will never be able to understand the computer industry better than Bill Gates.
+why? Because the knowledge you need to understand the incentives you need to grow your business requires listening to people who are private sector stakeholders in that industry.
+African governments are therefore given the opportunity by the international community to avoid building productive agreements with their own peoples, and are therefore allowed to enter into endless negotiations with the IMF and the World Bank. , its counterparts are the IMF and the World Bank. Tell the public what they need.
+In the process, we Africans have been alienated from the processes of policy making, policy direction and policy implementation in each country.
+The information we can enter is limited, as the person who pays the Pied Piper makes the sound.
+The IMF, the World Bank, and well-meaning cartels around the world have taken over our rights as citizens. So what our aid-dependent governments are doing is listening to international creditors, not their own citizens.
+But I would like to make a caveat to my argument, and that caveat is that it is not true that aid is always destructive.
+Some donors may have built hospitals and fed starving villages.
+A road may have been built, and the road may have served a very good purpose.
+The mistake of the international aid industry is to take these isolated success stories and generalize them, ignoring the special and special circumstances and skills of a particular village, and then pour billions and trillions of dollars into it to spread it all over the world. The practices, norms and customs that made that small-scale aid project successful, like the village of Sauri in Kenya where Jeffrey Sachs works, and thus generalize this experience to everyone.
+Working in government is most beneficial for those seeking careers in Africa, as aid increases the resources available to governments.
+Especially in ethnically fragmented societies in Africa, aid is often divided among ethnic groups as every ethnic group begins to struggle to enter the state to access the foreign aid pie by increasing the political attractiveness of the state. tend to emphasize the tension between
+Ladies and Gentlemen, Africa's most enterprising people cannot find opportunities to work in trade or the private sector because the institutional and policy environment is hostile to business.
+The government hasn't changed that. why?
+Because they don't have to talk to their own people.
+They talk to international donors.
+So the most enterprising Africans end up working for the government, and precisely because it depends on aid, it increases the political tensions in our country.
+I would also like to say that it is important to note that over the past fifty years, Africa has received an increasing amount of assistance from the international community in the form of technical assistance, financial assistance and all other forms of assistance. think.
+Between 1960 and 2003, our continent received $600 billion in aid, but it is said that there is still much poverty in Africa.
+Where did all the aid go?
+I would like to cite the example of my country, Uganda, and the incentive structure that aid has brought there.
+The 2006-2007 budget expects revenues of 2.5 trillion shillings.
+Expected foreign aid: 1.9 trillion.
+Current Expenditure in Uganda -- What does current mean?
+The handover is 2.6 trillion.
+Why is the Ugandan government budget spending 110% of the country's income?
+That's because there's someone called Foreign Aid, and they're contributing to it.
+However, this shows that the Ugandan government is not devoting its revenues to productive investments, but rather is using these revenues to pay for public expenditures.
+Public administration, which is largely sponsored, costs 690 billion.
+Army, 380 billion.
+Agriculture, which employs 18 percent of the poor, costs only $18 billion.
+Trade and industry will cost 43 billion.
+So let me show you what public spending, or rather administrative spending, looks like in Uganda.
+Here you go. By the way, there are 70 cabinet ministers and 114 presidential advisers, but they only meet the president on television.
+(Laughter) (Applause) And it's at public events like this that they really see him, and even there it's he who gives them advice.
+(Laughter) Local government has 81 units.
+Each local government is organized like a central government, with a bureaucracy, a cabinet, an assembly, and many jobs for those involved in politics.
+There are 56 electoral districts, and when the president wanted to amend the constitution to remove term limits, 25 new electoral districts had to be created, but now there are 81 constituencies.
+There are 333 members of parliament.
+We need Wembley Stadium to hold our parliament.
+There are 134 commissions and semi-autonomous bodies, all of which have directors and vehicles. And finally, this is addressed to Mr. Bono. With his work, he may be able to help us in this regard.
+A recent survey by the Ugandan government found 3,000 4x4 vehicles at the Health Minister's Headquarters.
+Uganda has 961 sub-counties, each with a clinic, but none with ambulances.
+So while the four-wheel-drive vehicles at headquarters drive ministers, permanent secretaries, bureaucrats, and international aid bureaucrats involved in aid projects, the poor are dying without ambulances and medicine.
+Finally, before I speak here, I would like to mention that the TEDGlobal principle was that a good speech should be like a miniskirt.
+It should be short enough to be interesting and long enough to cover the subject.
+I would love to be able to achieve that.
+(laughs) Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Businesses are losing control.
+What happens on Wall Street no longer stays on Wall Street.
+What happened in Las Vegas will eventually flow to YouTube. (Laughter) The reputation is volatile. Loyalty is fickle.
+Management seems to be increasingly disconnected from the staff. (Laughter) According to a recent survey, 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their company.
+However, in the same survey, only 4 percent of employees agreed.
+Businesses are losing control over their customers and employees.
+But is it really so?
+I'm a marketer, and as a marketer I know I've never really been in control.
+There's a saying that your brand is what other people say about you when you're not in the room.
+With hyper-connectivity and transparency, businesses can now be in the room 24/7.
+They can listen and participate in conversations.
+In fact, they have more control over their loss of control than ever before.
+they can design it. But how?
+First and foremost, it gives employees and customers more control.
+They can collaborate on ideas, knowledge, content, design and product creation.
+With more control over pricing, Radiohead did just that with the pay-as-you-go online release of their In Rainbows album. The buyer could set the price, but the offer was exclusive and only lasted for a limited time.
+The album sold more copies than the band's previous releases.
+Danish chocolate company Anton Berg has opened a so-called "generous shop" in Copenhagen.
+Customers were asked to purchase chocolates as a pledge of good deeds to their loved ones.
+It turned trading into interaction and generosity into currency.
+Companies can even hand over control to hackers.
+The Microsoft Kinect, a motion control add-on for the Xbox game console, quickly caught the attention of hackers.
+Microsoft initially fought off the hacks, but changed course after realizing the benefits of actively supporting the community.
+The sense of shared ownership, free publicity, and added value all contributed to increased sales.
+Giving your customers final power is asking them not to buy.
+Outdoor clothing maker Patagonia encouraged prospective buyers to check eBay for used items and replace the soles of their shoes before buying new ones.
+In an even more radical stance on consumerism, the company ran an ad during peak shopping season that said, "Don't buy this jacket."
+Short-term sales may have been jeopardized, but build lasting long-term loyalty based on shared values.
+Studies show that when employees gain more control over their work, they are happier and more productive.
+The Brazilian company Semco Group is famous for allowing its employees to set their own work schedules and even their salaries.
+Hulu, Netflix, etc. have open holiday policies.
+Companies can give people more control, but they can also give people less control.
+Conventional business wisdom holds that trust comes from predictable behavior, but how can you create meaningful experiences when everything is consistent and standardized?
+Loosening people's control can be a great way to counteract too many choices and make them happier.
+Use the travel service Nextpedition.
+Nextpedition turns the trip into a game with surprising twists along the way.
+The destination is not announced to the traveler until just before, and the information is provided at the last minute. Similarly, Dutch airline KLM Royal Dutch Airlines also launched a surprise campaign, apparently handing out small gifts randomly to travelers en route to their destination.
+UK-based Interflora monitored users having a bad day on Twitter and sent them free flowers.
+What can businesses do to reduce time pressure on their employees? Yes.
+Force them to help others.
+Recent studies show that having employees complete occasional altruistic tasks throughout the day improves their overall sense of productivity.
+The company I work for, Frog, holds internal speed meet sessions that bring new and old employees together to help them get to know each other quickly.
+Applying a strict process reduces their control and choice, but allows for more and richer social interactions.
+Corporations are the creators of their wealth and, like all of us, they are completely subject to chance encounters.
+That should make them humbler, more vulnerable and more human.
+Ultimately, staying true to your company's true identity is the only sustainable value proposition as hyper-connectivity and transparency expose what they do.
+Or, as ballet dancer Alonzo King said, "What is interesting to you is yourself."
+Openness is paramount to revealing the true nature of a company, but radical openness is not the answer, because if everything is open, nothing is open.
+Writer Jennifer Egan wrote, "A smile is like a door that is half open and half closed."
+Businesses can give their employees and customers more or less control. They may worry about how much openness is good for them and what they need to keep closed.
+Or you can just smile and remain open to all possibilities.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+Five years ago, I experienced a little bit of what it felt like to be Alice in Wonderland.
+Penn State University asked me, a communications teacher, to teach a communications class for engineering students.
+And I was scared. (laughs) I'm really scared. I'm afraid of students with big brains, thick books, and thick unfamiliar words.
+But as these conversations unfolded, I experienced what Alice must have had when she went down that rabbit hole and saw the door to a whole new world.
+That's exactly how I felt when talking to my students. I was blown away by their idea and would love to invite others to experience this wonderland as well.
+And I believe that the key to opening that door is great communication.
+We desperately need good communication from scientists and engineers to change the world.
+Our scientists and engineers are tackling some of our grandest challenges, from energy to the environment to healthcare, among others. No job is done if we don't know and understand it. And I believe it. It is our responsibility as non-scientists to perform these interactions.
+But these great conversations wouldn't happen without scientists and engineers inviting us to their wonderland.
+Scientists and engineers, please come talk nerdy.
+To make sure you understand that your science is fascinating and your engineering is fascinating, I would like to share some keys on how you can do that.
+So the first question we should answer is what?
+Tell us why your science is relevant to us.
+Don't just say you're studying trabeculae, say you're studying trabeculae, the mesh-like structure of bone. It is important for understanding and treating osteoporosis.
+Also, be careful of jargon when describing your own science.
+Terminology gets in the way of understanding your ideas.
+Sure, we can say 'space and time', but what if we just say 'space and time', which is much more accessible to us?
+And making your ideas accessible is not the same as belittling them.
+Instead, as Einstein said, keep everything as simple as possible. However, it can't be any simpler than that.
+Communicate science clearly without compromising ideas.
+Things to consider are having examples, stories and similarities. These are ways to engage and excite us about your content.
+And when presenting your work, please use bullet points.
+Have you ever wondered why they're called bullet points? (Laughter) What do bullets do? Bullets take lives, and bullets ruin your presentation.
+Not only are these slides boring, they rely too much on the language areas of the brain and overwhelm them.
+Instead, this sample slide by Genevieve Brown works much better. This shows that the special structure of the trabeculae is so strong that it actually inspired the unique design of the Eiffel Tower.
+And the trick here is to use easy-to-read single sentences that we can type as key points when the audience gets a little lost, and then appeal to our other senses and a deeper understanding of what is being described. It is to provide visuals that create
+So I think these are just some keys to help the rest of us open that door and see the wonderland of science and engineering.
+And the engineers I've worked with have taught me to really get in touch with my inner nerd, so I'd like to sum it up in an equation. (Laughter) Think of the science, minus the bullet points and the jargon, and divide it in the sense of relevance, sharing something that's relevant to the audience, and then this great work that you're doing and will continue to do. Multiply the passion you have for It makes for great, comprehensible interactions.
+So, scientists and engineers, when you have solved this equation, please give me some geeky talk. (laughs) Thank you. (applause)
+I'm here to talk about how globalized we are, how unglobalized we are, and why it's important to be really accurate when making such assessments. It's for
+And the main take on this is whether borders really matter, whether measured by book sales, media mentions, or research I conducted with groups ranging from students to World Trade Organization representatives. It is this view that It's no longer a big deal, cross-border integration is almost complete and we live in one world.
+And what's interesting about this view, again, is that it's a view held by pro-globalizers like Tom Friedman, and this quote was apparently taken from his book But at the same time, it is also supported by anti-globalizers. If it wasn't already, it would ruin our whole life.
+I would also like to add that this is not a new observation.
+I'm a bit of a layman as a historian, so I took the time to go back and try to see the first mention of this sort of thing. And the best and earliest quote I could find is David Livingston, who wrote in the 1850s about how railroads, steamships and telegraphs perfectly integrated East Africa with the rest of the world. It was a quote from
+While it's clear that David Livingstone was a little ahead of his time, I think it's helpful to ask ourselves, "How global are we?"
+Before thinking about where to go from here.
+So the best way I have found to get people to take seriously the idea that the world may not be flat, or even close to being flat, is through data.
+One of the things I've been working on over the last few years is actually collecting data on what can happen within or across borders, and I've looked at the proportion of the total that's cross-border. . .
+I'm not going to show you all the data I have here today, just a few data points.
+I'm going to talk a little bit about a kind of information flow, a kind of people flow, a kind of capital flow and, of course, trade in goods and services.
+So let's start with the old-fashioned phone service.
+What percentage of all voice time in the world last year do you estimate was for cross-border calls?
+Decide the percentage in your head.
+Turns out the answer is 2 percent.
+Including internet telephony could push that number up to 6-7 percent, but that's nowhere near what people tend to guess.
+Or look at people moving across borders.
+In terms of long-term human flows, one of the things we are particularly interested in is what percentage of the world's population is made up of first-generation immigrants.
+Please select a percentage again.
+You can see that it is a little higher.
+It's actually about 30%.
+Or consider investing. Consider all the real world investments made in 2010.
+What percentage of this is foreign direct investment?
+less than 10 percent.
+And finally, one statistic that many in this room will have seen is the exports to GDP ratio.
+If you look at official statistics, it's usually a little over 30 percent.
+But there is a big problem with this official statistic. For example, if a Japanese parts supplier ships an iPod to China, and then the iPod is shipped to the United States, that part would be counted as multiple pieces. times.
+So no one knows how bad this official statistic bias really is. So I decided to ask Pascal Lamy, the director of the World Trade Organization who is spearheading the effort to produce this data, what is his best guess? If you don't double-triple the numbers and calculate exports as a percentage of GDP, it's probably a little under 20%, not the 30%-plus numbers we're talking about.
+So when you look at these figures, and all the other figures I talk about in my book World 3.0, it's very clear that we're very far from the benchmark of the effect without borders that would suggest a level of internationalization. About 85, 90, 95 percent.
+Clearly, an apocalyptic author exaggerates the event.
+But apocalyptic people, I think, aren't the only ones prone to this kind of exaggeration.
+I've also taken the time to research how viewers around the world are actually guessing these numbers.
+Harvard Business Review has kindly asked its readers to share the results of their survey of what people's guesses along these dimensions actually look like.
+A few observations are worth noting for me from this slide.
+First of all, there are hints of some kind of error.
+have understood. (Laughter) Second, these are pretty big mistakes. For the four quantities with an average of less than 10%, some speculate 3 or 4 times that level.
+As an economist, I think this is a pretty big mistake.
+And third, this isn't just limited to Harvard Business Review readers.
+I have conducted dozens of such surveys in different parts of the world, and in all but one case where one group actually underestimated the trade to GDP ratio, people overestimated it. Because of this trend, we thought it important to clarify: It has a name and I call it globaloney. It's the difference between dark blue bars and light gray bars.
+In particular, I think some of you are still a little skeptical about this claim, so I think it's important to spend a little time thinking about why it's easy for us to become Global One.
+A few different reasons come to mind.
+First of all, there is a real lack of data for this discussion.
+Let's take an example. A few years ago, when I first published some of these data in a magazine called Foreign Policy, one of the writers, though I didn't fully agree with it, was Tom Friedman. And since my article was titled "Why the World Isn't Flat," it wasn't all that surprising. (Laughter) What really surprised me was Tom's criticism that Gemawat's data is narrow.
+I read through his hundreds of pages and found not a single figure, table, chart, bibliography, or footnote.
+So what I'm trying to say is, I didn't present a lot of data here to convince you that I was right, but I'm going to step away from it and look for my own data and see if some of these data tell me I want you to actually evaluate whether it has an impact. - The insights we've been showered with are actually correct.
+Lack of data in the discussion is therefore one of the reasons.
+The second reason has to do with peer pressure.
+I remember thinking about writing an article on why the world isn't flat when I was doing a TV interview in Mumbai and the interviewer's first question was: "Professor Gemawat, why do you believe the world is not flat and round?" Because I had never come across that formula before. (Laughter.) And I laughed and thought, I really need a more consistent response, especially on national television. I should write something about this. (Laughter) But what I didn't quite understand for you was the sympathy and disbelief when the interviewer questioned her.
+The point of view was that here is this pathetic professor.
+He's apparently been in the cave for the last 20,000 years.
+He has no idea what is really going on in the world.
+If you don't mind, try this out with your friends and acquaintances. You'll find it very cool to talk about the world being one and so on.
+Raising questions about its formulation, you really are considered a bit of a curio.
+And the last reason, and with some trepidation, especially to the TED audience, has to do with what I call "technotrance."
+Prolonged listening to techno music affects brain wave activity. (Laughter) The same thing seems to happen with the exaggerated notion that technology will instantly break down any cultural barrier, any political barrier, any geographical barrier. Because I know you're not allowed to ask me questions at this point. But when I get to this point in my lectures with students, hands go up and people ask me, "Yes, but what about Facebook?"
+I get this question so often that I thought I'd look it up on Facebook.
+In some ways, it's the ideal technology to think about. In theory, it's as easy as making friendships halfway around the world instead of right next to it.
+What percentage of people's Facebook friends actually live in a country other than the one where the people we're analyzing are based?
+The answer is probably between 10 and 15 percent.
+We don't live in a totally local or national world because it's not negligible, but we're very far from the 95 percent level you'd expect and the reason is very simple is.
+We don't make random friends on Facebook, and we hope we don't. Technology is superimposed on a matrix of existing relationships that we have, and those relationships are not completely replaced by technology. These relationships are why far fewer than 95% of our friends are in countries other than the one we are in.
+So does all this matter? Or is globalony just a harmless way to get people to pay more attention to globalization-related issues?
+In fact, I would like to suggest that globalony can be very harmful to your health.
+First of all, it's important to realize that the glass is still only 10-20% filled, to understand that additional integration can provide additional benefits. On the other hand, if you think you've already got there, then there's no point in trying any further.
+If you already consider yourself completely open to all kinds of influences that are being discussed at this conference, then I feel like we are not having a conference on radical openness.
+Therefore, knowing exactly how limited the level of globalization is is also important to realize that there may be room for something more to contribute to the welfare of the world.
+Now let's move on to the second point.
+Avoiding hyperbole can be very helpful as it can alleviate, and in some cases even reverse, some of the fears people have about globalization.
+So I actually spend most of my World 3.0 book addressing market failures and the many fears people have about globalization getting worse.
+Of course I can't do that today, so I'll just give you a couple of headlines to explain what I'm thinking.
+Consider France and the current debate on immigration.
+If you ask French people what percentage of the French population is immigrants, the answer is about 24%. That's their guess.
+Perhaps acknowledging that the figure is just 8% may help soften some of the overheated rhetoric seen on immigration issues.
+Or, to take a more striking example, when the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations asked Americans to guess what percentage of the federal budget goes to foreign aid, they guessed 30 percent, which is was slightly above standard. The actual level — ("actually about ... 1%") (laughter) — the US government's commitment to federal aid.
+What is encouraging about this particular survey is that when people are pointed out how far their estimates deviate from the actual data, some, but not all, are more willing to consider increasing foreign aid. This is what it seemed to come to do.
+So foreign aid is really the best way to end this. Because, come to think of it, what I've been talking about today is this very controversial concept among economists: most things are very domestically biased.
+``Foreign aid is the greatest aid to the poor,'' is the most family-oriented content.
+If we look at spending per poor person in OECD countries and countries, and compare that to spending per poor person in poor countries, the ratio -- calculated by Branko Milanovic of the World Bank -- is It turns out. 30,000 to 1.
+Of course, if we are truly international, some would like the ratio to be lowered to 1:1.
+My suggestion is that you don't have to aim for it in order to make significant progress from the status quo.
+A simple reduction of this ratio to 15,000 to 1 would meet the aid target agreed at the Rio summit 20 years ago and not advanced further at the summit that ended last week.
+In summary, radical openness is great, but given how closed we are, even gradual openness could dramatically improve things. thank you very much. (Applause) (Applause)
+Once upon a time, the world was one big dysfunctional family.
+It was run by great and powerful parents and the people were helpless, helpless naughty children.
+If the more rowdy children questioned their parent's authority, they were scolded.
+If they ventured into their parents' rooms or even secret file cabinets, they were punished and told never to enter again for their own benefit.
+One day, a man came to town who stole many boxes containing confidential documents from his parents' room.
+"Let's see what they've been hiding from you," he said.
+The children were amazed to see it.
+There were maps and minutes of meetings where parents were arguing.
+They behaved like children.
+And they made mistakes, just like children.
+The only difference is that their mistake was in a secret filing cabinet.
+Well, there was a girl in town. She didn't think they should be put in a secret filing cabinet. Or, if they were put in, they thought there should be a law to allow access for children.
+And she started trying to make it happen.
+Well, I'm the girl in that story, and the classified documents I was interested in were in this building, the British Parliament, and the data I wanted to get were the MP's expense receipts. .
+I thought this was a fundamental question to ask in a democracy. (Applause.) I wasn't asking for nuclear bunker code or anything like that, but given the amount of resistance I've encountered with this Freedom of Information Request, you'd think I was asking.
+So I fought for about 5 years to do this and it was one of the hundreds of requests I made, no - I didn't - dude, look, honestly By the way, I didn't try to revolutionize the British Parliament.
+that wasn't my intention. I only made these requests as part of my research for the first book.
+But it ended up in this very long and protracted legal battle, in which I fought Parliament for five years before three of Britain's most prominent High Court judges, asking whether Parliament should release this data. awaited the verdict on
+Mind you, I've seen the facility, so I wasn't expecting much. I thought we were always stuck together. You're out of luck.
+Well, what do you think? won. Banzai. (Applause) Well, that's not exactly the story. Because the problem is that Congress kept delaying the release of that data and then tried to retroactively change the law so that it no longer applies.
+The transparency law they passed earlier was meant to apply to everyone else, but they tried to keep it from applying to them.
+What they didn't expect was digitization. Because that meant all the paper receipts were electronically scanned and captured, and it was very easy for someone to copy that entire database, put it on disk, and then walk around outside. They did it in Congress and then sold the disc to the highest bidder, The Daily Telegraph. Then, as you all remember, weeks of exposure followed, from porn movies to bath plugs to new kitchens and mortgages. It was never repaid.
+As a result, six cabinet members resigned, the first Speaker of the House in 300 years was forced to resign, a new government was elected on the basis of a mandate of transparency, and 120 MPs resigned in that election. Four deputies and two lords resigned. I have been sentenced to imprisonment for fraud.
+Thank you very much. (Applause.) Now, I bring that up because it's not unique to England.
+It was an example of a culture clash taking place around the world between impoverished and rich rich government officials who think they can govern us without much scrutiny from the public. , then suddenly confronted by a public no longer satisfied with the arrangement. , and not only are they dissatisfied with it, they now often weaponize the official data itself.
+We are moving towards the democratization of information and I have been in this field for a long time.
+A little embarrassing confession: Even as a kid, I had these little spy books to watch what my neighbors were doing and document it.
+I think this was a pretty good indication for my future career as an investigative journalist. And what I've found after working in this area of ​​access to information for so long is that it used to be a very niche concern, but it's gone mainstream. All over the world, more and more people want to know what those in power are doing.
+They want to have a say in decisions made with their name and money. The democratization of information, as I see it, is the enlightenment of information, and it contains many of the same principles as the original enlightenment.
+It is a search for truth, not because someone says it is true, but because I say so.
+No, it's about trying to find the truth based on what you can see and what you can test.
+This led in the first Enlightenment to the question of the rights of kings, the divine right of kings to rule over their people, or that women should be subordinate to men, or that the church is the official word of God. .
+Clearly the church was not very happy with this and tried to suppress it, but what they didn't expect was technology, and then having the printing press, these ideas became Suddenly it became possible to spread cheaply, far and fast. And people gathered in coffee houses to discuss ideas and plan revolutions.
+In today's world, digitization is progressing. This removes all physical mass from the information, making the cost of copying and sharing information near zero.
+Our printing press is the Internet. Our coffee house is a social network.
+We are moving into what I consider to be a fully connected system in which global decisions have to be made, including decisions about the climate, the financial system and resources. please think about it. When you want to make an important decision about buying a home, you don't just leave. I mean, I don't know about you, but I'd like to see a lot of houses before spending that much money.
+And if you're thinking about the financial system, you have to take in a lot of information. It is impossible for a single person to take in that amount and amount of information, analyze it and make a good decision.
+That is why the demand for access to information is increasing.
+That is why more disclosure laws are starting to be enacted. For example, when it comes to the environment, there is the Aarhus Convention, a European directive that gives people a very strong right to know. You have a right to know about sewage flowing into your river, sewage flowing into your river.
+As the financial industry has an increasing right to know what is going on, there have been various anti-bribery laws, financial regulations, increased corporate disclosures, and the ability to trace assets across borders.
+And hiding wealth, tax avoidance, and wage inequality are becoming increasingly difficult. That's wonderful. We are learning more and more about these systems.
+And all but one are moving to this central system, this fully connected system. Do you know which one?
+This is the system that underpins all other systems.
+It's the system by which we organize and exercise power, and that's where I'm talking about politics. Because in politics we are back to this system, this top-down hierarchy.
+And how can this system handle the required amount of information?
+Well, it's not possible. that's it.
+And I believe this is what is behind the current legitimacy crisis in various governments.
+So I talked a little bit about trying to drag Congress into the 21st century by kicking and screaming, but here are some examples of what a few others I know are doing. I would like to introduce .
+So this is a guy named Seb Bacon. He is a computer programmer and built a site called Alaveteli. This is an information publishing platform.
+It's open source, has documentation, allows you to file Freedom of Information requests, ask public authorities questions, and saves you all the hassle. I know it takes a lot of work. By making these requests, you don't have to do all that heavy lifting and just enter questions like, for example, how many police officers have a criminal record?
+Zoom off to the right people, notify them when deadlines are approaching, track all correspondence and post it there, becoming an archive of public knowledge.
+This means that it is open source and can be used in any country with some kind of freedom of information law.
+So there's a list of different countries that have it, and a few more are on the way.
+So if someone likes this sound and your country has such a law, Cebu would love to hear about working together to introduce it in your country.
+Birgitta Jonsdottir. She is a Member of Parliament for Iceland.
+And a rather unusual parliamentarian. In Iceland, one of the protesters outside parliament during the country's economic collapse, she was elected with a mission to reform and is now spearheading the project.
+It's the Iceland Modern Media Initiative, which has just received funding to make it an international modern media project. This includes all of the best laws in the world regarding freedom of expression, whistleblower protection, defamation protection, and source protection. , and is trying to make Iceland a publishing paradise.
+This is a place where your data is available for free, so given how the government wants to access user data, what they're trying to do in Iceland is this safe haven where it's possible. It is to create a place.
+Investigative reporting, my specialty, needs to start thinking globally, so this is the Investigative Dashboard. And if you're trying to trace the assets of a dictator, say Hosni Mubarak, knowing he's in trouble, he's just pouring cash out of the country and what he wants to do to investigate That said, you have access to the residential registration database of every company in the world, wherever possible.
+This is a website that aggregates all these databases in one place so that you can search for his relatives, friends, and security officers.
+See how he gets his property out of the country.
+But, again, when it comes to the decisions that affect us the most, perhaps the most important decisions being made about wars and such, we still can't simply file a Freedom of Information Request.
+It's really difficult. Therefore, we still have to resort to illegal methods of obtaining information through leaks.
+So when the Guardian did its research on the Afghanistan war, they couldn't go directly to the Pentagon and ask for all the information.
+They are not going to understand it.
+So this comes from the leak of tens of thousands of correspondence written by American soldiers about the Afghanistan war, which leaked so they could do this research.
+Another fairly large study concerns world diplomacy.
+Again, this is all based on leaked 251,000 US diplomatic cables. I got involved in this investigation because a disgruntled Wikileaker leak gave me this information, and I ended up working for The Guardian.
+So I can tell you directly what it was like to access this leak. It was amazing. Or rather, it was amazing.
+Reminds me of that scene from "The Wizard of Oz".
+do you know what i mean? Little dog Toto ran up to the wizard and when he backed up the dog pulled back the curtain and said--"Don't look behind the screen. Don't look at the man behind the screen." ”
+It was just like that. Because I started to see that all these big politicians, very pompous politicians, were all just like us.
+They all complained about each other. I mean, it's pretty gossip, that cable. Ok, but I thought this was a very important point for all of us to understand. They are human beings just like us. They have no special powers.
+They are not magic. they are not our parents.
+Beyond that, what I find most interesting is the level of endemic corruption that I have seen in various countries, especially the centers of power, embezzling people's money for self-interest and allowing it. It was seen mainly in civil servants who had been. It's an official secret.
+I mention WikiLeaks because there must be something more open than making all the material public.
+Because that's what Julian Assange did.
+He was not satisfied with the newspaper's method of publication as safe and legal. he threw everything there.
+As a result, vulnerable people in Afghanistan have been exposed. It also meant that the Belarusian dictator was handed a handy list of all the country's pro-democracy activists who have interacted with the US government.
+Is it radical openness? I say it's different because to me that means not giving up power, responsibility and responsibility, but actually becoming a partner in power. It's about shared responsibility and shared accountability. I also thought the fact that he threatened to sue me because I leaked his leaks also indicated some kind of striking contradiction in ideology, to be honest. (Laughter) The other thing is that power is incredibly seductive. I think it has to have two real qualities when it comes to sitting at the table, dealing with power, and talking about power because of its captivating abilities.
+You have to be skeptical and humble.
+Be skeptical because it must always be challenging.
+I'd like to know why you do that, do you just say so? it's not enough.
+I would like to know the evidence as to why this is so.
+And humility because we are all human. we all make mistakes.
+And if you don't have skepticism and humility, the road from reformer to dictator is very short. To understand the message about how power corrupts people, you only need to read Animal Farm.
+So what would be the solution? I believe it is about embodying the right to information within the rule of law.
+Our rights are incredibly weak at this point.
+Many countries have official secrets laws in place, including here in the UK. We have an official secrecy law with no public interest test. So it's a crime, and people who publish or distribute official information are often punished pretty harshly.
+Wouldn't it be amazing if there were public service disclosure laws that would punish employees if they were found to have concealed or concealed information in the public interest, and I really want you to think about this? but?
+I mean, yes. yes! my power pose. (Applause) (Laughs) I would like to work towards that.
+So it's not all bad news. So, I think we've found that while there is definitely progress on this line, the closer you get to the center of power, the more opaque and closed it becomes.
+So it was only last week that I heard the London Metropolitan Police Commissioner talk about why the police should have access to all of our communications and spy on us without judicial oversight. , he said, it's a matter of life and death.
+In fact, he said, it's a matter of life and death.
+There was no proof. He offered no proof of that.
+"Just because I say so."
+you have to trust me Accept it with faith. "
+I'm sorry folks, but we're back to what we were before the Church of the Enlightenment and we have to fight it.
+So he was talking about UK law, the Telecommunications Data Bill. This is an outrageous law.
+The United States has a law called the Cyber ​​Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act.
+Drones are currently being considered for domestic surveillance.
+The National Security Agency is building the world's largest spy center. It's just gigantic, five times the size of the U.S. Capitol, where it intercepts and analyzes communications, traffic, and personal data to try to figure out who the problem children are in society.
+Now, back to the original story, my parents panicked. They have locked all the doors.
+They installed surveillance cameras in their homes.
+they're watching us all. They dug underground, built spy centers and ran algorithms, trying to find out who among us was the nuisance, and if any of us complained about it, we would Arrested on suspicion of terrorism.
+Now, is it a fairy tale or a living nightmare?
+Some fairy tales have happy endings. Some people don't.
+I think we've all read Grimm's Fairy Tales, and they're very cruel indeed.
+But the world is no fairy tale and can be crueler than we like to admit.
+Likewise, it may be better than we are led to believe, but in any case we must begin to see it for what it is, with all its problems included. We could fix them and live in a world where we could all be happy forever. (laughs) Thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+When little Billy went to school and sat down, the teacher said, "What is your father doing?"
+And little Billy said, "My father plays the piano in the opium den."
+So the teacher called his parents and said, "Today Billy told me a very shocking story.
+I heard he claimed you were playing the piano in the opium den. "
+Then the father said, "I'm so sorry. Yes, it's true, I lied to you."
+But how do you tell an eight-year-old boy that his father is a politician? (Laughter) Now, as a politician myself, when I'm standing in front of you, or indeed, meeting strangers anywhere in the world, when I finally reveal the nature of my profession, They look at me like a cross between a snake, a monkey and an iguana. Through all this, I had a strong feeling that something was wrong.
+After 400 years of democratic maturity, a member of parliament who looks pretty decent in person, an increasingly educated, energetic and knowledgeable nation, feels deeply disappointed.
+My congressional colleagues include newly joined family physicians, businessmen, professors, eminent economists, historians, authors, and army officers from colonel to regimental sergeant major.
+But all of them, myself included, walking under the strange stone gargoyle just down the road, felt like we were less than the sum of the parts, and felt like we were terribly declining. I feel like
+And this is not just a UK problem.
+This is a problem for developing countries as a whole, even for middle-income countries. For example, in Jamaica -- if you look at the members of parliament in Jamaica, if you see them, they are often Rhodes Scholars who studied at Harvard or Princeton, but if you go to downtown Kingston, you see is one of the most depressing scenes to be seen in middle-income countries around the world. It's a gloomy, depressing landscape of burnt-down, half-abandoned buildings.
+And this has been true for 30 years, with a handover taking place in 1979 and 1980 between the Rhodes Scholars and the Jamaican leader, son of Q.C. Another, who received a PhD in economics from Harvard University, said more than 800 people were killed on the streets in drug-related violence.
+But ten years ago, the promise of democracy seemed extraordinary. George W. Bush stood up in his 2003 State of the Union address, saying that democracy is the power to overcome most evil in the world. He said freedom brings peace because a democratic government respects its own people and neighbors.
+Prominent scholars have also argued that democracy has an incredibly wide range of side benefits.
+They will bring prosperity and security, overcome sectarian violence, and ensure that nations never harbor terrorists again.
+What happened since then?
+Now, what we've seen is that places like Iraq and Afghanistan have created democratic systems of government that didn't have any of these side benefits.
+Afghanistan, for example, did not just have elections once or twice. We have had a presidential election, a parliamentary election and three elections. And what will you find?
+Will we find a thriving civil society, a vibrant rule of law, and good security? No, what we see in Afghanistan is a weak, corrupt and very limited The government is perceived as highly unpopular and deeply corrupt, with shocking, terrible security, although the civil society is largely powerless and the media is starting to bounce back.
+In Pakistan and much of sub-Saharan Africa, we once again find democracy and elections compatible with corrupt governments and unstable and dangerous states.
+And when I talk to people, say, in Iraq, the riots we're seeing right in front of us, this is a large-scale riot looting the state legislative building, I talked to the community who asked if it was a riot. I remember that A sign of new democracy.
+I feel the same applies to almost all the middle and developing countries I've been to, and to some extent it applies to us as well.
+So what is the answer to this? Is the answer simply to abandon the idea of ​​democracy?
+Well, apparently not. If we suddenly find ourselves in a situation that forces us to impose anything other than our democratic institutions, it would be silly to re-engage in the kind of operations we were engaged in in Iraq and Afghanistan.
+Anything else is against our values, against the wishes of the people on the ground, against our interests.
+In Iraq, for example, I remember there was a time when it felt like democracy should be delayed.
+There was a time when we felt that the lesson learned from Bosnia was that elections were held too early to enshrine sectarian violence and extremist parties. So in 2003 Iraq decided not to hold elections for two years. Invest in voter education. Invest in democracy.
+As a result, I found a large group of people stranded outside the office. This photo was actually taken in Libya, but I saw the same scene in Iraq standing outside and screaming for elections. Then I went out and said, What's wrong with the Provisional Prefectural Assembly?
+What is wrong with the people we have chosen?
+There are Sunni chiefs, there are Shia chiefs, there are seven tribal leaders, there are Christians, there are Sabians, there are female representatives, there are all parties in this Council, that what's wrong with people did we choose "
+The answer was, "The problem is not who you choose. The problem is what you choose."
+In Afghanistan, even in the most remote communities, I have never met anyone who did not want a say in who rules them.
+In the most remote communities, I have never met a villager who did not want to vote.
+So despite this dubious statistic, despite the fact that 84 percent of Brits feel their politics is broken, when I was in Iraq in 2003 I conducted a poll and asked the public Despite the fact that you asked what political system we supported, we have to admit. Seven percent preferred the United States, 5 percent preferred France, 3 percent preferred the United Kingdom, and nearly 40 percent preferred Dubai. After all, Dubai is not a democracy at all, but a relatively prosperous petty monarchy. , democracy is something we should fight for. But to do so, we need to move away from instrumental arguments.
+We need to get away from saying democracy matters because of other things democracy brings.
+We need to get away from the feeling that human rights matter because of other things that human rights entail, or that women's rights matter because of other things that human rights entail.
+Why should we distance ourselves from these discussions?
+because they are so dangerous. When you start saying, for example, that torture is wrong because it doesn't yield useful information, or that you need women's rights because it will double the size of your workforce and stimulate economic growth, you're calling yourself that. will put you in position. There, the North Korean government flipped out and said, "Actually, we're having a lot of success with torture extracting useful information at the moment," or the Saudi government said, "Well, our economy is going to Growth is going well,” you might say. Ok thank you so much better than yours so maybe we don't need to go ahead with this program on women's rights. "
+Questions about democracy are irrelevant.
+It's not about what it brings.
+The point of democracy is not to achieve a legal, effective and prosperous rule of law.
+It does not guarantee peace with your country or with your neighbors.
+The important point about democracy is intrinsic.
+Democracy matters because democracy reflects the idea of ​​equality and the idea of ​​freedom. It reflects the idea of ​​dignity, the dignity of the individual, that each individual should have an equal vote and an equal voice in the formation of government.
+But if we really want to revitalize our democracy, if we are ready to revive it, we need to get involved in a new project of the people and politicians.
+Democracy is not just a matter of structure.
+it is a state of mind. it is an activity.
+And part of that activity is integrity.
+After speaking with you today, I'm going to be on a radio show called "Any Question," and what you've noticed about politicians on this kind of radio show they never "know." I mean never say that. Answers to questions. It doesn't matter what it is.
+When asked to withhold whether the development of Chongqing contributes to the sustainable development of carbon capture, about the child tax credit, about the future of Antarctic penguins, we will answer.
+We have to stop it and stop pretending to be omniscient beings.
+Politicians sometimes need to learn that certain things voters want, certain things they promise, may not be things we feel we can't or shouldn't be able to do. .
+And the second thing we have to do is understand the genius of our society.
+Our society has never been so educated, so vibrant, so healthy, so much to know, so interested, so much to want to do. . And it's a local genius.
+The ballroom where we stand, the ballroom with the extraordinary paintings on the ceiling of the enthroned kings, is one of the reasons why the King of England is moving away from the ballroom like the whole drama that unfolded here. One, his head was cut off, why did we move from such a space, such a throne, towards City Hall, because we are moving more and more towards the energy of the people? , you need to make use of it.
+It can mean different things in different countries.
+In Britain, that might mean looking to France, learning from it, and electing mayors by direct election within the French commune system.
+Instead of concentrating on major presidential and parliamentary elections, Afghanistan should do what the Afghan constitution stipulated from the beginning: hold direct local elections at the district level and elect people's provincial governors. could have been .
+But honesty of words, local democracy, it's not just about what politicians do for these things to work.
+The question is what the people will do.
+For politicians to be honest, the public must allow politicians to be honest, and the media, which mediates between politicians and the public, must also allow politicians to be honest.
+The informed and active participation of all citizens is critical for local democracies to thrive.
+In other words, if we want to rebuild our democracy and make it vibrant and vibrant again, not only will the people learn to trust their politicians, but the politicians will need to learn to trust the people. .
+thank you very much. (applause)
+Having spent 18 years in orphanages and orphanages as a state kid, I can say that I am an expert on this subject. I want to tell you that being an expert is never meant to be. I will make you right in the light of the truth.
+If you are in care, legally the government is your parent.
+Margaret Thatcher was my mother. (Laughter.) Stop talking about breastfeeding. (Laughter) Harry Potter was a foster child.
+Pip from "Great Expectations" has been adopted. Superman was adopted. Cinderella was a foster child. Lisbeth Salander, a girl with a dragon tattoo, was fostered and institutionalized. Batman was an orphan. Lyra Veracqua from Philip Pullman's "Northern Lights" was raised. Jane Eyre adopted. James from Roald Dahl's "James and the Giant Peaches". Matilda. Moses -- Moses! (laughs) Moses! (laughter) -- The boys from Michael Morpurgo's Friends or Foes. Alem in "The Refugee Boy" by Benjamin Zephaniah. Luke Skywalker -- Luke Skywalker! (Laughter) -- Oliver Twist. Cassia in "Shanghai Concubine" by Hong Ying. Celie from "The Color Purple" by Alice Walker.
+All of these great fictional characters, all of them scarred by their condition, all of them who have spawned thousands of other books and other movies, all of them have been adopted, adopted or orphaned.
+Writers seem to know that the child outside the family reflects what the real family is, more than what the family advertises itself to be.
+That is, they routinely use anomalous skills to deal with anomalous situations.
+Why didn't we connect?
+And why didn't we make the connection, how did that happen? — Between the amazing figures of popular culture and religion and the adopted, adopted or orphaned among us? What they need is not a pity for us.
+It's our respect.
+I know famous musicians, actors, movie stars, millionaires, novelists, top lawyers, TV executives, magazine editors, national journalists, trash-husbands, hairdressers, and they all have children. Cared for, adopted, adopted, orphaned, many of them growing up. Talking about their background as if it were kryptonite, as if there was a time bomb planted inside, as if it somehow undermines their foreground position. We enter adult life in fear of Children who have spent their lives in foster care have the right to own and live their own childhood memories.
+It's that simple.
+My own mother, I must also mention this here, came to this country in the late 60's and, like any woman in the late 60's, found herself pregnant. I noticed that you know what i mean?
+They found out they were pregnant.
+And she had no idea what situation she had come to.
+In the 1960s, to give you a little background, in the 1960s being pregnant and single was seen as a threat to the community.
+You were separated from your family by the state.
+You were separated from your family and placed in a single-mother household.
+You have been appointed as a social worker.
+The adoptive parents were lined up.
+The social worker's main purpose, purpose, was to get the adoption papers signed at the most vulnerable time of the woman's life.
+So the adoption papers were signed.
+Mother and baby homes were often run by nuns.
+The adoption papers were signed, the child was handed over to the adoptive parents, and the mother returned to her community, saying she had taken some time off.
+Take a break.
+Take a break.
+The #1 shameful secret of being a woman: take a break.
+The adoption process took months, so it was a closed, sealed deal between governments, farmers, adoptive parents, consumers, mothers, and the planet, a hard-working, utilitarian solution. And children, crops.
+It's easy to patronize the past or abdicate responsibility for the present.
+What happened then is a direct reflection of what is happening now. Everyone believed they were doing the right thing for the greater society by God and the State, and were speeding up the adoption process.
+So, anyway, here she is in 1967, she's pregnant, and she's from Ethiopia, which was celebrating its own Jubilee Year under Emperor Haile Selassie at the time, and she's Enoch Landed a few months before Powell's speech, the "Rivers of Blood" speech.
+She arrived months before the Beatles released The White Album and months before Martin Luther King was murdered.
+If you were white, it was the summer of love.
+If you were black, it would have been a summer of hate.
+There she is sent from Oxford to a motherless family in the north of England and appointed as a social worker.
+That's her plan. As you know, I have to say this in the House -- it's her plan to put me in foster care for a short time while she studies. But being a social worker, he had another purpose.
+He found foster parents and told them: "Please treat it as an adoption. This child is yours forever."
+His name is Norman." (Laughter) Norman! (Laughter) Norman!
+So they took me. I was the message, they said.
+I am a sign from God, they said.
+I was Norman Mark Greenwood.
+Now, for the next 11 years, all I know is that this woman, this woman who gave birth, should have her eyes gouged out for not signing the adoption papers. I knelt and prayed for those 11 years because she was too selfish of a badass to sign.
+I prayed. I swore and prayed.
+"God, can I buy you a bicycle for Christmas?"
+But I always said to myself, "Yes, of course you can."
+(Laughter) And then we were to determine if it was the voice of God or the voice of the devil.
+And it turned out that I have a demon inside me.
+did you know who? (Laughter) Anyway, two years went by and they had their own child, another two years went by, they had another child, and some more time went by and they had another child they called I thought it was an unusual name given to me. (Laughter) And I was in the middle of puberty, so I started taking biscuits from the tin without asking.
+I started staying out a little later, and so on.
+Now, my mother and father, in their religiosity and innocence, I believed them to be eternal, I believed they were, but my mother and father , I thought there was a devil in me.
+And hey, I have to say this here because this is how they planned my retirement.
+They sat me, my adoptive mother, at the table and she said to me, "You don't love us, do you?"
+They had 3 other children. I am the fourth. The third was an accident.
+And I said, "Yes, of course I do." Because you do.
+My adoptive mother told me to leave home to think about what love is, read the Bible, and come back tomorrow to give the most honest and truthful answer.
+This was my chance. If they ask me if I love them, I must not love them, and that led me to the thought of the miracle they wanted me to reach.
+"I will ask God for forgiveness, and God's light will shine through me on them. How wonderful!" This was an opportunity.
+The theology was flawless, the timing unquestionable, and as a sinner I got the most honest answers possible.
+"Don't love you," I told them. "But I ask God for forgiveness."
+"Norman, obviously you chose your own way because you don't love us."
+Twenty-four hours later, my social worker, this strange man who came to visit me every few months, was waiting in the car for me to say goodbye to my parents.
+I never said goodbye to anyone, mother, father, sisters, brothers, aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents.
+On my way to the orphanage, I started asking myself, "What happened to me?"
+It wasn't the rug being pulled from underneath, it was the entire floor.
+When I got there, over the next four or five years, I was placed in four different orphanages.
+In the third orphanage, when I was 15, I started rebelling, and what I did was get three cans of Airfix paint to use on the models, and I It was - it was a big orphanage, a big Victorian orphanage. And I was in a little tower at the top of it, pouring the colors of Africa, red, yellow and green, onto the tiles.
+The house was surrounded by beech trees and could not be seen from the street.
+For this I was imprisoned for a year in an evaluation center, which is actually a remand center. It was a virtual prison for young people.
+By the way, years later a social worker said I shouldn't have been put there.
+Nothing was charged. I didn't do anything wrong.
+But I had no family to ask me about, so they could do anything for me.
+I was 17 and they had a padded cell.
+They marched me down the corridor, starting with the last size.
+They—I was put in a dormitory with a student who was confirmed to be a Nazi sympathizer.
+The staff were all former police officers and, interestingly, former probation officers.
+The owner was a former army officer.
+Once every three months, every time a stranger would come to give me grapes, I would undergo a nude examination.
+There were many boys in custody for murder and other crimes in that house.
+And this was the preparation given to me after 17 years as a child of the nation.
+I have to tell this story.
+No one put two and two together so I had to pass it on.
+I gradually realized that no one had known me for over a year.
+You see, that's what families do.
+It will give you some useful points.
+I am not defining good and bad families.
+What I mean is that you know when your birthday is because someone tells you it's your mother, father, sister, brother, aunt, uncle, cousin, grandparent, etc. only. Because it matters to someone, it matters to you. Understand, I was 14, trapped inside myself, inside myself, and I was untouchable, untouchable physically.
+I am reporting. I will only report that there were two things I wanted to do when I left the orphanage. One was finding a family, the other was writing poetry.
+I saw the light of creativity.
+In my imagination I saw the infinite possibilities of life, the infinite truths, the permanent creation of reality, where anger is an expression for love, where dysfunction is the reaction of truth to truth. .
+I want to tell you all that I found my whole family when I was growing up. I spent my entire adult life trying to find them and now have a completely dysfunctional family like everyone else.
+But what I want to report to you is, very simply, how a government treats its children can define how strong a democracy is.
+I'm not talking about children. It means child of the nation.
+Thank you very much. It was an honor. (Applause) (Applause)
+In the 17th century, a woman named Julia Tofana had a very successful perfume business.
+For over 50 years she ran it.
+When she was executed for murdering 600 people, it ended kind of abruptly (laughter). Well, it wasn't a very good perfume.
+In fact, it was utterly odorless and tasteless, but it was the best poison money could buy, and women flocked to kill their husbands.
+It turns out that poisoners were a highly respected and feared group, as poisoning humans is very difficult.
+The reason is that it has a built-in poison detector of sorts.
+This can also be seen in early neonates.
+If you do, take a few drops of a bitter or sour substance and you will see a wrinkled nose with a sticking out tongue, as if you were trying to remove it. About what's in their mouth.
+This reaction is magnified into adulthood and becomes something of a full-blown disgust reaction whenever there is a threat of physical contamination from any source, not just the prospect of being poisoned any longer. But the faces are surprisingly similar.
+But it doesn't just keep us away from physical contaminants; There is increasing evidence to suggest that the
+Why is this happening?
+A little understanding of emotions in general helps us understand this process. So basic human emotions—the kind of emotions we share with all other humans—exist because they motivate us to do good and keep us from doing bad.
+So by and large they are beneficial to our survival.
+For example, consider the emotion of fear. It keeps us away from really, really dangerous things.
+This photo taken just before his death — (Laughter) — is actually — no, one of the reasons it's interesting is because most people don't do this. A long time ago, it was attacked by a natural enemy.
+Just as fear has a protective effect on us, disgust seems to have a similar effect. However, disgust does not keep us away from things or heights that might eat us, but rather keeps us away from things that can poison us, make us sick, or cause us harm. just keep it away. we are sick
+One of the characteristics that makes disgust such an interesting emotion is that it is very easily triggered, perhaps more than other basic emotions. I will illustrate it with some examples. I think it's probably a hateful image.
+So turn your back. I will tell you when I can turn back.
+(laughs) So you see it every day, right? I mean, come on. (Laughter) (Audience: Yeah.) Okay, turn back if you haven't seen it.
+I'm sure a lot of you in the audience were probably pretty sick of it, but since you didn't see it, let me tell you about some of the other things that have been on the air to make people cringe all over the world. Feces, urine, blood, rotten meat.
+These can actually pollute us, so it makes sense to keep them away.
+In fact, the morbid appearance and bizarre sexual behavior alone can be quite disgusting.
+Darwin was probably one of the first scientists to systematically investigate human emotions, noting the ubiquity and strength of the disgust response.
+This is an anecdote of his trip to South America.
+"In Tierro del Fuego, the natives fingered cold-preserved meat while I was eating...
+And though clearly disgusted by its softness, I was utterly disgusted by the naked savage touching my food—(laughter)—his hands were spotless. It looked like. "
+He later wrote, "All right, some of my best friends are naked savages." (Laughter) Well, it turns out that it's not just the old British scientists who are this picky. I recently had the opportunity to speak with Richard Dawkins for a documentary, and many times I could disgust him. Here are my favorites.
+Richard Dawkins: “We have evolved around courtship and sex, clinging to deep-seated feelings and reactions that are hard to let go overnight.”
+David Pissarro: My favorite part of this clip is Professor Dawkins actually gagging.
+He jumps back and gags. I had to do it three times and all three times he gagged. (Laughter) And he was really nauseous. In fact, I thought he might vomit on me.
+But one of the hallmarks of disgust is not just its universality and strength, but the way it works through association.
+Therefore, when an unpleasant object touches a clean object, the clean object becomes unpleasant, but not vice versa.
+This can be a very useful strategy when you want to convince someone that an object, individual, or whole social group is offensive and should be avoided.
+The philosopher Martha Nussbaum points this out in this quote: "Therefore, throughout history, certain abominations—sliminess, stench, stickiness, putrefaction, stench—are repetitively and monotonously has been associated with...
+Jews, women, homosexuals, untouchables, people of the lower classes, they are all imagined to be contaminated with bodily filth. "
+Let me give you some strong examples of how this has been used historically.
+It comes from a Nazi children's book published in 1938: "Look at these people! Louse-infested beards, filthy sticking ears, dirty fat clothes...
+Jews often find it unpleasantly sweet smelling.
+If you have a good nose, you can smell the Jews. "
+A more modern example comes from those who try to convince us that homosexuality is immoral.
+It's from an anti-gay website that says gays "deserve the death penalty for their despicable sexual acts."
+They are like "a dog that eats its own vomit and a sow that swallows its own faeces."
+These are repugnant qualities that try to tie you directly to a social group you shouldn't like.
+When we were first investigating the role of disgust in moral judgments, one of the things that interested us was that this kind of appeal was more likely to be directed to more disgusting individuals. The question was whether it was likely to work effectively.
+So while disgust is a universal phenomenon along with other basic emotions, it is true that some people are more prone to disgust than others.
+The audience probably saw it when I showed them these disturbing images.
+The way we measured this was by using a scale constructed by other psychologists and simply asking people how likely they were to find them disgusting in different situations.
+Here are some examples.
+"Even if I'm hungry, I don't drink a sip of my favorite soup stirred in a used and well-washed fly swatter."
+"Do you agree or disagree?" (Laughter) "You smell urine when you're walking in a tunnel under the tracks.
+Ask enough of these and you'll get an overall score for disgust.
+It turns out that this score actually means something.
+The willingness to do safe but unpleasant behaviors such as taking people to a lab and eating chocolate that has been burnt to look like dog poop, or in this case eating perfectly healthy but rather disgusting mealworms. In fact, your score on that scale predicts whether you will actively participate in those behaviors.
+When we first set out to collect data on this and associate it with political or moral beliefs, we discovered a general pattern. This was by psychologists Yoel Inver and Paul Bloom. In fact, we found this pattern across the three studies we continued to discover. Those who reported being easily disgusted also reported they were more politically conservative.
+But to put this another way, very liberal people are very repulsive. (Laughter) More recent follow-up studies have allowed us to look at a much larger sample. In this case, which is about 30,000 US respondents, we find the same pattern. As you can see, people who are on the very conservative side of the measure of political orientation are much more likely to report themselves as being readily disgusting.
+Using this dataset, we were also able to statistically control for many things that we know are related to both political orientation and aversion.
+So we were able to control for gender, age, income, education, and even basic personality variables, and the results remained the same.
+In fact, looking not only at self-reported political orientations, but also voting behavior gave us a geographic view of the country. What we found was that McCain received more votes in areas where people reported higher levels of disgust sensitivity.
+In other words, they predicted actual voting behavior, not just self-reported political aspirations. We were also able to use this sample to ask the same question in 121 countries around the world. As you can see, this is 121 countries grouped into 10 different geographic regions.
+Everywhere you look, what this plots is the magnitude of the relationship between disgust susceptibility and political orientation, and everywhere you look you see very similar effects.
+In fact, other laboratories have also explored this using various measures of aversive sensitivity, and rather than asking people how prone they are to aversion, we asked a physiological measure, in this case skin conductance. connecting people.
+And what they've proven is that people who claim to be more politically conservative are physiologically more aroused when exposed to disturbing images like the one I showed them.
+Interestingly, in a finding that we continue to make in previous studies, they show that one of the strongest influences here is that highly disgust-sensitive individuals are more likely to be politically conservative. Not only are they likely to report that there is, but they are also strongly opposed to gay marriage, homosexuality, and many socio-moral issues in the sexual sphere.
+Therefore, in this study, physiological arousal predicted attitudes toward same-sex marriage.
+But even with all the data linking disgust and political orientation, one question that remains is what is the causal relationship here? Does disgust really shape political and moral beliefs?
+We have to resort to empirical methods to answer this. So what we can do is actually bring people into the lab, make them disgust, and compare them to a non-disgust control group. Many researchers have been found to have done this over the past five years, and the results have generally been the same. When people are disgusted, their attitudes shift to the right, more moral direction of the political spectrum. Conservatism too.
+I mean, this is from movie clips, from allusions to post-hypnotic disgust, from images like the one I showed you, whether you use foul odors or unpleasant tastes, or even disease is prevalent so be careful. Even just reminding people that they need to use it or not. And washing, yes, staying clean, all have a similar effect on judgment.
+Here's an example from our recent research. We asked participants to simply state their opinions about different social groups and then choose whether or not they would make the room smell bad.
+When the room smelled awful, what we saw was that people with more negative attitudes towards gay men were actually reporting it.
+Disgust did not affect attitudes towards all other social groups we questioned, including African Americans and the elderly. It all came down to their attitudes towards gay men.
+In another series of studies, we actually just reminded people to wash their hands to prevent the spread of the flu during the swine flu season.
+Some participants were asked to complete a questionnaire next to a sign that actually encouraged hand washing.
+And what we discovered was that individuals reported being more politically conservative just by completing a survey next to this hand sanitizer reminder.
+And when I asked them various questions about the correctness of certain actions, I found that simply reminding them to wash their hands made them more morally conservative.
+Especially when I asked them about some kind of taboo but harmless sexual activity, they were made to think it was morally wrong just to be reminded that they should wash their hands.
+Let me give you an example of what I mean by harmless but taboo sex. We gave them a scenario.
+One of them said the man was sitting at home for his grandmother.
+When his grandmother is not around, he has sex with his girlfriend on his grandmother's bed.
+In another article, a woman said she enjoyed masturbating while cuddling her favorite teddy bear next to her. (Laughter) People find these things morally abhorrent if they are reminded to wash their hands. (Laughter) (Laughter) Okay. The fact that emotions influence our judgment is not surprising. So it's part of the emotional system.
+They don't just motivate us to act a certain way, they change the way we think.
+In the case of Aversion, what is a little more surprising is its sphere of influence. It makes perfect sense that disgust leads us to change the way we perceive the physical world whenever there is a possibility of pollution, and it is a very good feeling that we have.
+It doesn't make much sense that the sentiments created to keep me from ingesting poison predict who I'll vote for in the next presidential election.
+The question of whether disgust should influence our moral and political judgments must certainly be complex, and can depend on exactly what judgments we are talking about. , as scientists, we sometimes have to conclude that the scientific method is simply a disease. You can answer questions like this.
+But one thing I'm pretty sure about is that, at the very least, what we can do with this research is show you the questions we should be asking in the first place.
+thank you. (applause)
+I was one of those kids who basically had to roll the windows down every time they got in the car.
+It was often too hot, too stuffy, too smelly, and my father wouldn't let us use the air conditioner.
+He said the engine was overheating.
+As some of you may remember how cars were back then, overheating was a common problem.
+But it was also a signal to limit the use of energy-consuming equipment, that is, overuse.
+Things have changed now. We have vehicles that carry us all over the country.
+I keep the air conditioner on all the time and it never gets overheated.
+So there are no more signals telling us to stop.
+That's amazing? Well, we have a similar problem with buildings.
+In the old days, before air conditioners became popular, the walls were thick.
+Thick walls are good insulators. Keeps the interior very cool during the summer and warm during the winter. A small window was also very good as it limited the temperature transfer between the room and the outside.
+Then, around the 1930s, the advent of flat glass, rolled steel, and mass production gave rise to floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views. This has led to an irreversible reliance on mechanical air conditioners to cool solar power. heated space.
+As time went on, buildings got taller and bigger, our engineering got better and our mechanical systems got gigantic. They require huge amounts of energy.
+Some people may understand the heat island effect in urban areas because they release a lot of heat into the atmosphere, and urban heat island effects are much warmer than adjacent rural areas. Loss of power also causes the following problems: Since the windows cannot be opened here, the building is uninhabitable and must be vacated until the air conditioning system is up and running again.
+To make matters worse, our intention to move buildings to a net zero energy state cannot be achieved simply by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.
+I'll have to look for something else, but I'm stuck in a bit of a rut.
+So what do we do here? How do you pull yourself up and dig yourself out of the hole you dug?
+Looking at biology, many of you may not know this, but I majored in biology before going into architecture. Human skin is the natural temperature regulating organ in the body, and that's great.
+It's the first line of defense.
+The skin has pores and sweat glands, all of which work together in a very dynamic and very efficient way. So what I propose is that the building skin should be more like human skin so that it can be more dynamic. , responsive and differentiated depending on location.
+And with this I am back to research.
+My first suggestion would be to look into another material palette to do that.
+I am currently working with smart materials and smart thermobimetals.
+First of all, you would call it smart because it requires no control or energy. This is very important for architecture.
+It's actually two different metals glued together.
+You can tell by the difference in the reflections on this side.
+It also has two different coefficients of expansion, so when heated, one side expands faster than the other, resulting in a curling action.
+So in our early prototypes, we created these surfaces to see how the curl reacts to temperature and allows air to ventilate in the system. Also, in other prototypes, these strips combined to create a surface that allowed greater movement to occur. It may have been heated, and this facility is now located in the Materials and Products department. Application Gallery in nearby Silver Lake. You have until August if you want to see it.
+It's called "Bloom", the surface is made entirely of thermobimetal, and the intention is to create this canopy that does two things. For one, it is a shade device that limits the amount of sunlight that passes through when the sun hits the earth's surface. And in other areas it's a ventilation system, and hot air trapped underneath can actually pass through and out. as needed.
+In this timelapse video, you can see that each tile moves independently as the sun moves across the surface, similar to shade.
+Remember, with today's digital technology, this product is made from around 14,000 parts and no two are the same. Each one is different.
+And the beauty of it is the fact that you can adjust each one very specifically for its location, sun angle, and how it actually curls.
+This kind of proof-of-concept project has many implications for practical future applications in architecture. In this case, we see a house here. It belongs to a Chinese developer and is actually a four-story glass box.
+We still have the glass box because we want to have visual access to it, but now it's covered with this thermobimetal layer and it's a screen that wraps around it, and that layer actually allows the sun to move over its surface. Can be opened and closed when moving.
+In addition to that, areas can also be screened for privacy, so they can be distinguished from some public areas in the space at different times of the day.
+And that basically means that today's homes don't need curtains, shutters or blinds anymore. This is because buildings can be covered with these and the amount of air conditioning required within the building can be controlled.
+We are also in the process of developing some architectural components for the market. Here you can see a very typical double glazed window panel. It's the double glazing between the two panes of glass in that panel. I am working on creating a thermobimetal pattern system. That way, when the sun hits its outer layer and heats the inner cavity, the thermobimetal will begin to curl. And what actually happens is that it begins to cut off the outer layer. Direct sunlight to specific areas of the building and, if desired, to the entire building.
+Therefore, even in this application, in a high-rise building where the panel system is installed from floor to floor, up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface is differentiated at different times of the day, depending on how the sun hits it. You can imagine the possibilities. Move and hit its surface.
+These are the subsequent studies I am currently working on and are on board. Shown in red in the lower right corner, this is actually a small piece of hot metal, which actually looks like this: We're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.
+This final project is also made up of components.
+As you may have noticed, one of my spheres of influence is biology - from grasshoppers.
+And grasshoppers have different types of respiratory systems.
+They breathe through holes in their flanks called spiracles, carrying air and moving through the system to cool their bodies. So in this project, I'm trying to examine how architecture can take that into consideration. Air can be taken in through holes in the side of the building.
+Here are some early studies of Block. This is where these holes actually go through. This is before the thermobimetal is applied and this is after the bimetal is applied. It's a little hard to see, but you can see the red arrow on the surface.
+The left side is cold and the thermobimetal is flat so it narrows the air passing through the block. On the right side the thermobimetal curls to allow air to pass through. So these are two different components. Because I can imagine the air could come in through the walls instead of opening the windows.
+So I'd like to leave one final thought about this project, or the use of smart materials with this kind of work.
+When you're tired of opening and closing your blinds every day, when you're on vacation with no one to turn the controls on and off on the weekends, or when a power outage has no electricity, you can trust these thermobimetals , to continue to work energetically, efficiently and endlessly. thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state. When I was six years old, I remember coming home one day to find a cart full of delicious treats on my doorstep.
+When my brothers and I were digging, my father came home.
+He was furious, and I still remember us crying when he pulled the cart full of half-eaten treats away.
+Only later did I understand why my father was so angry.
+These sweets were bribes from a contractor who was trying to get my father to win a government contract.
+My father was in charge of building roads in Bihar and was harassed and threatened, but he stood firm against corruption.
+Bihar is also India's most corrupt state, where civil servants feed their pockets instead of serving the poor who have no means of expressing their suffering when their children have no food or school. The struggle was lonely.
+And I experienced this most intuitively when I visited remote villages to research poverty.
+And I remember one day when I was going from village to village, I was so hungry and exhausted that I almost collapsed under a tree in the scorching heat. Just then one of the poorest men in the village invited me here. He came to his hut and kindly fed me.
+Only later did I realize that what he had fed me was enough food for the whole family for two days.
+This profound gift of generosity has challenged and changed my very purpose in life.
+I decided to return the favor.
+After that, I joined the World Bank. The World Bank was trying to combat such poverty by shifting aid from rich to poor countries.
+My first job was focused on Uganda, and focused on negotiating reforms to make financing available to the Uganda Ministry of Finance.
+But after disbursing the loan, I remember traveling to Uganda. There we saw new schools without textbooks and teachers, new clinics without drugs, and again poor people with no voice and no means of recourse.
+It was Bihar again.
+Bihar epitomizes the development challenge of extreme poverty amid corruption.
+In the world, 1.3 billion people live on less than $1.25 a day and the work I did in Uganda was a World War II winner, 500 Founding Fathers and 1 Lone Founding Mother. represents the traditional approach to these problems, practiced since 1944. , gathered in New Hampshire, USA to establish the Bretton Woods institutions, including the World Bank.
+And that traditional development approach had three key elements: First, the transfer of resources from rich countries in the North to poor countries in the South, with reform prescriptions.
+Second, the development agencies that funded them were opaque, with little transparency about what they funded and what they achieved.
+And third, engagement with developing countries was with a limited government elite that had little interaction with the people, the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance.
+Each of these elements is now opening up due to the dramatic changes in the global environment.
+Open knowledge, open aid and open governance, together represent three key changes transforming development, and I have great hopes for the problems I have witnessed in Uganda and Bihar. .
+The first significant change is open knowledge.
+As you know, today's developing countries do not simply accept the solutions handed down by the US, Europe and the World Bank.
+They draw inspiration, hope and practical know-how from the successful emerging economies of the South.
+They see how China lifted 500 million people out of poverty in 30 years, and how Mexico's Oportunidades program improved schooling and nutrition for millions of children. want to know if
+This is a new ecosystem of open knowledge flows, one that moves not just from north to south, but from south to south and even south to north, and today Oportunidades, Mexico. inspires New York City.
+And just as these north-to-south transfers are opening up, so too are the development agencies that have guided these transfers.
+This is the second shift, open aid.
+Recently, the World Bank opened its vault of data to the public, publishing 8,000 economic and social indicators in 200 countries over 50 years, and using this data to crowdsource innovative apps worldwide. started a fierce competition.
+Development agencies today also expose the projects they finance to public scrutiny.
+Consider geomapping. In this map of Kenya, red dots mark the location of all donor-funded schools, with darker shades of green indicating higher numbers of out-of-school children.
+This simple mashup thus reveals that donors are not funding any schools in the areas with the highest number of out-of-school children, raising new questions. Is our development assistance targeted to those who need it most?
+In this way, the World Bank currently geographically maps 30,000 project activities in 143 countries, and donors use a common platform to map all their projects.
+This is a major step forward in aid transparency and accountability.
+And this leads to the third, and in my opinion the most important change in development, open governance. Today, governments are opening their doors as citizens demand voice and accountability.
+From the Arab Spring to India's Anna Hazareth movement, mobile phones and social media have been used not only for political but also for developmental responsibility.
+Is the government serving its citizens?
+For example, some governments in Africa and Eastern Europe publish their budgets.
+But, as you know, there is a big difference between published budgets and accessible budgets.
+This is a public budget. (Laughter.) And you see, this information is not really accessible or understandable to the average citizen trying to understand how the government spends its resources.
+To tackle this problem, governments are using new tools to visualize budgets and make them easier for the public to understand.
+This map of Moldova shows districts with low school spending but good educational outcomes in green and vice versa in red.
+Tools like this help turn shelves full of cryptic documents into visuals that are generally understandable. And interestingly, with this openness, there are new opportunities today for citizens to provide feedback and engage with government.
+So in the Philippines today, parents and students can use the website Checkmyschool.org or SMS to provide real-time feedback, whether teachers or textbooks are present at school. This is the same problem I have witnessed in Uganda and Bihar.
+And the government will respond. For example, the Philippine Department of Education acted swiftly when the website reported that 800 students were at risk from school repairs stalled due to corruption.
+And, you know, what's interesting is that this innovation is now spreading south to south, from the Philippines to Indonesia to Kenya to Moldova and beyond.
+In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, even poor communities were able to use these tools to express their aspirations.
+This is what the map of Tander looks like in August 2011. Within weeks, however, college students were using mobile phones and open source platforms to dramatically map the entire community infrastructure.
+And what's really interesting is that citizens are now able to provide feedback on which health and water facilities are not working. That feedback is encapsulated in red bubbles like the one you see, a graphical visual representation of the collective voice of the poor.
+Today, even Bihar is turning and opening up under dedicated leadership to make government more transparent, accessible and responsive to the poor.
+But as you know, in many parts of the world, governments are not interested in opening up and serving the poor, and this poses a huge challenge for those who want to change the system.
+They are my father and many other lonely warriors. A key frontier of development work is helping these lone warriors work together to overcome difficulties.
+In Ghana today, for example, a coalition of brave reformers in civil society, parliament and government formed a coalition for transparent contracts in the oil sector, prompting parliamentary reformers to now investigate questionable contracts. there is
+These examples give new hope and new possibilities to the problems I witnessed in Uganda, or my father faced in Bihar.
+Two years ago on April 8, 2010, I called my father.
+It was quite late in the evening, and the 80-year-old was typing a 70-page public interest lawsuit against corruption in the highway business.
+Although he was not a lawyer, he defended the case in court the next day himself. He won the case at trial, but later that evening he fell and died.
+He fought to the end, becoming increasingly passionate that the fight against corruption and poverty required not only honest government officials, but a united voice from the public.
+These became the two bookends of his life, and the journeys he took in between reflected the changing landscape of development.
+Today, I am inspired by these changes and excited that the World Bank is embracing these new directions and is a major departure from my work in Uganda 20 years ago.
+We will fundamentally open up development, ensure that knowledge flows in many directions, inspire practitioners, aid is transparent, accountable and effective, governments are open and citizens We need to be able to engage and empower government reformers.
+We need to accelerate these changes.
+Then the collective voice of the poor will be heard in Bihar, Uganda and beyond.
+Textbooks and teachers will start appearing in schools for children.
+You will find that these children also have a real chance to escape poverty.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+Today I want to talk about two of the biggest social trends that will happen in the next century, and perhaps the next 10,000 years.
+But I would like to start with works about romantic love. Because it's my latest work.
+What my colleagues and I did was put 32 people who were madly in love into a functional MRI brain scanner.
+17 were madly in love and the love was accepted. And 15 were madly in love and had just been dumped.
+So, I would like to talk about that first, and then talk about how I think love should go.
+(Laughter) "What is love?" said Shakespeare.
+I think humans have been thinking about this question since our ancestors sat around a campfire or lay down and looked at the stars a million years ago.
+I started by examining the last 45 years of psychological research to try to understand what romantic love is. And it turns out, after all, a very special group of things that happen when you fall in love.
+The first thing that happens is that one begins to receive what I call 'special meaning'.
+A truck driver once said to me, "The world had a new center, and that center was Mary Ann."
+George Bernard Shaw said otherwise.
+"Love consists in overestimating the differences between one woman and another."
+(Laughter) And then just focus on that person.
+You can make a list of things you don't like about the other person, but put that aside and focus on what you need to do.
+As Chaucer said, "Love is blind."
+Trying to understand romantic love, I decided to read poetry from all over the world. So I would like to introduce you to one very short poem from 8th-century China. Because it's a near-perfect example of a man completely focused on love. a particular woman.
+It's like when you walk into a parking lot with a crush on someone. The person's car is different from all other cars in the parking lot.
+Wine glasses for dinner are different from other wine glasses for dinner parties.
+And in this case, a man fell in love with a bamboo sleeping mat.
+And it looks like this:
+It is the work of a man named Yuan Zhen.
+The night I brought you home, I watched you go through with it. "
+Perhaps like you and me, he was addicted to sleeping mats because of the increased dopamine activity in his brain.
+But anyway, not only does this person have special meaning, you focus your attention on him.
+you expand them.
+One Polynesian said, "I felt like jumping into the sky."
+you stay up all night you're walking till dawn
+You feel an intense euphoria when things are going well. When things go wrong, the mood turns to dreadful despair.
+Real dependence on this person.
+A businessman in New York told me: "Everything she liked, I liked too."
+Simple. Romantic love is very simple.
+Strong desire for sexual monopoly.
+You see, if I just casually sleep with someone, I don't really care if they sleep with someone else.
+However, the moment one falls in love, one becomes extremely sexually possessive of that person.
+I think this has a Darwinian purpose.
+The whole point of this method is to bond the two of you strong enough to start raising your baby as a team.
+But the main feature of romantic love is craving. That is, a strong desire to be with a particular person, not only sexually but also emotionally.
+Going to bed together is fine, but you want her to call you, ask her out, and tell her you love her.
+Another great feature is motivation.
+A motor in your brain kicks in and you want this person.
+And last but not least, it's obsession.
+Before I put these people in the MRI machine, I asked them all sorts of questions.
+But my most important question has always been the same.
+It was, "What percentage of the day and night do you think about this person?"
+And in fact they said: "All day, all night.
+And the last question, I'm not a psychologist, so I always have to think for myself about this question.
+I do not work with people in traumatic situations of any kind.
+My last question has always been the same.
+"Could you die for him or her?" I say.
+And surely these people will say yes!
+As if I asked them to pass the salt.
+I was just stunned.
+So we scanned their brains by looking at pictures of lovers and neutral pictures, with a distracting task in between.
+So we could see the same brain when it was in its exalted state and when it was in a resting state.
+And we found activity in many areas of the brain.
+In fact, one of the most important was the brain regions that activate when you feel a cocaine spike.
+And in fact, that is exactly what is happening.
+I began to realize that romantic love is not a feeling.
+In fact, I always thought it was a series of emotions from very high to very low.
+But it's actually a drive.
+It comes from the mind's motor, the mind's desire part, the mind's craving part.
+It's part of my heart when I reach for chocolate when I want to win a promotion at work.
+brain motor.
+And actually, I think it's more powerful than libido.
+Asking someone to sleep with you and being told, "No, thank you," doesn't make you suicidal or depressed.
+But certainly all over the world, those whose love is rejected kill for love.
+People live for love.
+They have songs, poems, novels, sculptures, paintings, myths and legends.
+In over 175 societies, people have left evidence of this powerful brain system.
+I have come to believe that it is one of the most powerful brain systems on earth for both great joy and great sadness.
+And I've also come to think it's one of three fundamentally different brain systems that evolved from mating and reproduction.
+One is libido, the craving for sexual gratification.
+W.H. Oden called it "an unbearable nerve itch," and it's true.
+I have some concerns, such as being hungry.
+The second of these three brain systems is romantic love, the euphoria of early love, obsession.
+And the third brain system is attachment. This is the peace and security you feel towards your long-term partner.
+And I think that libido evolved to go out in search of various partners.
+You can feel it even when you are in the car.
+I can't focus on anyone.
+I believe that romantic love evolved in such a way that it saves mating time and energy by focusing the mating energy on only one individual at a time.
+And I think the third brain system, attachment, evolved to be able to endure this human being at least long enough to raise a child together as a team.
+With that out of the way, let us discuss two of the most profound social trends.
+One in the last 10,000 years, and certainly one in the last 25 years, will affect three different brain systems: desire, romantic love, and deep attachment to a partner.
+The first is women's employment and social advancement.
+I have looked at 130 societies through the United Nations Population Yearbook.
+Everywhere in the world, 129 out of 130, women are not only entering the labor market, they are entering it, sometimes very slowly, and closing the gap between men and women. It's filling up very slowly. The economic, health and educational advantages of women.
+Very slow.
+Every trend on this planet has a counter trend.
+We all know about them, but nevertheless the Arabs say 'the dog may bark, but the caravan moves on'.
+And indeed the caravan is moving forward.
+Women are returning to the labor market.
+And I'm going back to the job market, because this is nothing new.
+For millions of years, women commuted to pick vegetables in the grasslands of Africa.
+They brought home 60-80 percent of their dinner.
+A dual-income family was the norm.
+And women were seen as economically, socially and sexually powerful just like men.
+In short, we are really moving forward into the past.
+And the woman's worst invention was the plow.
+With the beginning of plow farming, the role of men became very powerful.
+Women have lost their old jobs as collectors, but are returning to the labor market due to the industrial and post-industrial revolutions.
+In short, they are acquiring the same conditions as they were a million years ago, 10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago.
+We are witnessing one of the most remarkable traditions in human animal history.
+And it affects.
+I usually give lectures on the influence of women in business.
+Let's say a few things and then talk about sex and love.
+There are many gender differences. Anyone who thinks men and women are the same simply has never had boys and girls.
+I don't know why they want to think men and women look alike.
+We have a lot in common, but also a lot that we don't have in common.
+We are—in the words of Ted Hughes, “I think we are like two feet. We need each other to move forward.”
+But we didn't evolve to have the same brain.
+And more and more we are discovering gender differences in the brain.
+Use couples only and then move on to sex and love.
+One of them is women's language ability.
+Women have the ability to find the right words quickly, and basic expressiveness is heightened in the middle of the menstrual cycle when estrogen levels peak.
+Even women can speak.
+They held the baby in front of their face and soothed him, scolded him, and educated him with words.
+And indeed they are becoming a very powerful force.
+Even in countries like India and Japan where women are not rapidly entering the formal employment market, women are making inroads into the world of journalism.
+And I think TV is like a global campfire.
+We sit around it and it shapes our minds.
+When I'm on TV, the producer who calls me and negotiates the story is almost always a woman.
+In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said, "To have a great writer is the same as to have another government."
+Today, 54 percent of American writers are women.
+This is one of the many characteristics of women that they bring into the job market.
+They have great interpersonal and negotiation skills.
+they are imaginative.
+We now know the brain circuits of imagination and long-term planning.
+They tend to be web thinkers.
+Because women's parts of the brain are better connected, they tend to collect more data when thinking, paring it down into more complex patterns, and see more choices and outcomes.
+They tend to be situational and holistic, what I call web thinking.
+Men tend to get rid of what they think is irrelevant, focus on what they have to do, and move in a more gradual thought pattern. This is average.
+Both are perfectly good ideas.
+You need both to move forward.
+In fact, there are many more male geniuses in the world.
+And there are more male fools in the world.
+(Laughter) When a man's brain works well, it works very well.
+And what we're really trying to do is we're moving towards a collaborative society, one where both male and female talent is understood, valued and employed.
+In reality, however, women entering the labor market have a significant impact on sex, love and family life.
+First of all, women are beginning to express their sexuality.
+It always amazes me when people come to me and say, "Why do men cheat so much?"
+“Why do you think men cheat more than women?”
+“No, men are the ones who have affairs!”
+(Laughter) And - basic math!
+anyway.
+In the Western world, women start having sex earlier, have more partners, express less remorse for their partners, marry later, have fewer children, and leave bad marriages in order to have a good one. increase.
+We are witnessing the rise of female sexual expression.
+And indeed, we are once again moving toward sexual representations that were probably seen in the African steppes a million years ago. Because this is the sort of sexual expression we see in hunter-gatherer societies today.
+We are also returning to the ancient form of marriage equality.
+They now argue that the 21st century will be the century of so-called 'symmetrical marriage' or 'pure marriage' or 'sibling marriage'.
+This is a marriage between equals, moving into a pattern that is very compatible with the ancient human psyche.
+We also see a rise in romantic love.
+91% of American women and 86% of American men wouldn't marry someone who had all the qualities they wanted in a partner if they weren't in love.
+A survey of 37 societies found that people around the world want to be in love with their spouses.
+In fact, arranged marriages are breaking out of this braid of human life.
+I even think that marriages may become more stable thanks to the great current of the second world.
+The first is the advancement of women into the labor market, and the second is the aging of the world population.
+They now argue that middle age should be considered up to age 85 in America.
+Because 40 percent of the people in the tallest age group, 76 to 85, actually have no problems.
+So you can see that middle age is actually being extended.
+In one of my books, I examined divorce data for 58 societies.
+And we know that the older you get, the less likely you are to get divorced.
+So the current divorce rate in America has stabilized and is actually starting to decline.
+It may decrease a little more.
+Viagra, estrogen replacements, hip replacements, and incredibly interesting women have never been more interesting than women even think.
+Never before on earth have women been so educated, so interesting and so capable.
+So I honestly think if ever there was a time in human evolution when there was an opportunity to have a really good marriage, it's now.
+However, this always comes with some complications.
+These three brain systems—desire, romantic love, and obsession—don't always work together.
+That's why casual sex isn't so casual.
+Dopamine spikes when you reach orgasm.
+Dopamine is associated with romantic love, and you can fall in love with someone just by having casual sex.
+When you reach orgasm, oxytocin and vasopressin are released in large amounts. These are related to attachment.
+This is why, after falling in love with someone, you can feel a cosmic oneness with that person.
+However, these three brain systems of lust, romantic love and obsession are not always interconnected.
+While you may feel deep attachment to your long-term partner, you may feel intense romantic love for someone else, and you may feel sexual desire for people who are not related to the other partner.
+So we can love more than one person at once.
+In fact, you can lie in bed at night and swing from feeling deep attachment to one person to feeling deep romantic love for someone else.
+It's like there's a committee going on in your head as you're trying to decide what to do.
+So, to be honest, I don't think we are animals made to be happy. We are animals made to reproduce.
+I believe that the happiness we find is what we create.
+But I think we can have a good relationship with each other.
+I would like to conclude by saying two things.
+I would like to conclude with a troubled and wonderful story.
+My concern is about antidepressants.
+More than 100 million antidepressant prescriptions are written each year in the United States.
+And these drugs are becoming generic drugs.
+they permeate the world.
+I know a girl who has been on antidepressants, SSRIs, and serotonin-boosting antidepressants since she was 13.
+she is 23 years old. I've been doing it ever since I was 13.
+I have nothing against people who deal short term when they are going through something horrible.
+They want to commit suicide or kill someone.
+It is recommended.
+However, more and more people in the United States are taking it long-term.
+And by increasing the level of serotonin, it inhibits the dopamine circuit.
+We all know that.
+Dopamine is associated with romantic love.
+Not only does it suppress the dopamine circuit, it also kills your libido.
+And when you kill libido, the orgasm also disappears.
+And when you kill orgasm, you're killing the flood of attachment-related drugs.
+Things are connected in the brain.
+And when you tamper with one brain system, you tamper with another brain system.
+All I want to say is that a world without love is a place of death.
+So -- (applause) Thank you.
+I have been researching romantic love, sex and attachment for 30 years.
+I am an identical twin. I'm curious why we are all alike.
+Why are you and I alike, why are Iraqis, Japanese, Aboriginal Australians, and Amazon River peoples all alike?
+Then about a year ago, Internet dating service Match.com approached me and asked if I could design a new dating site.
+I said, "I know nothing about character. Do you know?"
+don't know. Do you think you are worthy? "
+They said yes.
+That's my current project. It will be my next book.
+There are many reasons to fall in love with one person over another.
+Timing matters. Proximity matters.
+Mysteries are important.
+You fall in love with someone mysterious. Mysteries can also raise dopamine levels in your brain, and you'll probably cross the threshold of falling in love.
+You fall in love with someone who fits on what I call the “love map,” a list of unconscious traits that you build as you grow up in childhood.
+I also think that we are actually attracted to certain people who have somewhat complementary brain systems.
+And that's what I'm contributing to this now.
+But for the sake of explanation, I want to talk.
+I have continued here on the biology of love.
+I wanted to show you a little bit of that culture, that magic as well.
+This is a story I heard from someone and is probably true.
+It was a graduate student. I am at Rutgers University. Art Aaron is at New York University Stony Brook.
+So we put the personnel in the MRI machine.
+And even though this grad student had a crush on another grad student, she wasn't in love with him.
+And they were all at the conference in Beijing.
+And he knows from our research that doing something very novel with someone increases dopamine in the brain and perhaps this brain system can trigger romantic love. I was.
+(Laughter.) So he decided to use science.
+And sure enough, I've never been on one, but apparently they run around buses and trucks, and they get crazy, loud and arousing.
+He thought that would release dopamine and make her fall in love with him.
+So they leave and she screams and strangles him, laughing and having a great time.
+An hour later, when they got off the rickshaw, she raised her hands and said, "It was great, wasn't it?"
+And, "Isn't that rickshaw driver handsome!"
+(Laughter) (Applause) There's magic in love!
+(Applause.) But finally, I'd like to end by saying that millions of years ago, we evolved three basic urges: libido, romantic love, and attachment to a long-term partner. .
+So long as our species survives in "this mortal coil," as Shakespeare put it, they will survive.
+thank you.
+I have only one request for you today.
+Don't tell me I'm normal
+I would like to introduce my brothers here.
+Remi is 22 years old, tall and very handsome.
+He cannot speak, but he conveys his joy in a way that a good orator cannot.
+Remi knows what love is.
+He shares it unconditionally and he shares it regardless.
+he is not greedy. He can't see the color of his skin.
+He doesn't care about religious differences. And I see this. He never lied.
+When he sings our childhood songs, trying words that even I can't remember, he reminds me of something. It's how little we know about the mind, and how wonderful the unknown must be.
+Samuel is 16 years old. he is tall he is very handsome
+He has the most perfect memory.
+However, he has a choice.
+I don't remember if he stole my chocolate bar or not, but the years of every song on my iPod, the conversations we had when I was four, and the first episode of Teletubbies when he peeed on my arm. I remember Lady Gaga's birthday.
+Incredible, don't you think?
+But most people disagree.
+And in fact, their minds do not conform to society's standards, so they are often ignored or misunderstood.
+But what lifted my heart and strengthened my soul was that even if they weren't considered normal, this meant only one thing: It means that
+The term 'autism' may not be familiar to you, but it is a complex brain disorder that affects social communication, learning and, in some cases, physical skills.
+It manifests itself differently in each person. That's why Remi is so different from Sam.
+And worldwide, one person is newly diagnosed with autism every 20 minutes, making autism one of the fastest-growing developmental disorders in the world. I don't even know the law.
+And while I can't remember the moment I first encountered autism, I can't remember a day without it either.
+I was only three years old when my brother arrived and I was so excited to have a new presence in my life.
+And after a few months, I realized he was different.
+he cried a lot
+He didn't want to play like other babies and in fact he didn't seem interested in me at all.
+Remi lives and governs her own world by her own rules, and finds joy in the little things like lining up cars around the room, staring at the washing machine, and eating anything in between. I was.
+And as he grew up, he became more different and the differences became more apparent.
+But beyond the tantrums, frustration, and endless hyperactivity, there was something truly unique. He had a pure and innocent nature, a boy who saw the world without preconceptions, a man who never lied.
+Extraordinary.
+Now I can't deny that there have been some difficult moments in my family, moments where I wished they were just like me.
+But I took my heart back to what they taught me about individuality, communication, and love, and realized that these were things I was normal and didn't want to change.
+Being ordinary misses the beauty that differences bring us. And the fact that we are different does not mean that either of us is wrong.
+That means there are other kinds of rights.
+And if there's one thing I can tell Remi, Sam, and you, it's that you don't have to be normal.
+you can be special
+Because what makes us different, autistic or not, is that we have a gift. Everyone has talent within us. To be honest, the pursuit of normalcy is the ultimate sacrifice of possibility.
+The moment we try to be like someone else, the chance for greatness, progress and change is lost.
+Please don't tell me I'm normal.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+About one million children in Europe and Central Asia live in large residential institutions, usually known as orphanages.
+When most people think of an orphanage, they imagine a calm environment where children are cared for.
+Some people are familiar with the living conditions there, but still consider it a necessary evil.
+After all, where else would you put your orphaned children?
+However, 60 years of research have shown that removing children from their families and placing them in large institutions has a profoundly negative impact on their health and development, and this is especially true for young babies.
+As you know, babies are born without fully developed muscles, including the brain.
+The brain grows to full size during the first three years of life, but most of that growth occurs during the first six months. The brain develops in response to experiences and stimuli.
+Every time a young baby learns something new (focusing eyes, mimicking a movement or facial expression, picking something up, making words, sitting, etc.), new synaptic connections are built in the brain.
+New parents are amazed at how fast they learn.
+They are understandably amazed and delighted by the cleverness of their children.
+They pass their joy on to their children. Children respond with a smile and a desire to achieve more and learn more.
+The strong attachments that form between parents and children in this way underpin physical, social, verbal, cognitive, and psychomotor development.
+It is the model for all future relationships with friends, partners, and their own children.
+We don't realize it because in most homes it happens naturally. Most of us are unaware of its importance to human development and, by extension, to the development of a healthy society.
+And only when that doesn't work do we start to realize the importance of family to our children.
+In August 1993, I had the first opportunity to see firsthand the impact of institutionalization and parental absence on children on a large scale.
+Those who remember the newspaper reports that came out of Romania after the 1989 revolution will recall the dire conditions of some of those facilities.
+I was asked to help the director of a large institution to prevent children from being separated from their families.
+This was Ceausescu's Show Orphanage, which houses 550 babies, so I've heard that the environment is better.
+Having worked with many young children, I expected the facility to be noisy, but it was quiet like a monastery.
+I couldn't quite believe there were children there, but the director led me from room to room. Each room had rows of cots, and in each room a child lay and stared into space.
+In a room with 40 newborns, no one was crying.
+Still, I could see the dirty diapers and I could see that some of the children were suffering. But the only noise was a low, sustained moan.
+“My children are very polite,” said the head nurse proudly.
+As the days passed, I began to realize that this stillness was nothing special.
+Newly hospitalized babies cried for the first few hours, but eventually learned not to care because their needs weren't met. Within days, they were listless and lethargic, staring into space like everyone else.
+Over the years, many people and news reports have accused institutional staff of harming children, often with one staff member killing 10, 20, or even 40 children. caring.
+Therefore, we have no choice but to implement an organized program.
+Children must be woken at 7am and fed at 7:30am.
+Due to the need to change diapers at the age of 8, staff may only have 30 minutes to feed 10-20 children.
+If you soil the diaper at 8:30, you will have to wait several hours before changing it again.
+The child's daily contact with other human beings is reduced to a few minutes of hasty eating and dressing, and the rest of the stimuli are ceiling, wall, or cot bars.
+Since my first visit to the Ceausescu establishment, I have seen hundreds of such locations in 18 countries, from the Czech Republic to Sudan.
+In all of these diverse lands and cultures, the institutions, and children's journeys through them, are depressingly similar.
+Lack of stimulation often leads to self-stimulatory behavior, such as hand flapping, rocking back and forth, and aggressiveness. Some facilities are used, while others have children tied up for prevention. Avoid harming yourself or others.
+These children are immediately labeled as disabled and transferred to a separate institution for disabled children.
+Most of these children never leave the institution again.
+People without disabilities are transferred to another facility at the age of 3, and to another facility at the age of 7. Segregated by age and gender, they are arbitrarily separated from their siblings and often never even given the chance to say goodbye.
+Very few are enough to eat. They are often hungry.
+Older children bully younger children. they learn to survive. They learn to defend themselves or they will collapse.
+Once they leave the institution, they find it very difficult to adapt and integrate into society.
+In Moldova, young women raised in institutions are 10 times more likely to be trafficked than other women, and a Russian study found that 20% of young people had criminal records two years after leaving institutions. 14% were found to be involved in prostitution, and 10% committed suicide.
+But if there have been no major wars or disasters in recent years, why are there so many orphans in Europe?
+In fact, more than 95 percent of these children have living parents, and while society tends to blame parents for abandoning these children, research shows that most parents want children and are in institutions. Poverty, disability and ethnicity have been found to be the main factors for admission.
+In many countries, inclusive schools are underdeveloped, so even children with very mild disabilities are sent to special boarding schools at the age of 6 or 7.
+Facilities may be hundreds of miles away from family homes.
+If the house is poor, it will be difficult to visit, and the relationship will gradually collapse.
+Behind each of the million children in institutions is the story of parents who usually feel hopeless and out of options. Like Natalia from Moldova, I had to let my baby go because I only had enough money to feed him. The eldest son goes to the facility. Or Desi in Bulgaria, who cared for four children at home until her husband died, but then had to go to work full-time and had a disabled child without any support. I felt that I had no choice but to leave it in the facility. institutions; or countless young girls who were too frightened to tell their parents that they were pregnant and left their babies in hospitals. Or a young couple who are new parents may have just learned that their first child is disabled, and instead of being given a positive message about the child's potential, doctors tell them, "Forget her, go to the facility." Leave me alone, let's go home and make something healthy."
+Such situations are neither inevitable nor unavoidable.
+Every child has the right to have a family, has the right to have a family, and needs a family. Children are amazingly resilient.
+If we release them from institutions and introduce them into loving homes early on, we find that they reverse their developmental delays and continue to live normal, happy lives.
+Also, providing support to families is much cheaper than providing it to institutions.
+One study suggests that family support services cost 10 percent of institutional care, while quality foster care typically costs about 30 percent.
+By spending less on these children and spending on the right services, the savings can be reinvested in quality residential care for a small number of children with very complex needs. .
+Across Europe, there is a move to shift focus and resources away from large institutions that provide poor quality care to community-based services that protect children from harm and enable them to reach their full potential. It has spread. Almost 20 years ago, when I first started working in Romania, there were 200,000 children living in institutions and more were being added every day.
+There are now fewer than 10,000 of them, and family support services are provided throughout the country.
+In Moldova, despite extreme poverty and the horrific impact of the global financial crisis, the number of children in institutions has fallen by more than 50 percent over the past five years, with resources being reallocated to family support services and inclusive schools. ing.
+Many countries have developed national action plans for change.
+The European Commission and other major donors are looking for ways to redirect money from educational institutions to support families and enable communities to care for their own children.
+But much more needs to be done to end the systematic institutionalization of children.
+Awareness-raising is needed at all levels of society.
+People need to know the harm institutions do to children and that better alternatives exist.
+If you know someone who is thinking of supporting an orphanage, you will need to convince them to support Family Services instead.
+This is one form of child abuse that can be eradicated in our lifetime.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+In the summer of 2016, I made a smart move. I quit my cushy job at a hedge fund to write a play about a family murder.
+(sighs) I told my friends and family that this was about art, but really, I was on a quest for spiritual vision.
+I was trying to put an end to my relationship with someone I barely knew: the child who killed my mother and my brother.
+He was my friend's younger brother, a neighborhood kid.
+He's come over a few times to raid our family's snack rack.
+In fact, my mom waved at him from the van and said, "He's having a hard time. I just want him to know I'm seeing him."
+He broke into our house a few days before Christmas looking for something he could cash.
+When he met his brother Jim sleeping on the couch, he panicked, shot him, and fled the scene.
+There he realized that he had forgotten his coat.
+By the time he returned, my mother had found Jim.
+Because he knew she recognized him, and in his words, "because she didn't stop screaming," he shot her too.
+He is currently serving a life sentence in a Southwestern Virginia prison.
+(sigh) For the next seven years, I managed not to hate him, but my grief and trauma caused something a little strange.
+He became a nonhuman to me.
+He wasn't human, he was the face of all evil.
+He was the pervert who came and ripped our house apart and threw us into some kind of Hell's version of Oz, but he wasn't a 17-year-old boy, no, I just now realized he was a 24-year-old. was a man.
+A man who grew up in solitary confinement, if at all.
+And that when I started writing my play's villain and my life, I had a name, a broken memory of my childhood, a simple court document, and nothing else to do. I noticed.
+So I went to Google, the source of all answers.
+I googled his prisoner ID number.
+That's when the Internet bastard punched me in the face.
+Two-thirds of his prison's inmates spend 23 hours a day in 8-by-10 cells with lighting slats.
+Conditions are so bad that the entire prison went on hunger strike in 2012.
+As I scrolled through case after case of human rights violations in this prison, suddenly he was human again to me.
+I remember how I flinched the first time I saw the bodies of my mother and Jim in the funeral parlor and felt the tiny destructive supernova that the bullet had created behind Jim's skull.
+My mother's face collapsed naturally.
+Not her, just bones and flesh in the black dress I bought at Coles the week before.
+It was the most painful memory for me.
+But when I imagined him, beaten, starving, crying in a dark cell, it was somehow just as painful.
+And then I realized it was because we were still connected.
+Those steel chains of trauma that hooked into my flank when he killed them are still there, and I've spent the past seven years, knowing it or not, staggering him into the mud on that tug. I kept dragging it inside.
+And although I was a little horrified to realize that he might have killed them, I decided to keep our connection.
+So after considering all the options, literally all the options at my disposal, I realized that the only way to get this guy out was to forgive him.
+It was a really disappointing conclusion.
+(Laughter) Actually, I thought I had already forgiven him.
+I told my friends that I had forgiven him. I told my family that I had forgiven him. Even the national news said, "I forgive you."
+So if forgiving someone is not the same as forgiving someone, why is this man still taking sides with me, dragging me around and making me do stupid things like quit my job to write a play? Is it?
+Even if that's exactly what society expects of us, I know it's not fake until you get forgiveness.
+So how can we forgive effectively and firmly?
+That question started another Google rabbit hole, then a theological rabbit hole, then a rabbit hole of psychiatric and medical journals, and finally, my poor husband's home. Coming home to I had a crazy wife, just walking around the apartment spewing out stats like: Did you know that there are 62 places in the Bible that contain the word 'forgive' and 27 places that contain the word 'forgive'?
+No one will tell you how! "
+(Laughter) They just say how great it is!
+It's like Nike in spiritual gifts. "Let's do it anyway!"
+(Laughter.) And here's a guy named Dr. Wayne who says, "To forgive, we have to let go and be like water."
+what do you mean?
+My husband approached me very cautiously.
+"What are you doing babe?"
+(Laughter) "I'm trying to forgive the kid who killed my family, but no one can tell me how."
+Oh, forgive me, Yelp has endless five-star historical reviews.
+Sales pitches are great, but they literally say, "How do I do that?"
+I think I asked the wrong question by starting with the "how" when what I really wanted to know was the "why".
+why forgive? Why?
+That's when I realized most of us are forgiving for the wrong reasons.
+Some victims like me are quick to forgive because it's the right thing to do.
+But if we're honest with ourselves, there are only three reasons victims automatically forgive.
+First, they think that if they forgive quickly, they will become better people.
+It's easy to get it wrong, isn't it?
+If forgiveness is good, good people should forgive quickly.
+However, as far as I have researched, I haven't really found a schedule that would give me forgiveness.
+Everyone was really desperately urging us to avoid it. Because they knew we didn't want to.
+Even Jesus is not talking about forgiveness when he talks about turning the other cheek.
+He's talking about non-violence.
+There needs to be a middle ground between putting someone on the hook right away and overseeing it thoroughly.
+Second, victims feel tremendous pressure from others to forgive.
+It can come from friends, family, the media, and mixed religious messages.
+But the truth is, everyone wants you to forgive them sooner and move on with more peace of mind.
+That's a dumb reason to do anything.
+3: I believe that forgiveness is the fastest way to healing.
+We figure that if we skip to the end of the story, we can avoid all the anger, weakness, and nasty healing crap.
+Spoiler alert: he'll come back and bite your butt.
+For me it was for all three reasons.
+I want to be a good person, I love to please others, and I hate vulnerable, angry, nasty, soothing crappy people.
+But forgiveness is such a powerful force that none of those reasons turned out to be strong enough to make it stick.
+just like love.
+If your motivation is selfish, even a good selfish one like healing, it will naturally collapse like a dying star.
+So why do it? why forgive?
+it can't heal you. It won't save you or anyone else. At least that alone doesn't make you a better person. Because forgiveness was not designed that way.
+Forgiveness is designed to set you free.
+When you say "I forgive you," what you really mean is, "I know what you did.
+It's not okay, but I recognize that you are more than that.
+I don't want us to be captives of this anymore.
+I can heal myself, so I don't need anything from you. "
+If you say it and you mean it, it's just you.
+No chains, no prisoners.
+The person's good points, bad points, and ugly points from the beginning.
+Revenge is considered free in our culture, but it's a total prison.
+All acts of violence, whether emotional or physical, are forms of this strange and distorted intimacy.
+That is why the Greeks said that the death of a good man is a good death.
+please think about it.
+Every time someone thinks of my mother and brother, they think of the fact that they aren't here, and then they think of the kid who did this.
+That one act of violence actually tied the three of them together forever in people's hearts.
+When we choose revenge, we actually sign a blood oath to chain our story to our enemies for the rest of the time.
+Forgiveness is the only way to freedom.
+But in order to be free, you have to be very specific about what you are allowing because you cannot allow what has not happened to you.
+As I continued my research, I came across this idea of ​​Judaism and was deeply moved.
+In Judaism, the murderer is not killed, so the family cannot forgive the murderer.
+They can only forgive the pain, suffering and grief caused by the loss.
+This was a total jackpot moment for me.
+I had to compartmentalize my damage. It wasn't what happened to my mom and Jim, what happened to my family, what happened to society, what happened to me.
+This is why justice often feels so cold to victims.
+It is the business of justice to assess what is owed.
+And it is the job of the criminal justice system to assess what it owes to society.
+not to the victim.
+It's up to us individually to really clarify what we owe.
+I can't forgive my father for beating my mother.
+You can only forgive him for how sad, alienated, and angry you felt.
+I couldn't forgive him for killing Mom and Jim.
+I'm still here
+I had to assess my damage.
+A wedding without two people.
+A part of me that my husband and children will never understand unless they know me.
+My life was supposed to start at 22, but he broke it.
+The sense of security and belonging that I originally have doesn't seem to come back, to be honest.
+Those are my losses.
+Most of us avoid forgiveness like the plague because we don't want our scars to be seen.
+Scars are so scary, uncomfortable, and disgusting that most people turn away from donating blood.
+It's much easier to take all that emotion and turn it into anger at another person.
+To be honest, I say, “Go for it.”
+(Laughter) You thought this was about forgiveness, right?
+This is an important part of the process.
+Anger is important. It is fire that burns our wounds and heals our scars.
+If you get too angry, you will certainly get third degree burns.
+Without a little heat, you won't be scarred and you won't know exactly what happened to you.
+If you don't know what happened to you, you don't know what you're forgiving.
+But once you realize what happened to you, it's time to ask for some good old fashioned justice.
+Sorry, I married a Texan.
+(Laughter.) What then do I owe in the name of justice?
+apology? explanation?
+A front row seat in the torture chamber?
+Perhaps, but not the last part, you may have those obligations in general.
+Nine out of ten, if you ask for such things, you will get them.
+This is why forgiveness is not the right thing to do in most situations.
+Forgiveness is appropriate only when it costs too much to wait for what we owe.
+Over the years, with that man chained to my side, I've accomplished a lot.
+I went to graduate school, married an amazing man, and started a career that I absolutely love.
+But I did it a little more slowly, and I didn't just drag him, I dragged my mother and brother in the process, twisting those three together in those chains.
+Soon those little buddies started pushing me out of my body and my experience.
+And one day, losing myself to punish him and keep them both alive felt like an unbearably high price to pay.
+It was at that crossroads that I realized what had happened to me.
+I knew what I owed and decided that choosing for myself was more important than being right.
+Then I was ready to forgive.
+So I left Google and wrote him a letter without further questions.
+In fact, I tore an unused page out of my mother's diary.
+I told him that what happened on December 19th, 2008 was not good and probably will never be okay for both of us.
+But just because it wasn't good didn't mean he owed me anything. No apology, no explanation, no his role as my villain.
+I told him I didn't want to be reduced to one thing that happened to me one day.
+I wanted to be more and more perfect, but if I looked at another person and reduced it to one thing that person did one day, and made evil the sum of its parts. , I didn't think it could be done.
+I told him that I wanted him to live a life of healing and that I would forgive him.
+Then without a second thought I dropped the letter into the mailbox on the corner of Flatbush Road and Church.
+In the first 10 steps there was a lightness of being, but then that lightness started to feel wobbly in my stomach as I hit the mental tripwire.
+My chest unraveled and burst, and suddenly I was alone.
+I mean, really lonely, gave birth to a stranger, and said hello to a girl I hadn't spoken to in seven years.
+(sighs) I miss him sometimes.
+(laughs) It's not him, it's a monster I made.
+Things were much more grim and white-on-white, but when fighting villains, things became much simpler and more relatable.
+Mama and Jim were never far apart as long as he was by his side.
+They were the characters waiting in the wings outside the stage and the rest of us were talking about them on stage.
+But my story was always about those three.
+In order to be free, I had to clarify exactly what contract I was breaking.
+Once I did that, I found myself alone, center stage, in the spotlight, with endless possibilities.
+True forgiveness must let go of all expectations.
+You cannot expect consistent results.
+You can't even expect to know who you will be on the other side.
+Forgiveness is really hard.
+It's one of those tools that is only used properly when you've recovered enough that you have nothing left to lose.
+If you're still bleeding with pain, it's too early to forgive.
+Even if you roll up your sleeves to show your scars and can't tell exactly what happened to you, it's too early to forgive.
+But it's never too late to let go of the bad guys and pick yourself back up.
+And if you are ready to let go of all your sorrow, pain, anger, trauma, and are open to knowing who you are instead of constantly trying to prove yourself, I have to be honest with you - all this forgiveness hype is legit!
+(Laughs) 5 out of 10 highly recommended.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+good morning. So magic is a great way to stay ahead of reality and enable today what science can achieve tomorrow.
+As a cybermagician, I combine elements of fantasy and science to give you a feel for how future technologies will be experienced.
+You've probably heard of Google's Project Glass.
+New technology. As you look through them, the world you see is augmented with data: the names of places, monuments, buildings, and even some strangers you pass on the road.
+These are my optical illusion glasses.
+It's a little big. They are prototypes.
+And when you look through them, you get a glimpse into the mind of a cyber illusionist.
+Tell me what you mean
+All you need is a deck of cards. It doesn't matter which card.
+like this. And mark it so you can recognize it when you see it again.
+have understood. A very important mark.
+Put it back around the middle of the deck and let's get started.
+(music) Voice: System ready. I am getting the image.
+Marco Tempest: For those who don't play cards, playing cards consist of four different suits (hearts, clubs, diamonds and spades).
+Cards are one of the oldest symbols and have been interpreted in many ways.
+Now, some say that the four suits represent the four seasons.
+There are spring, summer and autumn. Voice: My favorite season is winter. MT: Well, me too.
+Winter is magical. It's a time of change when warmth turns to cold, water turns to snow, and everything disappears.
+Each suit has 13 cards. (music) Audio: Each card represents a phase of the 13 lunar cycles.
+MT: So this is low tide, this is high tide, and the moon is in the middle.
+Voice: The moon is one of the most powerful symbols of magic.
+MT: Playing cards come in two colors.
+It has red and black colors and represents the constant change from day to night.
+Voice: Marco, I didn't know you could do that. (laughter) MT: Is it a coincidence that there are 52 cards in a deck of cards in the same way that there are 52 weeks in a year?
+(music) Speech: If you add up all the points on the playing cards, the result is 365.
+MT: Ah, 365, the number of days in a year, the number of days between each birthday.
+make a wish. (blows) Voice: Don't say it or it won't come true.
+MT: Actually, I got my first deck of cards on my sixth birthday. Since that day, I have traveled the world performing magic for boys and girls, men and women, husbands and families. wives, and even kings and queens. (Applause) VOICE: So who is this? MT: Oh, mischievous children. clock.
+get up
+Joker: Whoa. MT: Are you ready to party?
+Joker: Ready! MT: Let's see what you have.
+Joker: Hold out the pogo stick. MT: Oh. take care.
+Joker: Whoa, whoa, whoa! (music) MT: But today we're playing to a different kind of audience.
+I'm performing for you
+Voice: Signed card detected. MT: Well, sometimes people ask me how to become a magician. Do you work from 9 to 5?
+of course not! You have to practice 24/7.
+It doesn't literally mean 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
+24/7 is a bit of an exaggeration, but it takes practice. Now, magic, some would say, must be the work of an evil supernatural force. (laughter) (applause) (music) Whoa.
+Well, to this one, I'll just say no.
+Actually, it's "nein nein" in German. (Laughter) Magic isn't that powerful. However, if you ever play with someone who deals cards like this, don't play for the money.
+(music) Voice: How come? That's a very good move.
+The odds of winning are 4,165 to 1.
+MT: Yes, but I think my hand is better. We exceeded expectations.
+Voice: I think I got your birthday wishes. MT: So actually I was left with the last and most important card. It's a card with this very important mark.
+And it's unlike anything you've seen before, virtual or not. Voice: Signed card detected.
+Digital MT: This is definitely the real deal.
+MT: Bye-bye. (music) Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+I was one of the only kids in college with a reason to go to a PO Box. Mainly because my mother didn't believe in emails, Facebook, text messages and mobile phones in general.
+So while the other kids were BBMing their parents, I was literally waiting by the mailbox for a letter from home to see how the weekend went. It was a little frustrating when my grandma was in the hospital, but I was just looking at some kind of graffiti, sloppy cursive that my mom gave me.
+So when I moved to New York City after college and was completely beaten across the face with depression, I did the only thing that came to my mind at the time.
+I wrote the same kind of letters my mother wrote to strangers and hid dozens of them all over the city. I left them in cafes, libraries, the United Nations, everywhere.
+I blogged about those letters and the days I needed them and made some kind of crazy promise to the internet. It was that if a handwritten letter was requested, I would write a letter without question.
+Overnight, my inbox turned into this port of heartbreak—a single mother in Sacramento, a bullied girl in rural Kansas who barely knew how to order her own coffee. She asked me, a young girl, to write a letter. Send them love letters and give them a reason to wait in the mailbox.
+Well, today I am energized by going to the mailbox and energized by the way that I am leveraging social media like never before to write and mail a letter to a stranger when they need it most. Driving the organization, but most of all energized. With mailboxes like this, my trusty mailbox is filled with the scripts of ordinary people. Strangers write to other strangers not to meet and have coffee and laugh, but because they found the letter.
+But what always bothers me about these letters is that most of them were written on paper by people who never knew they were loved.
+They couldn't talk about the ink in their love letters.
+They are my generation, the generation that grew up in a world where everything is paperless and some of the best conversations take place on screen.
+We learned to keep a Facebook journal of our pain and speak quickly in 140 characters or less.
+But what if efficiency doesn't matter this time?
+Yesterday, I was on the subway with this mailbox, and it started a conversation.
+Carry one with you if you need one. (Laughter) Then a man looked at me and said, "Well, why don't you use the Internet?"
+And I thought, "Well, I'm not a strategist or an expert. I'm just a storyteller."
+So I'd like to tell you the story of a woman whose husband had just returned from Afghanistan, and who had a hard time mining conversation, shoving love letters around the house as a way to say "come back." is. myself.
+find me when you can "
+Or a girl who decides to leave love letters around her campus in Dubuque, Iowa, but when she goes out to her quad the next day, she finds love letters hanging in the trees and realizes that her efforts have paid off. . Bushes and benches.
+Or a man who has decided to take his own life uses Facebook as a way to say goodbye to friends and family.
+Well, tonight he sleeps safely with a bundle of letters like this hidden under his pillow.
+These stories convinced me that I would never again have to pull back her hair and talk about efficiency in writing letters. Because she is now an art form, and every part of her is art: signatures, scripts, mailings. Graffiti in the margin.
+Even if someone just sits down and pulls out a piece of paper and thinks about someone from beginning to end, it's much harder to reveal their intentions when their browser is up and their iPhone is ringing. Six conversations take place at once. It's an art form that doesn't fall into Goliath's "get fast" no matter how many social networks you join.
+We still hold this letter to our hearts, and when we turn the page into a palette to say to our sisters and brothers and brothers, words that speak louder than loud, even to strangers, for a long time.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+So I want to talk a little bit about seeing the world from a totally unique perspective. This world I am talking about is a micro world.
+After years of doing this, I realized that behind reality there is a magical world.
+It can be seen directly through a microscope. I will show you some of them today.
+So let's take a look at something not so small, visible to the naked eye, and that's from the bee. So when you look at this bee, it's about this size here, about a centimeter.
+But to really see the details of the bee and really understand what it is, we need to look a little closer.
+This is a microscope view of a bee's eye, but all of a sudden, the bee has thousands of individual eyes called ommatidia, and they actually have sensory hairs in their eyes that let them know when they're awake. You can. It's close to something because you can't see it in stereo.
+It's getting smaller and smaller, but here's a human hair.
+Human hair is the smallest visible thing.
+About 1/10th of a millimeter.
+When it gets even smaller, the cells are about 1/10th that size.
+This means that 10 human cells can fit in the diameter of a human hair.
+When looking at cells, what really got me into biology and science was looking at living cells under a microscope.
+When I first saw a living cell under a microscope, I was completely fascinated and amazed by what it looked like.
+So when you look at the cells from the immune system's point of view, they're really moving all over the place.
+These cells are looking for foreign substances, bacteria, etc.
+Then, when it looks around, sees something, and recognizes it as foreign, it actually swallows it and eats it.
+So, if you look closely there, you'll find tiny bacteria, which you'll swallow and eat.
+If you take a heart cell from an animal and put it in a dish, it just sits there and beats.
+that is their job. Every cell has a life mission and the mission of these cells is to move blood around the body.
+These next cells are nerve cells and now our brain and nerve cells are actually doing this when we are seeing and understanding what we are seeing. It's not just static. They move around making new connections and that's what happens when we learn.
+If you go even further down this scale here, it's microns or micrometers, but so far it's down to nanometers and angstroms. Now, an Angstrom is the size of the diameter of a hydrogen atom.
+It's that small.
+And the microscopes we have today can actually see individual atoms. These are pictures of individual atoms. Each bump here is an individual atom.
+This is a ring of cobalt atoms.
+So this whole world, the nano-world, this realm here is called the nano-world, and the nano-world, the whole micro-world that we see, there is the nano-world wrapped in it, and the whole -And it is the world of molecules and atoms.
+But I want to talk about this larger world, the micro world.
+So if you were a tiny little bug living in a flower, what would the flower look like if it were this big?
+It bears no resemblance to what we see when we look at flowers. If you look at this flower here and you're a little bug, if you're on the surface of the flower, that's what the terrain looks like.
+The flower petals look like that, so it feels like ants are crawling over these objects. If you look a little more closely at this stigma and stamens, you will notice that this is the style of the flower, with the following characteristics: These little things, called spurs, are like little jelly-like things. These are honey spurs.
+So this little ant crawling here is like being in a little Willy Wonka country.
+It's like a little Disneyland for them. It's not what we see.
+These are tiny individual grains of pollen scattered about, which look like one tiny yellow dot under a microscope, but are actually made up of thousands of tiny pollen grains. .
+For example, when you see bees flying around these tiny plants, they are collecting pollen. They stuff the pollen grains they collect into their feet and bring them back to the nest. That's the reason. Honeycomb, wax in the honeycomb. And they also collect nectar, which makes the honey we eat.
+This is a close-up photo of a water hyacinth. It's actually a normal picture of a water hyacinth. If you have really good eyesight, you should be able to see it with the naked eye.
+It has stamens and pistils. But see what the stamens and pistils look like under a microscope. That's the stamen.
+There are thousands of tiny pollen grains in it, and there are pistils on them, and these are little things called trichomes. And that's what gives flowers their scent, and plants actually communicate with each other through scent.
+I really want to talk about plain, plain sand.
+I first became interested in sand about 10 years ago when I saw it for the first time on Maui.
+In other words, the size of sand is about 1/10 of a millimeter.
+Each grain of sand is about 1/10th of a millimeter in size.
+But take a closer look at this and see what's there.
+It's really amazing. There is a microshell there.
+Something like coral.
+There are other shell fragments. I have an olivine.
+It is part of a volcano. There is a small volcano there. I have tubeworms.
+There are many wonders in the sand.
+The reason is that in places like this island, a lot of sand is made up of biological material. Because coral reefs provide a place for all these microscopic and macroscopic animals to grow, and when they die, their shells and their animals are removed. Teeth and bones are crushed to produce substances such as grains of sand and coral.
+For example, here is a photo of Maui sand.
+Although this is a Lahaina one, when we walk along the beach we are actually walking along millions of years of biological and geological history.
+We don't realize it, but it's actually a record of its entire biology.
+Here, for example, cancellous bone fragments, two pieces of coral here. This is the spine of a sea urchin. It's just really great.
+So when I first saw this, I thought, oh, this is like a little treasure trove.
+I couldn't believe it and dissected a small piece and took a picture.
+Most sand in our world looks like this.
+These are quartz and feldspar, and most of the sands of the continental world are made of quartz and feldspar. Granite erosion.
+This is how mountains are built, eroded by water, rain, ice, etc., and turned into grains of sand.
+There are also more colorful sands.
+These are sands near the Great Lakes that are found to be rich in all sorts of amazing minerals, including pink garnets and green epidote. If you look at different places, all beaches, different sands in all places, look at the sand, no. This one is from Big Sur and it's like a little gem.
+There are places in Africa where gem mining takes place, and when you go to a sandy beach where river sand flows into the sea, you literally feel like you're looking at tiny gems through a microscope.
+Therefore, each grain of sand is unique. All beaches are different.
+Each grain is different. No two grains of sand in the world are the same.
+Every grain of sand comes somewhere and leaves somewhere.
+They are like snapshots in time.
+Sand is now not only found on Earth, it is ubiquitous throughout the universe. In fact, outer space is filled with sand, and that sand is made up of planets and moons.
+And you can see them even in micrometeorites.
+This is a micrometeorite given to me by the Army, taken from a watering hole in Antarctica.
+And they look so amazing, these are the little building blocks that make up the world we live in: the planets and the moon.
+So NASA wanted me to photograph lunar sand and sent me sand from various Apollo landings 40 years ago.
+And I started taking pictures with a 3D microscope.
+This was the first photo I took. It was amazing.
+I thought it looked a bit like the moon, which is kind of interesting.
+Now, the way my microscope works is that you usually see very little in a microscope at once, so all you have to do is refocus the microscope and keep taking pictures, and I'm all I have a computer program that displays these pictures in one picture so you can see what they look like in real life. Do it in 3D. As you can see, there is a view from the left eye. There is also a right eye view.
+So it's like a view for the left eye and a view for the right eye.
+Now, here's something interesting. This looks a lot different than any sand I've ever seen on Earth, and I've seen a lot of sand on Earth, believe me. (Laughter) Look at this hole in the middle. The hole was created by a micrometeorite that hit the moon.
+Since the moon currently has no atmosphere, micrometeorites continue to bombard it, and the entire surface of the moon is now covered in dust. Because the Moon has been bombarded by micrometeorites for 4 billion years. Evaporates on contact within 1 hour.
+Here we see that it is a kind of vaporization, the material holding small clumps of small grains of sand.
+This is a very small grain of sand, this whole thing.
+And it is called cyclic aggregate.
+Many grains of sand on the moon look like that, but they can never be found on Earth.
+Especially the majority of lunar sand, if you look at the moon, you can see that there are dark and light parts. Dark areas are lava flows. These are basaltic lava flows and this sand looks like it and is very similar to the sand found at Haleakala.
+Other sand evaporates and creates these fountains when these micrometeorites come in. These microscopic fountains rise into the air -- you tried to say "in the air" but there is no air. - sort of ascends And these tiny glass beads instantly form, harden, and by the time they fall to the moon's surface, they become these beautiful colored glass globules.
+And these are actually microscopic. You need a microscope to see them.
+Here's a grain of sand from the Moon, but you can see that the entire crystal structure is still there.
+This grain of sand is probably 3.5 or 4 billion years old and does not erode, just like sand on Earth is eroded by water, tumbling, air, and so on. Only a little erosion from the sun is visible here. There are solar storms, which are erosion caused by solar radiation.
+What I wanted to say today is that something as mundane as a grain of sand can become truly extraordinary if you take a closer look and look at it from a different and new perspective.
+This is best attributed to William Blake's words, "To see the world in a grain of sand, and heaven in a wildflower, hold infinity in the palm of your hand and eternity in an hour." I think you got it right.
+thank you. (applause)
+What I want you to do now is think about this mammal I'm about to explain.
+The first thing I would like to say about this mammal is that it is essential for the proper functioning of our ecosystem.
+If we remove these mammals from our ecosystem, they will cease to function at all.
+That's number one.
+Second, the unique sensory abilities of this mammal mean that studying it can provide great insight into sensory disorders such as blindness and deafness.
+And a third very interesting aspect of this mammal is that I fully believe the secret of eternal youth lies deep within its DNA.
+So what do you think?
+It's a wonderful creature.
+Who came up with bats here?
+Oh, it turns out half the audience agrees with me. I have a lot of work to do to convince the rest of the audience.
+So I have had the good fortune to study these fascinating and beautiful mammals for the last 20 years.
+One-fifth of all modern mammals are bats, and they have a very unique attribute.
+Bats as we know them have been on Earth for about 64 million years.
+One of the most unique things bats do as mammals is fly.
+Now, flying is inherently difficult.
+Flight in vertebrates has evolved only three times: once in bats, once in birds, and once in pterodactyls.
+For airplanes, the metabolic cost is very high.
+Bats have learned and evolved how to deal with this.
+But another very unique thing about bats is that they can use sound to perceive their environment. They use echolocation.
+Now, what does echolocation mean? They emit sounds from the larynx through the mouth or nose. These sound waves come out, reflect and reverberate off of surrounding objects, and bats hear these echoes and convert this information into acoustic images.
+And this allows them to orient themselves in complete darkness.
+Indeed they look very strange. we are human
+We are a visual race. When scientists first realized that bats actually use sound to fly, navigate, and navigate at night, we didn't believe it.
+For 100 years, we didn't believe it, even though there was evidence that this was what they were doing.
+Now, when you look at this bat, it looks a little foreign.
+In fact, the very famous philosopher Thomas Nagel once said: "To truly experience extraterrestrial life on Earth, you should be confined to a room in total darkness with echolocating flying bats."
+And if you look at the actual physical features on the face of this beautiful horseshoe bat, you'll see that many of these features are used to make and perceive sound.
+Very big ears, strange nose lobes, but tiny little eyes.
+Again, if you look at this bat, you can see that sound is very important for survival.
+Most bats look the same as before.
+However, some groups do not use echolocation.
+Fruit bats do not use sound to perceive their environment.
+If you're lucky enough to come to Australia, you've seen them emerge from the botanical gardens of Sydney. If you look closely at their faces, you can see that they have much larger eyes and much smaller ears.
+Thus, there is great variability in the ability to use sensory perception between and within bat individuals.
+This will be important for what I will say later during the talk.
+Now, I know that the thought of bats in the bell tower scares you and some people feel a little sick at the very large image of bats, but that's probably not all that surprising. Because bats are demonized here in Western culture.
+Of course, the famous book Dracula, written by fellow Northside Dublin native Bram Stoker, is probably largely responsible for this.
+But I think it also has something to do with the fact that bats come out at night, which we don't really understand. We are a little intimidated by things that can perceive the world a little differently than we do.
+Bats are usually synonymous with some sort of evil event.
+They are the perpetrators of horror movies such as this famous "Nightwing".
+Also, come to think of it, demons always have bat wings, while birds usually have angel wings.
+Now, this is Western society, and what I want to do tonight is to help you understand traditional Chinese culture. They recognize bats as creatures that bring good luck, and in fact, bats may appear when you enter a Chinese house. image like this.
+This is called five good luck.
+The Chinese word "bat" is similar to the Chinese word "happiness" and they believe bats bring wealth, health, longevity, virtue and tranquility.
+And indeed, this image depicts a longevity surrounded by five bats.
+And what I want to do tonight is talk to you guys and see that at least three of these blessings are definitely represented by bats, and if you study bats, you get each of these blessings. to show that it will approach
+So wealth, how do bats bring us wealth?
+Now, as I said before, bats are essential to the proper functioning of our ecosystem. And why is this?
+Bats, which live in the tropics, are the primary pollinators of many plants.
+They also eat fruits and disperse the seeds of those fruits. Bats pollinate tequila factories, a multi-million dollar industry in Mexico. So, certainly, we need them for our ecosystem to function properly.
+Without them it would be a problem.
+However, most bats are voracious insect predators.
+In the United States, in small colonies of large brown bats, they are estimated to eat more than one million insects a year, and in the United States bats are now threatened with a disease known as white-nosed. syndrome.
+It has slowly progressed across the United States, wiping out bat populations, and scientists estimate that bat declines are now leaving 1,300 tons of insects in ecosystems annually.
+Bats are also threatened in the United States.
+By the fascination with wind farms. Again, bats are having a bit of a problem right now.
+They will -- they are highly threatened in the United States alone.
+Now how does this help us?
+Well, if we leave bats out of the equation, it's calculated that we need to use pesticides to get rid of all the crop-eating pests.
+And getting rid of bats is estimated to cost the United States alone $22 billion a year. So bats do bring us wealth.
+They maintain the health of our ecosystem and also save us money.
+Again, that is the first blessing. Bats are important to our ecosystem.
+what about the second? What about your health?
+Every cell in your body has your genome.
+Your genome is made up of DNA, which encodes the proteins that allow you to function, interact, and be yourself.
+New advances in modern molecular technology have allowed us to sequence our own genomes very quickly and at very low cost.
+While doing this, I discovered that there were mutations within the genome.
+So I want you to look at the person next to you.
+Just take a look And what we need to realize is that every 300 base pairs of DNA makes a person a little different.
+And one of the current major challenges in modern molecular medicine is figuring out whether this change makes people more susceptible to disease or whether it simply changes them.
+Again, what do you mean here? What does this change mean in practice? must be distinguishable. So how do we do this?
+Well, I think we're just watching nature's experiments.
+Thus, through natural selection, mutations and changes that disrupt protein function become less tolerable over time.
+Evolution acts as a sieve. Sift out bad variations.
+Thus, observing the same regions of the genomes of many mammals that are both evolutionarily distant from each other and ecologically divergent may allow us to better understand what the evolutionary pre-structure of the site is. Become. The importance of mammalian function and its survival is the same across all different lineages, species and taxa.
+So if we do this, all we need to do is sequence that region in all these different mammals and see if it's the same. Therefore, if it is the same, it indicates that the site is important for function, and therefore the disease mutation should lie within that site.
+In this case, if all mammals we examined have a yellow-type genome at that site, it probably suggests that purple is bad.
+This can be even more powerful when we look at mammals, which behave in a slightly different way.
+For example, the region of the genome I was looking at was important for vision.
+If you look at that area in mammals with poor vision, such as bats, and find that the bats with poor vision are of the purple type, you know that this is probably the cause of the disease.
+So my lab has been looking at two different types of sensory disorders in bats.
+We are looking into blindness. So why do we do this?
+314 million people are visually impaired, of which 45 million are visually impaired. Blindness is therefore a major problem, and since many of these blinding disorders result from genetic diseases, we would like to better understand which mutations in genes cause this disease.
+Also check for hearing loss. One in 1,000 newborns is deaf, and by the age of 80, more than half will be deaf.
+Again, there are many underlying genetic causes for this.
+What we've been working on in my lab is we've been studying bats, these unique sensory experts, and we've been studying the genes that, when defective, cause blindness, and when defective, cause deafness. . Predict which body parts are most likely to cause disease.
+Bats are therefore also important to our health as they allow us to better understand how our genome works.
+This is where we are now, but what about the future?
+What about longevity?
+This is where we want to go, but as I said before, I truly believe that the secret to eternal youth lies in the bat genome.
+So why should we care about aging in the first place?
+Well, actually, this is a painting from the Fountain of Youth in the 1500s. Aging is considered to be one of the best-known but least-understood aspects of biology, and indeed, since the dawn of civilization, humans have tried to avoid aging.
+But we need to understand it a little better.
+In Europe alone, the number of people aged 65 and over is expected to grow by 70 percent by 2050, and the number of people aged 80 and over is expected to grow by 170 percent.
+We age as we age, and this aging causes problems in society, so we have to deal with it.
+So how does the secret to eternal youth actually lie in the bat's genome? Anyone want to guess how long this bat can live?
+Who raised their hand and said two years?
+nobody? one? About 10 years?
+Several? what about 30?
+what about 40? Well, it's different reactions.
+This bat is Myotis brantii. It is the longest living bat among bats.
+This bat can live up to 42 years and is still alive in the wild.
+But what's so great about this?
+In mammals, there is usually a relationship between body size, metabolic rate, and longevity, and we can predict how long a mammal will live for its body size.
+Therefore, small mammals usually live early and die young.
+Think of your mouse. But bats are very different.
+These are all other mammals, as shown in blue in this graph, but bats can live up to nine times longer than expected despite having a very high metabolic rate. The question is, how can we do that?
+There are 19 mammal species that outlive humans for their size, 18 of which are bats.
+So they must have something in their DNA that can deal with metabolic stress, especially flight stress. They expend three times more energy than mammals of the same size, yet they do not seem to suffer the effects or effects of it.
+So now my lab combines cutting-edge bat field biology to capture long-lived bats with the latest molecular techniques to better understand what it is. It means they are doing the same to stop aging as we are.
+And hopefully within the next five years, I'd like to do a TEDTalk about it.
+Aging is a major problem for humans, and I believe that studying bats will help us elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which mammals can achieve extraordinary longevity. If we can figure out what they are doing, perhaps through gene therapy, we will be able to do the same.
+Potentially, this means that aging can be stopped or even reversed.
+Imagine what it would be like.
+So, really, I think we should not think of them as flying demons of the night, but rather as superheroes.
+And the reality is that bats do us a lot of good, just by observing them in the right places. They are beneficial to our ecosystem, allow us to understand how the genome works, and may hold the secret to eternal youth.
+So when you leave here tonight and look up at the night sky and see these beautiful flying mammals, smile. thank you. (applause)
+I think the beautiful Malin [Ackermann] captured that perfectly.
+Every man should be given the opportunity to indulge in a little luxury.
+Ladies and gentlemen, and more importantly, Moe Brothers and Moe Sisters — (laughter) — I will spend the next 17 minutes revisiting my Movember journey and how we are rededicating our philanthropic efforts through that journey. I'll tell you what I defined. I am redefining how prostate cancer researchers work together around the world. Through that process, I hope you will be inspired to create something meaningful in your life, something important that will continue to make this world a better place.
+So the question I get asked often, I'm going to try to answer it now so you don't have to ask me over a drink tonight, how did this happen?
+How did Movember get started?
+Well, philanthropy usually starts with a cause, and there are people directly affected by the cause.
+Then create an event, and then create a foundation to support it.
+In most cases, that's where philanthropy begins.
+Not so with Movember. Movember started in a very traditional Australian way. It was Sunday afternoon.
+I had a few beers with my brother and a friend, watched the world go by, had a few more beers, and the conversation turned to '70s fashion — (laughs). — and talked about how it all came back in style. .
+And over a few more beers, I said, 'There must be some that don't come back'. (Laughter) Then you had another beer and what happened to that mustache?
+Why is it not revived? (Laughter) So I had some more beer and ended the day with the challenge of getting my mustache back. (Laughter) So we renamed November "Movember" because "mo" is slang for mustache in Australia, and made some pretty basic rules. This is still valid.
+And that is, we agreed to shave the moon clean, shave our beards, grow mustaches for thirty days in November, grow mustaches, beards, beards, beards, and meet at the end of the month. , throw mustache-themed parties and award prizes to the best and, of course, the worst mustaches. (Laughter) Believe me, in 2003 when I was growing a mustache, there were like 30 of us back then, and this was before the ironic hipster mustache movement -- (Laughter) -- it was Much controversial. (laughter) So my boss wouldn't let me go see the client.
+My girlfriend at the time, who isn't my girlfriend now — (laughter) — hated it.
+Parents drag their children away from us. (Laughter.) But we got together at the end of the month to celebrate the trip, it was a real trip.
+And we had so much fun that in 2004 I said to them, "It was a lot of fun. We need to justify this so we can avoid this problem every year." Inspired by being
+And we thought it would do nothing for men's health.
+why is that? Why can't you combine growing a mustache with doing something for men's health?
+So I started researching on the subject and found that prostate cancer is on par with breast cancer in terms of the number of men dying and being diagnosed with it.
+But nothing fit this purpose, so we got married with prostate cancer and growing a mustache, and then created the tagline, "Changing Men's Health."
+This speaks volumes to the challenge of changing our appearance for 30 days and the results we are trying to achieve in getting men to care about their health and have a better understanding of the health risks they face. tells the story.
+So I used that model to call the CEO of the Prostate Cancer Foundation.
+I told him "I just came up with the most amazing idea that will transform your organization." persuaded him
+And we sat down and shared with him my vision to grow mustaches for men across Australia, raise awareness of this cause, and fund his organization. And it took a partnership to do it legally.
+And I said, "Finally we're all coming together, we're going to have a mustache-themed party, we're going to have a DJ, we're going to celebrate life, and we're going to change the face of men's health."
+And he just looked at me and laughed and said, 'Adam, that's a really novel idea, but we're an ultra-conservative organization.
+We have nothing to do with you (laughter). I'd be happy to take it." (Laughter) So my lesson that year was persistence.
+And we persisted, 450 men grew mustaches, and together we raised $54,000, all of which went to the Australian Prostate Cancer Foundation. This was the largest donation they had received at the time.
+Since that day, my life has become about mustaches.
+Every day - this morning I get up and go, my life is about mustaches. (Laughter) In short, I'm a mustache farmer. (laughs) And my season is November. (Applause) (Applause) So in 2005 the campaign gained even more momentum and was even more successful in Australia, then New Zealand, and in 2006 we reached a tipping point.
+I was spending a lot of time outside of business hours on weekends, so I either closed this company or found a way to fund Movember so I could quit my job and spend more time at the organization and get to my destination. I thought I should go. next level.
+It gets very interesting when you think about how to fund a fundraising organization established with a beard. (Laughter) Let me tell you, even the Prostate Cancer Foundation, where we raised about $1.2 million at that stage, there aren't many people interested in investing in it.
+So again we persevered and Foster's Brewing came to the party and offered us our first ever sponsorship. That was enough for me to quit my job. I was a consultant on the side.
+And for Movember 2006, we used up all the money from Fosters, and all the money I had. And there was essentially no money left. And we persuaded all our suppliers, creative agencies, web, etc. Development agencies, hosting companies, etc. delay billing until December.
+So at this stage we were about $600,000 worth of debt. I mean, if Movember 2006 hadn't happened, the four founders would have been bankrupt, homeless, and sitting on the streets with mustaches. (Laughter.) But we thought, what if it goes to the worst?
+We really enjoy it and have learned the importance of taking risks and taking really wise risks.
+Then in early 2007 something really interesting happened.
+Moe Brothers in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom emailed and called us and said, "There is nothing about prostate cancer."
+Please spread this campaign to these countries.
+So we wondered why not. let's do it.
+So I called the CEO of the Prostate Cancer Society of Canada on the phone and said, "I have this most amazing concept."
+(Laughter) "It's going to change your organization. I don't want to talk about it right now, but if you fly to Toronto, can you meet me?" We met on Street East, sat in the boardroom, and said, “My vision is to have mustache-wearing men across Canada raise awareness and funding for your organization.”
+And he looked at me and laughed and said, "Adam, it sounds like a very novel idea, but we're an ultra-conservative organization." I have. i know how it happens.
+But he said, "We will partner with you, but we will not invest in it. You need to figure out how to bring this campaign here and make it successful."
+So what we did was use some of the money we raised in Australia to spread this campaign across the country, the US and the UK. I knew that if this was successful, I would be able to collect infinitely. More money around the world than you can get in Australia alone. And that money fuels research, and that research leads us to cures.
+And we aim to find a cure, not to find an Australian cure or a Canadian cure.
+So in 2007, we brought this campaign here and it set the stage for the campaign.
+It wasn't as successful as we thought it would be.
+At that stage, we were very confident of our success in Australia and New Zealand.
+So this year has taught us the importance of being patient and really understanding the local market before being bold enough to set high goals.
+But what really makes me happy is that in 2010 Movember became a truly global movement.
+Canada has just been displaced in terms of being the number one fundraiser in the world.
+Last year, we had 450,000 Mo Bros around the world and together we raised $77 million.
+(Applause.) This makes Movember now the world's largest funder of prostate cancer research and advocacy programs.
+Considering we have a mustache, this is an amazing achievement. (Laughter) And for us it redefined philanthropy.
+Our ribbon is a hairy ribbon. (laughter) Our ambassadors are the Mo Brothers and the Mo Sistas, and I think that's the cornerstone of our success.
+We communicate our brands and campaigns to such people.
+We let them accept it and interpret it in their own way.
+So now I live in Los Angeles. Because the Prostate Cancer Foundation of the United States is based there. The media there is so celebrity-driven that people always ask me, "Who are your celebrity ambassadors?"
+And I tell them, "Last year we were lucky enough to have 450,000 celebrity ambassadors."
+And they said, "What, what do you mean?"
+And it's as if every single person who attends Movember, every Mo Bro and Mo Sista, is our celebrity ambassador, which is so important and fundamental to our success.
+Now, I want to share with you one of my most moving Movember moments. It happened here in Toronto last year at the end of the campaign.
+I was out with my team. It was the end of Movember.
+We had a great campaign, and to be honest, I drank a fair amount of beer that night, but I said, (laughter) So we got into a taxi. This is the taxi driver. I was sitting in the backseat. Then he turned and said, "Where are you going?"
+And I said, "Wait a minute, that's a great mustache."
+(Laughter) And he said, "I'm doing it for Movember." And I said, "Me too." And I said, "Tell me your Movember story."
+And he said, "Listen, I know this is about men's health, I know it's about prostate cancer, but this is about breast cancer."
+And I said, "Okay, that's interesting."
+"My mother died in Sri Lanka last year from breast cancer because she couldn't afford proper treatment," he said. "This mustache is a tribute to my mother."
+And we nearly choked in the backseat of the cab, but I didn't tell him about myself. I didn't think that was appropriate, so I just shook hands and said: "thank you very much" .
+Your mom would be so proud. "
+And from that moment on, I realized that Movember was more than just a mustache and a joke.
+It's that each person comes to this platform and embraces it in their own way and is important in their own life.
+Movember is currently focused on three program areas – Awareness and Education, Survivor Assistance Programs and Research – that have real impact.
+Now, naturally, we are always focused on how much we collect. Because it is a very visible result. But for me, awareness and education are more important than the money raised. Because I know it's changing and saving lives today. A good example is the young man I met earlier this year at South by Southwest in Austin, Texas.
+He came to me and said, "Thank you for starting Movember."
+And I said, "Thank you for doing Movember."
+And I looked at him and thought, "Surely he can't grow a mustache." (Laughter) So I said, "What's your Movember story?"
+And he said, "I've grown the worst mustache ever." (Laughter) "But I got home for Thanksgiving dinner, and soon the conversation around the table was about what the heck was going on." , we talked, I talked to them about Movember, and then my father came to me and for the first time when I was 26, I had a conversation with him from morning till night. ’ One is about men’s health. After discussing prostate cancer with my father, I learned that my grandfather had prostate cancer, and I told him that he was twice as likely to get the disease and that he never got prostate cancer. could be shared. I knew that, but he hadn't taken the test. "
+So now the man is being tested for prostate cancer.
+So having these conversations, men involved in this thing, regardless of age, is very important and in my opinion much more important than the money we raise.
+Next, I'll talk about the funding and research we're raising and how we're redefining research.
+We currently fund prostate cancer foundations in 13 countries.
+We literally fund hundreds if not thousands of institutions and researchers around the world. And when I looked into this recently, I noticed a real lack of collaboration, even within institutions, let alone nationally, or globally. It is specific to prostate cancer. This is cancer research around the world.
+So we said let's redefine philanthropy. We need to redefine their ways. How do we do that?
+So what we've done is create a global action plan and donate 10 percent of the money currently raised in each country to the Global Fund. And we have the best prostate cancer science brains in the world. Managing that fund, they get together every year to identify top priorities, and last year it had better screening tests.
+So they identified it as a priority and now recruited 300 researchers from around the world working on that subject, essentially the same subject.
+So right now we're giving them about $5 million or $6 million to work together and unite. We know this is unique in the cancer world and through that collaboration, results are accelerated.
+That's how we redefine the research world.
+All I know about my Movember journey is if you have a really creative idea, passion, persistence and a lot of patience, four companions, four mustaches, a lot of people You can inspire a room, and a room full of people. You can go on and on to inspire cities, and that city is Melbourne, my home.
+And that the city can continue to inspire the state, and the state can continue to inspire the nation, and beyond that, to create a global global economy that will change the face of men's health. motion can be generated.
+My name is Adam Garrone and this is my story.
+thank you. (applause)
+So I think people want a lot of things in life, but most of all they want happiness.
+Aristotle called happiness the "principal good", the end to which all others aspire.
+According to this view, we don't want big houses, nice cars, or good jobs because they are intrinsically valuable.
+We expect them to bring us happiness.
+Over the past 50 years, we Americans have gotten much of what we wanted. we are richer
+we will live longer We have access to technology that would have seemed like science fiction just a few years ago.
+The happiness paradox is that despite the dramatic improvement in the objective conditions of our lives, we are not actually happier.
+Perhaps because these traditional notions of progress have not yielded significant benefits in terms of happiness, there has been an increasing interest in happiness itself in recent years.
+People have debated the causes of happiness for a very long time, in fact thousands of years, but many of those debates seem to remain unresolved.
+Well, I think the scientific method has the potential to answer this question, as it does in many other areas of life.
+In fact, research on happiness has exploded in recent years. For example, we've learned a lot about how demographics, income and education, gender and marriage are related.
+But one of the mysteries uncovered is that these factors don't seem to have a particularly strong impact.
+Sure, more money is better than less, and it's better to finish college than drop out, but the happiness gap tends to be small.
+The question then remains: what is the main cause of happiness?
+I think that's a question that hasn't been fully answered yet, but I think a possible answer is that perhaps happiness has a lot to do with the content of our moment-to-moment experiences. .
+Sure, we live our lives and what we do, who we are with, and what we think about seems to have a huge impact on our well-being, but these are the factors that determine our well-being. It is very difficult for scientists to study, and practically almost impossible.
+A few years ago, I came up with a way to study the moment-to-moment well-being of people in their daily lives on a global scale. This has never been possible before. The service, called trackyourhappiness.org, uses iPhones to monitor people's happiness in real time.
+How does this work? Basically, I signal people at random points throughout the day and ask a bunch of questions about their experience moment by moment in the moments just before the signal.
+The idea is to watch how people's happiness goes up and down over the course of the day, possibly minute by minute, to see how they're doing, who they're with, what they're doing. If only you could try to understand what you are doing. If we think about all the other factors that describe our day, and how they relate to changes in our happiness, we may discover some of the things that really make a big difference to our happiness. .
+We were lucky enough to collect a great deal of data for this project. This kind of data has never been collected before, with over 650,000 real-time reports from over 15,000 people.
+And it's not just a large group, it's a really diverse group, with a wide range of ages from 18 to late 80's, a wide range of incomes, education levels, married, divorced, widowed, etc.
+They collectively represent all 86 occupational categories and hail from over 80 countries.
+I'd like to spend the rest of my time with you today, but I'd like to talk a little bit about one of the daunting areas we've been exploring.
+As humans, we have the unique ability to distract our minds from the present.
+This man is sitting here working on his computer, but he may be thinking about his vacation last month and what he's going to have for dinner.
+Maybe he's worried about going bald. (Laughs) This ability to focus on things other than the present is really amazing. This allows us to learn, plan and reason in ways that other species of animals cannot.
+However, it is not clear what relationship exists between the use of this ability and well-being.
+You've probably heard people say that you should stay focused on the present. You've probably heard the phrase "come here now" hundreds of times.
+Perhaps, in order to be truly happy, you need to completely immerse yourself and stay focused on your experience in the moment.
+Maybe these people are right. Maybe wandering thoughts is a bad thing.
+On the other hand, when our mind wanders, there are no restrictions. You can't change the physical reality in front of you, but you can go anywhere in your mind.
+We know people want to be happy, so perhaps when our minds wander they go to happier places than where they left. It makes a lot of sense.
+In other words, the enjoyment of the mind may allow us to wander and increase our sense of well-being.
+Now, being a scientist, I would like to settle this debate with some data. In particular, I would like to present some data from the three questions I asked on Track Your Happiness. Remember, this comes from some kind of moment-to-moment experience in people's real lives.
+I have three questions. The first question is about happiness. "How do you feel, on a scale from very bad to very good?" The second is a question about activity. What are you doing on a list of 22 different activities that include eating, working, watching TV, etc.?
+And finally, a distraction question. Are you thinking beyond what you are currently doing?
+People can say "no", focusing only on their work, or "yes", thinking about other things. And the topic of those thoughts is pleasant, neutral, or offensive.
+Any of these “yes” responses is what we call “thought wandering.”
+So what did we find?
+This graph shows happiness on the vertical axis, and you can see that the bars on it represent how happy people are when they are focused on the present and not distracted.
+After all, when the mind wanders, people are significantly less happy than when they are not.
+Now, looking at this result, you might say, yes, people are, on average, less happy when their minds wander, but at least from something that wasn't so fun to begin with. Happiness is certainly lower when the mind is far away. Then mind wandering should do us some good.
+no. After all, distraction, no matter what you're doing, makes you feel less happy. For example, people don't really like commuting.
+It's one of the least enjoyable activities for them, but they're still much happier when they're just focusing on their commute than when they're preoccupied with other things.
+very.
+So how does this happen? Part of the reason, and a big part, is that when our minds are wandering, we often think and do unpleasant things, and when we , anxiety, regret, etc. I think it means that their sense of well-being is greatly reduced. People are much less happy when they are thinking neutrally than when they are not thinking at all.
+Even when we think about what we call joyful, we actually feel slightly less happy than when we don't think about it.
+If Mind Wandering were a slot machine, it would be like having the chance to lose $50, $20, or $1. right? You never want to play (Laughter) So I've been suggesting about this that perhaps the wandering of thought causes unhappiness, but what I've actually shown is that these two things are correlated. That's all.
+That may be true, but it is also possible that when people are unhappy, their thoughts wander.
+Maybe that's what's actually happening. How can we untangle these two possibilities?
+Now, one of the facts available to us, and one that I think you can agree with, is that time moves forward, not backwards. right? The cause must come before the effect.
+Luckily, this data has a lot of responses from each person, so I'm wondering if mindfulness tends to precede unhappiness, or unhappiness tends to precede thoughtfulness. can be observed to gain insight into the direction of causality. .
+After all, there is a strong relationship between mind wandering now and being unhappy some time later, which is consistent with the idea that mind wandering is making people unhappy.
+In contrast, there is no connection between being unhappy now and having your mind wander some time later.
+In other words, it seems very likely that the wandering mind is the actual cause of unhappiness, not just the result of it.
+A few minutes ago, I likened my thoughts to a slot machine I never wanted to play.
+Now, how often does the human mind wander?
+After all, it turns out that they wander well. In fact, there are so many.
+47% of the time, people are thinking of things other than what they are currently doing.
+How does it depend on people's behavior?
+This shows the percentage of distractions in 22 activities, ranging from 65 percent while showering or brushing teeth (laughter) to 50 percent at work and 40 percent at work. up to percent. All the way up to this short bar on the right, I'm doing some exercises, and you're probably laughing.
+Ten percent of the time people's minds wander when they're having sex. (Laughter) But there's something about this graph that I find very interesting. It basically means that no matter what you do, your mind wanders at least 30% of the time, with one exception. I think this suggests: , that conscious recollection is not only frequent, but ubiquitous.
+It permeates basically everything we do.
+In my talk today, I talked a little bit about mind wandering, a variable that I think has turned out to be pretty important in the happiness equation.
+My hope is that by tracking people's moment-to-moment happiness and their experiences in everyday life, we can uncover the many important causes of happiness over time, and ultimately find scientific ways to explain happiness. It means that you will be able to understand Help us create not only a richer, healthier, but happier future.
+thank you. (Applause) (Applause)
+Two years ago, after four years in the U.S. Marine Corps and being deployed to both Iraq and Afghanistan, I was in Port-au-Prince leading a team of veterans and medical professionals in some of the hardest-hit areas. was leading That town three days after the earthquake.
+After three weeks of going where no one wants to go, where no one can go, I realized. Veterans are very good at disaster response.
+And then when I got home, my co-founder and I looked at it and said there were two problems.
+The first problem is the inadequate disaster response.
+It's late, isn't it? It's outdated. We're not using the best technology, we're not using the best people.
+The second problem we identified was that veterans are being reinstated very poorly. This is a front page story as veterans return from Iraq and Afghanistan and struggle to reintegrate into civilian life.
+And so we sat here looking at these two issues and finally realized something. These don't matter.
+These are actually solutions. What does that mean?
+Well, you can use disaster response as an opportunity to serve returning veterans.
+A recent survey found that 92% of veterans want to continue serving after leaving their uniforms.
+And we can also leverage veterans to improve disaster response.
+On the surface, this makes a lot of sense. In 2010, we responded to the Chilean tsunami, the Pakistani floods, and sent training teams to the Thai-Burma border.
+But it was earlier this year that one of our original members triggered a shift in focus within our organization.
+It's clay hunt. Clay was a Marine with me.
+We served together in Iraq and Afghanistan.
+Clay stayed with us in Port-au-Prince. He was also with us in Chile.
+Earlier this year, in March, Clay took his own life.
+It was a tragedy, but it forced us to refocus on what we were doing.
+As you know, Clay didn't commit suicide because of what happened in Iraq or Afghanistan. Clay committed suicide because of what he lost when he got home.
+he lost his purpose. he lost his community.
+And perhaps most tragically, he lost his self-respect.
+And as we assess, and as the dust of this tragedy settles, we recognize that of these two issues, in the early stages of our organization, we were disaster response organizations leveraging veteran services. I noticed. We've had a lot of successes and feel that we're changing the paradigm of disaster response.
+But after Clay, we changed that focus and suddenly, as we move forward now, we see ourselves as a veteran service organization doing disaster response.
+Because we believe that purpose, that community, and that self-respect can be given back to veterans.
+And the Tuscaloosa and Joplin tornadoes, and later Hurricane Irene, gave us the chance to stare at it.
+Now imagine for a moment that you are an 18-year-old boy graduating from high school in Kansas City, Missouri.
+he enlists in the army. The Army gave him a rifle.
+They send him to Iraq.
+Every day he leaves the wire with a mission.
+Its mission is to protect the freedom of the family left at home.
+It's to keep the men around him alive.
+to pacify the village in which he works.
+he has a purpose. But he's back in Kansas City, Missouri, and though he may be in college and has a job, he doesn't have the same sense of purpose.
+you give him a chainsaw. Send him to Joplin, Missouri after the tornado and he'll get it back.
+Back in time, that same 18-year-old boy graduated from high school in Kansas City, Missouri and joined the Army, who gave him a rifle and sent him to Iraq.
+Every day he looks into the same eyes around him.
+he leaves the power line. He knows those people are on his side.
+He sleeps in the same sand they lived together.
+They have dined together. They bled together.
+He returns to Kansas City, Missouri.
+he leaves the army. he takes off his uniform
+He no longer has such a community.
+But when they fire 25 veterans in Joplin, Missouri, they regain a sense of community.
+Again, you have an 18-year-old boy graduating from high school in Kansas City.
+he enlists in the army. The Army gave him a rifle.
+They send him to Iraq.
+They pin medals to his chest. He returns home to participate in the ticker tape parade.
+he takes off his uniform He is no longer Sergeant Jones in the community. He's now Dave from Kansas City.
+He has no such self-esteem.
+But after the tornado, sending him to Joplin, again someone walked up to him, shook his hand and thanked them for their service, and now they've regained their self-respect.
+I think that's very important. Because now someone needs to step up, and this generation of veterans has the chance if given the chance.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+Today I'm going to talk about sketching electronic devices.
+I am an electrical engineer among other things. That means we spend a lot of time designing and building new technologies, especially electronics.
+And what I discovered is that the process of designing and building electronics is flawed in all aspects.
+So it's a very slow process, very expensive, and the result of that process, the electronic circuit board, is limited in all sorts of interesting ways.
+That is, they are very small, generally square, flat and hard, and frankly most of them are not very attractive. So my team and I have been thinking about how to really change and mix the process. And the result of electronics design.
+So what if you could design and build such an electronic device? What if you could do it with
+Doesn't that sound pretty cool? And it opens up all kinds of new possibilities, doesn't it?
+We present two projects that are investigations along these lines. Start with this project.
+(Video) Magnetic electron strips and iron paper.
+A conductive pen from Lewis Lab at UIUC.
+sticker template.
+4x speed
+Turn on the switch.
+Music: DJ Shadow.
+Add intelligence with a microcontroller.
+A sketch of the interface.
+(music) (laughter) (applause) Pretty cool, right? We think so.
+Now that I've developed these tools and found the materials that allow me to do these things, I'm starting to realize that everything I can do with paper, everything I can do with pen and paper, I can now do. I do it electronically.
+So the next project I want to show you explores that possibility in more depth.
+And let it speak for itself.
+(music) (applause) So our next step in this process is figuring out how to get you guys to build something like this. So the way we approach it is by holding workshops and explaining to people. We are also working on how these tools can be used, and how to bring tools, materials and techniques into the real world in different ways.
+So soon you will be able to play with, build and sketch with electronics in this radically new way.
+Thank you very much. (applause)
+Well, have you ever looked up this word?
+It's in your dictionary, right? (laughs) Yes, I thought so.
+what about this word?
+Now let me show you that.
+Lexicographic editing: The act of compiling a dictionary.
+Notice the word "compile" -- we are very specific -- .
+The dictionary is not carved out of granite or a block of rock. It consists of many small parts.
+This is a slightly discrete bit spelled D-I-S-C-R-E-T-E.
+And those bits are words.
+Now, one of the perks of being a lexicographer is not only being able to come to TED, but being able to say really fun words like lexicographic.
+Lexicographic has a nice pattern called double fingering. And just by saying a double finger, I've sent the geek needle all the way to the deficit. (Laughter) (Applause) But "lexicographic" follows the same pattern as "difficult."
+right? It's a fun word to say, so I say it often.
+Now, one of the other perks of being a lexicographer is that people don't often have a warm, fuzzy, comfortable image of dictionaries.
+right? No one hugs a dictionary.
+But what people actually think of dictionaries is more like this.
+Mind you, I don't have a lexicographic whistle.
+But people think my job is to pull the hard left hand into the dictionary with the good words and keep the bad ones out.
+But the thing is, I don't want to be a traffic cop.
+First, I don't wear uniforms.
+And for another, it's actually not that easy to determine which words are good and which are bad.
+And it's not very fun. And when there are parts of the job that aren't easy or fun, I look for excuses not to do it.
+So if I had to think of any profession as a metaphor for my job, I'd rather be a fisherman.
+I would love to throw a big net into the deep blue waters of England and see what wonderful creatures I can pull from the bottom.
+But I'd rather go fishing, so why would people ask me to direct traffic?
+Well, I blame the Queen.
+why do you blame the queen?
+Well, first of all, I blame the Queen for being funny.
+But secondly, I blame the Queen because the dictionary hasn't really changed.
+Our idea of ​​what a dictionary is has not changed since her reign.
+The only thing Queen Victoria isn't funny about in modern dictionaries is that the F word has been in American dictionaries since 1965.
+So you have this guy, right? Victorian era.
+James Murray is the first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary.
+i don't have that hat I wish I had that hat.
+That is, he is actually responsible for much of what we consider modern in today's dictionaries.
+If that guy with the hat that looks like that is the modern face, then there's a problem.
+So James Murray could get any dictionary job today.
+There is virtually no learning curve.
+And, of course, some of us are saying, "Yeah, it's a computer!"
+computer! What about computers?
+Speaking of computers, I love computers.
+So, I'm a big nerd and I love computers.
+Before you take Google Book Search away from me, I'd go on a hunger strike.
+But the computer does nothing more than speed up the dictionary editing process.
+The end result remains the same.
+Because dictionaries are a blend of Victorian design with a touch of modern thrust.
+It's steampunk. What we have is an electric velocipedo.
+As you know, there are Victorian designs with engines. that's all!
+The design has not changed.
+But what about online dictionaries?
+Online dictionaries should be different.
+This is Oxford English Dictionary Online, one of the best online dictionaries.
+By the way, this is my favorite word.
+Erinidae: Belongs to the Hedgehog family. On the nature of hedgehogs.
+A very useful word. So look at it.
+Today's online dictionaries are pieces of paper thrown onto a screen.
+This is flat. See how many links there are in the actual entry. Two.
+right? I expanded all of these little buttons except the date graph.
+So there isn't much going on here.
+It doesn't feel like a click.
+And indeed, online dictionaries replicate nearly all of the problems in print, except for searchability.
+And when you improve searchability, you really lose one of the benefits of print: randomness.
+Serendipity is finding what you weren't looking for. Because it is very difficult to find what you are looking for.
+So -- (Laughter) (Applause) -- Now, when you think about it, what we have here is the ham ass problem.
+Do you know the ham butt problem?
+A woman prepares ham for a big family dinner.
+She cut off the bottom of the ham, went to throw it away, and saw this ham and thought, "This is a perfectly delicious ham, why would you throw it away?"
+She thought, "Yes, my mother always did."
+So she called her mother and said, "Mom, you're making ham, why did you cut off the bottom of the ham?"
+She said, "I don't know, my mother used to do that all the time!"
+So I call my grandma, and she says, "The pot was too small!" (Laughter) So it's not that there are good words and bad words.
+I have a pot that is too small.
+Look, ham's butt is delicious! No reason to throw it away.
+Bad Words - Look, when people think about a place and can't find it on the map, they think, "This map sucks!"
+When I see a nightspot or bar that isn't in the guidebooks, I say, "Wow, this must be a nice place! It's not in the guidebooks."
+When I come across a word that is not in the dictionary, I think, "This must be a bad word." why? It's most likely a bad dictionary.
+Why blame the ham for being too big for the pan?
+Therefore, hams smaller than this are not available.
+English is a language as big as it is.
+So if you have a ham-butt problem and you're thinking about a ham-butt problem, the conclusions it draws are brutally counterintuitive. Paper is the enemy of words.
+What should I do? I mean, I love books. I really love books.
+Some of my best friends like books.
+However, this book is not in the best form as a dictionary.
+Now they will think
+Are people going to take my beautiful paper dictionary? "
+No, paper dictionaries still exist.
+Back when there were cars, when cars became the primary mode of transportation, we didn't collect all the horses and shoot them.
+Paper dictionaries will continue to exist, but paper dictionaries will not become mainstream.
+Book-shaped dictionaries won't be the only shape dictionaries to come. Nor does it serve as a prototype for future shape dictionaries.
+So think of it like this: Where there are artificial constraints, artificial constraints lead to arbitrary distinctions and distorted worldviews.
+What if biologists could only study animals that made people say "oh"? right?
+What if we could make aesthetic judgments about animals and only study animals that we found cute?
+We know a lot about charismatic megafauna, but not much else.
+And I think this is the problem.
+When it comes to language, I think it is necessary to study every language because it is possible to create beautiful expressions from a very humble part.
+Lexicography is actually about material science.
+We study the latitude of the materials we use to build the structure of our expressions, such as speech and writing. And people often say to me, "Well, how do you know that these words are real?"
+They think, "If we think of words as the tools we use to construct the expression of our thoughts, how can we say that a screwdriver is better than a hammer?
+How can you say that a sledgehammer is better than a ball peen hammer? "
+These are just the right tools for the job.
+So people say to me, "How do you know if the words are real?"
+Anyone who has read children's books knows that love makes things happen.
+If you have a favorite word, feel free to use it. It becomes a reality.
+Being in a dictionary is an artificial distinction.
+You can't make words come true any better than any other way.
+If you love words, they become reality.
+So if we're not worried about traffic control, if we're over paper, if we're more worried about explanations than controls, then we've got English in this beautiful mobile language We can assume that there is.
+And these little parts of the mobile change, and every time you touch a word, you use it in a new context, give it a new connotation, make it a verb, and move the mobile.
+you didn't break it It's just in a new position, and that new position can be just as beautiful.
+Now, if you're not a traffic cop anymore, the problem with being a traffic cop is that there can only be a limited number of traffic cops at an intersection. Otherwise the car will be a mess. right?
+But if your goal isn't to direct traffic, but perhaps to count the number of passing cars, then more eyes are better.
+You can ask for help!
+You can get more done if you ask for help. And I really need help.
+Library of Congress: 17 million books, half of which are in English.
+If even 1 in 10 of those books contained a word that wasn't in the dictionary, that's more than 2 full dictionaries.
+And almost every book I read contains words that aren't in the dictionary, like "not in the dictionary." how about the newspaper?
+The newspaper archive dates back to 1759 and contains 58.1 million newspaper pages. If 100 of those pages had just one non-dictionary word, it would be a completely different OED.
+That's another 500,000 words. It's a lot.
+And I'm not even talking about magazines. I'm not talking about blogs. And in a given week, you'll find more new words on BoingBoing than on Newsweek or Time.
+A lot is happening there.
+And I'm not even talking about ambiguity. Polysemy is the greedy habit of some words taking on more than one meaning by themselves.
+So when you think about the word "set", a set could be a badger's den, a set could be one of the folds of an Elizabethan ruff, and the OED has a numbered definition. There is one.
+The OED has 33 different numbered definitions for sets.
+Tiny little words, 33 numbered definitions.
+One of them is just labeled as "other technical flair".
+do you know what it says to me?
+Speaking of which, it was a Friday afternoon and someone wanted to go to the pub. (Laughter) It's a lexicographical, so to speak, ``various technical sense'' exposure.
+So, with all these words we have, we really need help.
+And most importantly, we can ask for help. Asking for help is not that difficult.
+In other words, lexicography is not rocket science.
+See, I gave you a lot of words and numbers earlier, but this is a visual description.
+Think of the dictionary as a map of the English language, these bright dots are what we know and the dark dots are where we are in the dark.
+If that's a map of all the words in American English, we don't know much.
+And we don't even know the shape of the language.
+If this were a dictionary, and if this were a map of American English, look, we have a kind of blocky notion of Florida, but California doesn't exist.
+California is missing from American English.
+We just don't know enough to realize that we miss California.
+I don't even know there are gaps on the map.
+Again, lexicography is not rocket science.
+But even so, rocket science is done by enthusiastic amateurs these days. Look?
+Finding words isn't that hard.
+So enough scientists in other fields are actually asking people for help, and they're doing it well.
+For example, there is eBird, which allows amateur birders to upload information about their bird sightings.
+And an ornithologist can go and help track populations, migrations, and so on.
+And then there's this guy named Mike Oates. Mike Oates lives in England.
+He is the director of an electroplating company.
+He discovered over 140 comets.
+He discovered so many comets that they named them after him.
+It looks like we're somewhere beyond Mars. Hiking.
+I don't think he will be photographed there any time soon.
+However, he discovered 140 comets without using a telescope.
+He downloaded the data from the NASA SOHO satellite and that's how he found the data.
+If you can find comets without a telescope, shouldn't you be able to find words?
+Well you guys know where I'm going with this.
+Because I go to the internet where everyone goes.
+The internet is great for collecting words because there are a lot of collectors on the internet.
+This is a little-known technical fact about the internet, but the internet is really made of words and enthusiasm.
+And words and enthusiasm really become the recipe for lexicography. Isn't that great?
+There are many very good word gathering sites out there today, but the problem with some of them is that they are not scientific enough.
+It shows the words but not the context.
+where did it come from? Who said it?
+What newspaper were you in? what book?
+Because words are like archaeological relics.
+If you don't know the origin or source of an artifact, it's not science, it's beautiful to look at.
+In other words, unsourced words are like cut flowers.
+It's beautiful when you look at it for a while, but it dies quickly.
+Dying too soon.
+That's why I've been saying "dictionary, dictionary, dictionary, dictionary" all along.
+It is neither a "dictionary" nor a "dictionary". That's because people use dictionaries to represent entire languages.
+They use it republican.
+And one of the problems with knowing words like "Sinedoc-ish" is that you really want an excuse to say "Sinedoc-ish."
+This whole story is just an excuse for me to get to the point where I can say "resonantly" to you.
+really sorry. But if we use part of something, such as when a dictionary is part of a language, or when the flag represents the United States and it is the symbol of the country, we are using it republican. increase.
+But the problem is that dictionaries can be entire languages.
+If you get a bigger pot you can put all the words in it.
+It can have any meaning.
+We all want more meaning in our lives, don't we?
+And dictionaries can be not just language symbols, but whole languages.
+As you know, what I really want is my son who turns 7 this month. I want my son to barely remember that this is in the form of a dictionary.
+The dictionary used to look like this:
+I want you to think of this kind of dictionary as an 8-track tape.
+A format that died because it wasn't useful enough.
+It wasn't what people really needed.
+And the problem is, if we could express every word, we wouldn't have to artificially distinguish between good and evil, and we could really explain that language like scientists.
+Aesthetic judgment can be left to the writer and speaker.
+If you can do that, you can spend all your time fishing and no longer need to be a traffic cop.
+Thank you for your attention.
+I want to talk about a very special group of animals.
+There are 10,000 species of birds in the world.
+Vultures are one of the most endangered groups of birds.
+When you see vultures like these, the first thing that comes to your mind is that these are disgusting, ugly, greedy creatures that have something to do with politicians and are after your flesh. (Laughter.) (Applause.) I want to change that perception. We want to change your feelings about these birds. Because they need our sympathy. It really is. (Laughter) Let me tell you why.
+First of all, why do they have such a bad reputation?
+When Charles Darwin crossed the Atlantic on the Beagle in 1832, he saw turkey vultures and said, "These are disgusting birds with bald scarlet heads, formed to enjoy decay." rice field. (Laughter.) I have never been more insulted by Charles Darwin. (Laughter) You know, he changed his mind when he came back. I'll tell you why.
+They're also associated with Disney — (laughter) — personified as goofy and silly characters.
+If you're following the Kenyan media these days, (laughter) (applause) (cheers), these are the attributes you associate with Kenyan parliamentarians. But I want to try it.
+I want to challenge it. Do you know why?
+Because MPs can't keep the environment clean. (laughter) MPs do not help prevent the spread of disease.
+They are not monogamous. (Laughter.) (Applause.) They are far from extinct. (Laughter) And my favorite is that the vulture looks better. (Applause) (Laughter) So there are two kinds of vultures on this planet.
+There are New World vultures, such as the condor and caracara, which live primarily in the Americas, and Old World vultures, which are home to 16 species. Of these 16 species, 11 are threatened with extinction.
+So why are vultures important? First and foremost, they provide important ecological services. they clean up
+They are our natural garbage collectors.
+They clean the carcass to the bone.
+They help kill all germs. These can help absorb anthrax, which would otherwise spread, causing significant loss of livestock and other animal diseases.
+Recent studies have shown that carcasses take up to three to four times longer to rot in vulture-free areas, which has a significant impact on the spread of disease.
+Vultures are also of great historical significance.
+They are associated with ancient Egyptian culture.
+Nekhbet was a symbol of protector and motherhood, and along with the cobra symbolized the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt.
+In Hindu mythology, Jatayu is a vulture god who risked his life to save the goddess Sita from the ten-headed demon Ravana.
+In Tibetan culture, they hold a very important burial ceremony. In places like Tibet, where there is no place to bury the dead or wood for cremation, these vultures provide a natural disposal system.
+So what's the problem with vultures?
+Kenya is home to eight species of vultures, six of which are endangered.
+The reason is that they are poisoned and the reason they are poisoned is that there is a human-wildlife conflict. Pastoral communities use this poison to target predators, and vultures fall victim instead.
+In South Asia, countries such as India and Pakistan, four species of vultures are listed as endangered. This means that the vultures are less than 10 to 15 years away from extinction because they are preyed upon by eating extinct livestock. Treat with pain relievers such as diclofenac.
+The drug is currently banned for veterinary use in India, and India has taken a stand.
+In the absence of vultures, the number of stray dogs in the corpse dump has skyrocketed, and keeping stray dogs creates a massive rabies time bomb. The number of rabies cases has increased significantly in India.
+Kenya plans to build one of Africa's largest wind farms, with 353 wind turbines on Lake Turkana.
+I am not against wind energy, but we need to work with the government because wind turbines harm birds. They slice it in half.
+It's a bird blender.
+In West Africa there is a horrifying trade in dead vultures for the witchcraft and fetish markets.
+So what is going on? Well, we are doing research on these birds. We have transmitters installed on them.
+We're trying to figure out their basic biology and find out where they go.
+It turns out that they travel to different countries. So focusing on local issues doesn't help.
+We need to work with governments at the local level.
+We work with local communities.
+We talk to them about the need to appreciate the vultures, to appreciate these wonderful creatures and the services they provide from within.
+how can i help You can also become active and make noise. You can write to the government telling them they need to focus on this very misunderstood creature. Please take the time to spread the information. spread the word.
+When you leave this room, you will be informed about vultures, but please tell your family, children, and neighbors about them.
+they are very graceful Charles Darwin said he changed his mind when he saw them fly effortlessly through the sky without using any energy.
+Without these wonderful seeds, Kenya and the world would be poorer.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+So I grew up in Limpopo on the border of Limpopo and Mpumalanga.
+Water and electricity supplies are as unpredictable as the weather. Having grown up in such a harsh environment, when I was 17, I was relaxing in the sun in the winter with a few friends.
+The sun gets very hot in the winter on Limpopo.
+So while we were sunbathing, my best friend next to me said, "Somebody, why hasn't someone invented something that you can just put on your skin and not have to bathe?"
+And I sat down and thought, "Oh, I would buy that, right?"
+So when I got home and did a little research, I found some pretty shocking statistics.
+Today, more than 2.5 billion people worldwide lack adequate access to water and sanitation.
+450 million of them are in Africa, 5 million of them in South Africa.
+Various diseases are prevalent in this environment, the most serious of which is called trachoma.
+Trachoma is an eye infection caused by dirt entering the eye. Multiple trachoma infections can lead to permanent blindness.
+The disease permanently blinds 8 million people each year. What's shocking is that you don't need any medicines, pills or injections to avoid getting trachoma just by washing your face.
+So after seeing these shocking stats, I thought: world. "(Laughter) So with my trusty little horse, a Nokia 6234 cell phone -- I didn't have a laptop, and I didn't have much internet except an Internet cafe at 20 Rand an hour -- - I looked up Wikipedia, Googled lotions, creams, ingredients, melting points, toxicity -- I was doing science in high school -- and drew a little formula on a piece of paper, and , it looked like KFC's special spice.
+So I was like, 'Okay, I'm ready for the official'.
+Now we have to put this into practice.
+Four years later, after writing a 40-page business plan on a cell phone and a patent on a cell phone, I became the youngest patent holder in the country and — (“Don’t take a bath anymore Please!”) ) — I can’t say more. (Laughter) I invented DryBath, the world's first alternative bath lotion.
+You don't even need to bathe because you literally just apply it to your skin.
+(Laughter) So after trying to make it work in high school with limited resources, I went to college and met a few people to put it into practice and was ready to go to market. We have completed a product that works. . It's actually on the market.
+So we learned some lessons in making DryBath commercially available.
+One thing we've learned is that poor communities don't buy goods in bulk.
+They buy products on demand. Alex doesn't buy a pack of cigarettes. They buy a cigarette every day, even if it's expensive.
+So we packed DryBath into these innovative little bags.
+Simply fold in half and squeeze out.
+And the great thing is that one bag replaces one bus for five lands.
+After creating that model, I also learned a lot about product implementation.
+We found that even wealthy suburban kids really wanted a dry bath. (Laughter) At least once a week.
+Anyway, I've found that I save an average of 80 million liters of water every time I skip a bath. It also saves rural children two hours a day, an additional two hours for school and an additional two hours for homework. , 2 more hours until I can be just a kid.
+After seeing its global impact, we narrowed it down to the key value propositions of cleanliness and convenience.
+DryBath is a convenience for the rich and a lifesaver for the poor.
+After commercializing the product, we are now on the verge of selling it to a multinational company for the retail market. One of the questions for the audience today is how did you come up with a way to not bathe on the gravel road in Limpopo, using allowances and paying R50 a week for people all over the world?
+What is holding you back? (Applause.) We're not done yet. Not finished yet.
+And another important thing that I've learned a lot from throughout this process is that last year Google named me one of the smartest young people in the world.
+I'm now the world's best student entrepreneur and the first African to earn that honor, but what really baffles me is that I don't want to do all of this simply because I don't want to take a bath. I mean I went. thank you.
+Let me tell you, this year has been a great month for deception.
+And I'm not even talking about the US presidential election. (Laughter) There are high-profile journalists who have been caught for plagiarism, and young superstar authors who have been yanked off the bookshelf because their books contain a lot of coined words. The New York Times exposes fake book reviews.
+It was great.
+Of course, not all deceptions make the news.
+Many deceptions are practiced on a daily basis. In fact, as Dave suggested, many studies show that we lie once or twice a day.
+So it's about 6:30 now suggests most of us should have been lying.
+Look at Winnipeg. Think back over the last 24 hours. How many of you have told small jokes or big jokes? How many of you have told small lies?
+ok ok They are all liars.
+Be sure to be careful. (Laughter) No, that's good, about two-thirds of yours.
+The other third are either not lying or forgetting or you are lying to me about your own lies, which is very, very vicious. (Laughter) This is consistent with many studies suggesting that lying is very prevalent.
+This pervasiveness, combined with the centrality of what it means to be human, the fact that you can tell the truth or make something up, has fascinated people throughout history.
+Here is Diogenes with a lantern.
+Anyone know what he was looking for?
+An honest man, he returned to Greece and died without being found. And in the East there was Confucius, who valued integrity and believed in what he was doing, not just walking and talking.
+You believed in your principles.
+Well, my first professional encounter with deception was a little later than them, thousands of years later.
+I was a Customs Officer in Canada in the mid 90's.
+yes. I was guarding the Canadian border.
+You might think it's a weapon. Actually, it's a stamp. I used stamps to protect Canada's borders. (Laughter) I'm very Canadian. I learned a lot about deception while doing my duty here at Customs. One of them was that most of what I thought I knew about deception was wrong. I will talk about some of them tonight.
+But in just 1995-96, the way we communicate has completely changed. We use email, text messages, Skype and Facebook. Not insane.
+Almost every aspect of human communication is changing, and of course that has affected deception.
+Let's talk a little bit about some new scams we track and document.
+They are called Butlers, Sock Dolls, and Chinese Navy.
+It sounds like a bit of a strange book, but it's actually all a new type of lie.
+Let's start with Butlers. Here's an example: "On the way." Did anyone write "On the way?"
+Then you lied too. (Laughter) We are never halfway. We are thinking of just going with it.
+Another message is: "Sorry for not replying earlier.
+The battery was dead. ” Your battery was not dead.
+You weren't in the dead zone.
+You just didn't want to reply to that person then.
+A final example is: You are talking to someone and you say, "Sorry, I have to go because I have work to do."
+But really, you're just bored. you want to talk to someone else
+Each of these is about relationships, and this is a world that is connected 24/7. If you get my cell phone number, you can literally reach me 24 hours a day.
+And people use these lies to create a buffer between us and other people's connections, like the butlers of old.
+But they are very special. They take advantage of the ambiguity that comes from using technology. You don't know where I am, what I'm doing, or who I'm with.
+And they are meant to protect the relationship.
+These aren't just assholes. Those who say, "Look, I don't want to talk to you now, or I didn't want to talk to you then, but I still care about you."
+Our relationship still matters.
+Sock puppets, on the other hand, are completely different animals. A sock doll, by itself, does not imply ambiguity. It's about identity.
+Let me give you a very recent example, last week.
+This is R.J. Ellory - British best-selling author.
+Here is one of his best-selling books.
+This is an online Amazon reviewer.
+My favorite is Nicodemou Jones' "Whatever it does, it will touch your soul."
+And of course, you might suspect that Nicodemou Jones is R.J. Elory.
+He wrote a very positive review for himself. Surprise, surprise.
+Now, this Sock Puppet stuff isn't really all that new.
+Walt Whitman also did this in the pre-internet era. Sock Puppet gets interesting when it reaches scale, the realm of the Chinese Navy.
+The Chinese Navy refers to thousands of people in China who are paid a small fee to create content. It may be a review. It may be propaganda. Governments employ these people, businesses here and there employ them.
+In North America this is called astroturfing, and astroturfing is very common now. There are many concerns about it.
+This is especially seen in everything from product reviews, book reviews, hotels to whether the toaster is a good toaster.
+Now, looking at these three reviews, or these three types of deception, you might think that the Internet really makes humans deceptive, especially when you think about astroturfing.
+But actually what I've found is very different.
+Now, let's leave aside the online anonymous sex chat rooms. I'm sure no one has ever entered.
+I swear there is deception there.
+And let's leave aside the Nigerian prince who emailed you about deporting 43 million people. (Laughter) Let's forget about him too.
+Focus on conversations with friends, family, co-workers, and loved ones.
+Conversation is what really matters.
+What impact will technology have on deceiving those people?
+Here are some studies. One of the studies we do is called diary studies. In this study, we ask people to record all their conversations and all their lies for seven days. What we can then do is calculate how much was lied per conversation within the medium. And the most surprising finding is that email is the most sincere of these three media.
+And it really confuses people. Because there are no non-verbal cues, so we think it's okay to lie more.
+In contrast, the phone tells the most lies.
+Time and time again we see that the device people lie the most is their phone, probably because of the ambiguity of the butler lie I mentioned.
+This tends to be very different from what people expect.
+what about your resume? We conducted a survey to get people to apply for jobs. They can apply using a traditional paper resume or apply for jobs on LinkedIn, a Facebook-like social networking site, but the same information is included. as a resume.
+And to the surprise of many, we found that LinkedIn resumes were more honest about what was important to employers, such as previous job responsibilities and skills.
+What about Facebook itself?
+You know, we always think there is an idealized version and people are just showing the best things that have happened in their lives. I thought so many times.
+My friends, there's no way they can have such a cool and good life.
+One study tested this by looking at people's personalities.
+They had four close friends of the man judge their personalities.
+Then, when strangers were asked to judge a person's personality from Facebook alone, they found that the personality judgments were nearly identical and highly correlated. In other words, our Facebook profiles actually reflect our real personalities.
+Well, what about online dating?
+So it's a pretty deceptive space.
+I'm sure you all have "friends" who have used dating sites. (Laughter.) And they talked about a man who had no hair when he came in, and a woman who looked nothing like the picture.
+Well, we were really interested in it, so we brought online daters into the lab and measured it. We weighed them by putting their height against the wall and putting them on the scale. Women loved it. And I actually got a driver's license and checked my age.
+And what we found was very, very interesting.
+Here's an example for male and height:
+At the bottom, you'll see the height listed in your profile.
+The vertical axis along the Y axis shows actual height.
+The diagonal line is the line of truth. If their points are correct, they are telling the truth exactly.
+As you can see, most of the small dots are below the line.
+In other words, everyone was lying about their height.
+In fact, they lied about their height, about nine tenths of an inch, which is called "rounding off" in the lab. (Laughter) When you reach 5'8" and 1/10, BOOM! You're 5'9".
+But what really matters here is look at all these points.
+They are clustered pretty close to the truth. What we found was that 80% of the participants were indeed lying in one of these dimensions, but little by little all the time.
+One reason is very simple. If you go on a date or a coffee date and what you say is completely different, it's game over. right? So people lied often, but subtly rather than outrageously. they were detained.
+So what exactly do these studies tell us? Despite our intuition, including mine, many online communications, mediated by technology, are more sincere than face-to-face. What explains that fact?
+It's really weird. How do we explain this?
+For that, it is necessary to consult the literature on deception detection.
+This is a very old document, almost 50 years old.
+It has been reviewed many times. Thousands of tests, hundreds of studies have been done and some very convincing findings.
+First, we are really bad at spotting deception. An average accuracy of 54% when we need to determine if a person who just spoke is lying.
+That's really bad. Why is it so bad?
+It has something to do with Pinocchio's nose.
+If I were to ask you, what do you look for when you look at someone and want to know if they are lying? What clues do you look for?
+Most people would say that one of the cues you see is the eye. Eyes are windows to the soul.
+And you are not alone. In nearly every culture around the world, one of the most important cues is the eye. But research over the past 50 years has shown that there really are no credible clues to deception, which appalled me and which I learned when I was a customs officer. It is also one of the hardest lessons learned.
+Eyes don't tell you if a person is lying.
+Depending on the situation, yes, it may be high or low. It will probably dilate your pupils, raise your pitch, and change your body movements a bit, but it's not always the case, it's not for everyone, and it's not reliable.
+strange. Another thing is that just because you can't see doesn't mean you lie. One of the obvious but important findings is that we lie for a reason.
+We lie to protect ourselves, for our own benefit, or for someone else's benefit.
+I mean, some people are pathological liars, but they make up a tiny fraction of the population. We lie for a reason.
+Just because people can't see us doesn't mean we lie.
+But I think there's actually something more interesting and fundamental going on here. For me, the next big thing, the next big idea, can be found by tracing history back to the origins of languages.
+Most linguists agree that we began speaking between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. It was a long time ago.
+Since then, many human beings have lived.
+I think we are talking about fire and caves and sabre-toothed tigers. I don't know what they were talking about, but they were talking a lot. As I said earlier, there are many humans who have evolved to speak. Actually about 100 billion people.
+But the important thing is that writing was born only about 5,000 years ago. So what it means is that all people before letters existed, every word they said, every utterance, disappeared. No trace. ephemeral. Had disappeared.
+That is, we have evolved to speak in unrecorded ways. In fact, even the next big change to writing was that the printing press was only 500 years old, a fairly recent time in our past, and literacy rates were believed to be just before World War II. It was so impossibly low that even the last generation of people for 2,000 years, most of the words they ever uttered were—hmm! --Had disappeared.
+Now let's turn our attention to the network age.
+How many people recorded something today?
+Anyone want to write something today? did anyone write the words?
+Almost everyone here seems to be recording something.
+In this room, we are now probably recording nearly all of human history before antiquity.
+it's crazy. We are entering this amazing period of flux in the evolution of mankind, where we have evolved to speak in a vanishing form, but we are in an environment where we record everything.
+In fact, I suspect that in the very near future, not only what we write will be recorded, but everything we do.
+what do you mean? What's the next big idea from there?
+Well, as a social scientist, this is the most amazing thing I have ever dreamed of. Now I can see all the words that have disappeared for thousands of years.
+You can see the lies that have been told before and gone.
+Remember that Astroturfing review we talked about earlier? Well, if they wrote a fake review, they'd have to post it somewhere and it would be left to us.
+So one of the things we did was pay people to write fake reviews as an example of looking up languages. One of these reviews is fake.
+The person has never been at the James Hotel.
+Another review is genuine. The person stayed there.
+Now your job is to determine which reviews are fake?
+Please take some time to read it.
+But at some point I want everyone to raise their hands.
+Remember, I study deception. You don't have to raise your hand to know.
+Okay, how many people believe that A is fake?
+have understood. very good. About half.
+And how many people think it's B?
+have understood. A little more for B.
+wonderful. This is the answer.
+B is fake. The second group did their best. dominated the first group. (Laughter) You're actually a bit of a weirdo. Every time we demonstrate this, it usually splits around 50:50, which is consistent with our research results, which was 54%. Perhaps people here in Winnipeg are more skeptical and better at understanding it.
+I love cold, harsh winters.
+Ok, so why do I care about this?
+Well, what my computer science colleagues and I can do now is create computer algorithms that can analyze linguistic signatures of deception.
+I would like to highlight some of the fake reviews here. The first is that liars tend to think about stories. They make up a story: who? and what happened? And that's what happened here.
+Our fake reviewers talked about who they were with and what they were doing. They also used the first person singular "I" much more than the people who actually stayed there.
+They were inserting themselves into hotel reviews trying to convince you that they were there.
+In contrast, the people who wrote the reviews were actually there, their bodies actually going into physical space, and talking more about spatial information.
+They said how big the bathroom was and, look, this is the distance from the shopping complex to the hotel.
+Well done all of you. Most people perform this task by chance.
+Our computer algorithms are very accurate, much more accurate than human algorithms, but they are not always accurate.
+This is not a deception detection machine to determine if your girlfriend is lying to you via text message.
+We believe every lie, every kind of lie, fake hotel reviews, fake shoe reviews, girlfriend cheating on text messages, they are all different lies. They will have different patterns of language. But now that everything is recorded, we can see all such lies.
+Now, as I said earlier, as a social scientist, this is great.
+it is transformative. With everything being recorded now, we will be able to learn much more about human thoughts and expressions, from love to attitudes. But what does that mean for the average citizen?
+What does it mean in our life?
+Well, let's forget about deception for a moment. I believe one of the big ideas is to leave these giant trails.
+My email outbox is huge, but I haven't seen it at all. I write all the time, but I never look at my records or my footprints.
+And I think there's going to be a lot more things that happen where we can look at what we've written, what we've said, what we've done, and look back at who we are.
+Now, coming back to deception, we see a few key points here.
+First of all, lying online is very dangerous, right?
+Not only do you keep records of yourself on your machine, but you also keep records of who you've lied to and keep records of them for me to analyze with my computer algorithms.
+So by all means, do it, and that's fine.
+But when it comes to lies and what you want out of life, I think you can go back to Diogenes and Confucius. And they were more concerned with being honest with themselves than whether or not they should lie. I think this is really important.
+Now when you're about to say something or do something we can think of this as part of my legacy, part of my personal record do you want to
+Because in the digital, networked age we live in, we all leave records.
+Thank you very much for your time. Good luck with your recording. (applause)
+On my office desk, I have a small clay pot that I made in college. It is raku, a type of pottery that originated in Japan centuries ago as a method of making tea bowls for the tea ceremony.
+This tree is over 400 years old.
+Each work was made by pinching or carving out of a ball of clay, and people valued its imperfections.
+An everyday pot like this cup takes 8-10 hours to light.
+I just took it out of the kiln last week and it will take another day or two for the kiln to cool down, but it's really fast. It is done outside and the kiln is brought up to temperature. As soon as it hits 1,500 degrees in 15 minutes and melts the glaze and reveals a faint sheen, the kiln is turned off and the pot is gripped with long metal tongs. , and in Japan, this hot pot is quickly dipped into a solution of green tea. You can imagine what that vapor smells like.
+But here in America, we step up the drama a bit so that if you drop a pot in the sawdust it will catch fire, and if you take out a trash can and place it on top of it, smoke will start to pour out.
+Sometimes I would go home with my clothes smelling of wood smoke.
+i love raku Because you can play with elements.
+You can make a pot shape out of clay and choose your glaze, but then you have to expose it to fire and smoke. What's great is that this crackling surprise happens. Because this is very stressful for these pots. It heats up from 1,500 degrees to room temperature in just 1 minute.
+Raku is a great metaphor for the creative process.
+Whether I was producing a new radio show or negotiating with my teenage sons at home, I found myself constantly experiencing a tension between what I could control and what I had to let go of. .
+When I sat down to write a book about creativity, I realized the steps were reversed.
+I had to let go from the beginning and immerse myself in the stories of hundreds of artists, writers, musicians and filmmakers. As I listened to these stories, I realized that creativity often comes from everyday experiences. Including letting go, you might think so.
+It should have broken, but it was fine. (Laughter) (Laughter) It's part of letting go, but sometimes it happens, sometimes it doesn't. Because creativity grows where it's broken.
+The best way to learn about anything is through stories. So I would like to talk about work and play and the four aspects of life that we need to embrace in order for our own creativity to flourish.
+The first hug is what we think, "Oh, this is so easy," but it actually gets harder and harder, and it makes us pay attention to the world around us.
+So many artists talk about the need to be open and open to experience, but it's hard to do when you're focused with a lighted rectangle in your pocket.
+Filmmaker Mira Nair talks about growing up in a small town in India. Its name is Bhubaneswar. Here is a picture of one of the temples in her town.
+Mira Nair: There were about 2,000 temples in this small town.
+We used to play cricket all the time. We kind of grew up in rubble. The main thing that inspired me, led me down this path and ultimately made me a filmmaker was the traveling folk theater that toured the city. We both went to see this epic battle between good and evil. There weren't any props on the school grounds, but there was a lot of passion and hashish, which was great.
+As you know, the folktales of Mahabharata and Ramayana, the two sacred books of India, are all said to come from epics. After seeing a folk theater called Jatra, I really wanted to participate and give a performance.
+Julie Burstein: Great story.
+You can see a break like in everyday life.
+They are on the school ground, but there is good and bad, passion and hashish. And Mira Nair was a young girl and thousands of other people were watching this performance, but she was ready. She said she was ready to open up to what was inside her, and that it led her down the path to becoming an award-winning filmmaker.
+So being open to that experience that might change you is the first thing we need to accept.
+Artists also talk about how the most difficult parts of life lead to the most powerful works.
+Novelist Richard Ford talks about childhood challenges that he continues to struggle with today. He is severely dyslexic.
+Richard Ford: I was a slow learner to read, went through school without reading more than the bare minimum, and even now I can't read silently much faster than I can read aloud, but it had many advantages. Because I'm dyslexic, when I finally accept myself how slowly I have to do it, I can't help but learn all the qualities of language and writing that aren't just cognitive. Because I think I've come to understand it very slowly. Aspects of language: syncopation, the sound of words, what words look like, where paragraphs break, where lines break. I mean, I wasn't so severely dyslexic that I couldn't read. I had to do it really slowly, and as I kept saying the sentences at length, I inherited other properties of the language that I think helped me write the sentences.
+JB: Very powerful. Pulitzer Prize-winner Richard Ford says his dyslexia enabled him to write.
+I used that word on purpose because he had to accept this challenge. He never had to overcome dyslexia.
+he had to learn from it. He had to learn to hear music in the language.
+Artists also talk about how pushing the limits of what they can do, and sometimes what they can't, helps them focus on finding their voice.
+Sculptor Richard Serra describes how as a young artist he thought of himself as a painter and lived in Florence after graduating from school.
+During his stay, he traveled to Madrid and went to the Prado Museum to see this painting by Spanish painter Diego Velázquez.
+This is a work of 1656 called "Las Meninas". It depicts a little princess and her maids. If you look over the shoulder of the little fair-haired princess, you can see a mirror, and it's reflected there. Her parents, the King and Queen of Spain, will be standing where you would stand to see this photo.
+As he often did, Velázquez also superimposed himself on this painting.
+He stands with a paintbrush in his left hand and a palette in the other.
+Richard Serra: I was standing there looking at it and I noticed Velázquez was looking at me and I was like, 'Oh, I'm the subject of this painting.
+And I thought, "I can't paint that picture."
+I was using a stopwatch to draw random squares, but I was getting nowhere. So I went back and threw all my paintings into the Arno River. And I thought I'd play around with it for a bit.
+JB: Richard Serra said it so casually that you may have missed it. He went to see this painting of a man who died 300 years ago and realized, 'I can't do that', so Richard Serra returned to his studio in Florence and received all his previous work. I aimed at that point and threw it into the river.
+Richard Serra gave up painting at that moment, but he didn't give up art. He moved to New York City, made a list of over 100 verbs like roll, crease, fold and, as he said, just started playing. He did these things for all kinds of materials. He took a huge sheet of lead and rolled and unrolled it. He did the same with rubber and created this when he got to the direction of "lifting". It's in the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
+Richard Serra had to let go of painting to embark on this playful exploration. That quest led to the work we know today: giant curves of steel that require our time and movement. Richard Serra can do in sculpture what he could not do in painting.
+He makes us subjects of art.
+So experiences, challenges and limitations are all things that need to be embraced in order for creativity to flourish.
+There is a fourth hug, which is the hardest.
+It is acceptance of loss, the oldest and most enduring of human experiences.
+To create, we have to stand in the space between what we see in the world and what we want, looking squarely at rejection, heartbreak, war, and death.
+It's a difficult space to stand in.
+Educator Parker Palmer calls it a "tragic gap." It's tragic not because it's sad, but because it's inevitable. My friend Dick Nordell likes to say, "Like a violin string, you can hold that tension and create something beautiful."
+That tension resonates with the work of photographer Joel Meylowitz. Early in his career, Joel Meylowitz was also known for his street photography, street moments, and beautiful landscapes such as Tuscany and Cape Cod. , light's.
+Joel is a New Yorker, and for many years his studio has been in Chelsea, which looks straight from downtown to the World Trade Center, and he's shot those buildings in all sorts of lights.
+You know where this story is going.
+Joel wasn't in New York on 9/11. He was out of town, but hurried back into town and hurried to the site of the destruction.
+Joel Meyerowitz: And like other passers-by, I was standing outside the chain link fences of Chambers and Greenwich. All I could see was smoke and a little bit of rubble. And then, just to see, I raised the camera and peered in. If there was something to see, a police officer, a policewoman, tapped me on the shoulder and said, "Hey, no pictures allowed!"
+And I think it woke me up in the intended way because it was so shocking.
+And when I asked him why he didn't take pictures, he said, "This is a crime scene. No photography is allowed."
+And I asked her, "What if I was a journalist?" And she said to me, 'Oh, look back over there,' and there was a group of reporters strapped up in a little fenced-in area a block back, and I said, 'So, when are they going in? Told.
+And she said, "Probably not."
+And walking away from it caused crystallization, probably from the blow. Because it was kind of an insult.
+I thought, "Oh, if there are no photographs, there will be no records. We need records."
+And I thought, "Let's make that record."
+I don't want to see this history disappear, so I find a way to get in. "
+JB: He did. He elicited all the favors he could and was granted admission to the World Trade Center grounds, where he photographed almost every day for nine months.
+Looking at these pictures today reminds me of the smell of smoke on my clothes when I went home to my family at night.
+My office was just a few blocks away.
+But some of these pictures are beautiful, and we wondered if it was difficult for Joel Meyerowitz to create such beauty out of such devastation.
+JM: Well, it's ugly, it's powerful, it's tragic, it's scary, it's everything, but it's also essentially a huge event that's turned into this residue after the fact, and like many other sites— - You go to the ruins of the Colosseum, or even to the ruins of a cathedral somewhere, observing the weather takes on new meaning.
+I mean, there were a few afternoons when I was there, the light was pink, the air was foggy, you were standing in the rubble, and I saw the natural beauty and Nature and time will erase this wound.
+Time cannot be stopped, it transforms events.
+The days are getting farther and farther from the sun, and the light and the seasons soften it somehow, but it's not that I'm romantic. I am really a realist.
+In reality, the Woolworths Building is in a veil of smoke from the grounds, but now it's like a gauze across the theater, turning pink, with hoses jetting and lights below. It stays lit all the time. In the evening the water turned an acidic green because of the lit sodium lamp, and I thought: "Oh my God, who would have come up with such a dream?"
+But really, I have to be there, look like that, take a picture.
+JB: I have to take pictures. The sense of urgency to get to work is very strong in Joel's story.
+When I met Joel Meyerowitz recently, I told him how much I admired his passionate stubbornness, his determination to work through all the bureaucratic paperwork. Told. More importantly, my passionate optimism. "
+The first time I gave these talks, a man in the audience raised his hand and said: “All the artists are talking about their work, not their art, so it got me thinking about where my work and creativity is.” I'm not an artist. ”He is right. We all grapple with experiences and challenges, limitations and losses.
+Creativity is essential for all of us, whether we are scientists or teachers, parents or entrepreneurs.
+I would like to leave an image of another Japanese tea bowl. It is in the Freer Gallery in Washington, D.C.
+It is over 100 years old, and the marks of the potter's pinching still remain.
+But as you can see, it broke at some point in 100 years.
+But the person who put it back together decided to use gold lacquer to accentuate the crack rather than cover it up.
+This bowl is more beautiful now broken than it was when it was first made and you can see the cracks in it. Because that rift tells the story of the cycle of creation and destruction, control and release that we all live through. Pick up the pieces and create something new.
+thank you. (applause)
+So I tried to do a little good for my wife.
+I'm standing here because of the fame and money I got from it.
+So what I did was go back to the early days of marriage.
+What you did early in your marriage was try to impress your wife. I did the same.
+At that time, I found that my wife had something like this.
+I saw "What is it?" I asked.
+My wife replied, "It's none of your business."
+Then I, her husband, ran behind her and saw that she had a dirty rag.
+I don't even use that cloth to clean my motorcycle.
+And I figured this out. I adapted that unsanitary method to manage her period.
+Then I immediately asked her why [use] that unhygienic method?
+She replied, "I know about sanitary pads, but if my sisters and I start using them, we will have to reduce our milk budget for home use."
+Then I got a shock. What is the relationship between sanitary napkin use and your milk budget?
+And it is called affordable.
+I tried to impress my new wife by offering her a pack of sanitary pads.
+I went to a local store and tried to buy her a pack of sanitary pads.
+It's like he looked left and right and unrolled a newspaper and handed it to me like it was a contraband.
+i don't know why I didn't ask for condoms.
+Then I took that pad. I want to see that What's inside?
+The day I turned 29, I touched a sanitary napkin for the first time.
+What you need to know is how many men here have ever touched a sanitary napkin?
+They won't touch it because it's not your problem.
+Then it occurred to me that the white substance of cotton--oh my God, it only uses a penny's worth of raw materials--is sold inside for pounds and dollars.
+Why not make a local sanitary napkin for your new wife?
+That's how it all started, but where do I check after I've made the napkins?
+It cannot be easily confirmed in the laboratory.
+We need female volunteers. Where can I get it in India?
+Even in Bangalore it is not available in India.
+The only problem is that the only victim is his wife.
+Then I made a sanitary pad and gave it to Shanti. My wife's name is Shanti.
+"Close your eyes. Whatever I give you, whether it's a diamond pendant, diamond ring, or chocolate, I'll surprise you with lots of crumpled tinsel.
+close your eyes. "
+Because I was trying to be intimate.
+Because it's an arranged marriage, not a love marriage.
+(Laughter) So one day she openly said that she was not going to endorse this research.
+Then other victims entered my sisters.
+But even my sisters and wives are not ready to help me with my research.
+That is why I am always jealous of Indian saints.
+There are many female volunteers around them.
+Why can't I get [nothing]?
+Even if you don't make a phone call, many female volunteers will gather.
+So I tried using a medical school girl.
+They refused too. Ultimately, I decided to use my own sanitary pads.
+With this, I was able to earn a title like the first human to set foot on the moon.
+Armstrong. Then Tenzing and Hillary on Everest, like Muruganantham being the first man in the world to wear a sanitary napkin.
+I was wearing a sanitary napkin. I filled a football bottle with animal blood and tied it here. I have a tube in my pants. When you're walking or biking, you create a press and that's where a lot of your blood goes.
+Therefore, I prostrate myself to the woman in front of me and pay the utmost respect to her. I'll never forget those five days--messy days, bad days, those wet days.
+I can't believe it.
+But the problem here is that a company makes napkins out of cotton. It's working fine.
+However, I am also trying to make napkins using that high-quality cotton. not moving
+It makes me want to refuse to continue this research, research, research.
+Initial funding is required.
+In addition to the financial crisis, I am experiencing various problems such as my wife filing for divorce because of my sanitary napkin research.
+why is this? I used a medical school girl.
+She suspects I'm using it as a trump card to run behind medical students.
+Finally, I learned that it was a special cellulose derived from pine wood, but even then, you would need a multi-million dollar factory like this to process that material. Stop up again.
+It took me another four years to build this simple machine tool myself.
+With this machine, any woman in the countryside can use the same raw materials that are being processed in multinational factories, and anyone in the canteen can make world-class napkins.
+It's my invention.
+After that what I've done is usually if someone gets a patent or an invention, I immediately convert it to this.
+i have never done this. I dropped it this way, because you do things like this, if someone chases money, their life has no beauty. It's boring.
+Many people are making big bucks, accumulating billions of dollars.
+Why would they come in the end for charity purposes?
+Why should you save money and then do charity work?
+What if you decided to start philanthropic work from the beginning?
+That is why I offer this machine in rural India and only for rural women. Because in India, surprisingly, only 2 percent of women use sanitary napkins. The rest use everything but sanitary napkins: rags, leaves, husks, [sawtooth] crumbs.
+The same is true in the 21st century. That is why I am deciding to give this machine only to poor women all over India.
+To date, there have been 630 installations in 23 states in 6 other countries.
+I am now in my 7th year working with multinational, cross-border giants and this is a question mark for all MBA students.
+How does a school dropout from Coimbatore survive?
+That is why I am a visiting professor and visiting lecturer at all IIMs.
+(Applause) Play video one.
+(Video) Arunachalam Muruganantham: What my wife had in her hands was, "Why are you using that dirty cloth?"
+She quickly replied, "I know about napkins, but when I start using them, I'm going to have to cut my milk budget at home."
+Why not make your own low-cost napkins?
+So I decided to sell this new machine exclusively to women's self-help groups.
+That's my opinion.
+AM: And before, it required millions of dollars of investment in machinery and everything. Now any rural woman can do it.
+they are holding a puja.
+(video): (singing) Come to think of it, even Harvard and Oxford have a hard time competing with giants.
+Make rural women compete with multinational corporations.
+I am continuing for the 7th year.
+600 installations have already been made. what is my mission?
+In my lifetime, I plan to make India a 100% sanitary napkin country.
+In this way, I intend to create more than 1 million jobs in the countryside.
+That's why I'm not going to chase this bloody money.
+I am doing something serious.
+Girls will hate you if you chase them.
+Keep it simple. girl chases you
+As such, I never pursued Mahalakshmi.
+Mahalakshmi is chasing me, I have it in my back pocket.
+It is not in the front pocket. I'm a back pocket man.
+that's all. A school dropout realized your problem in society for not using sanitary pads.
+I will be your solution provider. i am very satisfied.
+I don't want to do it as a corporation.
+I would like to spread this around the world as a local sanitary napkin movement. That's why I put all the details into the public domain like open software.
+Currently 110 countries have access. have understood?
+So I divide people into three categories: uneducated, uneducated, and educated.
+I have done this with little education. What are you going to do for society after receiving a surplus education?
+thank you very much. good bye!
+(applause)
+Hi guys.
+It's kind of funny, I wrote that humans are going digital, but I didn't expect it to happen so soon, and I didn't expect it to happen to me.
+But I'm here as a digital avatar, and you're here too, so let's get started.
+And let's start with a question.
+How many fascists are there in today's audience?
+(Laughter.) Well, it's a bit difficult to say, because we've forgotten what fascism is.
+People now use the term "fascist" as a kind of generic abuse.
+Or you confuse fascism with nationalism.
+So let me take a few minutes to explain what fascism really is and how it differs from nationalism.
+The milder forms of nationalism are among the most benevolent of human creations.
+A nation is a community of millions of strangers who do not know each other very well.
+For example, I don't know the 8 million people who share the Israeli nationality.
+But nationalism allows us all to care for each other and work together effectively.
+This is great.
+Some, like John Lennon, imagine the world would be a peaceful paradise without nationalism.
+But without nationalism, we would likely be living in tribal turmoil.
+If you look at the richest and most peaceful countries in the world today, such as Sweden, Switzerland, and Japan, you can see that they have very strong nationalism.
+By contrast, countries with less nationalism, such as Congo, Somalia and Afghanistan, tend to be violent and poor.
+So what is fascism and how is it different from nationalism?
+Well, nationalism tells me that my country is unique and that I have a special duty to it.
+Fascism, by contrast, teaches me that my state is supreme and that I have exclusive obligations to it.
+I don't care about anyone or anything outside my country.
+Of course, people usually have different identities and loyalties to different groups.
+For example, I can be a good patriot and loyal to my country and at the same time loyal to my family, my neighborhood, my profession, humanity as a whole, truth and beauty.
+Of course, having different identities and allegiances for me sometimes creates conflicts and complications.
+But hey, who said life was easy?
+Life is complicated.
+Please deal with it.
+Fascism is what happens when people ignore complex issues and try to make life too easy for them.
+Fascism denies all identities except the identity of the state and maintains that I am obliged only to the state.
+If my country requires me to sacrifice my family, I will sacrifice my family.
+If the state requires me to kill millions, I will kill millions.
+And if my country demands that I betray truth and beauty, I should betray truth and beauty.
+For example, how do fascists value art?
+How do fascists decide if a movie is good or bad?
+Well, very, very, very simple.
+There is really only one criterion. If the movie serves the interests of the nation, it's a good movie. If the movie does not benefit the nation, it is a bad movie.
+that's it.
+Similarly, how do fascists decide what to teach children in schools?
+Again, very simple.
+There is only one standard: to teach our children whatever is in the national interest.
+The truth is irrelevant.
+Today, the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust remind us of the terrible consequences of this mindset.
+But usually when we talk about the evils of fascism it is done in an ineffective way. Because we tend to portray fascism as a terrifying monster without actually explaining its appeal.
+It's akin to Hollywood movies that portray bad guys like Voldemort, Sauron, and Darth Vader as ugly, vile, and cruel.
+They are cruel even to their supporters.
+When I watch these movies, I don't understand them at all. Why would anyone be tempted to follow an asshole like Voldemort?
+The problem with evil is that evil doesn't always look ugly in real life.
+It can look very beautiful.
+This is what Christianity knew so well, which is why in Christian art, in contrast to Hollywood, Satan is usually depicted as a gorgeous blob.
+This is why it is so difficult to resist the temptations of Satan, and why it is so difficult to resist the temptations of fascism.
+Fascism makes people think they belong to the most beautiful and most important thing in the world - the nation.
+And people think, 'They told us that fascism is ugly.
+But when you look in the mirror you see something so beautiful that you can't be a fascist, can you? "
+error.
+That's the problem with fascism.
+Looking into a fascist mirror makes you look much more beautiful than you really are.
+In the 1930s, when Germans looked into the fascist mirror, they saw Germany as the most beautiful in the world.
+If Russians looked into a fascist mirror today, they would see Russia as the most beautiful thing in the world.
+And if an Israeli looked into a fascist mirror, he would see Israel as the most beautiful thing in the world.
+This does not mean that we are currently facing a 1930s reenactment.
+Fascism and dictatorships may return, but they will return in new forms, more relevant to the new technological realities of the 21st century.
+In ancient times, land was the most important asset in the world.
+Politics, therefore, was a struggle for control of the land.
+And dictatorship meant that all land would be owned by a single ruler or small oligarch.
+And in modern times, machines have become more important than land.
+Politics became a struggle to control the machine.
+And dictatorships meant too many machines were concentrated in the hands of governments or a few elites.
+Data is now becoming our most important asset, replacing both land and machines.
+Politics becomes a battle to control the flow of data.
+And dictatorships now mean too much data is concentrated in the hands of governments or a few elites.
+The greatest danger currently facing liberal democracies is that the information technology revolution will make dictatorships more efficient than democracies.
+Democracy and capitalism defeated fascism and communism in the 20th century because democracies were better at processing data and making decisions.
+Given 20th century technology, trying to concentrate too much data and too much power in one place was utterly inefficient.
+However, it is not a law of nature that centralized data processing is always less efficient than distributed data processing.
+With the rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning, it may be possible to process vast amounts of information in one place, very efficiently, and make all decisions in one place. Centralized data processing will be more efficient than distributed data processing.
+And the main handicap of dictatorships in the 20th century, the attempt to centralize all information in one place, will be the greatest advantage.
+Another technological danger that threatens the future of democracy is the convergence of information technology and biotechnology, which could result in the creation of algorithms that know me better than myself.
+And having such algorithms in their hands, external systems like governments can not only predict my decisions, but also manipulate my feelings and emotions.
+A dictator may not be able to give me good medical care, but he can make me love him and his opponents hate him.
+After all, democracy will have a hard time surviving such developments, because it is not based on human rationality. It is based on human emotions.
+During elections and referendums, people don't ask, "What do you think?"
+They actually ask, "How do you feel?"
+And if someone could effectively manipulate your emotions, democracy would become an emotional puppet show.
+So what can be done to prevent the return of fascism and the rise of new dictatorships?
+The biggest question we face is who controls the data.
+If you're an engineer, find a way to prevent too much data from being concentrated in a few people.
+And find a way to ensure that distributed data processing is at least as efficient as centralized data processing.
+This would be the best way to protect democracy.
+For the rest of us who aren't engineers, the biggest challenge we face is how to keep ourselves from being manipulated by those who control our data.
+Enemies of liberal democracy, they have a way.
+They hack our emotions.
+Not our email or bank account. They hack into our feelings of fear, hatred, and vanity, and use these emotions to polarize and subvert democracies from within.
+In fact, this is a method developed by Silicon Valley to sell products.
+But now the enemies of democracy are using this very method to sell us fear, hatred and vanity.
+They cannot create these feelings out of thin air.
+So they get to know our own existing weaknesses.
+and use them against us.
+It is therefore the responsibility of all of us to know our weaknesses and prevent them from becoming weapons in the hands of the enemies of democracy.
+Knowing your own weaknesses also helps you avoid the fascist mirror trap.
+As explained before, fascism takes advantage of our vanity.
+It makes us look much more beautiful than we actually are.
+This is temptation.
+But if you really know yourself, you won't fall for this kind of flattery.
+When someone puts a mirror in front of you, hiding all your ugly parts, making you look far more beautiful and far more important than you really are, break that mirror.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you, Yuval.
+Hi me.
+So, if I understand correctly, you're warning us of two great dangers here.
+One is the potential return of glamorous forms of fascism, but closer to it, it may not be exactly fascism, but the potential return of a dictatorship that controls all data.
+I suspect there is a third concern that some people here have already expressed. Big companies, not governments, control all our data.
+What do we call it? How much should we worry about it?
+Yuval Noah Harari: Well, at the end of the day, there isn't much of a difference between corporations and governments. Because, as I said earlier, the question is, "Who controls the data?"
+This is real government.
+If you call it a corporation or a government, if it is a corporation and actually controls data, this is our real government.
+So the difference is more obvious than it actually is.
+CA: But somehow you can imagine that the market mechanism could collapse, at least for companies.
+So even if consumers decide that the company is no longer in their interest, it opens the door to another market.
+It seems easier to imagine than, say, the people rising up and overthrowing the government that controls everything.
+YNH: Well, we're not quite there yet, but again, if the company really knows you better than you know yourself, at least your deepest feelings and desires. and you don't even realize it, but you will. Think of this as who you really are.
+So, in theory, yes, in theory, you can stand up against corporations just as you can stand up against dictatorships.
+But in practice it is very difficult.
+CA: So, in Homo Deus, you argue that it will be the century when artificial intelligence and genetic engineering will make humans gods.
+Has the prospect of a change or collapse of a political system influenced your view of that possibility?
+YNH: Well, I think it's more likely to happen, more likely to happen sooner. Because in times of crisis, people are willing to take risks they wouldn't normally take.
+And people are willing to try all sorts of high-risk, high-gain technologies.
+This kind of crisis can therefore play the same role as the two world wars of the 20th century.
+The two world wars greatly accelerated the development of new and dangerous technologies.
+And the same may happen in the 21st century.
+So, for example, you have to get a little crazy to run too fast with genetic engineering.
+But now, with more and more crazy people in charge of different countries in the world, the odds are getting higher, not lower.
+CA: So, to sum it all up, Yuval, you have this unique vision.
+Move the hands of the clock forward 30 years.
+What do you think? Will humanity just somehow get away with it and just turn around and say, "Wow, we were on the verge of death! We did it!"
+or not?
+YNH: So far we have survived all the crises so far.
+And if you look at liberal democracy in particular and think things are bad now, remember how bad things were in 1938 or 1968.
+So this is really nothing, just a small crisis.
+But you never know. Because, as a historian, I know that human stupidity should never be underestimated.
+(Laughter) (Applause) It is one of the most powerful forces shaping history.
+CA: Yuval, it was great to be with you.
+Thank you for participating in our virtual trip.
+Have a great night in Tel Aviv.
+Yuval Harari!
+YNH: Thank you.
+(applause)
+Living with a disability is not easy anywhere in the world, but if you live in a country like the United States, there are certain accessories available to make life easier.
+So you can take the elevator if you are inside the building.
+When crossing the road, there is a cutout for the sidewalk.
+And if you need to travel distances you can't travel on your own, there are accessible vehicles, and accessible public transport if you can't afford to buy them.
+But in developing countries the situation is completely different.
+There are 40 million people who need wheelchairs but do not have one. Most of them live in rural areas. There, the only connections to community, employment and education are often made long distances over rough roads underfoot. own power.
+And the devices normally available to these people weren't made for that situation, break down quickly, and are difficult to repair.
+I started looking at wheelchairs in developing countries in 2005, spending the summer assessing the state of technology in Tanzania, talking to wheelchair users, wheelchair manufacturers and disability organizations. And what struck me was that there were no wheelchairs. Devices are available that are designed for the countryside and can be driven quickly and efficiently over different types of terrain.
+So, being a mechanical engineer, being at MIT, and having a lot of resources available, I thought I'd do something about it.
+Now, when we think of long trips over bad roads, mountain biking immediately comes to mind. Mountain bikes are good for this because they have a gear train and can shift into a lower gear if you have one. Climbing hills or going through mud or sand, more torque but less speed.
+Also, if you want to go faster, such as on pavement, shifting to a higher gear will result in less torque but more speed.
+So the logical evolution here is to use mountain bike components to build a wheelchair. a lot of people do it.
+However, while these two products are available in the United States, they are very expensive and difficult to transfer to developing countries.
+The context I'm talking about is if you want a product under $200.
+And this ideal product can drive around 5 kilometers a day, allowing you to go to work, go to school, and travel on different types of terrain.
+But when I get home or want to go indoors for work, it has to be small and maneuverable enough for indoor use.
+In addition, if you want to keep it in the countryside for a long time, you need to be able to repair it using local tools, materials, and knowledge.
+The real crux of the problem here is how to create a system that is a simple device yet offers great mechanical advantage.
+How do you build a mountain bike that fits your arm without the cost and complexity of a mountain bike?
+As with simple solutions, the answer is often right in front of you. In our case it was the lever.
+Whether it's tools, doorknobs, or bike parts, we use levers all the time.
+And that moment of inspiration, that key moment of invention, was when I sat in front of my design notebook and started thinking that somebody was holding a lever and if they were at the end of the lever If you squeeze close, they can effectively get a long lever that produces a lot of torque when pushed back and forth, effectively going into a lower gear.
+Also, sliding your hand under the lever allows you to push with a shorter effective lever length, but pushes at a greater angle per stroke, resulting in faster rotational speed and effective high gear. increase.
+The interesting thing about this system is that it is very simple mechanically and can be created using technology that has existed for hundreds of years.
+To see this in action, this is the Leveraged Freedom Chair, which is now in production after several years of development. This is a full time wheelchair user living in Guatemala - he is paralyzed - and you can see he can traverse pretty rough terrain.
+Again, the key innovation in this technology is that when you want to go fast, you squeeze the lever near the pivot and go at a bigger angle with each stroke, and when things get tough, you slide your hand over the lever. It's just a matter of letting It produces more torque and is like a bench press that will get you out of trouble on rough terrain.
+Now, the big point here is that humans are complex machines in this system.
+Since it is human to slide the lever up and down, the mechanism itself is very simple and consists of bicycle parts that can be obtained anywhere in the world.
+These bike parts are available everywhere so they are very cheap.
+These are made by hundreds of millions of people in China and India, can be sourced from anywhere in the world, assembled chairs anywhere, and most importantly, built locally with local tools, knowledge and skills. It can be repaired even in a village with a bike mechanic. Parts are available.
+Now, when you want to use the LFC indoors, simply pull the levers out of the drivetrain and store it in the frame, transforming it into a regular wheelchair that can be used like any other regular wheelchair. I made it the same size as a normal wheelchair. So it's narrow enough to fit through standard doorways, low enough to fit under a table, and small enough to fit in a bathroom and easy to maneuver. This is important so that users can get closer. You can go to the toilet and transfer like a normal wheelchair.
+Now, there are three key points I would like to highlight that I think really stuck with me in this project.
+First, the reason this product has worked so well is that it combines rigorous engineering science and analysis with a user-centered design that focuses on the social, usage and economic factors that matter to wheelchair users in developing countries. because it can be effectively combined with
+I'm an MIT academic and a mechanical engineer, so I can look up the type of terrain I want to move, calculate how much resistance that terrain will have, look at parts, and so on. Take a few that are available and mix them together to determine what kind of gear train you can use and look at the power and power you can pull out of your upper body and how fast you can go when you sit in this chair Analyze whether you can move with Place your arms above and below the lever.
+So, with excitement as wet-eared students, our team created a prototype and brought it to Tanzania, Kenya, and Vietnam in 2008. It turned out to be terrible.
+We tested it with wheelchair users and wheelchair manufacturers, so we got their feedback and not only clarified the problem, but also the solution, and together we went back to the drawing board and created a new design. Back in East Africa in 2009, it worked much better than a regular wheelchair on uneven terrain, but still did poorly indoors. Because it was too big and heavy and difficult to move around. With user feedback, we went back to the drawing board and came up with a better design that was 20 pounds lighter and the same width as a regular wheelchair, tested it in a field trial in Guatemala, and evolved the product to its current level. I was. It is said to be in production.
+As engineering scientists, we were able to quantify the performance benefits of the Leveraged Freedom Chair. So here are some shots from a trial in Guatemala where we tested the LFC on village terrain, testing people's biomechanical output, oxygen consumption, and how they did it. We investigated how fast they go and how much power they exert using both a regular wheelchair and the LFC, and found that the LFC moves about 80% faster on these terrains than the regular wheelchair. It turns out that you can.
+It's also about 40% more efficient than a regular wheelchair, and the mechanical advantage you get from the levers allows you to generate 50% more torque, allowing you to power through even the roughest terrain.
+Now, the second lesson we've learned from this is that this design constraint really drives innovation. Because it had to be very cheap and we had to make a device that could move over so many different types of terrain. Because it can be used indoors and is easy to repair, a radically new product was born: an innovation in a space that hasn't changed in 100 years.
+And these are all benefits that are not only good for developing countries.
+Why not in a country like the US?
+So we worked with our local product design firm here in Boston, Continuum, to create a high-end version, a developed country version. It will likely sell primarily in the US and Europe, but to high-income buyers.
+Finally, I would like to say that because we have agreed to this project and involved all the important stakeholders that should be considered when implementing technology, from ideation through innovation, validation, commercialization and diffusion, this I think the project went well. And the cycle must begin with the end user and end with the end user.
+They are the ones who define the requirements of the technology, and the ones who have to say in the end, "Yes, it actually works. It meets our needs."
+So an academic person like me can innovate, analyze, test, create data, create a bench-level prototype, and other things, but to commercialize that bench-level prototype What should I do now?
+So we need a gap-filler like Continuum that can tackle commercialization. We launched a whole NGO and brought our representative, Global Research Innovation Technology, to market, and partnered with a leading Indian manufacturer, Pinnacle Industries. It is currently equipped to manufacture 500 chairs per month, and next month the first batch of 200 will be manufactured and delivered to India.
+And finally, to bring this to the masses, we partnered with Jaipur Foot, the world's largest disability organization.
+The strength of this model is that when you bring together all the parties representing each link in the chain, from idea generation to field implementation, the magic happens.
+There, academics like me can analyze, test, and create new technologies and quantify how well they perform.
+Connect and interact directly with manufacturers and other stakeholders, leverage local knowledge of manufacturing practices and their customers, and combine that knowledge with our engineering knowledge to do more than either could do alone. you can create something.
+And you can involve your end users in the design process, asking them not only what they want, but how they think they can make it happen.
+And this photo was taken at the last field trial in India, where there was a 90 percent penetration rate of people switching from regular wheelchairs to using the Leverage Freedom Chair. This photo is specifically of Ashok, who had a spinal cord injury. He was working in a tailor's shop when he fell from the tree, and once injured, he was unable to travel more than a kilometer from his home to the shop in a regular wheelchair.
+The road was too bad.
+But the day after he got the LFC, he jumped on it, ran its miles, opened a shop, and immediately started making money by getting contracts to make school uniforms and starting to support his family again.
+Ashok: You also encouraged me to work.
+I rested at home for the day.
+The next day, I went to my store.
+Everything is back to normal now.
+Amos Winter: And thank you very much for inviting me here today.
+(applause)
+Everything I do, and everything I do professionally, my life, is shaped by my seven years of work as a young man in Africa.
+From 1971 to 1977 -- I look young, but I'm not young -- (laughter) -- I worked on technical cooperation projects with African countries in Zambia, Kenya, Ivory Coast, Algeria and Somalia.
+I used to work for an Italian NGO and every project I launched in Africa failed.
+And I was distraught.
+At 21, I thought we Italians were good people and were doing a good job in Africa.
+Instead, everything we touched was killed.
+Our first project was the one that inspired my first book, Ripples from the Zambezi, where we Italians decided to teach Zambians how to grow food.
+So we arrived in this wonderful valley down the Zambezi River in southern Zambia with our Italian seeds to teach the locals how to grow Italian tomatoes and zucchini.
+And of course the locals weren't interested in that at all, so we paid them to come and sometimes they showed up. (Laughter.) And we were surprised that in such a fertile valley there was no local farming.
+But instead of asking them why nothing grew, we just said, "Thank God we're here." (Laughter) "We are close to saving the people of Zambia from starvation."
+And of course everything in Africa grew beautifully.
+I had such a beautiful tomato. It seems that tomatoes are about this size in Italy. Up to this size in Zambia.
+And we were in disbelief and said to the Zambians, 'Look how easy farming is'.
+The tomatoes ripened red and overnight, about 200 hippos came out of the river and ate them all. (Laughter) And we said to the Zambians, 'Oh my God, it's a hippo!
+Then the Zambians said, "Yes, that's why we don't have agriculture here." (Laughter) "Why didn't you tell me?" "Never heard of it."
+I thought it was only us Italians who were failing in Africa, but what the Americans are doing, what the British are doing, what the French are doing We are very proud of our project in Zambia. .
+Because at least we fed the hippos.
+You should see the garbage — (applause) -- you should see the garbage we give to unsuspecting Africans.
+I would like to read a book called "Dead Aid" by Dambisa Moyo, a female economist from Zambia.
+This book was published in 2009.
+We Western donors have donated $2 trillion to the African continent in the last 50 years.
+I'm not going to talk about the damage that money has done.
+Just go and read her book.
+Read about the damage done to us by African women.
+We Westerners are imperialist, colonialist missionaries, and we have only two ways of dealing with people. Either patronize them or be paternalistic.
+These two words come from the Latin root ``pater'', which means ``father''.
+But they have two different meanings.
+I am a paternalist and treat people from different cultures as if they were my children. "I love you very much."
+I am patronizing and treat people from different cultures as if they were my servants.
+That's why white people in Africa are called "bwana", boss.
+I got a slap in the face reading Schumacher's book Small is Beautiful. Schumacher said above all in economic development, leave those who don't want to be helped.
+This should be the first principle of aid.
+The first principle of helping is respect.
+This morning the gentleman who opened the conference put a stick on the floor and said, "Can you imagine a city that is not neocolonial?"
+When I was 27, I decided to only react to people and invented a system called Enterprise Facilitation. There, you never initiate or motivate anyone, but you become a servant of the local passion, a servant of the local people. I have a dream of becoming a better person.
+So what do you do - shut up.
+You never arrive in a community with an idea and end up sitting with the locals.
+We don't work in the office.
+we will meet at the cafe. we meet at the pub.
+Zero infrastructure.
+And by what we do, we become friends and find out what the person wants to do.
+Passion is the most important thing.
+You can give someone an idea.
+What do you do if the person doesn't want to do it?
+The most important thing is passion for personal growth.
+The passion a person has for their own development is paramount.
+And we help them find knowledge. Because no one in the world can succeed alone.
+The person with the idea may not have the knowledge, but the knowledge is available.
+So many years ago I had the following idea. “Instead of coming to the community and telling people what to do, why not listen to them once?” But that's not the case at community gatherings.
+Let me tell you a secret.
+Community gatherings are problematic.
+Entrepreneurs never come and never talk publicly about what they want to do with their money or what opportunities they are identifying.
+In other words, the plan has a blind spot.
+The smartest people in your community just don't know you because they don't come to public meetings.
+What we are doing is working one-on-one, but in order to work one-on-one, it is necessary to build social infrastructure that does not exist.
+I have to create a new profession.
+This profession is a Corporate Family Physician, Business Family Physician, who sits with you at home, at the kitchen table, in a cafe, and helps you find resources to turn your passion into a means of making a living. increase.
+I started this as a tryout in Esperance, Western Australia.
+I had a Ph.D. It was time to get away from this condescending bullshit of us arriving and telling you what to do.
+So in the first year what I did in Esperance was just walk down the street and after 3 days I got my first customer and I was this first guy who was smoking fish in the garage It was a Maori, and I helped him sell to a restaurant in Perth, to get organized, and the fishermen came to me and said, 'You help the Maori. Can you help us?"
+And I helped these five fishermen work together to get this beautiful tuna to a cannery in Albany for 60 cents a kilo. But I found a way to get sushi fish to Japan for $15/kg. Then came the farmer. Talked to me and said, "Hey, you helped them. Can you help us?"
+I had 27 projects going on in a year, and the government came to see me and said,
+how can i do that? ' And I said, 'I'm doing very, very, very hard.
+I shut up and listen to them. (Laughter) So — (applause) — so governments are saying, 'Do it again.' (Laughter) We've done it in 300 communities around the world.
+We have helped launch 40,000 businesses.
+There is a new generation of entrepreneurs dying of loneliness.
+Peter Drucker, one of the greatest management consultants in history, died a few years ago at the age of 96.
+Peter Drucker, who was a professor of philosophy before he got into business, said: “Planning is really at odds with an entrepreneurial society and economy.”
+Planning is the kiss of death for entrepreneurship.
+So you are rebuilding Christchurch without knowing what the smartest people in Christchurch want to do with their money and their energy.
+You have to learn how to get these people to come and talk to you.
+You have to offer them secrecy and privacy and be a great help. Then they will come, and they will come in droves.
+A community of 10,000 has 200 clients.
+Can you imagine a community of 400,000 intelligent and passionate people?
+Which presentation did you admire the most this morning?
+Passionate local people. The person you applauded is that person.
+So what I'm trying to say is that the entrepreneurial spirit is there.
+We are at the end of the First Industrial Revolution, non-renewable fossil fuels and manufacturing, and suddenly we have an unsustainable system.
+Internal combustion engines are not sustainable.
+The way things are maintained using freon is not sustainable.
+Our focus must be on how we feed, treat, educate, transport and communicate with 7 billion people in a sustainable way.
+No technology exists to do that.
+Who will invent the technology for the green revolution? University? not to worry!
+government? not to worry!
+It's entrepreneurs and they're doing it now.
+There is a lovely story I read in a futurist magazine many years ago.
+In 1860, there was a group of professionals invited to discuss the future of New York City.
+And in 1860, when this group of people got together and all guessed what would happen to New York City in 100 years, they came to a unanimous conclusion. New York City wouldn't exist in 100 years.
+why? Because they saw the curve, and if the population continued to grow at this rate, it would take 6 million horses to move New York's population, and the manure produced by 6 million horses would have to be dealt with. said it would be impossible.
+They were already drowning in manure. (Laughter) In 1860, they saw from New York this dirty technology that would choke people's lives.
+So what happens? Forty years later, in 1900, there were 1,001 automobile manufacturers in the United States.
+The idea of ​​finding another technology has permeated the backwaters with small, tiny factories.
+Dearborn, Michigan. Mr Henry Ford.
+But there is a secret to working with entrepreneurs.
+First, you need to provide them with confidentiality.
+Otherwise they won't speak to you.
+Then you have to provide them with absolute, dedicated and passionate service.
+And you have to tell them the truth about entrepreneurship.
+Whether you're the smallest or the largest company, you need to be able to do three things well: The product you want to sell has to be great. You have to do great marketing. And then you have to do tremendous financial management.
+guess what?
+We have never met anyone in the world who could build a product, sell it, and manage money.
+it doesn't exist.
+This person was never born.
+We researched and looked at 100 of the world's most iconic companies, including Carnegie, Westinghouse, Edison, Ford, all startups, Google, Yahoo, and more.
+Successful companies around the world have only one thing in common. The bottom line is that no company was started by one person.
+We are currently teaching entrepreneurship to 16 year olds in Northumberland. The class begins by giving the first two pages of Richard Branson's autobiography. The 16-year-old's task is to underline the first two pages of his autobiography. Autobiography of Richard Branson. How many times Richard used the word "I" and how many times he used the word "we".
+He didn't use the word "I" or the word "we" 32 times.
+He wasn't alone when he started.
+No one started a company alone. no one.
+So we can have a community of small business facilitators sitting in cafes and bars and dedicated peers who will do for you what someone else did for this gentleman talking about this epic . I ask you, "What do you need?
+What can you do? can you do it?
+Okay, can you sell me? Can you take care of my money? "
+"Oh no, I can't do that." "Can someone find me?"
+We activate our community.
+We have a group of volunteers who support our enterprise facilitators and help find resources and talent. And I discovered that the miracle of local people's intelligence can change the culture and economy of this community just by capturing their passion. Your own people energy and imagination.
+thank you. (applause)
+I am a brain scientist and as a brain scientist I am really interested in how the brain learns, especially the possibilities of making it smarter, better and faster.
+In this context, we are talking about video games. When most people think of video games, they think of children.
+That's true. 90% of children play video games.
+But let's be frank.
+Who's in front of the PlayStation when the kids are sleeping?
+most of you. The average age of gamers is 33, not 8. In fact, if you look at the video game playing population projections, tomorrow's video game players will be older. (Laughter) So video (games) is pervasive throughout our society.
+It obviously stays here. It has an amazing impact on our daily lives. Consider the following statistics released by Activision: The game Call Of Duty: Black Ops has been played for 68,000 years worldwide, one month after its release.
+Anyone complaining if this is the case when doing linear algebra?
+So what we're looking for in the lab is how we can harness that power.
+I would like to step back a little here.
+I think most of us have had the experience of coming home to find our children playing this type of game.
+(Gunshot) The name of the game is to chase down enemy zombie bad guys before they get close to you, right?
+And I'm sure most of you have thought, "Oh, can't we do something smarter than shooting zombies?"
+I want you to think of these sudden reactions in the context of how you would feel if you caught your girl playing Sudoku or your boy reading Shakespeare. right?
+Most parents would find it great.
+Well, I'm not saying that playing video games every day is actually good for your health.
+No, and binge eating is never a good thing.
+But what I want to argue is that the first action-packed shooter, in the right amount, has a very strong and positive effect on many aspects of our behavior.
+Not a week goes by without a big headline in the media about whether video games are good or bad for you. You are all struck by it.
+I want you to put these Friday night bar discussions aside and actually step into the lab.
+What we are doing in the lab is directly measuring the effects of video games on the brain in a quantitative way.
+So let's take some examples from our work.
+First of all, I'm sure you've all heard the fact that spending too much time looking at a screen can make your eyesight worse.
+It's a statement about vision.
+You may be a vision scientist among you.
+In fact we know how to test that statement.
+We enter the lab and measure how good your eyesight is.
+Well, what do you think? People who don't play a lot of action games, or who don't actually spend a lot of time in front of a screen, have normal or so-called corrected vision. are you OK.
+The question is, what happens to those who actually indulge in playing video games five, ten, fifteen hours a week?
+From what you're saying, they must have pretty bad eyesight, right?
+guess what? Their vision is really great.
+It's better than someone who doesn't play.
+And it's good in two different ways.
+The first is that it can actually resolve small details in a messy situation. This means you can read the fine print on your prescription rather than using a magnifying glass, but you can actually do it with just your eyesight.
+Another better way is to actually be able to resolve different levels of gray.
+Imagine you are driving in fog. This makes the difference between being able to avoid an accident by looking at the car in front of you, or being involved in an accident.
+So we're actually using that work to influence the development of games for people with low vision and retraining their brains to see better.
+When it comes to action video games, it's clear that screen time doesn't hurt your eyesight.
+Another adage I'm sure you've heard. "Video games cause attention problems and are easily distracted."
+Well, we know how to measure attention in the lab.
+Here's an example of how to do it in practice.
+We invite you to join us so we can actually play the game together. Introduce colorful words. I want you to scream the color of the ink.
+right? Here is the first example.
+["Chair"] Orange, nice. [“Table”] Green.
+["Board"] Audience: Red. Daphne Babelier: Red.
+["Horse"] DB: Yellow. Audience: Yellow.
+["Yellow"] DB: Red. Audience: Yellow.
+["cyan"] DB: Yellow.
+Okay, you know what I mean? (laughs) It's getting better and better, but it's difficult. Why is it difficult?
+Because I introduced a contradiction between the word itself and its color.
+In fact, how much attention you give will determine how quickly you can resolve the conflict. So the young players who are at the top here probably could have done a little bit better than the older folks like us.
+What we can prove is that doing these kinds of tasks with people who play a lot of action games can actually resolve conflicts faster.
+So it's clear that playing these action games doesn't lead to attention problems.
+In fact, players of these action video games have many other benefits in terms of attention. Also, one of the improved aspects of attention is the ability to track objects around the world.
+This is what we use all the time. While driving, you are following and following the cars around you.
+It also tracks pedestrians and running dogs, so you can actually drive safely, right?
+In the lab, we have people come into the lab and sit in front of a computer screen and give them small tasks to do.
+You will see yellow happy faces and some sad blue faces. Children in a schoolyard in Geneva during winter break. Most children are happy. It's actually time to rest.
+But some kids are sad and blue because they forgot their coats.
+Everyone starts moving. Your job is to keep track of who has the coat on first and who doesn't. So let me give you an example where there is only one sad child. It's easy because you can actually follow it with your eyes. I can track, I can track, and when it stops there's a question mark, and I ask, did this kid have a coat?
+Was it yellow or blue at first?
+I hear a little yellow. good. I mean, most people have brains. (Laughter) I'm going to ask you to do that job, but this time it's a little more difficult. Three of them are blue. Keep your eyes still.
+Keep your eyes still. Stare at the eyes and enlarge them to attract attention. That's the only way it really can be done. Move your eyes to determine your destiny.
+yellow or blue?
+Audience: Yellow. DB: Good.
+So a typical normal young person can have about 3 or 4 attention objects.
+That's what we just did. An action video game player has about 6-7 objects of interest, which is shown in this video.
+It's for all you action video game players.
+A little more challenging, right? (laughs) Yellow or blue? blue. Some are serious. yes. (laughs) Good. So, just as we see the effects of video games on people's behavior in action, brain imaging can be used to study the effects of video games on the brain. You'll find many changes, but the main ones are actually in the brain networks that control attention. Part of it is therefore the parietal cortex, which is well known to control the direction of attention.
+The other is the frontal lobe, which controls how we maintain attention, and the anterior cingulate, which controls how we allocate and coordinate attention and resolve conflicts.
+Now, brain imaging shows that all three of these networks are actually much more efficient in people who play action games.
+This has indeed led to some rather counterintuitive findings in the technology and brain literature.
+We all know about multitasking. You all have the drawback of multitasking when you pick up your phone while driving. bad idea. Very bad idea.
+why? Because when your attention shifts to your phone, you actually lose your ability to react quickly to the brakes of the car in front of you, making you far more likely to get into a car accident.
+Such skills can now be measured in the lab.
+Of course, we're not asking people to drive their cars and see how many car accidents there are. It makes for a slightly more expensive proposition. But we can design tasks on a computer and measure how well it switches from one task to another with millisecond precision.
+Then you can see that people who actually play a lot of action games are really good at it.
+They are really fast and switch very quickly. They pay a very small cost.
+Now I would like you to recall that result and put it in the context of another group of technology users, a group that is indeed highly respected by society: those who engage in multimedia tasks.
+What is a multimedia task? It's a fact that most of us, and most children, are chatting with friends on Facebook, searching the web, and listening to music at the same time.
+It's a multimedia tasker.
+There was the first study, done by a colleague at Stanford University, and we replicated it, and it showed that people who claimed to be good at multimedia tasks were just as bad at multitasking.
+When measured in the lab, it gives really bad values.
+right? Therefore, such results make two main points.
+The first is that not all media are created equal.
+You can't compare the effects of multimedia tasks with playing action games. They have completely different effects on different aspects of cognition, perception and attention.
+Among video games, we're talking about action-packed video games right now.
+Different video games have different effects on the brain.
+So we have to actually go into the lab and actually measure the effectiveness of each video game.
+Another lesson is that common wisdom has no weight.
+We've already shown you that, as we've seen the fact that action gamers have very good eyesight despite having more screen time.
+What really struck me here was that the undergraduates who actually reported doing many advanced multimedia tasks were confident they passed the test.
+So you show them the data, you show them they're bad, and they're like, 'That's not possible. They have a gut feeling that they're doing really, really well.
+This is yet another argument for why we need to step into the lab and really measure the impact of technology on the brain.
+Now, when you think about how video games affect your brain, in some ways it's very similar to how wine affects your health.
+There are some very inappropriate uses of wine. There are some very inappropriate ways to use video games. But at the right age and in the right amount, wine can be very good for your health. In fact, specific molecules have been identified in red wine that lead to increased life expectancy.
+In the same way that action video games contain many ingredients that are actually very powerful for brain plasticity, learning, attention, vision, etc., we have no idea what their active ingredients are. We need to understand why, and we're working on that right now. Then we can put them to practical use to provide better games for education and patient rehabilitation.
+Now, since we're interested in influencing patient education and rehabilitation, it's not really about how people who choose to play video games for hours on end perform. Not really interested.
+I'm more interested in showing that forcing you to play an action game, whether you want to play that action game or not, can actually change your vision for the better. I have.
+That is the point of rehabilitation and education.
+Most kids don't go to school saying, "Wow, two hours of math!"
+That's the real heart of the research, and for that we need to go one step further.
+And another step is to do a training study.
+So let's illustrate that step with a task called mental rotation.
+Mental rotation, which I ask you to do, and which you will also do, is to observe this form. research it. This is the shape of the target. Introducing four different shapes.
+One of these four different shapes is actually a rotation of this shape. Tell me one, two, three or four.
+Ok, I'll help you. Fourth.
+one more. Get your brain working. come.
+That is what we are aiming for.
+The third. good! This is difficult, right?
+Like, I asked you to do that because you're really feeling your brain shrinking, right?
+It doesn't feel like playing a mindless action video game.
+What we do in these training studies is people come to the lab, do a task like this, and then force them to play a 10 hour action game.
+They don't play action games for 10 hours straight.
+I do spread practice, so I do small 40-minute shots over a couple of days over a two-week period.
+Then, when the training is over, they come back a few days later and are tested again on a similar kind of mental rotation task. This is a job from a colleague in Toronto. What they have shown is that, initially, subjects perform as expected given their age. Two weeks of training in an action video game actually improved performance, and the improvement continues five months after training. That's really very important.
+why? You said you wanted to use these games for education and rehabilitation. The effect should be long lasting.
+Now, at this point, probably a lot of people are wondering what are you waiting for to market a game that will help get my grandmother's attention and that she can actually enjoy, or a game that my grandmother will enjoy. You're probably wondering. For example, would it be best to restore the sight of my partially sighted grandson?
+Well, we're working on it, but here's the challenge.
+Brain scientists like myself are beginning to understand what good ingredients are in games to promote positive effects, and I'll call it the broccoli side of the equation.
+There is an entertainment software industry that is very good at creating compelling products that make you want to look at them.
+That's the chocolate side of the equation.
+The problem is that you have to combine the two, and it's a bit like food.
+Who really wants chocolate-covered broccoli?
+you have no one (Laughter) I'm sure you've experienced that feeling when you pick up an educational game that, well, it's not very interesting, it's not very engaging. So what we really need is a new brand of chocolate. A brand of chocolate that is tempting, really playful, but with all the ingredients. Contains indistinguishably good ingredients extracted from broccoli. your brain is still working. We are working on it, but it will require brain scientists, people working in the entertainment software industry, and publishers to come together. I mean, these people aren't people you usually see every day, but it's actually doable. you're on the right track.
+I would like to keep that thought. Thank you for your attention. (Applause) (Applause)
+Tommy Mizon: We're playing two songs tonight.
+We're three brothers from New Jersey, and funny enough, believe it or not, we're obsessed with bluegrass and excited to play bluegrass in front of you tonight.
+(music) (applause) TM: Thank you, thank you.
+(Applause) Robbie Mizon: Thank you.
+I'm Robbie Mizon. I'm 13 and play the fiddle.
+This is my brother Johnny. He is ten years old and plays the banjo.
+And playing the guitar is my 14-year-old brother, Tommy.
+(Applause.) We call ourselves the Sleepy Man Banjo Boys.
+(music) (applause) TM: Thank you.
+JM: Thank you everyone.
+TM: Thank you.
+I would like to tell you about a project I started about 16 years ago.
+It is to create new forms of life.
+And these are made of this kind of tube, what in Holland is called an electric tube.
+And then we can start a movie about it and we can go back in time a bit.
+(Video) Narrator: Eventually, these beasts end up living in herds on the coast.
+Theo Jansen is working hard on this evolution.
+Theo Jansen: I would like to have these creatures on the beach.
+And they should be able to live there on their own in the future.
+They are learning to live on their own -- and it will be a few more years before they can walk on their own.
+Narrator: Machine beasts don't get their energy from food, they get their energy from the wind.
+The wind moves the wings on their backs and moves their legs.
+The beast walks sideways on the wet sand of the shore, with its nose turned to the wind.
+As soon as you step onto rolling waves or dry sand, stop and walk in the opposite direction.
+Evolution has produced many species.
+(music) Animalis Karens Windosa.
+(music) (laughter) (applause) TJ: This is a herd, built according to the genetic code.
+And it's a kind of race, each animal is different and the winning code doubles.
+This is a left to right wave.
+Okay, now we're going from left to right.
+This is a new generation, a new family that can store the wind.
+So the wings pump air into the lemonade bottle above it.
+And when the wind stops and the tide comes in, you can harness that energy. There is still some energy left to reach the dunes and save lives. Because they can easily drown.
+(Laughter) I can show you this animal.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) So this animal's vascular proportions are very important for locomotion.
+There is a number 11 and I call it the 11 sacred number.
+These are the tube distances to walk in that direction.
+In fact, this is a new invention of the wheel.
+They work just like wheels.
+The wheel axis is on the same level and this hip is also on the same level.
+In fact, it's better than wheels. Because when you try to drive your bike on the beach you find it very difficult.
+And the feet should only step on the sand, and the wheels should touch every part of the ground between them.
+5,000 years after the invention of the wheel, a new wheel was born.
+I'll show you in the next video, can you get started? -- Being able to move very heavy loads.
+There is a guy pushing behind, but he can also walk very well with the wind.
+3.2 tons.
+It has antennae and can sense obstacles and change direction.
+You see, it's going in the opposite direction.
+Can I have tentacles here?
+OK. good.
+So they have to survive all the dangers on the beach. One of the great dangers is the sea.
+This is the sea
+And this is the water sensor, and very important is this tube.
+You normally breathe air, but you feel the resistance when swallowing water.
+Now imagine an animal walking towards the sea.
+As soon as it touches the water, you should hear the sound of air flowing.
+(Running sound) Yes!
+Here are the animal brains.
+Actually, this is a pedometer, it counts your steps.
+A binary step counter.
+So as soon as you go to sea, the pattern of 0's and 1's here changes.
+And you always know where you are on the beach.
+It says there is an ocean, there are dunes, and here I am.
+So it's a kind of imagination of the simple world of beach animals.
+thank you.
+One of your greatest enemies is the storm.
+This is the nose part of Animalis Persiepierre.
+Once the animal's nose is fixed, the whole animal is fixed.
+Therefore, when a storm approaches, it will drive a pin into the ground.
+The nose is fixed, and so is the whole animal.
+The wind may change direction, but animals always turn their noses to the wind.
+Well, in a few more years these animals will be able to live on their own.
+I still have to help them a lot.
+Thank you very much for your attendance.
+(applause)
+Hi. This time I would like to talk about traffic jams, that is, road traffic jams.
+Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.
+It exists in basically every city in the world, which is a bit surprising when you think about it.
+So let's think about how cities differ in practice.
+In other words, a typical European city has a dense urban center, mostly public transport, but not much road capacity.
+But on the other hand, there are also American cities.
+I'm moving on my own, it's okay.
+Anyway, American cities: Many roads are widely distributed, and public transportation is almost non-existent.
+And emerging-world cities have a mix of different vehicles, mixed land-use patterns, and fairly decentralized but often very dense urban centers.
+And while transportation planners around the world have experimented with dense and dispersed cities, lots of roads and public transport, bike lanes and more information, None of it seems to work.
+But all these attempts have something in common.
+These are basically attempts to figure out what people should do instead of rush hour driving.
+They are essentially, in a way, an attempt to plan what other people should do and plan their own lives for them.
+Now, planning a complex social system is very difficult, but let me tell you a story.
+In 1989, when the Berlin Wall came down, a city planner in London got a call from a colleague in Moscow and said, in short, ``Hi, I'm Vladimir. Who is it?"
+A city planner in London said: "What do you mean, who is in charge of London? I mean, no one is in charge."
+"Ah, but someone must be responsible.
+So it's a very complex system. Someone has to control all this. "
+"No, no, no one is responsible.
+So basically, I didn't think much of it.
+It basically organizes itself. "
+It organizes itself.
+This is an example of a complex social system with the ability to self-organize and is a very insightful one.
+When trying to solve really complex social problems, the right thing to do most of the time is creating incentives.
+No need to plan the details. People think what to do and how to adapt to this new framework.
+Now let's see how this insight can be leveraged to combat road congestion.
+This is a map of my hometown, Stockholm.
+Currently, Stockholm is a medium-sized city with a population of about 2 million people, but Stockholm is also rich in water, and a lot of water means a lot of bridges. means
+And these red dots show the most congested parts: the bridges leading to the city centre.
+Then someone had the idea to charge drivers a euro or two for these bottlenecks, apart from spending on public transport and roads.
+Well, 1 or 2 euros, but that's not much compared to parking fees, running costs, etc. As such, you would probably expect that motorists would be less responsive to this rather small fee.
+That would be wrong.
+1-2 euros was enough to make 20% of rush hour cars disappear.
+Now, 20 percent, you might think that's a pretty big number, but the problem is still 80 percent, right?
+Because we still have 80% of the traffic left.
+This is also wrong. Since traffic happens to be a non-linear phenomenon, it means that once a certain capacity threshold is crossed congestion starts to increase very quickly.
+Fortunately, it can also be the other way around.
+If we can reduce the amount of traffic even a little, the congestion will disappear much sooner than we think.
+Well, on January 3, 2006, a congestion charge was introduced in Stockholm. The first photo here is from January 2nd in Stockholm, one of the typical streets.
+It was like this on the first day when the congestion charge occurred.
+This is what happens when you remove 20 percent of cars from the road.
+It really reduces congestion.
+But, as I said earlier, I mean, car drivers adapt, right?
+After a while, they all come back, as they have become accustomed to charging.
+Not again. Six and a half years after the introduction of congestion charges in Stockholm, traffic levels are still generally low.
+But you know, there's an interesting gap in the 2007 time series.
+Now, the problem is the congestion charge, but it was initially introduced on a trial basis, so it was introduced in January, then abolished again at the end of July, then a referendum, then reintroduced again in 2007 . Of course it was a great scientific opportunity.
+So this was a fun experiment from the beginning, and we actually ended up doing it twice.
+And personally, I would like to do this about once a year, but they don't allow it.
+But it was fun anyway.
+So I followed up. what happened?
+This is the last day for congestion charges to apply, July 31st. You can see the same street, but it's summer now. Summer in Stockholm is one of the most comfortable and bright seasons of the year. The first day with no congestion charges looked like this: .
+All cars are back again. Car drivers also need to be impressed. They adapt very quickly.
+The first day they all came back.
+And this effect persisted. The numbers for 2007 are as follows:
+These traffic numbers are really exciting, a little bit surprising, and very helpful to know, but I don't think this slide is the most amazing slide I'm going to show you today. That's it.
+This shows public support for Stockholm's congestion charges, and we can see that when congestion charges were introduced in early spring 2006, people vehemently opposed them.
+Seventy percent of the population didn't want this.
+But what happened when there were congestion charges was not what you expected, people started to hate congestion charges more and more.
+No, on the contrary, it has shifted to 70% support for rate maintenance. So, again, 70% of Stockholm's population want to keep their prices. What used to be free.
+have understood. So how is that possible? why is that?
+Now think about it. who changed?
+In fact, 20% of missing car drivers must be dissatisfied in some way.
+And where have they gone? If you can understand this, you may understand why people are happy with it.
+Well, we did this massive interview survey against a number of travel services to try and figure out who changed and where.
+And it turns out that they do not know themselves. (Laughter) For some reason, car drivers are confident that they're actually driving the same way they used to.
+why? That's because travel patterns are much more erratic than you might think.
+Every day, people make new decisions, people change, and the world around them changes. And every day, all these decisions are the kind that take people a little further away from driving in rush hour in ways they don't realize.
+They themselves are unaware of it.
+And another question is, who changed their minds?
+Who changed their minds and why?
+So we conducted another interview survey to try to figure out why people changed their minds and what groups changed their minds.
+An analysis of the responses revealed that more than half believed they hadn't changed their minds.
+In fact, I'm pretty sure they liked congestion pricing all along.
+This means that we are now in a position to reduce traffic through this toll cordon by 20%, significantly reducing congestion. People don't even realize they've changed and honestly believe they like this. all the time.
+This is the power of nudging when trying to solve complex social problems, when you shouldn't try to teach people how to adapt.
+Guiding you in the right direction is enough.
+And if you do it right, people will actually embrace the change, and if you do it right, people will actually like it.
+thank you. (applause)
+Life is about chances—creating opportunities and embracing them.
+And for me, it was an Olympic dream.
+That's what defined me. That was my bliss.
+As a cross-country skier and part of the Australian ski team heading into the Winter Olympics, I was riding training bikes with my teammates.
+It was a perfect autumn day of sunshine, eucalyptus scents and dreams as we headed towards the spectacular Blue Mountains west of Sydney.
+life was good
+After about 5 and a half hours on my bike, I arrived at my favorite place to drive. it was a hill Because I loved the hills.
+I got up from my bike seat and started moving my legs. I could feel my lungs burning as I breathed in the cold mountain air. I looked up and saw the sun shining on my face.
+And then everything went black.
+where was i what was going on?
+Pain consumed my body.
+About 10 minutes after riding my bike, I was hit by a multi-purpose truck that was traveling at a tremendous speed.
+I was flown by rescue helicopter from the scene of the accident to a large spine ward in Sydney.
+I suffered extensive life-threatening injuries.
+I broke my neck and back in six places.
+I broke five ribs on my left side.
+I broke my right arm. I broke my collarbone.
+I broke some bones in my leg.
+My entire right side was torn up and filled with gravel.
+My head was cut open from the front and lifted back, exposing the skull underneath.
+I have injured my head. I had internal injuries.
+There was massive blood loss.
+In fact I lost about 5 liters of blood. This is all about how much a person my size can actually hold.
+By the time the helicopter arrived at Sydney's Prince Henry Hospital, my blood pressure was 40 for nothing.
+I was having a really bad day.
+(laughter) For over ten days, I was floating between two dimensions.
+I was not only in my own body, but I also had the awareness that I was out of my body and somewhere else, watching from above as if it was happening to someone else. .
+Why would you want to return to such a broken body?
+But this voice kept calling me. "Come on, stay with me."
+"No, it's too difficult."
+"Come on, here's your chance."
+"No, its body is broken. It can no longer serve me."
+"Come on, stay with us. We can do it. Together we can do it."
+I was at a crossroads.
+I knew that if I didn't return to my original body, I would have to leave this world forever.
+It was a battle for my life.
+After 10 days, I decided to go back to my old body.
+And the bleeding has stopped.
+My next concern was whether I would be able to walk again, as I was paralyzed from the waist down.
+They told my parents that the neck fracture was a stable fracture, but the back had been completely shattered. L1's vertebrae seemed to have dropped and stepped on a peanut, breaking it into thousands of shards.
+they will have to operate.
+They put me on a beanbag.
+They ripped me apart and literally cut me in half.
+There are scars that cover the entire body.
+They removed as many broken bones as possible from my spinal cord.
+They removed two of my broken ribs and rebuilt my back. L1, they reconstructed it, they took out another broken rib, fused T12, L1, L2.
+Then they sewed me up. It took them an entire hour to suture me.
+I woke up in the intensive care unit. The doctors were really excited that the operation was a success. Because at that stage one of my big toes was moving a little bit. I thought: I'm going to the Olympics! "
+(Laughter) I had no idea.
+It's probably the kind of thing that happens to someone else, not me.
+But then the doctor came to me and said, 'Janine, the operation was successful.
+However, the damage is permanent.
+Central Nervous System Nerves - No cure.
+You are a so-called hemiplegic, and you will have all the injuries that come with it.
+I can't feel anything from the waist down, and maybe 10-20% reduction at best.
+You will be injured for the rest of your life.
+I have to use a catheter for the rest of my life.
+And if I were to walk again, I would be using calipers and a walker. "
+And she said, "Janine, you have to rethink everything you do in your life because you can't do what you did before."
+(gasps) I tried to understand what she was saying.
+I was an athlete. That's all I knew. That's all I did.
+If you can't do that, what should you do?
+And I asked myself, "If I couldn't do that, who would I be?"
+They moved me from the intensive care unit to the acute spinal cord unit.
+I was lying on a thin, hard spinal bed.
+I couldn't move my legs at all.
+I wore tight stockings to prevent blood clots.
+One arm was covered with a bandage and the other with an intravenous drip.
+I wore a brace around my neck and sandbags on either side of my head, looking at my world through a mirror suspended overhead.
+I shared a room with five other people, and to my surprise, we were all lying paralyzed in the spine ward, so we didn't know what each other looked like. did not.
+How wonderful is that?
+How often in your life do you have opportunities to make friendships based purely on the spirit, without judgment?
+And there was no superficial conversation as we shared our deepest thoughts, our fears, and our hopes for life after the Spine Ward.
+I remember one night one of the nurses, Jonathan, came in with a bunch of plastic straws.
+He put a pile on top of each of us and said, "Start piecing them together."
+Well, there wasn't much else to do in the spine ward, so I did.
+(Laughter.) And when we were done, he silently walked around, piecing together all the straws and circling the entire ward.
+And he said, "Okay guys, hold on tight to the straws."
+And we did. And he said, "Yes...
+And when we held on and breathed together, we knew we weren't on this journey alone.
+And he's lying paralyzed in the spine ward...
+There was an incredible amount of depth and richness, a moment of authenticity and connection that I had never experienced before.
+And we all knew that we would never be the same after leaving the spine ward.
+Half a year has passed and it's time to go home.
+I remember my father pushing me outside in a wheelchair and putting me in a cast and feeling the sunshine on my face for the first time.
+I soaked it up and thought, "How could I take this for granted?"
+I felt so grateful for my life.
+But before I left the hospital, the head nurse told me: "Janine, be prepared. Something will happen when you get home."
+And I said, "What?"
+And she said, "You're going to be depressed."
+And I said, "It's not me. It's not Janine the Machine." This was my nickname.
+She said, "So do you, because it happens to everyone.
+It's normal in the spine ward. you are in a wheelchair It's normal.
+But when you get home, you'll realize how much your life has changed. "
+and went home.
+I realized Sister Sam was right.
+I became depressed.
+I was in a wheelchair.
+I was numb from the waist down, chained to a catheter bottle.
+I lost a lot of weight in the hospital and am now around 80 pounds.
+And I wanted to give up.
+All I wanted to do was put on my running shoes and run out the door.
+I wanted to go back to my old life. I wanted my body back.
+And I remember my mother sitting on the edge of my bed and saying, "Will life never get better again?"
+And so I thought.
+Because I've lost everything I cherished and worked hard for.
+Had disappeared. "
+And the question I asked was, "Why me? Why me?"
+And I remembered my friends who are still in the spine ward, especially Maria.
+Maria was in a car accident and woke up on her 16th birthday to find herself completely quadriplegic, immobilized from the neck down, with damaged vocal cords and unable to speak.
+They said to me, "I think that's good for her, so we're moving you next to her."
+I was worried I didn't know how I would react when I was next to her.
+I thought it would be tough, but it was actually a blessing because Maria always had a smile on her face.
+She was always happy and never complained, even when she started speaking again, even though it was difficult to understand.
+And I wondered how she found that level of acceptance.
+And then I realized that this is not just my life. It was life itself.
+I realized that this is not just my pain. It was a pain for everyone.
+And just like before, I knew I had a choice. You can continue to struggle with this problem, or you can let go and accept the circumstances of your life, not just your body.
+And I stopped thinking, "Why me?"
+And I started asking, "Why not me?"
+And I thought maybe being at rock bottom might be the best place to start.
+I never thought of myself as a creative person.
+I was an athlete. My body was a machine.
+But now I was embarking on the most creative project any of us could do: rebuilding our lives.
+And I had no idea what I was going to do, but in that uncertainty came a sense of freedom.
+I am no longer bound by a fixed path.
+I was free to explore life's endless possibilities.
+And that realization was about to change my life.
+I was sitting in a wheelchair at home with a full-body plaster cast when an airplane flew overhead.
+I looked up and thought, "That's it!"
+If you can't walk, you should be able to fly. "
+(laughter) I said, "Mom, I'm going to learn how to fly."
+She said, "That's good, dear."
+(Laughter) I said, "Give me the yellow pages."
+She gave me a phone book and I called the flight school and said I wanted to book a flight.
+They said, "When are you coming out?"
+I said, 'I can't drive, so I'm going to have a friend do it.
+I am unable to walk. is there a problem? "
+I made an appointment and a few weeks later my friend Chris and my mother drove me to the airport. My whole body, which weighs 80 pounds, was covered in plaster in baggy overalls.
+(Laughter) To be honest, I didn't seem like the ideal candidate for a pilot's license.
+(Laughs) I can't stand, so I'm clinging to the counter.
+I said, "Hello, I'm here for a flying lesson."
+"You will understand her." "No, no, you will take her."
+Finally, a man said, "Hi, I'm Andrew. I'm taking you to the plane."
+I said, "Wow!"
+They took me to the tarmac and there was this red, white and blue plane - it was beautiful.
+To get me into the cockpit you had to slide me over the wings.
+they sat me down. There are buttons and dials everywhere.
+You think, "Wow, how do you know what these buttons and dials do?"
+Andrew got in the front, started the plane and said, "Would you like to try taxiing?"
+That's when you control the rudder pedals with your feet to control the plane on the ground.
+He said, "Oh."
+So he went to the runway and applied power.
+And as we took off the runway and the wheels lifted off the tarmac and into the air, I felt an incredible sense of relief.
+And as we crossed the training grounds, Andrew told me. "Can you see the mountain over there?"
+And I said, "Yes."
+And he said, "Then you take the control stick and fly towards that mountain."
+And looking up, he found he was pointing to the Blue Mountains, where his journey began.
+And I grabbed the control stick and flew.
+And I was far from that spine ward.
+It was then that I decided that I would become a pilot.
+I didn't know how to pass the medical examination.
+(Laughter) But we'll worry about that later. Because now I had a dream.
+So I went home and wrote a training diary and made a plan.
+And from the point where I practiced walking as much as I could and had the two of them support me...
+To the one person who held me in my arms...
+To the extent that you can walk around the furniture as long as it's not too far away.
+And I've made great strides to the point where I can walk around the house holding on to walls like this.
+And my mother, wiping my fingerprints off, said she's following me forever.
+(Laughter.) But at least she always knew where I was.
+(Laughter) So while the doctors continued to operate and put my body back together, I continued to study theory.
+And finally, to my surprise, I passed the pilot's medical, which gave me the go-ahead for my flight.
+And I spent all the time I could in flight school, far out of my comfort zone, with all the young people who wanted to be Qantas pilots, jumping on me first in a plaster cast, then in mine, Made little old me jump on. Steel braces, baggy overalls, bags of medicine and catheters, and me limping.
+They looked at me and were like, "Oh, who is she kidding? She can never do that."
+And sometimes I thought so too.
+But it didn't matter. Because there was something burning inside of me right now that far outweighed my injuries.
+And small goals pushed me forward, eventually earning my private pilot's license.
+Then I learned navigation and flew friends around Australia.
+And I learned to fly a two-engine plane and got a twin-engine rating.
+And it is now able to fly not only in fine weather but also in bad weather, and it has acquired an instrument rating.
+And I got my commercial pilot license.
+And got an instructor rating.
+And then I found myself back at the same school where I flew for the first time, teaching other people how to fly...
+It's been less than 18 months since I left the spine ward.
+(Applause) (End of applause) And I thought, "Why stop there?"
+Want to learn to fly upside down? "
+(Laughter) So I learned to fly upside down and became an aerobatic instructor.
+(laughs) And what about your father and mother? never happened.
+(Laughter) But then I realized that while my body may be limited, it is my mind that cannot be stopped.
+The philosopher Lao Tzu once said, "If you let go of who you are, you can be who you are."
+I now realize that only by letting go of who I thought I was was I able to create a whole new life.
+Until I let go of the life I thought it should be...
+That I was able to accept the life that was waiting for me.
+I now know that my true strength did not come from my body.
+And while my physical abilities have changed dramatically, I haven't changed who I am.
+The pilot fire within me was still burning, just as it is within each of us.
+I know it's not my body
+And I also know that you are not yours.
+Then it no longer matters what you look like, where you come from or what you do for a living.
+All that matters is that we continue to fan the flames of humanity by living our lives for the ultimate creative expression of our true selves. Because we are all connected by millions of straws.
+And it's time to join them and persevere.
+And if we move toward collective bliss...
+It is time for us to stop focusing on the physical and instead embrace the virtues of the heart.
+So raise a straw if you join me.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+I am a designer and an educator.
+I am a multitasking person and encourage my students to go through a very creative and multitasking design process.
+But how efficient is this multitasking really?
+Consider the monotask option for a moment.
+Here are some examples.
+Look at that
+This is the result of my multitasking activity. (Laughs) So I cook, answer calls, write SMS, and even upload pictures about this amazing barbecue.
+So someone told me a story about a super task car. In other words, 2 percent of people are in control of their multitasking environment.
+But what about ourselves, and what about our reality?
+When was the last time you really enjoyed listening to just your friend's voice?
+This is a project I'm working on, and this is a series of covers to downgrade our super, hyper — (laughter) (applause) our super, hyper phones to the essence of their functionality. for downgrading.
+Another example: Have you been to Venice?
+How beautiful it is to lose yourself in the small streets of the island.
+However, our multitasking reality is much different, and we are overloaded with information.
+So how about something like this to rediscover your sense of adventure?
+I know it might sound pretty weird to talk about mono when the number of possibilities is huge, but consider the options of focusing on just one task or turning off your digital senses entirely. recommend to.
+Therefore, today everyone can produce mono products.
+why not? Find your monotasking place in the multitasking world.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I speak of the power of the word jihad.
+For the majority of practicing Muslims, jihad is an inner struggle for their faith.
+It is an inner battle, a battle against vices, sins, temptations, lusts and greed.
+Trying to live life according to the moral code written in the Qur'an is hard work.
+In its original thinking, the concept of jihad is as important to Muslims as the concept of grace is to Christians.
+In that respect, the word jihad is a very powerful word, with a kind of almost mystical ring to it.
+That is why for hundreds of years Muslims around the world have named their children 'Jihad' and their daughters as well as their sons. For example, Christians name their daughters Grace and our Hindu people name their daughters. Bhakti means spiritual worship in Sanskrit.
+But Islam has always had a minority group who believe that jihad is not only an internal struggle, but also an external one against forces that threaten their faith and believers.
+And some of these people believe that it's okay to sometimes take up arms in that struggle.
+And the thousands of young Muslims who gathered in Afghanistan to fight the Islamic State's occupation of the Soviet Union in the 1980s were fighting and practicing jihad in their hearts and called themselves mujahideen. . The word comes from the same root as jihad.
+And although we forget this now, at that time the Mujahideen was celebrated in this country, America.
+We thought of them as jihadists fighting the ungodly communists.
+America armed them, gave them money, gave them support and encouragement.
+But within that group, a minority within a minority, a minority within a minority, began to conceive of a new and dangerous concept of jihad, and soon this group would be led by Osama bin Laden. and he refined his theory. idea.
+His idea of ​​jihad was a global war of terror, primarily targeting distant enemies, Crusaders from the West, and targets against America.
+And what he did in pursuit of this jihad was so horrific, so horrific, and had such an impact that his definition took hold, not only here in the West. It has become.
+We knew nothing more. We didn't stop and ask.
+We were just guessing that if this madman and his psychopaths called what they did jihad, that's what jihad meant.
+But it wasn't just us. His definition of jihad began to be accepted in the Islamic world as well.
+A year ago I was in Tunis and met an old man who was the imam of a very small mosque.
+Fifteen years ago, he named his granddaughter "Jihad" after an old meaning. He hoped that such a name would motivate her to lead a spiritual life.
+But after 9/11, he told me, he began to have second thoughts.
+He worried that calling her by that name, especially outdoors or in public, might be seen as endorsing bin Laden's jihadist ideology.
+At his mosque on Friday he delivered a sermon to try to make sense of the word, but his followers, the people who came to his mosque, watched the video. They saw a picture of a plane crashing into a tower and the tower collapsing.
+They heard bin Laden say it was jihad and claimed its victory. So the old Imam was afraid that his words would not be heard. no one was paying attention.
+he was wrong Some people were paying attention, but for the wrong reasons.
+At this point, the US was pressuring all its Arab allies, including Tunisia, to rid their societies of extremism, but the imam suddenly found himself in the sights of Tunisian intelligence services.
+They paid him no attention before--an old man, a little mosque--but now they came to visit, sometimes they dragged him in and asked him questions, It was always the same question. "Why did you name your granddaughter Jihad?"
+Why do you keep using the word jihad in your Friday sermons?
+do you hate americans?
+What is your relationship with Osama bin Laden? "
+So, for Tunisian intelligence services and similar organizations across the Arab world, jihad was equated with extremism, and the definition of bin Laden was institutionalized.
+That was the power of that word he could do.
+And it filled this old Imam with great sorrow.
+He told me that among bin Laden's many crimes, this was the one that didn't get enough attention in his mind, and he accepted this word, this beautiful idea.
+Rather than exploit it, he kidnapped it, degraded it, corrupted it, transformed it into something it was never intended for, and then convinced us all that it was always a global jihad.
+But the good news is that global jihad as defined by bin Laden is almost over.
+It was dying long before he died and is now on its last leg.
+Opinion polls across the Muslim world show little interest among Muslims in a global jihad against the West, a distant enemy.
+The number of young people willing to fight and die for this cause is dwindling.
+Funding is equally important, and perhaps even more important, but the funding of this activity is also declining.
+Wealthy enthusiasts who previously sponsored this kind of activity are now less generous.
+What does that mean for us in the West?
+Does that mean you can drink champagne, wash your hands, get off work, and get a good night's sleep?
+No, leaving is not an option. If local jihad continues, it will become international jihad.
+And now there are various violent holy wars going on around the world.
+There are groups in Somalia, Mali, Nigeria, Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan that claim to be heirs to Osama bin Laden's legacy.
+They take advantage of his rhetoric.
+They even use the brand name he created for Holy War.
+In other words, al-Qaeda exists in the Islamic Maghreb, al-Qaeda exists in the Arabian Peninsula, and al-Qaeda exists in Mesopotamia.
+Other groups, such as Boko Haram in Nigeria and Al-Shabaab in Somalia, both pay tribute to Osama bin Laden.
+But if you look closely, they are not fighting a global jihad.
+They are fighting over narrower issues.
+Usually it has to do with ethnicity, race, sectarianism, or power struggles.
+Often it is a power struggle within a country or a small region within a country.
+They occasionally cross borders from Iraq to Syria, Mali to Algeria, Somalia to Kenya, but they are not fighting a global jihad against a distant enemy.
+But that doesn't mean you can relax.
+I was recently in Yemen, home to the last al Qaeda forces still eager to attack America, the West.
+It's old-fashioned Al-Qaeda.
+You may remember these people.
+They wanted to send underwear bombers here and use the internet to incite violence among American Muslims.
+But they've been distracted lately.
+Last year they seized parts of southern Yemen, running Taliban-style operations.
+Then the Yemeni army took action and the common people rose up against them and drove them out. Since then, most of their activity, most of their attacks, have been directed against Yemenis.
+So I think we are now at a stage where we can say that all jihad, like all politics, is local.
+But that is no reason for us to withdraw. Because we saw the movie in Afghanistan before.
+We withdrew when the Mujahideen defeated the Soviet Union.
+And even before the bubbles disappeared from our celebratory champagne, as the Taliban occupied Kabul, we said, "It's a local jihad, not our problem."
+And the Taliban gave the keys to Kandahar to Osama bin Laden. He made it our problem.
+Local jihad, if ignored, becomes global jihad again.
+The good news is that you don't have to.
+We now know how to fight it.
+We have all the tools. We have the know-how and can apply the lessons learned from fighting global crusade and winning global crusade to local crusade.
+What are those lessons? We know who killed bin Laden: SEAL Team 6.
+Do we know or understand who murdered bin Ladenism?
+Who ended the global holy war?
+Therein lies the answer to solving local jihad.
+Who Killed Bin Ladenism? Let's start with Bin Laden himself.
+Perhaps he considered 9/11 his greatest achievement.
+In fact, it was the beginning of the end for him.
+He murdered 3,000 innocent people, which filled the Muslim world with terror and loathing. And what that meant was that his jihad ideas would never become mainstream.
+He accused himself of operating on the insane fringes of his community.
+9/11 didn't empower him. It doomed him.
+Who killed bin Ladenism? Abu Musab al-Zarqawi did.
+He was a particularly sadistic leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq, sending hundreds of suicide bombers to attack Iraqis, not Americans. Muslim. Both Sunni and Shia.
+The claim that al Qaeda should have been the defender of Islam against the Western Crusaders has drowned in the blood of Iraqi Muslims.
+Who Killed Osama Bin Laden? SEAL's Team 6.
+Who Killed Bin Ladenism? Al Jazeera, Al Jazeera and six other Arabic satellite news stations evade many of these countries' old national TV stations designed to keep people informed I did it because I did.
+Al Jazeera will bring them information, show them what is and is being done in the name of their religion, expose the hypocrisy of Osama bin Laden and Al Qaeda, allow them to You have given information that allows you to reach your own conclusions. .
+Who Killed Bin Ladenism? The Arab Spring came about because it showed young Muslims how to make a difference in ways the unimaginative Osama bin Laden never thought of. be.
+Who defeated the global jihad? American troops did, and American soldiers fought alongside their allies on distant battlefields.
+And perhaps the time will come when they will get it due.
+So all these factors, and many more, we don't fully understand some of them yet, but to defeat a monster as big as bin Ladenism, a global jihad. united. This group effort was needed.
+Well, not all of this goes well with the local holy war.
+The U.S. military has no intention of marching into Nigeria to fight Boko Haram, and it is unlikely that SEAL Team 6 will abseil to the al-Shabaab leader's home and eliminate them.
+But many of the other factors that had an impact are now even stronger than before. Half the work is already done.
+No need to reinvent the wheel.
+The concept of a violent jihad, in which more Muslims are killed than any other kind of people, is already completely discredited.
+No need to go back there.
+Satellite television and the Internet are informing and empowering young Muslims in exciting new ways.
+And the Arab Spring produced governments, many of them Islamist, that knew they had to fight the extremists within to protect themselves.
+We don't have to convince them, but we need to help them. Because they have never actually been to this place before.
+Again, the good news is that we already have much of what they need, not just money but expertise, technology, know-how, private investment, fair terms of trade, financial assistance such as health care. is very good at providing , education and technical assistance for training to make police forces more effective and counter-terrorism forces more efficient.
+There are many such things.
+Some of the other things they need we are not very good at giving. Probably no one.
+Time, patience, sensitivity, understanding, these are hard to give.
+I live in New York now. Just this week, posters were put up in New York subway stations that described jihad as barbaric.
+But in all my years of covering the Middle East, I have never been more optimistic than I am today about the rapidly closing divide between the Islamic world and the West. And one of the many reasons that makes me optimistic is the following. For I know there are millions and hundreds of millions of Muslims like the old Imam of Tunis who are trying to reclaim this word and reclaim its original and beautiful purpose.
+Bin Laden is dead. Bin Ladenism has been defeated.
+His definition of jihad may now be obliterated.
+We can say goodbye to that holy war.
+To a real holy war, we can say, "Welcome back, good luck."
+thank you. (applause)
+B.J. was one of many fellow prisoners who had big plans for the future.
+he had a vision. When he got out, he was going to fly straight away from the dope game for good, and he was actually working on fusing his two passions into one vision.
+He spent $10,000 to purchase a website that featured only women having sex on and in luxury sports cars. (Laughter) It was my first week in federal prison, and I quickly learned that it wasn't like what you see on TV.
+In fact, there were plenty of smart, ambitious men out there who were as business-savvy as the CEOs who drank and dined with me half a year ago when I was a rising Missouri Senator. .
+Now, 95 percent of the guys I've been incarcerated were ostensibly drug dealers, but when they talked about what they were doing, they said it in a different jargon. , the business concept they were talking about was not. It's not what you learn in Wharton's first-year MBA class. Promotional incentives, no charging for first-time users, focused new product launches, geographic expansion, and more.
+But they didn't spend much time reliving their glory days.
+Most of the time everyone was just trying to survive.
+It's a lot harder than you think.
+Contrary to what most people think, neither people nor taxpayers will pay for your life when you are in prison. You have to pay the price of your life yourself.
+You have to pay for everything: soap, deodorant, toothbrush, toothpaste.
+And it's difficult for several reasons.
+First, everything is priced at 30-50% more than you pay on the street, and second, it's not very profitable.
+I unloaded the truck. That was my full-time job, unloading trucks at a food warehouse, and it was $5.25 a month instead of an hour.
+So how do you survive?
+Well, learn all kinds of hustle.
+There are legal proceedings.
+I will pay for everything with stamps. they are currencies.
+You asked another inmate to clean the cell.
+There's a certain kind of illegal hustle and bustle, like running a barbershop out of a jail cell.
+There is quite an illegal ruckus. Run a tattoo parlor in your own cell.
+And then there is the very illegal hustle and bustle of smuggled, smuggled, drugs, pornography, mobile phones. Just like in the outside world, there is a risk-reward trade-off, so the riskier a company is, the more potentially profitable it can be. Be.
+Want to smoke in prison? $3 to $5.
+Want a head-sized old-fashioned cell phone that flips open? $300.
+Want a dirty magazine?
+Well, sometimes it will be around 1000 yen.
+As you can probably guess, one of the defining aspects of prison life is ingenuity.
+Whether it's cooking delicious meals from wreckage stolen from warehouses, carving people's hair with toenail clippers, or making weights from rocks in laundry bags tied to tree branches, prisoners make do with little. Learn how to do it, and many want to do it. They take their ingenuity outside and start restaurants, barbershops, and personal training businesses.
+But there is no training, no preparation for it, no rehabilitation at all in prison, and no one to help you write a business plan knows how to translate an intuitively understood business concept into a legitimate business. No one to find it, no internet access. , flat.
+And even as they come to light, most states don't even have laws against employers discriminating against people with backgrounds.
+So it should come as no surprise that two out of three ex-offenders reoffend within five years.
+You see, I lied to federal officials. I lost a year of my life on it.
+But when I came out, I vowed that I would do whatever I could to make sure that no more lives were wasted by men like the ones I was incarcerated with.
+So, I would appreciate it if you could consider supporting me in some way.
+The best we can do is find ways to foster entrepreneurship and tremendous untapped potential within prisons. Otherwise, they will not be able to learn useful new skills. We will be back soon.
+The only thing they learn within is a new effort.
+thank you. (applause)
+"My Air Jordans are $100 including tax.
+My suede Starter's jacket says Raiders on the back.
+I'm stylish, I'm smiling, and I look really mean, because it's just about being seen, not being listened to.
+My Adidas leather baseball cap matches a fake Gucci backpack. (Laughs) No one looks better than me, but this costs money, and of course it's not free, and I have no job, no money, but it's easy to steal this from the mall.
+My parents say I should stop, but I know I should.
+You have to do everything you can to make yourself look good, and as to why you have to look really good, well, I honestly don't know why. I think it makes me feel special.
+No need to hide when you're wearing your new gear. If I don't get new gear soon, my ego will explode like a dime balloon.
+Security is tight at every store. The number of police officers is increasing every day.
+The crew is laughing at me because I'm wearing old gear.
+School is almost over. Summer is approaching.
+And I'm wearing ripped Jordans.
+I need something new. There is only one thing left to do.
+Fridays off school, take the downtown subway, check out my victims hanging out.
+If you are lucky, you may find prey easily.
+I have to get new gear. There is no other way.
+I am ready and happy. Packing a gun.
+This is serious business. this is not funny
+And I can't afford to be laughed at by my friends.
+I'm some crazy cop, wait a minute, you'll find out soon enough.
+Coming out of West 4th Station near the park, the brothers are shooting hoops and someone says, "Hey houses, where do you get Nick's house?" I say to myself I like them, I like them It was as white as a cotton swab.
+Michael's red emblem looked like it could fly.
+Not a single spot of dirt. Airs was new.
+I had a pistol and knew what to do.
+I waited until the right time and followed him closely.
+He made a left turn in Houston, so I pulled out my gun and said, "Give me the Jordans!" And Punk tried to escape.
+It took off quickly, but did not reach far. I fired "pow!" Fool fell between two parked cars.
+He coughed, cried, and spilled blood on the street.
+And I snatched an Air Jordan from his leg.
+As he lay dying, all he could say was, "Please don't take my Air Jordans away."
+You would think he would be worried about living.
+As I put on his sneakers and walked out, there were tears in his eyes.
+The very next day, I popped into school in my brand new Air Jordans and oh man, I was cool.
+I killed it to get it, but oh well, I don't care, now I need a new jacket to wear. "
+thank you. (Applause) In the 15 years I've been performing, all I've always wanted to do is go beyond poetry and reach out to the world.
+You see, writing a book was not enough for me.
+For me, it wasn't enough to participate in slam tournaments. They were important, but they weren't the driving force behind pushing the pen to the pad.
+Hunger and thirst were and still are. How can you make people who hate poetry love you?
+Because I am an extension of my work, and if they love me, they will love my work, and if they love my work, they will love poetry. , and if they love poetry, I'll be done with my work, which is to go beyond it to the world.
+And in 1996, I found a principled answer in Reg E. Gaines, the master spoken word artist who wrote the famous poem "Don't Take My Air Jordans."
+And I followed this guy everywhere until I took him into the room and had him read my work, and you know what he said to me?
+"Yo' wack.
+Do you know what's wrong with you, buddy?
+I don't read other people's poetry, and I don't subordinate verbal scales to tonal considerations."
+I could have quit now. I should have quit.
+In other words, I thought poetry was just self-expression.
+I didn't know it actually required creative control.
+So I didn't give up and followed him everywhere.
+I was out the door when he was writing the Broadway show.
+I woke him up at 6:30 in the morning and asked him who was the best poet.
+I remember eating fish eyes from the sea, which were said to be food for the brain.
+And then one day I said to him, "Rule E, what is the verbal measure subject to tonal consideration?" He handed me a black and white printed paper on the oral nature. From that point on, Reggie stopped being the best for me. Because what Etheridge Knight taught me was this: I was able to make my words sound like music. Even small words, monosyllables, if and but what, my slang gangsta could get right in my ears. And since then I started chasing Etheridge Knight.
+I wanted to know which poet he had read, which led me to the poem ["Dark Prophecy: Sing of Shine"]. This was a toast to the fact that I was on Broadway, the biggest stage for a poet ever.
+I learned how to take the mic off and challenge poetry with my body.
+But that wasn't the greatest lesson I ever learned.
+The biggest lesson I learned was many years later when I went to Beverly Hills and ran into a talent agent. The agent looked me up and down and told me that I didn't seem to have worked in this industry.
+So I said to him, "Look, punk idiot, you're a failed actor turned agent, do you know why you failed as an actor?"
+Because people like me took your job.
+I traveled all the way from Cleveland and Essex in East New York to catch the local Route 6 to the prostitutes in Hunts Point who got in the way on my way to mastering the art of space. You can only put a number of men, women and children in there, so from my experience you can push them behind a wall.
+People bought tickets for my experience and used them as fridge magnets to let them know to stock up because the revolution was near.
+I'm experienced, so when I went to a privileged school to learn Shakespeare's sonnets, I was getting kicked and shoved to the beat.
+I can master the shock of the "crying game" and the awe of a child being called an AIDS victim by a bully without knowing that it was the father who gave the mother AIDS. It's double-minded.
+I'm very experienced so when you went to fel school and the rich little pixie boys decided to sponsor the kids in that school, that was me, pixie boy They kicked me out when I was caught teaching them how to rob PATS. Buy Lee jeans and bring them to VIM. Let's see Chekhov pull it off.
+Sanford Meisner was my Uncle Artie who quietly exclaimed to himself, "When nothing is always right, something is always wrong."
+Method acting is nothing but a mixture of multiple personalities who believe their lies to be reality. It's like high school cool Kenny saying he wanted to be a cop.
+Hey, you go to Riker's Island Academy.
+I can have David Mamet psychoanalyze my dialogue attacks and Stanislavski like Bruce Lee kicking untalented students to Crenshaw.
+So did your actors study guerrilla theater in the London representation?
+Let me tell you the secrets of ancient Chinese Saturday afternoon kung fu.
+The board does not fight back.
+Do you find it difficult for black entertainers to find work in this industry? I am a dubious mulatto. Too black to be white and too white to do right.
+Forget the American ghetto. I broke the stage in Soweto, buried my aborted baby in the potter's field, and still managed to keep a smile on my face, so when I walk out to curse me towards the caddy hut, hold on to this Say goodbye to that assistant, that door, any slander, mother.
+thank you. (applause)
+I would like to show you a video of some of the models I work with.
+They are all the perfect size and not an ounce of fat.
+Did I mention they are great?
+And are they scientific models? (Laughter) As you might imagine, I'm a tissue engineer and this is a video of a portion of a beating heart that I engineered in the lab.
+And I hope that one day these tissues will serve as replacement parts for the human body.
+But what I'm going to talk about today is how these organizations make great models.
+Now, think for a moment about the drug screening process.
+Before a drug is released to the market, it undergoes clinical trials known as human testing, through drug formulation, clinical testing, and animal testing.
+It costs a lot of money and time, and even when a drug hits the market, it can work in unexpected ways and actually hurt people.
+And the slower the failure, the worse the consequences.
+It all boils down to two issues. First, humans aren't rats, and second, even though humans are incredibly similar to each other, these little differences between you and me actually make a difference. It has a profound effect on how drugs are metabolized and how they affect us.
+So what if the lab had a better model that not only mimics humans better than rats, but also reflects human diversity?
+Let's see how tissue engineering can do that.
+One of the really important key technologies is called induced pluripotent stem cells.
+They were developed in Japan very recently.
+Yes, induced pluripotent stem cells.
+They are much like embryonic stem cells, except without controversy.
+We induce cells, say skin cells, by adding some genes to the culture and harvesting.
+So they are like cellular amnesia, skin cells that can be tricked into a fetal state.
+Argument aside, that's the coolest thing.
+The second great thing is that you can grow any kind of tissue: brain, heart, liver. As you can see, it can also be grown from cells.
+So we can make a model of your heart or brain on a chip.
+The second part is the generation of tissues with predictable densities and behaviors, which will be critical to the adoption of these models in drug discovery.
+Here is a schematic of the bioreactor we are developing in our lab so that we can manipulate the tissue in a more modular and scalable way.
+Now imagine a massively parallel version of this using thousands of human tissue pieces.
+It's like running a clinical trial on a chip.
+But the other thing about these induced pluripotent stem cells is that if you take skin cells from people with a genetic disease, for example, and manipulate tissue from it, you can actually use tissue engineering techniques. Being able to generate models for those diseases. Institute.
+Here's an example from Kevin Eggan's lab at Harvard University.
+He generated neurons from induced pluripotent stem cells taken from patients with Lou Gehrig's disease and allowed them to differentiate into neurons. Surprisingly, these neurons also exhibit symptoms of the disease.
+Thus, with such disease models, we may be able to fight back faster, understand the disease better, and discover drugs even earlier.
+This is another example of patient-specific stem cells generated from a patient with retinitis pigmentosa.
+This is retinal degeneration.
+My family has this disease, and I sincerely hope that cells like this will help find a cure.
+So while some people think these models sound good and good, others wonder, "So are these really as good as mice?"
+After all, rats are complete organisms with a network of interacting organs.
+Cardiac drugs are metabolized in the liver and some of the byproducts can be stored in fat.
+Missed all of these tissue engineering models?
+Well, this is also a trend in this area.
+Combining tissue engineering techniques with microfluidics, this field is actually an entire ecosystem of the body with multiple organ systems that can test how the drugs you take for blood pressure affect blood pressure. is evolving towards a model of Liver and antidepressants can affect the heart.
+Building these systems is really hard, but we're just starting to get there, so keep an eye out.
+But that's not all. Once the drug is approved, tissue engineering technology could actually help develop more personalized treatments.
+Here's an example that one day might bother you, but I hope you never do. Because imagine if you got a phone call with the bad news that you might have cancer.
+Would you like to test whether the anticancer drug you are about to take is effective against your cancer?
+This is an example from Karen Burg's lab. There, they use inkjet technology to print breast cancer cells to study their progression and treatments.
+And some colleagues at Tufts are combining such models with tissue-engineered bones to study how cancer spreads from one part of the body to the next. There is also We can imagine that this kind of multi-tissue chip is the next generation tissue chip. this kind of research.
+Given the models discussed so far, going forward, tissue engineering is indeed poised to help revolutionize drug screening at every step of the pathway. Disease models that make better formulations, massively parallel human tissue models revolutionize clinical testing, reduce animal and human testing in clinical trials, and individualize therapies to disrupt what is even thought to be the marketplace. contribute to
+Essentially, we are dramatically speeding up the development of molecules and feedback to learning how they behave in the human body.
+Our process for doing this is essentially translating biotechnology and pharmacology into information technology to enable faster, cheaper and more effective drug discovery and evaluation.
+It gives new meaning to the model against animal testing.
+thank you. (applause)
+In 2002, a group of therapeutic activists met to discuss the early development of the plane.
+The Wright brothers were the first to successfully fly one of those devices early in the last century.
+They also had a number of patents on key parts of the plane.
+They weren't the only ones.
+It was common practice in the industry, and those with airplane patents were fiercely defending it and suing competitors left and right.
+This was actually not very good for the development of the aviation industry, especially at a time when the US government was interested in expanding military aircraft production.
+There was a bit of a struggle there.
+The U.S. government decided to take action and forced those patent holders to share their patents with others to enable the production of aircraft.
+So what does this have to do with this?
+In 2002, Kenyan social scientist Nelson Otuma discovered that he had HIV and needed treatment.
+I was told there was no cure.
+He heard that AIDS was deadly and no treatment was offered. This was at a time when cures actually existed in wealthy countries.
+AIDS had become a chronic disease.
+Even here in Europe and North America, people in our countries lived well with HIV.
+Not so with Nelson. He wasn't wealthy enough, but neither was his 3-year-old son, who was found to be HIV-positive a year later.
+Nelson decided to become a therapy activist and join other groups.
+In 2002 they faced another battle.
+ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV, cost about $12,000 [$] per patient per year.
+Patents for these drugs were held by many Western pharmaceutical companies who were not always willing to make their patents available.
+Obtaining a patent can, for example, preclude others from making or manufacturing lower-priced versions of those medicines.
+It is clear that this has led to the outbreak of patent wars around the world.
+Fortunately, these patents weren't everywhere.
+While some countries, such as India, did not recognize drug patents, Indian pharmaceutical companies began making so-called generic versions, low-cost copies of antiretroviral drugs, and making them available in developing countries. . While the price has dropped from $10,000 per patient per year to $350 per patient per year, the same 3-tablet cocktail is now available for $60 per patient per year. And of course it started to have a huge impact on patient numbers. People who can afford to obtain those medicines.
+As treatment programs became available and funding became available, the number of people taking antiretroviral drugs began to rise rapidly.
+Currently, 8 million people have access to antiretroviral drugs.
+34 million people are living with HIV.
+This number has never been this high, but it's actually good news. Because that number means people stop dying.
+Those who have access to these potions will not die.
+We have others, too.
+They also prevent viral infections.
+This is the very recent science that proves it.
+What that means is that we have the tools to defeat this plague.
+So what's the problem?
+Well, things have changed.
+First, the rules have changed.
+All countries are now required to have pharmaceutical patents that last at least 20 years.
+This is due to the Intellectual Property Rules of the World Trade Organization.
+So what India did is no longer possible.
+Second, the practice of patent holding companies has changed.
+Here we see patent practice pre-World Trade Organization rules, pre-95, pre-antiretroviral drugs.
+This is what you are seeing today and this is what is happening in the developing world. So if we don't do something intentionally, and if we don't do something now, we will soon face another drug price crisis because new drugs will be developed. . New drugs are marketed, but these drugs are patented in a much wider range of countries.
+So if we don't act, if we don't do something today, we will soon be facing what some call a healing time bomb.
+It's not just the number of patented drugs.
+There are other things that really scare generic manufacturers.
+This shows the patent status.
+This is the landscape of a drug.
+So if you're a typical company trying to decide whether to invest in developing this product, unless you know that licenses to these patents actually become available, you're probably looking elsewhere. would choose.
+Again, deliberate action is required.
+So if we can establish a patent pool to increase military aircraft production, we should be able to do the same to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
+And we did.
+In 2010, UNITAID established a drug patent pool for HIV.
+And this is how it works. Patent holders, inventors who develop new drugs, obtain patents for those inventions, but make those patents available in the pharmaceutical patent pool. The Pharmaceutical Patent Pool then licenses those patents to those who need access to them.
+It may be a generic manufacturer.
+For example, it may be a non-profit drug development company.
+These manufacturers can sell these medicines at a much lower cost to those who need them and to treatment programs that need access to them.
+They pay patent holders royalties on sales, so they can be rewarded for sharing their intellectual property.
+There is one important difference from aircraft patent pools.
+A pharmaceutical patent pool is a voluntary mechanism.
+Aircraft patent holders were left with no choice as to whether to license their patents.
+they were compelled to do so.
+That's something the pharmaceutical patent pool can't do.
+It depends on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies to license their patents and make them available for others to use.
+Currently, Nelson Otuma is healthy.
+He has access to antiretroviral drugs.
+His son will soon turn 14.
+Nelson is a member of the Pharmaceutical Patent Pool's Expert Advisory Group, and he told me a little while ago. "Ellen, we rely on the pharmaceutical patent pool to ensure that new drugs are also available in Kenya and many other countries." We hope that new drugs will be available to us without delay. . "
+And this is no longer an illusion.
+I will give you an example already.
+In August of this year, the US Drug Administration approved a new AIDS drug with four functions.
+Gilead, which owns the patent, has licensed its intellectual property to pharmaceutical patent pools.
+Today, two months later, the pool is already working with generic manufacturers to ensure that this product can be brought to market when and where it is needed at a low cost. This is unprecedented.
+This has never been done before.
+In developing countries, there is a rule that when a new product is introduced to the market, its release will be delayed by about 10 years, if at all.
+Never seen this before.
+Expectations are very high for Nelson, and it's no surprise. He and his son need access to the next generation of antiretroviral drugs for the rest of their lives so that he and many others in Kenya and elsewhere can continue to live healthy and active lives. .
+We are now counting on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies to realize this. We hope that companies that understand that moving from conflict to cooperation is in their own interests as well as the planet's, will be able to do so through pharmaceutical patent pools.
+They can choose not to, but those who follow it face coercive government action and may find themselves in a situation similar to that of the Wright brothers early in the last century. So they better jump now.
+thank you. (applause)
+This is poop. What I want to do today is share my passion for poop with you. This can be pretty tricky, but I think what you guys find more appealing is the way these little animals handle poop.
+I mean, this animal here has a brain the size of a grain of rice, and it can do things you and I would never dream of doing.
+And basically all organisms have evolved to process a food source called feces.
+So the question is, where do we begin with this story?
+And since this is a waste product from other animals, it seems appropriate to start at the end, but it still contains nutrients, and basically enough nutrients for the dung beetle to live. Because of its presence, the dung beetle eats the poop. , and its larvae are also feces eaters.
+They grow entirely in dung masses.
+There are approximately 800 species of dung beetles within South Africa, 2,000 species of dung beetles in Africa and approximately 6,000 species of dung beetles in the world.
+So, according to the dung beetle, the dung is pretty good.
+Ninety percent of dung beetle species will never be seen unless you are prepared to put feces under your fingernails and uproot the feces themselves. This is because dung beetles go directly into the dung, drop right under it, and then bounce back. It moves back and forth between droppings on the soil surface and nests built underground.
+So the question is, what do they do with this material?
+And most dung beetles actually wrap it up in some kind of package.
+Ten percent of the seeds actually form a ball, roll this ball away from the dung source, and bury it in a remote location, usually far from the dung source. And has a very special action that can roll the ball. .
+So this is a very proud owner of a beautiful dung ball.
+You can tell it's a male by the little hair on the soles of its feet. He's clearly very happy with what he's sitting there.
+And he's about to fall victim to a vicious slap. (Laughter) This clearly shows that this is a valuable resource.
+And a very valuable resource must be cared for and protected in a special way. And we think the reason they roll the ball is because of the competition involved to get that shit.
+So this manure was actually manure 15 minutes before this photo was taken. Because of the intense competition, beetles are thought to be well adapted to rolling dung balls.
+Now imagine this animal moving across the grasslands of Africa.
+head down I am walking backwards.
+It's actually the weirdest way to get food in a certain direction, but you have to deal with heat at the same time.
+This is Africa. It's hot.
+So what I want to share with you now is part of an experiment that I and my colleagues used to investigate how dung beetles deal with these issues.
+Look at this beetle. There are two things to note.
+The first is how we deal with the obstacles we face. Look, it dances a bit and then goes in exactly the same direction it went in the first place.
+Dance a little, then go in a certain direction.
+This animal clearly knows where it's going and where it wants to go. That's very, very important. Come to think of it, you are in a poop pile. Because you're getting this great big pie. You want to run away from other people, and the easiest way to do that is to walk in a straight line.
+So we gave them some more challenges to deal with. And what we've done here is put the world at their feet. and observe the reaction.
+So this animal really turned the whole world upside down at its feet. It is rotated 90 degrees.
+But don't flinch. It knows exactly where it wants to go and goes in that particular direction.
+So our next question was how do they do this?
+what are they doing? And there were clues available to us.
+Sometimes they climbed onto the ball and looked at the world around them.
+And what do you think they're looking at as they climb onto the ball?
+What are the obvious cues this animal can use to direct its movements? And the most obvious way is to look at the sky. So we wondered what they were staring at in the sky.
+And the highlight is the sun.
+A classic experiment here is moving the sun.
+What we're going to do is block the sun with a plate and then move the sun to a completely different position with a mirror.
+And see what the beetle does.
+It does a little double dance and then goes back in exactly the same direction it went in the first place.
+what happened now? Clearly they are looking at the sun.
+For them the sun is a very important signal in the sky.
+The problem is that the sun is not always available. At sunset, the sun disappears below the horizon.
+What's going on in the sky here is that there's a large pattern of polarization in the sky that you and I can't see. Our eyes are made that way.
+But the sun is on this horizon, and when the sun is on the horizon, that is, this side is over, we know that there is a huge north-south path across the polarized sky that we can't see. increase. to see beetles.
+So how do we test it? Well, it's easy.
+What we do is take a large polarizing filter, put a beetle under it, and the filter is perpendicular to the polarizing pattern of the sky.
+The beetle comes out from under the filter and makes a right turn. This is because the beetle will return under the sky to which it was originally facing, and then return to its original direction.
+So apparently beetles can see polarized light.
+So what are the beetles doing so far? They're rolling the ball.
+how are they doing? Well they roll them in a straight line.
+How do you maintain a particular straight line?
+Well, they see celestial clues in the sky, some of which you and I can't see.
+But how do they catch the celestial cues?
+It was then that we became interested.
+And it was this special little act that we thought was important: the dance. Because sometimes it stops and then it goes in the direction it wants to go.
+So what are they doing when they do this dance?
+How far can you push them before they turn around?
+What we did in our experiment here was force them into the channel. As you can see, he wasn't specifically forced into this particular channel. We then gradually moved the beetle 180 degrees until the individual finally entered the channel correctly. In the first place, it is the opposite direction to the direction I wanted to go.
+And let's see how he reacts when he's heading in a 90 degree direction here. And from now on when he gets here he'll be 180 degrees in the wrong direction.
+and see what his reaction is.
+He dances a little, turns and goes back to this. he knows exactly where he's going.
+He knows exactly what the problem is and he knows exactly how to deal with it. And dance is this transitional behavior that allows them to reorient themselves.
+This is the dance, but after years of sitting in the African bush and observing dung beetles on hot, sunny days, we've realized that there's another behavior that's related to the dance behavior. .
+Sometimes they wipe their faces as they climb onto the ball.
+And you see him do the same thing again.
+Well, I thought, what is going on here?
+Obviously the ground is very hot, dance more often when the ground is hot, and wipe under your face when doing this particular dance.
+And we thought it could be a thermoregulatory behavior.
+We thought they were probably trying to escape the hot soil and were spitting in their faces to cool their heads.
+So what we did was design some arenas.
+One was hot and one was cold.
+I shaded this. I kept it warm.
+And what we did was film them with a thermal camera.
+So what you're seeing here is a thermal image of the system, and what's coming out of the poop here is a cold poopball.
+As a matter of fact, if you look at the temperature here, the feces are cold. (Laughter) So all we're interested in here is comparing the temperature of the beetles to the background.
+So the background here is about 50 degrees Celsius.
+The beetle itself and the ball are probably around 30-35 degrees Celsius, so this is a very large ball of ice cream that this beetle is carrying across a hot meadow.
+It's not climbing. I'm not dancing because my body temperature is actually relatively low.
+It's about the same as yours and mine.
+And the interesting thing here is that small brains are very cool.
+But to compare what happens in hot environments, look at soil temperature.
+It goes up from 55°C to 60°C.
+Observe how often the beetle dances.
+And look at the front legs. It's blisteringly hot.
+So the ball leaves a little shade of heat, the beetle climbs onto the ball and wipes its face, and while constantly trying to cool itself, we think and avoid the hot sand it walks on. increase.
+So what we did was put little boots on those legs. This was because it was a way to test whether the legs were involved in sensing soil temperature.
+And if you look here, you climb on the ball much less often with boots than without boots.
+Hence, we described these as cool boots.
+A dental compound was used to make these boots.
+I was also able to chill the dung ball, so when I put the ball in the fridge and gave it the cold dung ball, they climbed on it much less often than when I had the hot ball.
+Hence this is called stilting. This is the thermal action you and I do when we cross the beach and jump on the towel. Someone has this towel and says, "I'm sorry I jumped on your towel."--and you can trot over someone else's towel and you won't burn your feet.
+And that's exactly what the beetle is doing here.
+But there is one more story I would like to share with you. It's about this particular species.
+It belongs to the genus Pachysoma.
+There are 13 species in this genus and I think they have interesting behaviors.
+This is a dung beetle. look what he's doing
+Can you tell the difference?
+It doesn't usually go that slow. It's slow motion.
+But it's walking forward, actually carrying dry fecal pellets with it.
+Although this is a different species of the same genus, the foraging behavior is exactly the same.
+There is another interesting aspect to this dung beetle's behavior that we found very interesting. That is, they search for food and build nests.
+So look at this individual here, what he's trying to do is build a nest.
+And although he didn't like this first position, he came up with a second position, and after about 50 minutes its nest was complete and he headed off to forage in a pile of dry dung pellets.
+And what I want you to pay attention to is to compare the outbound and return trips.
+And in general, you'll find the way back is much more direct than the way out.
+On the way out, he is constantly looking for new poop clumps.
+On the way back, he knows where the house is and wants to go straight there.
+The important thing here is that like most dung beetles, this is not a one-way street. Migration here is back and forth between foraging and nesting sites.
+And look, now you're going to see new crimes happening in South Africa. (laughter) And his neighbor stole one of his poop pellets.
+The focus here is on a behavior called path consolidation.
+And what's happening is that the beetle acquires a settlement, traverses a winding path in search of food, and when it finds food it goes straight home. It knows exactly where its home is.
+There are two ways to do this, which can be tested by moving the beetle to a new position while on a foraging site.
+If you use landmarks, you will find your place.
+Home is not found if you are using something called path consolidation. You may arrive at the wrong place and what is done here if you are using path integration is to count your steps or measure the distance in this direction.
+It knows its bearings and it knows where it should be.
+If you shift it, you will end up in the wrong place.
+Now let's see what happens when we test this beetle in a similar experiment.
+So here are our cunning experimenters.
+He kicked out the beetles and now we have to see what happens.
+What we got is a burrow. The fodder was there.
+Forage has been moved to a new position.
+If you're using landmark direction, you should be able to find the burrow because it can recognize the landmarks around it.
+If he's using path consolidation, he should end up in the wrong place here.
+Now let's see what happens when we pass the beetle through the test.
+That's why he is there.
+He plans to go home and see what happens.
+shame.
+It has no clue.
+It starts looking for a house that is just the right distance from the bait, but is clearly completely lost.
+Thus, we found that this animal used pathway integration to find a way around, and that an insensitive experimenter would direct the animal to the upper left to get away from it. (Laughter) What we're looking at here is a group of animals using a compass. They use the sun as a compass to find their way. And they have some system for measuring that distance. And we know. The thing is that these species here are actually counting steps. It's what they use as an odometer, a pedometer to find their way home.
+It is not yet known what the dung beetle uses.
+So what have we learned from these animals with brains the size of rice grains?
+We know they can use celestial cues to roll the ball in a straight line.
+We know that dancing is both a turning behavior and a thermoregulatory behavior. I also know they use a route consolidation system to find their way home.
+I mean, we can actually learn a great deal from small animals doing things that you and I can't possibly do in the case of small animals that deal with fairly unpleasant substances.
+thank you. (applause)
+Hello Doha. Hello!
+I love coming to Doha. It's a very international place.
+It feels like the United Nations here.
+Upon landing at the airport, an Indian woman greeted me and took me to the Al Maha Service where I met a Filipino woman who handed me over to a South African woman who then took me to a Korean woman who took me to the airport. be killed. A Pakistani man with luggage will take you to the car with a Sri Lankan.
+I go to the hotel, check in, and there is a Lebanese.
+yes? Then a Swedish man showed me my room.
+I said, "Where are the Qataris?"
+(Laughter) (Applause) They said, "No, it's too hot. They'll come out later. They're smart."
+"They know."
+(Laughter) And of course, they grow up so fast that sometimes they have growing pains.
+Occasionally you'll run into people who think they know the city well, but they don't know it very well.
+My Indian taxi driver showed up at the W and I asked him to take me to the Sheraton and he said "no problem sir".
+We then sat there for two minutes.
+"What's wrong?" I said. He said, "I have one problem, sir."
+(Laughter) I said, "What?" He said, "Where am I?"
+(laughter) I said, "You're the driver, so you should know."
+"Have you just arrived at W?" "No, just arrived at Doha."
+(Laughs) "I was on my way home from the airport, but I got a job. I'm already working."
+(Laughter) He said, "Doctor, why don't you drive?"
+(Laughter) "I don't know where I'm going."
+"Neither do I. It will be an adventure, sir."
+(Laughter) The Middle East has been a series of adventures over the last few years.
+It's gone crazy with the Arab Spring and revolutions and everything else.
+With a round of applause, are there any Lebanese here tonight?
+(cheers) Lebanese, yes.
+You know that the Middle East is going crazy, even though Lebanon is the most peaceful place in the region.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Who would have thought?
+No, there are serious problems in this area.
+Some people don't want to talk about them. I'm here tonight to talk about them.
+Dear Middle East, this is a serious problem.
+How many times are we going to kiss when we meet, when we say hello?
+(Laughs) It's different for each country, so it's confusing, isn't it?
+Three take place in Lebanon.
+I was in Lebanon so I was used to three.
+I went to Egypt. I went to say hello to this Egyptian man, one or two. I went three--he was reluctant to do it.
+(Laughter) I said to him, 'No, I was just in Lebanon.'
+He said, "I don't care where you are. Stay where you are."
+(Laughter) (Applause) I went to Saudi Arabia.
+In Saudi Arabia, go 1, 2, then stay on the same side: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 -- (Laughter) Next time you see a Saudi, take a closer look.
+(laughs) "Abdul, are you okay?"
+"I've been greeting you for about half an hour. It's okay."
+(laughter) Qataris, you guys are doing it nose to nose.
+why is that? Too tired to go all the way?
+(Laughter) "Habibi, it's very hot. Please come here. Hello."
+Hello Habibie. Just don't move. please stay there
+i need to rest "
+(laughter) Iranians, sometimes we do it twice, sometimes we do it three times.
+A friend of mine explained that before the Revolution of 1979 there were two.
+(laughs) Three after the revolution.
+So for Iranians, the number of kisses tells you which side a person is on.
+Well, one, two, three, and then "I can't believe you're supporting this administration!"
+(laughs) "Three kisses."
+(Laughter) But no, it's really exciting to be here, folks, and like I said, you guys are doing a lot culturally, which is great, and it's the Western world. Help change the image of the Middle East.
+A lot of Americans don't know much about us, about the Middle East.
+I am Iranian and American. I'm there You know, I've traveled here.
+There are too many to laugh at, right?
+People don't know we laugh.
+When I did the Axis of Evil comedy tour, it came out on Comedy Central and I looked it up online to see what people were saying.
+One person wrote another. "I didn't know these people were laughing," he said.
+please think about it. You haven't seen us laughing in American movies or TV, have you?
+Maybe it's more like an evil "wahahaha" laughter.
+(laughter) "In the name of Allah I will kill you, hahahahaha."
+(laughs) But please don't say "hahahahara".
+(laughs) We like to laugh. We like to celebrate life.
+And I hope more Americans will travel here.
+I always tell my friends, "Travel and see the Middle East. There is so much to see and so many good people."
+And vice versa, it helps prevent misunderstandings and stereotype problems from arising.
+For example, I don't know if you've heard of this, but a little while ago in the US, a Muslim family was talking about the safest place to sit on a plane while walking down the aisle of the plane.
+Some passengers heard it, somehow mistaking it for a terrorist conversation and were kicked off the plane.
+Families, mothers, fathers and children were talking about seats.
+As a Middle Eastern man, you know there are some things you shouldn't say on an American plane, right?
+You shouldn't be walking down the aisle and saying, "Hi, Jack." That's not good.
+(Laughter) Even if I'm with a friend named Jack, I say, "Hello, Jack. Greetings, Jack."
+Never "Hello, Jack".
+(Laughter) But now we can't even talk about the safest place on the plane.
+So, my advice to all my Middle Eastern friends and Muslim friends, and to all of you who look Middle Eastern or Muslim: Indians, Latinos, dark skinned people. friend.
+(Laughter) Next time you get on an American plane, speak your native language.
+Then no one will know what you are talking about. life goes on.
+(Laughter) Admittedly, some native languages ​​may sound a little threatening to the average American.
+You might startle them if you walk down the aisle speaking Arabic -- (imitating Arabic) they might say, "What is he saying?" not.
+Dear Arab brothers and sisters, the point is to throw random good words at people to put them at ease as they walk down the aisle.
+As you walk in -- (imitating Arabic) Strawberries!
+(laughs) (imitating Arabic) Rainbow!
+(laughs) (imitating Arabic) Tutti Frutti!
+(Laughter) "I think he's going to hijack the plane with the ice cream."
+thank you very much. have a good night.
+Thank you TED.
+We hold hands and stare at the door.
+My brother and I were waiting for my mother to come home from the hospital.
+She was there because my grandmother had cancer surgery that day.
+Finally the door opened and she said, "She's gone.
+she has passed away "
+She started sobbing and quickly said, "I have to make arrangements.
+Your grandmother's last wish was to be buried in South Korea. "
+I was only 12 years old, and when the shock wore off, my mother's words stuck in my ears.
+Grandmother wanted to be buried at home.
+We moved to Argentina from South Korea six years ago and didn't know anything about Spanish or how to make a living.
+And when we arrived, we were immigrants who had lost everything, so we had to work hard to rebuild our lives.
+So many years later, I never thought my hometown was still in Korea.
+It made me think about where I would like to be buried one day, where home was for me, but the answers were not clear.
+And this really bothered me.
+Thus this episode began a lifelong quest for my identity.
+I was born in South Korea, the country of kimchi. Growing up in Argentina and eating too much steak, I'm probably 80% beef by now. I was educated in America, where I became addicted to peanut butter.
+(Laughter) When I was a kid, I felt very Argentinian, but sometimes my looks betrayed me.
+On the first day of middle school, I remember my Spanish literature teacher walking into my room.
+She looked up all my classmates and said: "You have to hire a tutor, or you won't pass this class."
+But by then I was already fluent in Spanish, so I felt like I could be either Korean or Argentinian, but not both.
+It felt like a zero-sum game, where old identities had to be abandoned in order to gain or acquire a new identity.
+So when I was 18, I decided to go to South Korea in hopes of finally finding a place to call home.
+But then people asked me, "Why do you speak Korean with a Spanish accent?"
+(Laughs) And he said, ``Since his eyes are big and his body language is foreign, he must be Japanese.''
+So it turned out that I was too Korean to be Argentinian, but too Argentinian to be Korean.
+And this was a very important realization for me.
+I couldn't find a place in this world to call home.
+But how many Japanese-looking Koreans do you think speak with a Spanish or even an Argentinian accent?
+Perhaps this could be an advantage.
+Standing out was easy for me, but in a world that changes rapidly and skills can become obsolete overnight, it wasn't a bad thing.
+So I stopped looking for 100% common ground in the people I met.
+Instead, I found myself often overlapping among groups of people who were usually at odds.
+With this realization in mind, I decided to embrace all the different versions of myself. Sometimes we even allow ourselves to be reinvented.
+For example, I must confess that in high school I was a mega geek.
+I had no fashion sense, so I wore thick glasses and a simple hairstyle. I think you can understand that.
+In fact, I think I made friends because we shared homework.
+that is the truth.
+But once I entered college, I was able to find a new identity for myself, and the geek became a popular girl.
+But it was at MIT, so I'm not sure I should overestimate it.
+Over there, it is said that "probability is good, but the number of products is odd."
+(Laughter) I changed majors so many times that my supervisor joked that I should get my degree in "random research."
+(Laughter) I told my kids that too.
+And over the years I have acquired different identities.
+I started out as an inventor, entrepreneur and social innovator.
+Then I became an investor, a woman in tech, and a teacher.
+And just recently I became a mother. As my toddler says "Mama!" over and over. day and night.
+Even my accent was a mess. Its origins were so obscure that friends called it "Rebecanise".
+(Laughter.) But reinventing yourself can be very difficult.
+Sometimes we face great resistance.
+As I neared the end of my PhD, I was plagued with the entrepreneurship bug.
+I was in Silicon Valley, and writing papers in my basement didn't sound as exciting as starting my own company.
+So I went to see my very traditional Korean parents who are here today and told them I was going to drop out of my PhD.
+You know, my brother and I are the first generation to go to college, so for an immigrant family, this was kind of big.
+You can imagine how this conversation would turn out.
+Fortunately, I had a secret weapon. It was a graph showing the average earnings of all Stanford PhD graduates and the average earnings of all Stanford graduate school dropouts.
+(Laughter) I have to say, this chart was definitely skewed by the founders of Google.
+(Laughter) But my mom looked at that chart and said, 'Oh, for you, follow your passion.
+(laughs) Hello, Mom.
+Well, today my identity quest is no longer about finding my tribe.
+It is rather about allowing yourself to embrace all possible permutations of yourself and cultivating diversity within yourself as well as around you.
+My sons are now 3 years and 5 months old and have already been born with 3 nationalities and 4 languages.
+Let me just say that my husband is actually from Denmark. To avoid culture shock in my life, I decided to marry a Danish man.
+In fact, I think my kids will be the first Vikings to struggle with growing beards when they grow up.
+(Laughter) Well, we have to work on that.
+But I hope they realize that their diversity creates many doors in their lives, and that they can use this as a way to find common ground in today's increasingly globalized world. I sincerely hope.
+Rather than worrying that we might not fit into that one box, or that my identity will one day become irrelevant, I am free to experiment and develop my own personal identity. I hope you can take control of your narrative and identity.
+Also, a world where identities are no longer used to alienate the seemingly different, but rather to bring people together, leveraging their unique combination of values, language, culture, and skills. hope to contribute to the creation of
+And most importantly, I really hope they find great joy in going through these uncharted territories. Because I know I do too.
+Now, when it comes to my grandmother, her last wish was also her last lesson to me.
+It turns out that he never returned to Korea to be buried.
+It was that she was resting next to her son, who died long before emigrating to Argentina.
+What mattered to her was not the ocean separating the past from the new world. It was about finding common ground.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Images like these of the Auschwitz concentration camp have been burned into our consciousness throughout the 20th century, giving us a new understanding of who we are, where we came from, and the times in which we live. gave me
+During the 20th century we have witnessed the genocide of Stalin, Hitler, Mao Zedong, Pol Pot, Rwanda and others, and even though we are only seven years into the 21st century, we have already seen the ongoing genocide in Darfur. I have witnessed massacres taking place on a daily basis. horrors of Iraq.
+This gave us a common understanding of our situation. That is, modernization has brought us so much violence that perhaps the indigenous peoples lived in a state of harmony in which we are at risk.
+This is an example of a Thanksgiving op-ed in the Boston Globe a few years ago, in which the writer wrote, "Indian life was difficult, but there were no employment problems, and the community Social harmony was strong and substance abuse was "unknown", crime was almost nonexistent, and intertribal warfare was largely ceremonial and rarely led to indiscriminate or large-scale genocide. was. ” Okay, you guys know a lot about this molasses.
+We teach it to our children. You often hear it on TV or in fairy tales. Well, the original title of this session was "Everything You Know Is Wrong." And I will present evidence that this particular part of our common understanding is wrong, that our ancestors were, in fact, far more violent than we were. It means that violence has long been declining and today we are living in perhaps the most peaceful time of human existence.
+After a decade in Darfur and Iraq, such statements may seem somewhere between hallucinatory and obscene. But I will try to convince you that it is the correct image. Decreasing violence is a fractal phenomenon. There seems to have been a turning point at the beginning of the Age of Reason in the 16th century, but it is seen over millennia, centuries, decades and years. It's not uniform, but we see it all over the world.
+This is especially true in the West, particularly in England and Holland during the Enlightenment.
+To persuade you of this, let me take you on a journey through the powers of ten, from the millennial scale to the annual scale. Until 10,000 years ago, all humans lived as hunter-gatherers with no settlements or governments. And this is the state generally considered to be one of the primordial harmony. However, archaeologist Lawrence Keely, looking at the best evidence for this lifestyle, the casualty rates of modern hunter-gatherers, came to a rather different conclusion.
+Here is a chart he put together showing the proportion of male deaths from war in many foraging or hunter-gatherer societies.
+Red bars indicate the likelihood of one person dying at the hands of another, rather than a natural death, in various foraging societies in the New Guinea Plateau and the Amazon rainforest.
+And the odds of a person dying at the hands of another man range from nearly 60 percent to just 15 percent in Gebushi's case. The small blue bar in the lower left corner plots the corresponding statistics for the United States and Europe in the 20th century, including all fatalities from both world wars. If mortality rates in inter-tribal warfare were rampant during the 20th century, there would have been 2 billion dead instead of 100 million.
+Also, on the millennium scale, we can see the way of life of early civilizations as described in the Bible. And in this presumed source of our moral values, we can read the following description of what to expect in war in Numbers 31: Moses said to them, "Did you save all the women alive? Then kill every man among the little ones, and kill every woman who lays with a man and knows him. Kill all the women and children who do not know a man." Sleep with him and keep him alive for yourselves. ” In other words, kill the men. kill children. Once you find a virgin, you can keep it alive so that you can rape it.
+There are four or five passages in the Bible of this kind of person.
+Also, in the Bible, we know that the death penalty is a permitted punishment for such crimes as homosexuality, adultery, blasphemy, idolatry, talking back to parents (laughter), and picking up sticks on the Sabbath.
+Now let's take the zoom lens down an order of magnitude and look at the scale of the century.
+We don't have statistics on warfare from the Middle Ages to the present day, but we do know it from conventional history alone. Evidence that socially acceptable forms of violence were declining was long before our eyes.
+For example, social history would reveal that mutilation and torture were common forms of criminal punishment. Offenses that would now result in fines were then punishable by cutting off tongues, cutting off ears, blindness, and cutting off hands.
+Sadistic execution took many ingenious forms, including burning, evisceration, wheel breaking, and horse ripping.
+The death penalty was a sanction for a long list of non-violent crimes, including criticizing the king and stealing bread. Slavery, of course, was preferred as a means of saving labor, and cruelty was a popular form of entertainment. Perhaps the most vivid example is the cat-burning practice, in which the audience erupted in laughter as a cat was hoisted onto the stage, stone-thrown down into the fire, and burned to death while barking in pain.
+What about one-on-one murders? Well, many municipalities record causes of death, so we have good statistics.
+Criminologist Manuel Eisner combed through historical records across Europe, examining murder rates in every village, hamlet, town, and county he could find, adding them to national data when countries began keeping statistics. Complemented.
+He plots 100 deaths per 100,000 people per year on a logarithmic scale. This was about the same as the murder rate in the Middle Ages. And in seven or eight European countries, that number has plummeted to less than one murder per 100,000 people per year. After that, there is a slight increase in the 1960s. Those who claimed that rock 'n' roll was morally degrading actually knew part of the truth.
+However, from the Middle Ages to the present day, the number of homicides has declined by at least two orders of magnitude, with homicides by elbow occurring in the early 16th century.
+Let's click here to the 10-year scale.
+According to the non-governmental organizations that keep these statistics, since 1945 there has been a sharp decline in interstate wars, deadly ethnic riots and pogroms, and military coups in Europe and the Americas, as well as in South America. It says. Across the world, the death toll from interstate wars has fallen sharply. The yellow bars here show the number of deaths per war for the years from 1950 to the present.
+And as you can see, the mortality rate has dropped from 65,000 deaths per conflict per year in the 1950s to less than 2,000 deaths per conflict per year in the last decade, which is terrifying. is.
+Even if you look at the year by year, you can see that violence is decreasing.
+Civil wars and genocide have declined since the end of the Cold War, in fact down 90 percent from their post-World War II highs, even reversing the rise in murder and violent crime of the 1960s. there is
+This is from the FBI's Unified Crime Statistics. We can see that the incidence of violence was fairly low in the 50s and 60s, rose in the following decades, and began to decline sharply in the 1990s, thus returning to previous levels. The last time I enjoyed it was in 1960.
+President Clinton, if you're here, thank you.
+(Laughter) So the question is, why are so many people wrong about something so important? I think there are several reasons.
+One of them is improved reporting. The Associated Press documents wars on the surface of the earth better than 16th-century monks.
+You have a cognitive illusion. We cognitive psychologists know that the easier it is to recall a concrete instance of something, the more likely we are to assign it to it.
+The harrowing images I read in the newspapers are more imprinted on my mind than the reports of more people dying in their beds of old age. There are dynamics in opinion markets and advocacy markets. No one has attracted observers, advocates, and donors by saying that things seem to be getting better.
+(Laughter) There is a sense of guilt about the treatment of indigenous peoples in modern intellectual life and an unwillingness to acknowledge that there can be good things about Western culture.
+And, of course, changes in standards can outweigh changes in behavior. One reason for the decline in violence is that people are tired of the massacres and atrocities of the time.
+It's a process that seems to continue, but when it outperforms behavior by the standards of the time, things always seem more barbaric than by historical standards. So today, when several murderers in Texas are executed by lethal injection after 15 years of appeals, we have that right – and we deserve it. We do not believe that hundreds of years ago they could have been burned at the stake for criticizing the king after a trial lasting ten minutes, and indeed that would have been repeated many times. . Today we see the death penalty as evidence of how low our actions can be, not how high our standards have risen.
+So why did the violence go down? No one really knows, but I've read four explanations and I think they all have some validity. The first is that perhaps Thomas Hobbes was correct in his understanding. He was the one who said that life in the natural state was "lonely, poor, nasty, brutish and short." Not because man has an innate thirst for blood, aggressive instincts, or territorial obligations, he argued, but because of the logic of anarchy. In anarchy there is always the temptation to invade preemptively before your neighbor does. More recently, Thomas Schelling gave the analogy of a homeowner hearing a rustling noise in his basement. A good American, he put his pistol on the nightstand, took out his gun, and walked down the stairs.
+And what he saw was a robber with a gun in his hand.
+Now each of them says, "I really don't want to kill him, but he wants to kill me.
+Maybe I'd better shoot him before he shoots me, especially if he didn't want to kill me, but he probably now wants me to shoot him before he kills me. Because I'm afraid it might kill "
+Hunter-gatherers clearly run through this line of thought, often raiding their neighbors for fear of being the first to be raided.
+Well, one way to deal with this problem is deterrence.
+Although it does not launch preemptive strikes, it has publicly announced a policy of mercilessly retaliating if it is invaded.
+The only thing is that the bluff is likely to be called, so it only works if it is reliable. To make it credible, every insult must be avenged and every score resolved, which leads to a bloody cycle of revenge.
+Life becomes an episode of "The Sopranos." Hobbes' solution, the "leviathan," was that if power for the legitimate use of force were given to a single democratic institution, the leviathan, such a state would be less tempted to attack. . The profit was punished with zero. Then there will be no temptation to preemptively intrude for fear of being attacked first.
+It does not require dangerous triggers for retaliation to make the deterrent threat credible. Therefore, it will lead to a peaceful state. Eisner, who charted murder rates not seen in the previous slide, argued that the timing of the decline in homicides in Europe coincided with the rise of centralized states.
+So that's a little bit of backing up the Leviathan theory.
+It is also confirmed by the fact that today we are witnessing outbreaks of violence in areas of anarchy, failed states, crumbling empires, frontier areas, the Mafia, street gangs and more.
+A second explanation is that in many times and places there is a pervasive feeling that life is cheap.
+In the early days when suffering and premature death were common in one's own life, one felt less guilt about giving them to others. And as technology and economic efficiency make life longer and more comfortable, people place a higher value on life in general.
+This is the claim of political scientist James Payne.
+A third explanation invokes the concept of a non-zero-sum game, devised by journalist Robert Wright in his book Non-Zero. Wright points out that in certain situations cooperation or non-violence can be mutually beneficial in an interaction. For example, if two parties exchange their surpluses and both gain the upper hand, or if the two give up their arms and divide their positions, the trade becomes profitable. - Called the peace dividend, as a result they won't have to fight all the time.
+Wright argues that technology has enabled the trading of goods, services and ideas between larger groups over longer distances, increasing the number of positive-sum games in which humans tend to be involved.
+As a result, other people are worth more alive than dead, and violence for selfish reasons is reduced. As Wright put it, "One of the many reasons I don't think the Japanese should be bombed is because they built my minivan."
+(Laughter) The fourth explanation is incorporated into the title of a book by philosopher Peter Singer called "The Expanding Circle." He argues that evolution has bequeathed to humans a sense of empathy, the ability to treat the interests of others as equals to our own. Own. Unfortunately, by default, it only applies to a very narrow range of friends and family.
+Those outside that circle are treated as subhuman and can be exploited with impunity. However, the circle has expanded with the passage of history. The historical record shows that it has expanded from villages to clans, tribes, nations, other races, and both sexes, and Singer's own argument is that it has something to extend to other sentient species. I understand. . The question is, if this happened, what caused that expansion?
+And there are many possibilities, such as expanding the circle of reciprocity in the sense that Robert Wright argues.
+The Golden Rule of Logic -- The more I think about and interact with other people, the more I realize that I can't sustain putting my own interests above those of others, at least if I want my opinion to be heard. . I can't say that my interests are special compared to yours. Just like I can say that a particular place I'm standing in is a unique part of the universe just because I happen to be standing there at that exact moment.
+It can also be brought about by cosmopolitanism, history, journalism, memoirs, realistic fiction, travel, literacy, which may previously have treated us as subhuman. You can project yourself into other people's lives. And we can also recognize the serendipitous contingency of our own position in life, the sense of 'if you're not lucky you'll be there'.
+Whatever the cause, I believe that a reduction in violence is significant. It should force us to ask more than just "why do wars happen?" But also why is there peace? That's not all. what are we doing wrong? But also what have we done right?
+Because we've been doing something right and it's certainly good to know what it is.
+thank you very much.
+(applause).
+Chris Anderson: I loved that story. A lot of people here think that the expansion of what you were talking about, what Peter Singer was talking about, is also just by technology, by increased visibility of others, and therefore the world is getting smaller and smaller. It is So, is that part of the truth?
+Stephen Pinker: Absolutely right. It fits both Wright's theories that we can reap the benefits of cooperation across a larger and larger circle. But I also think it helps us imagine what it's like to be another person. When I read about these horrific tortures that were common in the Middle Ages, I wondered how they could do that, how could they not empathize with the people they were disemboweling? think. But to them, this is clearly an alien being who doesn't have the same feelings as they do. Whatever makes it easier to imagine swapping places with someone, I think it means increasing your moral consideration for that person.
+CA: Well, Steve, I hope all news media owners will hear the story at some point next year. I think that's really important. Thank you very much.
+I've been a journalist since I was about 17 and it's an interesting industry to be in at the moment. Because, as you all know, there has been a great deal of havoc in the media and most of you have probably known this for some time. The business perspective, the business model, was so messed up that, as my grandfather used to say, all the profits went to Google.
+So it's a very interesting time for journalists, but the upheaval I'm interested in isn't on the output side.
+input side. It has to do with how we get information and how we collect news.
+And things have changed as there has been a major shift in the balance of power from the press to the audience.
+And viewers have long been in a position where they can't influence the news or make a difference. I really couldn't connect.
+And it has changed irrevocably.
+My first contact with the press was in 1984, when the BBC went on strike for one day.
+I wasn't happy. i was angry I can't watch my comics anymore.
+So I wrote a letter.
+And it's a very effective way to end hate mail. "Markham, love your four-year-old." still works.
+I don't know if I had any impact on the one day strike, but what I do know is that it took them 3 weeks before they contacted me.
+That was the trip to and from. It took that long for someone to make an impact and get feedback.
+And now, as journalists, we are interacting in real time, so things have changed. We are not in a position for viewers to react to the news.
+We are responsive to our audience and really depend on them.
+They help us find news. They help us understand what angle is best and what they want to hear.
+So it's real time. much faster. It happens regularly and journalists are always catching up.
+To give you an example of how we rely on our audience, on September 5th Costa Rica had an earthquake.
+It was magnitude 7.6. It was quite big.
+And 60 seconds is the time it took to travel 250 kilometers to Managua.
+As a result, the ground shook in Managua 60 seconds after the epicenter hit.
+Thirty seconds later, the first message appeared on Twitter. This was what someone called a "temblor" (meaning an earthquake).
+So 60 seconds is the time it takes for a physical earthquake to propagate.
+Thirty seconds later, news of the earthquake instantly spread around the world. Hypothetically, anyone in the world could know that there was an earthquake in Managua.
+And it happened because this one person had a documentary instinct to post updates. That's what we're all doing right now, and we'll be posting updates, posting photos and videos if anything happens. And it all goes up in a steady stream to the cloud.
+What that means is that the vast amount of data is continuously growing.
+It's really amazing. If you look at the numbers, there are 72 hours of video on YouTube every minute.
+That means more than an hour of video is uploaded every second.
+And on Instagram for photos, 58 photos are uploaded to Instagram every second.
+Over 35,000 photos uploaded to Facebook.
+So by the time I'm done talking here, Youtube will have 864 hours more videos than when I started, and Facebook and Instagram will have 2.5 million more photos than when I started. It means that
+So the position as a journalist is an interesting one. Because we need access to everything.
+Wherever it happens in the world, I should be able to know it for free and almost instantly.
+And that applies to everyone in this room.
+The only problem is that with all this information, you have to find the right information, which can be very difficult when dealing with large amounts of information.
+And nowhere was this more remembered than during Hurricane Sandy. So what happened with Hurricane Sandy was a superstorm like we haven't seen in a long time, hitting the iPhone, the capital of the universe -- (laughter) -- and what we experienced. I got a ton of media like I've never done before. saw it before
+That meant journalists had to deal with fakes and we had to deal with old photos being reposted.
+I had to deal with a composite image combining previous storm photos.
+I had to work with images from movies like The Day After Tomorrow. (Laughter) And we had to work with images that were so real that it was almost hard to tell if they were real or not.
+(Laughter) Jokes aside, there was this image on Instagram that was heavily criticized by journalists.
+They weren't really sure. Filtered by Instagram.
+The lighting was questioned. Everything about it was questioned.
+And it turned out to be true. It was from C Avenue in downtown Manhattan, which was flooded.
+And the reason they were able to determine it was real was because they were able to get to the source, and in this case, they were New York food bloggers.
+They were highly respected. they were known.
+So this wasn't debunked, it was actually something they could prove.
+And that was the job of the journalist. I was filtering all of these.
+And you were withholding potentially damaging information instead of going to find it and bring it back to your readers.
+And finding sources — finding good sources — has become more and more important, and most journalists now turn to Twitter.
+There's so much information on Twitter that it's effectively a real-time newswire if you know how to use it.
+And it's not just how convenient it is, it's also a great example of how difficult the 2011 Egyptian Revolution was.
+As a non-Arabic speaker, an outsider looking at Dublin, Twitter lists, lists of good sources, etc., it was really important to have people that we could trust.
+So how do you create such a list from scratch?
+Well, it can be very difficult, but you should know what to look for.
+This visualization was made by an Italian scholar.
+He was called Andre Panison and basically covered a Twitter conversation in Tahrir Square on the day Hosni Mubarak finally resigned. The visible point is the retweet. So when someone retweet a message, it creates a connection between the two dots. The more times your message is retweeted by others, the more of these nodes and connections you'll see.
+It's a great way to visualize conversations, but what you get is a hint of who's more interesting and worth investigating.
+And as the conversation gets bigger and bigger, it becomes more and more lively until eventually there remains a big, big, rhythmic pointer to this conversation.
+But I could find Node, but then I was like, 'Yeah, I have to look into these people.
+These obviously make sense.
+Let's see who they are. "
+What makes the real-time web really interesting for journalists like me in this information-abundant world is that there are more tools than ever to conduct this kind of investigation.
+And once you start digging into sources, you can go further than you ever could.
+Sometimes I come across content that I find very compelling and want and want to use, but I'm not 100% sure I can use it because I don't know if the source is trustworthy.
+I don't know if it's a scratch or not. I don't know if it's a re-upload.
+And we have to do the research work.
+And this video I'm about to show you, we discovered a few weeks ago.
+Video: The wind picks up in a fraction of a second.
+(sound of rain and wind) (explosion) Oh shit!
+Markham Nolan: Well, if you're a news producer, this is what you want to do. Because, obviously, this is gold.
+Look? Here's a great response from someone and a very authentic video shot in their backyard.
+But how do you find out if this person is real, fake, or an old repost?
+So we set about making this video. And all we had to do was a YouTube account username.
+Only one video was posted to that account and the username was Rita Krill.
+And I didn't even know if Rita existed or if it was a pseudonym.
+But we started looking and used free internet tools for that.
+The first one, called Spokeo, was able to look for Rita Krill.
+So we searched all over America. We found them in New York, Pennsylvania, Nevada, and Florida.
+So we looked for a second free internet tool called Wolfram Alpha. And I checked the weather forecast for the day this video was uploaded. And after going through all the different cities, in Florida it was thunderstorms and rain that day.
+So we went to the white page, looked up Rita Krill in the phone book, looked up a few different addresses, went to Google Maps and found the house there.
+I found a house with a pool that looked a lot like Rita's. So we had to go back to the video and look for clues that we could cross-reference.
+If you watch the video, you'll see a large umbrella, a white Lilo in the pool, an unusually rounded rim on the pool, and two trees in the background.
+Then I went back to Google Maps and looked a little closer, and sure enough, there was a white Lilo, two trees, and an umbrella. This is a photo of the actual fold.
+A little trick. And the swimming pool has rounded edges.
+So I called Rita and was able to clear the video and confirm that it had been filmed. After that, the client was happy to be able to run the video without any worries.
+But sometimes the quest for truth is a little frivolous, and it has far greater consequences.
+Syria was very interesting to us. Clearly, in many cases, they are trying to debunk possible evidence of war crimes. That's where YouTube actually becomes the most important repository of information about what's going on in the world. .
+This video is so gruesome that I'm not going to show you all of it, but you can hear some of it.
+It's from Hama.
+VIDEO: (screams) And if you watch this video all the way to the end, you'll see bloody bodies being unloaded from a pickup truck and thrown over a bridge.
+The allegations are that they were the Muslim Brotherhood, who threw the bodies of Syrian military officers off bridges, swearing and using profanity, leading to many questions about who they are and what they are. There was a counterclaim. The video said yes.
+So when I spoke to some Hama sources that I had interacted with on Twitter and asked them about this, the bridge was interesting to us.
+Three different sources say three different things about the bridge.
+One, they said, is that there are no bridges.
+Another said a bridge exists but not in Hama. in another location.
+And the third said, "I think the bridge exists, but the dam upstream of the bridge is closed, so the river should actually be dried up, so this doesn't make sense."
+So that was the only thing that gave us a clue.
+We searched the video for other clues.
+We saw a distinctive handrail that could be used.
+We saw the curb. The curb shadowed us to the south, so we knew the bridge ran east-west across the river.
+It had black and white curbs.
+If you look at the river itself, you will see concrete stones on the west side. There are clouds of blood.
+It's river blood. So the river flows from south to north. that's what i tell you.
+Also, if you take your eyes off the bridge, there is a dent in the embankment on the left side, narrowing the width of the river.
+So you go to Google Maps and start exploring literally every bridge.
+We go to the dam we talked about and literally go through each time that road crosses the river, crossing mismatched bridges.
+I'm looking for something that crosses east and west.
+Then we arrive at Hama. From the dam we go all the way to Hama, but there is no bridge.
+So let's go a little further. Switch to satellite view and you'll find another bridge and everything will start lining up.
+The bridge appears to cross the river from east to west.
+So this could be our bridge. Then zoom in.
+You can tell it's a two-lane bridge because of the median.
+There's a black and white curb like you saw in the video, clicking on it brings up a photo someone uploaded to match the map. Click the photo, because this is very useful. The photos then begin to show details that can be cross-referenced with the video.
+The first thing you see is a black and white curb. I've seen this before, so it's useful.
+You can see the characteristic railing where the men threw the corpses.
+And we continue through it until we are sure that this is our bridge.
+So what does it tell me? I now have to go back to my three sources and find out what they told me. Some say the bridge doesn't exist, some claim the bridge isn't in Hama, and one guy said: "Yes, the bridge exists, but I don't know the water level."
+The third suddenly seems to be the most true, but we were able to find it within 20 minutes using a free internet tool in a cubicle in our Dublin office.
+That's part of the fun of this work. The web is a torrent, and there is so much information out there that it is incredibly difficult to sift through, and it gets harder every day, but if you use them wisely, you can find incredible amounts of information. you can find information.
+With a few clues, I could probably learn a lot about most of my audience that they wouldn't want me to know.
+But what it tells me is that we have better tools now that information is more abundant and harder to filter than ever before.
+We offer a free internet tool that allows you to do this kind of research.
+We have smarter algorithms and faster computers than ever before.
+But here comes the problem. Algorithms are rules. they are binary.
+Yes or no, black or white.
+Truth is never binary. Truth is a value.
+Truth is emotional, fluid and, above all, human.
+No matter how fast computers become, no matter how much information we have, we can never remove humans from the truth-seeking activity. Because it is, after all, a uniquely human trait.
+Thank you very much. (applause)
+I basically make my living by pulling sleds, so it doesn't take me long to get intellectually stumped, but I read this question from an interview earlier this year. “Philosophically, does the constant supply of information incapacitate us? Can we imagine or displace the dreams we want to achieve?
+After all, if it's being done by someone somewhere and we can participate virtually, why bother leaving the house?"
+I am usually introduced as a polar explorer.
+I don't know if that's the most progressive or 21st-century title, but I've spent more than 2% of my life in a tent inside the Arctic Circle, so I spend a lot of time at home. is coming from .
+And I think in my nature, I'm more of a doer than a spectator or a thinker. I would like to briefly explore that dichotomy, the chasm between ideas and actions.
+The most pathetic answer to the question "why?"
+It's definitely this guy that's haunted me for the last 12 years. Standing in the back, second from the left, is George Lee Mallory, a witty-looking gentleman. Many of you may know his name.
+He was last seen in 1924 when he disappeared into the clouds near the summit of Mount Everest.
+He may or may not be the first person to climb Mount Everest, more than 30 years before Edmund Hillary.
+No one knows if he reached the top. It's still a mystery.
+However, he is credited with coining the phrase "because it is there."
+Now I don't know if he actually said that.
+There is little evidence to suggest that, but what he said is actually much better, so I printed this out again. I'll read it out.
+"The first question you will ask, and which I shall try to answer, is this: What is the use of climbing Everest?"
+And my answer should be immediately "it's useless".
+There is absolutely no prospect of making a profit.
+Oh, maybe we can learn a little about the behavior of the human body at high altitudes, maybe medical scientists can turn our observations into some explanation for aviation purposes, but otherwise nothing. will not be born
+We take no gold or silver, no jewels, no coal, no iron.
+You won't find a single foot of land on which you can plant crops to grow food. That's why it's no good.
+If you can't understand that there is something in man that responds and rises to the challenge of this mountain, that the struggle is the struggle of life itself, upwards and forever upwards, why me? I don't know if we're going.
+What we get out of this adventure is pure joy, and joy is the end of life, after all.
+We don't live to eat and make money.
+We eat and earn money to enjoy life.
+That's the meaning of life and that's what life is for. "
+But Mallory's claim that leaving home and embarking on an epic adventure is fun and enjoyable doesn't line up so neatly with my own experience.
+The spring of 2004 was the furthest I've ever been from my front door. I still don't know exactly what happened to me, but my plan was to cross the Arctic Ocean alone and without assistance.
+I was basically going to walk from the north coast of Russia to the North Pole and then continue to the north coast of Canada.
+No one has ever done this before. I was 26 at the time.
+Many experts said it was impossible, but my mother certainly wasn't too keen on the idea.
+(Laughter) It took about five hours to travel from a small weather station on the north coast of Siberia to my final starting point, the edge of the ice floe, on the shores of the Arctic Ocean. You'll understand the feeling of unease and, if anything, impending doom when you're sitting in a helicopter roaring north, not just coming down.
+I was sitting there wondering what the hell had I gotten myself into.
+There was a little fun, a little joy.
+i was 26 years old. I remember sitting there looking down at the sleigh. I had my skis ready and had a satellite phone and a pump-action shotgun in case I was attacked by a polar bear.
+I remember looking out the window and seeing a second helicopter.
+We were both roaring through this glorious Siberian dawn and part of my heart felt like a cross between Jason Bourne and Wilfred Thesiger. Part of my heart was very proud of myself, but most of the time I was just completely terrified.
+And the journey lasted 10 weeks and 72 days.
+I didn't see anyone else. I took a picture next to the helicopter.
+I didn't see anyone for 10 weeks after that.
+The North Pole is slapstick in the middle of the ocean, so I am traveling over the surface of the frozen Arctic Ocean.
+NASA said conditions that year were the worst since records began.
+I had 180 kilos of food, fuel and supplies, about 400 pounds with me. The average temperature for the 10 weeks was -35°C, with the coldest being -50°C.
+Again, not much joy or fun.
+But one of the strangest things about this trip is that I'm walking on the ocean. It floats on the surface of the Arctic Ocean and walks on a drifting and changing ice crust, so the environment is always in an icy state. flux.
+The ice is constantly moving, cracking, drifting, and refreezing, so the scenery I had seen for nearly three months was my own. No one else will ever see, and probably never will, see the sights and scenery that I have seen for ten weeks.
+And I think that's probably the most appropriate argument for leaving home.
+You can try to tell what it was like, but you'll never know what it was like. The more I tried to explain, the more lonely I felt, that I was the only human in the 5.4 million square miles, that it was cold. , It's nearly minus 75 degrees, and the wind is cold on bad weather days.
+Therefore, it seems to me that experiencing, working and striving, rather than seeing and thinking, is the real core of life, the juice we produce. It could waste our time and day.
+However, I will add a caveat here.
+In my experience, savoring life on the edge of what humans are capable of is addictive.
+Now, what I'm trying to say is that this is addictive, not only in the field of Edwardian Darin Du, but also in the field of pancreatic cancer, and in my case, polar expeditions are probably not that far away. I do not think. Because it has a habit of cracking.
+I can't really explain how good it is without trying it, but be careful because you could burn all the money you can get your hands on and ruin all the relationships you've ever had. I hope
+Mallory postulated that there was something in man that responded to the challenge of the mountain, but was there something in that challenge itself, in its endeavours, especially in the great unfinished and thick task facing mankind? Please, I wonder. From my experience, it certainly is.
+There is one unfinished business that has been calling me for most of my adult life.
+Many of you are familiar with the story.
+Here is a picture of Captain Scott and his team.
+More than 100 years ago, Scott set out to become the first to reach the South Pole.
+No one knew what was in there. It wasn't on the map at all then. We knew more about the moon's surface than we did about the Antarctic core.
+As many of you know, Scott lost to Roald Amundsen and his Norwegian team using dogs and dogsleds. Scott's team reached the pole on foot, all five harnessed and dragging a sled, only to find the Norwegian flag already there. I imagine it must have been quite bitter and depressing.
+All five turned and began to return to the shore, but all five died on the way back.
+Today there is a kind of misconception that it was all done in the field of exploration and adventure.
+People often say this when I talk about Antarctica. "That's interesting, didn't that Blue Peter presenter do it on his bike?"
+Or, "That's great. As you know, my grandmother is going on a cruise to Antarctica next year.
+Any chance of meeting her there? "
+(Laughter) But Scott's journey isn't over yet.
+No one has walked from the very coast of Antarctica to the South Pole and back again.
+This was perhaps the most daring attempt in the Edwardian Golden Age of exploration, and given everything we've figured out in this century, from scurvy to solar panels, it's now It seemed to me that the time had come for someone to try. when you finish your work.
+That's exactly what I'm trying to do.
+This time next October, I will be leading a team of three.
+This round-trip journey takes about four months.
+That's the scale. The red line is clearly halfway to the pole.
+You have to turn back and back again.
+I know it's ironic to say that we blog and tweet. You will be able to live vicariously and virtually through this journey in a way that no one has ever experienced before.
+And it's also a four-month chance for me to finally find a meaningful answer to the "why?" question.
+And our lives today are safer and more comfortable than ever before. Admittedly, there aren't many calls for explorers today. The school's career advisor never mentioned it as an option.
+For example, if you want to know how many stars there are in the Milky Way or how old the giant head on Easter Island is, most people can find out quickly without getting up.
+Still, if I've learned anything in about 12 years of lugging heavy bags around cold places, real real inspiration and growth comes from adversity and challenge, leaving the comfort and familiar, and going outside. It can only come from stepping out into the world. into the unknown.
+In life we ​​all have to ride a storm and walk to a pole sometimes. Metaphorically speaking, I think everyone could benefit from getting out of the house at least a little more often if they could muster up the courage.
+Please open the door a little and take a peek outside.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Twelve years ago, I founded Zipcar.
+Zipcar buys cars and parks them throughout densely populated metropolitan areas for people to use by the hour or by the day instead of owning their own car.
+Each Zipcar replaces 15 privately owned cars and the driver pays in real time all at once, reducing the amount of driving for each driver by about 80%.
+But what Zipcar really did was make sharing the norm.
+After 10 years, it's time to push the limits a little. So a few years ago I moved to Paris with my husband and youngest son and launched Buzzcar a year ago.
+Buzzcar allows people to rent out their cars to friends and neighbors.
+We don't invest in cars, we invest in communities.
+We bring corporate power to individuals who add their vehicles to the network.
+Some call this peer-to-peer.
+It expresses the humanity and personal relationships of what is happening, but it's also like saying it's the same thing as a yard sale, a bake sale, or a babysitter.
+That's peer-to-peer.
+It's like saying a yard sale is like eBay, or a craft fair is like Etsy.
+But what's really happening is that we have the power of the free and open internet, on top of which we have a platform for participation, and other companies in the industry are now partnering with us. , creating common values ​​based on common values. , and each other reinforces each other, doing what each other can't do.
+I call it Piers Inc.
+The incorporated side, the company, is doing really well.
+What really works? It creates economies of scale, significant and long-term resource investment, expertise in different kinds of people and different kinds of ways of thinking, and for individuals and consumers the standards, rules and tools they really want as consumers. increase. This ties into a kind of brand promise that companies offer on participating platforms.
+Competitors offer and do things that are incredibly costly for businesses.
+what will they bring? They provide this great variety, but they come at a cost to businesses. And what does it bring?
+We provide all aspects of localization, customization, specialization, and social networking and how companies are eager and eager to get there.
+It's natural for me. Both me and my friends can easily connect.
+And it also brings some really great innovation. More on that later.
+That is, there are other companies in the same industry that offer services and products, and there are companies that do what companies do.
+These two offer the best of both worlds.
+Some of my favorite examples include transportation, Carpooling.com. Ten years ago, 3.5 million people joined and 1 million rides are shared every day.
+It's amazing. This is equivalent to 2,500 TGV trains. please think about it. There was no need to lay railroad tracks or buy automobiles.
+All this is happening with excess capacity.
+And it's not just transportation, of course, in other areas as well. This is Fiverr.com.
+I met these founders just a few weeks after they started. Two years from now, what would you do with $5?
+Now, two years later, there are 750,000 gigs listed and this is what people do for $5.
+It's not all simple things that anyone can do.
+This Peers, Inc. concept is in very difficult and complex territory.
+TopCoder has 400,000 engineers and provides complex design and engineering services.
+When I spoke with the CEO, he said these wonderful words.
+"We have a community that owns its own company," he said.
+And my favorite, Etsy.
+Etsy offers people made products and sells them on the marketplace.
+The company just celebrated its 7th anniversary, and after 7 years, last year it brought in $530 million worth of sales to all the individuals who have created these objects.
+I know business people think this way.
+You can see this incredible speed and scale.
+So all I have to do is build a platform and people put their stuff on it and I just sit there and roll it? "
+Building these platforms for participation is no small feat.
+Consider the difference between Google Video and YouTube.
+Who would have thought that two young guys and a startup would beat Google Video? why?
+I don't really know why. I didn't speak to them.
+But I'm thinking maybe the 'share' button was a little brighter on the right side, which made it easier and more convenient for both parties who are always on these networks.
+I've been in Paris for the last two years and really know a lot about building peer platforms and Peers, Inc. companies.
+So let's take a look back at how incredibly different building a Buzzcar is than building a Zipcar. Because in everything we do I have to consider these two different subjects. In other words, the owner who provides the car and the drivers who rent it.
+In every decision we have to consider what is right for both sides.
+There are many examples, but I'll give you one that I don't like. Insurance.
+It took me a year and a half to get the right insurance.
+I spent hours talking to insurers and many companies, thinking they had never thought about the idea of ​​risk and how completely revolutionary this is.
+It's way too expensive to even go with a lawyer and try to figure out how this is different and who is responsible for whom. As a result, we were able to provide owners with their own driving records and their protection. own history.
+During rental, the car is fully insured and the driver is provided with everything they need.
+They want low deductibles and 24-hour roadside assistance.
+So this was a trick to achieve these two aspects.
+So now I want to bring you to that moment. When you're an entrepreneur and you start a new company, this is all the work you do up front and then the service starts. what happens?
+So all the months of work will come to fruition.
+It was launched on June 1st of last year. It was a very exciting moment.
+And all owners add their cars. I'm really looking forward to it.
+All drivers are members. It is wonderful.
+Bookings started coming in and the owners were like, 'Hey, Joe wants to borrow your car for the weekend.
+You can earn 60 euros. Isn't that great? yes or no? "
+no reply. Likewise, most of them were just getting started, had just signed up to reply, and couldn't be bothered.
+So I thought, "Well, Robin, this is the difference between industrial and peer manufacturing."
+Industrial manufacturing, the key to industrial manufacturing is to always provide a consistent, standardized and accurate service model. I really appreciate that my smartphone is made using industrial production.
+Zipcar has a very good and consistent service and works great.
+But what does peer production do? I would say they realized early on that we needed to: It has all the ratings and comments and other nasty side items.
+We can flag it and put it aside and buyers and consumers don't have to deal with it.
+Coming back, this is my expression of excitement and joy. Because everything I hoped for actually happened. And what would it be?
+That is the diversity of what is happening.
+There are different great owners, different cars, different prices, different locations. (Laughs) The clothes and appearance are different. And I really love every time I see these pictures.
+Cool folks, excited folks, and this is Selma. i love this driver.
+And a year later, there are 1,000 cars parked all over France and 6,000 members eager to drive them.
+It is economically impossible for traditional companies to do this.
+Let's go back to this spectrum.
+I mean, what's going on is, we had a terrible side, but we actually had a really great side as well.
+And I can tell you two great stories.
+A driver went to rent a car to go to the French coast, and the owner handed the car over to them and said, "Here are the cliffs, and here are all the beaches. And this is my best beach, and this is my best fish restaurant. "
+And then it becomes a companion, and a relationship is built between companion and owner, so at the last minute people can say, "Hey, you know, I really need a car, is it available?" It is. And the person will say, "Of course my wife is at home. Go get the keys. Do it."
+That's why we can achieve truly amazing things that are impossible. It's a kind of "wow!" I want to say, "Wow!"
+What's happening here is that even if you're an individual, if you're a company, you might have 10 or 100 people responsible for innovation.
+What's happening in the Peer, Inc. company is that there are dozens, hundreds, thousands, even millions of people experimenting with this model. So with all that influence and that effort, this extraordinary amount of innovation is being created. is coming out.
+So one of the reasons, going back to why I called it Buzzcar, is that I believe in the power of Hive and its ability to create this platform that individuals want to participate in and innovate on. I wanted to remind all of us about the amazing features.
+And to me, when you think about our future, and all these issues that seem incredibly large, the scale is impossible and the urgency exists. Peers, Inc. answers these questions by providing speed and scale, innovation and creativity.
+All we have to do is create a great platform for participation. This is not easy.
+So I continue to think that transportation is central to this difficult universe.
+For me all problems come down to transportation.
+But there are all these other areas that are deep, big issues that we can work on, and people are working on it in different areas, but there's this really great group that's backed by this Piers company. . . model.
+Over the past decade, we have reveled in the power of the internet and how it empowers individuals. For me, what Peers, Inc. is doing is taking it to the next level. We are now bringing the power of businesses and businesses to supercharge individuals.
+So for me it's a collaboration.
+We can do it together. (Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+I'm a neuroscientist and I study decision making.
+I'm doing an experiment to test how different chemicals in the brain affect our choices.
+Here's the secret to successful decision-making: cheese sandwiches.
+That is correct. Scientists say a cheese sandwich solves all your tough decisions.
+How do I know? I am the scientist who did the research.
+A few years ago, a colleague and I were interested in how a brain chemical called serotonin influences people's decision-making in social situations.
+Specifically, I wanted to know how serotonin affects people's reactions when they are wronged.
+So we did an experiment.
+We manipulated people's serotonin levels by giving them a really unpleasant-tasting artificial lemon-flavored drink that works by removing the raw material for serotonin in the brain.
+This is the amino acid tryptophan.
+What we found was that when tryptophan was lowered, people were more likely to take revenge when they were wronged.
+That's the research we did, and here are some of the headlines that followed.
+(“Cheese sandwiches are all you need for strong decision-making”) (“Cheese is such a great friend”) (“Eating cheese and meat may increase self-control”) At this point, you are wondering: You may be do you miss something?
+("Official! Stop being sour on chocolate") Cheese? Chocolate? where did it come from?
+And since our study had nothing to do with cheese or chocolate, I thought the same when these were published.
+We fed people this awful tasting drink and it affected their tryptophan levels.
+However, it turns out that tryptophan is also found in cheese and chocolate.
+And of course, if science said cheese and chocolate could help us make better decisions, it would definitely get people's attention.
+Now you know the evolution of headlines.
+When this happened, part of my mind was like, uh, what's the big deal? I thought.
+So the media oversimplified some things, but at the end of the day, it's just a news story.
+And I think a lot of scientists have this attitude.
+But the problem is, this kind of thing happens all the time, and it affects not just what you read in the news, but what you see in stores.
+What happened when this headline ran was a marketing person calling.
+Can we give the scientific endorsement for feel-boosting bottled water?
+Or do I want to go on TV and demonstrate to a live audience that comfort foods can really make you feel better?
+I think these people said it with good intentions, but if I had accepted their offer, I would have gone beyond science. Good scientists are careful not to do that.
+But despite this, neuroscience is increasingly appearing in marketing.
+Here is an example. Neuro Drinks is a line of products that includes Nuero Bliss in this line of products, which according to the label help reduce stress, enhance mood, increase focus and promote a positive mindset.
+I have to say this is great. (Laughter) I could have used this 10 minutes ago.
+So when this came up at my local store, I was naturally intrigued by some of the research backing up these claims.
+So I went to the company's website and looked for controlled trials of their product.
+But nothing was found.
+Trial or not, these allegations are at the heart of the label right next to the picture of the brain.
+And it turns out that brain pictures have special properties.
+A few researchers asked hundreds to read scientific papers.
+For half of the people, the articles contained brain images, and for the other half, the same articles did not contain brain images.
+Finally, we asked people if they agreed with the conclusions of this article.
+This is how many people agree with the imageless conclusion.
+And this is how much they agree with the same article containing brain imaging.
+The key message here is "Do you want to sell?" Put your brains on it.
+Now, let me pause here and say that neuroscience has come a long way in recent decades and that we are constantly discovering amazing things about the brain.
+For example, just a few weeks ago, neuroscientists at MIT discovered how to break habits in rats simply by controlling neural activity in specific parts of the brain.
+It's really cool.
+But the promise of neuroscience has led to lofty expectations and exaggerated and unproven claims.
+So what I'm going to do is try some classic moves, variously called neurobanks, neuroroborocks, or my personal favorite, neuroflap doodles, namely dead giveaways. to show you how to find it.
+So the first unproven claim is that brain scans can be used to read people's thoughts and emotions.
+Here's a study the researchers published as an editorial in the New York Times.
+What's the headline? "You love your iPhone. Literally."
+It quickly became the most emailed article on the site.
+So how did they figure this out?
+They put 16 people in brain scanners and showed them videos of iPhones ringing.
+Brain scans show activation in a part of the brain called the insula, which researchers say is associated with feelings of love and compassion.
+So they concluded that activation on the island meant that the subjects loved their iPhones.
+There is only one problem with this reasoning. That said, the island does many things.
+Sure, it's involved in positive emotions such as love and compassion, but it's also involved in many other processes such as memory, language, attention, and even anger, disgust, and pain.
+So, based on the same logic, you can conclude that you hate iPhones as well.
+The point here is that when you see an activation on an island, you can't just pick your favorite description from this list, the list is very long.
+My colleagues Tal Jarconi and Russ Poldrak have shown that islands appear in almost a third of all brain imaging studies published so far.
+So it's very possible that your insular cortex is just peeling off right now, but it's no joke to think that this means you love me.
+Speaking of love and the brain, there is a researcher known by some as Dr. Love, who claims that scientists have discovered the glue that holds society together, the source of love and prosperity.
+This time it's not a cheese sandwich.
+No, it's the hormone oxytocin.
+You've probably heard of it.
+In short, Dr. Love bases his arguments on research that shows that increasing oxytocin in people increases trust, empathy, and cooperation.
+There he calls oxytocin a "moral molecule."
+These studies are now scientifically valid and replicated, but that's not all.
+Other studies have shown that increasing oxytocin increases envy. You will gloat more.
+Oxytocin can bias people to favor their own group at the expense of other groups.
+And in some cases, oxytocin can even reduce coordination.
+So based on these studies, I can say that oxytocin is an immoral molecule and I can call myself "Dr. Strangelove".
+(laughter) So, Neuro Flapdoodles popped up all over the news headlines.
+You see it in supermarkets and on book covers.
+how about the clinic?
+SPECT imaging is a brain scanning technique that uses radioactive tracers to track blood flow in the brain.
+There are clinics in the United States that offer these SPECT scans for as little as a few thousand dollars and use the images to help diagnose the problem.
+According to the clinic, these scans can be used to prevent Alzheimer's disease, solve weight and addiction problems, overcome marital discord, and of course, treat a range of mental illnesses, from depression to anxiety to ADHD. It is said that it may be useful for
+This is great. Many would agree.
+Some of these clinics generate tens of millions of dollars in business annually.
+There is only one problem.
+The widespread consensus in neuroscience is that no single brain scan can yet diagnose mental illness.
+But these clinics have treated tens of thousands of patients to date, many of them children, and because SPECT imaging involves the injection of radioactive material, it exposes people to potentially harmful radiation. will be exposed to
+As a neuroscientist, I am more excited than most about the potential of neuroscience to treat mental illness and even make us better and smarter.
+And if one day you can say that cheese and chocolate can help you make better decisions, add me in.
+But we're not there yet.
+We haven't found a "buy" button in our brains, we can't tell just by looking at a brain scan whether someone is lying or in love, and we can't use hormones to turn them into sinners. cannot be turned into a saint.
+Perhaps one day it will, but until then we must be careful not to let overstated claims divert resources and attention away from the actual science that is at stake for a much longer time.
+So here is your turn.
+When someone tries to sell you something with your head, don't just take their word for it.
+Ask the hard questions. Let me show you the proof.
+Ask the untold part of the story.
+The answer should not be simple, because the brain is not.
+But that doesn't stop us from trying to figure it out.
+thank you. (applause)
+Photography has been my passion ever since I was old enough to pick up a camera, but today I want to share with you 15 of my most treasured photos, none of which I took. .
+There was no art director, no stylist, no reshoots, not even lighting considerations.
+In fact, most of them were taken by random tourists.
+My story begins when I visited New York City for a speaking engagement. And my wife took a picture of me holding my daughter on her 1st birthday. We are on the corner of 57 and 5.
+As it happened, we were back in New York exactly one year later, and decided to take the same picture.
+Well, we know how this goes.
+As our daughter's third birthday approached, my wife said, "Hey, why don't we take Sabina back to New York for a father-daughter trip and continue the ritual?"
+Around this time, I began to ask passing tourists to take pictures.
+You know, it's remarkable how universal the gesture of handing a camera to a total stranger is.
+No one refused and luckily no one ran away with the camera.
+At the time, we had no idea how much this trip would change our lives.
+It has become truly sacred to us.
+This was filmed a few weeks after 9/11, and I realized I was trying to explain what happened that day in a way that even a 5-year-old could understand.
+These photos are therefore much more than just a proxy for a moment or a particular trip.
+These are also the ways we freeze the time for a week in October and reflect on our times and how we change from year to year, not just physically but in every aspect. .
+Because while we were taking the same picture, our perspectives changed, she reached new milestones, I could see life through her eyes, and see how she could see everything and how. Because you can see how you are involved and sees everything.
+This very focused time we spend together is something we cherish and look forward to throughout the year.
+As we were walking on one trip recently, she stopped at a dead end and pointed to the red shade of a doll store that I loved as a kid on a previous trip.
+And she told me how she felt when she was five years old standing in that exact spot.
+She said she remembers her heart breaking when she first saw the place nine years ago.
+And now her focus in New York is college. Because she is determined to attend school in New York.
+And so I thought. One of the most important things we all create are memories.
+So I would like to share the idea of ​​taking an active role in consciously creating memories.
+I don't know about you, but aside from these 15 shots, I don't appear in many family photos.
+I always take pictures.
+So I would like to invite you all to participate in photography today and don't be afraid to go up to someone and ask, "Can I take your picture?"
+thank you. (applause)
+On March 14th of this year, I posted this poster on Facebook.
+Here is a picture of me and my daughter with the flag of Israel.
+I would like to explain why I posted and when I posted.
+A few days ago I was sitting in line at the grocery store. The owner and one of the customers were having a discussion. The owner explained to customers that he intended to deploy 10,000 missiles in Israel. .
+The client then said, "No, 10,000 per day."
+(Laughter) ("10,000 missiles") Here's the context. This is where we are now in Israel.
+The war with Iran has been going on for ten years and people are afraid.
+Every year it seems like the last minute we can do something about the war with Iran.
+If we don't act now, in 10 years it will be forever too late.
+So at some point I realized that for me I was a graphic designer and I made a poster about it and posted the one I showed you earlier.
+Most of the time I make a poster and post it on Facebook. Friends like it, hate it, hate it most of the time, don't share it, don't do anything about it, and that's another day.
+So I went to sleep and that was it.
+And I woke up late at night because I always wake up in the middle of the night and when I went to my computer I saw a bunch of red dots on Facebook that I had never seen before.
+(Laughter) So I thought, 'What's going on?
+So I turned to my computer and started looking and suddenly I saw a lot of people talking to me, most of which I don't know and some of them were from Iran ,what is that?
+What you have to understand is that in Israel you don't talk to Iranians.
+We don't know anyone from Iran.
+On Facebook, it's like only your neighbors are your friends. Facebook is like your neighbor becoming your friend.
+And now Iranians are talking to me.
+So I started answering this girl and she said she saw the poster so she asked the family to come see the poster because they don't have a computer so she asked the family to come see the poster and they're all sitting in the living room crying.
+So I'm like, "Whoa."
+I asked my wife to come and see it.
+People are crying, and she came, read the text and started crying.
+And now everyone is crying. (Laughter) So I don't know what to do, so my first reflex as a graphic designer, you know, was to show everybody what you just saw, and people started to see it, started sharing. That was the beginning.
+The next day, when it got really hot, I said to myself, and my wife said to me, "I want a poster too, so this is her." (Laughter) It's working so put me in your poster now.
+But more seriously, okay, these things work, but I thought this was not just about me, it was about people in Israel who wanted to say something.
+So if they want, I'm going to take pictures of everyone I know and put them in a poster to share.
+So I asked my neighbors, friends, and students, "Give me a picture, and I'll make a poster for you."
+This is how it all started. And how it really unlocks is because suddenly people on Facebook, friends and others realize that they too can be a part of it.
+Instead of one man making one poster, we can be a part of it, so they send me pictures and start asking me to 'make a poster and post it'.
+Tell the Iranians that we in Israel love you too. "
+It got really, really intense at one point.
+There were so many pictures and I didn't have time, so I asked my friends, most of whom were graphic designers, to make a poster with me.
+It was an amazing amount of photos.
+For a few days, my living room looked like that.
+And I received a lot of comments and messages not only from Israeli posters and Israeli images, but also from Iran.
+And then we took these messages and made posters out of them. Because I know people. They don't read text, they see images.
+If it's an image, you might be able to read it.
+Here are some of them.
+("You're my first Israeli friend. We both want you to get rid of the stupid politicians, but it's nice to meet you anyway!") ("I love that blue. I love those stars. And now she saw the posters we were sending and started - she said. She changed her mind and now she loves that blue, she loves that star, she loves that flag, she talks about the Israeli flag, she wants us to meet and see her, and then just a few days later I posted my first poster.
+The next day, the Iranians began to react with their own posters.
+They have graphic designers. what? (laughs) Crazy, crazy.
+So you know they're still shy and don't want to show their faces but want to spread the message.
+they want to respond to it. They want to say the same thing.
+So. And now it's time for communication.
+It's a two way story. Israelis and Iranians are sending the same message to each other.
+("My Israeli friends. I don't hate you. I don't want war.") This has never happened before, and this is two people who are supposed to be enemies. Well, we're on the brink of war, and suddenly people are starting to say on Facebook, 'I love this person, I love those people too.'
+And it got really big at some point.
+And it made the news.
+Because when you look at the Middle East you see only bad news.
+And suddenly good news was happening. So people on the news say, "Okay, let's talk about this."
+And they just came in, and it was so much, one day, Michal, she was talking to a journalist and she asked him, "Who's going to see the show?" I remember saying "everyone".
+Then she said, "Palestinians, where are you? Israel?"
+who are you guys? ""everyone"
+They said, "Syria?" "Syria."
+"Lebanon?" "Lebanon"
+At one point he said, "Forty million people will come to see you today.
+Everyone." Chinese.
+And we were only at the beginning of the story.
+Something strange also happened.
+Every time we started talking about this issue, whether in Germany, America or anywhere else, we saw the same logo on our Facebook page and the same article. Therefore, initially, an Iranian called "Israel who loves Iran" was sitting. In Tehran: "Okay, does Israel love Iran?"
+I give you the Israel that loves Iran. "
+Palestine loves Israel.
+Lebanon just a few days ago.
+And this entire list of pages on Facebook is dedicated to the same message for people sending love to each other.
+The moment I really understood what was going on, a friend said, "Googling the word 'Israel'." At that time, "Israel" or "Iran."
+We have changed the way people look at the Middle East.
+Because it's not the Middle East.
+If you're somewhere over there and want to see the Middle East and Google "Israel" you'll get bad results.
+And for a few days I got those images.
+Today, the Israel-Loves-Iran page has 80,831 people, and two million people visited the page last week, sharing one of their photos, liking and commenting.
+So for the last 5 months that's what we're doing and me, Michal and a few friends are just making images.
+We are showing a new reality just by making images. Because that's how the world perceives us.
+They see an image of us or they see a bad image.
+So we are working on creating a good image. End of story.
+Look at this. This is the page of Israel who loves Iran.
+This is not Israel-loving Iran. This is not my page.
+This is the man who posted images of Israeli soldiers on his page in Tehran on Israel's Day of Remembrance for Fallen Soldiers.
+This is the enemy.
+what?
+(“My deepest condolences to the families who lost their loved ones in the terrorist attack in Bulgaria.”) And it goes both ways.
+We kind of show respect for each other.
+and we understand. And you show compassion.
+and you become friends.
+And at some point you become friends on Facebook and friends for life.
+You can go and travel and meet people.
+And I was in Munich a few weeks ago.
+I went there to have an exposition about Iran and I met people on the page there and said, 'Okay, you're going to Europe, I'm coming. I will come," he said. Germany, of course," he said, coming from Israel, where I met him in person for the first time.
+For the first time, I met people who were supposed to be my enemies. And we just shake hands, have coffee and have fun discussions, talk about food and basketball.
+That was it.
+Do you remember your first image?
+At some point we met in real life and became friends.
+And it goes the other way around.
+A girl we met on Facebook has never been to Israel, was born and raised in Iran, lives in Germany, but is afraid of Israelis because she knows us. decided to come to Israel after months of talking with some Israelis on the Internet. , and she takes a plane to reach Ben-Gurion and says, "Okay, it's not that big of a deal."
+So a few weeks ago we launched a new campaign called 'I'm not ready to die in war' because the stress was mounting.
+In other words, it's the same message, plus or minus, but I wanted to add aggression to it.
+And yet again, something amazing happened that didn't happen in the first wave of the campaign.
+Now the people of Iran, the same people who in the first campaign just sent their legs and half their faces in shame, now send their faces and say: we are with you "
+Read up on where they're from.
+And for every man from Israel there is a man from Iran.
+Only people who send pictures.
+Crazy, right?
+So -- (applause) So you might ask yourself, who is this guy?
+My name is Ronnie Edley, 41 years old, Israeli, father of 2 children, husband and graphic designer. I teach graphic design.
+And I'm not that naive, because I've been asked many times, "Yeah, but this is really naive, I mean, sending flowers is—" The military. I was in the Airborne Forces for three years, so I know what it looks like from the ground.
+I know how awful it looks.
+So for me, this is courageous. Try to reach the other side before it's too late. Because when it's too late, it's too late.
+And war may be unavoidable, or it may be avoidable with effort.
+Perhaps, as a human being, especially since it is in a democratic state, especially in Israel. We have freedom of speech and that little thing can make a difference.
+And in fact, we can be our own ambassadors.
+Just send us a message and hope for the best.
+So, I would like my wife, Michal, to go on stage with me, so that we can create an image together. Because it's the image that matters.
+And perhaps that image will help us change something.
+Raise it that's right.
+So I'm going to take a picture and post it on Facebook saying 'Israel for peace' or something.
+oh my god.
+don't cry.
+Thank you guys
+(applause)
+One day in 1819, in one of the most remote areas of the Pacific, 3,000 miles off the coast of Chile, twenty American sailors saw their ship flooded with seawater.
+They were attacked by a sperm whale, leaving a devastating hole in the hull.
+The men huddled in three small whaling boats as the ship began to sink under the swell.
+These men were 10,000 miles from their homes and over 1,000 miles from the nearest piece of land.
+Their small boat was loaded with only rudimentary navigational equipment and limited food and water.
+These were the crew of the whaling ship Essex, whose story later inspired parts of Moby Dick.
+Consider that in today's world their situation would be truly dire, but it would have been even worse then.
+No one on earth knew that something was wrong.
+No search party came looking for these men.
+So while most of us have never been through the terrifying situations that these sailors found themselves in, we all know what it's like to be afraid.
+We know what fear feels like, but we're not sure we spend enough time thinking about what it means.
+As we grow up, we are often encouraged to think of fear as a weakness, a childish thing that should be discarded like baby teeth and roller skates.
+I don't think it's a coincidence that we think this way.
+In fact, neuroscientists have shown that humans are born to be optimists.
+Maybe that's why we sometimes think fear itself is dangerous.
+"Don't worry," we like to say to each other. "Don't panic."
+In English, fear is something to overcome.
+That's what we fight for. It's something we overcome.
+But what if we looked at fear from a new perspective?
+What if we thought of fear as an amazing act of the imagination, something as deep and insightful as the story itself?
+Young children's associations with fear and imagination are often the easiest to find very vivid fears.
+As a child, I lived in California. California was a very nice place to live for the most part, but it was also a little scary for me as a kid.
+I remember how terrifying it was to see the chandelier hanging over the dining table swing back and forth after every minor earthquake. Sometimes I couldn't sleep at night because I was afraid that a big earthquake might happen while we were sleeping.
+And what we say about children with such fears is that they have vivid imaginations.
+But most of us at some point learn to let go of such visions and grow up.
+It turns out that there are no monsters hiding under the beds, and that not all earthquakes cause buildings to collapse.
+But maybe it's no coincidence that some of our most creative minds can't forget these kinds of fears even into adulthood.
+The same astonishing imagination that gave birth to On the Origin of Species, Jane Eyre, and Memories of the Past gave rise to the intense hauntings of Charles Darwin, Charlotte Bronchu, and Marcel Proust's adulthood. I was.
+So the question is, what can the rest of us learn about fear from visionaries and young children?
+Now let's go back to 1819 for a moment and the situation faced by the crew of the whaling ship Essex.
+See the horrors their imagination created as they drifted through the middle of the Pacific Ocean.
+Twenty-four hours had already passed since the capsize of the ship.
+The time had come for the men to make plans, but they had few options.
+Nathaniel Philbrick, in an interesting account of the disaster, wrote that these guys were as far off land as possible on earth.
+The men knew that the closest island they could reach was the Marquesas Islands, 1,200 miles away.
+But they had heard some terrible rumors.
+They were told that these islands and several others nearby were inhabited by cannibals.
+So the men pictured in the photo were killed ashore and only eaten for dinner.
+Another possible destination was Hawaii, but the captain was worried that it would be hit by a violent storm given the season.
+Well, the last option was the longest and most difficult one. It involves sailing 1,500 miles due south in hopes of reaching a particular wind zone that could eventually push up towards the coast of South America.
+But they knew that if the journey was too long, food and water supplies would be exhausted.
+Eaten by cannibals, caught in a storm, and starved to death before reaching land.
+These were the horrors that danced in the imaginations of the poor, and in the end it turned out that the horrors they chose to listen to would determine whether they lived or died.
+Now, we might easily call these fears by another name.
+What if instead of calling them horrors, we called them stories?
+Because if you think about it, that's exactly what fear is.
+This is the kind of unintentional storytelling we are all born knowing how to do.
+And horror and story have the same elements.
+They have the same architecture.
+Horror, like all stories, has a character.
+We are the characters in our fears.
+Fear also has conspiracies. They have a beginning, a middle and an end.
+you get on the plane Airplane takes off. The engine will fail.
+Our fears tend to include images as vivid as those on the pages of a novel.
+Imagine cannibals, human teeth digging into human skin and human flesh roasting on fire.
+Fear also includes suspense.
+When I finish my storytelling today, I am sure you will wonder what happened to the crew of the whaling ship Essex.
+Our fears evoke a very similar form of suspense within us.
+Like all great stories, our fears focus our attention on a question as important in life as it is in literature: "What happens next?"
+In other words, our fears make us think about the future.
+And, by the way, humans are the only creatures who can think about the future in this way and project themselves beyond time, and this mental time travel is another example of what fear has in common with stories. just one point.
+As a writer, I can say that the key to writing a novel is learning to anticipate how one event in the story will affect all other events, and fear works as well. increase.
+In fear, as in fiction, one always leads to another.
+When I was writing my first novel, The Age of Miracles, I spent months trying to understand what would happen if the Earth's rotation suddenly started to slow down.
+What will our days be like? what will happen to our crops?
+what will happen to our hearts?
+And it was only later that I realized that these questions were very similar to the ones I used to ask myself as a child frightened at night.
+I was worried about what would happen to my house if there was an earthquake tonight. what will happen to my family?
+And the answers to those questions always took the form of stories.
+So if we think of our fears as stories, not just horrors, we need to think of ourselves as the authors of those stories.
+But just as important, we need to think of ourselves as readers of our fears, and how we read our fears can have a profound impact on our lives. There is.
+Now, some of us naturally read our fears more closely than others.
+I recently read about a study on successful entrepreneurs and found that these people share a habit they call "productive paranoia." So rather than dispel fear, these people carefully read and studied that fear, and then they turned that fear into preparation and action.
+That way, if your worst fears come true, your business will be ready.
+And, of course, sometimes your worst fears come true.
+That is one of the peculiarities of fear.
+In some cases, our fears can predict the future.
+But it's impossible to prepare for all the horrors your imagination creates.
+So how can we tell the difference between a fear worth listening to and all other fears?
+I think the ending of the Whaling Ship Essex story, though tragic, offers a bright example.
+After much deliberation, the men finally made a decision.
+Fearing cannibals, they decided to avoid the nearest islands and instead embark on the longer and much more difficult route to South America.
+After more than two months at sea, predictably they ran out of food and were still quite far from land.
+When the last survivors were eventually picked up by two passing ships, less than half survived, some resorting to their own form of cannibalism.
+Herman Melville, who used this story as a study for "Moby Dick", wrote years later from dry land: We left the wreck and headed straight for Tahiti.
+But, as Melville puts it, "they were afraid of cannibals."
+So the question is why did they fear cannibals so much more than the extreme possibility of starvation?
+Why did one story move them more than the other?
+From this angle, their story becomes one about reading.
+The novelist Vladimir Nabokov said that the best readers have two very different temperaments: the artistic and the scientific.
+A good reader has the passion and willingness to be drawn into the story of an artist, but just as importantly, they also need the cool judgment of a scientist. It softens and complicates the reader's intuitive reaction to the story.
+As we have seen, the Essex people had no problem with the artistic side.
+They dreamed up various terrifying scenarios.
+The problem is they heard the wrong story.
+Of all the stories their horrors have written, they have responded only to the creepiest, most vivid, and easiest for their imaginations to image: cannibals.
+But perhaps if, like scientists, they were able to decipher their fears with more sober judgment, they would listen instead to the less violent but more probable story: hunger. , would have gone to Tahiti in the same way. Melville's sad comment suggests.
+And perhaps if we all tried to read our fears, we too would be less swayed by the meanest of fears.
+Perhaps that way, we'd spend less time worrying about serial killers and plane crashes, and less of the more subtle and slow disasters we face: the silent buildup of plaque in our arteries and the gradual change in climate. You will spend more time on it.
+Just as the most subtle stories in literature are often the richest, so our most subtle fears can also be the most true.
+If read the right way, our fears are amazing gifts of the imagination, like everyday clairvoyance, allowing us to see the future when we still have time to influence how it unfolds. It's a way to glimpse the possibilities.
+Properly read, our fears can offer us something as valuable as our favorite literary works: a little bit of wisdom, a little insight, and a version of the most elusive: the truth.
+thank you. (applause)
+So a friend of mine who is a political scientist told me months in advance exactly what this month would be like.
+He said the financial cliff was approaching and that it would come in early 2013.
+Both parties need to resolve this issue, but neither party wants to be considered the first to settle.
+Neither party has an incentive to settle a second before the deadline, so in December we've seen a lot of angry negotiations, broken negotiations, reports of broken phone talks, and people saying there's nothing. he said. Nothing happens, and around Christmas or New Year you'll hear, "Okay, they've figured it all out."
+he told me that a few months ago. He said he's 98 percent sure they'll work it out and I got an email from him today, okay, we're basically on track, but Now I'm 80% sure they will work it out.
+And it made me think. I love studying moments in American history when partisan rage was raging and the economy was on the verge of total collapse.
+The most famous early dispute was between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson over what the dollar was and how it was backed. We need the First Bank, or our dollars will be lost." Not worth it.
+This economy will not work," said Thomas Jefferson, "the public will not trust it.
+They have just fought the king. They are not going to accept central power. "
+This battle defined the first 150 years of the US economy. And at every moment, different partisans were saying, 'Oh my God, the economy is about to collapse,' and the rest of us were just walking around, spending money doing what we wanted. I wanted to buy
+Let me briefly describe our current situation and do a quick review.
+So on the fiscal cliff, I can't remember which party I'm supporting or attacking, but I was told that was too partisan a statement.
+People say this should be called a fiscal tilt, or an austerity crisis, while others say it's not, it's even more partisan.
+Therefore, I call it a self-imposed, self-destructive arbitrary deadline on the resolution of the inevitable problem.
+And this is how the inevitable problem looks.
+This is a projection of US debt as a percentage of GDP for the economy as a whole.
+The light blue dashed line represents the Congressional Budget Office's best guess as to what would happen if Congress actually did nothing. As you can see, around 2027 the debt will reach Greek levels, about 130% of GDP. If Congress does nothing, there will come a moment in the next 20 years when the world's investors, the world's bond buyers, say, ``We don't trust America anymore.'' I'm not going to lend them any money, except at very high interest rates. "
+And at that moment our economy collapses.
+But remember, Greece is still there today.
+In 20 years we will be there. We have plenty of time to avoid that crisis. And the fiscal cliff is just another attempt to force both countries to resolve the crisis.
+Here's a different way of looking at the exact same problem:
+The dark blue line is government spending.
+The light blue line shows how much the government will enter.
+And as you can see, for most of our recent history, we have consistently spent more than we take in, except for brief periods. It's the national debt.
+But as you can see, when projected forward, the difference widens a little bit and goes up a little bit, and this chart is for 2021.
+Going into 2030, it gets really, really ugly.
+And this graph summarizes what the problem is.
+Democrats say, well, this is no big deal.
+A small tax increase, especially for the wealthy, can close the gap.
+Republicans say, "No, I have a better idea."
+Why not drop both lines?
+Why would cutting government spending and lowering government taxes put us on a more favorable long-term deficit trajectory?
+And behind this powerful disagreement on how to bridge that gap lies the worst kind of cynical party politics, the worst kind of insider baseball, lobbying, and all, but fundamentally different 2 There is also a very interesting and respectful disagreement between the two economic philosophies. .
+And I like to think that when I imagine how Republicans view the economy, I imagine nothing more than an amazingly well-designed machine, a perfect machine.
+Unfortunately, I imagine it was made in Germany or Japan, but this amazing machine has always scrutinized every human effort, turning the least productive into the most productive. It continues to take resources, money, labor, capital and machinery to the parts. This can cause temporary chaos, but the result is that more productive areas build up and less productive areas wither and disappear. As a result, the system as a whole becomes more efficient and prosperous for all.
+And this view generally believes that governments have a small role to play in laying down the rules to keep people from lying, cheating, and hurting each other. Perhaps there will be police, fire departments, and the military. However, the reach of the mechanics of this machine is very limited.
+And if you imagine how Democrats and Democratic-leaning economists picture this economy, most Democratic economists, you know, they're capitalists and a lot of the time, yes, it's a good system. I believe it is.
+Allowing the market to move resources to more productive uses is a good thing.
+But that system has many problems.
+Wealth accumulates in the wrong places.
+Wealth is being taken from people who should not be called unproductive.
+A fair and just society cannot be created.
+That machine doesn't care about the environment, about racism, and all these things that make life worse for us all. Governments, therefore, have a role to play in extracting resources from more productive uses and more abundant resources and giving them to society. Forward them to other sources.
+Thinking about the economy through these two different perspectives shows why this crisis is so difficult to resolve. Because the worse the crisis gets, the higher the stakes become, and both sides assume they know the answer. just ruin everything.
+And it can be really hopeless. I've been very depressed about this for much of the last few years, but this year I've learned that it can be very exciting. I don't want to say too much because I think it's really good news and it's such a shock, but I don't think people will believe it.
+But here's what I learned.
+Americans, as a whole, are moderate and pragmatic centrists when it comes to these issues and financial issues.
+It's hard to believe, but I also know that the American people are moderate and practical centrists.
+But let me explain what I think.
+This is exactly the battle here when you look at how the federal government spends its money. Over half, 55 percent for Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and some other health care programs, 20 percent for defense, 19 percent for discretionary, and 6 percent for interest.
+So when we talk about cuts in government spending, this is the pie we're talking about, overwhelmingly American, regardless of what party they belong to. It's an overwhelmingly large portion of that 55 percent.
+They like Social Security. They love Medicare.
+They even like Medicaid, but it applies to the poor and needy and may seem less supportive.
+And even though the American public is surprisingly comfortable and the Democrats are roughly on par with the Republicans with a few adjustments to make the system more stable, they want to be fundamentally touched by this system. not
+Social Security is fairly easy to fix.
+Rumors of its demise have always been greatly exaggerated.
+Therefore, we will gradually raise the Social Security retirement age, perhaps only for those who have not yet been born.
+Americans are almost 50/50 whether they are Democrats or Republicans.
+Cut Medicare for the very wealthy seniors, the seniors who make a lot of money. Don't even rule it out. just reduce.
+Democrats and Republicans alike, people are generally accustomed to it.
+Would you like to raise your medical insurance premiums?
+Everyone hates it equally, but Republicans and Democrats hate it together.
+What this shows us is that when you look at the debate about how to solve the financial problem, we are not a country that is very divided on this big big question.
+It needs some tweaking, but we want to keep it as is.
+We do not respond to arguments that exclude it.
+Now there is one very partisan question. One party just spends, spends, spends, we don't care, we'll spend more and, of course, the Republican Party when it comes to military defense spending.
+They are way ahead of the Democrats.
+The majority want protection for military defense spending.
+This equates to 20% of the budget and creates an even more difficult problem.
+It's also about [discretionary] spending, which is about 19 percent of the budget, Democrats and Republicans. That means welfare, food stamps, and other programs that are popular with Democrats, but also all sorts of Home Office incentives for things like the Farm Bill and oil drilling tend to be popular among Republicans.
+Now, there is even more disagreement when it comes to taxes.
+It's a more partisan area.
+Democrats overwhelmingly support raising income taxes for people earning $250,000 a year, and Republicans seem to oppose it, but Republicans who make less than $75,000 a year like the idea. .
+Basically, Republicans who earn over $250,000 a year don't want to be taxed.
+About two-thirds of Democrats also support raising taxes on investment income, but only one-third of Republicans are happy with the idea.
+This brings up a very important point. That's because in this country we talk about Democrats and Republicans and we tend to think that there is a small group called independents, but what is that, the 2%?
+Add the Democrats, add the Republicans, and you have the American people.
+But that is not the case at all.
+And that has not been the case for most of modern American history.
+About a third of Americans say they are Democrats.
+About a quarter say they are Republicans.
+A few call themselves liberals, socialists, or other small third parties, claiming that the largest force, the 40 percent, is independent.
+So most Americans aren't partisan, and most independents are somewhere in between, so there's a lot of overlap between Democrats and Republicans on these financial issues. If you add , you get more duplication. Independent.
+Now we got to fight over all sorts of other issues.
+We may hate each other on gun control and abortion and environmental issues, but when it comes to these financial issues, important financial issues, we are not as divided as people say. is not.
+And there's actually another group that isn't as divided as people think, and that group is economists.
+I talk to a lot of economists and in the 70's and 80's being an economist was ugly.
+You were in so-called saltwater camps, freshwater camps like Harvard, Princeton, MIT, Stanford, Berkeley, or the University of Chicago or the University of Rochester.
+You were either a free market capitalist economist or a Keynesian liberal economist, but these people didn't go to each other's weddings and ignored each other at meetings.
+It's still ugly, but in my experience, it's really, really hard to find economists under 40 who still have that kind of worldview.
+Most economists find it very uncool to call themselves ideologues of either camp.
+If you're a graduate student, postdoc, professor, 38-year-old economics professor, the words you want are, "I'm an empiricist.
+I follow the data "
+And the data are very clear.
+None of these major theories have been entirely successful.
+The twentieth century, or the last 100 years, is filled with harrowing examples of either school doing a terrible job of trying to explain the past or predicting the future, so much so that the economics profession The house has acquired a certain degree of humility. .
+I assure you that they are still a very arrogant group of people, but they are now arrogant about their fairness and they too are aware of a huge range of potential consequences. .
+And this non-partisanship is something that has secretly existed in America for years and years.
+Over the fall, I have spoken with three major organizations that examine American political attitudes. Pew Research, the University of Chicago National Poll Center, and most importantly but least known, the US National Election Research Group. The world's longest running and most respected poll of political attitudes.
+They have continued this policy since 1948, and they consistently state that they are ideologically consistent and that ``we must not impose taxes, we must limit the size of government.'' It's nearly impossible to find Americans to support it. Or, "No, we must encourage governments to play a greater role in redistribution and redressing the evils of capitalism."
+Those groups are very small.
+The vast majority of people make their own choices, find compromises, and change over time as they hear better and worse arguments.
+And that part hasn't changed.
+What has changed is people's responses to vague questions.
+Ask people vague questions like, "Do you think the government should do more or less?"
+"Do you think the government should provide benefits?", especially when using plain language, "Do you think the government should provide benefits?"
+Or, "Do you think the government should redistribute?"
+Then you will see a radical change between the factions.
+But when you think about it concretely, when you actually ask about the taxation and spending issues that are being considered, you find that people are surprisingly moderate and surprisingly compromising. understand.
+So when you think about the financial cliff, don't think that the American people are fundamentally incapable of confronting each other on these issues and that we must be torn apart into two separate warring states.
+Imagine that a few ancient economists and misrepresented ideologues captured the process.
+And they've captured that process in a familiar way through a key system that encourages voices in that small group of people. Because that small group, the people who answer all yes or all no to ideological questions, may be small. They all have blogs and they all appeared on Fox or MSNBC last week.
+Each voice grows louder, but they do not represent us.
+They do not represent our views.
+And it brings me back to the dollar and reminds us that we know this experience.
+We know what it's like to have people like this screaming on TV and in Congress about how the end of the world will come if they don't fully adopt their views. Because that's what's happened to the dollar ever since it existed.
+There was a fight between Jefferson and Hamilton.
+In 1913, when the Federal Reserve was established, we had this ugly battle over the Federal Reserve. There was a vicious and angry debate over how it was constructed, with loose agreement that it was the worst possible compromise and that compromises were guaranteed. We might destroy this precious thing, this dollar, but then we all agree that as long as we're on the gold standard, we'll be fine.
+The Fed can't mess it up too badly.
+But then it fell off the personal gold standard during the Great Depression and from the gold standard as a source of international currency adjustment during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
+Each time, we were on the brink of total collapse.
+And nothing happened.
+Through times like these, the dollar has been one of the longest stable and rational currencies, and we use it every day, no matter what people are screaming about or how afraid they must be. I'm here. .
+And about this long-term financial situation that we're facing right now, I think what's most frustrating is that Congress doesn't just agree with each other, nor can they come up with If only I could show that. It's the best possible compromise, but the only way they can start the process towards compromise is to make us all better off instantly.
+The scary thing is that the world is watching.
+The worry is that the longer a solution is delayed, the more the world will turn its attention to the United States.
+Not as a basis for global economic stability, but as a place where it can't resolve its own battles, the longer we delay it, the more strained the world will be and the higher interest rates will be. We will soon be faced with a terrible day of calamity.
+So the act of compromise itself, and the real compromise that is sustained, gives us more time to spread the pain on both sides longer and reach more compromises in the future. I guess.
+So I'm in the media. My job in making this happen is to help promote what seems to be a compromise, and rather than talking about this in vague and scary terms that polarize us, let it be. I don't feel like talking. Not an existential crisis, a battle between two radically different religious views, but a math problem, a really solvable math problem, a problem that we all can't get what we want, you know. , with little pain spreading around.
+However, paradoxically, the more realistic the problem is tackled, the faster it can be solved and the longer it will take to solve it.
+thank you. (applause)
+Film director Georges Méliès was originally a magician.
+Now, cinema has proven to be the ultimate medium of magic.
+With total control over everything the audience sees, filmmakers have developed a number of techniques to further their deception.
+The film itself, an illusion of life created by successive projections of still images, surprised early audiences of the Lumière Brothers.
+Even today's sophisticated moviegoers are still lost in the screen, and filmmakers are using this detachment from reality to great effect.
+Imaginative people have been enjoying this for over 400 years.
+The 16th-century Neapolitan scholar Giambattista della Porta explored and studied the natural world to understand how it could be manipulated.
+Playing with the world, and our perception of the world, is the essence of visual effects.
+So, digging deeper into this with the Science and Technology Council of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences reveals the truth behind the trick.
+All visual effects are based on the principle of illusion. That is, the assumption that things are as we know them. My guess is that things will work as we expected. And the real context, knowledge about the world as we know it, like scale.
+Now, the fourth element actually becomes an obsession. It means never betraying illusions.
+And the last point made the visual effects always striving for perfection.
+From the film's early hand-cranked jump cuts to last Sunday's Oscar-winner, here are some steps and some iterations in the evolution of visual effects.
+I hope you enjoy it.
+Isabelle: "Filmmaker Georges Méliès was one of the first to realize the power of cinema to capture dreams."
+(Music) ["A Journey to the Moon" (1902)] ["Hand-coloured Restoration of the Original 2011"] ["2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968)] ["Academy Award Winner" "Visual Effects"] ["Avatar" (2009)] The First Doctor: How are you feeling, Jake?
+Jake: Hey guys.
+["Academy Award for Best Visual Effects"] Second Doctor: Welcome to your new body, Jake. Doctor 1: Good.
+Second Doctor: Take it easy, Jake. Doctor 1: Well, would you like to sit down?
+Second Doctor: Okay, take it slow, Jake.
+Well, I don't have truncal ataxia. That's good. First Doctor: Do you feel lightheaded or dizzy?
+Oh, you're moving your toes.
+["Alice in Wonderland (1972)"] Alice: What's Happening to Me?
+["Alice in Wonderland" (2010)] ["Oscar Nominee for Best Visual Effects"] ["Lost World" (1925)] ["Stop Motion Animation"] ["Jurassic Park" (1993)" ] [Dinosaur Roar] ["CG Animation"] ["Academy Award Winner for Visual Effects"] ["The Smurfs (2011)"] ["Autodesk Maya Software - Key Frame Animation"] ["Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011)”] Chimpanzee: No! ["Academy Award for Best Visual Effects Nomination"] ["Metropolis" (1927)] (Music) ["Blade Runner" (1982)] ["Academy Award for Best Visual Effects Nomination"] ["It's Raining" " (1939)”] Rama Safti: Well, it's over.
+Maharajah: Nothing to worry about, nothing.
+["Academy Award for Best Special Effects - (first year)"] (roar) ["2012" (2009)] GOVERNOR: It looks like the worst is over.
+[“CG Destruction”] [“The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)”] [“Large Scale Software – Crowd Generation”] [“Academy Award Winner for Visual Effects”] [“Ben Hur : "The Story of Christ" (1925)"] ["Miniatures and Figurines Bring Crowds to Life"] ["Gladiator" (2000)] ["CG Colosseum and Digital Crowds"] ["Academy Award for Best Visual Effects" Winner" "] ["Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 (2011)"] ["Oscar Nominee for Best Visual Effects"] ["Produced in partnership with the Academy's Science and Technology Council. "] (Applause) ["'Today it is possible to achieve the most improbable. — Georges Méliès"] Don Levy: Thank you.
+This is a photograph of Maurice Douron, Permanent Honorary Secretary of the French Academy, L'Academie francaise.
+He wears the $68,000 uniform brilliantly, befitting the French Academy's role in enforcing the correct use of the French language and perpetuating it.
+The French Academy has two main jobs. It is to compile an official French dictionary.
+They are now working on the ninth edition, which started in 1930, and has reached the letter P.
+It also legislates correct usage, such as the proper term for what the French call 'e-mail' should be 'courier service'.
+The World Wide Web, the French are told, is a recommendation to be called "la toile d'araignee mondiale" (global spider's web), which they blithely ignore.
+Now, this is a model of how languages ​​are formed. In other words, languages ​​are codified by academies.
+But anyone who pays attention to language will realize that this is a rather absurd hubris, and that language is rather born out of the interaction of human minds.
+And this is reflected in the unstoppable change of language. The fact is that by the time the Academy completes the dictionary, it will already be quite outdated.
+We see it in the constant emergence of slang and jargon, historical changes in language, divergence of dialects, and the formation of new languages.
+In other words, language does not create or shape human nature, but rather is a window into human nature.
+In a book I am currently writing, I hope to use language to clarify various aspects of human nature, such as the cognitive mechanisms by which humans conceptualize the world and the relational types that govern human interactions.
+I want to talk a little bit about each of them this morning.
+Let me start with the technical issues of the language that have bothered me for a long time, and dive into my passion for verbs and their usage.
+The question is which verbs go into which constructs.
+A verb is the skeleton of a sentence.
+A framework to which other parts are bolted.
+Let me easily remind you of what you have long forgotten.
+For example, an intransitive verb such as "dine" cannot take a direct object.
+You should say "Sam ate the meal", not "Sam ate the pizza".
+A transitive verb must have an object in it, such as "Sam devoured the pizza." You can't just say "Sam devoured".
+There are dozens, or dozens, of verbs of this type, each forming a sentence.
+the problem of explaining how children learn language, the problem of teaching language so that adults do not make grammatical errors, and the problem of programming computers to use language. The question is which verbs go into which constructs.
+For example, the Dative syntax of English.
+You can say "Give the mouse a muffin" in the dative preposition.
+Or ``give the mouse a muffin'', dual object dative.
+"Promise her something", "Promise her something", etc.
+Hundreds of verbs can be used in both directions.
+Thus, a generalization that is appealing to children, adults, and computers alike is that any verb that appears in the construct "subject-verb-object-receiver" can also be expressed as "subject-verb-receiver". about it. -thing. "
+Languages ​​are infinite and you can't parrot back the sentences you hear, so it's nice to have.
+I need to extract generalizations so that I can compose and understand new sentences.
+This is an example of how to do that.
+Unfortunately, there seem to be peculiar exceptions.
+You can say "Biff drove the car to Chicago," but you can't say "Biff drove the car to Chicago."
+You can say "the monkey gave Jason a headache," but it's a bit strange to say "the monkey gave Jason a headache."
+The solution is that these structures are not synonymous at first glance, and microscopic observation of human cognition reveals subtle differences in meaning between them.
+So the construct "give X to Y" corresponds to the idea "let X go to Y". On the other hand, "giving Y to X" corresponds to the idea of ​​"giving Y to have X".
+Now, many events can be subject to interpretations such as the classic figure-ground inversion illusion, where paying attention to a particular object draws the space around it away from attention, or When you turn your face into an empty space, objects move away from your consciousness.
+How are these interpretations reflected in language?
+In both cases, what is interpreted as being affected is expressed as a direct object, a noun after the verb.
+So when you think of an event moving the muffin somewhere, that is, doing something to the muffin, you say, "Give the muffin to the rat."
+If you interpret this as "giving the mouse something to hold," you are doing something to the mouse, so we express it as "giving the mouse a muffin."
+So which verbs go into which constructions, the question I started with, depends on whether the verb specifies a sort of action or a sort of possessive declension.
+Giving involves both giving something up and letting someone else have it.
+Chicago isn't the kind of person who can own anything, so driving a car just causes something.
+Only humans can own things.
+And when you give someone a headache, you also cause him a headache, but you are not taking the headache out of your own head and passing it on to someone else and instilling it.
+It could be that you're just being loud, obnoxious, or otherwise giving them a headache.
+This is an example of what I do in my daily work.
+So why should anyone care?
+Now, I think there are many interesting conclusions to be drawn from this and a similar kind of analysis of hundreds of English verbs.
+First, there is a level of fine-grained conceptual structure that determines our language usage, automatically and unconsciously calculated every time we generate or speak a sentence.
+This can be thought of as the language of thought, or “mentalese”.
+It seems to be based on a fixed set of concepts that govern dozens of constructions and thousands of verbs in English as well as in every other language. Fundamental concepts such as space, time, causality, and human intentions. , what is the means and what is the end?
+These remind us of the kinds of categories that Immanuel Kant claimed to be the basic framework of human thought. Interestingly, our unconscious use of language seems to reflect these Kantian categories.
+We don't care about perceptual properties such as color, texture, weight, speed, etc., but these properties do not really distinguish between verb uses in different constructions.
+A further twist is that all English constructions are not only used literally, but in a semi-figurative way.
+For example, this dative construction is used not only to convey things, but also to convey ideas figuratively. For example, when you say "she told me stories" or "told me stories" or "Max taught me Spanish" or "she taught me Spanish" or "students I taught Spanish to
+It's exactly the same structure, but neither the muffin nor the mouse moves.
+This reminds me of the container metaphor of communication. There, ideas can be thought of as objects, sentences as containers, and communication as a kind of transmission.
+Just as we say we "collect" ideas and "put" them into words, if our words are not "empty" or "empty" these ideas will "get through" to our listeners. "maybe. We “unzip” our words and “extract” their “content”.
+And indeed, this kind of phrasing is the norm, not the exception.
+It's very hard to find examples of abstract language that aren't based on concrete metaphors.
+For example, the verb "go" and the prepositions "to" and "from" can be used in their literal spatial sense.
+"A messenger went from Paris to Istanbul."
+You could also say, "Biff went from sick to well."
+he doesn't need to go anywhere He could have been in bed the whole time, but it's as if his health was conceptualized as a point in the state space that was moving.
+Or, in the phrase, "The meeting lasted from 3:00 to 4:00," the time is considered to stretch along the line.
+Similarly, we can show not only physical power, such as "Rose forced the door open," but also interpersonal power, such as "Rose forced Sadie to go." ' is used. This isn't necessarily by manipulating her, but issuing threats.
+Or maybe "Rose went too far", as if two entities were playing a tug-of-war in Rose's head.
+The second conclusion is that the ability to think of a particular event in two different ways, such as ``delivering something to someone'' and ``making someone have something'', is a fundamental feature of human thought. It is the foundation of that. In many human discussions, people disagree less about the facts and more about how they should be interpreted.
+Here are some examples. "Terminate the pregnancy" and "kill the fetus". "Cell clumps" versus "fetuses." "Invasion of Iraq" vs. "Liberation of Iraq". “Redistribution of wealth” and “confiscation of income”.
+And the biggest big picture is to take seriously the fact that much of our language about abstract events is based on concrete metaphors, and human intelligence itself is connected to matter, space, time, and causality. Intent -- This is useful in social, knowledge-intensive species, and its evolution is well imagined. It is also the process of metaphorical abstraction that allows these concepts to be bleached from their original conceptual content: space, time and power. - And by applying them to new abstract realms, species that evolved to work with rocks, tools, and animals will be able to conceptualize mathematics, physics, law, and other abstract realms.
+Now that I've said I'm going to talk about the two windows of human nature, the cognitive mechanisms that help us conceptualize the world, let's talk a little bit about the relationship types that govern human social interactions. reflected in language.
+And I start with a puzzle, a puzzle of indirect speech acts.
+Well, I'm sure many of you have seen the movie Fargo.
+And you may remember the scene where the kidnapper is pulled over by a police officer, asked to show his driver's license, and holds out a $50 bill that sticks slightly out of his wallet.
+And he says, "I was just wondering if we could do something here in Fargo," which everyone, including the audience, interprets as a veiled bribe.
+This kind of indirect speech is prevalent in the language world.
+For example, in a polite request, if someone said, "If you could pass me some guacamole, that would be great," we would understand what it meant, even if it was expressed in a rather strange notion. I understand exactly.
+(Laughter) "Would you like to come up and take a look at my etchings?"
+I think most people understand that intent.
+Similarly, if someone said, "That's a nice store. I'd be really disappointed if something happened." Rather, we understand it as a veiled threat. .
+The mystery, then, is why bribes, polite demands, solicitations and threats are so often veiled.
+no one has been deceived.
+Both know exactly what the speaker wants to say, the speaker knows what the listener knows the speaker knows the listener knows, etc.
+what happened?
+I think the key idea is that language is a means of negotiating relationships, and relationships can be categorized into several types.
+There is an influential taxonomy by anthropologist Alan Fisk. In this taxonomy, relationships can be categorized as more or less communal. It works on a kind of mentality that works within the family: "mine is yours, yours is mine". , for example; domination, whose principle is 'do not interfere with me'. Reciprocity, "When you scratch my back, I scratch yours." And sexuality, in Cole Porter's immortal words, "Let's do it."
+Now the relationship type can be negotiated.
+There are default situations where any of these ideas can be applied, but they can be extended and extended.
+For example, communality is most naturally applied among family and friends, but it can also be used to try to transfer the spirit of sharing to groups that are not normally willing to exercise it.
+For example, expressions like fraternity, fraternity, sorority, and "human family" try to get unrelated people, usually close relatives, to use the appropriate relationship type.
+Now, the discrepancy where one person assumes one relationship type and another person assumes another relationship type can be awkward.
+For example, it would be an embarrassing situation if you took the shrimp yourself from your boss's plate.
+Or if a guest pulls out their wallet after a meal and offers to pay you for the meal, that would be pretty embarrassing too.
+A kind of negotiation often still takes place, even when it's not so blatant.
+For example, in the workplace, tensions often arise over whether employees can socialize with their bosses or address them by their first name.
+It's well known that when two friends make a mutual transaction, such as selling a car, it can be a source of tension and awkwardness.
+In dating, the transition from friendship to sex can notoriously lead to various forms of awkwardness, and sex in the workplace is no different, leading to conflict between dominant and sexual relationships. It's called "sexual harassment".
+Now, what does this have to do with language?
+Now language as a social interaction must satisfy two conditions.
+It should convey the actual content. Now back to the container metaphor.
+We want to express bribes, orders, promises, solicitations, etc., but we also need to negotiate and maintain what kind of relationship we have with the other party.
+I think the solution is that we use language on two levels. The literal form presents the safest relationship with the listener, but the implied content, the reading between the lines you expect the listener to understand, will make it comprehensible. We derive the interpretation that is most relevant to the context, which can change the relationship.
+The simplest example of this is a polite request.
+When expressing a request conditionally ("If you can open the window, that would be great"). I mean Act as if you are in a relationship of dominance based on the obedience of the other party.
+On the other hand, you want guacamole.
+By expressing it as an if-then statement, you can get your message across without looking intimidating to others.
+And in a more subtle way, I think this applies to all veiled speech acts with plausible deniability: bribes, threats, proposals, solicitations.
+One way to think about it is to imagine what it would be like if language could only be used literally.
+And you can think of it in terms of the game theory payoff matrix.
+Put yourself in the shoes of a kidnapper who wants to bribe a police officer.
+There are big stakes between the two possibilities: a dishonest cop or an honest cop.
+If you don't bribe a cop, an honest cop, whether honest or dishonest, will get a traffic ticket—or worse, as in Fargo.
+Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
+In that case, the consequences would be pretty serious.
+On the other hand, if you extend the bribe, you get a huge reward of freedom if the police officer is dishonest.
+If the police officer is honest, he will be arrested for bribery and will face a large fine.
+So this is a rather difficult situation.
+Indirect language, on the other hand, is that if you issue a veiled bribe, a rogue official may interpret it as a bribe, in return for release.
+An honest cop can't bribe you into detention, so you'll end up getting a traffic ticket.
+So you get the best of both worlds.
+And I think a similar analysis can be applied to the potential awkwardness of sexual solicitation and other cases where plausible deniability is weaponized.
+I think this confirms what has long been known among diplomats. This means that linguistic ambiguity may not be a bug or flaw, but actually a feature of the language that we can take advantage of in our social interactions.
+In summary, language is a collective human creation that reflects human nature, how we conceptualize reality, and how we relate to each other.
+And I think we can find out what excites us by analyzing the various quirks and intricacies of the language.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+We live in an incredibly busy world.
+The pace of life is often hectic and our minds are always busy and always doing something.
+With that in mind, I want you to think for a moment, when was the last time you took the time to do nothing?
+Just 10 minutes, uninterrupted?
+And when I say nothing, I mean nothing.
+This means no email, texting, internet, TV, chat, eating or reading.
+You don't even sit there reminiscing about the past or planning for the future.
+just do nothing.
+I see a lot of very expressionless faces.
+(Laughter.) I probably have to go back in time.
+And this is unusual, right?
+we are talking about our hearts.
+The mind is our most precious and precious resource, through which we experience every moment of life.
+A heart on which we depend to be happy, contented, and emotionally stable as individuals, while at the same time being kind, thoughtful, and caring in our relationships with others.
+This is the same mind that we rely on to be focused, creative, self-motivated, and perform at our best in whatever we do.
+Yet we don't take any time to take care of it.
+In fact, we spend more time caring for our cars, clothes, and hair than we do ourselves. Well, maybe not hair (laughs), but you know where I'm going.
+As you know, the mind is spinning like a washing machine, with many difficult and confusing emotions, and we really don't know what to do with it.
+And the sad thing is that we are too distracted to no longer exist in the world we live in.
+We miss what matters most to us. And the funny thing is, everyone assumes that's how life is. So we have to do something.
+It really shouldn't be.
+So I was around 11 years old when I attended my first meditation class.
+Believe me, it had all the stereotypes you could imagine, sitting cross-legged on the floor, incense, herbal teas, vegetarians, and everything else, but because my mom was going , I was intrigued, so I went with her.
+I had watched some kung fu movies, so I secretly thought that maybe I could learn how to fly, but I was still young at the time.
+Now that I was there, I think, like many people, I thought it was just mind aspirin.
+When I feel stressed, I meditate.
+I never thought of it as having any kind of preventive effect until I was about 20, when a lot of things happened in my life in rapid succession and something really serious happened that turned my life upside down. happened. Suddenly, I was overwhelmed with thoughts and difficult emotions that I didn't know how to deal with.
+Every time I press something down, another pops up again.
+It was a really stressful time.
+I think we all deal with stress in different ways.
+Some people immerse themselves in their work, grateful for the distraction.
+Some turn to friends and family for help.
+Some people hit the bottle to start taking the medicine.
+My own way of dealing with it was to become a monk.
+So I left my degree and headed to the Himalayas to become a monk and start studying meditation.
+I am often asked what I have learned since then.
+Well, apparently it changed things.
+Let's be honest, being a single monk changes a lot.
+But it was more than that.
+It taught me -- it gave me a greater appreciation and understanding of the present moment.
+This means not getting lost in thought, being distracted, or being overwhelmed by difficult emotions, but instead learning how to be present, how to be mindful, and how to be in the present.
+I think this moment is underrated.
+It sounds so normal, but it is by no means normal because the time we are spending in this moment is so short.
+A recent study from Harvard University found that on average, our minds are lost in thought almost 47 percent of the time.
+47 percent.
+At the same time, this constant wandering of thoughts is also the direct cause of unhappiness.
+Anyway, it's not like we'll be here very long, but spending almost half of our lives thinking and potentially being very unhappy, I don't know, but actually , seems a bit tragic, especially when there are things we can do that make our minds healthier, more attentive, less distracted, positive, practical, and accomplished. When there is a possible, scientifically proven technique.
+And the beauty of it is that even though it only takes 10 minutes a day, it affects our entire lives.
+But we need to know how to do it.
+It takes practice.
+We need a framework for learning how to be more mindful.
+That's basically what meditation is.
+It's about getting us used to the present moment.
+But to get the most out of it, you also need to know how to approach it the right way.
+In case you're wondering, most people think meditation is about stopping thoughts, letting go of emotions, and controlling the mind, but it's actually quite different. increase.
+It is more about stepping back and seeing the thoughts clearly, watching them come and go, the emotions coming and going without judgment, with a relaxed and focused mind.
+So for example, if I focus too much on the ball right now, I can't relax and talk at the same time.
+Likewise, being too relaxed while talking to you won't keep you focused on the ball.
+Now, there will be times in your life, and in your meditations, when your focus is a little too strong and life starts to feel a little like this.
+It's so uncomfortable to live life when it's so cramped and stressful.
+Also, if you loosen the accelerator a little too much, you may end up in this situation.
+Of course during meditation -- (snoring) we will end up falling asleep.
+Therefore, we are looking for balance, focused relaxation where thoughts can come and go without any of the usual involvement.
+Now, what often happens when you're learning to be mindful is getting distracted by a thought.
+Let's say this is a disturbing thought.
+Everything is going well, but I see anxious thoughts.
+"Oh, I didn't realize you were worried about that."
+go back and repeat it.
+"Oh, I'm worried.
+And without realizing it, yes, we are insecure about feeling insecure.
+(Laughter) You know, this is crazy.
+We do this all the time, even on a daily level.
+Think back to the last time you lost your teeth.
+I know the wobble, and I know the pain.
+But what do you do every 20, 30 seconds?
+(Mumbling) It hurts.
+And we keep saying to ourselves, we are always doing it.
+And only by learning to observe the mind in this way can we begin to let go of those storylines and mental patterns.
+But when you sit and observe your mind in this way, you may see different patterns.
+You may find that your mind is really restless and restless all the time.
+Don't be surprised if your body feels a little agitated when you're sitting around doing nothing, and so does your mind.
+You may appear very dull and boring, almost mechanical, as if you get up, go to work, eat, sleep, get up and work.
+Or maybe it's just a little nagging thought that's spinning around in your head.
+Well, whatever it is, meditation offers the opportunity and possibility to step back and get a different perspective and see that things are not always what they seem.
+You can't change every little thing that happens in your life, but you can change the way you experience it.
+That is the potential of meditation, mindfulness.
+You don't need to burn incense or sit on the floor.
+All you have to do is take 10 minutes a day to step back and get used to the present moment and experience more focus, calmness and clarity in your life.
+thank you very much.
+So first, let's focus on the most dangerous animals in the world.
+Now, when talking about dangerous animals, most people may think of lions, tigers and sharks.
+But of course the most dangerous animal is the mosquito.
+Mosquitoes have killed more people than any other animal in human history.
+In fact, probably more people are killed by mosquitoes when you add them all together.
+And mosquitoes have killed more people than war and disease.
+And you wouldn't think that with science, with social progress, with better cities, better civilization, better sanitation, and wealth, we would be better at controlling mosquitoes and thereby lessening this disease. Uka
+And not really.
+If so, there wouldn't be 200-300 million people infected with malaria each year, 1.5 million people wouldn't die from malaria, and there wouldn't be relatively unknown diseases50. A few years ago, it suddenly turned into the biggest mosquito-borne viral threat called dengue fever.
+So 50 years ago, almost nobody had heard of it in the European environment.
+However, according to the World Health Organization, dengue fever now infects between 50 and 100 million people each year, equivalent to infecting the entire UK population each year.
+Other estimates put the number at about twice the number of infected people.
+And dengue fever is increasing at a very alarming rate.
+Over the past 50 years, the incidence of dengue fever has increased 30-fold.
+Now, for those of you who don't know what dengue fever is, let me explain a little bit about what it is.
+Now let's assume you are going on vacation.
+Let's assume you go to the Caribbean or go to Mexico. You can go anywhere in Latin America, Asia, Africa and Saudi Arabia.
+I might go to India in the Far East.
+It doesn't matter much. Same mosquito, same disease. you are in danger.
+Suppose you are bitten by a mosquito carrying the virus.
+Well, you might get flu-like symptoms.
+They can be very mild.
+Nausea and headaches may occur, muscles may feel like they are contracting, and bones may actually break.
+That is the nickname given to this disease.
+It's called break bone fever because that's how it feels.
+Oddly enough, if you get bitten by this mosquito and contract the disease, your body will produce antibodies, so you won't be affected by another bite from that mosquito.
+But it's not one virus, it's four, and if you take the same defenses that give you antibodies to protect against the same virus you've been infected with before, you're actually far more susceptible to the other three. is higher.
+So the next time you get dengue, if it's a different type, you're more likely to be more susceptible, more likely to have worse symptoms, and more likely to get the more severe forms of hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Become.
+Therefore, you never want to get dengue fever, and you never want to get it again.
+So why is it spreading so quickly?
+And the answer is this.
+This is Aedes aegypti.
+Now, as the name suggests, this is a mosquito that came from North Africa and has spread all over the world.
+Now, in reality, a single mosquito only travels about 200 yards in its lifetime. They don't travel very far.
+They specialize in hitchhiking, especially eggs.
+They lay their eggs in clean water, in any pool, in any puddle, in any bird bath, in any flower pot, wherever there is clean water. If that clean water is near the cargo, it is near the port. If there is a means of transportation nearby, those eggs will be transported all over the world.
+And so it happened. Humans have carried these eggs around the world, and these insects have spread to more than 100 countries, with 2.5 billion people currently living in countries where this mosquito lives.
+Just to name a few examples, how quickly this happened is that in the mid-1970s Brazil declared "there are no aedes aegypti in our country" and now spends about $1 billion a year to get rid of them. increase. Only one species of mosquito tries to prevent it.
+I can't remember if it was two days ago or yesterday, but I saw a Reuters report that there were about 52 first cases of dengue in Madeira and about 400 possible cases.
+That was two days ago.
+Interestingly, the island of Madeira was first infected with this insect in 2005, and a few years later the first dengue cases occurred here.
+In other words, where mosquitoes go, dengue fever also comes.
+If you have mosquitoes in your area, if someone with dengue comes into your area, they will bite you, and you will get bitten in another place, another place, and another, and you will have an epidemic. .
+Therefore, we must be good at killing mosquitoes.
+I mean, it's not that hard.
+Well, there are two main ways.
+The first method is to use a larvicide.
+You're using chemicals. Place in breeding water.
+In an urban environment it is very difficult.
+Every puddle, every birdhouse, every tree trunk must be filled with chemicals.
+it's not practical.
+The second method is to try to kill actual flying insects.
+This is a cloudy photo.
+What someone is doing here is mixing chemicals into the smoke and basically spreading it around the environment.
+You can do the same with space spray.
+This is really annoying, and if it were a good thing, there wouldn't be an outbreak of mosquitoes or a massive increase in dengue fever.
+So it's not very effective, but it's probably the best one at the moment.
+That said, the truth is that the best defense for both you and me is a long-sleeve shirt and a little bit of deet to go with it.
+So let's start again. Design your product from scratch and decide what you want.
+Well, it is clear that we need something effective in reducing mosquito populations.
+It doesn't make sense to just kill weird mosquitoes all over the place.
+We want something that thoroughly infects the population and prevents disease transmission.
+Obviously, the product you get must be safe for humans.
+We intend to use it in and around humans.
+must be safe.
+We do not want any lasting impact on the environment.
+We don't want to do anything you can't undo.
+20 or 30 years from now we may have better products.
+are you OK. We do not want any lasting impact on the environment.
+With so many countries involved, some of them emerging market countries, including emerging and low-income countries, we want something relatively cheap, i.e. cost-effective. I'm in.
+And finally, you need something species-specific.
+You want to get rid of this mosquito that spreads dengue fever, but you don't want to completely get rid of all other insects.
+Some are very beneficial. Some are important to the ecosystem.
+This is different. it is invading you.
+But you don't have to catch all insects.
+I just want to get this.
+And most of the time you will find this insect living in and around your home. So whatever we do, we have to catch that insect.
+It must invade people's homes, bedrooms and kitchens.
+There are two biological features of mosquitoes that are very useful for this project. First of all, males don't sting.
+Only female mosquitoes actually bite humans.
+Males can't and won't bite you, and they don't have mouthparts to chew on.
+it's just a woman.
+The second is the phenomenon that males are very good at finding females.
+If there is a released male mosquito and there are females around, the male will find the female.
+Basically I used these two elements.
+This is a typical situation where a male and female meet and produce many offspring.
+A single female lays up to about 100 eggs at a time and up to about 500 eggs in her lifetime.
+Now, if that male carries a gene that causes his offspring to die, his offspring will not survive, and instead of 500 mosquitoes running around, there will be none.
+Moreover, the offspring actually die at various stages, which I call them sterile, but for now I will call them sterile.
+Releasing more sterile males into the environment would make females more likely to find sterile males than fertile males, resulting in a decline in their population.
+The male then goes outside to find a female and mate. If mating is successful, no offspring are produced.
+If they can't find a female, they die anyway.
+They live only a few days.
+And that's exactly where we are.
+This is a technology developed several years ago at the University of Oxford.
+As a company, Oxitec itself, we've been working along a similar development path to pharmaceutical companies over the past decade.
+So it took about 10 years of internal evaluation and testing before it actually felt ready.
+And we always got the consent of the local community and always got the necessary permits to go out into the wilderness.
+So we now have a field trial in the Cayman Islands, a small trial in Malaysia and two more trials in Brazil.
+What were the results?
+Well, the results were very good.
+About four months after its release, it reduced the mosquito population. Most of the time we're dealing with villages of around 2,000-3,000 people, but on that scale, start small. About 85% in about 4 months.
+And indeed the numbers after that become very difficult to count, because there is nothing left.
+That's what we've seen in Cayman, and that's what we've seen in Brazil in that trial.
+And now, as we are in the process of scaling up to a town of about 50,000 people, we will be able to see this effort at scale.
+And then we have a production unit in Oxford, or just south of Oxford, where we actually produce these mosquitoes.
+In a space slightly larger than this red carpet, we can produce about 20 million units per week.
+We can ship them all over the world.
+It's a coffee cup, so it's not that expensive. About the size of a coffee cup can contain about 3 million eggs.
+So shipping costs are not our biggest issue. (Laughter) So we did it. You could call it a mosquito factory.
+And in Brazil, where we've been doing some trials, the Brazilian government itself built its own mosquito factory, much bigger than ours. And we will use it to scale up in Brazil.
+there you are I sent mosquito eggs.
+I separated males and females.
+The males are placed in small jars and trucks drive down the road releasing males.
+It's actually a little more accurate than that.
+I would like to release them so that I can fully cover my area.
+Get a Google map, split it up, calculate how far you can fly, make sure you're releasing to cover the area, and then be back in a very short amount of time. , you're just bringing that population down.
+I have done this in agriculture as well.
+We are working on several different types of agriculture and hope to soon be able to raise funds to resume malaria research.
+That's where we stand at the moment, and one last thing I'd like to think about is this is another way biology is coming in to complement chemistry in some of society's advancements in this area. It means that Approaches have come in very different forms, and when we think of genetic engineering, we now have enzymes for industrial processing, enzymes, and genetically modified enzymes in food.
+We have a GM. Crops, medicines and new vaccines all use nearly the same technology, but with vastly different results.
+And as a matter of fact, I agree. Of course it is.
+I'm especially for areas where old technology has stopped working or isn't accepted.
+Although the techniques are similar, the results are very different. For example, if we compare our approach with, say, G.M., both technologies are trying to bring huge benefits to crops.
+Both have the side benefit of significantly reducing pesticide use.
+But GM says, for example, crops are trying to protect plants and give them an advantage, but what we're really doing is trapping mosquitoes and giving them the biggest disadvantage they can have. It is to give them points that effectively prevent them from breeding.
+In other words, it is a dead end for mosquitoes.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+If you follow the news, you've probably heard that a huge swarm of asteroids is heading toward the United States, and they're all due to hit us within the next 50 years.
+I'm not talking about actual rocky or metallic asteroids here.
+It really wouldn't matter that much. Because if we were all really going to die, we would put our differences aside and use whatever we needed and find a way to divert them.
+I am talking instead of the threats facing us, which are surrounded by special energy fields that polarize us and thus paralyze us.
+Last March, I went to the TED conference to see Jim Hansen, the NASA scientist who first sounded the alarm about global warming in the 1980s, and his predictions came true. It seems to be growing.
+This is where we are headed in terms of global temperature rise, and if we continue on this path, we will see an increase of 4 or 5 degrees Celsius by the end of the century.
+Hansen said a sea level rise of about five meters is expected.
+This is what happens when sea level rises by 5 metres.
+Low-lying cities around the world will disappear while the children born today are still alive.
+"Imagine a giant asteroid on a collision course with Earth," Hansen said.
+It corresponds to what we are facing now.
+But despite the difficulty and expense of waiting the longer we wait, we falter, taking no action to turn the asteroid around. "
+Of course, the left wants to take action, but the right denies there is a problem.
+Well, so I'm back from TED and the next week I'm invited to a dinner party in Washington D.C. I was supposed to meet many conservative intellectuals there, including Yuval Levin. I read the article.
+Levin recognizes the fact that countries around the world are proving to be unsustainable and unaffordable for social-democratic welfare states, relying on dubious economics and demographic models of bygone eras. You write that you are starting to accept it.
+Now, this may not be as scary as an asteroid, but look at these graphs Levin gave.
+This graph shows the ratio of national debt to GDP for the United States, but as you can see, dating back to the founding of the country, America borrowed heavily to fight the Revolutionary War.
+War costs money. But we pay it back, pay it back, pay it back, and oh, what is this? Civil War. Even more expensive.
+Borrow a lot of money, pay it back, pay it back, pay it back, drop to near zero, boom! -  World War I.
+Once again the same process is repeated.
+Then comes the Great Depression and World War II.
+We have risen to an astronomical level of about 118 percent of GDP, which is really unsustainable and really dangerous.
+But we pay it, pay it, pay it, and what is this?
+Why has there been an upward trend since the 1970s?
+This is due in part to unfunded tax cuts, but is primarily due to increased entitlement spending, particularly Medicare.
+Our debt is approaching WWII levels, and the baby boomers haven't retired yet, but when they do, this will happen.
+This is Congressional Budget Office data that gives the most realistic projection of what will happen if current conditions, expectations and trends are extended.
+Now, as you may have noticed, these two graphs are actually identical in terms of their moral and political implications, not in terms of the points on the X and Y axes or the data they represent. There is. Same.
+Please let me translate.
+"Unless we act now, we are doomed.
+What happened to everyone on the other side?
+Can't you see reality? If you don't help, please leave. "
+Both of these asteroids can be deflected.
+Both of these issues are technically solvable.
+Our problem, and the tragedy, is that in this very partisan era, just because one says, "Look, there's an asteroid," the other will say, "Huh? What?" is.
+No, I won't even look up. no. "
+To understand why this is happening to us and what we can do about it, we need to learn more about moral psychology.
+I'm a social psychologist and I study morality. One of the most important principles of morality is that it binds and blinds.
+It binds us to teams centered on sacred values, blinding us to objective reality.
+Think of it this way.
+Large-scale cooperation is very rare on this planet.
+Only a few species are capable of that.
+It's a beehive. It's a termite mound, a giant termite mound.
+And when we see this in other animals, it's always the same story.
+All are on the same footing as they are brothers, children of a single queen at all times.
+As one they rise or fall, live or die.
+There is only one species on earth that can do this without kinship, and that is us of course.
+This is a reconstruction of ancient Babylon, this is Tenochtitlan.
+Now how did we do this? How did we go from being hunter-gatherers 10,000 years ago to building these mega-cities in just a few thousand years?
+It is miraculous, and this ability to circumnavigate sacred values ​​is part of the explanation.
+As you can see, temples and deities played a major role in all ancient civilizations.
+This is an image of a Muslim circling around the Kaaba in Mecca.
+It is a sacred rock, when people surround something, people unite, trust each other and become one.
+It's like moving a wire through a magnetic field that produces an electric current.
+When people swirl together, a flow occurs.
+We love spinning things around.
+We go around the flag so we can trust each other.
+We can fight as a team, as a unit.
+But even if morality unites people into a unit, a team, circulation blinds them.
+It distorts reality.
+We begin to divide everything into good and bad.
+I feel great about the process now. I feel really satisfied.
+But it is a serious distortion of reality.
+We see moral electromagnets at work in the US Congress.
+Here's a chart showing how votes in parliament are strictly along the left-right axis. So if you know how liberal or conservative someone is, you can see exactly how they voted on every major issue.
+And you see, in the decades after the Civil War, Congress was, as you might imagine, unusually polarized.
+However, after the First World War, the situation has declined, resulting in a historically low level of polarization.
+This era was a golden age of bipartisanship, at least in terms of the parties' ability to work together to solve big national problems.
+But in the 1980s and 90s, the electromagnets are turned on again.
+Polarization increases.
+Conservatives, moderates and liberals used to be able to work together in Congress.
+They could have reorganized to form bipartisan commissions, but the power field grew as the moral electromagnet kicked in, pulling Democrats and Republicans apart.
+It became much more difficult for them to socialize, and much more difficult to cooperate.
+A recently retired member says it has turned into a gang war.
+Did anyone notice that in two of the three debates, Obama wore a blue tie and Romney wore a red one?
+Do you know why they do this?
+To find out who the Bloods and Cripps will vote for. (Laughter) Polarization is strongest among our political elite.
+No one doubts that this is happening in Washington.
+But for a while there was suspicion that it was happening among people.
+Over the past 12 years, that has become more apparent.
+So look at this data. This is according to the US Census.
+And what they do in that survey is ask them to rate a so-called body thermometer.
+So how warm or cold do you feel towards Native Americans, the military, Republicans, Democrats, all sorts of groups in American life?
+The blue line shows how warm Democrats feel toward and like Democrats.
+You know, a 100 out of 100 rating for the 70's.
+Republicans like Republicans. That's not surprising.
+But when you look at the ratings among political parties, it's certainly low, but I was actually surprised when I first saw this data.
+It's actually not that bad. All the way back to the Carter and Reagan administrations, the opponent's rating was 43 or 45. This is not terrible.
+It's flowing downwards very slightly, but look what's going on under George W. Bush and Obama.
+plummet. Something is happening here.
+The moral electromagnet is kicking in again, and just recently Democrats really hate Republicans.
+Republicans really hate Democrats. we are changing.
+It's as if moral electromagnets are also affecting us.
+It's like being thrown into two seas, pulling whole nations apart, pulling left and right into their respective territories like the Bloods and Crips.
+Well, there are many reasons why these things happen to us, many of which are irreversible.
+There will never again be a political class built by the experience of fighting together against a common enemy in World War II.
+Never again will there be only three television networks, all of which are relatively middle-of-the-road.
+And a large group of conservative Southern Democrats and liberal Northern Republicans make it easy, never again will there be much overlap for bipartisan cooperation.
+For a variety of reasons, therefore, the decades following World War II were historically extraordinary.
+I believe we will never go back to that low level of polarization.
+But there are many things we can do. There are countless changes we can make to improve the situation. Because much of our dysfunction can be traced directly to what Congress itself did in the 1990s that created a more polarized and dysfunctional system.
+Many books describe these changes in detail.
+These are the two I highly recommend and have a lot of reforms listed.
+Here we group them into three broad classes.
+So if we think of this as a problem of dysfunctional and hyperpolarized institutions, the first step is to do everything we can to ensure that there are fewer bipartisan winners in the first place, and that party primaries are When you're done, and only the most dedicated Republicans and Democrats are voting, you're nominating and choosing the most extreme bipartisan.
+So making the primaries public would make the problem much less acute.
+But the main issue is not that we elect bad people to Congress.
+My experience, and what I've heard from congressional insiders, is that most people who go to congress are good, hardworking, intelligent people who really want to solve problems, but once you get there , you can see that it is forced. Playing a game that rewards extreme partisanship and punishes independent thinking.
+If you go out of line, you will be penalized.
+So there are many reforms we can do to combat this.
+For example, this “Citizens United” ruling is a disaster. Because it's like a gold gun aimed at your head, and if you get out of line and cross the aisle, it means there's a lot of gold waiting for you. It is given to others to make everyone think you are a bad person through negative advertising.
+But the third reform is that the nature of social relations in Congress must change.
+The politicians I've met are generally very outgoing, friendly, very social people, that's the nature of politics. You have to build relationships, make deals, flatter, flatter, and use your personal skills. That's how politics has always worked.
+However, in the 1990s, the House of Representatives first changed the legislative schedule so that all proceedings were generally held in the middle of the week.
+These days, lawmakers fly in on Tuesday morning, fight for two days, and then return home Thursday afternoon.
+They do not relocate their families to the district.
+They never see each other's spouses or children.
+There is no longer a relationship.
+And trying to run Congress without relationships is like trying to run a car without engine oil.
+Should we be surprised when the whole thing freezes, paralyzing and polarizing?
+A simple change in Congress' schedule would change fundamental relationships within Congress, such as extending errands for three weeks, then going home for a week's vacation.
+There is so much we can do, but who will push them to do it?
+There are many groups working on this.
+I think "No Labels and Common Cause" has a very good idea of ​​the changes needed to make democracy more responsive and Congress more effective.
+But I would like to supplement their work with a little psychological trick. The trick is this.
+Nothing brings people together like a common threat or a common attack, especially from an outsider. Unless, of course, that threat hits our polarized psyches, in which case it can actually pull us apart, as I said before.
+As we have seen, a single threat can polarize us.
+But what if the situation we were facing wasn't just one threat, but actually something more like it? So many things come in and it's just, "Start shooting, come on guys, we just have to work together, just." Please start shooting. "
+Because, in fact, we are faced with such a situation.
+This is the situation we are in as a country.
+Well, here's another asteroid.
+We've all seen a version of this chart that shows how wealth has changed since 1979. The chart on the right shows how wealth has changed since 1979. As you can see, almost all wealth growth is concentrated in the top 20 percent, especially the top 1 percent.
+Such growing inequality poses a great many problems for democracy.
+It destroys our ability to trust each other and feel that we are all in the same boat, especially since it is so obvious that we are not.
+Some of us sit safely on our huge private yacht.
+Some cling to driftwood.
+We are not all in the same position. In other words, no one is willing to make sacrifices for the common good.
+The left has been yelling about this asteroid for 30 years and the right says "Huh, what? Hmmm? No problem, no problem."
+Now, why is such a thing happening to us? Why are inequalities growing?
+Well, one of the biggest post-globalization culprits is actually this fourth asteroid, the increase in out-of-wedlock births.
+This graph shows a steady increase in the number of children born out of wedlock since the 1960s.
+Today, most Hispanic and Black children are born to unmarried mothers.
+White people are heading in that direction, too.
+Within a decade or two, most American children will be born into fatherless families.
+This means a lot less money coming into your home.
+But it's not just about money. It's also stability and chaos.
+From my experience with street children in Brazil, I know that moms' boyfriends are often really, really dangerous people for kids.
+Now, the right has been yelling about this asteroid since the 1960s, and the left has been saying "no problem, no problem."
+Leftists have been very reluctant to say that marriage is actually good for women and children.
+Let me be clear here. I'm not blaming the women here.
+In fact, I am more critical of men who refuse to take responsibility for their children and the economic system that makes it difficult for many men to earn enough money to support their children.
+But even if no one is to blame, it is still a national issue, with one side more concerned about the issue than the other.
+The New York Times finally took note of the asteroid last July with a front-page story showing how declining marriages contribute to inequality.
+We are becoming a nation of just two classes.
+Divorce rates are very low once Americans go to college and get married.
+They make a lot of money, they invest that money in their children, some of them become tiger mothers, their children reach their full potential, and their children are on the top two lines of this graph. will be
+And everyone else. Children who don't benefit from a stable marriage, aren't as invested in themselves, aren't raised in a stable environment, and end up in the bottom three. in that graph.
+Again, you can see that these two graphs actually show the same thing.
+As before we have a problem, we have to start working on this, something has to be done and you can't see my threat what's the problem is it?
+But if everyone could pull off the partisan blinders, it would turn out that these two issues are actually best dealt with together.
+Because if you really care about income inequality, you might want to talk to an evangelical Christian organization that is working on ways to promote marriage.
+But then you're faced with the problem that women generally don't want to marry someone who doesn't have a job.
+So, if you really want to make your family stronger, you need liberal groups working to promote equality in education, groups working to raise the minimum wage, and the fact that so many men are being sucked into society. You might want to talk to organizations that are working to find ways to stop them from going. Neglected by the criminal justice system and barred from the marriage market for life.
+The bottom line is that at least four asteroids are heading in our direction.
+How many people can see all four?
+If you agree that all four of these are national issues, raise your hand now.
+please raise your hand
+Yes, almost everyone.
+congratulations. You are the original members of the Asteroid Club. This club is for all Americans who are willing to admit that the other side may have a point.
+At the Asteroids Club, we don't start by looking for common ground.
+Finding common ground is often very difficult.
+No, we start by looking for common threats, because common threats create common ground.
+Now, am I naive? Is it naive for people to drop their swords and think that the left and right can actually work together?
+I don't think so because it doesn't happen all that often, but there are various examples that show it.
+This is what we can do.
+Because Americans on both sides are concerned about a decline in politeness, there are dozens of governments, from the national level like this organization to many local organizations such as To the Village Square in Tallahassee, Florida. This is because they form an organization. To bring together state leaders to foster the working relationships needed to solve Florida's problems.
+Americans on both sides are concerned with global poverty and AIDS, and on so many humanitarian issues, liberals and evangelicals are actually in a natural alliance, sometimes trying to solve these problems. have actually worked together to
+And most amazing to me, they can sometimes even agree on criminal justice.
+For example, the country's incarceration rate, the prison population, has quadrupled since 1980.
+Now this is a social disaster, and liberals are very concerned about this.
+The Southern Poverty Law Center often battles the prison-industrial complex to stop a system that is sucking in poor young people.
+But are conservatives satisfied with this?
+Well, Grover Norquist is not. Because this system costs an incredible amount of money.
+And as the prison and industrial complexes are bankrupting our states and corroding our souls, a group of financial conservatives and Christian conservatives banded together to form a group called "The Right to Criminals." Formed.
+He has sometimes worked with the Southern Poverty Law Center to oppose the construction of new prisons and to reform the justice system to make it more efficient and more humane.
+So this is possible. I can do it.
+So let's go to the battle base not to fight each other, but to deflect these incoming asteroids.
+And our first mission is to push Congress to reform before it's too late for the country.
+thank you. (applause)
+I am so happy to be here to talk about my journey and the freedom it has given me.
+I started using a wheelchair 16 years ago when a long-term illness changed the way I accessed the world.
+When I started using a wheelchair, it was a tremendous new freedom.
+I have seen my life lost and limited.
+It felt like I got a giant new toy.
+I could run around and feel the wind on my face again.
+It was exhilarating just to go out into the city.
+But even with this newfound joy and freedom, people's reaction to me has completely changed.
+It was as if an invisibility cloak had descended, and I was no longer visible.
+They seemed to see me through their own assumptions about what it was like to be in a wheelchair.
+When people were asked about their association with wheelchairs, they used words like "restriction," "fear," "pity," and "restriction."
+I internalized these reactions and found myself changed at a core level.
+A part of me has been alienated from myself.
+I was continually seeing myself vividly, not from my perspective, but from the perspective of other people's reactions to me.
+As a result, I realized that I needed to create my own story about this experience, a new story about reclaiming my identity.
+["Discovering freedom: ``By making our own stories, we learn to take our life texts as seriously as the 'official' narratives." — Davis 2009, TEDx Women" ] I started making work with the intention of conveying the kind of joy and freedom I felt when negotiating with the world in a wheelchair, an electric chair.
+By creating unexpected images, I was working to change these internalized reactions and to change the preconceived notions that shaped my identity when I first started using a wheelchair.
+The wheelchair has become an object for painting and playing with.
+It was so exciting to see people's interest and surprise reaction when I started to literally leave a trail of my own joy and freedom.
+It opened a new perspective, and it was as if there was a paradigm shift lurking there.
+It showed that art practice can remake one's identity and change preconceived notions by modifying the familiar.
+So when I started diving in 2005, I realized that scuba gear, like a wheelchair, expands my range of motion. But the associations that accompany scuba gear are excitement and adventure, which is quite different from how people react to diving. wheelchair.
+So I thought, "What if I put the two together?" (Laughter) (Applause) And the completed underwater wheelchair has taken me on the most amazing journey of the last seven years.
+To give you an idea of ​​what it's all about, I'd like to share one of the results of creating this spectacle and show you how it took me on an amazing journey.
+(music) (applause) This is the most amazing experience, beyond most other things I've had in my life.
+You can literally move freely in 360 degrees space and get an ecstatic experience of joy and freedom.
+And what's incredibly unexpected is that others seem to see and feel it too.
+They literally light up their eyes and say, "I want that," or, "If you can do that, you can do anything."
+And I think because the moment they see an object that has no frame of reference or transcends the frame of reference they have in a wheelchair, they have to think in a whole new way.
+And I think that whole new moment of thinking is what creates the freedom that will probably extend to other people for the rest of their lives.
+For me, this is the joy it brings when they see and discover the power and joy of seeing the world from an exciting new perspective, rather than focusing on the value of difference, the loss and limitations. means that you understand
+For me, the wheelchair becomes a vehicle for transformation.
+In fact, I now call my underwater wheelchair a 'portal'. Because it has literally pushed me into new ways of living, new dimensions and new levels of consciousness.
+And the other is that no one has ever seen or heard of an underwater wheelchair before, so to create this spectacle is to create a new way of seeing, being and perceiving, so now you has this concept in mind.
+You are part of the artwork too.
+(applause)
+Hello. My name is Jarrett Klosochka. I write and illustrate children's books for a living.
+So I use imagination as my full-time job.
+But imagination saved my life long before it became my vocation.
+As a child, I loved to draw and my mother was the most talented artist I knew, but she was addicted to heroin.
+And if your parent is a drug addict, it's like Charlie Brown trying to kick a football. Because as much as you want to love that person, as much as you want to receive love from that person, every time you open your book, mind, you fall on your back.
+So throughout my childhood my mother was in prison and I had no father. Because I didn't even remember my father's name until sixth grade.
+But I had grandparents, maternal grandparents Joseph and Shirley, who, after already raising five children, adopted me just before my third birthday and took me in as their own. gave me
+So, in the very early '80s, two people who grew up in the Great Depression had a new child.
+I was Klosochka's sitcom cousin Oliver, a new kid who appeared out of nowhere.
+And I want to say that life with them was quite easy.
+They each smoked two packs daily without filters. And by the time I'm 6, I can order a Southern Comfort Manhattan with a twist, dry, rock on the side, and ice on the side so I can have more liquor. became. drink.
+But they loved me dearly. they loved me so much
+My grandfather was a self-made man, so they supported my creative endeavors.
+He worked in the factory while running.
+My grandmother was a housewife.
+But I had a kid who loved Transformers and Snoopy and the Ninja Turtles, and I fell in love with the characters I read and they became my friends.
+So my best friends in life were the characters I read in the books.
+I went to Gates Lane Elementary School in Worcester, Massachusetts, and had some great teachers there, especially Ms. Arish in the first grade.
+And I just remember the love she gave us as a student.
+When I was in third grade, something big happened.
+Author Jack Gantos visited our school.
+The author of a published book came to us and told us about his livelihood.
+Afterwards, we all returned to the classroom to draw our own representation of his main character, Rotten Ralph.
+And then suddenly the author appeared at our door, and I remember walking up the aisle from child to child, looking at the desk without saying a word.
+But he stopped by my desk, tapped on my desk, and said, "Good cat." (laughter) And he walked away.
+Two words that made a big difference in my life.
+When I was in the third grade of elementary school, I wrote my first book, The Owl That I Thought I Was The Best at. (Laughter) We had to write our own Greek mythology, our own creation story, so an owl challenged Hermes to a flight competition and the owl was tricked and the Greek god Hermes got angry. , I wrote a story that became bitter. Having turned the owl into the moon, the owl had to spend the rest of its life as the moon watching his family and friends play at night.
+yes. (Laughter) My book had a title page.
+As an eight-year-old, I was obviously worried about my intellectual property.
+(Laughter) And it was a story told in words and pictures, exactly what I do for a living now. Sometimes I let words set the stage on their own, and sometimes I let pictures function on their own to tell a story.
+My favorite page is the "About the Author" page.
+(Laughter) So, from a young age, I learned to write about myself in the third person.
+That's why I love the last sentence. "He loved making this book."
+And I loved making that book because I loved using my imagination, and that's what writing is.
+To write is to use your imagination on paper. I get so scared Because I go to a lot of schools now and it seems like a very foreign concept to children. Writing on paper, even if allowed, will use your imagination. Please write in class now.
+So I loved writing so much that when I came home from school, I would take out a piece of paper, staple it, and fill in the blank pages with words and pictures because I liked to use my imagination. .
+And these characters become my friends.
+There are eggs, tomatoes, lettuce heads, pumpkins, they all live in this fridge city and in one of their adventures they went to a haunted house full of dangers like an evil mixer. An evil toaster trying to chop them up, an evil microwave trying to kidnap a couple of breads, and an evil microwave trying to melt their friend who is a stick of butter. (Laughter) And I also made my own comics. This was another way for me to tell stories through words and pictures.
+When I was in sixth grade, the Worcester public school system nearly eliminated the publicly funded arts budget.
+I did art once a week, twice a month, then once a month, and not at all.
+And my grandfather was a wise man, and he knew it was my only possession, so he took issue with it. I didn't play sports.
+I had art.
+So one night he came into my room, sat on the edge of my bed, and said, "It's up to you, Jarrett, but if you'd like, we'll put you in a class at school." I would like to send it to the Worcester Art Museum. "
+And I was so excited.
+So from grades 6 to 12, I had classes at the museum once, twice, sometimes three times a week. I was surrounded by children who loved to draw and others who shared the same passion.
+Well, my publishing career started when I designed the cover for my 8th grade yearbook. For those wondering about the style of dress I put on my mascot, at the time I was obsessed with Bell Bib DeVoe and MC Hammer and Vanilla Ice. (laughs) And I can still sing "Ice, Ice Baby" at karaoke without looking at the screen.
+Don't seduce me, I'll do it.
+So I was sent from a private school, K, to a public school, but for some reason my grandfather was upset that someone was stabbed to death at the local high school, so he didn't want me to go there. I didn't want it.
+He wanted me to go to private school and gave me that option.
+You can go to Holy Name, which is co-educational, or St. John's, which is all-boys.
+A very smart man, he knew I would, so I felt like I was making the decisions myself, and he knew I wouldn't choose St. John's , I went to Holy Name High School, it was a difficult transfer. As I said earlier, I didn't play sports, and my focus was on sports, but I found solace in Mr. Shirare's art room.
+And I just thrived here.
+I couldn't wait to go to that classroom every day.
+How did you make friends?
+I drew funny pictures of the teachers (laughs) and handed them out.
+Well, in ninth grade English class, my friend John who sat next to me laughed a little too hard.
+Mr. Greenwood was not satisfied.
+(Laughter) He quickly saw that I was the cause of the commotion, and I was sent down the hall for the first time in my life and I was like, 'Oh, I can't do this.
+my grandfather is going to kill me "
+And he came out into the hallway and said, "Show me the newspaper."
+And I thought, "Oh no, he thinks it's a note."
+So I took this picture and gave it to him.
+And we sat in silence for that short time, and he said to me, 'You're really talented.' is needed, so you should be the manga artist."
+Please stop drawing in my class. "
+So my parents never knew about it.
+I never had a problem. I was introduced to Mrs. Casey, who ran the school newspaper, and for three-and-a-half years I worked as a cartoonist for the school newspaper, dealing with heavy issues like mean seniors, geeks in freshmen, and very expensive prom bills. . I can't believe how much it costs to go to prom.
+And I put the principal to work, after which I also wrote an ongoing story about a boy named Wesley who was not blessed with love. And I swore many times that this wasn't about me, but after so many years it was totally me.
+But it was so cool because I could write these stories, I could come up with ideas, and it would be in the school newspaper and people I didn't know could read it.
+And I really liked the idea of ​​being able to share my ideas through the printed page.
+For my 14th birthday, my grandfather and grandmother gave me the best birthday present ever. It's the drafting table I've been building ever since.
+Twenty years later I am still here and still work at this table every day.
+On my 14th birthday night I was given this table and had Chinese food.
+And this was my destiny, "You will succeed at work."
+I taped it to the top left of the table and as you can see it's still there.
+Now I don't ask my grandparents for anything.
+Well, there are two. Rusty is a great hamster and lived a very long life when I was in 4th grade.
+(laughs) And a video camera.
+I just wanted a video camera.
+And after begging and begging for Christmas, I got a used camcorder and immediately started making my own animations, and I made my own animations all through high school.
+I persuaded my 10th grade English teacher to allow me to turn Stephen King's "Misery" into an animated short for my book report. (laughs) And I kept making comics.
+I continued to make comics, but at the Worcester Art Museum I got the best advice I've ever had from an educator.
+Mark Lynch, he was a great teacher and still a dear friend of mine. When I was 14 or 15, I was so excited and glowing when I walked into his comic book class from the middle of the course.
+I have a book about how to draw comics the Marvel way, how to draw superheroes, how to draw women, how to draw muscles the way they should be if you were to draw in X. I was. - Male or Spider-Man.
+And with all the color gone from his face, he looked at me and said, "Forget all that you have learned."
+And I didn't understand. “I like the style,” he said.
+Celebrate your own style. Do not draw as you are told.
+You're really good at it, so just draw like you're drawing and keep doing it. "
+Well, when I was a teenager, it was frustrating like any other teenager, but since I've had a mother and a faceless father who come in and out of my life like yo-yos for 17 years , I was angry.
+And when I was 17, when I met my father for the first time, I discovered that I had a brother and a sister that I never knew existed.
+And the day I met my father for the first time, I was rejected by the only college I ever applied to, the Rhode Island School of Design.
+But right around that time, I was volunteering at Camp Sunshine once a week, working with the most amazing kids, kids with leukemia, and this kid, Eric, changed my life.
+Eric didn't live to see his 6th birthday, but he lives with me every day.
+After this experience, my art teacher Shirare-sensei brought me these books and I thought, "They are children's books!"
+In my senior year of high school, I started writing books for young readers.
+Well, I ended up getting into the Rhode Island School of Design.
+As a sophomore, I transferred to RISD, where I took all kinds of courses on writing and wrote a story about a giant orange slug that wanted to befriend this kid.
+The child had no patience with him.
+I sent this book to more than a dozen publishers, but they refused every time. But I also attended the Hole in the Wall gang camp. This is a great camp for children with all kinds of serious illnesses. The camps who read my story, and I read to them too, and saw how they responded to my work.
+I graduated from RISD. My grandparents were so proud of me that I moved to Boston and set up a shop.
+I set up a studio and tried to publish.
+i will send my book I sent hundreds of postcards to editors and art directors, but got no response.
+And my grandfather would call me every week and say, "Jarrett, how are you doing? Do you have a job yet?"
+Because he had just invested a lot of money in my college education.
+And I said, "Yes, I have a job. I write and illustrate children's books."
+And he said, "So who will pay you for it?"
+And I said, 'Nobody, nobody, nobody yet.
+But I know it will happen. "
+Well, I was working weekends on the off-season show Hole in the Wall, trying to make some money and get my feet on the ground, but this kid was really hyper. , I started calling him. "Monkey Boy," and I went home and wrote a book called "Goodnight, Monkey Boy."
+I sent the last postcard.
+Then I got an email from the editor of Random House with the subject line "Well done!" Exclamation point.
+"Dear Jarrett, I have received your postcard.
+I liked your art so I went to your website. And I'm wondering if you've ever tried to write your own story. Because I really like your art and it looks like you have some story attached to it.
+If you have ever been to New York, please contact me. "
+This was from the editors of Random House children's books.
+So the next week I "just happened" to be in New York.
+(laughter) Then I met with this editor and left New York to sign my first book, Good Night, Monkey Boy, which was published on June 12, 2001.
+And my local paper also reported the news.
+A local bookstore picked it up.
+They sold out all their books.
+My friend said it was a wake but he was happy. Because everyone I've ever known was standing in line to see me and I wasn't dead. I was just signing a book.
+My grandparents were in the middle of it.
+they were very happy They have never been more proud.
+Mrs. Arish was there. Sirare was there. Mrs. Casey was there.
+Mrs Arish stepped in front of the line and said, "I taught him how to read." (laughs) And then something happened that changed my life.
+The first significant fan mail I received was that this child loved Monkey Boy so much that he wanted to eat Monkey Boy's birthday cake.
+For a 2 year old, it's like a tattoo. (laughter) Do you know? Birthdays only come once a year.
+And for him, it's only the second time.
+And I got this picture and I thought, 'This picture will be in his mind for the rest of his life. He's going to keep this picture in his family album forever.'
+That picture has been framed in front of me while I worked on every book since that moment.
+10 picture books have been published.
+"Punk Farm", "Bughead", "Ollie the Purple Elephant".
+I just finished reading the ninth book in the "Lunch Lady" series, a graphic novel series about crime-fighting lunch ladies.
+I am looking forward to the release of the book with the chapter "The Platypus Police Squad: The Frog Who Cried".
+And I have traveled all over the country to visit countless schools and let many kids know that they are drawing wonderful cats.
+And meet Bugheads.
+The ladies at lunch are really nice to us.
+And the kids put my name on the lights so I could see my name on the lights.
+To date, the "Lunch Lady" series has twice won the Children's Choice Book of the Year in the 3rd or 4th grade category, and these winners were displayed on the Jumbotron screen in Times Square.
+"Punk Farm" and "Lunch Lady" are in development for film adaptation, so I'm a film producer, but I really owe it to the camcorder I got when I was in the third year of junior high school.
+I've seen people throw Punk Farm birthday parties, dress up as Punk Farm costumes for Halloween, and set up Punk Farm baby rooms. , which makes me a little uneasy when I think about long-term child health.
+And I get the nicest fan mail and I get the nicest project. And the biggest moment for me happened last Halloween.
+When the doorbell rang, a trick-or-treat dressed as my character came out. It was very cool.
+My grandparents are no longer with us, so in their honor I started a scholarship at the Worcester Art Museum for children in difficult circumstances whose parents cannot afford classes. rice field.
+And there were works from the first 10 years after I published them. Do you know who was there to celebrate? Mr. Arish.
+I said, "Alish, how are you?"
+She replied, "I am here." (laughs) It's true. You are alive, and now is a very good thing.
+But the biggest moment for me is that my most important job right now is being a father myself and having two beautiful daughters. My goal is to surround them with inspiration, with books in every room of the house. To the murals I painted in their rooms, to the moments of creativity I find in making faces on the patio during quiet hours and having her sit at the very desk I've been sitting at for the past 20 years.
+thank you. (applause)
+I would like to tell the story of one of my patients, Celine.
+Celine is a housewife and lives in rural Cameroon, West Central Africa.
+Six years ago, when she was diagnosed with HIV, she was recruited to participate in a clinical trial being conducted in the health district at the time.
+When I first met Celine a little over a year ago, she had been off antiretroviral therapy for 18 months and was in critical condition.
+She told me that she stopped coming to the clinic when the trial ended because she had no money to pay for the bus and was too sick to walk the 35 kilometers.
+Currently, during the clinical trial, she was given all antiretroviral drugs free of charge, and the cost of transportation was also covered by research funding.
+All of this ended once the exams were complete and Celine had no other choice.
+She couldn't tell me the names of the drugs she received during the trial, or even what the trial was about.
+I didn't bother to ask her what the outcome of the trial was. Because it was clear she had no clue.
+But what puzzled me the most was what it meant to be a participant, even though Celine had given her informed consent to participate in this trial, and what would happen to me once the trial was complete. clearly did not understand the
+Now, I'm sharing this story with you as an example of what happens to participants when clinical trials are poorly conducted.
+Perhaps this particular endeavor would have had exciting results.
+Maybe it will be published in a famous scientific journal.
+It will likely inform clinicians around the world how to improve the clinical management of HIV patients.
+But it would have come at a price for hundreds of patients, like Celine, who had to be left alone at their own discretion after the study was completed.
+I stand here today and by no means suggest that conducting HIV clinical trials in developing countries is bad.
+On the contrary, clinical trials are a very useful tool and much needed to address the burden of disease in developing countries.
+However, the inequality that exists between rich and developing countries in terms of funding poses a real risk of exploitation, especially in the context of externally funded research.
+Sadly, the fact remains that much of the research done in developing countries will never be sanctioned by the wealthy countries that fund the research.
+You must be asking yourself what makes developing countries, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa, attractive for HIV clinical trials?
+For clinical trials to produce valid and widely applicable results, they should be conducted with a large number of research participants, preferably in populations with high rates of new HIV infection.
+Sub-Saharan Africa fits most of this description, with 22 million people living with HIV, an estimated 70% of the 30 million people infected worldwide.
+And with poverty, endemic disease and inadequate health systems prevalent, research within the continent is much easier to conduct.
+Clinical trials that are considered potentially beneficial to the public are more likely to be approved, and in the absence of an adequate healthcare system, almost all offers of medical assistance are accepted as better than nothing. increase.
+More troubling reasons include the low risk of litigation, less rigorous ethical review, and a population that actively participates in almost any research that suggests a cure.
+As funding for HIV research increases in developing countries and ethical scrutiny in richer countries becomes more rigorous, we can see why this backdrop becomes so attractive.
+The high prevalence of HIV is driving researchers to conduct research that is sometimes scientifically acceptable but ethically questionable on many levels.
+So how can we ensure that the search for a cure does not take advantage of those already most affected by the pandemic?
+Consider four areas we could focus on to improve the way we do things.
+The first is informed consent.
+Now, for a clinical trial to be considered ethically acceptable, participants must be provided with relevant information in an understandable manner and freely consent to participate in the trial.
+This is especially important in developing countries. In developing countries, many participants agree to research believing it to be the only way they can obtain medical or other benefits.
+Consent procedures employed in richer countries are often inadequate or ineffective in many developing countries.
+For example, it would be counterintuitive to have an illiterate research participant like Celine sign a lengthy consent form that she could not read, let alone understand.
+Communities need to be more involved in establishing criteria for recruiting clinical trial participants and incentives for participation.
+Information for these trials should be provided to potential participants in a linguistically and culturally acceptable format.
+A second point to consider is the standard of care provided to participants within clinical trials.
+Now this is the subject of much discussion and controversy.
+Should the control arm of a clinical trial be given the latest and best treatment available anywhere in the world?
+Or should they receive an alternative standard of care, such as the best treatment currently available in the country where the study is being conducted?
+After the study is completed, is it fair to evaluate treatment plans that may not be affordable or accessible to study participants?
+In a situation where the best current treatments are cheap and readily available, the answer is simple.
+However, modern treatments that are available everywhere in the world are often very difficult to provide in developing countries.
+It is important to assess the potential risks and benefits of standard treatments offered to participants in clinical trials and to establish which treatments are relevant to the study context and most beneficial to study participants.
+Now I would like to address a third point that I would like you to consider: the ethical review of research.
+An effective system for reviewing the ethical suitability of clinical trials is paramount to protecting clinical trial participants.
+Unfortunately, this is often lacking or inefficient in many developing countries.
+Local governments need to establish effective systems for reviewing ethical issues related to clinical trials licensed in various developing countries, and establish ethical review committees independent of governments and research sponsors. there is.
+Public accountability needs to be facilitated through transparency and, where appropriate, independent review by non-governmental and international organizations.
+The last thing I want you to think about tonight is what happens to clinical trial participants after the study is completed.
+I think it is absolutely wrong to start a study in the first place without a clear plan of what will happen to the participants after the trial ends.
+Researchers must now make every effort to ensure that interventions that prove beneficial during clinical trials are accessible to trial participants after the trials are completed.
+Furthermore, once the trial is complete, the feasibility of introducing and maintaining effective treatments in the wider community could be explored.
+For some reason, if they feel this might not be possible, I think there needs to be an ethical justification for why a clinical trial should be done in the first place.
+Well, luckily for Celine, our meeting didn't end in my office.
+I was able to enroll her in a free HIV treatment program near my home and was able to join a support group to help her cope.
+Although her story has a positive ending, there are thousands of other people in similar situations who are far less fortunate.
+She may not know it, but meeting Celine completely changed my view of HIV clinical trials in the developing world and made me even more determined to join the movement to change the way things are done. .
+I believe that everyone listening to me tonight can be a part of that change.
+If you are a researcher, I ask you to be ethical in your research, not to sacrifice the welfare of mankind in your search for answers, and to a higher standard of moral conscience.
+If you work for a funding agency or a pharmaceutical company, ask your employer to fund ethically sound research.
+If you are from a developing country like me, please ask your government to review the clinical trials licensed in your country more thoroughly.
+Sure, we need to find a cure for HIV, an effective vaccine for malaria, and an effective diagnostic tool for tuberculosis, and we gladly and selflessly agreed to participate. I believe it's all thanks to the people who helped me. These clinical trials are conducted in a humane manner.
+thank you.
+As I sat with my daughters, Joy said, "Oh, I wish he would get off of me.
+Daddy always calls me. "
+"Fortunately he never called," said Jasmine.
+"I haven't heard from my father for years."
+In this moment, I realized that girls needed a way to connect with their fathers.
+At my non-profit, Camp Diva, we have conversations like this all the time as a way to help young African girls prepare to be women.
+They needed a way to invite their father into their lives of their own accord.
+So I asked the girls “How can I help other girls develop healthy relationships with their fathers?”
+"Let's dance," one girl yelled, and all the girls quickly backed her up.
+They began dreaming about ornaments, invitations, dresses they would wear, and what their father could and could not wear. (Laughter.) It didn't take long for me to blink. But if I could have slowed them down, I wouldn't have. Because one thing I've learned in working with girls for over a decade, they already know what they need.
+Wisdom lives in them.
+As long as you have the infrastructure, guidance, and resources, you can build what you need to not only survive, but thrive.
+So we danced, and a lot of girls and their fathers came.
+they were dressed up.
+they had a sweet demeanor.
+(Laughter) They acted stupid.
+They really enjoyed each other's company.
+It was a huge success.
+And the girls decided to make it an annual event.
+So when the seasons change and it's time to make dance plans again, a girl named Briana exclaims, "This is making me sad that my dad won't be able to come to the dance. "said.
+"Why not?" the girls asked.
+"Because he's in prison," she bravely admitted.
+"So can I go out for one day?" asked one of the girls. (laughter) "So you're coming in with shackles?
+It's worse than he's not here at all. "
+At this moment, I felt that the girls had a chance to face this situation and be their own heroes.
+So I asked, "What do you think we should do about this?"
+We want every girl to experience dancing, right? "
+So the girls thought for a moment, and one girl suggested, "Why don't you try dancing in prison?"
+Most girls doubted the possibility and said, "Are you crazy?"
+Who's going to let a bunch of little girls dressed up - "(laughter)" - come to jail and dance with their daddy in a SpongeBob suit? "
+because that's what they called it.
+I said, "Girls, well, well, you'll have to ask."
+So a letter signed by all the girls was written to the sheriff of the city of Richmond. I have to say he is a very special sheriff.
+He contacted me immediately and said the door was open whenever there was an opportunity to let his family inside.
+Because he knew that fathers were less likely to come back when they were connected to their children.
+There, 16 prisoners and 18 girls were invited.
+Girls wore their Sunday bests, and fathers swapped their yellow and blue jumpsuits for shirts and ties.
+they hugged.
+They shared a full catered meal of chicken and fish.
+they laughed together.
+it was beautiful.
+Fathers and daughters didn't even get the chance to have a physical connection for a while for many.
+The fathers made plates for their daughters and were in a space where they could pull out chairs to reach out and dance.
+Even the guard cried.
+But after the dance we all realized that my father was still in prison.
+So we had to make something they could carry around.
+So we brought in our flipcams and had them look at our flipcams and interview each other's messages and thoughts.
+This was meant to be used as a touchstone that allows them to reconnect through this image when they start to miss each other and feel alienated.
+I will never forget how one girl looked into her father's eyes on that camera and said, "Dad, what do you see when you look at me?"
+Because our Daddy is the mirror we look back at as we decide what kind of man we deserve and how we see ourselves for the rest of our lives.
+I was one of the lucky girls, so I know it all too well.
+I have always had a father in my life.
+he is still here today
+(Applause.) That's why it's so special to me to make sure these girls are connected to their fathers, especially those who are separated by barbed wire and metal doors. That's what it means.
+We created a form for girls who have heavy questions in their hearts to ask their fathers those questions and give them the freedom to answer them.
+Because we know fathers leave with thoughts like:
+Just because a father is locked in doesn't mean he needs to be shut out of his daughter's life.
+(applause)
+Hi. My name is Cameron Russell and I've been modeling for some time now.
+It's actually been 10 years.
+And now there's an uncomfortable tension in the room because I shouldn't have worn this dress.
+(laughs) Luckily, I brought a change of clothes.
+This is my first costume change on the TED stage, so I feel pretty lucky to have witnessed it.
+If any of the women were genuinely horrified when I came out, I don't have to say it now, but I'll look it up on Twitter later.
+(Laughter) Also, I think it's a great honor to be able to change the way people think about me in 10 seconds.
+Not everyone can do it.
+I'm glad I didn't wear these heels because they are so uncomfortable.
+The worst thing is to wear this sweater over your head. At that time, everyone will laugh at you, so please don't do anything while you're wearing it.
+have understood.
+So why did I do that?
+It was awkward.
+(Laughter) Well -- (Laughter) I hope it's not as awkward as that picture.
+Images are powerful, but they are also superficial.
+Six seconds completely changed what you thought about me.
+And in this picture, I never had a boyfriend in real life.
+I was completely uncomfortable and the photographer told me to arch my back and run my hands through the person's hair.
+And, of course, unless you have surgery or a fake tan that you got at work two days ago, there's very little you can do to change your appearance. Appearance may be superficial and unchanging, but appearance has a great influence on people. our lives.
+So today, for me, being fearless means being honest.
+And I am standing on this stage because I am a model.
+I'm on this stage because I'm a beautiful white woman, and in my industry that's what we call a sexy girl.
+I answer the questions people ask me all the time with an honest twist.
+So the first question is how do you become a model?
+I always say "I was scouted", but that doesn't mean anything.
+The real reason I became a model is because I won the genetic lottery and I am the beneficiary of an inheritance. Perhaps you are wondering what a legacy is.
+Over the past few centuries, we have been biologically programmed to admire beauty not only as health, youth, and symmetry, but also as tall, slender figures, femininity, and fair skin. have defined.
+And this is a legacy that was built for me, a legacy that I have been redeeming.
+Some people in the audience will be skeptical at this point, and maybe some fashionistas like, "Wait Naomi, Tyra, Joan Smalls, Liu Wen."
+First of all, I applaud your model knowledge. very impressive.
+(Laughter.) But unfortunately, I have to let you know that 2007 was a very inspiring New York University Ph.D. Students counted every model on the runway, every model hired, but of the 677 models hired, only 27 were non-white, or less than 4 percent.
+The next question people always ask is, "Will I be a model when I grow up?"
+The first answer is, "I don't know. They didn't hold me accountable."
+But the second answer, and what I really want to say to these little girls, is, "Why? Do you know? You can be anything."
+You might be the president of the United States, the next inventor of the Internet, or the poet of the ninja cardiothoracic surgeon, but that would be great, because you'll be the first. "
+(Laughter) If I give you this great list and they still say, 'No, Cameron, I want to be a model,' I say, 'Be my boss.'
+Because I am not in charge of anything. You could be the editor-in-chief of American Vogue, the CEO of H&M, or the next Steven Meisel.
+Saying you want to be a model when you grow up is like saying you want to win the Powerball when you grow up.
+It's out of your control, it's great, it's not a career path.
+A decade of accumulated model knowledge is demonstrated here because, unlike cardiothoracic surgeons, it can be extracted now.
+I mean, the photographer is right there, the light is right there, and like a nice HMI, if the client says, 'I want a walking shot,' this leg goes first, nice and long, and this arm Back down, this arm will move. Go forward, head in three-quarters position, just flip back and forth, then look back at your imaginary friend 300, 400, 500 times.
+(Laughter) It goes something like this.
+(Laughs) I wish it was less awkward than the one in the middle.
+It's—I don't know what happened there.
+Unfortunately, after you've gone to school, picked up your resume, and finished a few jobs, there's nothing more to say. I mean, even if you say you want to be president of the United States, people will still look at you funny if your resume says "underwear model: 10 years."
+The next question is, "Are all your photos retouched?"
+And yes, they retouch almost every photo, but that's just a small part of what's going on.
+This is the first picture I took, the first time I wore a bikini, and I hadn't gotten my period yet.
+I know it gets personal, but I was a young girl.
+This is what it looked like just a few months ago when I was with my grandmother.
+This is me on the same day as this shoot.
+my friend has to come
+This is me at a goodnight party a few days before shooting French Vogue.
+Here is me from the soccer team and V magazine.
+And today is me
+And I hope you understand that these photos are not mine.
+They are buildings, they are built by a group of professionals: hair stylists, makeup artists, photographers, stylists, all their assistants, pre- and post-production, they build this.
+Now, the next question people ask me is always "Is there anything free?"
+(laughter) I have a lot of 8 inch heels and never wear them except before, but the free ones I get are the free ones I get in real life and that's what we don't like.
+I grew up in Cambridge, and one time I forgot my money and walked into a store and they gave me a dress for free.
+As a teenager, I was driving with a friend who was a terrible driver, and he ran a red light and of course we were pulled over. I was able to depart safely with just one word, "I'm sorry, policeman."
+And I got these free things because of how I look, not who I am, and I pay the cost for how they look, not who they are. Some people do.
+I live in New York, and of the 140,000 teenagers who were stopped and assaulted last year, 86% were black and Latino, mostly young.
+And with only 177,000 black and Latino young men in New York, it's not a question of "can we stop?"
+But "How many times can I stop? When can I stop?"
+As I was researching this talk, I found that 53% of 13-year-old girls in the US don't like their bodies, and that number climbs to 78% by the time they're 17.
+So the last question people ask me is, "What's it like to be a model?"
+And I think the answer they're looking for is, "If you were a little thinner and your hair was more shiny, you would be so happy and amazing."
+And backstage, we'll answer what you might think.
+We say, 'It's really great to travel and to work with creative, inspiring and passionate people.'
+And while they're true, that's only half the story. Because what we never say on camera and what I never say on camera is "I'm insecure."
+And it makes me anxious because I have to think about what I look like every day.
+And if you've ever wondered, "Would I be happier if I had thinner thighs and shinier hair?"
+It is enough to meet a group of models. Because they have the skinniest thighs, the shiniest hair, the coolest clothes, and are probably the most physically unstable women on the planet.
+As I was writing this talk, I found it very difficult to strike an honest balance. Because, on the one hand, I was very uncomfortable coming here and saying, "Look, I've been benefiting from all this from decks that have been piled on my deck." They do me a favor," followed by, "It doesn't always make me happy."
+But when I am one of the biggest beneficiaries, the legacy of gender and racial oppression has been difficult most of the time to unravel.
+But I'm happy and honored to be here, and it's great to be here 10, 20, 30 years later and before I've had more control over my career. think. I may not tell you how I got my first job, or how I paid for college, but that seems very important right now.
+If there is a lesson to be learned from this talk, I hope it will help us all feel more comfortable and aware of the power of images in our perception of success and failure.
+thank you.
+So before becoming a dermatologist, I started studying general medicine, as most dermatologists in the UK do.
+At the end of that period, I went to Australia about 20 years ago.
+When you go to Australia, you realize that Australians are very competitive.
+And they are not generous in their victories.
+And it often happened that 'Aunties, I can't play cricket or rugby'.
+I could accept it.
+But when I moved to work, I had something called the Journal Club every week where I sat down with other doctors to research scientific papers on medicine.
+After the first week, we turned to the dry subject of heart disease mortality—the number and percentage of people dying from heart disease.
+And they were competitive about this: "You guys, Pommy, your heart rate is shocking."
+And of course they were right.
+Australians have about a third less heart disease than us, die less from heart attack, heart failure and stroke, and are generally healthy people.
+And of course they said it was because they were in good moral standing, because they exercised, because they were Australian, we were full of weeds, and so on.
+But it's not just Australia that is healthier than the UK.
+There is a health gradient across the UK, this is what we call the standardized mortality rate, which is basically how likely you are to die.
+This is based on data from a paper from almost 20 years ago, but it still holds true today.
+If you compare the percentage of deaths at latitude 50 North, ie South, London, etc., to the percentage at latitude 55, the bad news is here. Glasgow.
+I am from Edinburgh. The worse news is, even in Edinburgh.
+(Laughter.) So what's causing this terrifying space here between south and south Scotland?
+Well, we know about smoking, fried Mars bars and potato chips, the Glasgow Diet.
+All these.
+However, this chart was created after considering all of these known risk factors.
+This is after considering smoking, social class, diet and all other known risk factors.
+There remains a lost space where deaths increase the further north you go.
+Of course, this includes sunlight.
+And vitamin D is making headlines, and many people are concerned about it.
+And you also need vitamin D. Children are now required to consume certain amounts.
+My grandmother grew up in Glasgow. It dates back to the 1920s and 30s when rickets became a serious problem and liver oil was introduced.
+It really prevented the rickets that were once common in this city.
+And as a child, I was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother.
+I'm obviously not forgetting the cod liver oil.
+However, the association is that people with higher blood levels of vitamin D have less heart disease and less cancer.
+There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is good for your health.
+This is to prevent diseases such as rickets.
+However, giving people vitamin D supplements does not change the high rate of heart disease.
+And the evidence that it prevents cancer is still lacking.
+So my suggestion is that vitamin D isn't the only topic in town.
+It's not the only reason to prevent heart disease.
+I think high levels of vitamin D are a marker of sun exposure. Sun exposure is effective against heart disease in the following ways.
+Anyway, I returned from Australia and moved to Aberdeen despite the obvious risks to my health.
+(Laughter) Well, I started my dermatology residency in Aberdeen.
+However, I also became interested in research, and was particularly interested in a substance called nitric oxide.
+Well, these three men here, Firchgot, Ignaro and Murad, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1998.
+And they were the first to describe this new chemical mediator, nitric oxide.
+Nitric oxide works by dilating blood vessels and lowering blood pressure.
+It also dilates the coronary arteries, thus stopping angina pectoris.
+And what's remarkable about this is that when we used to think about chemical messengers in the body, we used to think of complex things like estrogen or insulin or neurotransmitters.
+A very complex process with very complex chemicals that fit very complex receptors.
+And this is an incredibly simple molecule, nitrogen and oxygen stuck together, although these are very important for [obscure] our low blood pressure, neurotransmission, so many things. , especially for cardiovascular health.
+And so I started researching. And, very interestingly, it turns out that the skin produces nitric oxide.
+Therefore, it does not occur only in the cardiovascular system.
+Occurs in the skin.
+Well, I found it and published it, so I thought, what is this doing?
+How does skin blood pressure drop?
+it's not the heart. What is your occupation?
+So, like many people do, I went to America and spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh.
+And I was interested in these very complex systems.
+We suspect that nitric oxide influences cell death, how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.
+And so I started working in cell culture, growing the cells, and then using a knockout mouse model, a mouse that can't make genes.
+We have elucidated the mechanism by which NO aids cell survival.
+And I'm back in Edinburgh.
+In Edinburgh, medical students are used as laboratory animals.
+It is a close-to-human species and has several advantages over mice. Mice are free, they don't need to be shaved, they feed themselves, and there's no one picketing the office to "save lab med students."
+So they are the ideal model.
+However, what we found was that the data shown in mice could not be replicated in humans.
+It seems impossible to stop the production of nitric oxide in human skin.
+We applied creams and injections that blocked the enzymes that make it. I couldn't stop nitric oxide.
+The reason is that, after a few years of research, we've learned that our skin has a vast reservoir of nitric oxide instead of nitric oxide. Because nitric oxide is a gas and it is released -- (puff!) -- and in a few seconds it disappears, but it can change to these forms of nitric oxide, nitrates, NO3. There is a nature. nitrites, NO2; nitrosothiols.
+And these are more stable, with a very large amount of NO stored in your skin.
+So we wondered if these big stores, about 10 times the size of the ones in circulation, could be activated with sunlight and released from the skin.
+Does the sun activate the reserves in the blood circulation and have a positive effect on the cardiovascular system in the blood circulation?
+I'm an experimental dermatologist, so I figured I needed to expose my experimental animals to sunlight.
+So what we did was get a bunch of volunteers and put them in the UV light.
+So these are a kind of sun lamps.
+Now, we noted that we wanted to separate our talk from vitamin D because vitamin D is produced by UVB rays.
+Therefore, we used ultraviolet A, which does not generate vitamin D.
+Circulating nitric oxide increased when people were under lamps for a period of time equivalent to about 30 minutes of sunlight in an Edinburgh summer.
+So, exposing patients with these symptoms to UV light increased NO levels and lowered blood pressure.
+Not much at the individual level, but enough at the population level to change the incidence of heart disease across the population.
+And none of this would have happened if you had been exposed to UV light or warmed up to the same level as the lamp and the rays hadn't actually hit the skin.
+In other words, this seems to be a characteristic of UV rays hitting the skin.
+We are still collecting data.
+There are some good points. This seems to be more pronounced in the elderly.
+I don't know the exact amount.
+One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law, but obviously I don't know her age.
+But certainly in people older than my wife this seems to have a more pronounced effect.
+And one more thing to mention is that there was no change in vitamin D.
+This is separate from vitamin D.
+So vitamin D is good for you. It prevents rickets, prevents calcium metabolism, and important things.
+However, this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.
+Now, one of the problems with watching blood pressure is that the body does everything it can to keep it the same.
+When your leg is cut off and you lose blood, your body tightens up, your heart rate increases, and you do whatever it takes to raise your blood pressure.
+It is an absolutely basic physiological principle.
+So, what we did next was to observe the dilation of blood vessels.
+So we measured - again noticed no tail and no hair, this is a medical student.
+In the arm, blood flow in the arm can be measured by how much the arm swells when blood flows into it.
+And what we've shown is that we're doing a fake irradiation -- that's the thick line here -- that's putting the UV on the arm to warm it up, but not letting the light hit the skin. Keep your arms covered.
+There is no change in blood flow or vasodilation.
+However, aggressive irradiation during UV irradiation and for 1 hour thereafter dilates blood vessels.
+This is a mechanism that lowers blood pressure and allows the coronary arteries to dilate to supply blood to the heart.
+So here's more data that UV light, or sunlight, benefits your blood flow and cardiovascular system.
+So we calculate the actual stores of nitric oxide—nitrates, nitrites, and nitrosothiols in the skin—as different amounts of UV light hit different parts of the globe at different times of the year. I tried to think of something like a model so that I could. -- Disconnect to release NO.
+Different wavelengths of light have different activities.
+So we can look at the wavelength of light that does that.
+If you live at the equator, the sun is directly overhead and comes through a very thin atmosphere.
+The amount of light is the same in both winter and summer.
+Living here, the sun hits pretty straight down in the summer, but in the winter the sun hits through a lot of the atmosphere, which filters out much of the UV light and reduces the range of wavelengths that hit the earth. Summer is different. to winter.
+What we can do is multiply these data by the NO released to calculate how much nitric oxide is released into the circulation from the skin.
+Now, if you were on the equator here, the two lines here, the red line and the purple line. The amount of nitric oxide released will be the area under the curve, the area in this space.
+This means that during December or June at the equator, a large amount of NO is being released from the skin.
+So Ventura is in Southern California.
+It might be nice to be near the equator in the summer.
+it's great. A large amount of NO is released.
+It's mid-winter in Ventura, well, there's still quite a bit.
+In Edinburgh in the summer the area under the curve is quite good, but in Edinburgh in the winter the amount of NO released is negligible and insignificant.
+So what do we think?
+We are still working on this story, in development and expansion.
+We think it's very important.
+This is probably the cause of much of the north-south health disparity in the UK, but it is also relevant to us.
+We know that the skin stores very large amounts of nitric oxide, as do many other forms.
+Many of these nitric oxides are found in diet, leafy green vegetables, beets, and lettuce, and are thought to reach the skin.
+They are then stored in the skin, and sunlight releases this, generally thought to have beneficial effects.
+This is an ongoing study, but a dermatologist, which means I am a dermatologist.
+My day job is telling people, "You have skin cancer. It's caused by the sun. Stay out of the sun."
+In fact, I think the more important message is that solar has both benefits and risks.
+Indeed, sunlight is the leading risk factor for skin cancer, but deaths from heart disease are 100 times more likely than deaths from skin cancer.
+And I think we need to be more aware and find the risk/benefit ratio.
+How much sunlight is safe, and how can we tune the optimal amount of sunlight for our overall health?
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+What I want to do this afternoon is something a little different than planned.
+On foreign policy, if you look at Rachel Maddow or someone, (laughter) I want to talk about youth and structure, youth and structure.
+This was last Wednesday afternoon at the Jesuit-run Cristo Rea High School in Brooklyn, New York.
+And I was talking to this group of students and look at them.
+They were around me on three sides.
+You will notice that almost all of them are in the minority.
+It can be seen that the building is rather solemn.
+It's an old New York schoolhouse, nothing flashy.
+I still have the old chalkboard.
+The school has about 300 children, is in its fourth year, and is about to graduate from its first class.
+22 will graduate and all 22 will go on to college.
+They all come from families where most of the time there is only one in the house, usually a mother or grandmother, and they come here for education and to organize themselves.
+Well, I had this photo taken and I put it on my Facebook page last week and someone wrote, "Wow, why are you giving him so much attention?"
+And they said, "But he looks good." (laughter) He sure looks nice, because kids need structure, and the trick I do at every function at school is when I'm done with a little honorific to the kids , prompting them to ask questions, and when they ask any questions, holding their hands, I say, 'Come up,' and raise them up to stand before me.
+I give them attention like soldiers.
+With your arms straight at your sides, look up, open your eyes, look straight ahead, and say your question loud enough for everyone to hear.
+No slouching or sagging pants.
+(Laughter.) And this young man, his name is -- his last name is Cruz -- he loved it. It was posted on his Facebook page and went viral.
+(Laughter.) That's why people think I'm unkind to this kid.
+No, I'm having some fun.
+And I've been doing this for years, but the younger they are, the more fun it is.
+When you put 6 and 7 year olds in a group, you have to figure out how to keep them quiet.
+They know that they will definitely start a yak.
+So I play a little game with them before I give them their attention.
+I say, "Now listen. In the military, when we want you to pay attention, we have an order. It's called 'Take it easy.' It means everyone please be quiet and pay attention and listen.
+do you understand? "
+"Hmm, hmm, hmm." "Let's practice. Everyone will start talking."
+Then he let it sit for about 10 seconds and then said, "Don't worry!"
+(Laughter) "Yes, General. Yes, General."
+Try it out with your child. Please check if it works. (Laughter) I don't think so.
+Anyway, this is the game I play and it clearly comes from my experience in the military.
+Because I've spent most of my adult life working with young kids with guns, teenagers as I call them.
+And then we bring them into the military, put them in a structured environment first, put them in ranks, make them all wear the same clothes, cut all their hair off so they look alike. I'm sure they are in line.
+We teach children how to do things right and left so they follow directions and understand the consequences of not following directions.
+It gives them structure.
+And introduce them to someone they quickly hate: a drill sergeant.
+and they hate him.
+And the drill sergeant started screaming at them and telling them to do all sorts of terrible things.
+But as time goes by the most amazing things happen.
+That structure is established, some reason is understood, and 'Mommy's not here, son.
+I'm your worst nightmare I am your daddy and mommy.
+And that's exactly what it is. Do you understand, son?
+Well, if I ask you a question, there are only three possible answers. No; no excuses, sir.
+Don't start saying why you didn't do anything.
+Yes, it is. No; no excuses, sir. "
+"You didn't shave." "But sir-" "No, don't say how often you rubbed your face this morning.
+You said you didn't shave. "
+"No excuses, sir." "Attaboy, you learn fast."
+But once you put them inside that structure, you'll be amazed at what you can do with it.
+In 18 weeks they have the skills. they are mature.
+And you know, they came to admire the drill sergeant and never forgot the drill sergeant.
+They came to respect him.
+So we need more of this kind of structure and respect in our children's lives.
+I spend a lot of time with youth groups and I tell people: "When does the educational process begin?"
+We are always talking about "let's fix the school".
+Let's do our best for our teacher. Let's put more computers in schools.
+Get it all online. "
+That's not the whole answer. that's part of the answer.
+But the real answer starts with getting the child's mind and soul structure into school first.
+When does the learning process start? Does it start in 1st grade?
+No, no, it begins when a child in his mother's arms looks up at his mother for the first time and says, "Oh, this must be my mother."
+She is the one who gives me food.
+Oh yeah, she takes care of me when I'm not feeling well.
+It is her language that I learn. "
+And at that moment they shut out every other language they might be learning at that age, but by three months it's her.
+And that's where the educational process begins, no matter who is doing it, mother or grandmother.
+Language starts from there.
+That's where love begins. From there the structure begins.
+That's when you start imprinting on your child that you are special and different from any other child in the world.
+And we will read to you. "
+Children who are not read to are at risk when they go to school.
+A child who doesn't know his own color, who doesn't know how to tell the time, who doesn't know how to tie his shoe laces, who doesn't know how to tie his shoes, is the word that was instilled in me when I was a child: "mind."
+Mind your manners! Attention adults! Be careful what you say!
+This is how children are brought up correctly.
+And I see my own little grandchildren coming in now, and they, much to the dismay of my children, are acting like us. Look? you imprint them.
+That is what we must do to prepare our children for education and school.
+And I'm working hard to get the message across that we need kindergarten, we need head start, we need prenatal care.
+The educational process begins before a child is born and without it you will be in big trouble.
+And we are facing challenges in so many communities and so many schools. The kids came to first grade, twinkling eyes, little knapsacks on their backs and ready to go, but then they realized. They are different from other 1st graders who have knowledge of books, have been read to, and have the alphabet.
+And in third grade, children who didn't have that structure or mindset to begin with, begin to find themselves falling behind.
+they play it. They play it off and are on the road to either going to jail or being a dropout.
+it is predictable.
+If you don't reach the proper reading level in 3rd grade, you can go to jail at 18. Imprisonment rates are highest because children are not given a proper start in life.
+The final chapter of my book is called The Gift of a Good Start.
+A gift to get you off to a good start. All children should have a good start in life.
+It was an honor to get off to such a good start.
+I wasn't a good student.
+I went to public school in New York City and didn't do very well.
+I have all grades from kindergarten through college from the New York City Board of Education.
+I wanted one when I was writing my first book.
+I wanted to see if my memory was correct, and to my surprise, it was. (laughs) Straight C everywhere.
+And I eventually recovered from high school and entered the City College of New York with a 78.3 average. I should not have been admitted. Then I started attending engineering school, which lasted only six months. (Laughter) And then I went into the field of geology, "rocks for jocks." It's easy.
+Then I found ROTC.
+I found what I was good at, what I wanted to do, and found a group of young people like me who felt the same way.
+As such, my entire life has been devoted to ROTC and the military.
+And I say to young children all over the world, as you grow and this structure develops within you, always look for what you are good at and what you want to do. , and when the two are found together, say: understood.
+That's what's happening. and that's what i found.
+Well, the CCNY authorities started getting sick of me being there.
+I have been there for four and a half years, and five years have passed.
+So they said, 'But he's doing very well at ROTC.
+Look, he gets straight A's in that area, but nothing else. "
+So they said, "Let's take his ROTC grades, plug them into the overall GPA, and see what happens."
+And they did and they upgraded me to 2.0. (laughs) Yes. (Laughter) (Applause) They said, 'Enough for government work.
+Hand him over to the military. I will never see him again. we will never see him again. "
+So they sent me into the army, and hey, years later, I'm considered one of the greatest sons the City University of New York has ever produced. (Laughter) So I say to young people all over the world, it's not where you start in life, it's what you do in life that determines where you end. No matter where you start, as long as you believe in yourself, believe in society and country, and believe that you can improve and educate yourself while doing it, you have a chance.
+And that is the key to success.
+But it starts with the gift of a good start.
+If we don't give each of our children that gift, if we don't invest in them from an early age, we're going to be in trouble.
+That is why there is an overall dropout rate of about 25 percent and nearly 50 percent of ethnic minorities living in low-income areas. Because they haven't received the gift of a good start.
+The gift to me that got me off to a good start was not only that I was blessed with a wonderful family, a good family, but also, "Now listen, we came to this country on banana boats in 1920 and 1924." I had a family member who told me,
+We worked like dogs every day in the apparel industry.
+I'm not doing this to stick something up my nose or get in trouble. And don't even think about dropping out. "
+If I went home and said to the immigrants, "I'm sick of school, I'm dropping out," they would say, . "
+(Laughter) They expected all of their cousins ​​and big immigrant families in the South Bronx, but they expected more from us.
+They pierced our hearts like daggers with a sense of shame: "Don't bring shame on this family."
+Sometimes I got into trouble and my parents came home and I sat there in my room waiting to see what would happen and I said to myself, 'Okay, here you have the belt. Hit me, but God, please don't make me feel 'familial shame' ever again."
+I was shocked when my mother did that to me.
+And I also had this extended network.
+Children need networks. Children should be part of tribes, families and communities.
+In my case, it was all my aunts who lived in these tenements.
+I don't know how many New Yorkers there were, but there was a building that looked like a row house, and the women were always out one of the windows and leaning back on their pillows.
+they never left. (laughter) God help me, I grew up walking those streets and they were always there.
+They never went to the bathroom. They never cooked. (Laughter) They didn't do anything.
+But what they did was keep us playing.
+They kept us playing.
+And they didn't care if you were a doctor, or a lawyer, or a general. As long as I got an education and got a job, I never expected to have a general in my family.
+"Don't give us anything like self-actualization.
+You get a job and leave home.
+There is no time to waste on that.
+And you can support us. That's your role. "
+Therefore, it is very important to bring this culture back into our families, all families.
+And while it is very important to believe that all of you here today are successful people and have wonderful families and children and grandchildren, it is not enough. We have to reach out, reach out, and find kids like Mr. Cruz. Give them structure, reach out and help them, mentor them, invest in boys and girls clubs, work hard and they will succeed. As for your school system, make sure it is the best school system. It's not only your child's school, it's a downtown Montessori school on the West Side, but also an uptown school in Harlem.
+We must all have the determination to do it.
+We are not just investing in our children.
+We invest in the future.
+In another generation, we will be a minority-to-majority nation.
+Those who are now called the minority will become the majority.
+And we need to see if they are ready for the majority.
+We have to see if they are ready to be the leaders of this great country, a country like no other, a country that surprises me every day, a difficult country. We are always arguing with each other.
+That's how the system works.
+It's such a contrasting country, but it's a nation within a nation.
+We are involved with every country. Every country influences us.
+We are a country of immigrants.
+That is why we need a sound immigration policy.
+It is ridiculous that we do not have a sound immigration policy to welcome those who want to come here and be part of this great nation. Otherwise, people can be sent back to their home countries with education to help them rise out of poverty.
+One of the great stories I love to tell is that I love going to my hometown, New York, walking down Park Avenue on a sunny day, marveling at everything, and seeing people from all over the world come and go. .
+But what I always have to do is stop at one of the street corners and get a hot dog from an immigrant wheelbarrow hawker.
+I need to get a dirty water dog. (Laughter.) And no matter where I am or what I'm doing, I have to.
+I did that when I was Secretary of State.
+I came out of my suite at the Waldorf Astoria--(laughter)--walking down the street looking for an immigrant wheelbarrow hawker around 55th Street.
+At the time, I had five bodyguards around me, and three New York City police cars drove by to make sure no one hit me as I walked down Park Avenue. (Laughter.) And when I ordered the guy a hot dog, he started fixing it, then looked around at the bodyguards and police cars and said, "I have a green card! I do." I have a green card! ’ (Laughter) ‘It’s okay, it’s okay’
+But now I am alone. I'm alone
+No bodyguards, no police cars. i don't have anything
+But I have to eat hot dogs.
+I just did it last week. It was a Tuesday evening by Columbus Circle.
+And the scene is repeated over and over again.
+I go in and ask for a hot dog and the guy fixes it and when he's done he says, "I know you. I've seen you on TV."
+You are, well, General Powell. "
+"Yes, yes." "Oh..." I give him the money.
+"No, General. You cannot pay me. I have already been paid.
+America paid me. I never forget where I came from.
+But now I am an American. Thank you teacher. "
+I accept its generosity and move on down the street, and it rushes over me, God, this is the same country that welcomed my parents like this 90 years ago.
+So, while we are still that great country, we are being energized by young people from all over the world, and as citizens who contribute to this great country, we want to make sure that no child is left behind. It is our duty to
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So where are the robots?
+For 40 years already, people have been saying that it will soon come true.
+Soon they will do everything for us.
+They will cook, clean, buy things, shop, and build. But they are not here.
+Meanwhile, illegal immigrants do all the work, but no robots.
+So what can we do about it? What can we say?
+So I want to offer a slightly different perspective on how you can look at these things in a slightly different way.
+Here is a 1988 x-ray of a real beetle and a Swiss watch. Looking at this, what was true then is certainly true today.
+I can still make art. suitable parts can be made.
+We can make circuits with decent computational power, but we can't really put them together to make something that actually works and is as adaptable as these systems.
+So let's look at it from another perspective.
+Summon the best designer, the mother of all designers.
+Let's see what evolution brings us.
+So we used bars, motors and neurons to create a primitive soup with lots of robotic parts.
+Put them all together and put them under some sort of natural selection, mutation, and reward them for how far they've made progress.
+It's a very simple task, but it's interesting what comes out of it.
+Looking at it, you can see that various machines have appeared from here. they all move around.
+They're all crawling differently and on the right side you can see that they actually made some of these things and they actually work. These aren't that great robots, but they evolved to do exactly what we're rewarding them for: moving forward. So all this was done in a simulation, but it can be done on a real machine as well.
+This is a physical robot that actually has a brain population and competes and evolves on machines.
+It's like a rodeo show. Everyone gets in the car and gets rewarded for how fast or how far they can propel it forward.
+These robots aren't ready to conquer the world yet, but you'll find them gradually learning how to move forward and running autonomously.
+So in these two examples, we basically had a machine that learned how to walk in simulation and another machine that learned how to walk in real life.
+But I would like to show you another approach. This is a four-legged robot right here.
+There are 8 motors, 4 in the knees and 4 in the hips.
+It also has two tilt sensors that let you know in which direction the machine is tilted.
+But this machine doesn't know what it is like.
+Looking at it, you can see that it has four legs. The machine doesn't know if it's a snake or if it's a tree. I have no idea what it looks like, but I'll try to find it.
+At first it will do some random behavior and try to figure out what it will be like.
+And you will see many self-models passing through its mind that try to explain the relationship between actuation and perception. Then, like a scientist in a lab, we try to take the second action that causes the most discrepancy between the predictions of these alternative models. Then do it, try to explain it, get rid of the self-model.
+This is the last cycle, and you can see that we have pretty much figured out what it's all about. And once we have a self-model, we can use it to derive patterns of locomotion.
+What you're looking at here are some machines, patterns of movement.
+We expected it to be a kind of evil, spidery gait, but instead it produced this rather clumsy way of advancing.
+But when you look at it, you have to remember that this machine didn't do any physical testing on how to move forward, nor did it have a model of its own.
+I had some idea of ​​what it was like and how to move forward, and tried it out.
+(Applause) So let's move on to another idea.
+I mean, what happened when there were a few of us - that's what happened when there were a few of you - OK, OK, OK - (laughter) - they don't like each other. So another robot exists.
+That's what happened when robots actually got rewarded for doing something.
+What if you just toss it in without any reward?
+You now have a cube like the one shown here.
+The cubes can rotate, turn sideways, and just throw 1,000 of these cubes into the soup (this is being simulated). And don't reward them with anything, just flip them over. We will inject energy into this and see what happens with some mutations.
+So nothing happens at first, it's just flipping there.
+But after a while, you'll see the blue stuff on the right start to appear.
+They start replicating themselves. Therefore, in the absence of rewards, the intrinsic reward is self-replication.
+We actually made some of these. This is part of a larger robot made out of these cubes.
+This is an accelerated view, where you can see the robot actually performing part of the replication process.
+This means that if you supply more materials (cubes in this case) and more energy to a robot, you can make another robot.
+Of course, this is a very crude machine, but we're working on a microscale version of this and hopefully the cube will be like powder to pour.
+So what can we learn? Of course, these robots aren't very useful on their own, but they might teach us something about how to build better robots, and perhaps how humans and animals create and learn models of themselves.
+And one of the things that I think is important is that we have to move away from the idea of ​​manually designing machines and actually let them evolve and learn like children. Perhaps that's how we get there. thank you.
+(applause)
+What I love most about being a dad is watching movies.
+I love sharing my favorite movies with my kids and when my daughter was 4 we watched The Wizard of Oz together.
+It completely dominated her imagination for months.
+Her favorite character was, of course, Glinda.
+It gave her the perfect excuse to wear a sparkly dress and carry a cane.
+But as you watch the movie over and over again, you start to realize how unusual it is.
+Now we live today and raise our children in a grand industrial complex that is a kind of children's fantasy.
+But "The Wizard of Oz" was isolated.
+This trend did not begin.
+Forty years later, the trend really took off, and interestingly enough, there was another movie about a man in metal and a hairy man disguised as an enemy guard and rescuing a girl.
+do you know what i'm talking about? (Laughter) Right.
+Now, there are some big differences between those two movies, and some really big differences between The Wizard of Oz and all the movies we see today.
+For one, The Wizard of Oz has very little violence.
+Monkeys are quite aggressive, as are apple trees.
+But if The Wizard of Oz were made today, the wizard would say, "Dorothy, you are the savior of Oz that the prophecy predicted.
+Use your magic slippers to defeat the computer-generated army of evil witches. "
+But it doesn't happen.
+Another thing that makes The Wizard of Oz really unique to me is that the most heroic, wise and even villainous characters are all women.
+Now, when I started to realize this a few years later when I actually showed my daughter Star Wars, things were different.
+I also had a son at that time.
+He was only three years old at the time.
+He wasn't invited to the screening. he was too young for that.
+However, he was the second child and the level of supervision had declined sharply. (Laughter) So he wandered in there and it was imprinted on him like a parent duck does to a baby duckling. I don't think he understands what's going on, but he's certainly immersed in that world.
+And what is he immersed in?
+Does he understand themes of courage, perseverance, and loyalty?
+Is he aware of the fact that Luke joined the military to overthrow the government?
+Is he aware of the fact that apart from Aunt Belle and of course this princess, there are only boys in the universe? This princess is really cool, but it feels like she waits most of the movie to give the hero a medal. A medal and a wink to thank him for saving the universe with the magic he was born with?
+Compare this to 1939's The Wizard of Oz.
+How did Dorothy win the movie?
+By getting along with everyone and being a leader.
+That's the kind of world I want to raise my children in -- Oz, right? -- and we shouldn't be in a world where men fight.
+Why are there so many Forces (capital F, Force) in the movies we show our children, but so few yellow brick roads?
+There are many excellent books about the impact of juvenile violence films on girls, so be sure to read them. This is very nice.
+I haven't read much about how boys perceive this atmosphere.
+I know from my own experience that Princess Leia didn't provide the right background to help me navigate the adult world of co-education. (Laughter) I think there was that first kiss moment where I really expected the credits to start rolling because the movie was over.
+Completed the quest and got the girl.
+why are you still standing there?
+I don't know what to do.
+The movie is so focused on defeating villains and getting rewarded, there isn't much room for other relationships and other journeys.
+It's as if if you're a boy you're a stupid animal and if you're a girl you should bring a warrior costume.
+There are many exceptions, but I will protect the Disney princesses in front of everyone.
+But they are sending the message to boys that they are not, boys are not the real target.
+They do an amazing job of teaching girls how to protect themselves from patriarchy, but they don't necessarily teach boys how to protect themselves from patriarchy.
+They don't have models.
+And there are some wonderful women who are writing new stories for our children. As much as Hermione and Katniss are three-dimensional and fun, these are still war movies.
+And, of course, the most successful studios of all time have gone on to produce one masterpiece after another, each one about the journey of a boy, a man, two friends, or a man and his son. Or two men raising a little girl.
+Until "Brave" finally came out this year, as many think.
+I recommend it to everyone. It's on demand now.
+Remember what the critics said when "Brave" was released?
+"Oh, I can't believe Pixar made a princess movie."
+This is very nice. Don't stop there.
+Well, few of these movies pass the Bechdel test.
+I don't know if you've heard of this.
+It hasn't become popular yet, but I might start exercising today.
+Alison Bechdel is a cartoonist who recorded a conversation with a friend in the mid-80s about rating movies.
+And it's so easy. There are only three questions to ask. Are there more than one spoken female character in the film?
+So come meet the bar.
+And do these women talk to each other at some point in the movie?
+And are their conversations about anything other than the men they both like? (laughs) Right? thank you. (Thank you for applause.
+Two women present and discussing something with each other.
+it happens. I've seen it, but we rarely see it in the movies we know and love.
+Actually, this week I went to see a very good quality movie "Argo".
+right? Oscar buzz, box office success, shared ideas about what a quality Hollywood movie is.
+It barely passed the Bechdel test.
+And I don't think it should, because most of the movie, I don't know if you've seen it, takes place in this embassy where men and women are hiding during a hostage crisis. Because there is
+There are quite a few scenes in this lair where the guys have deep, anxious conversations, but the best part is when one of the actresses looks through the door and says, "Are you coming to bed, honey?"
+That's Hollywood for you.
+Now let's look at the numbers.
+Out of the 100 most popular movies of 2011, how many do you think actually had a female lead?
+eleven. not bad.
+This is not as many percentages as the number of women we just elected to Congress, so that's a good thing.
+But there's a number bigger than this that makes this room crumble.
+Last year, the New York Times published the findings of a government-conducted survey.
+Here is its content.
+One in five American women say they have been sexually assaulted at some point in their lives.
+Right now, I don't think it's because of mass entertainment.
+I don't think children's movies have anything to do with it.
+I don't even think music videos or porn is directly related to that, but something is wrong. This statistic reminds me that there are many sexual assaulters.
+Who are these people? What are they learning?
+What have they not learned?
+Are they absorbing the story of a friendless, mute woman who violently defeats a villain, and that it is the male hero's job to receive the reward?
+Are we into the story?
+You know, as privileged parents raising daughters like all of you doing the same thing, we find this world and this statistic very alarming and we want them to be prepared. I think.
+We have tools at our disposal like “girl power” and we hope it helps, but at the same time, actively or passively, we train our sons to keep up. If so, I wonder if girl power can protect them. what about their boy power?
+So we think of Netflix queues as one of the ways we can do something very important. I'm mainly talking to the dads here.
+I think we have to show our sons a new definition of masculinity.
+The definition of masculinity is already being turned upside down.
+I've read about how the new economy is changing the roles of caregivers and wage workers.
+they are throwing it up in the air.
+So our sons will have to find some way to adapt to this, a new relationship with each other. I think we need to really show and set an example of how a real man trusts and respects his sisters. I want to join their team and stand up to the real bad guys who want to abuse women.
+And our job in the Netflix queue is to see if we can find a movie that passes the Bechdel test, the heroines out there, showing true courage, uniting people, our sons. Invite them to empathize with the heroines and say, "I want to be on their team." Because they join their team.
+Do you know what my daughter said when I asked her who was her favorite Star Wars character?
+Obi-Wan.
+Obi-Wan Kenobi and Glinda.
+What do these two have in common?
+Maybe it's not all about glittery dresses.
+I think these people are experts.
+I think the two people in this film are more knowledgeable than anyone else and love sharing their knowledge with others so they can reach their potential.
+Now they are the leaders.
+I like that kind of quest with my daughter, and I like that kind of quest with my son.
+I want more quests like that.
+I find myself doing less quests where my son tells me to go out and fight alone and joining a team, perhaps a team led by a woman, to help other people get better and better. I want you to increase the number of quests that you understand to be the work of People like Wizard of Oz.
+thank you.
+Thus the war begins.
+One day, you're living a normal life, planning parties, dropping the kids off at school, and making dentist appointments.
+Then the phones are off, the television is off, there are armed men in the streets and barricades.
+As you know, your life will be in suspended animation.
+Stop.
+Let's hear from my friend, a Bosnian friend, what happened to her. Because I think it describes exactly what it feels like.
+One day in April 1992, she was wearing a miniskirt and high heels to work. She worked at a bank.
+she was a young mother. She was a party lover.
+great man.
+And suddenly she saw a tank roaming the highways of Sarajevo, knocking everything out of its path.
+She thinks she's dreaming, but she's not.
+And she runs and hides like all of us do, wearing high heels and a miniskirt and hiding behind a trash can.
+When she was hiding there, she felt silly, but when she saw this chariot with soldiers and people on board, chaosing all around, she thought, 'Alice in Wonderland I feel like I'm going down the rabbit hole and down and down If I get confused, my life will never be the same again."
+A few weeks later, a friend of mine was in the crowd trying to get on a bus to hand him over to a stranger with his young son in his arms. The bus was one of the last to leave Sarajevo to keep the children safe.
+And she remembers wrestling in front of a crowd with her mother, "Take my child! Take my child!"
+Then I handed my son over to someone through the window.
+And she hadn't seen him in years.
+The siege lasted three and a half years, a siege without water, electricity, electricity, heating or food in the middle of mid-20th century Europe.
+I felt privileged to be one of the reporters who survived the siege. And I am honored to be one of the reporters who survived the siege. Because it taught me everything about being a human being, not just being a reporter.
+I learned about compassion.
+I learned about ordinary people who can be heroes.
+I learned about sharing. I learned about friendship.
+Most of all, I learned about love.
+How can ordinary people help their neighbors, share food, raise their children, and shoot from the middle of the road, even in the midst of terrible destruction and death and chaos, while risking their own lives? I learned how I can drag out people who are being abused. Help get people into taxis to take the injured to the hospital.
+I learned so much about myself.
+One of my heroes, Martha Gellhorn, once said, "You can only love one war. The rest are your responsibility."
+I covered countless wars after that, but none were as good as Sarajevo.
+Last April, I was back at a very strange, so-called insane high school reunion.
+It was the 20th anniversary of the siege and the beginning of the Siege of Sarajevo. I don't like the word "anniversary". Because, although it sounds like a party, this wasn't a party.
+It was a very solemn gathering of reporters, humanitarian workers and of course the brave and brave people of Sarajevo themselves who worked there during the war.
+And the thing that shocked me the most and broke my heart was walking down the main street of Sarajevo. My friend Aida saw tanks coming there 20 years ago. There were more than 12,000 empty red chairs on that road, and all the chairs were empty. Only one of them represented those who died during the siege in Sarajevo only, not all of Bosnia, and it stretched from the edge of the city to most of the city, and to me the saddest There was a tiny little chair for the kids.
+I cover Syria now, and I started reporting because I believed it needed to be done.
+I believe the story must be told there.
+Once again, the Bosnian War was typical.
+And when I first arrived in Damascus, I witnessed this strange moment when people didn't seem to believe there was going to be a war. It was exactly the same in Bosnia and almost every other country I have ever seen where a war started.
+People don't want to believe it's coming, so they won't leave, and they won't leave before they can.
+They don't withdraw money.
+They stay because you want to stay home.
+Then comes war and chaos.
+Rwanda is a very memorable place for me.
+In 1994, I left Sarajevo to cover the genocide in Rwanda.
+Between April and August 1994, one million people were slaughtered.
+Now, if 12,000 chairs amazes me, I want you to think for a moment about 1 million chairs.
+To name a few, I remember standing in the street for at least a mile and looking down and seeing a pile of bodies twice my height.
+And that was just a fraction of the dead.
+And there were mothers holding their children in their final death throes.
+So we learn a lot from war. I mention Rwanda because places like South Africa still see healing after nearly 20 years.
+Fifty-six percent of members of parliament are women, which is great. It is also now stated in the constitution that speaking Hutu or Tutsi is not actually allowed.
+Identifying a person by ethnicity is not allowed. Of course, that was the beginning of the carnage in the first place.
+And an aid worker friend of mine told me the most beautiful story, or I think it's beautiful.
+There was a group of mixed Hutu and Tutsi children and a group of women adopting them, they lined up and only one was given to the next.
+You are a Tutsi, you are a Hutu, you could have killed my mother, you could have killed my father, there was no compensation.
+They came together in exactly this kind of form of reconciliation, which I think is amazing.
+So when people ask me how and why I continue to cover war, this is the reason.
+In fact, when I return to Syria next week, I see some incredibly heroic people, among them for democracy, for what we take for granted every day. Some are fighting.
+And that's pretty much why I do it.
+In 2004 I had a little boy. I call him a miracle child. Because after so much death and destruction, chaos and darkness in my life, this ray of hope was born.
+And I called him Luke. It means 'the light-bearer' because he brings light into my life.
+But I'm referring to him because when he was four months old, a foreign editor forced me to return to Baghdad and I covered him during Saddam's regime and the fall of Baghdad and ever since. Because I have a memory of getting on an airplane at the place where I used to be. I was on the plane in tears, crying over being separated from my son. While I was there, a very famous Iraqi politician who was a friend of mine said to me: "What are you doing here?"
+Why aren't you at home with Luca? "
+And I said, "Well, I have to see." 2004 marked the beginning of an incredibly bloody era in Iraq, saying: "We have to see what's going on here. We have to see.
+must be reported. "
+And he said, "Go home, if you miss his first tooth, if you miss his first step, you will never forgive yourself.
+But there will always be another war. "
+And, sadly, war happens all the time.
+And as a journalist, as a reporter, as a writer, I would be deceiving myself to think that my actions could stop them. I can not do it.
+I am not Kofi Annan. He cannot stop the war.
+He tried to negotiate with Syria, but was unable to do so.
+I am not a United Nations conflict resolution officer.
+I'm not even a humanitarian doctor, and I can't express how helpless I felt when people died in front of me and I couldn't save them.
+I'm all a witness
+My role is to give voice to the voiceless.
+A colleague of mine described it as shedding light on the darkest corners of the world.
+And that's what I'm trying to do.
+It's not always successful, and it can be incredibly frustrating at times. Because you feel like you're writing in the blanks, or that no one cares.
+Who cares about Syria? Who cares about Bosnia?
+Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Sierra Leone, who cares about these places I'll never forget?
+But my expert is to testify, and for us reporters who do this, that's the crux, the crux of the matter.
+And all I can really do is hope, not to policy makers and politicians. Because as much as I want to believe they will read my words and do something, I am not going to deceive myself.
+But I hope that if you remember what I said and my story tomorrow morning over breakfast, if you remember the story of Sarajevo and the story of Rwanda , is that my work is done.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So I want to talk to you tonight about two things.
+The first is that teaching and performing surgery is really hard.
+And secondly, language is one of the most serious things that separate us all over the world.
+And in my little corner of the world, those two things are actually related, and I want to share with you tonight how it is.
+No one wants surgery now.
+Who underwent surgery here?
+did you want it?
+Raise your hand if you want surgery.
+No one wants surgery.
+In particular, no one wants surgery that uses such instruments to make large incisions, cause a lot of pain, take a lot of time off from work or school, and leave a lot of scars.
+But if you need to have surgery, what you really want is minimally invasive surgery.
+That's what I want to tell you tonight - how doing and teaching this kind of surgery has led us in our quest for a better universal translator.
+Now, this type of surgery is tough, and it starts with putting the person to sleep, putting carbon dioxide into the abdomen, inflating it like a balloon, and piercing the abdomen with a sharp object. This is dangerous. Take your instrument and watch it on your TV screen.
+So let's see what it's like.
+Gallbladder surgery.
+In the United States alone, we put on over a million performances a year.
+This is the real deal. there is no blood.
+And you can see how focused the surgeon is and how much concentration is required.
+You can tell by looking at their faces.
+Hard to teach and not so easy to learn.
+About 5 million of these are in the United States, and perhaps 20 million worldwide.
+You've probably heard the saying, "He's a born surgeon."
+Let me tell you, surgeons aren't born.
+No surgeon is born.
+We don't have the little tanks in which we train our surgeons.
+Surgeons are trained one step at a time.
+It starts with the foundation, basic skills.
+We learn to build on that, preferably taking people to the operating room and being an assistant there.
+Then we teach them to be surgeons in training.
+And after doing all this for about five years, he gets the coveted board certification.
+If surgery is required, it should be done by a certified surgeon.
+Earn your board certification and be able to participate in practice.
+And with any luck, you'll eventually reach the master.
+That foundation is so important today that some of us at SAGES, the largest general surgery society in the United States, are committed to ensuring that all surgeons who practice minimally invasive surgery have a strong foundation of knowledge. started a training program in the late 1990s for and the skills necessary to proceed.
+Now the science behind this is so strong that it has become a requirement by the American Board of Surgeons for young surgeons to be certified.
+It's not a lecture or a course. A high-stakes rating is added to all of them.
+it's difficult.
+Well, just last year, one of our partners, the American College of Surgeons, worked with us to require all surgeons to be FLS (Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery) certification before performing minimally invasive surgery. announced that there is
+And are we talking only about people here in the US and Canada?
+No, I said all the surgeons.
+So spreading this education and training all over the world is a huge undertaking and a great personal pleasure for me as a globetrotter.
+SAGES performs surgeries around the world, mentoring and educating surgeons.
+So we have a problem. One issue is distance.
+We cannot travel anywhere.
+We need to make the world a smaller place.
+And I think we can develop some tools to do so.
+One of my personal favorite tools is the use of video.
+So I was inspired by a friend.
+My name is Alan Okreinek and I live in Toronto.
+And he proved that you can actually use video conferencing to teach people how to do surgery.
+There, Alan teaches English-speaking surgeons in Africa these basic skills needed to perform minimally invasive surgery.
+I am very grateful.
+But this exam is really hard and has problems.
+Only 14 percent of those who say they speak English pass.
+For them, it's an English exam, not a surgery exam.
+We will deliver to your location.
+I work at Cambridge Hospital.
+It is the primary educational facility of Harvard Medical School.
+We have over 100 translators covering 63 languages, and we spend millions of dollars on small hospitals alone.
+It is a labor intensive task.
+Given the global burden of trying to speak to patients, not just teaching surgeons, the world lacks translators.
+We need to leverage technology to assist in this quest.
+Everyone comes to our hospital, from Harvard professors to people who just arrived here last week.
+And you have no idea how hard it is to talk to someone or take care of someone you can't talk to.
+Also, an interpreter is not always available.
+So you need a tool.
+We need universal translators.
+One thing I want to leave you with when you think about this talk is that this talk is not just about what we preach to the world.
+That's actually setting up the dialogue.
+We have much to learn.
+Here in the United States, we spend more money per capita for less-than-better results than many countries in the world.
+Maybe we have something to learn too.
+That is why I am passionate about teaching these FLS skills around the world.
+Over the past year, I have traveled to Latin America and China to talk about the basics of laparoscopic surgery.
+And the barrier wherever I go is, "We want this, but we need it in our language."
+So here's what we'd like to do: Imagine being able to give a lecture and talk to people in your native language at the same time.
+I want to use technology to talk seamlessly, accurately and cost-effectively with people from Asia, Latin America, Africa and Europe.
+And it should be two-way.
+They too have to teach us something.
+That's a big job.
+So we searched for a versatile translator. I thought there would be one.
+Web pages have translation capabilities, mobile phones have translation capabilities, but not enough to teach surgery.
+Because you need a dictionary. What are dictionaries?
+A lexicon is a collection of words that describe a domain.
+I need a medical glossary.
+For that you need a dictionary of surgery.
+That's a difficult order. we have to work on it.
+So let me show you what we do.
+This is research and cannot be purchased.
+We're working with the folks at IBM Research's Accessibility Center to piece together the technology for Universal Translator.
+It starts with a framework system that adds another technology for video conferencing when a surgeon gives a lecture using the framework of subtitling technology.
+But we don't have the words yet, so we'll add a third technology.
+Now that we have a word, we can apply a special source: translation.
+Show words in a window and apply magic.
+We are working on our fourth technology.
+And now you have access to 11 language pairs.
+As we think about making the world a smaller place, more will come.
+And I want to show you a prototype that ties together all of these technologies that don't necessarily communicate with each other to be useful.
+Narrator: Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery.
+Module 5: Practice Manual Skills.
+Students can view captions in their native language.
+Steven Schwaitzberg: If you live in Latin America, click the "I want it in Spanish" button and it will show you Spanish in real time.
+But even if you happen to be sitting in Beijing at the same time, if you use technology in a constructive way, you will be able to understand in Mandarin and understand in Russian without a human interpreter. .
+But it's a lecture.
+If you remember what I said about FLS at the beginning, it's knowledge and skills.
+How well you move your hand may make the difference.
+So let's take it one step further. I brought my friend Alan back.
+Alan Okleinek: Today we're going to practice suturing.
+Here's how to hold the needle.
+Grasp the tip of the needle.
+Accuracy is important.
+Aim at the black dot.
+Orient the loop in this direction.
+Now let's cut.
+very good oscar. See you next week.
+SS: So that's what we're working on in our quest for a universal translator.
+We want it to be two-way.
+We need to learn as well as teach.
+I can think of millions of uses for such a tool.
+Thinking about technology at the intersection, everyone has a cell phone with a camera, but we could potentially use this everywhere: healthcare, patient care, engineering, law, meetings, video translation.
+It's a tool everywhere.
+To break down barriers, you have to learn to talk to people and request that they work on translation.
+We need it in our daily lives to make the world a smaller place.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+The theme of my talk today is "Become an Artist Now".
+Most people get nervous and resist when it comes to this topic. "Art doesn't feed me, and I'm busy right now."
+Going to school, finding a job, sending the kids to classes..." you think, "I'm too busy." I don't have time for art. "
+There are hundreds of reasons why we can't be artists now.
+Doesn't it just pop into your head?
+There are many reasons why we can't, but really I don't know why we should.
+I don't know why you should be an artist, but there are many reasons why you can't be an artist.
+Why are people so quick to resist the idea of ​​associating themselves with art?
+Perhaps you think that art is for people who are very talented, or who are thoroughly professionally trained.
+And some may think that I have strayed too far from art.
+Maybe so, but I don't think so.
+This is the subject of my lecture today.
+We are all born artists.
+If you have children, you know what I mean.
+Almost everything children do is art.
+They draw on the wall with crayons.
+They dance to Son Dam Bi's dance on TV, but it's not Son Dam Bi's dance, it's the children's own dance.
+There they dance strange dances and force everyone to sing.
+Perhaps their art is something only parents can endure, and they practice such art all day long, so it honestly gets a little tiring around kids.
+Children sometimes act out monodrama. Play house is indeed monodrama or theatrical.
+And some children start lying when they get a little older.
+Parents usually remember the first time their child told a lie.
+they are shocked.
+"Now you're showing your true self," Mom says. She wonders, "Why would he imitate his father?"
+She asks him, "What kind of person are you going to be?"
+But don't worry.
+The story begins the moment the children begin to lie.
+They talk about things they didn't see.
+very. Great moment.
+Parents should celebrate.
+"Hurray! My child is finally starting to lie!"
+have understood! It calls for celebration.
+For example, a child might say, "Mom, what do you think? I met an alien on my way home."
+A typical mother would then say, "Don't be so silly."
+Now, the ideal parent is someone who answers: "Really? Aliens? What was it like? Did you say something?
+"Where did you meet?" "Um, in front of the supermarket."
+When having a conversation like this, the child must figure out what to say next in order to take responsibility for what he or she started saying.
+The story unfolds quickly.
+Of course, it's a childish story, but thinking about sentences one after another is the same for professional writers like me.
+Essentially, they don't change.
+Roland Barthes once said of Flaubert's novels, "Flauber did not write novels.
+He just put the sentences together piece by piece.
+Eros between sentences, that is the essence of Flaubert's novel. "
+Yes, novels are basically written one sentence and then the next sentence without encroaching on the scope of the first sentence.
+And you keep making connections.
+Let's look at this sentence. "One morning when Gregor Samsa awoke from disturbing dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a monstrous vermin."
+This is the opening sentence of Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis.
+Kafka's work, which wrote such an unfair sentence and continued to write to justify it, has become a masterpiece of modern literature.
+Kafka did not show his work to his father.
+He didn't have a good relationship with his father.
+He wrote these sentences himself.
+If he had shown his father that my child had finally lost it, he would have thought so.
+And that's right. Art is about going a little crazy and justifying the following sentence, but it's not much different from what a child would do.
+A child who has just begun to lie has taken his first steps as a storyteller.
+Children do art.
+They don't get tired and have fun.
+I went to Jeju Island a few days ago.
+Most children love to play in the water when they are on the beach.
+But some of them spend a lot of time in the sand, making mountains and seas, that is, not the sea, but various things, people, dogs, and so on.
+However, the parents say, "The waves will wash everything away."
+In other words, it's a waste.
+No need.
+But kids don't mind.
+They enjoy the moment and continue playing in the sand.
+Children don't do things because someone tells them to.
+I don't tell my boss or anyone else, I just do it.
+When you were a child, you probably enjoyed the fun of primitive art.
+When I ask my students to write about their happiest moments, many write about their early artistic experiences as children.
+Learning the piano for the first time and playing duets with a friend, or doing a stupid skit with a stupid friend.
+Or the moment you developed the first film shot on your old camera.
+They talk about experiences like this.
+You must have had those moments too.
+In that moment, art makes me happy because it's not my job.
+Work is not happy, right? Most of the time it's tough.
+This is a famous quote by French writer Michel Tournier.
+It's actually kind of naughty.
+“Work is against human nature. Evidence that it wears us out.”
+right? If work is human nature, why is work exhausting us?
+You can play without getting tired.
+I can play all night long.
+If we work all night, we have to pay overtime.
+why? Because it's tiring and makes you feel tired.
+But children usually do art for fun. I'm playing
+They don't paint to sell their work to clients, or play the piano to earn money for their families.
+Of course there were children who had to.
+You know this gentleman, right?
+He had to travel all over Europe to feed his family, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, but that was centuries ago, so we can make an exception for him.
+Unfortunately, our art, such a pleasant pastime, comes to an end at some point.
+Children have to go to lessons, go to school, do their homework, and of course take piano and ballet lessons, but that's not fun anymore.
+You are told to do it, and competition is born. How can we have fun?
+If you continue to draw on the wall even when you are in elementary school, you will surely get into trouble with your mother.
+Plus, as you get older, you'll feel more and more pressure as you continue to act like an artist. People will question your actions and demand that you behave appropriately.
+This is my story. When I was in 8th grade, I entered a painting contest at a school in Gyeongbokgung Palace.
+As I was working hard, my teacher came and asked me, "What are you doing?"
+“I am painting hard,” I said.
+"Why do you only use black?"
+Admittedly, I diligently blacked out my sketchbook.
+And I explained, "It's a dark night and a crow is perched on a branch."
+Then the teacher said, "Really? Yongha, you may not be good at drawing, but you have a talent for telling stories."
+Or so I hoped.
+"Well, I'll get it, you bastard!" was the reply. (Laughter) "I know!" he said.
+They were supposed to draw palaces, courtyards, etc., but I was dragged out of the group because I was painting them all in black.
+I was very embarrassed because there were many girls.
+None of my explanations or excuses were heard and it worked really well.
+If he had been an ideal teacher, he would have encouraged me by saying, as I said earlier, "Yongha may not have a talent for drawing, but he does have a talent for storytelling."
+But such teachers are rarely found.
+After that, I grew up and went to European galleries because I was a college student, and I thought this was really unfair.
+look what i found. (Laughter.) While I was punished and stood in front of the palace with a painting in my mouth, these works were hanging in Basel.
+Look at this. Doesn't it look like wallpaper?
+I later found out that contemporary art cannot be explained by my trivial story.
+Crows are not bred.
+Most of the works are untitled, Untitled.
+Anyway, 20th century contemporary art is about doing something weird and filling the void with explanations and interpretations - essentially the same as mine.
+Of course, my work was very amateurish, but let's turn to a more famous example.
+This is Picasso's.
+He stuck his handlebars into the seat of his bike and dubbed it "Bull's Head". Sounds convincing, right?
+Then a urinal was placed on the side and called a "fountain".
+It was Duchamp.
+So, narrative bridging the gap between explanation and strange deeds is what contemporary art is all about.
+Picasso even said, "I don't paint what I see, but what I think."
+That's right, I didn't have to draw Kyung Hoel.
+I wanted to know what Picasso said at the time. I could have had a better discussion with my teacher.
+Unfortunately, the little artists among us suffocate before they can fight the oppressors of art.
+they will be trapped.
+That is our tragedy.
+So what happens when little artists are locked up, banished, or even killed?
+Our artistic appetite never goes away.
+We want to express, we want to reveal ourselves, but now that the artist is dead, the artistic desire manifests itself in darker ways.
+At karaoke bars, there's always someone singing "She's Gone" or "Hotel California" while mimicking guitar riffs.
+They usually sound terrible. Really bad.
+Some people transform into rockers like this.
+Or some people dance in clubs.
+People who would love to tell stories end up trolling the internet all night long.
+That's how writing talent shows up on the dark side.
+Sometimes I see dads more excited than kids playing with Lego or building plastic robots.
+"Don't touch it. Daddy will do it for you," he said.
+The child has lost interest and is doing something else, but the father alone builds a castle.
+This shows that the artistic impulses within us are being suppressed rather than extinguished.
+However, they often display themselves negatively in the form of jealousy.
+Do you know the song "I want to appear on TV"? Why do you like it?
+There are a lot of people on TV doing things that we wanted to do but never did.
+They dance, they act, and the more they do, the more they get admired.
+So we start to envy them.
+We take the remote control and become a dictator and start criticizing the people inside the TV.
+"He just can't act." "You call it singing? She can't hit notes."
+We say things like this simply.
+We are jealous not because we are evil, but because we have a little artist trapped inside us.
+I think so.
+What should I do then?
+Yes, it is.
+Now we have to start our art.
+Right now, we can turn off the TV, log off the Internet, get up and do something.
+Where I teach students at drama schools, there is a course called Dramatics.
+All students must put on a play in this course.
+However, acting majors shouldn't be acting.
+For example, they can write plays, and writers can work on set art.
+Similarly, a set design student may become an actor and put on a show.
+At first, the students were worried about whether they could really do it, but after that it was a lot of fun. I rarely see people acting miserable.
+In schools, in the military, in psychiatric hospitals, once you let them do it, they enjoy it.
+I saw this happening in the military - a lot of people were enjoying the theater.
+i have a different experience. In my writing class, I give my students a special challenge.
+I have students like you in my class, but many of them don't major in writing.
+Some people major in art or music and think they can't write.
+So I give them a blank sheet of paper and a theme.
+It can even be a simple theme. Write about your most unfortunate childhood experiences.
+There is one condition. I have to write like crazy. Like crazy!
+They walk around while encouraging them to “do your best, do your best.” They have to write like crazy for an hour or two.
+They only have the first five minutes to think.
+The reason I make them write like crazy is because when you write slowly and different thoughts cross your mind, the art devil creeps in.
+This devil will tell you hundreds of reasons why you can't write. "People will laugh at you. This is not good writing!"
+what kind of sentence is this? Look at your handwriting! "
+They will say many things.
+You have to run fast so the devil can't catch up.
+The really good essays I've seen in class weren't from assignments with long deadlines, but from students doing pencils in front of me for 40-60 minutes of immersive writing.
+Students fall into a kind of trance.
+After 30 or 40 minutes, they write without knowing what they are writing.
+And at this moment the persistent demon disappears.
+So I can say this: there aren't hundreds of reasons why one can't be an artist, but rather the one reason one can be an artist.
+It doesn't matter why we can't be anything.
+Most artists became artists for one reason only.
+When we put the demons to sleep in our hearts and start our own art, the enemy will appear on the outside.
+Most often they have the faces of our parents. (Laughter.) Sometimes they may look like our spouses, but they are not your parents or your spouse.
+they are devils demons.
+They came to Earth in a short-term metamorphosis to stop you from being an artist, from being an artist.
+And they have a magic question.
+When I say, "I'd like to try acting. There's a drama school at the community center," or "I'd like to learn Italian songs."
+The magic question is "for what?"
+But art is not what it is for.
+Art is the ultimate goal.
+It saves our soul and makes us live happily.
+It helps you express yourself and be happy without the help of alcohol or drugs.
+So you have to be bold with practical questions like this.
+You should say, "Well, it's just fun. I'm sorry I'm having fun without you." "I'm going to go ahead and try anyway."
+The ideal future I envision is that we all have multiple identities, at least one of which is an artist.
+One time I was in New York and took a taxi. When I sat in the back seat, I could see something related to theater in front of me.
+So I asked the driver, "What is this?"
+He said it was his profile. "So what are you?" I asked. "An actor," he said.
+He was also a taxi driver and an actor. "What kind of role do you usually play?" I asked.
+He proudly said he played King Lear.
+King Lear.
+"Who can tell me who I am?" -- Great line from King Lear.
+That's the world I dream of.
+Some people are golfers by day and writers by night.
+Or taxi drivers and actors, bankers and painters show their art in secret or in public.
+In 1990, modern dance legend Martha Graham came to Korea.
+When the great artist, who was in her 90s at the time, arrived at Gimpo Airport, reporters asked her typical questions. "What do you have to do to be a great dancer?"
+Do you have any advice for aspiring Korean dancers? "
+She was the master now. This photo was taken in 1948, when she was already a famous artist.
+In 1990 she was asked this question.
+And her answer is: "Just do it."
+oh. I was impressed.
+After saying those three words, she left the airport. that's it.
+So what should we do now?
+Become an artist now. straight away. how?
+just do it!
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I am here today to speak of a disturbing question, to which there is an equally disturbing answer.
+My subject is domestic violence secrets, and the problem I am trying to address is one of the questions that everyone has all the time. "Why is she staying here?"
+Why would anyone stay with a man who hits her?
+I am not a psychiatrist, social worker, or domestic violence expert.
+I'm just one woman with a story to tell.
+I was 22 years old and had just graduated from Harvard University.
+I moved to New York City for my first job as a writer and editor for Seventeen magazine.
+I had my first apartment, my first little green American Express card, and I had a very big secret.
+My secret was that this gun loaded with hollow point bullets was pointed at my head many times by the man I thought was my soulmate.
+The man I loved more than anyone on earth put a gun to my head and threatened to kill me more times than I can remember.
+I've come here for the story of crazy love, a psychological trap masquerading as love that millions of women, and even a few men, fall into each year.
+It could be your story.
+I don't look like a typical domestic violence survivor.
+I have a bachelor's degree. He has a degree in English from Harvard University and an MBA in Marketing from Wharton Business School.
+I have spent most of my career working for Fortune 500 companies, including Johnson & Johnson. Johnson, Leo Burnett, Washington Post.
+I have been married to my second husband for almost 20 years and have 3 children.
+My dog ​​is a black lab and drives a Honda Odyssey minivan.
+(Laughter.) So my first message to you all is that domestic violence can happen to anyone, any race, any religion, any income or education level.
+it is everywhere.
+And my second message is that everyone thinks domestic violence happens to women and is a women's problem.
+not exactly.
+More than 85 percent of abusers are men, and domestic violence only occurs in close, interdependent, long-term relationships. In other words, in the family, where we least want or expect violence, this is one reason why domestic abuse is so serious. Get confusing.
+I would have told myself I was the last person on earth to be with a man who hit me, but in reality I was a very typical victim because of my age.
+i was 22 years old. In the U.S., women aged 16 to 24 are three times more likely to be victims of domestic violence than women of any other age, and more than 500 women and girls in this age group are violent partners each year. , boyfriends, and violent partners. Husbands in America.
+Also, I knew nothing about domestic violence, its red flags, its patterns, so I was just a typical victim.
+It was a cold, rainy January night when I met Connor.
+He sat next to me on the New York City subway and started talking to me.
+He told me two things.
+One was that he, too, had just graduated from an Ivy League school and had worked for a very respectable bank on Wall Street.
+But what struck me most when I first met him was that he was smart, funny, and looked like a farm boy.
+He had big cheeks, big apple cheeks, tan hair, and he looked very kind.
+One of the smartest things Connor did from the beginning was create the illusion that I was the dominant partner in the relationship.
+Especially in the beginning, he did this by idolizing me.
+We started dating, and he told me that I was smart, that I went to Harvard, that I had a passion for helping teenage girls, and that I had a job. loved it all.
+He wanted to know everything about my family, childhood, and my hopes and dreams.
+Connor believed in me as a writer and as a woman in a way that no one else had.
+And he also created a strange atmosphere of trust between us by confessing his secret. When he was very young, he had been brutally and repeatedly physically abused by his stepfather since he was four years old, and the abuse had become so severe. Despite being very smart, he had to drop out of school in the eighth grade and spent almost 20 years rebuilding his life.
+That's why an Ivy League degree, a job on Wall Street, and his bright future meant so much to him.
+If this clever, funny, sensitive man who loves me knows one day whether I wear makeup, how short my skirt is, where I live, what kind of job I have, who my friends are. , if you told me that they would even tell you where to spend your time. Christmas, I would have laughed, because there was no violence, no dominance, no anger, no speck in Connor at the beginning.
+I didn't know that the first step in a domestic violence relationship is to seduce and charm the victim.
+I also didn't know that the second step was to isolate the victim.
+Well, Connor didn't come home one day and announce, "All the Romeo and Juliet stuff was great, but I need to move on to the next phase of isolating and abusing you." "So I need to get you out of this apartment where the neighbors can hear you screaming, and out of this city where you have friends, family and co-workers with visible bruises."
+Instead, Connor came home one Friday evening to say that he quit his dream job that day. And he said he quit his job because of me because I made him feel so safe and loved. I didn't have to prove myself on Wall Street anymore, I just wanted to leave the city, leave my abusive and dysfunctional family, move to a small town in New England, and start my life over with me. rice field. his side.
+Now, the last thing I wanted to do was leave New York and my dream job. But I thought you were making a sacrifice for your soulmate, so I agreed, quit my job, and Connor and I left Manhattan together.
+I had no idea that I was falling into a mad love, headlong into an elaborate physical, financial, and psychological trap.
+The next step in the domestic violence pattern is to bring up the threat of violence and see how she responds.
+And here those guns come into play.
+Shortly after we moved to New England—a place Connor thought was very safe—he bought three guns.
+He kept one in the glove box of our car.
+He kept one under his pillow on his bed and a third in his pocket at all times.
+And he said he needed those guns because of the trauma he experienced as a child.
+He needed them to feel protected.
+But those guns were really the message for me. Even if he hadn't raised his hand to me, my life was already in grave danger every minute of every day.
+The first time Connor assaulted me was five days before the wedding.
+It was 7am and I was still in my nightgown.
+I was working at my computer trying to finish a freelance writing assignment and I was getting frustrated and Connor used my anger as an excuse to put his hands around my neck and told me that I It was so tight that I couldn't breathe or scream. He used the chokehold to bang my head against the wall multiple times.
+Five days later, with the 10 birthmarks on my neck gone, I put on my mother's wedding dress and married him.
+No matter what happened, I was sure that we would live happily ever after because I loved him and he loved me very much too.
+And he felt very, very sorry.
+He was really stressed out by the wedding and me becoming a family.
+It was an isolated incident and he never intended to hurt me again.
+The same thing happened 2 more times during our honeymoon.
+The first time, when I was driving to find a secret beach and got lost, he hit me on the side of my head so hard that the other side of my head hit the driver's side window multiple times. .
+And a few days later, driving home from our honeymoon, he threw a cold Big Mac in my face in frustration in traffic.
+Connor continued to hit me once or twice a week for the next two and a half years of our marriage.
+I was wrong to think I was special and alone in this situation.
+One in three American women has experienced domestic violence or stalking at some point in their lives, and the CDC reports that 15 million children are abused each year.
+In fact, I was in very good company.
+Back to my question: why did I stay here?
+The answer is simple.
+I didn't know he was abusing me.
+Even if you put a loaded gun to my head, push me down a flight of stairs, threaten to kill my dog, pull the key out of my car ignition while driving down the highway, and pour coffee into my head while I'm dressed for a job interview. Despite the powder, I never thought of myself as an abused wife.
+Instead, I was a very strong woman who loved deeply troubled men, and the only person on the planet who could help Connor face his demons.
+Another question everyone has is why isn't she leaving?
+why didn't i go out I could have left at any time.
+To me, this is the saddest, most painful question people ask. Because we victims know things you don't usually know. It is very dangerous to leave an abuser.
+Because the final step in the domestic violence pattern is to kill her.
+More than 70 percent of domestic violence homicides occur after the victim ends the relationship and walks away. Because then the abuser has nothing to lose.
+Other consequences include prolonged stalking even after the abuser has remarried. Denial of funding. Manipulation of the family court system to terrorize victims and their children. Victims and their children are regularly coerced by family court judges to spend unsupervised time with the man who beat their mother.
+Yet we ask why she won't leave.
+Thanks to the final sadistic beating that broke my denial, I was able to leave.
+I realized that the man I loved so much would kill me if left alone.
+So I broke my silence.
+I said I am here today because the police, my neighbors, my friends and family, strangers and everyone helped me.
+We tend to stereotype victims as gruesome headlines, suicidal women, damaged items, and so on.
+The question, "Why does she stay here?"
+This is to some people, "It's her fault I stayed here," as if the victim had deliberately chosen to fall in love with a man who intended to destroy us. It's a cipher.
+But since the publication of Crazy Love, I have learned from the same men and women who escaped from prison, learned valuable life lessons from what happened, and rebuilt their lives as employees, wives, and joyful, happy lives. I've heard a hundred stories. Mothers, like me, live completely free from violence.
+Because it turns out that I am actually a very typical domestic violence victim and a typical domestic violence survivor.
+I am remarried to a kind and gentle man and have three children.
+I have that black lab and I have that minivan.
+The one thing I will never have again is having a loaded gun pointed at my head by someone who says they love me.
+Now you're probably thinking, "Wow, this is charming" or "Wow, how stupid she was," but all this time, I was actually talking about you. .
+I promise there are some people listening to me right now who are currently being abused, who were abused as children, or who are abusers themselves.
+Abuse may be affecting your daughter, sister, or best friend right now.
+By breaking the silence, I was able to put an end to my own mad love story.
+I will break my silence today.
+This is my way of helping other victims and my last request to you.
+Talk about what you heard here.
+Abuse only thrives in silence.
+You have the power to end domestic violence simply by shining a spotlight on it.
+We victims need you.
+We need all of you to understand the secrets of domestic violence.
+Talk about abuse with your children, colleagues, friends and family and bring it to light.
+Recreate survivors as wonderful and lovable people with a prosperous future.
+Recognize early signs of violence, intervene conscientiously, mitigate violence, and provide victims with a safe escape route.
+Together, we can make your bed, dining table and family an oasis of safety and peace.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+let me talk
+I am in my first year as a new high school science teacher and am very motivated.
+I am very excited and put all my effort into my lesson planning.
+But I'm slowly starting to realize that my students might just not be learning anything.
+This is what happened one day. I just assigned the class to read a textbook chapter on my favorite subject in biology: viruses and how they attack.
+So I was very excited to discuss this with them and said, "Can someone please explain the main idea and why this is great?"
+there is silence.
+Finally, my favorite student, she looks me straight in the eye and says, "Reading sucks."
+(Laughter.) And she said it very clearly.
+She said, "Well, I'm not saying it's terrible.
+It's boring, who cares, and it sucks. "
+(Laughter) This sympathetic smile spread across the room. Then I realized that all the other students were in the same situation. They may have taken notes or memorized textbook definitions, but none of the students really understood the main ideas. .
+No one can explain why this is so cool or why it's so important.
+I am totally clueless.
+I don't know what to do next.
+So all I can think of is to say: "Listen. Let me talk."
+The main characters of the story are bacteria and viruses.
+These guys are blown up millions of times.
+Real bacteria and viruses are so small that they cannot be seen without a microscope. As you may know, bacteria and viruses both make us sick.
+But what many people don't know is that viruses can also make bacteria sick. "
+Well, the stories I start telling my kids start out like horror stories.
+Once upon a time there was this happy little germ.
+Don't get too attached to him.
+(laughter) Maybe you have a baby floating around in your belly or some rotten food and suddenly you feel sick.
+Maybe he ate something bad for lunch.
+And when you see his skin ripped open and the virus coming out of his body, things get really scary.
+And when he bursts and an army of viruses overflows from within him, it becomes terrifying.
+"painful" is correct.
+Look at this, if you are a bacterium, this is like your worst nightmare.
+But if you're a virus and you see this, you're going to cross those little legs and think, 'We're rock'.
+Because it took a lot of cunning work to get infected with this bacterium.
+What had to happen here.
+A virus attached to a bacterium and slipped its DNA into it.
+Second, the viral DNA made a chopped version of the bacterial DNA.
+And now that the bacterial DNA has been removed, the viral DNA takes control of the cell and tells it to start making more viruses.
+That's because DNA is like a blueprint that tells an organism what to make.
+So this is like going to a car factory and replacing the blueprints with those of a killer robot.
+Workers still come and work the next day, but with different instructions.
+So replacing the DNA of a bacterium with that of a virus turns the bacterium into a virus-making factory. That is, until it is filled with viruses so much that the bacteria burst.
+But viruses are not the only way to infect bacteria.
+Some are more cunning.
+(Laughter) When a secret agent's virus infects a bacterium, they do a little bit of espionage.
+Here, this masked secret agent virus is slipping DNA into a bacterial cell, and here's the kicker. It didn't do anything harmful. Not at first.
+Instead, the bacterium silently invades its own DNA and remains there like a terrorist sleeper cell, waiting for instructions.
+And what's interesting about this is that whenever this bacterium gives birth to a child, that child also contains the viral DNA.
+You now have an entire extended family of bacteria filled with viral sleeper cells.
+They just live happily together until a signal occurs and they bang! -- All the DNA pops out.
+It takes control of these cells, turns them into virus factories, they all burst, a huge family of bacteria spills out of the gut, the virus takes over the bacteria, and everyone dies.
+Now we understand how viruses attack cells.
+There are two ways. On the left is what we call the lytic method, where the virus directly enters and hijacks the cell.
+[Right] is a lysogenic method using a covert operative virus.
+So this is not that hard, right?
+And now you all understand it.
+But if you've graduated from high school, you've seen this information at least once.
+But I think it was presented in a way that didn't exactly stick in your mind.
+So why did my students hate this so much when they first learned it?
+Well, there were several reasons.
+First of all, I assure you that their textbooks did not contain the secret agent virus, nor did they contain any scary stories.
+As you know, science communication has an obsession with seriousness.
+it kills me no kidding.
+I used to work for an educational publisher, and as a writer, I was always told never to use narrative or fun and engaging language. Because then my work might not be considered 'serious' and 'scientific'.
+Because God forbid you to have fun while learning science.
+So there is a scientific field about slimes and color change.
+And, of course, as any good scientist must have, we too...
+explosion!
+But when a textbook is too fun, it somehow becomes unscientific.
+Now, another problem was that I didn't really understand the words in the textbook.
+To summarize what we just talked about, we can start by saying, "These viruses make copies of themselves by slipping their DNA into bacteria."
+If we were to explain this in a textbook, it would look something like this: "Bacteriophage replication is initiated by introducing the viral nucleic acid into the bacterium."
+Great, perfect for a 13 year old.
+But the problem is that many science educators look at this and say they can't teach their students that because it contains expressions that aren't entirely accurate.
+For example, I said that viruses have DNA.
+Well, very few people don't.
+Instead there is something called RNA.
+So a professional science writer would say, "Don't do that.
+It should be changed to something more technical. "
+And after a team of professional scientific editors had reviewed this very simple explanation, they found errors in almost every word I used, and had to change anything that wasn't serious enough. Change anything that wasn't 100 percent perfect.
+Then it will be accurate but completely impossible to understand.
+This is terrifying.
+You know, I keep talking about this idea of ​​telling stories, but it's kind of like science communication has taken this idea of ​​what I call the tyranny of accuracy that you can't just tell stories. .
+It's as if science has become that terrifying storyteller we all know who gives us details that no one cares about, like, 'Oh, I just met a friend for lunch the other day. But she was wearing these ugly jeans.
+I mean, it wasn't actually jeans, it was more like leggings, but I think it's actually more like jeggings.
+To make matters worse, science education has become like that man who always says "actually."
+You want to think, "Oh man, we had to wake up in the middle of the night and drive hundreds of miles in total darkness."
+Then the person says, "It was actually 87.3 miles."
+And you're like, "Actually, shut up! I'm just trying to tell a story."
+Because good storytelling is all about emotional connection.
+We have to convince the audience that what we are talking about is important.
+But just as important is knowing what details to omit to get the point across.
+I am reminded of the words of the architect Mies van der Rohe. To paraphrase him, sometimes you have to lie to tell the truth.
+I think this sentiment is especially true for science education.
+Now, finally, I'm often disappointed when people think I'm claiming the stupidity of science.
+That's not true at all.
+I am currently doing my PhD. I am a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and I fully understand the importance of detailed and specific scientific communication between professionals, but not if you are trying to teach 13 year olds.
+Even if young learners think that all viruses have DNA, it doesn't ruin their chances of being successful in science.
+But when young learners understand nothing about science and come to hate it because everything sounds that way, their chances of success are ruined.
+This has to stop...
+And I want change to come from the top organizations that perpetuate these problems, and I ask them to stop doing that.
+But I think it's unlikely.
+So we are very lucky to have resources like the internet that allow us to work around these institutions bottom-up.
+There are a growing number of online resources devoted to explaining science in a simple and accessible way.
+I dream of a Wikipedia-like website that explains every scientific concept imaginable in simple language that a middle schooler can understand.
+I myself spend most of my free time making science videos and publishing them on YouTube.
+The chemical equilibrium is explained by analogy to a middle school student's awkward dance, and the fuel cell is explained by the story of boys and girls at summer camp.
+The feedback I get is sometimes misspelled and often written in LOLcats (lol), but still, I appreciate it so much because I know this is the right way we communicate science. ,I appreciate it very much.
+However, much remains to be done. Anyone interested in science in any way is welcome to attend.
+Pick up your camera, start writing a blog, whatever, but without the seriousness and jargon.
+make me laugh let me care
+Let's just get to the heart of the matter, without the annoying details that no one cares about.
+How do I get started?
+How about saying, "Listen, let me talk."
+thank you.
+This is about a hidden corner of the labor market.
+It's a world of people who need to be super flexible to work in the first place.
+For example, consider someone with a recurring but unpredictable medical condition, someone caring for a dependent adult, or a parent with complex parenting needs.
+Their job availability says, "I have a few hours today.
+I may be able to work tomorrow, but I don't know yet when I will be able to work. "
+And it is very difficult for these people to find a much-needed job.
+This is a tragedy. Because there are employers who have access to a very flexible pool of locals who are fully booked on a temporary basis when they want to work.
+Imagine you run a cafe.
+It's mid-morning, so the seats are filling up.
+Crowded lunchtime is expected.
+If I could hire two more 90-minute workers to start in less than an hour, I would, but they need to be reliable and built into the cafe's mechanics.
+It should be available at a very competitive price.
+It should be available for reservation in the next minute or so.
+Practically no recruitment agency wants to handle that kind of business, so you're going to be understaffed and fumbling around.
+And it's not just caterers, it's hoteliers, retailers, and anyone else who provides services to the public or businesses.
+There are all sorts of organizations that have access to these very flexible pools of talent and probably already hired after they were hired.
+What is needed at this level of the labor market is a leisure market.
+They certainly exist. Here's how it works:
+In this example, the logistics company has said that they have a rush order that needs to leave the warehouse tomorrow morning.
+Please show everyone who can participate.
+31 workers were found.
+Everyone on this screen can actually be available at a certain time tomorrow.
+We can reach everyone by the time of this appointment.
+They all define the conditions under which they accept reservations.
+And this reservation is made within every individual condition.
+And by making this reservation they are all in compliance with the law.
+Of course, they are all trained to work in warehouses.
+You can select as many as you want.
+They come from multiple agencies.
+Each user's rate is calculated for this particular booking.
+And we monitor its reliability.
+The people in the top row are the people you can trust.
+Those are likely to be more expensive.
+Another way to look at this local, very flexible pool of people is this is a market research company that employs maybe 25 locals on how to do street interviews.
+And so a new campaign began. They want to do it next week.
+And next week, I'm checking how many people I've hired can join every hour.
+Then decide when to do street interviews.
+But what more can we do for this corner of the labor market?
+Because there are a lot of people who need every financial opportunity available right now.
+Make it personal.
+Imagine what kind of economic activity a young woman at the bottom of the economic pyramid, with little chance of getting a job, could theoretically engage in.
+Well, she might be willing to work odd hours in a call center, reception area, or mailroom.
+She may be interested in providing community services such as babysitting, community deliveries, and pet care to the community.
+She may have possessions that she would like to exchange when she doesn't need them.
+So she may have a sofa bed in the vestibule and want to lend it to her.
+She may have a bicycle or a video game console that she uses only occasionally.
+And you're probably thinking -- you're all web-savvy -- yes, we're in the age of co-consumption, so she can go online and do all of this. can.
+You can go to Airbnb and list your sofa bed, or go to TaskRabbit.com and say, "I want local delivery."
+These are good sites, but I believe they can go one step further.
+And the key to that is the philosophy we call 'Modern Marketplace for Everyone'.
+The market has changed imperceptibly over the last two decades, but only for organizations at the top of the economy.
+If you're a Wall Street trader, you take it for granted to identify the most profitable opportunities in real time and sell your financial assets in a market system that runs within microseconds within the boundaries you set. . .
+Analyze supply, demand and prices to show where the next wave of opportunities will come from.
+Manage counterparty risk in an incredibly sophisticated way.
+These are all very low overhead.
+What have we gained at the bottom of the economy from a market perspective over the past 20 years?
+Basically classified ads with search functionality.
+So why is there this gap between the incredibly sophisticated markets at the top of the economy that are siphoning more and more activity and resources from the main economies and doing this scarce level of trading, and the rest of the market? Is there such a disparity?
+A modern marketplace is more than a website. It is a web of interoperable markets, back-office mechanisms, regulatory regimes, payment mechanisms and liquidity sources.
+And when Wall Street traders go to work in the morning, they make a list of all the financial derivatives they want to sell today, and post that list on multiple websites so that potential buyers can reach out and negotiate terms. Don't wait to get started. she might trade it.
+In this early period of modern market technology, financial institutions were looking for ways to leverage their purchasing power, paperwork processes, relationships and networks to shape new markets that generated new activity.
+They asked the government for help with the regulatory regime, and in many cases it was accepted.
+But across the economy, there are facilities that can capitalize on new generation markets for the benefit of all of us as well.
+And those facilities are about how we prove our identities, about licensing authorities that know what each of us is legally allowed to do at any given time, about the process of resolving disputes through official channels, etc. I am talking.
+These mechanisms and facilities are state controlled, not a gift from Craigslist or Gumtree or Yahoo.
+And I suspect the policy makers who sit on top of them have no idea how they can use those facilities to support a whole new era of markets.
+Like others, these policymakers take it for granted that the modern market is a domain of organizations powerful enough to create the market themselves.
+Suppose you stop taking it for granted.
+Suppose the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, the President of the United States, or the leader of any other developed country wakes up tomorrow morning and says, ``In the current climate, we will never be able to create all the jobs we need.
+I must focus on providing the best possible economic opportunities for my people.
+To do that, they must have access to leading-edge markets.
+How can I do that? "
+And I think you can see some eyes moving.
+A large, complex and sophisticated IT industry politician plan?
+Alas, disaster would await.
+necessarily.
+A precedent for technology-enabled services is the hugely successful national lottery launched by politicians in several countries.
+Take England for example.
+Our government did not design the National Lottery, fund the National Lottery, or operate the National Lottery.
+This followed only after the National Lottery Act was passed.
+This law defines what a national lottery will look like.
+It specifies certain benefits that the state can give to businesses on its own.
+And they are subject to certain obligations.
+In terms of popularizing the gambling activity, it was an absolute success.
+But let's assume our aim is to bring new economic activity to the bottom of the pyramid.
+Can I use the same model?
+I believe we can.
+So imagine that a policy maker has outlined a facility.
+Let's call this the National Electronic Market, or NEM for short.
+Think of it as a regulated public utility.
+In other words, it is equivalent to a water supply system or a road network.
+And it is a series of marketplaces for low-level trading that can be carried out by individuals or small businesses.
+And governments have certain advantages that they can uniquely give to these markets.
+It's about public spending going through these markets to purchase public services at the local level.
+It's about connecting these markets directly to the country's top official channels.
+It is to clarify the government's role as a spokesperson for these markets.
+The idea is to ease restrictions on some sectors to allow locals to enter.
+Therefore, traveling by taxi may be an example.
+And with these benefits there are certain obligations placed on the operator, and importantly, of course, that the operator pays all costs, including all interfaces to the public sector.
+Now imagine that the operator profits by building a percentage markup into each transaction.
+Imagine being given a concession period of perhaps 15 years, during which time you could operate with all these benefits.
+And imagine that the consortium that bid to run it was told that whoever funded the whole with the lowest markup on each deal would win the deal.
+So the government is out of bounds.
+This is now in the hands of the consortium.
+Either they unlock enormous economic opportunities, all of which are profitable, or they all crash and burn, which is tough for shareholders.
+It doesn't necessarily bother taxpayers.
+And there will be no constraints on the alternative market.
+So this is just one option among millions of internet forums.
+But that could be very different, as access to these state-backed facilities could motivate the consortium to invest seriously in the service.
+Because they need to get a lot of these small deals in order to make a profit.
+So we're talking about home hair care, toy rentals, farm work, clothing rentals, home meal delivery, tourist services, home care, and more.
+This makes for a very small world of trading, but very informative as national electronic marketplaces provide the data.
+So this is a local who is potentially deciding whether or not to enter the babysitting market.
+And if you want to enter that market, you may recognize that you need to fund scrutiny and training.
+They were required to conduct evaluation interviews with local parents who wished to babysit pools.
+Is it worth it?
+Should we look elsewhere?
+Should I move to another part of the country where babysitters are in short supply?
+This kind of data can become routine.
+And this data could be exploited by investors.
+So if the problem is that some parts of the country have a shortage of babysitters and no one can afford to be tested or trained, investors can pay for that and the system will probably: It will back up a tenth of the babysitter's income. 2 years.
+This is the world of atomized capitalism.
+That means small transactions with a few people, but very informative, secure, convenient, low overhead, and immediate.
+According to some rough studies, this could enable a country the size of the UK to generate about £100 million worth of new economic activity a day.
+Sounds impossible?
+Twenty years ago, many people were talking about turbo trading on financial exchanges.
+Never underestimate the transformative power of a truly modern marketplace.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+On a Saturday afternoon in May, I suddenly realized that the next day was Mother's Day, and since I hadn't bought anything for her, I started thinking about what to give her for Mother's Day.
+I thought, why not make her an interactive Mother's Day card using the Scratch software I was developing with the MIT Media Lab research group.
+We developed this to help people easily create their own interactive stories, games and animations and share their creations with each other.
+So I thought this would be my chance to use Scratch to make an interactive card for my mother.
+Before making a Mother's Day card, I thought I'd take a look at the Scratch website.
+So over the last few years, kids ages 8 and up around the world have shared their projects, and among those 3 million projects, who else thought of posting a Mother's Day card? I wondered if they would.
+So I typed "Mother's Day" into the search box and the Scratch website showed me a list of dozens of Mother's Day cards, many of which were created in the last 24 hours by procrastinators. I was surprised and happy to confirm that it was. just like me.
+So I started observing them. (music) I saw one of the pictures featuring a kitten and its mother wishing the mother a Happy Mother's Day.
+And the creator very carefully proposed a retelling for his mother.
+The other is an interactive project that displays a special Happy Mother's Day slogan when hovering over the words "Happy Mom Day".
+(music) In this piece, the creator told the story of how she Googled to find out when Mother's Day was on.
+(typing) And when she found out when Mother's Day was coming, she told her how much she loved her with a special Mother's Day greeting.
+So I really enjoyed watching these projects and interacting with these projects.
+In fact, I liked it so much that I sent my mom links to about a dozen of these projects instead of creating the projects myself. (Laughter) And actually, she did exactly what I expected.
+She wrote me back and said, "I am so proud to have a son who created software that allows children to make Mother's Day cards for their mothers."
+So my mother was happy, which made me happy too, but actually made me even happier for another reason.
+We were very happy that the children were using Scratch as we expected.
+As we create interactive Mother's Day cards, we've seen them become really fluent in new technology.
+What does fluent mean?
+So they were able to express themselves and start expressing their ideas.
+When you become fluent in a language, you can write sentences in your journal, tell a joke to someone, or write a letter to a friend.
+The same is true with new technology.
+By writing and creating these interactive Mother's Day cards, we showed our kids that they are very savvy with new technology.
+This probably won't surprise you too much. Because, in many cases, people feel that young people today can do all sorts of things with technology.
+I mean, we've all heard young people called "digital natives."
+But really, I'm a little skeptical about this term.
+I'm not sure young people should be considered digital natives.
+Practically speaking, why do young people spend most of their time using new technology?
+We see them a lot in situations like this and in situations like this, and there is no doubt that young people are very comfortable and familiar with browsing, chatting, texting and playing games.
+But it doesn't make you really fluent.
+So young people today have a lot of experience and knowledge about interacting with new technology, but not so much about creating with it or expressing themselves with it.
+With the new technology, it's as if you can read and write but not write.
+And I am very interested in how young people can become fluent in writing and be able to write with new technologies.
+And that really means they need to be able to write their own computer programs, or code.
+As such, people are becoming more and more aware of the importance of learning to code.
+As you know, in recent years hundreds of new organizations and websites have sprung up to help young people learn to code.
+If you look online, you'll see places like Codecademy, events like CoderDojo, and sites like Girls Who Code and Black Girls Code.
+Everyone seems to be working hard.
+As you may know, earlier this year, at the turn of the year, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg made a New Year's resolution to learn to code in 2012.
+A few months later, the country of Estonia decided that all first graders should learn to code.
+and it caused controversy in the UK
+About whether all the kids out there should learn to code.
+Now, it may seem strange to some of you that everyone learns to code.
+When most people think of coding, they think of it as something that only a very narrow sub-community does, and think of coding as:
+And indeed, if this were anything like coding, then only a narrow sub-community of people with special mathematical skills and technical backgrounds would be able to code.
+But your code doesn't have to be this way.
+Let me show you what it's like to code in Scratch.
+So in Scratch, you just snap blocks together to create code.
+In this case, when you get a moving block and snap it into a stack, the stack of blocks controls the behavior of various characters in your game or story, in this case a big fish.
+Once you have created your program, click Share to share your project with others so they can start working with it.
+So, of course, making fish games isn't the only thing Scratch can do.
+The Scratch website has millions of projects, from animated stories to school science projects, animated soap operas, virtual building kits, classic video game reenactments, political polls, trigonometry tutorials, interactive artwork, and more. And yes, everything from interactive Mother's. day card.
+So I think there are many different ways people can use this to express themselves and take their ideas and share them with the world.
+And it doesn't just stay on screen.
+You can also write code that interacts with the physical world around you.
+Here is an example from Hong Kong. There, some kids created games and built their own physical interface devices, complete with light sensors. The optical sensor detects the hole in the board, so when you move the physical saw, the optical sensor detects the hole in the board. Manipulate holes, control a virtual saw on the screen, and chop down trees.
+We continue to explore new ways to integrate the physical and virtual worlds and connect with the world around us.
+This is just one example of a new version of Scratch that will be released in the next few months, and we are revisiting it to push you in new directions.
+Here is an example.
+Use your webcam.
+You can pop balloons and move insects by moving your hands.
+So it's a bit like a Microsoft Kinect that manipulates and manipulates gestures around the world.
+But instead of just playing someone else's game, you can create your own game, and when you see someone else's game you can just say "look inside" and see the pile of blocks that control it. I can.
+So I have a new block that shows how much motion there is in the video and tells it to pop the balloon if the video has too much motion.
+The same way you use your camera to get information into Scratch, you can also use your microphone.
+Here's an example project with a microphone:
+So let's have you all use your voice to control this game.
+(crickets chirping) (yelling) (chomping) (laughter) (applause) Kids are learning to code by creating projects like this, but more importantly, they're coding to learn. That's it.
+Because when you learn to code, you learn a lot of other things and it opens up a lot of new learning opportunities.
+Again, the analogy to reading and writing helps.
+Learning to read and write opens up opportunities to learn many other things.
+If you learn to read, you can read to learn.
+And it's the same with coding.
+If you learn to code, you can code to learn.
+Now, some of the things you can learn are kind of obvious.
+Learn more about how computers work.
+But that's where it starts.
+When you learn to code, you can learn many other things.
+Let me give you an example.
+This is another project. I saw this when I visited one of the computer clubhouses.
+These are after-school learning centers that we helped establish to help young people in low-income communities learn to express themselves creatively using new technologies.
+When I went to one of the clubhouses a few years ago, a 13-year-old boy was using our Scratch software to create a game similar to this one. He was very happy with his game and proud of his game. I wanted to do more than just games.
+He wanted to score.
+So this was a big fish eating small fish game, but he wanted to keep score. That way, every time a big fish eats a small fish, the score goes up and the record is kept. But he didn't know. how to do
+So I showed him.
+In Scratch you can create something called variables.
+We call it the score.
+This will create some new blocks and also create a small scoreboard to track your score, so your score will increase every time you click Change Score.
+So I showed this to a member of the clubhouse - let's call him Victor - and Victor knew exactly what to do when he saw that this block increased the score.
+He took the block and programmed it exactly where the big fish eat the little fish.
+And every time the big fish eats the small fish, the score increases and the score goes up by one.
+And it's actually working.
+And when he saw this, he was so excited that he held out his hand to me and said, "Thank you, thank you, thank you."
+And what came to my mind was, how often can a teacher be thanked by a student for teaching variables? (Laughter) Most classrooms don't, because when kids in most classrooms learn about variables, they don't know why they learn it.
+As a matter of fact, they have nothing available.
+Learning ideas like these with Scratch allows them to learn in a way that is really meaningful and motivating for them, helps them understand why they learn variables, and kids learn more about it and learn better. can do.
+I'm sure Victor was taught about variables in school, but that wasn't the case and he didn't pay attention.
+Now he has a reason to learn variables.
+So learning through coding and coding for the sake of learning is learning in a meaningful context and that's the best way to learn things.
+So kids like Victor are learning important concepts like variables while creating projects like this, but that's just the beginning.
+While working on this project and scripting it, Victor also learned about the design process: how to start with a faint idea and turn it into a full-fledged working project, as seen here.
+There he learned various basic principles of design, such as how to experiment with new ideas, how to decompose complex ideas into simpler parts, how to collaborate with other people on projects, how to find and fix bugs, etc. I was learning How to persevere when things go wrong, how to face and endure frustration when things go wrong.
+These are important skills that aren't just related to coding.
+They are related to all kinds of different activities.
+Now, who knows if Victor will grow up to be a programmer or a professional computer scientist.
+Probably less likely, but whatever he does, he'll be able to use these design skills he's learned.
+Whether he grows up to be a marketing manager, a mechanic, or a community organizer, these ideas will benefit everyone.
+Again, it's helpful to think about this language analogy.
+When you become fluent in reading and writing, you are not just doing it to become a professional writer.
+Very few people become professional writers.
+But learning to read and write is beneficial for everyone.
+Again, same with coding.
+Most people don't grow up to be professional computer scientists or programmers, but the skills to think creatively, reason methodically, and collaborate—the skills you develop when you code in Scratch—are what? It can also be used for I do it in my work life.
+And it's not just about your work life.
+Coding also allows me to express my ideas and feelings in my private life.
+Let's finish with just one more example.
+Here's an example of when my mom wanted to learn Scratch after I sent her a Mother's Day card.
+So she made this project for my birthday and sent me a happy birthday scratch card.
+Rest assured, this project won't win a design award, and my 83-year-old mother isn't training to be a professional programmer or computer scientist.
+But working on this project has allowed her to connect with the people she cares about, keep learning new things, practice her creativity, and develop new ways of self-expression.
+So when we look, we see Michael Bloomberg learning to code. All Estonian children are learning to code. Even my mother is learning to code. Think it's time to think about learning? How to write code?
+If you want to give it a try, I recommend visiting the Scratch website.
+This is scratch.mit.edu. Try your hand at coding.
+Thank you very much. (applause)
+Humans begin to box each other from the moment they meet - is that person a dangerous person? Are they attractive?
+Are they potential spouses? Could it be a potential networking opportunity?
+When we meet people, we ask this little question to build a resume in their mind.
+What is your name? where did you come from?
+how old you? What is your occupation?
+Then it becomes more personal.
+Have you ever been sick?
+Have you ever been divorced?
+Does your breath stink while answering my question now?
+what do you like? who are you into?
+Which gender do you prefer to sleep with?
+have understood.
+We are neurologically hardwired to seek out people who are like us.
+As soon as we're old enough to know what acceptance looks like, we start forming factions.
+We bond based on musical taste, race, gender, where we grew up, whatever we can.
+We seek environments that reinforce our personal choices.
+However, sometimes the only question asked is "What are you doing?"
+It may feel like someone is telling you to open a tiny little box and push it inside.
+Because I found the categories to be too restrictive.
+The box is too narrow.
+And this can be really dangerous.
+So before I get too deep into this, here's a disclaimer about me.
+I grew up in a very privileged environment.
+I grew up in downtown Manhattan in the early 1980s, two blocks from the heart of punk music.
+I was shielded from the pain of prejudice and the social limitations of my religious education.
+Where I come from, you were weird unless you were a drag queen or a radical thinker or some sort of performance artist.
+(Laughter) It was an unconventional education, but spending my childhood on the streets of New York taught me how to trust my instincts and how to follow my ideas.
+So when I was six years old, I decided that I wanted to be a boy.
+I went to school one day and the kids wouldn't let me play basketball with them.
+They said they wouldn't let the girls play.
+So I went home, shaved my head, and when I came back the next day, I said, "I'm a boy."
+I mean, who knows?
+When I turn 6, I might be able to do it.
+I didn't want anyone to know I was a girl, but they didn't.
+I continued that farce for eight years.
+So this is me when I was 11 years old.
+I was playing a kid named Walter in a movie called Julian Poe.
+I was a bit of a tough guy going after Christian Slater and reprimanding him.
+You see, I was also a child actor, which doubled the acting layer of my identity. Because no one knew that I was actually a girl playing a boy.
+In fact, no one in my life knew that I was a girl, not even my teachers, not my friends, not even the director I worked with.
+Kids would often come up to me during class, grabbing my throat to check my Adam's apple, or my groin to see what I was working on.
+When I went to the bathroom, I flipped my shoes inside the cubicle to make it look like I was urinating while standing.
+During sleepovers, I had a panic attack trying to tell a girl that she didn't want to kiss me without coming out.
+However, it's worth mentioning that I didn't hate my body or my genitals.
+I didn't feel that my body was wrong.
+I felt like I was doing this elaborate performance.
+I would not have qualified as transgender.
+But if my family had believed in therapy, they probably would have diagnosed me with something like gender dysphoria and put me on hormones to prevent puberty.
+But in my case, when I woke up one day at the age of 14, I decided that I wanted to be a girl again.
+Puberty hit and I had no idea what it meant to be a girl, but I was ready to figure out who I really was.
+When my child behaves like I do, I don't have to come out.
+No one is exactly shocked.
+(Laughs) But I wasn't asked to define myself by my parents.
+When I was 15 and called my father to tell him that I had fallen in love, discussing what the consequences of the fact that my first love was with a girl was totally out of our minds. There was no.
+Three years later, when I fell in love with a man, neither of my parents batted an eyelash.
+One of the great blessings of my very unconventional childhood was that I was never asked to define myself as one thing all the time.
+I was just allowed to be myself, growing and changing every moment.
+So, nearly four or five years ago, Proposition 8, the massive debate on marriage equality, caused a lot of hype across this country.
+At the time, I didn't think much about marriage.
+But I was struck by the fact that America, a country with such a tarnished civil rights record, could repeat its mistakes so blatantly.
+And I've been watching that debate on TV and the fact that the separation of church and state is essentially drawing a geographic line across this country between where people believe it and where they don't. I remember thinking that was very interesting.
+And that this debate draws geographic boundaries around me.
+If this was a war between two different factions, I definitely wouldn't be 100% straight, so I'd be on Team Gay by default.
+At the time, I saw myself turning from being a boy into a clumsy little girl like a boy in girl clothes, as opposed to this overly skimpy, ultra skimpy woman in the last eight years. I was just beginning to emerge from the zig zag of my personal identity crisis. She went from being a girlish girl who chases after boys at a cost, to eventually just hesitantly exploring who she really is, and depending on the person, a tomboy who likes both boys and girls.
+Like me, there are girls who skateboard but wear lacy underwear, girls who have boyish hair but have girlish manicure, girls, etc. I've spent a year photographing this new generation of girls who have fallen on the line of species. A person who wore eye shadow on a scratched knee, a girl who likes girls, a boy who likes boys, a girl who doesn't like being framed.
+I loved these people and admired their freedom, but the world outside our utopian bubble exploded into these heated arguments, and experts began comparing our love to bestiality. was watching on national television.
+And this powerful realization that I was a minority in my home country, based on an aspect of my personality, hit me.
+I was a second-class citizen, legally indisputable.
+I was never an activist.
+I have not waved a flag in my life.
+However, I was plagued by the following question. Who could vote to disenfranchise me based on one factor in the personality of the wide variety of people I know?
+How can they say that our collective does not have the same rights as anyone else?
+Were we in a group too? Which group are you in?
+And have these people consciously met victims of discrimination?
+Did they know who they were voting against and what the implications were?
+And, I thought, if they could look into the eyes of the people they were giving second-class citizenship to, it might make it harder for them to get second-class citizenship.
+It might give them a pause.
+Of course, we couldn't invite 20 million people to the same dinner party. So I came up with a way to showcase them in a photo without artificial, without lighting, without any manipulation on my part.
+Because in the picture you can examine the lion's whiskers without fear of the lion ripping off your face.
+For me, photography is not just about exposing film, it is about showing the viewer something new, places they have never been to and, most importantly, people they might fear. to show.
+Through photography, Life magazine has introduced generations of people to distant cultures they never knew existed.
+So I decided to create a series of very simple portraits - mugshots.
+And I basically decided to photograph people in this country who are not 100% straight. In case you don't know, the number is infinite.
+(Laughter) It was a very large undertaking, and we needed some help to carry it out.
+So, I ventured out into the freezing cold to take pictures of everyone I could meet in February about two years ago.
+And I took these pictures and went to HRC and asked for help.
+And they funded a two-week shoot in New York.
+And made this.
+(music) Video: I'm iO Tillet Light. I am an artist born and raised in New York City.
+(music) Self Evident Truths is a photographic chronicle of LGBTQ in America today.
+My aim is to take simple portraits of people who are not 100% heterosexual, or who somehow feel they fall on the LGBTQ spectrum.
+My goal is to express the humanity that exists within each of us through the simplicity of our faces.
+(music) "We hold these truths self-evident that all men are created equal."
+That's what the Declaration of Independence says.
+As a nation, we have failed to uphold the morals on which we are based.
+There is no equality in America.
+["What does equality mean to you?"] ["Marriage"] ["Liberty"] ["Civil Rights"] ["Treat everyone as you would"] It doesn't need to be considered It's time. It's that simple.
+The fight for equal rights is not just about same-sex marriage.
+In 29 states, more than half of the country, you can now legally be fired for your sexuality alone.
+[“Who is responsible for equality?”] I have heard hundreds of people give the same answer. “We are all responsible for equality.”
+I've shot 300 faces in New York City so far.
+And without the generous support of human rights campaigns, we would not be able to do these things.
+I would like to spread this project all over the country.
+I would like to visit 25 US cities and shoot 4,000 or 5,000 people.
+This is my contribution to the civil rights movement of my generation.
+I want you to look at these people's faces and tell them that they are worth less than any other human being.
+(Music) ["The Self-evident Truth"] ["4,000 Faces Across America"] (Music) (Applause) iO Tillet Wright: Nothing could have prepared us for what happened next. There was no.
+Nearly 85,000 people watched the video and then started emailing us from all over the country asking us to help them come to their towns and show their faces.
+And a lot more people wanted to show their faces than I expected.
+So we changed our immediate goal to 10,000 faces.
+This video was made in the spring of 2011 and to date I have traveled to about 20 cities and photographed about 2,000 people.
+I know this is a story, but I have nothing to add to them, so I'd like you to just look at this face in silence for a minute.
+Because if pictures are worth a thousand words, pictures of faces require a whole new vocabulary.
+So after traveling and talking to people in small towns like Oklahoma and Texas, I found evidence that the original premise was completely off the mark.
+Visibility really matters.
+Familiarity is truly the gateway drug to empathy.
+When an issue arises in your own backyard or within your family, you are far more likely to seek sympathy for it or seek new perspectives on it.
+Of course, during my travels, I met people who legally divorced their children because they weren't heterosexual, but Southern Baptists who changed church because their children were lesbians. I also met
+Invoking empathy was the backbone of Self Evident Truth.
+But here's something very interesting that I started learning: Self-evident truths do not erase the differences between us.
+In fact, it, on the contrary, emphasizes them.
+It presents not only the complexity found in the various human matrices, but also the complexity found within each individual.
+It's not too many boxes, it's too few boxes.
+At some point, I realized that my mission to photograph “gay” was inherently flawed. Because gays come in millions of different shades.
+Here I was trying to help, and perpetuating the very thing I'd spent my life trying to avoid: yet another box.
+At one point, I added a question to the consent form asking me to quantify myself as gay on a scale of 1-100 percent.
+And I have seen so many existential crises unfold before my eyes.
+(Laughter) People had never been presented with a choice before and didn't know what to do.
+Can you quantify your openness?
+But once they got over the shock, people generally chose a range of 70-95 percent, or 3-20 percent.
+Of course, there were plenty of people who chose 100% one way or the other, but we found that far more people were aware of the more nuanced differences.
+It turns out that most people fall into what I call the "gray" spectrum.
+However, let me be clear, and this is very important, I am by no means saying that preferences do not exist.
+And I'm not even going to mention the issue of choice and biological obligation. Because if anyone believes that sexual orientation is a choice, I encourage you to go out and try to be gray.
+I will try to take a picture.
+(Laughter.) But what I want to say is that humans are not one-dimensional.
+The most important things you can get out of the percentage system are: If you have a gay person here and a heterosexual person here, I recognize that most people would identify as closer to one or the other dichotomy, but there is a vast spectrum. people in between.
+And the reality this represents is complex.
+Because, for example, where do you draw the line if a boss passes a law that allows you to fire an employee for homosexual behavior?
+Is this enough for people who have had heterosexual experiences once or twice?
+Or are there people here who have only experienced homosexuality once or twice before?
+Where on earth can one become a second-class citizen?
+Another interesting thing I've learned from my projects and travels is that sexual orientation is a poor binder.
+Having traveled a lot and met a lot of people, let me tell you that there are as many haters and lovers, Democrats and Republicans, sports in the LGBT community as there are in humans. Lovers, mistresses, and every other conceivable polarization exists. Race.
+Aside from the fact that we play with one legal hand tied behind our back, and beyond our common narrative of prejudice and struggle, just not being heterosexual isn't necessarily what we have in common. It does not mean that there is a point.
+Thus the self-evident truth is ever-growing in the infinite multiplication of faces, hopefully appearing on more and more platforms, bus stops, billboards, Facebook pages, screensavers, perhaps in observing this march of humanity. , something interesting and useful will start. Occur.
+I hope these categories, binaries and oversimplified boxes become useless and start to disappear.
+Because, really, they say nothing about what we see, who we know, and who we are.
+What we are looking at are diverse human beings.
+And looking at them makes it hard to deny their humanity.
+At the very least, I hope it becomes harder to deny them their human rights.
+So is it me in particular who chooses to deny you the right to housing, the right to adopt, the right to marry, the freedom to shop here, live here, buy here?
+Is it me you chose to disown, children, brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers, neighbors, cousins, uncles, presidents, policewomen, firefighters?
+It's too late.
+Because I already have them all.
+We are and always have been all of them.
+So please don't greet us as strangers, but as fellow human beings.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I never forgot the words of my grandmother who died in exile. "Son, resist Gaddafi. Fight Gaddafi. Fight Gaddafi. Fight Gaddafi."
+But never be a revolutionary like Gaddafi. "
+It has been almost two years since the Libyan revolution broke out, inspired by the waves of mass mobilization in both the Tunisian and Egyptian revolutions.
+I joined forces with many other Libyans inside and outside Libya to call for a day of wrath and a revolution against Gaddafi's tyranny.
+And then there was a big revolution.
+With slogans of freedom, dignity and social justice, young Libyan women and men took the lead in calling for the regime to be overthrown.
+They displayed exemplary courage in the face of Gaddafi's brutal dictatorship.
+They have shown great solidarity from the Far East to the Far West to the South.
+Finally, after six months of brutal war and nearly 50,000 deaths, we managed to liberate the country and overthrow the tyrant.
+(Applause.) But Gaddafi left behind a burden of tyranny, corruption and distraction.
+For four decades, Gaddafi's tyranny has destroyed the infrastructure, culture and moral fabric of Libyan society.
+Aware of the devastation and challenges, I, like many other women, was eager to rebuild Libyan civil society and called for an inclusive and just transition to democracy and national reconciliation.
+About 200 organizations were established in Benghazi and about 300 in Tripoli during and immediately after Gaddafi's fall.
+After 33 years in exile, I returned to Libya and, with a unique zeal, began hosting workshops on human development in capacity building and leadership skills.
+Together with an amazing group of women, I co-founded the Libyan Women's Platform for Peace, a movement of women and leaders from all walks of life. It lobbies for the socio-political empowerment of women and for their right to equal participation in construction. democracy and peace.
+I encountered a very difficult pre-election environment, one that was increasingly polarized, one shaped by the selfish politics of domination and exclusion.
+I will lead the initiative by the Women's Platform for Peace in Libya and advocate for a more inclusive electoral law, one that gives all citizens the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of their background, and most importantly to political parties: I worked to seek the enactment of a law that stipulates that Create a zipper list by alternating male and female candidates vertically and horizontally within the list.
+Ultimately, our efforts were adopted and successful.
+In the first election in 52 years, women won 17.5% of the National Assembly.
+(Applause.) But little by little, the excitement of the election, and the excitement of the revolution as a whole, faded. Because every day we were waking up to news of violence.
+One day we hear news of desecration of ancient mosques and Sufi tombs.
+Another day we were awakened by the news of the murder of the American ambassador and the attack on the consulate.
+Another day we were awakened by the news of the assassination of an army officer.
+And every day we witness the dominance of militias, their continued violation of the human rights of prisoners, and their disregard for the rule of law.
+Our society, shaped by revolutionary thinking, has become increasingly polarized and has drifted away from the ideals and principles we originally held: freedom, dignity and social justice.
+Intolerance, exclusion and revenge became symbols of the revolution's [aftermath].
+I'm not here today to inspire you with success stories about zipper lists and elections.
+I am here today rather to confess that as a nation we have made the wrong choices and made the wrong decisions.
+We didn't set our priorities correctly.
+For elections have not brought peace, stability and security to Libya.
+Did the Zipper List and the alternation of female and male candidates bring about peace and national reconciliation?
+No, it wasn't.
+So what is it?
+Why is our society polarized between men and women, and continues to be dominated by selfish politics of domination and exclusion?
+Perhaps it wasn't just women that were missing, but women's values ​​such as compassion, compassion and inclusion.
+Our societies need national dialogue and consensus rather than elections that only serve to further polarization and division.
+Our society needs more qualitative representations of femininity than numerical and quantitative representations of femininity.
+We must stop acting as agents of anger and calling out anger on a daily basis.
+We need to start acting as agents of compassion and mercy.
+We need to develop a feminine discourse that practices not only respect, but compassion instead of revenge, cooperation instead of competition, inclusion instead of exclusion.
+These are ideals that war-torn Libya desperately needs to achieve peace.
+Because peace has an alchemy, and this alchemy is about the interplay and alternation of the feminine and masculine perspectives.
+That's a real zipper.
+And before you can do it sociopolitically, you have to establish it existentially.
+According to a Quranic verse, "Salaam" -- peace -- "is the word of Raheem, the merciful God."
+Secondly, the word ``Raheem'', known in all Abrahamic traditions, has the same root as the word ``Rahem'' (womb) in Arabic and is the motherhood encompassing all mankind from which men and women are born. symbolizes a feminine woman. All tribes and all peoples are emanated from it.
+And just as the womb completely envelops the fetus growing within it, so the Divine Substrate of Mercy nourishes the whole being.
+Thus we are told, "My mercy is all-embracing."
+Thus we are told, "My mercy takes precedence over wrath."
+May the grace of mercy be bestowed on all of us.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(applause)
+Peace be upon you.
+Welcome to Doha.
+I have a responsibility to make this country's food safe.
+That's my job for the next two years, to design the whole master plan and then execute it for the next ten years. Of course, along with many other people.
+But before that, I must tell you the story of this country where you are all gathered here today, this is my story.
+And of course, most of you have had three meals today and will probably continue to do so after this event.
+So what was Qatar in the 1940s?
+About 11,000 people lived here.
+There was no water. There was no energy, no oil, no cars, nothing.
+Most of the people who lived here either lived in coastal villages and fished, or were nomads who roamed around in search of water.
+None of the glamor we see today existed.
+There is no city like Doha, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait or Riyadh today.
+Urban development is not impossible.
+We didn't have the resources to develop them.
+And it turns out that life was short.
+Most died around the age of 50.
+Let's move on to Chapter 2, the Oil Age.
+In 1939 they discovered oil.
+Unfortunately, however, it was not fully commercialized until after World War II.
+what did it do?
+It changed the face of this country as you can see and witness today.
+It also urbanized all the people who roamed the desert in search of water, food, and tending livestock.
+It may seem strange, but my family has different accents.
+My mother has a completely different accent than my father. And we are in the same country with a population of about 300,000.
+At the time I speak, there are 5-6 accents in this country.
+Someone said, "How did that happen? How could this happen?"
+Because we lived apart.
+We couldn't live focused simply because we didn't have the resources.
+And once we had a resource, be it oil, we needed focus, so we started building these fancy technologies and bringing people together.
+People started getting to know each other.
+And I noticed that there are some differences in accents.
+This is chapter two, the oil age.
+Let's see today.
+It's probably the skyline most people know about Doha.
+So what is the population today?
+1.7 million people.
+In less than 60 years.
+The average growth rate of our economy over the past five years is about 15%.
+Life expectancy has increased to 78 years.
+Water usage increased to 430 liters.
+And this is the highest level in the world.
+From no water at all to consuming water at a level higher than any other country.
+I don't know if this is a reaction to lack of water.
+But what's interesting about the story I just told?
+Interestingly, it has grown 15% annually for the past five years without water.
+It's historical. Never before in history has this happened.
+The city was completely destroyed by the lack of water.
+This is the history that has been made in this area.
+Not just the cities we are building, but also the cities of dreams and people who want to be scientists and doctors.
+Build a nice house, call an architect and design my house.
+These people are adamant that this was a livable space when it wasn't.
+But of course we need to leverage technology.
+So, Brazil has an annual rainfall of 1,782 mm.
+Qatar has 74 and its increasing rate.
+The question is how.
+How can you survive it?
+We have no water at all.
+Simply because of this huge giant desalination machine.
+The key factor here is energy. it changed everything.
+It is what we pump from the ground and burn in large quantities, and it was probably used by most people who came to Doha.
+If you can see it, that's our lake.
+That's our river.
+That's how you happen to use and enjoy water.
+This is the best technology this region can have, desalination.
+So what are the risks?
+Are you very worried?
+Perhaps if you look at the facts of the world, you'll see that of course I have to worry.
+Demand is growing and so is the population.
+Just a few months ago we passed the 7 billion mark.
+As such, their numbers also require food.
+And there are projections that the population will reach 9 billion by 2050.
+So waterless countries have to worry about what happens across their borders.
+There are also dietary changes.
+As you move up to a higher socioeconomic level, your diet changes as well.
+They eat more meat and so on.
+On the other hand, yields are decreasing due to climate change and other factors.
+So someone really needs to be aware when a crisis strikes.
+For those who don't know, here is the situation in Qatar.
+We only have two days' worth of water stockpiled.
+We import 90 percent of our food, but cultivate less than 1 percent of our land.
+A limited number of farmers are forced out of farming activities as a result of open market policies and massive competition.
+Therefore, we also face risks.
+These risks directly affect the sustainability and continuity of the country.
+The question is, is there a solution?
+Are there sustainable solutions?
+Certainly there is.
+This slide is a compilation of thousands of pages of technical papers we've been working on over the past two years.
+Let's start with water.
+So we know very well that we need this energy - we showed you earlier.
+So, if we need energy, what kind of energy do we need?
+Running out of energy? Fossil fuel?
+Or should I use something else?
+Do we have a comparative advantage in using another kind of energy?
+Most of you already know that the sun lasts 300 days.
+And we will use that renewable energy to produce the water we need.
+And it will probably install an 1,800 megawatt solar power system to produce 3.5 million cubic meters of water.
+And that's a lot of water.
+That water will be sent to the farmers, who will be able to water their plants and feed the society.
+But to maintain the horizontal lines, these are the projects and the systems that we provide, so we also develop the vertical lines: maintenance of the system, high-level education, research and development, industry, technology. need to do it. , applications, and ultimately the market.
+But it is laws, policies and regulations that strengthen and enable them all.
+Without it we can do nothing.
+That's what we plan to do.
+We hope to complete and implement this plan within two years.
+Our goal is to become a millennium city just like many of the surrounding millennium cities such as Istanbul, Rome, London, Paris, Damascus and Cairo.
+We are only 60 years old, but we want to continue to exist as a city forever and live in peace.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Organic chemists create highly complex molecules by chopping up large molecules into smaller ones and reverse engineering them.
+And as a chemist, one of the things I wanted to ask my research group a few years ago is, can we build a really nice all-purpose chemistry set?
+In short, can we “apply” chemistry?
+So what does this mean, and what do we do about it?
+To get started with this, we used a 3D printer to print beakers and test tubes on one side, then molecules on the other side at the same time, and put them together to create what we call reactionware. .
+So by printing a container and doing chemistry at the same time, we might be able to gain access to this universal toolkit of chemistry.
+So what does this mean?
+If you can embed a biological and chemical network like a search engine, if you have a diseased cell that needs to be treated, or a bacterium that you want to kill, you can embed it in a device at the same time, and if you do chemistry, you can do it in a new way. I could make medicine.
+So how do we do this in the lab?
+Well, you need software, hardware, and chemical ink.
+And what's really cool, the idea is that I want to have a set of generic inks to issue with the printer. Download the blueprint, the organic chemistry of that molecule, and build it within your device.
+You can use this software to create molecules on your printer.
+So what does this mean?
+Ultimately, we may be able to print our own medicines.
+And this is what we are currently doing in the lab.
+But to take small steps to get there, we want to first look at drug design and manufacturing, or drug discovery and manufacturing.
+Because if you can manufacture it after discovery, you can deploy it anywhere.
+No need to go to the pharmacy anymore.
+Print your medicines when you need them.
+New diagnostics are available for download.
+Suppose a new superbug appears.
+Enter it into a search engine and create a potion to treat the threat.
+Thus, this enables in situ molecular assembly.
+But perhaps a core part of the future for me is the idea of ​​taking your own stem cells with your own genes and environment and printing your own personal medicine.
+If that doesn't sound fancy, where do you think you're going?
+Well, there will be people who fabricate your own personal problems.
+Beam me, Scotty.
+(applause)
+So I am an artist.
+I live in New York and have worked in advertising all my life out of school, so it's been about seven or eight years now and I'm exhausted.
+I worked a lot until late at night. I worked a lot of weekends and realized that I never had the time to work on all the projects I wanted to work on.
+One day at work, I saw a talk by Stefan Sagmeister at TED. It's called "the power of vacation" and he was talking about how every seven years he would take a year off work so he could work. Seeing his own creative project, I was immediately inspired and just said, 'I have to do it. I have to take a year off.
+You need time to travel, spend time with your family, and start your own creative ideas. "
+So the first of those projects became what I called "One Second Every Day."
+Basically, I record one second of each day for the rest of my life, and chronologically compile these small one-second slices of my life into one continuous video until I can no longer record them.
+This project has one purpose. I hate not remembering things I've done in the past.
+There are things I've done in my life that I don't really remember unless someone talks about them, but sometimes I think, "Oh, that's what I did."
+And what I realized early on in the project was that if I wasn't doing anything interesting, I would probably forget to record the video.
+So that day - the first time I forgot, it was really painful, because it was something I really wanted to do - from the moment I turned 30, I knew I wanted to continue this project forever. I missed the project. Then I realized that it had just created something in my head that I would never forget.
+So if I live to be 80, I'll be making a 5 hour video summarizing 50 years of my life.
+When I turn 40, I'm going to make an hour-long video of just my 30s.
+It inspired me to wake up every morning and try to do something interesting that day.
+Now, one of the issues I have is that as the days, weeks, and months go by, time seems to start to blur and blend together. You know, I hated it. Visualization is the way to solve it. trigger memory.
+For me, this project is a way to fill that gap and a way to remember all that I've done.
+In just one second, you can remember everything you did that day.
+Sometimes it's hard to pick that second.
+On a good day, when you have three or four seconds you really want to pick, you have to narrow it down to one, but even if you narrow it down to one, you can still remember the other three anyway. .
+It's a kind of protest, it's also a personal protest, against the current culture where people are just at a concert and they put out their cellphones and record the whole concert and interrupt it.
+They don't enjoy the show.
+They are watching the concert on their mobile phones.
+I hate. Admittedly, I used to be a bit like that too. And I decided that the best way to still capture and preserve visual memories of my life, not those people, was to just record them. The second can evoke the memory of, "Oh, that concert was great. I really loved that concert."
+And it will be over in a fraction of a second.
+This summer, I went on a trip for about three months.
+It's something I've dreamed of my whole life, driving around the US and Canada and figuring out where I'm going the next day, and it was kind of amazing.
+I actually ran out of money and spent too much of my savings on traveling that I had to take a year off, so I was forced to go to Seattle and spend some time with my friends working on a great project.
+One of the reasons I took a year off was to spend more time with my family. And then this truly tragic event happened. My sister-in-law suddenly had a strangulated intestine one day and we took her to the emergency room. She was really sick.
+We nearly lost her a few times, but I was with my brother every day.
+Through this project, I realized that it's very difficult to record that one second on a really bad day.
+it's not. We tend to pull out our cameras when we're doing great things.
+Or, "Oh yeah, let me take a picture of this party."
+But when we're having a bad day, when something horrible is happening, we rarely do that.
+And it turns out that capturing even one second of your really bad moment is actually very important.
+It really helps you appreciate the good times.
+We don't always have good days, so when we have bad days, I think it's just as important to remember them as it is to remember the good days.
+One of the things I do now is I try to capture as much of the moment as I see it with my own eyes, without any filters or anything.
+I started the first person view rules.
+In the early days, I think they had some videos of me, but I realized that wasn't the way it was.
+The way I really remembered what I saw was to record what I actually saw.
+Some thoughts on my mind about this project are that it would be interesting if thousands of people did this.
+I turned 31 last week.
+I think it would be interesting to see what everyone does with a project like this.
+I think everyone has a different interpretation.
+I think everyone would benefit from just remembering that one second every day.
+Personally, I'm tired of forgetting, but this is a very easy thing to do.
+I mean, we now have an HD-capable camera in our pocket -- I'm sure most people in this room -- and it's a day I've never wanted to live, and this is my way It would also be very interesting to just type 'June 18, 2018' into the website and see the flow of people's lives from around the world on that particular day. in the world.
+I don't know, but I think this project has a lot of potential. We encourage you to record just a small part of your daily life. That way, you will never forget that you were alive that day.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+In my previous life, I was an artist.
+I am still painting. i like art
+I love the joy that color brings to our lives and communities, and I try to bring my inner artist element into my politics. I think part of my job today is why I'm here and not just the campaign. Not only for my party, but also for politics, and the role that politics can play in our lives for the better.
+For eleven years I was the mayor of Tirana, the capital.
+We faced many challenges.
+Art is part of the answer, and my name was initially made up of two things: the demolition of illegal buildings to reclaim public space, and the use of color to revive hope that was lost within me. was tied. city.
+But this use of color was more than just an artistic act.
+Rather, this was a kind of political action in the circumstances when the available city budget after I was elected reached something of a zero comma.
+When the first building was painted, splashing a glowing orange on the drab gray of the façade, the unimaginable happened.
+There was a traffic jam and a crowd of people, as if some epic accident had happened or a pop star had suddenly arrived.
+French EU funding officials rushed to block the painting.
+He shrieked as he blocked the loan.
+"But why?" asked him.
+"Because the color you ordered does not meet European standards," he replied.
+“Yes,” I said to him. "The environment does not meet European standards. Even if this is not what we want, we choose the colors ourselves, because this is exactly what we want."
+And if you don't let us continue our work, I'm going to hold a press conference right here on this street and tell people that you see me like a socialist realist-era censor. Tell you. "
+He looked a bit embarrassed and asked me to compromise.
+But I said to him, "No, sorry, the color compromise is gray. We have gray for a lifetime."
+(Applause.) Then the time has come for change.
+The restoration of public spaces has revived a sense of belonging to the city that people have lost.
+There were feelings that had been buried deep for years, amidst people's pride in the places they lived in and their anger at the proliferation of illegal and barbaric construction in public spaces.
+And when colors appeared everywhere, an atmosphere of change began to change people's minds.
+A loud noise rose. "What is this? What's going on?"
+What do colors do for us? "
+And we conducted a poll. This was the most interesting poll I have ever seen in my life.
+We asked people, "Do you want this behavior and would you like the building to be painted that way?"
+And the second question was "Do you want me to stop or do you want me to continue?"
+63% of people said yes to the first question.
+Thirty-seven said, "No, we don't like that."
+However, half of those who disliked the second question wanted to continue. (Laughter) So we noticed a change.
+For example, people began to litter the streets less, they began to pay taxes, they began to feel forgotten, and beautiful women began to act as security guards where the city police and the state itself were absent.
+I remember one day walking down a colorful street where trees were being planted and seeing the shop owner and his wife installing glass on the shop façade.
+They threw the old shutters in the garbage dump.
+"Why did you throw away the shutters?" I asked him.
+"Well, because the streets are safer now," they replied.
+"Is it safer? Why? Have you put more police here?"
+"Come on! What kind of cop?"
+you can see it with your own eyes. There are colors, streetlights, new pavement without holes, and trees. That's why it's beautiful. Safe. "
+And certainly it was the beauty that gave people a feeling of being protected.
+And this was not a misplaced feeling.
+Crime has decreased.
+The liberty won in the 1990s brought anarchy to the city, but the barbarism of the 90s brought a hopelessness to the city.
+The paint on the walls did not feed children, care for the sick, or educate the ignorant, but offered hope and light, and a different way of doing things. , helped make people understand that there could be a different mind, a different way of doing things. What we feel about our lives, and that if we bring that same energy and hope into politics, we will build a better life for each other and for our country.
+123,000 tons of concrete were removed from the riverbank alone.
+We've demolished over 5,000 illegal buildings up to eight stories high across the city.
+We have planted 55,000 trees and shrubs in our streets.
+We created a green tax, after which everyone accepted it, and all businessmen paid taxes regularly.
+Through open competition, we have been able to recruit more young people into our administration, thereby creating apolitical public institutions in which men and women are equally represented.
+Over the last two decades, international organizations have invested heavily in Albania, but not all of it has been put to good use.
+When I asked World Bank directors to fund a project to build a model reception hall for citizens to combat endemic day-to-day corruption, they said I They didn't understand.
+But people waited in long lines, in the sun and in the rain, to get certificates and quick answers through two small windows in two metal kiosks.
+They were paying to skip the line, the long line.
+It was a voice coming from this dark hole that answered their request, while a mysterious hand appeared to steal the document while examining the ancient document of bribery.
+We could change the invisible clerk inside the kiosk every week, but we couldn't change this corrupt practice.
+I told German officials at the World Bank: "Just as I am convinced that it would be impossible for them to take a bribe in Germany, if they were working under a German government, so if you send German officials, they It is impossible to take a bribe." In those pits from the German government they will be bribed just the same. "
+(Applause) It's not a matter of genetics.
+That is not to say that some people have a high conscience and some do not.
+It's a system problem, an organizational problem.
+It also concerns the environment and respect.
+Kiosk has been removed.
+We have built a bright new reception hall where Tirana citizens feel as if they are traveling abroad when they enter to express their wishes.
+We built an online management system to speed up all processes.
+We put people first, not employees.
+The corruption of state administration in a country like Albania, like Greece, which I do not mean to say, can only be combated by modernization.
+Reinventing government by reinventing politics itself is the solution, reinventing people based on the ready-made formulas that developed countries often vainly try to impose on people like us. not.
+(Applause.) Things have come this far because politicians in general, and in our country in particular, honestly think the people are stupid.
+They take it for granted that the people must follow them no matter what happens, while politics are increasingly unable to provide answers to the concerns of their people and the emergencies of the common people. Gone.
+Politics has come to resemble a cynical team game played by politicians, while the public is sidelined as if they were sitting in stadium seats, and the passion for politics gradually creates room for blindness and despair. ing.
+From that staircase, today's politicians all look the same, politics becoming more like a sport that stimulates aggression and pessimism than it does about social cohesion and the civic desire for protaganism.
+Barack Obama won because -- (applause) -- he mobilized people like never before through the use of social networks.
+Although he did not know each of them individually, he turned them into activists by giving them every possibility of obtaining the necessary arguments and tools to campaign in his own name, with brilliant ingenuity. succeeded in changing Running his own campaign.
+Tweet I love it.
+I love this because it not only allows me to message myself, but it also allows people to receive messages for me.
+This is politics from the bottom up and from the side, not top down, and making sure everyone's voice is heard is exactly what we need.
+Politics is not just for leaders.
+It's not just about politicians and the law.
+It's about how people think, how they see the world around them, how they spend their time and energy.
+When people say all politicians are the same, ask yourself if Obama is the same as Bush or Francois Hollande is the same as Sarkozy.
+isn't it. They are humans with different views and different visions of the world.
+When people say nothing will change, stop for a moment and think about what the world was like 10, 20, 50, 100 years ago.
+Our world is defined by the pace of change.
+We can all change the world.
+I gave a very small example of how one thing can make a difference: the use of color.
+As Prime Minister of the country, I would like to make more changes, but each of you can make changes if you wish.
+President Roosevelt said, "We're halfway there if we believe we can do it."
+Ephalist and Carinita.
+(applause)
+(Hammer) (laughter) (microwave beep) (laughter) I think you'll probably agree that this is a pretty cool way to go.
+Cars are made of asphalt, and asphalt is a very good material to drive on, but not always. Especially not on a rainy day like today.
+As a result, a large amount of water splashes onto the asphalt.
+Especially if you ride your bike and pass these cars, it's not very good.
+Also, asphalt can create a lot of noise.
+This is a noisy material, and when building roads very close to cities, like in the Netherlands, you need quieter roads.
+The solution is to make the roads with porous asphalt.
+Porous asphalt is the material currently used on most highways in the Netherlands. It has perforations that allow water to pass through, so all rainwater runs off to the sides, making the road easier to drive. So no more splashing water.
+Also, noise disappears with these pores.
+It is a very quiet road because the noise disappears because it is very hollow.
+Of course there are disadvantages, but the disadvantage of this road is the possibility of fraying.
+What is fraying? You can see that the surface stones are peeling off on this road.
+First you get one stone, then some stones, then more stones, then stones. (Laughs) But you can't be happy with that because it can damage your windshield.
+And ultimately, this fraying can cause even more damage.
+In some cases, this can lead to potholes.
+huh. he is ready
+Of course potholes can be a problem, but we have a solution.
+Now let's see how the damage actually manifests itself on this material.
+As I said earlier, this is porous asphalt, so there is only a small amount of binder between the stones.
+Weathering, ultraviolet rays. When light oxidizes, the adhesive between this binder, asphalt, and aggregate shrinks, causing microcracks and detaching from the aggregate.
+Aggregate is then removed as the road is driven over. I just saw this here.
+To solve this problem, we thought of self-healing materials.
+If we can make this material self-healing, perhaps we will find a solution.
+So what we can do is use steel wool to clean the pot. Steel wool can be cut into very small pieces and these very small pieces can be mixed into the asphalt.
+Asphalt contains very small amounts of steel wool.
+Then you need a machine like the one here that can be used for cooking, an induction machine.
+Induction can heat steel in particular. It's very good.
+Then heat the steel and melt the asphalt. Asphalt then flows into these microcracks, re-fixing the stone to the surface.
+I can't bring a big induction heater to the stage here, so today I'm going to use a microwave oven.
+So a microwave oven is a similar system.
+I put a specimen in there and I'm going to take it out now to see what happened.
+So, this is the sample that came out this time.
+So I said that the laboratory has such industrial machines for heating specimens.
+We tested a lot of samples there, and then the government actually saw our results and thought, 'That's very interesting. We have to try.'
+So they donated a section of the A58 400m highway to us. I had to build a test track there to test this material.
+That's what we did here. You can see where we were building our test road, but of course this road will last for years without damage. That's what we know from practice.
+So we took a lot of samples from this road and tested them in the lab.
+So the sample was aged, heavily loaded, repaired with an induction machine, repaired and tested again.
+You can repeat it several times.
+In fact, the conclusion of this study is that if you use the healing machine to run the road every 4 years, this is the big version that we made for running the real road, if you walk the road every 4 years, this road You can double the surface life of your surface and, of course, save a lot of money.
+In conclusion, we use steel fiber to make materials, add steel fiber and use inductive energy to really extend the road surface life and even double the surface life so you really save money We can say that we can. You can get big money with very simple tricks.
+And now you naturally want to know if it worked.
+So we still have specimens here. It's pretty warm, isn't it?
+In fact, before you can demonstrate that healing is working, you first need to calm down.
+But I will go to court.
+let's see. Yes it worked.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+When I was 11 years old, I remember waking up one morning to the sounds of joy in the house.
+My father listened to BBC News on the little gray radio.
+There was a broad smile on his face, for the news had almost depressed him, which was unusual at the time.
+“The Taliban are gone!” cried my father.
+I didn't know what it meant, but I could tell that my father was very, very happy.
+"Now you can go to a real school," he said.
+A morning you will never forget.
+real school.
+I was six years old when the Taliban occupied Afghanistan and made it illegal for girls to go to school.
+So, for the next five years, I escorted my older sister, who was unable to go out alone while dressed as a man, to a secret school.
+It was the only way we both could get an education.
+We took a different route each day so that no one would suspect where we were going.
+We covered our books with shopping bags to make it look like we were out shopping.
+The school was inside the house and over 100 of us were crammed into a tiny living room.
+The winter was comfortable, but the summer was very hot.
+Teachers, students, parents, we all knew our lives were in danger.
+Schools were suddenly closed for a week because the Taliban were suspicious.
+We always wondered what they knew about us.
+Were we being tracked?
+do they know where we live?
+We were scared, but school was still where we wanted to go.
+I was very lucky to grow up in a family where education was valued and daughters were valued.
+My grandfather was an extraordinary man for his time.
+A total maverick from rural Afghanistan, he insisted that my daughter, my mother, go to school, for which he was disowned by his father.
+But my educated mother became a teacher.
+she is there
+She retired two years ago, and our house has since become a school for neighborhood girls and women.
+And my father, he was the first in the family to get an education.
+Despite the presence of the Taliban, despite the risks, there was no question that his children, including his daughters, would receive an education.
+Not educating his children was a bigger risk to him.
+During the Taliban days, I remember being very frustrated with our lives and being always scared and uncertain about the future on several occasions.
+I wanted to quit, but my father said, 'Look, daughter, in life you can lose everything you own.
+Money can be stolen. During the war, they were forced to leave their homes.
+But what always sticks in your mind is what's here. We sell blood even if we have to sell it to pay for school.
+So you still don't want to continue? "
+Today I turned 22 years old.
+I grew up in a country ravaged by decades of war.
+Fewer than 6 percent of women my age go on to high school or beyond, and if my family weren't so dedicated to my education, I would be one of them.
+Instead, I stand here as a proud graduate of Middlebury College.
+(Applause.) When I returned to Afghanistan, my grandfather, who had been banished from home for trying to educate his daughters, was the first to congratulate me.
+Not only does he brag about my college degree, but he also brags that I was the first woman and the first to drive me through the streets of Kabul.
+(Applause.) My family believes in me.
+I have big dreams, but my family has even bigger dreams for me.
+That's why I am a global ambassador for 10x10, a global campaign to educate women.
+That is why I co-founded SOLA, the first and possibly only boarding school for girls in Afghanistan, a country where it is still dangerous for girls to go to school.
+What's interesting is that I see students at my school being ambitious and taking chances.
+And, like me, I see their parents and fathers defending them despite and in the face of terrible opposition.
+like Ahmed. I can't show his face because that's not his real name, but Ahmed is the father of one of my students.
+Less than a month ago, he and his daughter literally missed a roadside bomb death by minutes on their way from SOLA to the village.
+When he got home, the phone rang and a voice warned him that if he sent his daughter to school, he would have to start over.
+"Kill me now if you want," he said. "But I'm not going to ruin my daughter's future because of your old, backward thinking."
+What I have noticed about Afghanistan, which is often ignored in the West, is that behind most of our successes, we value our daughters and see their successes as our successes. I mean I have a father.
+I'm not saying mothers aren't the key to our success.
+In fact, they are often the first convincing negotiators about their daughters' bright future, but societies like Afghanistan require male support.
+Remember, under the Taliban, hundreds of girls attended school, which was illegal.
+But now there are more than 3 million girls in school in Afghanistan.
+(Applause.) Afghanistan looks very different than it does here in America.
+Americans seem to understand the fragility of change.
+I fear that these changes will not last long after the withdrawal of US forces.
+But when we return to Afghanistan, we see a promising future and lasting change when we look at the schoolchildren and their parents who champion and encourage them.
+To me Afghanistan is a land of hope and endless possibilities, and the SOLA girls remind me of that every day.
+Like me, they have big dreams.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+A radical openness in the field of school education is still in the distant future.
+We have a very hard time understanding that learning is an activity, not a place.
+But what I want to tell you is the story of PISA, the OECD test to measure the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds around the world. This is actually the story of how the field of education, which we usually treat as the field of education, has become globalized through international comparison. domestic policy issues.
+Take a look at what the world looked like in the 1960s in terms of the percentage of people who graduated from high school.
+You can see that the United States is ahead of other countries. Much of America's economic success is based on its longstanding advantage as an educational pioneer.
+But in the 1970s some countries caught up.
+The 1980s saw a continued global expansion of the talent pool.
+And the world didn't stop in the 1990s either.
+So in the 60s the United States was the first.
+In the 90's it was 13th, not because standards fell, but because other regions rose very quickly.
+Korea shows what is possible with education.
+Two generations ago, South Korea boasted a standard of living similar to that of Afghanistan today and was one of the least educated countries.
+Nowadays, all young people in South Korea have graduated from high school.
+This shows that in a global economy, the measure of success is no longer national improvement, but the best international education system.
+The problem is that measuring how much time people spend in school or how many degrees they get isn't always a good way to know what they can actually do. .
+Look at the toxic mix of unemployed graduates on the streets, while employers say they can't find people with the skills they need.
+This shows that a better degree does not automatically lead to better skills, better jobs and better lives.
+So PISA seeks to change that by directly measuring people's knowledge and skills.
+And we approached this from a very particular angle.
+We weren't really interested in whether students could simply reproduce what they had learned in school, but wanted to test whether they could extrapolate from what they knew and apply their knowledge to new situations. It is.
+Now, some people criticize us for this.
+They say this way of measuring performance is very unfair to people. Because we test our students with questions they've never seen before.
+But if we adopt that logic, we should think that life is unfair. Because the true test of life is not whether you remember what you learned in school, but whether you are ready for change, ready for a new job. To use uninvented technology to solve problems we cannot foresee today.
+And although it was once highly controversial, our method of measuring results has indeed quickly become the norm.
+The latest assessment in 2009 measured 74 school systems, covering 87 percent of the economy in total.
+This graph shows the performance of each country.
+Red is slightly below the OECD average.
+Yellow indicates fair, green indicates countries doing very well.
+In Asia, you can see Shanghai, South Korea, and Singapore. Finland in Europe. Canada in North America is doing really well.
+We can also see that there is almost a three-and-a-half grade gap between 15-year-olds in Shanghai and 15-year-olds in Chile, and the gap widens to seven grades when really poor countries are included. performance.
+There is a stark difference in how young people prepare for today's economy.
+However, I would like to introduce a second important aspect to this diagram.
+Educators love to talk about fairness.
+At PISA, we wanted to measure how PISA actually delivers equity in terms of giving people of different social backgrounds equal opportunities.
+We also know that social background has a very strong influence on learning outcomes in some countries.
+Opportunities are distributed unequally.
+A lot of young children's potential is wasted.
+It turns out that in other countries it doesn't matter much what social context you were born in.
+We all want to be in the upper right quadrant where performance is strong and learning opportunities are evenly distributed.
+No one and no country can afford to be there where performance is bad and social inequality is high.
+And you can argue whether it's better to be in a place where you're doing well at the expense of big disparities.
+Or do we value fairness and embrace mediocrity?
+But in reality, if you look at how countries are represented on this chart, you can see that there are many countries that actually combine excellence and equity.
+In fact, one of the most important lessons to be learned from this comparison is that you don't have to sacrifice fairness to achieve excellence.
+These countries have moved from offering excellence to some to offering excellence to all. This is a very important lesson.
+And this also challenges the paradigm of many school systems, which believe that schools exist primarily to sort people out.
+And since those results came out, policy makers, educators, and researchers around the world have sought to understand what lies behind the success of these systems.
+But let's pause for a moment and focus on the countries that actually started PISA. Now we are giving those countries colored bubbles.
+And I try to make the size of the bubble proportional to the amount each country spends on its students.
+If money could tell you everything about the quality of your learning outcomes, would you see all the big bubbles at the top?
+But that's not what you're looking at.
+Spending per student alone explains less than 20% of the variation in performance across countries. For example, Luxembourg, the most expensive system, does not perform as well.
+We can see that two countries with similar spending achieve very different results.
+And, I think this is one of the most encouraging discoveries, we no longer live in a world that is cleanly divided between rich and well-educated countries and poor and poorly educated countries. understand. This is very important. lesson.
+Let's take a closer look at this.
+Red dots show spending per student compared to national wealth.
+One way to spend money is to pay teachers well, and we can see that South Korea invests heavily in attracting top talent to the teaching profession.
+Also, Korea invests in a long school life, which further increases costs.
+Last but not least, Koreans want their teachers to not only teach but also grow.
+They invest in professional development, collaboration and much more.
+Everything costs money.
+How can South Korea afford all this?
+The answer is because Korean students study in large classes.
+This is the blue bar that is cutting costs.
+If you go to the next country on the list, Luxembourg, you'll find that the red dot is exactly where South Korea is. Therefore, Luxembourg has the same expenditure per student as South Korea.
+But as you know, Luxembourg parents, teachers and policy makers all prefer small class sizes.
+You know, it's a lot of fun to be in a small class.
+So they've invested all their money there, and the cost is rising by the blue bar, ie the size of the class.
+But even in Luxembourg, the money is only spent once, and the payoff for teachers is modest.
+Students don't have a lot of time to study.
+And basically, teachers have little time to do anything but teach.
+As you can see, the two countries use money very differently. In fact, how you spend your money is far more important than how much you invest in your education.
+Let's go back to the year 2000.
+Remember, it was the year before the iPod was invented.
+This is what the world looked like as seen from the PISA results.
+The first thing you'll notice is that the bubbles are much smaller, right?
+Spending on education has dropped significantly, down by about 35%.
+So why not ask yourself, if education has become so expensive, would education have gotten so much better?
+And the bitter truth is that in many countries this is not the case.
+However, there are some countries that have seen notable improvements.
+My home country, Germany, was in the lower quadrant in 2000, with below-average performance and large social disparities.
+And remember, Germany used to be one of those countries that comes up very often just by counting people with a degree.
+It was a very disappointing result.
+People were amazed at the results.
+And for the first time, education was at the center of the public debate, even though for months the public debate in Germany was dominated by education, not taxes or other kinds of issues.
+And policy makers have started reacting to this.
+The federal government has significantly increased investment in education.
+Much has been done to increase the life chances of students from immigrant backgrounds and those who are socially disadvantaged.
+And what's really interesting is that this isn't just optimizing existing policies, but that the data has transformed some of the underlying beliefs and paradigms of German education.
+For example, traditionally, educating young children was seen as a family task, and in some cases women were seen as ignoring family responsibilities when sending their children to kindergarten.
+PISA changed that debate, putting early childhood education at the heart of German public policy.
+Alternatively, traditionally, German education separates very young children as young as 10 from those who are considered to pursue knowledge worker careers and those who end up working for knowledge workers. and their paradigms are largely aligned with socio-economic trends. I am still trying.
+lots of changes.
+And the good news is, nine years later, we're seeing improvements in quality and fairness.
+People took up the challenge and took some action on it.
+Or consider South Korea, at the other end of the spectrum.
+In 2000, South Korea was already doing very well, but Koreans were concerned that only a minority of students achieved truly high levels of excellence.
+They tackled this challenge, and Korea was able to double the proportion of students who achieved excellent grades in reading in ten years.
+Well, if you just focus on the brightest students, what happens is that the gap widens and you see this bubble moving slightly in the other direction, but it's still an impressive improvement. .
+A major overhaul of Polish education has dramatically reduced variability between schools, turning many of the worst-performing schools around, improving performance by more than half the school year.
+And you can see other countries too.
+Portugal has been able to consolidate its fragmented school system, improve quality and improve equity. So did Hungary.
+There were many changes in what was actually visible.
+And even those who complain and say that countries' relative standing in things like PISA are only products of culture, economic factors, social problems, social homogeneity, etc. are now I have to admit that improvement is important. It is possible.
+Poland has not changed its culture.
+It didn't change the economy. Demographics did not change.
+I didn't fire my teacher. We have changed our educational policies and practices. very impressive.
+And, of course, the question arises as to what can be learned from countries in the Green Quadrant that have achieved high levels of equity, high performance and high outcomes.
+And of course the question is, can what works in one context serve the model elsewhere?
+Of course, we can't copy and paste every educational system, but these comparisons identified a variety of common elements in high-performance systems.
+We all agree that education is important.
+Everyone says yes.
+But what really tests the truth is how that priority weighs against other priorities.
+How do countries pay teachers compared to other highly skilled workers?
+Would you like your child to be a teacher instead of a lawyer?
+What do the media say about schools and teachers?
+These are important questions, and what we have learned from PISA is that in a good education system, leaders encourage their citizens to choose education, their future, over consumption today. It means that you have been persuaded.
+And do you know what's funny? Believe it or not, there are countries where schools, not shopping centers, are the most attractive places.
+Those things really exist.
+But focusing on education is only part of the picture.
+Another is the belief that every child is capable of success.
+In some countries, students are segregated at an early age.
+You see, students are split, reflecting the belief that only some children can achieve world-class standards.
+But usually it is associated with very strong social disparities.
+If you go to Japan in Asia or Finland in Europe, you will see that parents and teachers in those countries expect all students to succeed, and this is reflected in their behavior.
+When students are asked what it takes to be successful in math, North American students often say, "It's all about talent."
+If I wasn't born a math genius, I'd be better off studying something else.
+Nine out of 10 Japanese students say it depends on my own investment and my own efforts, which says a lot about the system around them.
+Previously, different students were taught in similar ways.
+Those who perform well on PISA embrace diversity in their differentiated educational practices.
+They discover that ordinary students have extraordinary talents and individually customize learning opportunities.
+High performance systems also share clear and ambitious standards across the spectrum.
+All students know what is important.
+Every student knows what it takes to be successful.
+And nowhere is the quality of the education system higher than the quality of the teachers.
+A high-performing system pays great attention to how teachers are recruited, selected, and trained.
+They look at how they improve the performance of teachers who are facing difficulties and how they structure teacher salaries.
+It also provides an environment for teachers to work together to construct good practices.
+And it offers a wise path for teachers to grow their careers.
+In bureaucratic school systems, teachers are often left alone in the classroom with many prescriptions for what to teach.
+A high-performance system makes very clear what good performance is.
+They set very ambitious standards that will help teachers understand what they need to teach their students today.
+In the past, it was important that wisdom be offered in education.
+The current challenge is to enable user-generated wisdom.
+Talent is a professional form of work organization, from professional or managerial responsibilities and forms of management, such as how to check whether people are doing what they are supposed to do in education. has moved to
+These enable teachers to innovate in pedagogy.
+They provide children with the kind of development they need to develop stronger educational practices.
+The goal so far has been standardization and compliance.
+High-performance systems allowed teachers and principals to exercise their ingenuity.
+Previously, the policy focus was on results and delivery.
+High-performance systems helped teachers and principals look to the next teacher, the next school.
+And the most impressive achievement of a world-class system is the ability to achieve high system-wide performance.
+We have seen Finland perform very well in PISA, but what is very impressive about Finland is that the variability in performance among students is only 5% across schools.
+All schools are successful.
+This means that success is systemic.
+And how do they do it?
+They invest their resources where they can make the most difference.
+They attract the strongest principals to the toughest schools, and the most talented teachers to the toughest classrooms.
+Last but not least, these countries are coordinating policies across all areas of public policy.
+They make them consistent over a sustained period of time and ensure that their content is consistently implemented.
+Now, knowing what successful systems do, I still don't know how to improve them.
+That's obvious, and that's where some of the limitations of PISA's international comparison lie.
+There are other forms of research that need to be undertaken, which is why PISA dares not tell countries what to do.
+But its strength lies in telling them what others have been doing.
+And the PISA example shows that the data can be stronger than the financial subsidy administrative controls that run our regular education systems.
+Some argue that changing educational administration is like moving a graveyard.
+You can't rely on people around you to help you with this. (Laughter.) But PISA showed what is possible in education.
+This helped countries recognize potential improvements.
+It has taken excuses from complacent people.
+And it helped countries set meaningful goals in terms of measurable goals achieved by world leaders.
+Every child, every teacher, every school, every principal, and every parent should be able to see what improvements are possible and the limits of educational improvement. Hopefully we will lay the groundwork for better policies and better lives.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+"When the crisis hit, the serious limitations of the existing economic and financial model were immediately apparent."
+“So do I, but I also have a strong belief that a bad economy, or an oversimplified and overconfident economy, caused the crisis.”
+Now, you've probably heard similar criticisms from capitalist skeptics.
+But this is different.
+This comes from the financial heart.
+The first quote is from Jean-Claude Trichet when he was President of the European Central Bank.
+The second quote is from the UK Financial Services Authority.
+Are these people implying that we do not understand the economic system that runs modern society?
+becomes terrible.
+“We spend billions of dollars trying to understand the origin of the universe, but we still don't understand the conditions for stable societies, functioning economies, and peace.”
+What is going on here? How is that possible?
+Do we really understand the structure of reality better than the structure that emerges from human interactions?
+Unfortunately the answer is yes.
+But there is an interesting solution that comes from what is known as the science of complexity.
+Let me quickly take a few steps back to explain what this means and what this is about.
+I happened to major in physics.
+It was a chance encounter when I was young. Since then, I have often wondered about the astonishing success of physics in describing the reality we wake up to every day.
+In simple physics, you can think of it like this:
+In other words, take the part of reality you want to understand and translate it into mathematics.
+Encode it into an equation.
+You can then make predictions and test them.
+No one really knows why the thoughts in our heads are actually related to the basic mechanics of the universe, so we're really lucky that this works.
+Despite its success, physics has its limits.
+As Dirk Helving pointed out in his last quote, we don't really understand the complexity that surrounds us, which concerns us.
+This paradox is what got me interested in complex systems.
+So they are systems made up of many interconnected or interacting parts: birds, fish colonies, ant colonies, ecosystems, brains, financial markets.
+These are just a few examples.
+Interestingly, mapping complex systems to mathematical formulas is very difficult, so the usual physical approach doesn't really work here.
+So what do we know about complex systems?
+Well, it turns out that what looks like complex behavior from the outside is actually the result of a few simple interaction rules.
+This means that we can forget about the equations and just focus on the interactions and start to understand the system. So you can actually forget about equations and just start focusing on interactions.
+And it gets even better because most complex systems have an amazing property called emergence.
+This means that the system as a whole suddenly begins to exhibit behavior that cannot be understood or predicted by just looking at the components of the system.
+So the whole is literally more than the sum of its parts.
+And all of this also means that you can forget how complex individual parts of the system are.
+So if it's cells, termites, birds, we'll just focus on the rules of interaction.
+As a result, networks are ideal representations of complex systems.
+The nodes in the network are the components of the system and the links are given by their interactions.
+In other words, equations are for physics, and complex networks are for studying complex systems.
+This approach has been applied with great success to many complex systems in physics, biology, computer science, and social sciences, but what about economics?
+Where are the economic networks?
+This is a surprising and notable gap in the literature.
+The study we published last year, called Global Corporate Control Networks, was the first extensive analysis of economic networks.
+The research spread rapidly on the Internet and received a lot of attention from the international media.
+This is very notable. Because why hasn't anyone paid attention to this before?
+Similar data have been around for quite some time.
+One area we explored is ownership networks.
+So the nodes here are companies, people, governments, foundations, etc.
+And since the link represents a shareholding relationship, shareholder A owns x percent of company B's shares.
+It also assigns enterprise value given by operating revenue.
+Ownership networks thus reveal patterns of shareholding relationships.
+In this small example you can see some financial institutions with some of the many links highlighted.
+Now, ownership networks are really, really boring to study, so you might think that no one has paid attention to this before.
+As we'll see later, ownership is related to control, so actually looking at the ownership network can answer questions like who are the key players?
+How are they organized? Are they isolated?
+Are they interconnected?
+And what about the overall distribution of controls?
+In other words, who rules the world?
+I think this is an interesting question.
+And it also affects systemic risk.
+This is a measure of how vulnerable the system as a whole is.
+High interconnectivity can have a negative impact on stability as stress can spread like an epidemic throughout the system.
+Scientists sometimes criticize economists who believe that ideas and concepts are more important than empirical data, because a basic guideline for scientists is "let the data speak". OK. Let's do so.
+So we started by building a database containing 13 million ownership relationships from 2007.
+This is a lot of data and we wanted to know "who rules the world", so we decided to focus on multinational corporations, or "TNCs" for short.
+These are companies with operations in multiple countries, we found 43,000 companies.
+The next step was to build a network around these companies. In other words, we took multinational corporation shareholders, shareholders of shareholders, etc. all upstream, and did the same downstream, resulting in the following network. 600,000 nodes and 1 million links.
+Here is the TNC network we analyzed.
+And I found that it has the following structure.
+That is, there is a perimeter and a center containing about 75% of all players, and in the center there is a small but dominant core made up of highly interconnected companies.
+To get a better picture, think about a metropolitan area.
+So you have suburbs and peripheries, you have a center that is like the financial district, and the center will be like the tallest skyscraper in the center.
+And we are already seeing signs of organizing here.
+Thirty-six percent of multinationals are core only, but account for 95 percent of all multinationals' total operating revenues.
+Now that we've analyzed the structure, how does this relate to control?
+Well, ownership gives shareholders voting rights.
+This is the normal concept of control.
+Also, there are different models that can calculate the control you get from ownership.
+Ownership of 50% or more of a company's stock gives you control, which is usually determined by the relative distribution of stock.
+And networks are really important.
+About ten years ago, Tronchetti Provera had ownership and control of a small company, which in turn had ownership and control of a larger company.
+I understand.
+This allowed him to finally take control of Telecom Italia with a leverage of 26.
+This meant that for every euro he invested, he was able to move 26 euros of market value through the chain of ownership.
+Now, what we actually calculated in our study was the control of the TNC value.
+This allowed us to assign a certain amount of influence to each shareholder.
+This is very close to Max Weber's idea of ​​latent power, the ability to impose one's will despite the objections of others.
+This is what you need to do if you want to compute the flow in the ownership network.
+Actually, it's not that hard to understand.
+Let me explain with this analogy.
+So let's think about water flowing through pipes with different pipe diameters.
+Similarly, control flows within the ownership network and accumulates in the nodes.
+So what did we find after calculating all this network control?
+Well, it turned out that the 737 top shareholders could collectively control 80% of the value of a multinational company.
+Now remember, we started with 600,000 nodes, so those 737 top players are just over 0.1 percent.
+They are primarily US and UK financial institutions.
+And it gets even more extreme.
+At its core are 146 top players, who together could collectively control 40 percent of the multinational's value.
+What do you have to take home from all this?
+Now, the advanced controls you've seen are pretty extreme by any standard.
+The high degree of interconnectivity of top players in the core could pose significant systemic risks to the global economy.
+And you can easily reproduce the TNC network using a few simple rules.
+This means that its structure is probably the result of self-organization.
+This is an emergent property that depends on the rules of interaction within the system, so it is probably not the result of a top-down approach like the Global Conspiracy.
+Our study "is an impression of the moon's surface.
+This is not a city map. "
+So, while the exact numbers of our research should be taken with a grain of salt, it was nevertheless "a glimpse into a wonderful new world of finance."
+We hope that this direction has opened the door to further such research, and remaining uncharted territory will be charted in the future.
+And this is starting slowly.
+We are witnessing the emergence of long-term, heavily funded programs aimed at understanding the networked world in terms of its complexity.
+But this journey is just beginning and we will have to wait for the first results.
+In my opinion, there is still a big problem.
+Ideas about finance, economics, politics, and society are often tainted by people's personal ideologies.
+I sincerely hope that we can find some common ground in terms of this complexity.
+It would be really nice if we had the power to end the stalemate created by conflicting ideas that seem to paralyze our globalized world.
+Reality is so complicated that we need to break away from dogma.
+But this is just my personal ideology.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So why does good sex disappear so often, even for couples who continue to love as much as ever?
+And why, contrary to popular belief, does good intimacy not guarantee good sex?
+Or maybe the next question is can we want what we already have?
+That's a million dollar question, right?
+And why is forbidden so erotic?
+Why is desire so powerful when we sin?
+And why does sex produce children, and children bring erotic disasters to couples?
+(Laughs) In a sense, it's a fatal erotic blow.
+And how does it feel when you love?
+And how does it differ when you want?
+These are some of the questions central to my exploration of the nature of erotic desire and the dilemmas that accompany it in modern love.
+So I travel all over the world, and what I notice is that wherever romanticism enters, there seems to be a crisis of desire.
+The crisis of desire, such as possessing what we want - desire as an expression of our individuality, free choice, taste and identity - has become a central concept as part of modern love and individualistic societies. Desire to be.
+As you know, this is the first time in human history that we are going to experience sexuality for the long term and not because we want 14 children. To do that, we need to have more children because we can't have many. It's not just because it's a woman's marital duty.
+It's all about pleasure and connection rooted in desire, and it's the first time I've ever asked for sex over time.
+So what is it that sustains desire, and why is it so difficult?
+And at the heart of sustaining desire in a committed relationship, I believe, is the harmony of two basic human needs.
+On the one hand, our need for security, predictability, safety, reliability, reliability and permanence.
+It is the experience that anchors and roots all this in our lives that we call home.
+But we also, men and women, have an equally strong need for adventure, newness, mystery, risk, danger, the unknown, the unexpected and the surprise. You know.
+So reconciling the need for security and the need for adventure into one relationship—what we like to call today a passionate marriage—was once a linguistic contradiction.
+Marriage was an economic institution that gave lifelong partnerships in terms of children, social status, inheritance, and companionship.
+But now we want our partner to give us all this, but in addition to that, we want you to be my best friend, my trusted confidant, and my passionate lover. I hope And we live twice as long.
+(Laughter.) So we're talking to someone and basically asking them to give us what an entire village used to offer.
+Give me belonging, give me identity, give me continuity. But give me all of transcendence and mystery and awe.
+Give me comfort, give me an edge.
+Give me novelty, give me familiarity.
+Give predictability, give surprise.
+And we take that for granted, and toys and lingerie will save us.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Now, let's get to the existential reality of this story.
+Because in a way, and again, I think the crisis of desire is often the crisis of the imagination.
+So why does good sex often disappear?
+What is the relationship between love and lust?
+How do they relate and how do they conflict?
+For there lies the mystery of eroticism.
+So for me, if there is a verb with love, it is "to have".
+And if there is a verb with desire, it is ``want''.
+In love, we want to have and know our loved ones.
+We want to keep the distance to a minimum.
+We want to neutralize the tension.
+However, because of our desires, we tend not to return to the places we have visited.
+Abandoned conclusions do not interest us.
+As a desire, we want the Other, someone on the other side that we can visit, spend time with, see what's going on in the red light district.
+Look?
+In other words, I sometimes say, "Fire needs air."
+Desires need space.
+And when said like that, it's often very abstract.
+But then I got a question.
+And in the last few years I've traveled to more than 20 countries with Mating in Captivity, I asked people, "When are you most attracted to your partner?"
+Not sexually attracted per se, but most.
+And across cultures, religions, and genders, there are some answers that come back again and again, except one.
+The first group is: I am most attracted to my partner when he is absent, apart, and reunited.
+Basically, when I return to my ability to imagine myself with my partner, when imagination returns to painting again, and to root it in absence and longing, which are the main ingredients of desire. when you can.
+But the second group is even more interesting.
+What draws me most to my partner is when I see him in the studio, when she's on stage, when he's in his element, when she's doing something with passion. , when you see him at a party, and when other people are genuinely attracted to him. , when I saw her holding court.
+Basically when I see my partner glowing and confident.
+Probably the biggest turn-on overall.
+Shine as if it were independent.
+I'm looking at this person -- by the way, about desire people rarely talk about it, when we're blending in at a distance of one or five centimeters from each other.
+However, even if the opponent is far away, it does not disappear.
+It is when I look at my partner from a comfortable distance, when this already very familiar and well-known person momentarily seems somehow mysterious, somehow elusive again. is.
+And in this space between me and the other, there is an erotic elan, a movement toward the other.
+Because, as Proust said, mystery is not a trip to new places, but a new look.
+So, when I see my partner doing something by himself or wrapped in something, when I see him, my perception changes in an instant, and I live right next door. Stay open to the mysteries that lie ahead. myself.
+And, more importantly, in this account of others and of myself, the same, but most interesting, is that desire has no need.
+no one needs anyone.
+Desire has no consideration.
+Caring is a very loving thing.
+(Laughter) I've never seen someone so passionate about someone who needs them.
+Desiring them is one thing.
+Needing them is shot down and women know that forever. Because what brings up parenting usually reduces the erotic load.
+(Laughter) There's a good reason for that, right?
+And the answers for the third group are usually: When I'm surprised, when we laugh together, like someone told me in the office today, when he's wearing a tuxedo, so I said, it's either a tuxedo or cowboy boots .
+But basically that's when there's novelty.
+But novelty is not about new positions.
+The novelty is what part of you it brings out.
+What part of you is being watched?
+Because, in a way, you could say that sex isn't something you do.
+sex is where you go.
+It is the space you enter within yourself and with others.
+So where do you go with sex?
+What part of yourself are you connected to?
+What are you trying to express there?
+Is it a place for transcendence and spiritual union?
+Is it a place for mischief or a safe and aggressive place?
+Is it a place where you can finally surrender and not take all the responsibility?
+A place where you can express your childish desires?
+What will come out of it? it's the language.
+It's not just an action.
+And what interests me is the poetic side of that language, which is why I started exploring this concept of erotic intelligence.
+As you know, animals have sex.
+It's the cornerstone, it's biology, it's nature's instinct.
+We are the only ones living an erotic life. So it is sexuality altered by the human imagination.
+We are the only ones who can make love for hours, have blissful moments, have multiple orgasms, and not be touched by anyone, just because you can imagine it.
+I can suggest it. You don't even have to do it.
+We can experience a powerful thing called expectation, which drives desire.
+The ability to imagine and experience everything as if it were happening at the same time that nothing was happening.
+So when I started thinking about eroticism, I started thinking about the poetics of sex.
+And when you look at it as intelligence, that's what you cultivate.
+What are the ingredients?
+Imagination, playfulness, novelty, curiosity, mystery.
+But the central agent is actually a part called imagination.
+But more importantly, to begin to understand who the erotically radiant couple is and what sustains their desires, it is necessary to return to the original, mystical definition of eroticism. We passed the fork by looking at it from the following perspectives: , in fact, trauma, which is the other side.
+And I observed it, the community I grew up in, it was a Belgian community, everyone was a Holocaust survivor, and there were two groups in my community: those who didn't die and those who came back. to people's lives.
+And those who did not die were often alive bound tightly to the ground, unable to experience joy and unreliable. Because you can't lift your head and fly away when you're alert, worried, anxious, anxious. In space, let your imagination run wild and be playful.
+Those who came back to life were those who understood that eroticism was the antidote to death.
+They knew how to keep themselves alive.
+When I started hearing about the sexlessness of the couples I work with, I sometimes heard people say, “I want more sex,” but generally people want better sex and Better yet, regain that vitality. Of liveliness, regeneration, vitality, eros, the energy that was or wanted to be given by sex.
+So I started asking another question.
+Questions began: "When did I close myself ...".
+"I turn off my desires..."
+This is not the same question as "What makes me uncomfortable" and "What makes you uncomfortable...".
+And people started saying, "When your mind feels dead, when you don't like your body, when you feel old, when you don't have time for yourself, do something. When I don't have the opportunity, I switch off." When you're not doing well at work, when you have low self-esteem, when you have no self-esteem, when you feel like you don't have the right to want what you want, get in touch with me. get and receive pleasure. "
+And I started asking reverse questions.
+"I switch on when..."
+Because most of the time people want to ask the question, "You excite me, what excites me?" is out of the question for me.
+Now, even if you're dead in your heart, your partner will still do a lot for Valentine's.
+No dents. No one at reception.
+(Laughter) So when I turn on myself, when I turn on desire, and when I wake up...
+Now, in this paradox between love and desire, what seems so puzzling is the very elements that nurture love: reciprocity, reciprocity, protection, care, responsibility for others, and sometimes the very elements that suppress desire. It means that
+This is because lust is accompanied by various emotions, such as jealousy, possessiveness, aggression, power, dominance, mischief, mischief, etc., which are not necessarily love preferences.
+Basically, most of us get excited at night by the same things that we object to during the day.
+As you know, the erotic spirit is not very politically correct.
+If everyone was daydreaming on a bed of roses, we wouldn't have a more interesting story to tell about this.
+(Laughter) But no, there are so many things going on in our hearts that we don't always know how to bring to our loved ones. Because we think that love involves selflessness. Because, in fact, desires are accompanied by certain desires. The degree of selfishness in the best sense of the word, the ability to remain connected to oneself in the presence of others.
+So I would like to draw that little image for you. Because we need to reconcile the needs of these two sets, and we are born with it.
+Our need for connection, our need for separation, our need for security and adventure, or our need for unity and autonomy, and sitting on your lap, nesting here cozy and very Thinking of a small child safe and secure, comfortable and at some point we all need to get out into the world and discover and explore.
+That is where desire, exploration, curiosity and discovery begin.
+And at some point they turn around and stare at you.
+And if you say to them, "Hey kid, the world is a wonderful place.
+keep it up. There's a lot of fun out there,' and they can look away and experience connection and separation at the same time.
+They can let their imaginations run wild, their bodies crazy, and playful, knowing that when they return, someone will be there.
+But if someone on this side says, "I'm worried. I'm worried. I'm depressed."
+My partner has not taken care of me for a long time.
+What's so good?
+You and I, don't we have everything we need together? "
+And there are some small reactions that we can all pretty much recognize.
+Some of us will come back, we came back a long time ago, but the little kid who comes back is the kid who gives up part of himself in order not to lose the other.
+In order not to lose connection, I lose my freedom.
+And I will learn to love in a way, and it will take extra care and extra responsibility and extra protection, to go play, to experience joy. , and I don't know what to do to leave you. Discover and get inside yourself.
+Translate this into adult language.
+It starts at a very young age.
+It lasts to the end in our sex life.
+The second child comes back and always has that look over his shoulder.
+"Are you going there?
+Are you going to yell at me or scold me?
+are you going to get mad at me "
+And they may leave, but they never really leave.
+And those people will usually say, "It was really hot in the beginning."
+Because initially, the increased intimacy was not strong enough to actually lead to a decrease in desire.
+The more connected I felt, the more I felt responsible and unable to free my mind in front of you.
+The third child did not come home for a long time.
+So what happens if you want to keep your desires, it's just a dialectic.
+On the one hand, we need safety to go out.
+Conversely, if you can't orgasm, you can't get pleasure, you can't climax, you can't have an orgasm, you can't be aroused. It's not yours, it's someone else's.
+In the dilemma of reconciling these two basic needs, I now understand some of what erotic couples do.
+The first is that they have a lot of sexual privacy.
+They understand that there is an erotic space that belongs to each.
+I also understand that foreplay isn't something you do five minutes before the show.
+Foreplay almost always begins at the end of the previous orgasm.
+They also understand that erotic space is not the goal, and you start stroking your partner.
+It's about creating a place where you leave Management Inc., maybe a place where you leave Agile programs -- (Laughter) and really just enter a place where you stop being a caring, responsible and good citizen. is.
+Responsibility and desire only clash.
+They don't get along very well together.
+Erotic couples also understand that passion ebbs and flows.
+It looks just like the moon.
+But what they do know is that they know how to revive it.
+they know how to get it back.
+And they know how to get it back. Because they solved one big myth. It's a myth of spontaneity. It falls from the sky like a deus ex machina while the laundry is being folded. And in fact, they understood that what was about to happen in their long-term relationship had already happened.
+Committed sex is premeditated sex.
+it's on purpose. it's intentional.
+It's focus and presence.
+Merry Valentine.
+(applause)
+The advances in astronomy, cosmology, and biology that have occurred in the last decade have been truly astounding, and have allowed us to learn more about the universe and how it works than most people realize.
+But there were other things I noticed while those changes were happening. Because people were beginning to realize that there really was a black hole at the center of every galaxy.
+Science writers and editors -- I shouldn't say science writers, but people who write about science -- say editors sit down with a couple of beers after a hard day's work, We started talking about these. Incredible awareness of how the universe works.
+And they inevitably end up in what I thought was a very strange place, and that's how the world could end very abruptly.
+That's what I want to talk about today. (laughter) Oh, you're laughing, you idiot. (Laughter) (Voice: Can we finish a little earlier?) (Laughter) Yes, we need time!
+Stephen Petranek: At first, it all seemed a bit fanciful, but after trying many of these ideas, I started taking many of them seriously. Then September 11th happened, and I thought, oh, I can't go to the TED conference anymore and talk about how the world will end.
+I don't want anyone to hear that. Not after this!
+So I started arguing with other people, other scientists, possibly other subjects. And one of the people I spoke to, a neuroscientist, said, "The problem you raised" reminds me of Michael's story yesterday and his mother saying that if there is no problem, there is no solution.
+So we set out to find a solution to the possible destruction of the world tomorrow. And hey, I found it.
+There I saw a videotape of President Bush's press conference a few weeks ago.
+Can you run it, Andrew?
+PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH: Whatever it costs to keep us safe, whatever it costs to keep us free, we have to pay it.
+SP: I also agree with the President.
+He wants $2 trillion, or $2 trillion, in the federal budget to protect us from terrorists next year, and we'll soon be back in deficit spending.
+But terrorists are not the only threat we face.
+We are equally in denial about terrorism, and what could have happened on 9/11, because a truly serious disaster is staring at us.
+So what I'm proposing is to take $10 billion from the $2.13 trillion budget -- which is two-hundredths of that -- and put $1 billion into each of these problems. Then I will say this. If you ask me, most of it can be worked out and we can handle the rest. So I hope you find this both appealing. I have to admit I'm fascinated by this sort of thing, but to me these are Richard's cockroaches.
+But I also think the people in this room can literally change the world so if you take some of this stuff home and have the chance to have some influence get some kind of powerful mission I hope that you will strive to do so. Money was spent on some of these ideas.
+Let's get started. Tenth: We lose the will to survive.
+We live in an amazing age of modern medicine.
+We are all much healthier than we were 20 years ago.
+People around the world are getting better medicine, but they are falling apart spiritually.
+The World Health Organization currently estimates that one in five people on the planet is clinically depressed.
+And even the World Health Organization says depression is the greatest epidemic humankind has ever faced.
+Soon, with genetic advances and even better medicine, we will be able to consider 100 years to be a normal lifespan.
+A girl born tomorrow will live, on average, to be 83 years old.
+Our life expectancy is extended by almost a year with each passing year.
+Now, the problem with aging is that people over the age of 65 are most likely to commit suicide.
+So what is the solution?
+We don't have mental health insurance in this country, and it's -- (applause) -- it's really a crime.
+98% of the population has depression. I mean, really severe depression. I have a friend who has surprisingly severe depression. It is a curable disease with current medicine and current technology.
+But it is often a combination of talk therapy and drugs.
+Drugs alone are not effective, especially in clinically depressed patients.
+As with a cut on your arm, you should go to a psychiatrist or psychologist and pay a $10 out-of-pocket for treatment. ridiculous.
+Second, pharmaceutical companies are not really going to develop advanced psychotropic drugs. We know that most mental illnesses have a biological component that can be addressed.
+And we know a surprising amount more about the brain today than we did ten years ago. For pharmaceutical companies to begin supporting the development of advanced psychotropic drugs, they need strong federal support, including through the NIH and the National Science Foundation (NSF).
+Move on. Part 9 - Don't laugh - Aliens are invading Earth.
+Ten years ago, no astronomer in the world could have told you that there are planets outside our solar system--or very few.
+Three were discovered in 1995. The number has now reached 80, and we are finding about 2 to 3 cases a month.
+By the way, everything we found is in this tiny, tiny, tiny corner of the Milky Way where we live. There must be millions of planets in the Milky Way galaxy. There must be billions of planets in the universe, as Carl Sagan long claimed and was laughed at for it.
+Within a few years, NASA will launch four to five telescopes toward dust-free Jupiter to begin searching for Earth-like planets that cannot be seen or detected with current technology.
+The possibility of no life elsewhere in the universe, and perhaps much closer to us, is proving to be a rather distant idea.
+And it's also unlikely that some of them are less intelligent than we are.
+Remember, we are only 200 years old as an advanced civilization, an industrial civilization, if you will.
+Every time I go to Pompeii, I am amazed to find McDonald's on every street corner.
+So, we don't know how far civilization has actually advanced since 79 AD, but it's very likely. I really believe this, but I don't believe in aliens, and I don't believe there are aliens on Earth. But it is possible that we will face a civilization that is more intelligent than ours.
+Well what happens? What if they siphon our oceans for hydrogen?
+And shoo us away like flies, just like we shoo away flies when we go into the rainforest and start logging.
+We can look back on our own history. The late physicist Gerald O'Neill said, "Advanced Western civilization exerted a devastating effect on all primitive civilizations with which it came in contact, even when all attempts were made to protect and defend them." .
+When aliens come, we are a primitive civilization.
+So what's the solution to this? (Laughter) Thanks for reading!
+It may seem silly, but we have a really bad history of anticipating things like this and actually preparing for them.
+How much energy and money does it take to actually come up with a plan to negotiate with advanced species?
+Second, and you'll hear more about this from me later, we have to become an outward-facing, space-challenging nation.
+We must develop the idea that neither the earth will last forever nor the sun will last forever.
+If humanity wants to survive forever, it must colonize the Milky Way.
+And it's not beyond comprehension at this point.
+(Applause.) Also, if we meet advanced civilizations along the way, or are about to become advanced civilizations, it will be of great help to us. Number eight -- (Voice: Steve, this is what I do after TED.) (Laughter) (Applause) SP: Okay! You have the job.
+No. 8: Ecosystems collapse.
+Last July, 19 oceanographers published a very unusual paper in the journal Science.
+It wasn't really a research report. It was a screed.
+They said that we have been observing the ocean for a long time, but they wanted to tell us that the ocean is not in trouble, but is about to collapse.
+Many other ecosystems on Earth are really, really endangered.
+We are living in an era of mass extinction that is 10,000 times greater than the fossil record.
+Twenty-five percent of Hawaii's endemic species have been lost in the last two decades.
+California is expected to lose 25 percent of its species over the next 40 years.
+Somewhere in the Amazon forest there is a marginal tree.
+Cut down that tree and the rainforest collapses as an ecosystem.
+There really are trees like this. That's how it really is.
+And when that ecosystem collapses, major ecosystems like our atmosphere can collapse. So what do we do about this? What is the solution?
+Ecosystem modeling is currently underway.
+The problem with ecosystems is that we understand them so poorly that we don't realize they're really in trouble until it's almost too late.
+We need to know early that they are facing a problem and be able to incorporate possible solutions into the model.
+And with the computing power that we have now, as I said, some of this is in progress, but it needs funding.
+The National Science Foundation must say that nearly all funding spent on science in this country comes in one way or another from the federal government.
+And they start prioritizing.
+There are people at the National Science Foundation who say this is the most important thing.
+This is one of the things they should think about more.
+Second, we need to create huge biodiversity reserves on our planet and start moving them.
+For the past 4-5 years, experiments have been conducted at the Georges Bank, or Grand Bank, off the coast of Newfoundland. It is a no-fishing zone.
+Fishing is not possible within a 300 mile radius.
+And then something amazing happened. Almost all the fish are back and breeding like crazy. We have to start this all over the world. A no-go zone would be required.
+I have to say that I won't be logging into Amazon for another 20 years.
+Let it recover before starting logging again.
+(Applause.) Seventh: Particle accelerator accident.
+Do you remember Unabomber Ted Kaczynski?
+One of the things he raved about was that a particle accelerator experiment could go awry and set off a chain reaction that would destroy the world.
+Believe it or not, many very sober physicists have the exact same idea.
+This spring, there will be a collider at Brookhaven, Long Island, where an experiment to create a black hole will be conducted.
+They hope to produce tiny, tiny black holes.
+Expect them to evaporate. (laughter) I hope they are right. (Laughter) Other collider experiments (including one at CERN next summer) have the potential to create something called antimatter-like strangelets. Every time they hit other matter, they destroy it and make it disappear. Most physicists say the accelerators we use today aren't powerful enough to produce the black holes and strangelets we need to worry about, and they're probably right.
+But all over the world, in Japan, in Canada, there is talk of this, in the United States, to revive it.
+We closed one that was likely to grow.
+But there is talk of building a very large accelerator.
+What can be done about this? What is the solution?
+Here the fox is guarding the chicken coop.
+We need to -- we need the advice of particle physicists to talk about particle physics and what to do in particle physics, but what's going on in these experiments? It also requires outside thought and oversight.
+Second, there are natural laboratories around the earth.
+There is an electromagnetic field around the Earth, and high-energy particles like protons are constantly colliding with it.
+And in my opinion, we don't spend enough time looking at nature's laboratories and first understanding what is safe on earth.
+Sixth: Biotechnology disaster.
+this is one of my favourites. Because I've written several articles about Bt corn.
+Bt corn is a corn that produces its own insecticide to kill corn borers.
+You may have heard of it too. You've probably heard it called StarLink, especially when all taco shells were removed from supermarkets about a year and a half ago.
+This substance was supposed to be used only as animal feed in the United States, but it entered the human food supply. And someone should have realized that it very easily enters the human food supply.
+What is alarming, however, is that a few months ago, Bt corn genes were found in wild corn plants in Mexico, where Bt corn and all genetically modified corn are completely illegal.
+Well, corn is believed to have originated in Mexico.
+This is a treasure trove of maize genetic biodiversity.
+This is a reminder of the recently fading skepticism that super-weeds and super-pests could be infested worldwide by biotechnology and literally destroy the world's food supply in a very short period of time.
+So what do we do about it?
+We treat biotechnology with the same scrutiny that we apply to nuclear power plants.
+It's that simple. This is a surprisingly unregulated field.
+When the StarLink disaster happened, there was a dispute between the EPA and the FDA over who actually had authority and what part of the matter, and the issue remained unresolved for months. That's kind of crazy.
+Number 5 is one of my favourites. A reversal of the Earth's magnetic field.
+Believe it or not, this happens every few hundred thousand years and has happened many times in our history.
+The North Pole goes south, the South Pole goes north, and vice versa.
+But what happens when this happens is that the magnetic field around the Earth is lost over about 100 years. In other words, all the cosmic rays and particles coming towards us from the sun will lose this magnetic field. What protects us is basically frying. (laughter) (Voice: Steve, there's an extra hat downstairs.) SP: So what can we do about this?
+780,000 years have passed since this event.
+So it must have happened about 480,000 years ago.
+Oh, and one more thing.
+Scientists now believe our magnetic field could be reduced by about 5 percent.
+So maybe we are in that predicament.
+One of the problems with trying to figure out how healthy the planet is is that we don't have good weather data from 60 years ago, much less about things like the ozone layer.
+So there is a very simple solution for this.
+In about six or seven years there will be many cheap rockets that will take us to the cyclones very cheaply.
+As you know, ozone can be made from car exhaust pipes.
+It's not difficult. Only 3 oxygen atoms.
+If the entire ozone layer were brought down to the surface, it would be 14 pounds per square inch thick, about two pennies thick.
+You don't need to go that far.
+We need to learn how to repair and replenish the earth's ozone layer.
+(Applause) Fourth: A giant solar flare.
+A solar flare is a huge magnetic explosion from the Sun that causes high-speed subatomic particles to collide with the Earth.
+So far, our atmosphere has been working well, and our magnetic fields have protected us well from this problem.
+Occasional flares from the sun wreak havoc on communications and electricity.
+What is surprising, however, is that astronomers have recently studied stars similar to our Sun and found that many of them are 20 times brighter as they reach the age of the Sun. It doesn't last very long.
+And they believe these are superflares, millions of times more powerful than any flares ever produced from the Sun.
+Obviously, we don't want any of those. (laughs) There's a flip side to that. When studying stars like our Sun, we find that they undergo a decline phase in which the total amount of energy emitted by the star decreases by perhaps 1 percent.
+One percent doesn't seem like a lot, but it's going to cause a hell of an ice age here.
+So what can we do about this?
+(Laughter) Start terraforming Mars. This is one of my favorite subjects.
+I wrote an article about this in Life magazine in 1993.
+This is rocket science, but not hard rocket science.
+Everything you need to create a Martian atmosphere and make Mars a habitable planet is probably there.
+And literally just send a tiny nuclear factory there that eats up the iron oxide on the surface of Mars and spews out oxygen.
+The problem is that terraforming Mars will take at least 300 years.
+It takes about 500 years to get it right.
+There is no reason to start now. (Laughter) Third -- don't you think this is cool? (Laughter) New pandemic. Since the birth of mankind, people have been at war with germs, and in some cases germs have the upper hand.
+In 1918, an influenza epidemic hit the United States, killing 20 million people.
+That was when the population was about 100 million.
+Bubonic plague was an epidemic in medieval Europe, killing one in four Europeans.
+AIDS is recurring. Ebola seems to be raging all too often, and old diseases like cholera are becoming resistant to antibiotics.
+We should all have learned the kind of panic that can occur when an old disease like anthrax returns.
+The worst possibility is that a very simple bacterium like Staphylococcus (which still has one effective antibiotic) mutates.
+And we know staph can do amazing things.
+Staphylococcal cells live next to muscle cells in the body and when given antibiotics, they borrow genes from muscle cells and change and mutate.
+The danger is that bacteria like staphylococci mutate into something so virulent and so contagious that they spread the population before we can do anything about it.
+It has happened before. About 12,000 years ago, a massive wave of mammal extinction occurred in the Americas, thought to be a toxic disease.
+So what can we do about it?
+it's nuts. We're on antibiotics -- (applause) -- every cow, every lamb, every chicken, they're on antibiotics every day.
+When you go to a restaurant and eat fish, you have news, it's all farmed. If you go to a restaurant, you have to ask if it's wild fish. because they won't tell you. I am distributing the code.
+This is like giving someone a secret code during a war.
+We teach the germs out there how to fight us.
+I have to fix that. It must be banned immediately.
+Second, as we've seen with anthrax, our public health system is truly dire.
+The United States is actually experiencing a large-scale epidemic and is not prepared to deal with it.
+Next year's federal budget now includes funds to strengthen public health services.
+But I don't think it's really necessary.
+My second favorite is encountering rogue black holes.
+Ten or fifteen years ago, if you walked into an astronomy convention and said, "As you know, there's probably a black hole at the center of every galaxy," you'd be jeered. off the stage.
+And now, if you partook in one of those conventions and said, "Well, I don't think the black hole is there," they would kick you off stage.
+Our understanding of how the universe works has advanced incredibly in recent years.
+There are believed to be about 10 million dead stars in our galaxy alone.
+And these stars are probably compressed to about 12, 15 miles wide and are black holes. And we cannot see them because they swallow everything around them, including the light.
+Most of them should orbit around something.
+But the galaxy is a very violent place and objects can be thrown out of orbit.
+And also, the universe is incredibly vast.
+So even if you were to throw a million of these objects out of orbit, the chances of them actually hitting us would be pretty low.
+But it's enough to get close to one of these, about a billion miles away.
+At about a billion miles away, what happens to Earth's orbit is that it's an ellipse instead of a circle.
+And for three months out of the year, the surface temperature rises to 150-180 degrees.
+It's minus 50 degrees Celsius for three months of the year.
+It doesn't work very well. What can be done about this?
+And this is what scares me the most. (Laughter) I don't have a good answer for this.
+Again, we have to think about being a colonizing race.
+And finally, number one, I think the biggest danger to life as we know it is a very large asteroid heading towards Earth.
+The important thing to remember here is that this is not a question of "if", it is a question of "when" and "how big".
+In 1908, a mere 200-foot cometary fragment exploded over Siberia, flattening forests for perhaps 160 miles.
+It had the effect of about 1,000 Hiroshima-type atomic bombs.
+Astronomers estimate that such small asteroids appear about every 100 years.
+In 1989, a large asteroid passed 400,000 miles from Earth.
+Nothing to worry about, right?
+passed directly through Earth's orbit. We were at the place 6 hours ago.
+When a small asteroid about half a mile across hits, it causes a firestorm, followed by severe global cooling by the debris it rolls up—Carl Sagan's nuclear winter.
+A 5-mile-wide asteroid causes mass extinction.
+The one that captured the dinosaur is believed to have been about eight miles wide.
+where are they? There is something called the Kuiper belt. Some people think Pluto is not a planet, but Pluto is there and in the Kuiper Belt.
+A little further away is what is called the Oort Cloud.
+There are about 100,000 spheres of ice and rock, or comets, more than 50 miles in diameter, that periodically make a few turns as they make their way toward the Sun and pass close to us.
+Of more concern, I think, are the asteroids that exist between Mars and Jupiter.
+The people at the Sloan Digital Sky Survey told us last fall they were working on the first space map, a three-dimensional map of the universe. Between Mars and Jupiter, half a mile away, there are probably 700,000 asteroids. big or big
+So you say, well, what are the chances of this actually happening?
+Andrew, can you post that table?
+Here's a chart that Dr. Clark Chapman of the Southwest Institute presented to Congress a few years ago.
+Their research shows that the odds of dying from an asteroid-comet collision are about 1 in 20,000.
+Now look at what's right underneath.
+1 in 20,000 airliner crashes.
+We spend a ton of money trying to keep people from dying in plane crashes, and we spend very little on it. Still, this is completely preventable.
+We finally had the technology to stop the cold last year.
+Is there any solution?
+NASA spends $3 million a year searching for asteroids, which is like pennies.
+Because we can actually figure out all the asteroids out there and if and when they hit the Earth.
+And that's what they're trying to do.
+But they claim that it takes 10 years at $3 million a year and only about 80% can be cataloged.
+Comet is an even harder act.
+We don't really have the technology to predict the trajectory of a comet or when our named comet will arrive.
+But if you think it will come, there will be plenty of time.
+You really need a dedicated observatory.
+Did you notice that many comets are named after amateur astronomers and other people you've never heard of?
+You need a dedicated observatory to search for comets.
+Solution Part 2: We need to find a way to blow up the asteroid or change its trajectory. Well, a year ago we did something amazing.
+We sent a probe to this asteroid belt called NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous).
+And these guys were orbiting a 30, no, about 32 miles long asteroid called Eros.
+And, of course, you know, they pulled out some NASA scumbags, loaded up with all the extra batteries, extra gas, etc., and landed at the last minute.
+They actually landed on the object once the mission was over.
+We landed our rocket ship on an asteroid. It's not a big deal.
+Now, the problem with sending bombs out for this problem is that there is no air in space, so there is nothing to push against.
+Nuclear explosions are similarly hot, but not really large enough to melt or vaporize a 32-mile-long asteroid.
+But we can learn how to land on these asteroids that bear our name, and put things like small ion propulsion motors on them. This gently and slowly pushes the asteroid into another orbit after a period of time. If the calculations are correct, it will prevent a collision with the Earth.
+It's just a matter of finding them, going there and doing something about it.
+I know this kind of thing confuses your head.
+Wow! There are many great threats!
+I think we should not forget September 11th.
+We don't want to get hurt again.
+we know about this
+Science now has the power to predict the future in many cases.
+Knowledge is power.
+The worst thing we can do is say, "I've had enough of worrying about asteroids without worrying about them." (Laughter) That's a mistake that could literally cost us our future.
+thank you.
+The global economic and financial crisis has reignited public interest in one of the oldest questions in economics, dating back at least to before Adam Smith.
+Why is it that countries with seemingly similar economies and institutions exhibit radically different saving behavior?
+Many brilliant economists have spent their lives working on this problem today, and as a field we have made great strides and understand a lot about it.
+I'm here to talk to you today because I've been working on the link between the structure of the language you speak and how you feel you tend to save. Interesting new hypotheses and some surprisingly powerful new discoveries. .
+I'll say a little bit about the savings rate, a little bit about the language, and then I'll draw out its relevance.
+First, consider the member countries of the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development).
+OECD countries should generally be considered the wealthiest and most industrialized countries in the world.
+And by joining the OECD, we have confirmed our common commitment to democracy, open markets and free trade.
+Despite these similarities, we find significant differences in saving behavior.
+Far to the left of this graph, many OECD countries save more than a quarter of their GDP annually, and some save more than a third of their GDP annually. understand.
+Greece has been holding back the right wing of the OECD and the other side.
+And what you can see is that over the past 25 years, Greece has managed to save just over 10 percent of its GDP.
+Of course, it should be noted that the US and UK are next in order.
+Now that we see such huge differences in savings rates, how could language have anything to do with these differences?
+Let's talk a little bit about how languages ​​are fundamentally different.
+Linguists and cognitive scientists have studied this question for many years.
+Then draw the relationship between these two actions.
+Many of you probably already know that I am Chinese.
+I grew up in the US Midwest.
+And what I realized quite early on was that the Chinese language forced me to talk about family and, indeed, more fundamentally, to think about family in an entirely different way. about it.
+Well, what about it? Let's take an example.
+Suppose I was talking to you and introduced you to my uncle.
+You understood exactly what I just said in English.
+But if we're speaking Mandarin to each other, we can't afford that.
+I couldn't tell you with so little information.
+In my language, instead of just saying, "This is my uncle," I had to convey a huge amount of additional information.
+In my language, is this man a maternal or paternal uncle, a marital uncle or a natural uncle, and is this man his father's brother, older, older? I have to say younger than my father.
+All of this information is required. Chinese don't ignore it.
+In fact, in Chinese you always have to think about it if you want to speak correctly.
+Now, as a child, I was endlessly fascinated by that, but what fascinates me even more today as an economist is how some of these same differences explain how language speaks of time. It means that it has been taken over by something.
+For example, when speaking in English, if you say "It rained yesterday" for the past rain, "It's raining now" for the present rain, and "It will rain" for the future rain. You have to say it grammatically differently. It will rain tomorrow. "
+Please note that English requires more information regarding the timing of the event.
+why? Because I need to take that into account and modify what I am saying to say "It will rain" or "It will rain".
+In English, it is never allowed to say, "It will rain tomorrow."
+By contrast, it's about the same as saying in Chinese.
+Chinese speakers can basically say things that sound very strange to English speakers' ears.
+You can say, "It rained yesterday," "It will rain now," or "It will rain tomorrow."
+In a sense, Chinese does not divide the time spectrum in the same way that English always forces you to speak correctly.
+Is this linguistic difference only between very distantly related languages ​​like English and Chinese?
+Not really.
+Many of you in this room know that English is Germanic.
+You may not realize it, but English is actually an outlier.
+It's the only Germanic language that requires this.
+For example, most other Germanic speakers have no hesitation in talking about tomorrow's rain by saying "Morgen regnet es", which literally means "it will rain tomorrow" in English ears.
+This leads me as a behavioral economist to an interesting hypothesis.
+Could how you talk about time, and how your language makes you think about time, influence your tendency to act beyond time?
+You speak English, the language of the future.
+It means that whenever we discuss the future, or any future event, we are forced to grammatically separate it from the present and treat it as if it were something different sensuously. is.
+Now, suppose that intuitive difference subtly separates the future from the present every time you speak.
+If that's true, and the future feels even more distant and different than the present, saving will be harder.
+On the other hand, if you speak a language without a future, the present and the future, you speak of them in the same way.
+If it subtly encourages you to feel the same way about them, it will make saving easier.
+Now, this is a fantastic theory.
+I am a professor and get paid to tell fantastic theories.
+But how can such a theory be tested in practice?
+Well, what I did with it was access to the linguistics literature.
+And interestingly, there is a concentration of speakers of languages ​​with no future all over the world.
+This is the pocket of dead language speakers in Northern Europe.
+Interestingly, when we start collecting data, it turns out that the global population of dead language speakers is generally the world's leading saver.
+To give you a hint, let's look back at the OECD chart I mentioned earlier.
+As you can see, these bars are systematically higher and systematically shifted to the left compared to those of the OECD countries that speak the languages ​​of the future.
+What is the average difference here?
+Saves 5 percentage points of annual GDP.
+Over 25 years, it has a significant long-term impact on a nation's wealth.
+While these findings are suggestive, countries can differ in so many different ways that explaining all these possible differences can be very, very difficult.
+But what I'm about to show you is what I've been working on for the past year. I am trying to collect all the largest datasets I have access to as an economist. I would like to remove all possible differences and dissolve this relationship.
+In summary, no matter how far you push this, it won't break.
+I'll show you how far I can go.
+One way to imagine it is by collecting large datasets from around the world.
+For example, studies on health, [aging] and retirement in Europe.
+This dataset shows that European retired families are very patient with survey respondents.
+(Laughter.) So imagine you're a retired family in Belgium and someone comes to your door.
+“Excuse me, may I take a look at your stock portfolio?”
+Do you know how much your house is worth?
+Do you have corridors longer than 10 meters?
+If you don't mind, could I measure how long it took you to walk down that corridor?
+We will measure your grip strength, so could you hold this device with your dominant hand as hard as possible?
+We will measure your lung capacity, so why not try blowing into this tube? "
+The investigation will take one day.
+(Laughter) If you combine this with, say, the demographic and health surveys that USAID collects in developing countries in Africa, the surveys actually measure directly the HIV status of families living in rural Nigeria, for example. up to
+Combine this with the World Values ​​Survey. The survey measures the political opinions and, fortunately, the saving behavior of millions of families in hundreds of countries around the world.
+Taking all that data and combining them gives us this map.
+Nine countries around the world have many indigenous peoples who speak both futuristic and futuristic languages.
+And what I'm trying to do is form statistically congruent pairs between families that are nearly identical in all measurable aspects. And we intend to investigate whether the association between language and savings persists even after controlling for all of these levels.
+What characteristics can be controlled?
+I match country of birth and country of residence, demographics, gender, age, income level in the country, educational background, family structure, etc.
+It turns out there are six different ways to get married in Europe.
+And most in detail, we break it down by religion, out of the 72 religious categories in the world. It's a very detailed level.
+There are 1.4 billion ways families find themselves.
+Effectively all I'm going to talk about from now on is comparing these basically nearly identical families.
+This is a possible thought experiment to find two families, both living in Brussels, identical in all these aspects, but one of whom speaks Flemish and the other speaks French. as close as possible. Or two families living in rural Nigeria, one speaking Hausa and the other speaking Igbo.
+Now, even after all this fine-grained control, does it seem like speakers of futureless languages ​​can save more?
+Yes, futureless language speakers are 30% more likely to report having saved in any given year, even after this level of control.
+Does this have a cumulative effect?
+Yes, futureless language speakers will have a steady income and will retire with 25% more savings by the time they retire.
+Can we push this data further?
+Yes, as I said earlier, as economists we actually collect a lot of health data.
+So how should we think about health behavior to think about saving?
+For example, consider smoking.
+Smoking is, in a sense, negative savings.
+If saving is present pain in exchange for future enjoyment, smoking is the opposite.
+It is the joy of the present in exchange for the pain of the future.
+What we should expect in that case is the opposite effect.
+And that's exactly what we found.
+People who speak dead-end languages ​​are 20 to 24 percent less likely to smoke at any given time and 13 to 17 percent less likely to be obese by the time they retire compared to members of the same family. They plan to report they were 21% more likely to have used a condom at their last sexual contact.
+I could go on and on about the list of differences I find.
+It is almost impossible not to find a saving behavior in which this powerful effect does not exist.
+My linguistics and economics colleagues at Yale University and I are just beginning this research, and we're really exploring and understanding how these subtle stimuli make us think more or less about the future every time we speak. .
+The ultimate goal is to help people become consciously better savers and more conscious in their own futures, with an understanding of how these subtle influences can change our decision-making. We want to be able to give you the tools to become a real investor.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+The neuroscience that I and my colleagues are doing is like a weather forecaster.
+We are always chasing storms.
+We want to see and measure the storm, the brainstorm.
+And while we talk about brainstorming in our daily lives, we rarely see or hear it.
+So I always like to start by actually introducing one of these talks.
+In fact, for the first time, we were able to measure electrical sparks in 100 cells from the same animal when we recorded multiple neurons, or 100 brain cells, simultaneously. This is the first image we got, the first 10 seconds of this recording.
+So we got a little piece of the idea and could see it in front of us.
+I always tell my students that neuroscientists can be called astronomers of sorts. This is because the system we are dealing with can only be compared in terms of the number of cells to the number of galaxies in the universe.
+And here we are only recording 100 neurons ten years ago out of billions of neurons.
+I'm doing 1000 now.
+And we want to understand something fundamental about human nature.
+Because, as you may not know yet, everything we use to define what humanity is comes from these storms, rolling through the peaks and valleys of our brains. , comes from these storms that define our memories, our beliefs, our emotions. our future plans.
+Everything we ever do, every human being has ever done, does, or will do, requires the toil of neuronal populations that create this kind of storm.
+For those who have never heard brainstorming sounds, brainstorming sounds like this:
+If possible, make a louder sound.
+My son calls it "Making popcorn while listening to a badly tuned AM broadcast."
+this is the brain.
+This is what happens when you send these electrical storms through a speaker and hear the sound of 100 brain cells firing. Your brain sounds like this - mine or any other brain.
+And this time around, what we want to do as neuroscientists is actually listen to these symphonies, these symphonies of the brain, and try to extract from it the messages they carry.
+In particular, about 12 years ago we created a preparation we named Brain Machine Interface.
+And here's a scheme that explains how it works.
+The idea is to have some sensors that listen for these storms and electrical sparks and see if they can do that at the same time that this storm is leaving the brain and reaching the animal's legs and arms. Let's see. About half a second -- see if we can read these signals, extract the motor messages embedded in them, convert them into digital commands, and send them to an artificial device that recreates the brain's spontaneous motor wheels in real time. Let's. .
+And see if you can measure how well you can translate that message when compared to how your body does it.
+And if we could actually provide feedback on how the brain processes the sensory signals coming back to the brain from this robotic, mechanical, computational actuator under the brain's control—messages from the man-made object—the machine's .
+And that's exactly what we did ten years ago.
+We started with a superstar monkey called Aurora who has become one of the superstars in the field.
+Aurora loved playing video games.
+As you can see here, she likes playing this game with a joystick, just like us and our kids.
+And as a good primate, she will even try to cheat before she gets the right answer.
+So Aurora is trying to find the target, regardless of where it is, even before it appears across the joystick-controlled cursor.
+And because if she does, she'll get a drop of Brazilian orange juice every time she crosses that target with her little cursor.
+And all I can say is that any monkey will do anything for a drop of Brazilian orange juice.
+In fact, any primate would.
+Think about it.
+Now, as you can see, while Aurora is playing this game, doing 1,000 trials a day, getting 97 percent correct and 350 milliliters of orange juice, we're in her head The resulting brainstorms are recorded and sent to the robotic arm. It had learned to replicate the movements of the Northern Lights.
+Because the idea was to actually turn on this brain machine interface and have Aurora play the game just by thinking, without any physical interference.
+Her brainstorm moves the cursor and controls the arm that traverses the target.
+And to my surprise, that's exactly what Aurora did.
+She played the game without moving her body.
+So all the cursor trails you see now, this is exactly the first time she caught it.
+It was the first moment that the brain's intentions were freed from the physical realm of the primate body, allowing it to operate in the outside world simply by controlling a prosthetic device.
+And Aurora kept playing the game, finding small targets, and getting the orange juice she wanted and crave.
+Well, she did it because she had a new arm at the time.
+Thirty days after the first video I showed you, here's a moving robotic arm under the control of Aurora's brain, moving its cursor to reach its target.
+And while Aurora now knows she can play games with this robotic arm, she hasn't lost her ability to do whatever she pleases with her biological arm.
+She can scratch her back, she can scratch one of us, she can play another game.
+For all intents and means, Aurora's brain incorporates its prosthetic devices as extensions of her body.
+The model of myself in Aurora's head was extended to give me another arm.
+Well, we did that ten years ago.
+Let's fast forward 10 years.
+Just last year we realized we didn't even need a robotic device.
+Just build a calculation body, an avatar, and a monkey avatar.
+Then you can actually use it to interact with a monkey, or simulate the avatar's first-person view in a virtual world and train it to use her brain activity to control the avatar's arm and leg movements. can do.
+And what we basically did was train the animals to learn how to control these avatars and explore the objects they see in the virtual world.
+These objects are visually identical, but when the avatar crosses the surface of these objects, it sends an electrical message proportional to the tactile sensation of the object, which goes back directly to the monkey's brain, where it is the avatar. let your brain know. I'm touching
+And in just four weeks, the brain learns how to process this new sensation and acquires new sensory pathways like the new sensation.
+And now that your brain is able to send motor commands to move this avatar, you are truly liberating your brain.
+And feedback from the avatar is processed directly by the brain without skin interference.
+What is shown here is that this is the design of the task.
+You will basically see animals touching these three targets.
+And only one has the orange juice reward, so you have to choose one.
+Then you have to select by touch using a virtual arm, i.e. a non-existent arm.
+And that's exactly what they do.
+This is the complete liberation of the brain from the physical constraints of the body and motors in perceptual tasks.
+Animals control avatars to touch targets.
+And we perceive the texture by receiving electrical messages directly in the brain.
+The brain then determines what textures are associated with rewards.
+The legends that appear in the movies do not appear in monkeys.
+By the way, they can't read English anyway, so I'm only here to let them know that the right target is to change positions.
+You can still find them by tactile identification, which you can press to select.
+Observing the brains of these animals, the top panel shows an array of 125 cells, showing brain activity in a sample of neurons in the brain when the animal is using the joystick, i.e. what happens to the electrical storm. shows what happens.
+And that's the image any neurophysiologist knows.
+Basic alignment shows that these cells code in all directions.
+The pictures below show what happens when the body stops moving and the animal begins to control either a robotic device or a computational avatar.
+As soon as we can reset our computer, brain activity will begin to express this new tool. As if this was also part of the primate's body.
+The brain is also absorbing it as fast as it can be measured.
+So this suggests that our sense of self does not end at the last layer of the epithelium of the body, but at the last layer of electrons in the tools we command in our brains.
+Our violins, cars, bicycles, soccer balls, clothes, they are all assimilated into this greedy and amazing dynamic system called the brain.
+How far can you go?
+Well, an experiment we did a few years ago pushed this to the limit.
+We ran animals on treadmills at Duke University on the East Coast of the United States to generate the brainstorm needed for locomotion.
+And at the ATR Laboratory in Kyoto, Japan, he developed a humanoid robot, a robotic device he had always dreamed of being controlled by a human or primate brain.
+What's going on here is that the brain activity that produced the monkey's movements is sent to Japan to make this robot walk, and the footage of that walk is sent back to Duke, and the monkey sees this robot's legs in his eyes. I could see him walking in front of me. she.
+So she gets rewarded for every correct step of a robot on the other side of the world controlled by her brain activity, not what her body is doing.
+Interestingly, this round-the-world trip took 20 milliseconds less than it took the brainstorm to leave the monkey's head and reach its own muscles.
+Monkeys were running robots six times their size on Earth.
+This is one of the experiments to enable the robot to walk autonomously.
+CB1, which controlled the brain activity of primates and made a dream come true in Japan.
+So where do we take this?
+What are we going to do with this research other than study the nature of this dynamic universe between our ears?
+The idea is to use all this knowledge and technology to try and fix one of the world's most serious neurological problems.
+Millions of people have lost the ability to turn these brainstorms into action and exercise.
+Their brains continue to create storms and encode movements, but they are unable to cross the barrier created by their spinal cord injury.
+So our idea is to create a bypass and use these brain machine interfaces to read these signals and do a massive brainstorm involving the desire to move again and use computer microengineering to bypass the lesion and send it throughout the new body. A body called an exoskeleton, the entire robot suit becomes the new body for these patients.
+You can also see images created by this consortium.
+It's a non-profit consortium called the Walk Again Project that brings together scientists from Europe, here in the United States, and Brazil to actually build this new body, the body we believe in using the same plastic. are cooperating with Mechanisms that allow Aurora and other monkeys to use these tools through a brain-machine interface, allowing us to incorporate the tools we produce and use in our daily lives.
+We can use this same mechanism to allow the patient to re-imagine the movements they wish to perform and not only translate them into movements of this new body, but also assimilate this body as a new brain-controlled body. I hope to make it possible.
+So I was told about 10 years ago that it would never happen, it was next to impossible.
+And as a scientist, I can only say that I grew up in southern Brazil in the mid-'60s watching a few crazy guys persuade them to go to the moon.
+And as a five-year-old, I never understood why NASA didn't hire Captain Kirk and Spock for the job. After all, they were very skilled. But I only saw it as a child and, as my grandmother used to say to me, "The impossible can happen if someone doesn't try hard enough to make it happen." It's just that," he believed.
+So they told me it was impossible to make people walk.
+I will follow my grandmother's advice.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+There is a group located in Kenya.
+People go across the sea to meet.
+These people are tall.
+they jump high they are wearing red clothes
+And they kill lions.
+You may wonder who these people are.
+These are the Maasai people.
+And do you know what's cool? Actually, I am one of them.
+Maasai boys are raised as warriors.
+Girls are raised to be mothers.
+At the age of five, I found out that I would get married as soon as I hit puberty.
+My mother, grandmother and aunts always reminded me that your husband had just passed by.
+(Laughter) Isn't that cool?
+And from that moment on, all I had to do was prepare to be the perfect woman at 12.
+My day started at 5am, milking the cows, cleaning the house, cooking for my brothers, collecting water and firewood.
+I have done everything it takes to be the perfect wife.
+I went to school not because Maasai women and girls went to school.
+It was because my mother didn't get an education, and she always told me and my brothers that she didn't want us to live the way she did.
+why did she say that?
+My father worked as a police officer in that city.
+He went home once a year.
+Sometimes I didn't see him for two years.
+And each time he came home, things were different.
+My mother worked hard on the farm to grow crops for us to eat.
+She raised cows and goats so she could take care of us.
+But when my father came, I sold the cows, sold the products we had, and went to the bar with my friends to drink.
+Since my mother was a woman, she was not allowed to own property. And he had that right, because by default, everything in my family belongs to him anyway.
+And when my mother questioned him, he beat her and abused her, and it was really hard.
+When I went to school, I had a dream.
+i wanted to be a teacher
+The teachers looked nice.
+They wear nice dresses and wear high-heeled shoes.
+I learned later that it was unpleasant, but I was impressed.
+(Laughter) But most of all, the teacher was just writing on the board and it wasn't a hard job. I thought so compared to what I was doing on the farm.
+That's why I wanted to become a teacher.
+I studied hard at school, but in my eighth year of junior high school, that was the decisive factor.
+In our tradition, there is a rite that a girl must undergo in order to become a woman, and it is a rite of passage to women.
+And I was just finishing 8th grade. That was when I entered high school.
+This was the crossroads.
+After going through this tradition, I was going to be his wife.
+Well, the dream of becoming a teacher will not come true.
+So we had a discussion. I had to come up with a plan to solve these things.
+i talked to my dad I did something most girls never do.
+I said to my father, "If you let me go back to school, I will take this ceremony."
+Because if I run away, my father will be stigmatized and called the father of that child who didn't even undergo the ceremony.
+It was a shame for him to carry the rest of his life on his shoulders.
+So he understood. "Well, I'll go to school after the ceremony," he said.
+Hooray. A ceremony was held.
+I have been excited for a week.
+It's a ritual. people enjoy it.
+And the day before the actual ceremony took place, we danced with excitement and couldn't sleep all night.
+The actual day came and we walked out of the house where we were dancing. So we kept dancing.
+When I went out to the courtyard, many people were waiting.
+They were all forming a circle.
+And when we danced and danced and approached the circle of women, men, women and children, they were all there.
+A woman sat in the middle of it, waiting for this woman to hug us.
+I was the first There were my sister and a few other girls there, so when I approached her, she looked at me and I sat down.
+Then I sat down and opened my legs.
+I opened my legs and another woman came up. The woman had a knife.
+And she walked towards me with a knife, grabbed my clit and cut it off.
+As you can imagine, there was blood. I got blood.
+After bleeding for a while, I lost consciousness.
+That's what so many girls go through and I'm lucky I didn't die, but many do.
+I had already practiced, no anesthesia, and an old rusty knife, so it was hard.
+I was lucky because my mom did something most women don't do.
+Three days later, after everyone left home, my mother took the nurse.
+thank you for helping me.
+Three weeks later, I was cured and back in high school.
+I decided to become a teacher this time to make a difference in my family.
+Well, when I was in high school, an incident happened.
+I met a young gentleman from the village who attended the University of Oregon.
+This man was wearing a white T-shirt, jeans, a camera, and white sneakers. I'm talking about white sneakers.
+I think there is something about clothes and shoes.
+I was wearing sneakers, and this is a village with no paved roads. It was so charming.
+I admired him because he seemed so happy.
+And he said to me, "So what do you mean, do you want to go?"
+Isn't your husband waiting for you? "
+And I said to him, "Don't worry about that part."
+Just tell me how to get there. "
+This gentleman, he helped me.
+When I was in high school, my father was sick.
+He had a stroke and was so sick he couldn't tell me what to do next.
+But the problem is that my father is more than just a father.
+Anyone my father's age, any male in the community, is my father by default. Everyone, including my uncle. And they will decide my future.
+So when the news came, I applied to school and was accepted into Randolph-Macon College for Women in Lynchburg, Virginia. I couldn't go to school without the support of the village because I needed to raise money to buy an airline ticket.
+I got a scholarship, but I had to come here myself.
+But I needed the support of the village. And here again, when men hear that women have had the chance to go to school, and people hear, "What a missed opportunity!
+I should have given this to a boy. we can't do that. "
+So I had to go back and get back into tradition.
+There is a belief among our people that the morning brings good news.
+I have good news in the morning, so I had to come up with something to do in the morning.
+And the village also has a chief, an elder, and if he says yes, everyone will follow him.
+So I went to him early in the morning, just as the sun was rising.
+I'm the first thing he sees when he opens the door.
+"My child, what are you doing here?"
+"Dad, I need your help. Can you help me get to America?"
+I promised him that I would be the best girl, that I would come back, and then whatever they wanted, I would do for them.
+He said, "Yes, but I can't do it alone."
+He gave me a list of 15 more men that I went to and 16 more men. I visited them every morning.
+everyone gathered.
+The village, the women, the men, everyone came together to support me in getting an education.
+Arrived in America. What did I find, you guessed it?
+I found snow!
+The cafeteria had Walmart, vacuum cleaners and lots of food.
+I was in a rich country.
+I myself enjoyed myself, but I discovered a lot during my time here.
+I learned that the ritual I had when I was 13 was called female genital mutilation.
+I learned that in Kenya it is against the law.
+I learned that I didn't have to sacrifice any part of my body to get an education. I had my rights.
+And as we speak now, 3 million girls in Africa are at risk of this amputation.
+I learned that my mother has the right to own property.
+I learned that she doesn't need to be abused because she is a woman.
+Those things pissed me off.
+I wanted to do something.
+When I returned, I found that every time I went there, the girls in the neighborhood were getting married.
+They were mutilated, and here, after I graduated here, when I went back to school to work at the United Nations and get my graduate studies, their constant screaming was in my face. bottom.
+Something had to be done.
+On my way back, I started talking to the men, the villagers, and the mothers and said, "I want to return the favor you promised to come back and help me. What do you need?"
+When I talked to the women, they said, "Do you know what we need? We really need girls' schools."
+Because there were no schools for girls.
+And they wanted an all-girls school because if a girl is raped while walking to school, the mother is to blame.
+If a woman becomes pregnant before marriage, the mother is held responsible and punished.
+she was beaten
+"We wanted to keep our daughters safe," they said.
+When we moved out and went to talk to my fathers, of course you can imagine what they said, "We want a boys' school."
+And I said, 'Well, there are some men who have left my village to get an education.
+Why am I building a girls' school when they can't build a boys' school? "
+It made sense. And they agreed.
+And I asked them to show me a sign of commitment.
+And they did. They donated land where we will build a girls' school.
+we have.
+I want you to meet one of the girls at that school.
+Angeline came to the school to apply but didn't meet our standards.
+she is an orphan Yes, we could have taken her that way.
+But she was older. She was 12 and we had a 4th grade girl with us.
+Angeline was an orphan with no mother or father, so she moved from one grandmother's house to another, from aunt to aunt's house. Her life was unstable.
+And I look at her, I remember that day, and I saw something beyond what I was seeing in Angeline.
+And yes she was in fourth grade.
+We gave her the chance to come to our class.
+Five months later, that's Angeline.
+A change began in her life.
+Angeline wants to become a pilot, fly around the world and make a difference in society.
+She wasn't a top student when we took her.
+Now she is the best student not only in our school, but in our entire department.
+It's Sharon. Five years later.
+It's Evelyn. Five months later, that's the difference we're making.
+A new dawn is happening in my school, a new beginning is happening.
+125 girls will never be cut off as we speak now.
+125 girls can't get married by the time they're 12.
+125 girls create dreams and make them come true.
+This is what we do and give them the opportunity to rise.
+As we speak now, women are not being beaten for the revolution we started in our communities.
+(Applause.) I want to challenge you today.
+You're listening to me because you're here, and you're very optimistic.
+You are a very passionate person.
+You are someone who wants to see a better world.
+You are the one who wants war to end and poverty to end.
+You are someone who wants to make a difference.
+You are the one who wants to make our tomorrow better.
+What I want to challenge you with today is to be the first. because people will follow you.
+first person. people follow you
+Be bold. stand up. Be fearless. Be confident.
+Because we believe that just as you change your world and change your community, we are impacting one girl, one family, one village, one country at a time. , let's get out.
+We are making a difference, so if you change the world, you are changing your community, you are changing your country, so think about it. If you do, and if I do, can't we build a better future for our children, your children, and our grandchildren?
+And we will live in a very peaceful world. thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Well, this morning I will speak on the issue of corruption.
+Corruption, then, is defined as an abuse of a position of trust for yourself or, in this context, your friends, your family, or your investors.
+have understood? friends, family and investors.
+But we need to understand what we know about corruption, we need to understand that we have been miseducated about it, and we must admit it.
+We need to have the courage to admit it and start changing how we deal with it.
+First of all, the biggest misconception is that it's not actually a crime.
+When we get together with friends and family and discuss the crimes of our country, the crimes of Belmont, the crimes of Diego, the crimes of Marabella, no one talks about corruption.
+That's the honest truth.
+When a police commissioner appears on television and talks about crime, he is not talking about corruption.
+And we are certain that when the Minister of National Security is talking about crime, he is not talking about corruption.
+My point is that it is a crime.
+This is an economic crime because it involves looting taxpayer money.
+Public and private corruption is real.
+Coming from the private sector, I can tell you that there is a lot of corruption in the private sector that has nothing to do with government.
+The same bribery, backstabbing, and under the table are all happening in the private sector.
+Today we will focus on public sector corruption where the private sector is also involved.
+The second most important myth to understand--because we have to destroy, dismantle, destroy, and ridicule these myths--the second most important myth to understand is actually is that corruption is only a minor problem. It's a problem, it's just a small problem, really only 10 or 15 percent, it's been going on forever, probably going to go on forever, and there's very little we can do about it, so enact laws It makes no sense to do so.
+And we want to prove that it's also a dangerous myth, and very dangerous.
+It's a public prank.
+I want to talk a little bit here, let's go back about 30 years ago.
+Today we are from Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is a small Caribbean country rich in resources. The country's wealth increased significantly in the early 1970s, but the increase was caused by rising world oil prices.
+We call them petrodollars. The Treasury was overflowing with money.
+Ironically, we are standing at the central bank today.
+History, as you know, is full of irony.
+We are standing at the central bank today, and the central bank is responsible for much of what I am about to tell you.
+have understood? We are talking about irresponsibility in public office.
+We are talking about the fact that the next tower over the terrace is the Treasury. We are speaking within your temple today because there is so much to do with us today. have understood?
+(Applause.) First of all, I would like to say that about 40 years ago, when all this money came into our country, we said that the government at the time set out to make a series of intergovernmental arrangements to develop rapidly. That's it. Country.
+And some of the country's largest projects were being built through government-to-government agreements with major world powers such as the US, UK and France.
+As I said earlier, even this building we're standing in was, ironically, part of a series of complexes called the Twin Towers.
+The whole thing got so outrageous that a commission of inquiry was actually appointed and in 1982, a report came out 30 years ago - the Rose Report - 30 years ago and soon intergovernmental. decision was made. I was stopped.
+The prime minister at the time went to parliament to give his budget speech and said a few words that I will never forget.
+they went in here. I was young then.
+It touched my heart.
+And he said, in fact, let's see if this works.
+Right? — That's what he told us.
+In fact, he told us, 2 out of every 3 dollars of petrodollars, or taxpayer money, that we spend is wasted or stolen.
+So 10 or 15 percent is pure prank.
+Again, this is Nancy's story. forget it.
+It's for small children. We are great human beings and we are trying to deal with what is happening in society.
+have understood? This is the size of the problem.
+have understood? Two-thirds of the money was stolen or wasted.
+That was 30 years ago. 1982 was a rose.
+So what changed?
+I don't like telling my embarrassing secrets to a global audience, but I have to.
+Four months ago, we suffered a constitutional violation in this country.
+We call this the Section 34 debacle, the Section 34 debacle, the law in question, but let me be blunt: when the law in question is in question to release some suspects. was passed. (Laughter.) And they're called the Piarco Airport defendants.
+I will speak here today with my own vocabulary.
+They are the accused at Piarco Airport.
+This is an unconstitutional outrage of the first degree, and I have labeled it a parliamentary perversion conspiracy.
+Our country's highest institutions were perverted.
+We are dealing here with perverts of an economic and financial nature.
+Do you understand how serious this problem is?
+There were massive protests. Many of us in this room have participated in the protest in one way or another.
+Most importantly, the complaint was filed by the US Embassy, ​​prompting Congress to reconvene, overturn and repeal the law.
+It's a term used by lawyers. it has been deprecated.
+But the point is that Congress was outmaneuvered throughout the whole process. Because what actually happened was that the passage of the law was questionable, so the law actually came into force the weekend we celebrated our 50th anniversary of independence. independence day.
+That's the kind of outrage.
+It was a kind of messy way to mature, but we figured it out, because we all figured it out, and for the first time as long as I can remember, there's been a massive push against this corruption. A protest took place.
+And it gave me great hope. have understood?
+People like us can sometimes feel a little alone in this task.
+The enactment and repeal of this law strengthened the Piarco Airport defendants' case.
+So this was a really good double bluff sort of thing.
+But what were they accused of?
+What crime were they accused of?
+To people out there, I am a bit of an enigma. What crime were they accused of?
+We were looking to build, or largely rebuild, an aging airport.
+The entire project cost about $1.6 billion, Trinidad and Tobago dollars, and indeed involved a lot of collusion, dubious activity and corruption.
+And to understand what it's made up of, and to put it in context with this whole second myth that it's not a big deal, look at this second slide .
+And what we have here is not me saying so, this is the Attorney General's written statement. he said yes.
+And he says $1 billion of the project's $1.6 billion cost was traced to offshore bank accounts.
+$1 billion of our taxpayer money is held in offshore bank accounts.
+I'm a skeptical person, so I'm furious about that. And I'm going to pause here. I'm going to pause from time to time and bring in another.
+I want to pause here and show you what I saw on Wall Street last November. I was at Zuccotti Park.
+It was autumn. it was cool. it was damp. It's getting dark.
+And I was walking around with demonstrators watching One Wall Street, the Occupy Wall Street movement.
+And there was a woman with a sign. It was a very simple sign, something like a ragged-looking blonde woman. The sign was made of Bristol board as it says in this part and was made with markers.
+And what was written on that billboard hit my heart.
+"If you're not furious, you're not paying attention," it read.
+If you're not outraged by all this, then you're not paying attention.
+Listen, for we are going deeper.
+My brain started thinking.
+Well, if it does--that's how I doubt it. I read a lot of spy novels.
+What if -- (Laughter) But you have to read a lot of spy novels and follow them to get past these bad things, right?
+What if this is the first time someone has been arrested?
+What if it had happened before? How do we know?
+Well, the last two examples I gave were about corruption in the construction industry.
+And now I have the privilege of leading the Joint Consultative Council, a non-profit organization.
+We belong to jcc.org.tt and are leaders in the struggle to create a new public procurement system for how public money is transacted.
+So if you want to know more about this matter, join us, or join us in signing, please join us.
+But I will continue talking about another related matter. Because one of the personal campaigns I've been running for over three and a half years is for transparency and accountability regarding CL Financial's remedies.
+CL Financial is the largest conglomerate in Caribbean history, right?
+I won't go into the details, but it is said to have collapsed - I use the words very carefully - in January 2009, almost four years.
+In unprecedented generosity, and I have to very much doubt about these people, unprecedented, and I use this word with caution, in unprecedented generosity, at the time governments have signed and made written commitments. to repay all creditors.
+And you can say things that have never happened anywhere else on the planet without fear of contradiction.
+Lack of context, let's understand.
+People say it's like Wall Street. It's not just Wall Street.
+Trinidad and Tobago is like a place with different laws of physics or biology or whatever.
+It's not like it's everywhere. (Applause.) It's not like it's everywhere. It's not like it's everywhere.
+Here is here, and outside is there. have understood?
+I'm serious now.
+listen. They bailed out on Wall Street.
+They bailed out in London.
+They took bailouts in Europe.
+Relief measures are being taken in Africa. In Nigeria, six major commercial banks failed at the same time as our country's commercial banks.
+Interesting to compare how the Nigerian experience was treated, how they have treated it and they have treated us very well compared to .
+Nowhere on earth have all creditors been bailed beyond their statutory rights.
+Only here. So what was the reason for that generosity?
+Is our government that generous? Probably so.
+Let's see. Let's find out.
+So I started digging and writing. You can find that work at my name, AfraRaymond.com. You can also find my personal work.
+This is a non-commercial blog run by me.
+Not as popular as others, but okay.
+(Laughter.) But the point is, the bitter experience of Article 34 trying to distort Congress, that bitter experience that happened in August-September when we were supposed to celebrate independence, made me identify myself and my own. To recalculate direction and go back to some of the work, some of what I wrote, some of my interactions with officials, to see what was real.
+Who is who and what is what, as they say in Trinidad and Tobago?
+have understood? I would like to recalculate.
+And in May of this year, I submitted an information disclosure application to the Ministry of Finance.
+The next tower is the Ministry of Finance.
+This is another context.
+I have heard that the Ministry of Finance is subject to the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act.
+Let's take a look at a real-life example to see if this is really the case.
+Central banks where we are this morning are exempt from Freedom of Information Act provisions.
+So in reality you can't ask them anything and they don't have to answer anything.
+It's been the law since 1999.
+So I plunged into this battle and asked four questions.
+And, as I said earlier, I will link the question to the answer in short form so that you can understand our position.
+It's like nowhere else here.
+Question 1: I asked you to show me your CL Financial account, but if you don't show me your account, the Minister of Finance has issued statements, passed new laws, given lectures, etc.
+What numbers does he trust?
+It's like a joke: I want whatever he's drinking.
+Then they wrote back and said to me: "What do you really mean?"
+So they questioned my question.
+Second point: I would like to know who the creditors of the repaid group are?
+I want to stop here and point out to you that $24 billion of our money is going into this.
+That means about US$3.5 billion is being generated from a small Caribbean country - once rich in resources -. have understood?
+And I asked, who's getting that $3.5 billion?
+And I want to stop again to pick up the context. Because context helps us understand this clearly.
+There are certain people who are in government right now.
+The person's name is irrelevant.
+And that person made a career out of using the Freedom of Information Act to advance his political cause.
+have understood? His name doesn't matter.
+I'm not trying to dignify it. I know the point.
+Importantly, the person made a career out of the Freedom of Information Act to further his cause.
+And the most famous case was what we have come to call the secret scholarship scandal, in which about $60 million in government funding was actually spread across a series of scholarships that were It was not advertised and so on. etc.
+And he was able to use the Freedom of Information Act of Congress to get the courts to release information, and I thought that was great.
+wonderful.
+But as you can see, the problem is this. If it is right and proper for us to use the Freedom of Information Act and use the courts to force the disclosure of approximately $60 million in public money, then it must be right and proper for us to do so. . Disclosure of approximately $24 billion.
+you see? But the Treasury Department, the Undersecretary of Treasury, wrote to me and said that the information is also exempt.
+you see? This is what we're dealing with, okay?
+Third, I also asked the directors of CL Financial if they actually filed under the Public Honesty Act.
+We have established the Honesty in People's Lives Act as part of the framework for protecting national interests.
+And civil servants are obliged to declare what assets and liabilities they have.
+And of course I later found out that they had not filed, and in fact the Minister of Finance did not ask them to do so.
+So here it is. We are in a situation where all basic safeguards of honesty, accountability and transparency have been abandoned.
+I asked the question the legally required way.
+I have been ignored.
+The things that motivated us about Section 34 still need to be worked on. I can't forget.
+I defined this as the largest expenditure in the history of this country.
+This is also the greatest example of public corruption according to this equation.
+And this is my reality check.
+When there is an expenditure of public money and it is not accountable and transparent, it always equates to corruption. Whether in Russia, Nigeria or Alaska, it always equates to corruption. that's what we have. dealt with here.
+I will continue to work at the Ministry of Finance to find some solution to these problems.
+If so, I have to go to court personally, I will.
+We will continue to do so.
+We will continue to work within JCC.
+But I want to step back from the Trinidad and Tobago context and bring something new to the table in terms of international examples.
+We asked journalist [Heather] Brooke to talk about fighting government corruption and she introduced us to the website Alaveteli.com.
+And Alaveteli.com is a vehicle for providing an open database for information publishing applications and interacting with each other.
+I understand what you are applying for.
+You can see what I applied for and what responses I got.
+we can work together. We need to build a collective database and a collective understanding of where to go next.
+we need to raise awareness.
+The last thing I want to mention is related to a nice Indian website called IPaidABribe.com.
+They have an international branch and it is important for us to keep an eye on this branch.
+IPaidABribe.com is very important and good to log on and check.
+I will take a break there. I ask for your courage.
+Discard the first myth. it is a crime.
+Discard the second myth. that's a big deal.
+That's a big problem. It's an economic crime.
+And let us continue to work together to improve this situation and enhance social stability and sustainability. thank you.
+I grew up watching Star Trek. I love Star Trek.
+Watching Star Trek made me want to see alien creatures, creatures from distant worlds.
+But basically, I figured I could find those alien creatures on Earth.
+And what I do is research on insects.
+I am obsessed with insects, especially flying insects.
+The evolution of insect flight is probably one of the most important events in the history of life.
+Without insects, there would be no flowering plants.
+Without flowering plants, there wouldn't be clever fruit-eating primates giving TED talks.
+(Laughter) Well, David, Hidehiko, and Ketaki have given us a very compelling story about the similarities between fruit flies and humans. Because of the many similarities, one might assume that if humans resemble fruit flies, their favorite behavior on fruit would be the same. For example, a fly might be this -- (Laughter) But in my talk, I'd like to emphasize the differences between humans and fruit flies, not the similarities. And I would like to focus on the behaviors in which fruit flies seem to excel. Are doing.
+So I'd like to show you a high-speed video sequence of a fly captured at 7,000 frames per second under infrared illumination. Off-screen to the right is a looming electronic predator trying to attack the fly.
+A fly is trying to sense this predator.
+I'm going to stretch my legs.
+I will live to fly another day.
+I carefully truncated this sequence to match exactly the duration of a human blink, so that during the blink the fly would spot this looming predator, estimate its location, and determine its movement pattern for flight. has started. It flies away while flapping its wings at a speed of 220 times per second.
+I think this is an interesting behavior that shows how quickly the fly brain can process information.
+Now it's time to fly -- what do you need to fly?
+Well, to fly, you need wings that can generate enough aerodynamic force, just like a human plane, you need enough engines to generate the power you need to fly, and you need a controller. is. And in the first human plane, the controller was basically the brains of Orville and Wilbur sitting in the cockpit.
+Now, how does this compare to flies?
+I spent much of my early career trying to understand how insect wings could generate enough force to keep a fly in the air.
+And you may have heard how engineers proved that bumblebees cannot fly.
+Now, the problem was in thinking that insect wings work in the same way as airplane wings. But it's not.
+And we tackle this problem by building a giant dynamic-scale robotic insect model that flaps its wings in a huge pool of mineral oil, where aerodynamic forces can be studied.
+And it turns out that insects flap their wings in a very clever way, creating structures at the leading edges of their wings at very high angles of attack, small tornado-like structures called leading edge vortices. This vortex actually allows the wings to generate enough force to keep the animal airborne.
+But actually the most interesting thing is not that the wings have an interesting morphology.
+What is clever is the way the fly flaps its wings, which, of course, is ultimately controlled by the nervous system, which enables the fly to perform this amazing aerial maneuver.
+Now what about the engine?
+Fly's engine is really attractive.
+They have two types of flight muscles. One is the so-called power muscle, which is activated by stretching. This means that the muscle itself is activated and does not need to be controlled by the nervous system for each contraction.
+It specializes in generating the enormous power needed for flight, and since it occupies the middle part of the fly, it's basically the power muscle that the fly looks at when it hits the windshield.
+However, attached to the base of the wing is a tiny little control muscle that, while not quite as strong, is very fast and can reconfigure the wing hinge with each stroke. This allows the fly to alter its wings and produce changes in aerodynamic forces that change its flight trajectory.
+And, of course, the role of the nervous system is to control all of this.
+Now let's look at the controller.
+Flies are now an excellent class of sensors to address this issue.
+They have antennas that detect smells and detect wind.
+They have sophisticated eyes, the fastest visual system on the planet.
+They have another pair of eyes on the top of their head.
+We don't know what they are doing.
+Their wings are equipped with sensors.
+Their wings are covered with sensors, including sensors that sense wing deformation.
+You can also enjoy it with wings.
+One of the most sophisticated sensors in flies is a structure called a holter.
+Holter is actually a gyroscope.
+These devices vibrate back and forth in flight at about 200 hertz, and animals can use them to sense body rotation and initiate very fast corrective maneuvers.
+But all this sensory information must be processed by the brain. A fly does indeed have a brain, and that brain has about 100,000 neurons.
+Now, some of the conference participants have already suggested that fruit flies may be useful in neuroscience because they are simple models of brain function.
+The basic punchline of my talk is that I want to turn it upside down.
+I don't think these are simple models of anything.
+I think flies are great models.
+They are great models for flies.
+(Laughter) And let's explore this concept of simplicity.
+So, unfortunately, many neuroscientists think we are all narcissists to some extent.
+When we think of the brain, we naturally imagine our own brain.
+But even though this type of brain is much smaller, with 100,000 instead of 100 billion neurons, it is the most common form of brain on Earth and has been around for 400 million years. Remember it exists.
+And is it fair to say it's simple?
+Well, it's simple in the sense that the number of neurons is low, but is that a fair indicator?
+And I think that's not a fair indicator.
+So let's think about this for a second. I think we need to compare -- (Laughter) -- the size of the brain and what the brain can do.
+So I propose that there is a Trump number. The Trump number is the ratio of this man's behavioral repertoire to the number of neurons in his brain.
+Let's calculate the number of Drosophila playing cards.
+Now, how many people here think that the Drosophila Trump count is higher?
+(Applause) A very smart, smart audience.
+Yes, inequality will go in this direction, or so I assume.
+Now I realize that comparing the behavioral repertoire of humans to flies is a bit silly.
+But let's take another animal as an example. I have a mouse here.
+Mice have about 1,000 times more neurons than flies.
+I was working on mice. When I was studying rats, I used to speak very slowly.
+And then something happened when I started studying flies.
+(Laughter) If you compare the natural histories of flies and mice, I think they're pretty similar. They have to hunt around for food.
+They have to court.
+they have sex They hide from predators.
+They do a lot of similar things.
+But I would argue that flies do more than that.
+For example, I will show you the sequence, and I must say that part of my funding comes from the military. So I'm showing you this confidential sequence and I can't discuss it outside of this room. have understood?
+So look at the payload in the fruit fly's tail.
+If you look closely at this, you can see why my 6-year-old son wants to become a neuroscientist.
+wait for it.
+Hehehe.
+So I would admit that fruit flies are at least as smart as pigeons, if not as smart as mice. (Laughter) Now, what I'm trying to say is that it's not just a matter of numbers, it's also a challenge for a fly to compute everything the brain needs in these tiny neurons.
+This is a beautiful image of mouse visual interneurons from Jeff Lichtman's lab, and you can see the amazing brain image he showed in his talk.
+However, in the corner right corner, you can see the visual interneuron from the fly on the same scale.
+And let's expand on this.
+And it's a beautifully complex neuron.
+It is very, very small and there are many biophysical challenges in trying to compute information in very small neurons.
+How small can neurons get? Well, look at this interesting insect.
+It kind of looks like a fly. It has wings, it has eyes, it has antennae, it has legs, it has a complex life history, it is a parasite. It's not just about being smart. For fruit flies, it's about the size of a grain of salt.
+So here are some other creatures of similar scale.
+This animal is about the size of a paramecium or an amoeba and has a very small brain of 7,000 neurons. Do you know what we often hear called the cell body? Where is the nucleus of a neuron?
+This animal takes up too much space, so kick them out.
+This is a session on the frontiers of neuroscience.
+I believe that one of the frontiers of neuroscience is figuring out how an object's brain works.
+But think about this. How can we get a few neurons to do a lot of things?
+From an engineering perspective, I would think about multiplexing.
+You can use hardware to have it do different things at different times, or have different pieces of hardware do different things.
+These are two concepts I would like to explore.
+And they are not concepts that I came up with, but concepts that have been proposed by others in the past.
+And one idea comes from lessons learned from biting crabs.
+I don't mean to bite crabs.
+I grew up in Baltimore and chew crab very well.
+But what I'm talking about is that the crab actually does the chewing.
+Chewing crabs is actually really attractive.
+Underneath the crab's shell is a complex structure called a stomach mill that uses a variety of methods to crush food.
+And here is an endoscopic video of this structure.
+The amazing thing about this is that it's controlled by a very small set of neurons. About 24 neurons can produce a wide variety of movement patterns. The reason it can do that is because this tiny little ganglion in the crab is actually flooded with so many neuromodulators.
+You've heard about neuromodulators before.
+There are more neuromodulators that alter and innervate this structure than there are actual neurons within it, and they can generate a complex set of patterns.
+This is the work of Yves Marder and many of her colleagues who have studied this fascinating system, and how moment-to-moment neuromodulation enables smaller clusters of neurons to do so many things. Shows what can be done on the basis.
+So this is basically multiplexed in time.
+Imagine a network of neurons with one neuromodulator.
+If we choose one set of cells to carry out one kind of behavior, and another neuromodulator, another set of cells, a different pattern, we can imagine that very, very complex systems can be deduced.
+Is there evidence that flies do this?
+For many years, my lab and others around the world have studied fly behavior in small flight simulators.
+You can tie flies to small sticks.
+You can measure the aerodynamic forces that are generated.
+You can make flies play a little video game by making them fly around in a visual display.
+Let me give you a little sneak peek of what this series looks like.
+This is a fly and a large infrared view of the fly in a flight simulator. This is a game that flies love.
+If you allow them to go towards a small streak, they will only go towards that streak forever.
+It's part of their visual guidance system.
+However, only very recently has it become possible to physiologically modify this domain of behavior.
+This is a preparation developed by one of my former postdocs, Gabby Maimon, who now works for Rockefeller. It's basically a flight simulator, but under conditions where you can actually insert electrodes into the fly's brain and record genetically identified neurons in the fly's brain.
+And here is one of these experiments.
+It was a sequence excerpted from another postdoc in the lab, Bettina Schnell.
+The bottom green trace is the membrane potential of a fly brain neuron. You can see the flies starting to fly. The fly actually controls the rotation of its visual pattern itself by the movement of its wings. As the fly flies, we see these visual interneurons respond to the patterns of wing movement.
+Therefore, for the first time, it is possible to actually record from neurons in the fly's brain while the fly is performing advanced behaviors such as flight.
+And one of the lessons we've learned is that the physiology of resting fly cells, which we've studied for many years, actually changes when the fly engages in active behaviors such as flying and walking. It is not the same as the physiology of cells. Such.
+And why would the physiology be different?
+Well, it turned out to be these neuromodulators, just like the neuromodulators in the small ganglia of crabs.
+Here is a picture of the octopamine system.
+Octopamine is a neuromodulator that appears to play an important role in flight and other behaviors.
+But this is just one of many neuromodulators in the fly brain.
+So I really think that if we study more closely, we'll find that the whole fly brain is like a larger version of this orogastric ganglion. And that's one reason why flies can do so much with so few neurons.
+Now, another idea, another way of multiplexing, is multiplexing in space, having different parts of neurons do different things at the same time.
+Here are two types of canonical neurons, vertebrate and invertebrate, the human pyramidal neurons of Ramon y Cajal, and another cell on the right, the non-spiking interneuron. This is the work of Alan Watson and Malcolm Burroughs many years ago. And Malcolm Burroughs came up with a very interesting idea based on the fact that this neuron in grasshoppers doesn't fire action potentials.
+It is a non-spike cell.
+So a typical cell, like a neuron in our brain, has areas called dendrites that receive input, and that input sums up to generate an action potential that travels down the axon to the neuron. activates all output regions of
+However, non-spiking neurons are actually much more complex, as input and output synapses may all be interdigitated, and there is no single action potential driving all outputs simultaneously.
+So there could be computational compartments that allow different parts of the neuron to do different things at the same time.
+I think the basic concepts of multitasking in time and multitasking in space apply to our brains as well, and I think insects are the true masters of this.
+So next time, I hope you think about insects a little differently. Again, think twice before hitting.
+(applause)
+So here's the good news about the family.
+The last 50 years have revolutionized what it means to be a family.
+We have blended families, adopted families, nuclear families living in separate homes, and divorced families living in the same home.
+But through all of that, the family grew stronger.
+8 out of 10 say their current family is as strong or stronger than the one they grew up in.
+Well, here's the bad news.
+Almost everyone is completely overwhelmed by the turmoil of their home life.
+Every parent I know, myself included, feels like we're always on the defensive.
+My kids start throwing tantrums as soon as they stop teething.
+When they no longer need our help to bathe, they need our help to deal with cyberstalking and bullying.
+And here's the worst news of all.
+Our children feel that we are spiraling out of control.
+Ellen Galinski of the Family and Work Institute asked 1,000 children, "If you could have one wish about your parents, what would it be?"
+Parents predicted that their children would spend more time together and say,
+they were wrong. What are your children's greatest wishes?
+To reduce the fatigue and stress of parents.
+So how can we change this dynamic?
+Are there specific things we can do to reduce stress, bring families closer together, and generally prepare our children for society?
+Over the past few years, I have traveled extensively, met with families, and spoken with academics and experts ranging from elite peace negotiators to Warren Buffett bankers to the Green Berets in an attempt to answer that question. I spent my time
+I was trying to think about what happy families do right and what we can learn from them to make them happier.
+I would like to tell you about one family I met and why I think they offer clues.
+7:00 p.m. One Sunday in Hidden Springs, Idaho, six members of the Starr family attend the highlight of the week: a family meeting.
+The Starr family is a normal American family with common problems in American homes.
+David is a software engineer. Eleanor takes care of four children aged 10-15.
+One of the kids who is a math tutor across town.
+There is a place near town that plays lacrosse.
+One has Asperger's Syndrome. One has ADHD.
+"We lived in complete chaos," Eleanor said.
+But what the Stars did next was surprising.
+They turned to David's place of work rather than to friends and relatives.
+They turned to a cutting-edge program called Agile Development that was spreading from Japanese manufacturers to Silicon Valley startups.
+Agile organizes workers into small groups to perform work in a very short amount of time.
+So instead of being loudly declared by executives, teams effectively manage it themselves.
+You get continuous feedback. There are daily update sessions.
+We have weekly reviews. you are always changing.
+David said that having the system in his home has increased communication, reduced stress, and made him happier being part of a family team, especially through family meetings.
+When my wife and I introduced these family meetings and other techniques into our then five-year-old twin daughters' lives, it was the biggest change we've made since they were born.
+And these meetings had this effect in less than 20 minutes.
+So what is agile, and why does it work for something that looks so different, like families?
+In 1983, Jeff Sutherland was an engineer at a financial firm in New England.
+He was very frustrated with the way the software was designed.
+The company used a waterfall method. In other words, executives gave orders, and those orders were gradually passed down to the programmers below, and no one consulted the programmers.
+83% of projects failed.
+By the time they were finished, they were too bloated and outdated.
+Sutherland wanted to create a system in which ideas not only percolated from the bottom up, but from the bottom up and could be adjusted in real time.
+He read 30 years' worth of Harvard Business Review and in 1986 came across an article called "The New New Product Development Game."
+The pace of business has increased, and this was 1986, by the way, and the most successful companies are said to be flexible.
+He highlighted Toyota and Canon, comparing their adaptable and cohesive teams to a rugby scrum.
+As Sutherland told me, we got to the article and said, "That's it."
+In Sutherland's system, companies do not use large projects that take two years.
+They do things in small increments.
+Nothing takes more than 2 weeks.
+So instead of saying, "You guys go to the bunker and come back with your phone and your social network," say, "You guys go, come up with one element, take it home and talk about it. ' says. Adapt. "
+Success or failure will soon be determined.
+Agile is now used in 100 countries and has permeated management suites.
+Inevitably, people took some of these techniques and started applying them to their families.
+A blog was launched and some manuals were written.
+Even the Sutherland family told me they had an Agile Thanksgiving. There, one group worked on the food, one set the table, and one greeted the visitors at the front door.
+Sutherland said it was the best Thanksgiving she's ever had.
+So let's take one problem families face, busy mornings, and talk about how agile can help.
+The plan that matters is accountability, so the team uses information radiators, big boards on which everyone is accountable.
+So to adapt this to their home, the Starr family created a morning checklist where each child is expected to do household chores.
+So, on the morning of my visit, Eleanor came downstairs, poured a cup of coffee, sat in her recliner, and greeted each one of the children amiably as they came downstairs one after another and checked the list. was , make yourself breakfast, check the list again, put the dishes in the dishwasher, check the list again, feed the pets or do other chores, check the list again, collect your belongings. and headed for the bus.
+It was one of the most amazing family relationships I have ever seen.
+And when I strongly objected that this would never work in our home and that our children needed too much supervision, Eleanor stared at me.
+"That's what I thought," she said.
+"I told David, 'Keep your work out of my kitchen,' but I was wrong."
+So I asked David. "So why does it work?"
+"The power of doing this cannot be underestimated," he said.
+And he ticked.
+“I love adults at work,” he said.
+For children, it's heaven. "
+In the week that we introduced the morning checklist into our home, we cut our parents screaming in half. (Laughter) But the real change didn't happen until the family council.
+So, according to the Agile model, we ask three questions. What did our family do well this week, what didn't work well, and what do we agree to work on in the coming week?
+Everyone makes suggestions and then we pick two to focus on.
+And suddenly the most amazing things began to come out of their mouths.
+What went well this week?
+Overcome your fear of riding a bike. making our beds.
+What went wrong? Math sheets or greeting visitors at the door.
+Like many parents, our children are like the Bermuda Triangle.
+Thoughts and ideas come in, but nothing comes out, or at least nothing that reveals it.
+This suddenly gave us access to their innermost thoughts.
+But the biggest surprise came when I turned to, "What am I going to do in the next week?"
+A key idea of ​​Agile is that teams essentially manage themselves, and it turns out that it works with software and it works with kids.
+Our kids love this process.
+So they would come up with all these ideas.
+Have 5 visitors at your front door this week and spend another 10 minutes reading before bed.
+Kicking someone will result in the loss of dessert for a month.
+By the way, our daughters turned out to be little Stalins.
+We always have to dial them back.
+Now, naturally, there's a gap between the kind of behavior they've had in these meetings and the rest of the week, but the truth is, it didn't bother us much.
+We felt like we were laying underground cables that wouldn't light up their world for years to come.
+Three years later, our daughters are almost eight, and we still have meetings like this.
+My wife counts them among the most important moments of being a mother.
+So what have we learned?
+The word "Agile" entered the dictionary in 2001, when Jeff Sutherland and a group of designers met in Utah to create the 12-point Agile Manifesto.
+I think it's the right time to create an Agile Family Manifesto.
+I've taken some ideas from the Starr family and many other families I've met.
+We propose three plans.
+Plank #1: Always adapt.
+This is what I thought when I became a parent.
+We set some rules and stick to them.
+It assumes that as parents you can anticipate any problems that may arise.
+Can not do that. The beauty of Agile systems is that you can build systems of change to react to what is happening to you in real time.
+It's the same as it is often said in the Internet world. If you're doing the same thing today as you were half a year ago, you're doing it wrong.
+Parents can learn a lot from it.
+But for me, "always adapting" also has a deeper meaning.
+We need to free parents from this shackle that the only ideas they can try at home are from shrinks, self-help gurus, and other family experts.
+In fact, their ideas are outdated, but other worlds have new ideas for effective functioning of groups and teams.
+Here are some examples.
+Consider the biggest problem: family dinners.
+We all know that having a family dinner with children is good for them.
+But for many of us, it just doesn't work out in life.
+I met a celebrity chef in New Orleans and he said, 'No problem, I'll stagger and have a family dinner.
+Can't make family dinner because you're not home?
+I have breakfast with my family. Meet for a light meal before bed.
+I will make Sunday meals more important. "
+And the truth is, recent research backs him up.
+It turns out that there are only 10 productive minutes in a family meal.
+The rest is occupied by "Keep your elbows off the table" and "Pass the ketchup".
+Moving that 10 minutes to any time of the day will have the same effect.
+Then, take some time off and have dinner with your family. That's adaptability.
+An environmental psychologist told me, ``Sitting in a hard chair on a hard surface makes people stiffer.
+Sitting in a cushioned chair can make you more open. "
+She told me, "When disciplining your children, sit in an upright, cushioned chair.
+Conversation will go well. "
+In fact, my wife and I moved seats to have difficult conversations because I was sitting in the upper power position.
+So move where you are sitting. That's adaptability.
+The point is, all these new ideas are out there.
+You have to connect them with their parents.
+So plan number one is to always adapt.
+Be flexible, be open-minded, and win the best ideas.
+Plank #2: Empower your kids.
+Our instinct as parents is to command our children.
+It's easier that way, and frankly, we're usually right.
+There's a reason few systems have more waterfalls over time than this family.
+But the single biggest lesson we learned is to reverse the waterfall as much as possible.
+Let children participate in their upbringing.
+Just yesterday we had a family meeting and voted to address overreaction.
+So we said, "Okay, let's reward and punish. Got it?"
+So, one of my daughters spit out, "You're given five minutes of overreaction all week."
+So we liked it.
+But then her sister started running the system.
+She said, "Can I have one 5-minute overreaction or 10 30-second overreactions?"
+Loved it. Please spend your time as you like.
+Now give me the punishment. have understood.
+15 minutes of overreaction time is the limit.
+Beyond that, you have to do one push-up every minute.
+As you can see this is working. Look, this system isn't sweet.
+I have a lot of custody.
+But we have them practice being independent and that is of course our end goal.
+As I was about to leave to come here tonight, one of my daughters started screaming.
+Another said, "Overreaction! Overreaction!"
+And when it started counting, it finished within 10 seconds.
+For me, it's a certified agile miracle.
+(Laughter) (Applause) By the way, research backs this up.
+Children who plan their own goals, set weekly schedules, and evaluate their work strengthen their frontal cortex and gain more control over their lives.
+The point is, you have to let your kids succeed in their own way, but of course sometimes they fail in their own way.
+I was talking to Warren Buffett's banker, and he scolded me for not letting my kids misuse their pocket money.
+And I said, "But what if they drive into a ditch?"
+"It's much better to hit the hole with $6 in pocket money than to make $60,000 a year and inherit $6 million," he said.
+So, the bottom line is that we empower our children.
+Plank #3: Tell your story.
+Adaptability is good, but you also need a foundation.
+Jim Collins, author of The Good To Great, said that successful human organizations of any kind have two things in common. It's about maintaining the core and promoting progress.
+So I've heard time and time again that Agile is great for driving progress, but the core needs to be retained.
+So how do you do that?
+Collins guided us on what a company should do: define its mission and identify its core values.
+There he led us through the process of creating a family mission statement.
+We held the equivalent of a company recreation party as a family.
+I had a pajama party.
+I made popcorn. Actually, one was burnt, so I made two.
+My wife bought a flipchart.
+And we had a great conversation, 'What's important to us?
+What are the values ​​we hold most dear?
+And finally 10 statements completed.
+We are travelers not tourists.
+We don't like dilemmas. we like the solution
+Again, research shows that parents should spend less time worrying about the things they did wrong, more time focusing on doing the things they did right, and less time worrying about the bad times and accumulating the good times. is shown to be
+This family mission statement is a great way to identify what you are doing right.
+A few weeks later, I got a call from the school.
+One of our daughters started arguing.
+And suddenly we were worried that there was a mean girl.
+So we called her into my office because we really didn't know what to do.
+The family's mission statement was on the wall, and my wife said, "So what's in there, does it apply?"
+And she glanced at the list and said, "Would you like to gather people?"
+Suddenly we were able to enter into a conversation.
+Another great way to tell your story is to tell your children where they came from.
+Researchers at Emory University gave children a simple "what do you know" test.
+Do you know where your grandparents were born?
+Do you know where your parents went to high school?
+Do you know someone in your family who went through a difficult situation or illness and overcame it?
+Children who scored highest on this "do you know" scale had the highest self-esteem and a strong sense of control over their lives.
+The "did you know" test was the single greatest predictor of mental health and well-being.
+The authors of this study told me that children who feel they are part of a larger story have greater self-confidence.
+So my final plan is to tell you your story.
+Take time to remember the positive moments in your family and how you overcame the negative ones.
+When you give your children this happy story, you are giving them the tools to make themselves happier.
+I was in my teens when I first read Anna Karenina and her famous opening line: "All happy families are alike.
+Each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. "
+When I first read this, I thought, "That sentence is ridiculous."
+Of course, not all happy families are the same. "
+But when I started working on this project, I started to change my mind.
+Recent research has made it possible for the first time to identify the building blocks of successful families.
+I have only mentioned three here today. Always adapting, empowering kids and telling your own story.
+After all these years, can we say that Tolstoy was right?
+I think the answer is yes.
+When Leo Tolstoy was five years old, his brother Nikolai came to him and said that he carved the secret of universal happiness on a small green stick and hid it in a ravine on the family estate in Russia. I was.
+If that stick is found, all mankind will be happy.
+Tolstoy fell in love with the stick, but could not find it.
+In fact, he asked to be buried in a ravine where he was believed to be hiding.
+He still lies there, covered with a layer of green grass.
+That story perfectly captures the final lesson I learned. Happiness isn't something you find, it's something you make.
+Most people who have observed well-run organizations come to roughly the same conclusion.
+Greatness is not a matter of circumstances.
+It's a matter of choice.
+No grand plans needed. No waterfall needed.
+All you have to do is take small steps, accumulate small wins, and keep reaching for the green stick.
+This may be the biggest lesson, after all.
+What is the secret of a happy family? try.
+(applause)
+(mechanical sound) (music) (applause)
+What will the future of learning look like?
+We have a plan, but to explain what that plan is, we need to tell a little story like setting.
+Where did the kind of learning we do in school come from?
+You can go far back in time, but when you look at current schooling as it is, it's very easy to understand where it came from.
+It came from the last and greatest empire on earth about 300 years ago. ["British Empire"] Imagine trying to run a show on a boat, running the entire planet, using data written on paper, without computers or telephones.
+But the Victorian era did it.
+What they did was amazing.
+They created a global computer made up of people.
+It still remains with us.
+It's called a bureaucratic control machine.
+A lot of people are needed to operate the machine.
+They built another machine to produce those people - the school.
+Schools will produce talent who will be part of the bureaucratic management structure.
+they must be identical to each other.
+Since the data is handwritten, good handwriting is required. they must be able to read. And you must be able to do multiplication, division, addition and subtraction in your head.
+It should be identical enough to work instantly if received from New Zealand and shipped to Canada.
+The Victorians were great engineers.
+They designed a very robust system that is still with us, continuously producing identical manpower for machines that no longer exist.
+The empire is gone. So what are we doing with the design that produces these identical people? Also, if you're going to do something else with it, what are you going to do next?
+["School as we know it is obsolete"] That's a pretty strong comment, isn't it?
+I said the school as we know it now is obsolete.
+I'm not saying it's broken.
+It is very fashionable to say that the education system is broken.
+It's not broken. It's beautifully built.
+It's just that you don't need it anymore. it's outdated.
+What kind of work do you have now?
+Well, the clerk is the computer.
+They are in the thousands in every office.
+And then there are those who direct those computers to do clerical work.
+People like that don't need to write beautifully by hand.
+You don't have to be able to multiply numbers in your head.
+they must be able to read.
+In fact, they need to be able to read with insight.
+Well, that's today, but I don't even know what the future of work will look like.
+We know people work when they want, where they want, how they want.
+How will current schooling prepare them for that world?
+Well, I came across this by pure chance.
+14 years ago I was teaching people how to write computer programs in New Delhi.
+And there was a slum right next to where I used to work.
+And I used to wonder how those kids would learn to write computer programs.
+Or should it not?
+At the same time, we also had a lot of wealthy parents with computers who would often tell me,
+And my daughter - oh yes she is very intelligent. "
+and so on. So I suddenly wondered why all the wealthy people have such extraordinarily gifted children.
+(Laughter.) What did the poor do wrong?
+I cut a hole in the perimeter wall of the shantytown next to my office and stuck a computer in it. I tried to see what would happen if we gave computers to children who never owned computers and knew nothing of English. I don't know what the internet was.
+Children ran in.
+It was three feet off the ground and they said, "What is this?"
+And I said, "Oh, yeah, I don't know."
+(Laughter) They said, 'Why did you put it there?
+I said, "Exactly."
+And they said, "Can I touch you?" I said, "If so."
+And I left.
+After about 8 hours, I found them browsing and teaching each other how to browse.
+So I said, "It's not possible, because - how is that possible? They don't know anything."
+Colleagues said, "No, it's an easy solution.
+One of my students must have walked by and taught me how to use a mouse. "
+So I said, "Yeah, it's possible."
+So I repeated the experiment. I went to a really remote village, 300 miles from Delhi, where my chances of getting into a software development engineer were slim. (Laughter) So we repeated the experiment.
+I didn't have a place to stay, so I stuck my computer in and went out, and when I came back a few months later, my kids were playing games on their computers.
+They looked at me and said, "I want a faster processor and a better mouse."
+(Laughter) So I said, 'How the hell do you know this?'
+And they told me something very interesting.
+"I was given a machine that worked only in English, and I had to teach myself English to use it," they said in annoyed voices. (Laughter) As a teacher, I've never heard the phrase "teach yourself" said so casually.
+Below is a brief introduction to the situation at that time.
+That was the first day of Hole in the Wall.
+The one on the right is an 8 year old.
+To his left is his student. she is 6 years old
+And he teaches her how to browse.
+We have since repeated this many times in other parts of the country with exactly the same results as we have.
+["Hole in the Wall film - 1999"] 8 year old telling her sister what to do.
+And finally a girl explained in Marathi what it was and said 'There is a processor inside'.
+So I started publishing.
+I published everywhere. I wrote everything down, measured it, and said that in nine months a group of children left alone at a computer in any language would reach the same standard as a Western office secretary.
+I've seen it happen over and over and over again.
+But I wanted to know, what else would you do if you could do all this?
+I also started experimenting with other subjects, such as pronunciation.
+There is a community of children in southern India who have very poor English pronunciation and they needed good pronunciation to improve their work.
+I gave them a computer speech-to-text engine and said, "Keep talking until you type what you say."
+(Laughter) They've done that and we've seen a little bit of this.
+Computer: Nice to meet you Child: Nice to meet you.
+Sugata Mitra: I ended up with the young lady's face over there because I think many of you know her.
+She now works in a call center in Hyderabad and may have tortured you about your credit card bill with her very clear English accent.
+So people said, "Well, how far are you going?"
+where does it stop?
+I decided to destroy my argument by making an absurd proposition.
+I made a hypothesis, a ridiculous hypothesis.
+Tamil is the language of South India, and I asked if Tamil-speaking children in villages in South India could learn the biotechnology of DNA replication in English using roadside computers. I was.
+And I said, "I'll measure it." they will get zero.
+I spend a few months, I leave a few months and go back again, they will also receive zero.
+Go back to the lab and say you need a teacher.
+I found a village In South India it was called Kali Kuppam.
+I put a hole-in-the-wall computer there and downloaded all sorts of information about DNA replication from the internet, most of which I didn't understand.
+The children rushed over and said, "What the hell is this?"
+So I said, "This is very topical and very important, but it's all in English."
+So they said, "How can you understand English words and diagrams and chemistry that big?"
+So I had already developed a new teaching method and applied it. I said, "I have no vague ideas at all."
+(Laughter) "Anyway, I'm leaving."
+(Laughter) So I left them for a few months.
+they had zero. I tested them.
+When I returned two months later, the children gathered and said, "We don't understand anything."
+So I said, "So what did I expect?"
+So I said, "Okay, but how long did it take you to decide you didn't understand anything?"
+So they said, "We haven't given up yet.
+we see it every day. "
+So I said, "Huh? You stare at these screens for two months without understanding them? For what?"
+So the little girl you saw just now raised her hand and said to me in broken Tamil and English, "Well, apart from the fact that improper replication of DNA molecules causes disease, we does not cause disease." Other than that, I know. "
+(Laughter) (Applause) So I tested them.
+I've had 0 to 30 percent grades in two months using computers under trees in tropical heat and doing things that were 10 years ahead of their time in a language they didn't know. I got the education I could.
+Ridiculous. But I had to follow Victorian norms.
+30% are failures.
+How can I pass? I have to score them 20 more points.
+Teacher not found. I found a friend of theirs, an accountant, a 22-year-old girl who was always playing with them.
+So I asked this girl, "Can you help them?"
+Then she said, "Absolutely not.
+There was no science in school. I don't know what they are doing under that tree all day long. i can't help you "
+"I'll teach you," he said, "using Grandma's method."
+So she says, "What is it?"
+I said, "Stand behind them.
+Every time they do something, you just say, "Well, wow, I mean, how did you do that?"
+What's the next page? Oh, I could never do that when I was your age. Do you know what grandmas do? "
+So she continued it for another two months.
+The score jumped to 50 percent.
+Kallikuppam has caught up with my comparison school in New Delhi. This school was a wealthy private school with trained biotechnology teachers.
+When I saw that graph, I knew there was a way to level the playing field.
+This is Kallikuppam.
+(Children speak) Neurons… communication.
+Wrong camera angle. It's just layman talk, but you guessed it, she was talking about neurons, and her hands are like that, and neurons communicate.
+12 o'clock.
+So what happens to work?
+Well, we know what they look like today.
+What happens to learning? We know today that children gather at school with their cell phones in one hand and go to school reluctantly with their books in the other.
+what will tomorrow be?
+Maybe you don't need to go to school at all?
+When you want to know something, can you find it in two minutes?
+Maybe it's--a devastating question, a question framed for me by Nicolas Negroponte--maybe we're heading towards a future where knowing is obsolete, or maybe it's going to be. may be?
+But it sucks. We are homo sapiens.
+You know, that's what sets us apart from apes.
+But look at it this way.
+In nature, it took apes 100 million years to rise to become Homo sapiens.
+It took only 10,000 people for the knowledge to become obsolete.
+What a great achievement that is!
+But we have to build it into our own future.
+Encouragement seems to be the key.
+If you look at Bowham, if you look at all the experiments I've done, it's just saying 'wow' and paying tribute to learning.
+There is evidence from neuroscience.
+The central reptilian part of our brain, when threatened, shuts down everything else, shuts down the prefrontal cortex, the part that learns, shuts down all of that.
+Punishment or inspection is considered a threat.
+We take our kids, let them shut down their brains, and then we say, "Act."
+Why would they make such a system?
+Because it was necessary.
+There was a time in Age of Empires that needed people who could survive under threat.
+When you're standing alone in a trench, if you could survive, you'd be fine, you would have passed.
+If you don't, you have failed.
+But the days of empires are over.
+What will happen to creativity in our time?
+We need to shift that balance back from threat to pleasure.
+I went back to England looking for my British grandmother.
+I put out a notice in the newspaper saying, "If you're an English grandmother with broadband and a webcam, can you give me one free hour a week?"
+I got 200 in the first two weeks.
+I know more British grandmothers than anyone in the world. (Laughter) They're called "granny clouds."
+Granny Cloud is on the Internet.
+If there is a child in trouble, I will send Gran.
+She continues talking on skype and sorts things out.
+I have seen them do it in the village of Diggles in the North West of England, deep in a village in Tamil Nadu, India, 6,000 miles away.
+She did it with one old-fashioned gesture.
+"Shhh"
+have understood?
+look at this.
+Grandma: You can't catch me. you say it
+you can't catch me
+Children: You can't catch me.
+Grandmother: I am the gingerbread man. Children: I am the gingerbread man.
+Grandma: Well done! very good.
+SM: So what's going on here?
+I think what we need to focus on is that we need to look at learning as a product of educational self-organization.
+Allowing the educational process to be self-organizing creates learning.
+It is not realizing learning.
+It's about making it happen.
+As the teacher begins the process, she steps back in awe to watch the learning take place.
+I think this is all pointing out.
+But how can we know that? How can we know?
+Well, I'm going to build these self-organized learning environments.
+These are basically a combination of broadband, collaboration and encouragement.
+I have tried this with many schools.
+This is being tried all over the world, but teachers take a step back and ask, "Is that something that happens naturally?"
+And I said, "Yeah, it happens naturally." "How did you know that?"
+I said, "You can't believe my kids told me and where they came from."
+Here is SOLE in action.
+(children talking) This is in England.
+He maintains law and order. Remember, there are no teachers around.
+Girl: The total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons -- SM: Australia Girl: -- Gives a net positive or negative charge.
+The net charge of an ion is equal to the number of protons minus the number of electrons in the ion.
+SM: You were 10 years ahead of her time.
+So, folks at SOLE, I think we need a curriculum of big questions.
+You've already heard about it. I know what that means.
+There was a time when Stone Age men and women would sit and look up at the sky and say, "What is that twinkling light?"
+They built the initial curriculum, but we lost track of those great questions.
+I lowered it to the tangent of the angle.
+But that alone isn't sexy enough.
+Say to a 9-year-old, "If a meteor were to hit the Earth, how would you know if it would hit?"
+And when he said, "What? How?"
+You say, "There's a magic word, it's called the tangent of an angle," and leave him alone. he will understand it.
+Here are some images from SOLE.
+I asked the incredibly incredible question - "When did the world begin? How will it end?" — to 9 year olds.
+This is about what happens to the air we breathe.
+This is done by the children alone without the help of a teacher.
+Teachers just ask questions, then stop and admire the answers.
+So what are my wishes?
+My hope is that we will design the future of learning.
+We don't want to be spare parts for great humans' computers, do we?
+Therefore, we need to design the future of learning.
+And I -- wait a minute, I have to understand this wording exactly. Because this is very important.
+My ambition is to design the future of learning by helping children around the world tap into their brilliance and ability to work together.
+Please help build this school.
+It will be called "Cloud in the Cloud".
+It will be a school where children will have intellectual adventures, driven by the big questions posed by the mediator.
+What I want to do is build a facility where I can research this.
+The facility is almost unmanned.
+There is only one grandma in charge of health and safety.
+The rest is fetched from the cloud.
+Everything is done from the cloud, such as turning the lights on and off is done by the cloud.
+But I want you to have another purpose.
+Self-organizing learning environments can take place at home, at school, out of school, in clubs, etc.
+It's very easy to do. There's a great document created by TED that explains how to do that.
+If you'd like, you can do it on all five continents and send me the data, and I'll put it all together and move it to the cloud school to create the future of learning.
+That is my wish.
+And one last thing.
+I will take you to the top of the Himalayas.
+At 12,000 feet in thin air, I once built two "Hole in the Wall" computers and the kids would gather there.
+And there was a little girl chasing after me.
+And I said to her, "I want to give every person, every child a computer.
+I don't know what to do "
+And I was quietly trying to take a picture of her.
+She suddenly raised her hand like this and said to me, "Good luck."
+(Laughter) (Applause) I think it was good advice.
+follow her advice. Stop talking.
+thank you. thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you. (Thank you for applause. oh. (applause)
+What do you feel when you hear the word "organic chemistry"?
+What comes to your mind?
+There is a course offered at almost every university, called organic chemistry, which is a grueling and heavy introduction to the subject, a large amount of content that overwhelms the student, and whether you want to be a doctor or a dentist. doctor or veterinarian.
+And that is why so many students perceive this science in this way...
+They fear and loathe it as an obstacle in the road and call it the weed-free course.
+How cruel it is for the subjects to cull out the young!
+And this awareness spread beyond college campuses long ago.
+There is a universal unease with these two words.
+I love this science so much that I find it unforgivable in the position we've been put in.
+It's not good for science or society, and I don't think it should be this way.
+I'm not saying this class should be easier. It can't be.
+But your perception of these two words should not be defined by the experience of a pre-educated student who, frankly, is going through a very disturbing time in his life.
+So, I am here today because I believe that basic knowledge of organic chemistry is valuable and can be made accessible to everyone. I want to prove it today.
+Would you like to try it?
+Audience: Yes!
+Jacob Magoran: Okay, let's go.
+(Laughter) Here I have an expensive EpiPen.
+It contains a drug called epinephrine.
+Epinephrine may restart the heart and stop life-threatening allergic reactions.
+Inject this here and you'll be fine.
+It would be like turning the ignition switch on my body's fight-or-flight mechanism.
+Your heart rate and blood pressure may increase, and blood may flow to your muscles.
+My pupil dilates. You will feel a wave of power.
+Epinephrine was the difference between life and death for many.
+It's like a little miracle you can pinch with your fingers.
+This is the chemical structure of epinephrine.
+This is what organic chemistry looks like.
+It looks like lines and letters, but...
+It makes no sense to most people.
+I want to show you what you can see when you look at that picture.
+You can see physical objects that have depth, have rotating parts, and are in motion.
+This is called a compound or molecule and is made up of 26 atoms held together by atomic bonds.
+The peculiar arrangement of these atoms gives epinephrine its identity, but these atoms are so small that no one has actually seen them. So let's call this an artistic impression. And I would like to explain how small this is. teeth.
+Here, less than 0.5 milligrams are dissolved in water.
+A lump of sand grains.
+The number of epinephrine molecules here is quintillion.
+There are 18 zeros.
+It's hard to visualize that number.
+Are there 7 billion people on this planet?
+There are perhaps 400 billion stars in our galaxy?
+you're not even near
+If you want to get into a proper ballpark, you have to imagine every grain of sand under every beach, every ocean or lake, and scale it all down so it fits here.
+Epinephrine is so tiny that we can't see it with any microscope, but we can see it through sophisticated machines with fancy names like "nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers" so we can see what it is. I know what it is.
+We are familiar with this molecule, whether we see it or not.
+We know that it is made up of four different kinds of atoms: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen.
+These are the colors we normally use.
+Everything in our universe is made up of tiny spheres called atoms.
+There are about 100 of these basic components, all of which are made up of three small particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
+Place these atoms in this familiar table.
+Give each one a name and number.
+But, as we know, life doesn't need all of these things, just some of them.
+And as the main building blocks of life, there are four atoms in particular that stand out from the rest, and they are the same ones found in epinephrine: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
+Now, the next part is the most important part.
+When these atoms combine to form molecules, they follow a set of rules.
+Hydrogen makes one bond, oxygen always makes two bonds, nitrogen makes three, and carbon makes four.
+that's it.
+THIS -- 1、2、3、4。
+If you can count to four and misspell the word "honk," you'll remember this for the rest of your life.
+(Laughter) So, here are four bowls with these ingredients.
+You can use these to build molecules.
+Let's start with epinephrine.
+Now, the bonds between these atoms are made up of electrons.
+Atoms use electrons as arms to reach and hold neighboring atoms.
+Each bond has two electrons, and like handshakes, they are not permanent.
+They can let go of one atom and grab another.
+This is called a chemical reaction when atoms exchange partners to make new molecules.
+The skeleton of epinephrine is composed mostly of carbon atoms, which is common.
+Carbon is people's favorite structural building material because it provides multiple handshakes with just the right amount of grip.
+This is why organic chemistry is defined as the study of carbon molecules.
+Now, when we build the smallest possible molecules according to our rules, they have the familiar names of water, ammonia, methane, H20, NH3, and CH4, emphasizing our rules.
+The words "hydrogen," "oxygen," and "nitrogen" -- we use the same words to name these three molecules, each with two atoms.
+They still follow the rules because there are one, two, three bonds between them.
+That is why oxygen is called O2.
+I will show you the burning.
+This is carbon dioxide, CO2.
+Place water and oxygen on top, and put combustible fuel next to it.
+These fuels are made only of hydrogen and carbon.
+That's why we call them hydrocarbons. we are very creative.
+(Laughter) So when these collide with oxygen molecules, like what happens in engines and barbecues, the energy is released and they reassemble and all the carbon atoms end up in the center of a CO2 molecule, holding two oxygens. To do. And all hydrogen ends up being part of water, and everyone follows the rules.
+These are not options, nor are they for larger molecules like these three.
+This is our favorite vitamin next to our favorite drug (laughter) Morphine is one of the most important stories in medical history.
+This marks the first real triumph of medicine over physical pain, every molecule has a story, and they are all exposed.
+They are written by scientists and read by other scientists, so there is a convenient expression for doing this quickly on paper, and I need to teach you how.
+So I lay the epinephrine flat on the page and replace all the spheres with simple letters. Then the bonds in the plane of the page are normal lines, and the bonds pointing forward and backward are: A small solid or dashed triangle to indicate depth.
+It doesn't actually draw these carbons.
+Save time by simply hiding.
+They are represented by the angles between bonds and also hide all hydrogens bonded to carbons.
+If a carbon exhibits less than 4 bonds, we know they are always present.
+The last thing that happens is the bond between OH and NH.
+It is enough to remove them and clean them.
+This is the professional way to draw molecules.
+This is what the Wikipedia page says.
+It takes a little practice, but I think anyone here can do it, but today it's epinephrine.
+This is also called adrenaline. they are exactly the same.
+It is made by the adrenal glands.
+You have this molecule swimming through your body right now.
+It's a natural molecule.
+With this EpiPen, you'll soon have another quintillion more cells.
+(Laughter) You can extract epinephrine from the adrenal glands of sheep and cows, but you don't get this substance from there.
+In our factories, we make this epinephrine by piecing together small molecules that come primarily from petroleum.
+And this is 100 percent synthetic.
+And the word "synthetic" may be offensive to some.
+There is no comfort like the word "natural".
+However, these two molecules are indistinguishable.
+We're not talking about two cars coming off the assembly line.
+A car can be scratched, but an atom cannot be scratched.
+These two are identical in a surreal, almost mathematical sense.
+At this atomic scale, mathematics can practically touch reality.
+And the molecule of epinephrine...
+It has no memory of its origin.
+It's just as it is, and once you understand it, the words "natural" and "synthetic" don't matter, nature synthesizes this molecule just like we do, but nature does more in this regard than we do. Much better.
+Before life existed on Earth, all molecules were small and simple. It was something simple: carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen.
+The advent of life changed that.
+Life gave rise to biosynthetic factories powered by sunlight. And within these factories small molecules collide with each other to become larger molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and many other wonderful creations.
+Nature was the original organic chemist, and nature's structures also fill our skies with the oxygen gas we breathe, this high-energy oxygen.
+All these molecules are infused with the energy of the sun.
+They store it like a battery.
+In other words, the natural world is made up of chemicals.
+The word 'chemicals' has been stolen from us, can you help me get it back?
+It doesn't mean it's toxic, it doesn't mean it's harmful, it doesn't mean it's artificial or unnatural.
+It just means "thing", okay?
+(Laughter) There can be no lump coal without chemicals.
+It's ridiculous.
+(Laughter) And I would like to say one more thing.
+The word 'natural' does not mean 'safe', you know that.
+Many of the chemicals in nature are highly toxic, but others are delicious and do both...
+(Laughs) It's poisonous and delicious.
+The only way to know if something is harmful is to test it, and I'm not talking about you guys.
+Professional Toxicologist: We have these people.
+They are well trained so trust them as much as I do.
+Molecules in nature are therefore everywhere, including those that break down into a black mixture called petroleum.
+We purify these molecules.
+There is nothing unnatural about them.
+we cleanse them.
+Now, our dependence on them for energy means that all their carbon is converted to CO2 molecules.
+It's the greenhouse gases that are disrupting our climate.
+Perhaps knowing this chemistry makes it easier for some to accept reality, but I don't know, these molecules are more than just fossil fuels.
+They are also the cheapest raw materials available to do what we call synthesis.
+We use them like Lego pieces.
+We learned how to connect and disconnect them with great control.
+I've done this a lot myself, and I still find it amazing that it's possible.
+What we do is like throwing a box of Lego into the washing machine and putting it together, but it works.
+We can make molecules that are exact copies of nature, like epinephrine, or we can build our own creations from scratch, like these two.
+One of these relieves symptoms of multiple sclerosis. The other treats a type of blood cancer called T-cell lymphoma.
+Molecules with the right size and shape are like keys in a lock, and when they fit, they interfere with disease chemistry.
+That's how the drug works.
+Whether natural or synthetic, they are all just molecules that just happen to fit in key places.
+But nature is so much better at making them than we are, which is why nature looks more impressive than ours, like in this photo.
+This is called vancomycin.
+She gave this majestic beast two chlorine atoms and made it wear like an earring.
+We discovered vancomycin in 1953 in mud puddles in the Borneo jungle.
+It is made by bacteria.
+It cannot be synthesized cost-effectively in the laboratory.
+It's too complicated for us, but we can take it from natural sources and we do because it's one of our most powerful antibiotics.
+And new molecules are reported in the literature every day.
+We make them or find them in every corner of this earth.
+And out of that came medicine, which is why doctors have amazing powers...
+(laughter) To cure deadly infections and everything else.
+Today being a doctor is like being a knight in shining armor.
+They fight with courage and coolness, but they are also well equipped.
+So don't forget about the blacksmith's role in this picture. Without the Blacksmith, things would look a little different...
+(Laughter) But this science is more important than medicine.
+That's oils, solvents, fragrances, fabrics, all plastics, and the cushion you're sitting on right now. They're all manufactured, mostly carbon, so they're all organic chemistry.
+This is rich science.
+I have omitted many things today. Phosphorus, sulfur and other atoms, why they bond the way they do, symmetric and non-bonding electrons, charged atoms, reactions and their mechanisms, and it goes on. Learning synthesis takes a long time.
+But I'm not here to teach you organic chemistry. I just wanted to show you organic chemistry. And today I had a young man named Weston Durland who helped me a lot in that regard. You already know that.
+He's a chemistry undergraduate who also happens to be very good at computer graphics.
+(Laughter) So Weston designed all the moving molecules we see today.
+He and I wanted to demonstrate using graphics like this to help someone talk about this complex science.
+But our main aim was just to show that organic chemistry is not to be feared.
+It is essentially a window that allows us to see the beauty of the natural world in greater abundance.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, I was introduced as the former Governor of Michigan, but I'm actually a scientist.
+Okay political scientist, it doesn't matter much but my lab is the democracy lab in michigan and like any good scientist it achieves the greatest good for the greatest number I was experimenting with a policy for
+But there were three unsolved problems and three mysteries. I would like to share those problems with you, but most importantly, I think I have found a proposed solution.
+The first problem facing all states, not just Michigan, is how to create good jobs in America in a global economy.
+So let me share some empirical data from my lab.
+I was elected in 2002, and at the end of my first year in office in 2003, I got a call from one of the staff and said,
+In our small community of 8,000 in Greenville, Michigan, we are losing a refrigerator factory run by our main employer, Electrolux. "
+So I asked, "How many people work at Electrolux?"
+And he said, "3,000 out of 8,000 people in Greenville."
+In other words, it is one company town.
+And Electrolux was going to Mexico.
+So I said, "Forget it, I'm the new governor.
+This can be fixed. We will go to Greenville with the whole Cabinet and present Electrolux with an offer they can't refuse. "
+So I took out all the cabinets, met with all the little Greenville poovers, the mayor, city administrators, community college principals, etc. and basically emptied my pockets and poured all the chips I had. . They made piles of chips, tables, incentives, whatever, to persuade them to stay at Electrolux and slipped them on the table to Electrolux management.
+Among them, there was a mountain of content such as zero taxes for 20 years, cooperation in building a new factory for the company, and financial assistance. The UAW, which represents workers, said it would offer unprecedented concessions and sacrifices just to keep jobs in Greenville.
+So Electrolux management took our pile, our list of incentives, and went out of the room for 17 minutes, but came back and said, 'Wow, this is what we've done so far. The most generous the community has tried to maintain work here.
+But there's nothing you can do to make up for the fact that you can pay $1.57 an hour in Juarez, Mexico. So we leave. "
+And they did. And when they did, it was like a nuclear bomb went off in little Greenville.
+In fact, they blew up the factory.
+It's a man walking on his last day of work.
+And the month the last refrigerator rolled off the assembly line, Electrolux employees in Greenville, Michigan had their own get-together called The Last Supper.
+It was a large pavilion in Greenville, an indoor pavilion. I went there because I was so frustrated that I couldn't stop the job drain as governor, and I wanted to grieve with them. There are thousands of people in that room.
+It was just a big deal. People were eating their lunches at round tables, and there was a sad band playing music, some bands playing sad music, maybe both. (Laughter.) And this guy came up to me with tattoos and a ponytail and a baseball cap and two daughters and he was like, 'Governor, these are my two. I am the daughter of
+“I am 48 years old and have worked in this factory for 30 years,” he said.
+I went to the factory from high school.
+"My father worked in this factory," he said.
+"My grandfather worked in this factory.
+All I know is how to make a refrigerator. "
+And he looked at his daughters, put his hand on his chest, and said, "So Governor, tell me, who will hire me?"
+Who will hire me? "
+And that was the question, not just from that man, but from everyone in the pavilion and, frankly, every worker in one of the 50,000 factories that closed in the first decade of this century.
+Mystery #1: How will America create jobs in a global economy?
+Second, very briefly. How do we solve global climate change when the country doesn't even have a national energy policy and parliamentary deadlock seems to be the norm?
+In fact, there was a recent poll where pollsters compared Congress' approval ratings to many other nasty things, and indeed, Congress' approval ratings outweigh cockroaches, lice, banded nickelbacks, and root. It turns out bad. Canal and Donald Trump. (laughter) But wait, the good news is that it's at least better than the meth lab and gonorrhea. (Laughter) We've got a problem, folks.
+That got me thinking, what is it?
+What happened in the laboratory I see there, the laboratory of democracy?
+What are some policy prescriptions that have actually caused change and been accepted bipartisanly?
+For example, if I were to ask you what was the policy of the Obama administration that brought about great change across the country, what would you say?
+You might call it Obamacare, except it's not a voluntary change.
+As we know, only half the states have opted in.
+Recovery laws, you might say, didn't call for policy changes.
+It was the race to the top in education that prompted major policy changes.
+why? The government put in $4.5 billion and told governors across the country to race to get it.
+Forty-eight governors raced to persuade 48 state legislatures to essentially raise the bar for high school students so that all high school students could attend the college course.
+48 states have agreed to this, creating a national [education] policy from the bottom up.
+So I thought, why can't we just do that and create a clean energy job race to get to the top?
+Because at the end of the day, if you look at the context, $1.6 trillion has been invested by the private sector worldwide in the last eight years, every dollar represents a job, and where are those jobs going? Is it?
+Well, they will go to places with policies like China.
+In fact I was in China to see what they were doing and they were doing a dog and pony show for the group I was with and I was one of the demos I was standing in the back of the room for a while. Standing next to one of the Chinese officials, as we watched, he said, "So Governor, when do you think the United States will decide on a national energy policy?"
+And I said, 'Oh my God, Congress is stuck, who knows?'
+And this is what he did, he says, 'slow down'.
+Because they see our passiveness as an opportunity.
+So if we decide to make a challenge to governors across the country, and the entry fee for this race is $4.5 billion, the same amount that a bipartisan group endorsed in Congress to be the top in the field of education. what happens if you use A significant amount, but actually less than a tenth of federal spending.
+This is a rounding error on the federal side.
+But the only price to pay for participating in that race would be to take advantage of, say, the president's goals.
+He is calling on Congress to adopt an 80 percent clean energy standard by 2030. In other words, 80 percent of our energy must come from clean sources by 2030.
+Why not ask all states to do so instead?
+Imagine what could happen, because every region has something to offer.
+To take two states of great political importance, such as Iowa and Ohio, these two governors would say that our country is going to lead the country in the production of wind turbines and wind energy. .
+Sun State, Sunbelt, you might say we're going to be a solar energy producing state for the nation, and maybe Jerry Brown would say, 'Well, I'm going to build an industrial cluster in California. By creating and producing solar panels, you are buying from the United States, not from China.”
+In fact, you can do this in any region of the country.
+As you know, there are opportunities for solar and wind power all over the country.
+In fact, just look at the upper and northern states in the west, and you can have geothermal power, and you can look at Texas, where you can lead the country in smart grid solutions.
+Middle Eastern states with access to forests and agricultural waste may say that we intend to lead the country in biofuels.
+In the Northeast North, we will lead the country in energy efficient solutions.
+Along the East Coast, we will lead the country in offshore wind.
+Look at Michigan, and you might say it intends to lead the U.S. in producing rootstock for electric vehicles, like lithium-ion batteries.
+Every region has something to offer. If you create a contest, that contest respects state and federalism.
+Opt-in. States like Texas and South Carolina that didn't opt ​​in to the "race to the top" education may also opt in. Why?
+Because Republican and Democratic governors love ribbon cutting.
+We want to bring jobs. I'm just saying
+And foster innovation at the national level in the laboratories of democracy.
+Now, if you've been watching anything about politics lately, you might be thinking, "Well, that's a great idea, but really?"
+Will Congress put $4.5 billion on the agenda?
+They cannot agree on anything. "
+So you have to be very impatient, but you can also wait and pass Congress.
+Or, rebels, you might want to go round Parliament.
+round parliament.
+What if we created a private sector challenge to the governor?
+What if the wealthy corporations and individuals gathered here at TED decided to band together and hold a national gubernatorial contest to compete for the top spot? Will the governor answer?
+What if it all started here at TED?
+You were here when we figured out how to crack the code to create high-paying jobs in America (applause), got the National Energy Policy, and crafted the National Energy Strategy from the bottom up. What if
+Because, dear TEDsters, if you're as impatient as I am, know that other countries, our economic competitors, are in this game and eating us for lunch. Because you should know.
+And we can also decide whether or not we can participate in the game.
+Sometimes we are at the table, sometimes we are at the table.
+And I don't know about you, but I like to eat.
+Thank you very much to all of you. (applause)
+I'm going to tell you what happened in the last 6 million years for 18 minutes.
+have understood.
+We all came from far away here in Africa and converged in this part of Africa where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place.
+I'm not saying that because I'm African, but the earliest evidence of human ancestry, traces of upright walking, and even the first technology in the form of stone tools have been found in Africa.
+So we are all Africans and welcome home.
+have understood.
+I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define the human place in nature and what makes it human.
+And today I'm going to tell you the story of all of us with the oldest child ever discovered, Serum.
+Serum is the most complete skeleton of a 3-year-old girl who lived and died 3.3 million years ago.
+She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
+You don't have to memorize it.
+It is the Lucy species, which my research team discovered in December 2000 in an area called Dikika.
+It is located in the northeastern part of Ethiopia.
+And Seram means peace in many Ethiopian languages.
+We use the name to celebrate peace in the region and on earth.
+And I think the fact that it's been on the cover of all these big name magazines already gives an idea of ​​her significance.
+After being invited to TED, I did a little research to find out about the organizers. Because that's what we do.
+Don't just jump on the invitation.
+And then we learned that the first technology appeared in the form of stone tools 2.6 million years ago.
+The first entertainment is evidence from the 35,000-year-old flute.
+And the first design evidence is a 75,000-year-old bead.
+And you can do the same with your own genes and trace them back in time.
+And DNA analyzes of living humans and chimpanzees today show that we diverged at some point about seven million years ago, and that these two species share more than 98 percent of the same genetic material. will tell you.
+I think knowing this is a very useful context for thinking about our ancestors.
+But DNA analysis only tells us about the beginning and the end, nothing about what happened along the way.
+So for us paleoanthropologists, our job is to find solid evidence, fossil evidence, to fill this gap and confirm different stages of development.
+Because only when you do that, you can talk about -- (laughter) -- how we looked at different times, how we acted, and the people we liked. Because we can talk about how Their appearance and behavior also changed over time.
+In doing so, we can explore the biological mechanisms and forces responsible for this gradual change that has shaped us today.
+But finding hard evidence is a very complicated task.
+It is a systematic and scientific approach that takes you to remote, hot, hostile and often inaccessible places.
+One example is in 1999 when I went to Dikika where the serum was discovered. It is about 500 kilometers away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
+The first 470km of the 500km took only 7 hours, but the last 30km took a solid 4 hours.
+With the help of locals, we proceeded using only shovels and pickaxes.
+I was the first to actually drive a car to the scene.
+Once there, this is what you see, its vastness making you feel helpless and vulnerable.
+And once you get there, the big question is where to start.
+(Laughter) And for years and years nothing is found.
+Going to a paleontological site like this feels like going to an extinct animal park.
+But what you find isn't routinely human remains like Serum and Lucy.
+There are elephants, rhinos, monkeys and pigs.
+But you might wonder how these large mammals survive in this desert environment.
+Of course you can't do that, but I've already told you that the environment and carrying capacity of this area was very different from what it is today.
+This can have very important environmental lessons.
+Anyway, once you get there, it's a hunting park and, as I said, an extinct hunting park.
+And our ancestors lived in that zoological park, but were just a minority. They were not as successful or prevalent as we Homo sapiens.
+Just to give you an anecdote about its rarity, I used to go to this place every year to do fieldwork, and of course my assistant helped me with the research.
+When they found the bones, they said to me, "This is what you are looking for."
+"No, it's an elephant," I say.
+Again, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc.
+So one of the assistants who never went to school said to me, "Listen, Zerai.
+Either you don't know what you're looking for, or you're looking in the wrong place," he says.
+(Laughter) And I said, 'Why?' 'Because there were elephants and lions and people got scared and went away.
+Let's go somewhere else. "
+Well, he was very tired, really tired.
+After a lot of hard work and years of setbacks, we found Serum. Here you can see that the face is covered with sandstone.
+And here actually the spine and the entire torso are encased in blocks of sandstone. This is because she was buried in the river.
+What we have here may seem like nothing, but it contains an incredible amount of scientific information to help us explore what makes us human.
+This is the earliest and most complete human ancestor discovered in the history of paleoanthropology and is an amazing part of our long, long history.
+These three and I were there, but I wasn't inside because I was taking pictures.
+what would you think if you were me Do you have something special in your hands, but are you in the middle of nowhere?
+What I felt was a deep, quiet euphoria and excitement, and of course, a great sense of responsibility to make sure everything was safe.
+Here is an enlarged view of the fossil after five years of cleaning, preparation and description. It was quite a long process as I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block I just showed in the previous slide.
+It took 5 years.
+In some ways, this was like my second birth in 3.3 million years, but the contractions were very long.
+And here's the full size - it's a small bone.
+And in the middle is the Minister of Tourism of Ethiopia, who visited the Ethiopian National Museum when I was working there.
+And you see me worrying and trying to protect my child, because you would not leave a child like this to anyone, not even a pastor.
+Once that's done, the next stage is knowing what it is.
+(Laughter) Once we had that, we were able to make comparisons.
+We could see that she belongs in the human family tree. Because her legs, feet, and some features clearly indicate that she walked upright, and upright gait is characteristic of humankind.
+But if you compare this skull to a chimpanzee of similar age or even a small George Bush, you can see that the forehead is vertical.
+In humans, the prefrontal cortex is well developed, hence the name.
+You don't see that in chimpanzees, and you don't see these highly protruding canines.
+She therefore belongs to our family tree, in which of course a detailed analysis was carried out and we now know that she belongs to the Lucy species known as Australopithecus afarensis.
+The next interesting question is are you a girl or a boy?
+And how old was she when she died?
+You can determine the gender of an individual based on the size of their teeth.
+how?
+As you know, primates have a phenomenon called sexual dimorphism, which simply means that males are larger than females, and males have larger teeth than females.
+But that requires permanent dentition. I can't see it here. It's here because it's a baby tooth.
+But with CT scanning technology, which is usually used for medical purposes, we can go deep into the mouth and create this beautiful image showing both baby teeth here and adult teeth still growing here. increase.
+So measuring those teeth turned out she was a girl with very small canines.
+And to find out how old she was when she died, I asked her to make an informed estimate and how long it would take to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was 3.
+So this girl died 3.3 million years ago, when she was about 3 years old.
+So with all this information, the big question is what are we really doing and what is she telling us?
+To answer this question, we can phrase another question.
+What do we really know about our ancestors?
+We want to know what they look like, how they act, how they walk around, how they live and grow up.
+And some of the answers you get from this skeleton include: For starters, this skeleton is the first record of what an infant looked like more than three million years ago.
+And second, she walked upright, but said she was somewhat adapted to climbing trees.
+But what's even more interesting is that this child's brain was still developing.
+If you're three years old and your brain is still growing, that's human behavior.
+In chimpanzees, over 90 percent of the brain is formed by the age of three.
+That is why they can cope with their environment so easily after birth. Faster than us anyway.
+But in humans, the brain continues to grow.
+That's why we need parental care.
+But that care also means you learn.
+Spend more time with your parents.
+And it's a very characteristic human thing, called childhood, that the human child is so dependent on his family and his parents.
+Thus, this individual's still-developing brain indicates that early childhood, which required incredible social organization, a very complex social organization, emerged more than three million years ago.
+Thus, Serum stands at the apex of our evolutionary history, uniting us all and giving us a unique account of what makes us human.
+But not all were human. Let me give you a very interesting example.
+This is called the hyoid bone. Here are the bones.
+Support your tongue from behind.
+In a way, it's your voicebox.
+It determines the type of voice you produce.
+It was not known in the fossil record, but this skeleton contains it.
+Analysis of this bone revealed it to be very chimpanzee-like, chimpanzee-like.
+So if you were there 3.3 million years ago and heard this little girl screaming for her mother, her voice would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human.
+Maybe you're wondering, "I mean, you can see this monkey's features, its human features, its monkey features.
+What does it tell us? "
+As you know, this is very interesting for us. Because it shows that things are slowly changing and that evolution is underway.
+To summarize the importance of this fossil, we can say:
+Until now, our knowledge of our ancestors has been primarily acquired from adults due to the lack of fossils – baby fossils.
+As you know, it does not keep well.
+So our knowledge of our ancestors, what they looked like and how they acted, was kind of biased towards adults.
+Please try to imagine. There is a man from Mars whose job is to report what kind of people live on Earth. He will come back and report if you hide all the babies and children.
+Can you imagine how biased his report would be?
+I think the new fossils solve this problem, because that's what we've been doing somehow in the absence of our fossil children.
+So I think the final and most important question is what do we actually learn from specimens like this and the past in general?
+Of course, in addition to extracting this vast amount of scientific information about what makes us human, you know, the many human ancestors (there are more than 10) that have existed over the past 6 million years. , they didn't know. The knowledge, skill and sophistication that we Homo sapiens possess today.
+But if this species, an ancient species, traveled back in time to meet us today, they would be very proud of their heritage. Because they became the progenitors of the most successful species in the universe.
+And although they were probably unaware of this future legacy, they have done great.
+The problem here is that we Homo sapiens today are in a position to decide the future of the planet and even more.
+So the question is, can we meet the challenge?
+And can we really do better than these primitive, small-headed ancestors?
+Among the most pressing challenges facing our species today are the chronic problems of Africa.
+There are more competent people to talk to about this than even listing them here.
+Still, in my opinion, you have two options.
+Either continue to see Africa armed with guns, forever dependent on others, poor, sick and wailing, or confident, peaceful and independent, but at the same time recognizing big problems and big values. or to promote Africa where .
+I agree with the second option, and so do many of you.
+And importantly, promoting a positive attitude of Africans towards Africa.
+It's because we Africans are concentrated - I'm from Ethiopia, by the way - because we care too much about how we are seen elsewhere or outside. is.
+I think it's important to promote how we see ourselves in a more positive way.
+That is what I call African positive attitudes.
+So in the end I would like to say, let's help Africa move straight forward, so we can all be proud of our future heritage as a species.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(breathe in) (breathe out) I mean, I didn't always make my living from music.
+This was my daily routine for about five years after graduating from a top-tier liberal arts university.
+(Laughter) I was self-employed and a living statue called "The Eight Foot Bride." And I love telling people I did this for work. Because everyone always wants to know who this weirdo in real life is.
+(laughs) Hello.
+One day, I painted myself white, stood on a box, put hats and cans at my feet, handed flowers when someone came and dropped money, and made intense eye contact.
+And if they didn't receive the flowers, I cast a gesture of sadness and longing as they walked away.
+(Laughter.) So I had the most profound encounters with people, especially lonely people who didn't seem to talk to anyone for weeks, and we had this idea of ​​long eye contact allowed on city streets. We got to have some beautiful moments and we kind of fell in love.
+And my eyes will say: "Thank you.
+And their eyes will say: "No one has seen me.
+I was harassed at times.
+People yelled at me from their cars.
+"get a job!"
+(Laughter.) And I was like, "This is my job."
+But it hurt. Because I worried that I was doing something unprofessional, unfair, and shameful in some way.
+I had no idea how perfect a real education I was getting in the music business in this box.
+Economists might want to know that I actually had a pretty predictable income. Considering there were no patrons, which was shocking to me, it was almost $60 on Tuesday and about $90 on Friday.
+it was consistent.
+During that time, I was touring locally and playing nightclubs with my band, the Dresden Dolls.
+This was me, a genius drummer who played the piano.
+I started writing songs and eventually making enough money to be able to quit the statue. And when I started touring, I didn't want to lose that sense of direct connection with people. Because I loved it.
+So after every show, we signed autographs, hugged fans, played and talked to people. And we made art by asking people to help us and get involved, and I tracked down local musicians and artists and they set up outside the show and they handed over their hats, and then there was a biking of biking random circus guests rotating as they walked in and joined the stage.
+Then Twitter came along and made things even more magical with the ability to ask anything at once from anywhere.
+So I need a piano to practice, and in an hour I'm going to a fan's house.
+People brought home-cooked meals to us backstage around the world to feed us and eat with us.
+Fans who work in museums, stores, and public spaces of all kinds will wave if I decide last minute, spontaneously, to do a free gig.
+This is the library in Auckland.
+Saturday I didn't want to borrow this crate and hat from the east coast so I tweeted for this crate and hat and they cared for a guy named Chris from Newport Beach to show up and say hello I was.
+I once tweeted, "Where can I buy a neti pot in Melbourne?"
+And at that moment, a nurse from the hospital drove me to the cafe where I was. I had her buy me a smoothie and we sat there discussing nursing and death.
+And I love this kind of random intimacy. I couchsurf a lot, so that's lucky.
+No wireless in the mansion where my entire crew has their own room. Also, in a punk squat, there is no toilet but wireless and everyone is in the same room on the floor, which obviously makes that the better option.
+(Laughter) Once my crew stopped the van in a really poor neighborhood in Miami, and the couchsurfing host that night was an 18-year-old girl who still lived at home, and her family were all illegal immigrants from Honduras. .
+And that night she slept with her mother so that her whole family could occupy the couch and we could occupy their bed.
+And I lay there thinking, these people really have nothing.
+is this fair?
+And in the morning, when her mother showed us how to make tortillas and tried to give us a Bible, she took me aside and said in broken English, "Your music Helped my daughter a lot.
+Thank you for staying here. We all really appreciate it. "
+And I thought this was fair.
+this is this
+A few months later, while I was in Manhattan tweeting for a crash pad and in the middle of the night on the Lower East Side, I realized I had never actually done this alone.
+I was always with bands and crews.
+Is this what stupid people do?
+(laughs) How do stupid people die like this?
+And before I could change my mind, the door suddenly opened.
+she is an artist
+He was a financial blogger for Reuters and they poured me red wine and gave me baths. I've had a thousand nights like that.
+That's why I do a lot of couchsurfing. I also enjoy cloud surfing.
+I would argue that couchsurfing and crowdsurfing are basically the same thing.
+You are down in the audience and trusting each other.
+I once asked an opening band if they wanted to go inside the audience and hand over their hats for extra money. I did it well.
+And, as usual, the band was excited, but there was one guy in the band who said he just couldn't bring himself to go out.
+I felt too much like begging him to put on his hat and stand there.
+And I understood his "Is this fair?" anxiety.
+Meanwhile, my band keeps getting bigger and bigger.
+I have a contract with a major label.
+And our music is a fusion of punk and cabaret.
+It doesn't apply to everyone.
+Well, it might be for you.
+(Laughter) We signed and there's all this hype going on for the next record.
+And although the album sold around 25,000 copies in its first few weeks, the label considers it a failure.
+I was like, "25,000, isn't that a lot?"
+They said, "No, sales are down.
+and they walk away.
+Around that time, I was signing autographs and hugging after the gig, when a man approached me, handed me a $10 bill, and said, "Sorry, I burned the CD my friend gave me."
+(laughs) "But I know from reading your blog that you hate your label.
+I just want you to have this money. "
+And this starts happening all the time.
+I wear a hat after my gig, but I have to physically stand there and get help from people. And unlike the guys in the opening band, I've actually stood there and practiced a lot.
+thank you.
+And this is the moment I decided to distribute my music online for free whenever possible. I mean, it's like Metallica here, Napster, bad. Amanda Palmer, I'm going to encourage torrenting, downloading and sharing, but I've seen it work on the street, so I'm going to ask for help.
+So I struggled to escape the label and turned to crowdfunding for my next project with a new band, The Grand Theft Orchestra.
+And I fell for the thousands of connections I had made and asked my comrades to catch me.
+And the goal was $100,000.
+Fans have supported me with nearly 1.2 million. This was the largest music crowdfunding project ever.
+(Applause.) And we'll see how many people there are.
+About 25,000 people.
+And the media asked, "Amanda, the music business is in the doldrums, are you encouraging piracy?"
+How did you get these people to pay for your music? "
+And the real answer is that I didn't create it.
+And I connected with them through the very act of asking people. And when you connect with them, people want to help you.
+It's counterintuitive for many artists.
+They don't want things.
+But it's not easy.
+And many artists have problems with this.
+Asking leaves you vulnerable.
+And after the huge success of Kickstarter, I continued my crazy crowdsourcing practice, asking musicians, especially fans, if they'd like to come on stage for a few songs in exchange for love, tickets, and beer. and received a lot of criticism online. This is a modified version of my image posted on the website.
+And this was a really common pain.
+And hearing people say, "You're not allowed to ask for that kind of help anymore," really reminded me of people in their cars yelling, "Find a job."
+Because they weren't with us on the sidewalk, and they didn't see the exchange going on between me and my crowd, which was very fair to us but alien to them. .
+So this is a little unsafe to work with.
+This is my Kickstarter backer party in Berlin.
+At the end of the night, I took off my clothes and had everyone paint.
+Now, if you want to experience the instinctive feeling of trusting a stranger, let me know -- (laughter) especially if the stranger is a drunken German.
+(Laughs) This was a connection with Ninja Master level fans. Because what I really wanted to say here is that I trust you very much.
+should do it?
+For most of human history, musicians and artists have been part of communities.
+Connectors and openers, not untouchable stars.
+Celebrities are the ones who love you from a distance, but the internet and the content you can share freely on it is bringing us back.
+It's about having a few people close to you who love you and that they're enough.
+As such, many are confused by the idea of ​​no clear sticker price.
+They see it as an unpredictable risk, but what I did, Kickstarter, Streets, Doorphones, they don't see these as risks.
+I consider them trustworthy.
+Online tools are now becoming more popular, making exchanges as easy and intuitive as they are on the street.
+But the perfect tool won't help if we can't face each other and give and receive fearlessly, but more importantly, don't be shy to ask.
+My music career has been spent meeting people on the internet as much as I could on a box.
+So not just about tour dates and new videos, but blogging and tweeting about our work, our art, our fears, our hangovers, our mistakes, and each other.
+And when we meet in person, we want to help each other.
+I think people are stuck with the wrong question, "How can we get people to pay for music?"
+What if we started thinking, "How can we get people to pay for music?"
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The most massive tsunami perfect storm is hitting us.
+With this perfect storm, a harsh reality is becoming more and more harsh, and we face it believing that technology can solve our problems, which is very understandable.
+This perfect storm that we are facing now is the result of a growing population towards 10 billion people, desertifying land and of course climate change.
+There is absolutely no question about this. Technology just solves the problem of replacing fossil fuels.
+But fossil fuels, carbon, i.e. coal and gas, are by no means the only ones driving climate change.
+Desertification is a fancy word for land that is turning into a desert, and this can only happen if you create too much bare land.
+There are no other causes.
+And I'm going to focus on most of the world's lands that are turning into deserts.
+But I want to give you a very simple message that will give you more hope than you can imagine.
+The environment is maintained with humidity maintained throughout the year.
+On them it is almost impossible to create vast bare ground areas.
+Whatever you do, nature will quickly cover it.
+And in our environment, we have months of humidity followed by months of dryness, where we have desertification.
+Luckily, we can now see it from space thanks to space technology, so we can see the proportions pretty well.
+In general, the areas shown in green are not desertified, but the areas shown in brown are more desertified, and these are the largest areas on earth.
+I think about two-thirds of the world is desertified.
+I took this photo in the Tihama Desert while it was raining 25 mm (equivalent to 1 inch of rain).
+Think of this in terms of drums of water, each containing 200 liters.
+More than 1,000 drums of water fell on every hectare of land that day.
+The land looked like this the next day.
+where did that water go?
+Some flooded out, but most of the water that seeped into the soil would just evaporate again, just like if you left the soil uncovered in your garden.
+Now, the fate of water and carbon is tied to soil organic matter, so damaging the soil releases carbon.
+Carbon goes back into the atmosphere.
+We are now told over and over again that desertification only occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, and tall grasslands like this one with high rainfall are not a problem. .
+But instead of looking at the grasslands, if you look down there, you'll find that much of the soil in the grasslands you just saw is bare and covered with algae, leading to increased runoff and evaporation. increase.
+It's a desertification cancer that we don't recognize until it's in its terminal form.
+We now know that desertification is caused by livestock, mainly cattle, sheep and goats, overgrazing plants, denuding soils and releasing methane.
+From Nobel Prize winners to golf caddies, most people know this or have been taught it as I am.
+Well, the environment you see here, the dusty environment in Africa where I grew up, and I loved wildlife. Therefore, I grew up hating livestock because of the damage they were inflicting.
+And my college education as an ecologist reinforced my beliefs.
+Well, I have an announcement.
+We were once equally convinced that the world was flat.
+We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.
+And I invite you to join me on my journey of re-education and discovery.
+When I was a young biologist in Africa, I was involved in securing great areas for future national parks.
+Now, this was in the 1950s, and as soon as we got rid of hunters and drummers to protect animals, the land was degraded, as you can see in this park we founded. started.
+Well, no livestock was involved, but now I thought maybe there were too many elephants, so I did some research, and it was proven that there were too many elephants, so I decided to reduce the number of elephants, to the point where there was no more land. Suggested that elephants should be reduced. I was able to keep it.
+Frankly, this was a terrible decision and political dynamite for me.
+So our government has assembled an expert team to evaluate my research.
+they did They agreed with me, and over the next few years we shot 40,000 elephants to contain the damage.
+And instead of getting better, the situation got worse.
+I love elephants as much as I do, but it was the saddest and biggest failure of my life. I will take it to the grave.
+One good thing came out of that.
+That's when I decided to dedicate my life to finding solutions.
+When I came to America, I was shocked to see national parks like this deserting as badly as other national parks in Africa.
+And the land has been free of livestock for over 70 years.
+And it turns out American scientists have no explanation for this other than that it's dry and natural.
+So I began to look at every research plot I could, across the western United States, from which cattle had been removed to prove that desertification could be stopped. turned out to be the opposite. In 1961 it was green, but in 2002 that changed.
+And the climate change opinion authors from whom I obtained these photos believe that this change is due to an "unknown process."
+Clearly, we do not understand the causes of desertification at all. Desertification has destroyed many civilizations and now threatens us all over the world.
+we never understood it.
+Take a square meter of soil and try to make it bare like here. Then you will find that it is much colder at dawn and much hotter at noon than if the same ground were just covered with garbage and plant debris.
+You changed the microclimate.
+Well, by the time we do that and more than half of the world's land has seen a significant increase in the proportion of bare land, the macroclimate has changed.
+But we don't quite understand why it started happening 10,000 years ago.
+Why is it accelerating these days?
+we didn't understand that.
+What we have not understood is that these seasonal wet environments, soils, and vegetation of the world evolved with so many grazing animals, and these grazing animals evolved with ferocious predators that hunt herds. That's what it means.
+Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators is to enter the pack, and the larger the pack, the safer the individual.
+Now, large flocks will poop and urinate on their food, so you have to keep moving. And we can see that the movement prevented the plants from overgrazing, while the regular trampling kept the soil well covered. passed it.
+This photo is a typical seasonal meadow.
+After four months of rain, we are about to enter the dry season of eight months.
+And notice the change towards this long dry season.
+Now, all above-ground grass must be biologically rotten by the next growing season, and if it doesn't, grassland and soil will begin to die.
+Now, if it doesn't decay biologically, it shifts to oxidation, a very slow process that suffocates and kills the grass, leading to a transition to woody vegetation and bare ground, releasing carbon.
+To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.
+But fire exposes the soil and releases carbon. Worse, burning one hectare of grass releases more harmful pollutants than 6,000 cars.
+And we burn more than a billion hectares of grassland in Africa every year, and few people talk about it.
+As scientists, we justify burning. Because it removes the dead material and allows the plant to grow.
+Now, looking at our grasslands that have dried out, what can we do to keep them healthy?
+And remember, I'm talking about most of the world's lands right now.
+have understood? We cannot have fewer animals and more rest without causing desertification and climate change.
+You can't burn it without causing desertification and climate change.
+what should i do?
+Again, the only option left for climatologists and scientists is to do the unthinkable: mimic mimicry by using migrating livestock as proxies for former herds and predators. is. Nature.
+Humanity has no other choice.
+So let's do it.
+So with this little meadow, I'll do it, but it's just the foreground.
+We influence cows to a great extent to imitate nature, and we did, and look at that.
+As any gardener knows, that grass is now covering the soil as manure, urine, garbage, or mulch, which absorbs and retains rain, stores carbon, and is ready to break down methane. is made. .
+And we did it without fire damaging the soil, so the plants were allowed to grow freely.
+As a scientist, I faced a real dilemma when I first realized that I had no choice but to use the much-maligned livestock to combat climate change and desertification.
+What should I do now?
+For 10,000 years we've been bundling and moving animals by very knowledgeable pastoralists, and they've created giant man-made deserts in the world.
+Then there is 100 years of modern rain science, which was first discovered in Africa and later confirmed in the United States, accelerating desertification, as seen in this photo of federally controlled land. I was allowed to.
+Clearly, it took more than bundling and moving animals, but humans have been unable to cope with the complexities of nature for thousands of years.
+But we biologists and ecologists have never dealt with such complexity.
+So instead of reinventing the wheel, I started researching other professions and seeing if anyone else was in the same profession.
+We discovered that there are planning techniques that can be adapted to our biological needs. And from them we developed what we call integrated management and planned grazing, the planning process. This is all of nature's complexity and our social, environmental and economic complexity.
+Today, these young women are teaching African villages how to pack animals into large herds, mimic nature grazing schemes, and hold animals overnight. We raise our animals in a predator-friendly way. We have a lot of land and so on, so they are doing this and keeping it overnight to prepare the farm, so the crop yield is also increasing very significantly.
+Let's see some results.
+This is land close to the land we manage in Zimbabwe.
+We have just had four months of very good rains this year and we are about to enter the long dry season.
+But as you can see, all of that rain, almost all of it, has evaporated from the soil surface.
+Their rivers are dry even though the rains have just stopped, and 150,000 people are receiving near-permanent food aid.
+Now, on the same day, with the same rainfall, let's go to a nearby piece of land and look at it.
+Our rivers are flowing, healthy and clean.
+fine.
+Production of grasses, shrubs, trees, wildlife, everything is more productive now, and we are virtually unafraid of dry years.
+And we did it by adding 400% more cows and goats, planning grazing that mimics nature and blends them with elephants, buffalo, giraffes and other animals.
+But our land was like that before we started.
+The site has been bare and eroded for over 30 years, no matter what rainfall.
+have understood? Observe the marked trees to see how they change when livestock are used to mimic nature.
+This was also where trees were exposed and eroded, with over 30 centimeters of soil missing at the base of the small marked tree. have understood?
+And once again observe the changes that only use livestock to imitate nature.
+And now there is a fallen tree there. Because better land attracts elephants and the like.
+This land in Mexico was in a terrible state and the changes were so drastic that I had to mark the hills.
+(Applause.) I started helping the Karoo family in the 1970s turn the desert you see to the right of it back into grassland. And thankfully, their grandchildren are now here with hope for the future.
+And look at this amazing transformation. Using only livestock that mimics nature, the valley has been completely healed, and once again, the land is still flagged by the third generation of the family.
+As you can see, the vast grasslands of Patagonia are turning into deserts.
+The man in the center is an Argentinian researcher who documents the steady decline of the land over the years as it continues to reduce sheep numbers.
+By putting 25,000 sheep in one herd and grazing them systematically, they really mimicked nature and recorded a 50% increase in land production in the first year.
+Now, in the violent Horn of Africa, there are pastoralists who plan grazing to imitate nature and openly claim that it is their only hope of saving their families and saving their culture.
+Ninety-five percent of the land can only feed humans from animals.
+Here I am talking about most of the lands in the world that determine our destinies. This includes some of the most violent regions in the world where only animals can feed humans on about 95 percent of the land.
+I believe that what we are doing around the world is causing as much, if not more, climate change than fossil fuels.
+But worse than that, it is causing hunger, poverty, violence, social disintegration and war, and as I speak to you, millions of men, women and children are suffering and suffering. is dead
+And if this situation continues, even eliminating the use of fossil fuels is unlikely to stop climate change.
+I think we've shown a very low-cost way to work with nature to reverse all of this.
+We've already done it on about 15 million hectares on five continents, and people who understand carbon far more than I do will, for illustration purposes, do what I'm showing here. , we calculate that enough carbon can be removed from the Earth. Release it into the atmosphere and store it safely in grassland soil for thousands of years. Just doing this in about half of the world's grasslands that I have shown will bring us back to pre-industrial levels while still feeding people.
+Few things can think of more hope for our planet, your children and their children and all of humanity.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you, Chris.
+Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have, and I think everyone here has, A) 100 questions, B) I want to hug you.
+Let me ask you one simple question.
+When you start this for the first time and bring in a herd of animals, you are in the desert. what do they eat How does that part work?
+How do I get started?
+Alan Savory: Well, we've been doing this for a long time, but the only time we've had to provide fodder is when the mine is landfilled, where it's 100 percent naked.
+But many years ago we occupied the worst land in Zimbabwe. So I offered to offer a £5 note for a 100 mile drive if someone found a grass on the 100 mile drive. And on top of that, we tripled our stocking rate. The first year was unfed, mimicking nature, and using sigmoidal curves, the number of animals was measured solely by movement.
+It's getting a little technical to explain here, but that's about it.
+CA: Well, I'd love to -- I mean, it's a very interesting and important idea.
+Good people from our blog will come and talk to you and give it a try. I would like to know more about this and share it with the talk. AS: Great.
+CA: That's an amazing story, really amazing story. I hope you heard that we are all rooting for you on your path.
+thank you very much. AS: Well, thank you. thank you. Thank you Chris.
+(applause)
+The Kraken is a terrifying beast that is said to devour humans, ships and whales, and is so large that it can be mistaken for an island.
+In assessing the merits of such tales, old sailors noted that the only difference between fairy tales and sea tales was that fairy tales begin with "Once upon a time," while sea tales begin with "This is It would be wise to keep in mind that it starts with . It's not shit (Laughter) The escaped fish grows with each story told.
+Nonetheless, as those of you who have watched the Discovery Channel documentary surely know, there are giants in the oceans, and we have video evidence of that.
+I was one of three scientists on this expedition off the coast of Japan last summer.
+I am short.
+The other two are Dr. Tsuneyoshi Kubodera and Dr. Steve O'Shea.
+Thanks to TED, I was able to attend this historic event.
+In 2010, a TED event called Mission Blue was held on the Lindblad Explorer in Galapagos as part of fulfilling Sylvia Earle's TED wish.
+I talked about new methods of ocean exploration that focus on attracting animals instead of scaring them away.
+Mike DeGruy was also invited to speak passionately about his love of the ocean and how he applies my approach to his long-running hunt for giant squid.
+It was Mike who invited me to the Squid Summit, a gathering of squid experts on the Discovery Channel that summer during Shark Week. (Laughter) I gave a talk on discreet observation and optical attraction of deep-sea squid, emphasizing the importance of using quiet, discreet platforms for exploration.
+This is the result of hundreds of fart-dark dives I've made using these platforms, and I've seen more from submersibles than I've seen with remote-controlled vehicles. It is my impression that I have seen animals at work.
+But that may simply be because submarines have a wider field of view.
+But at the same time, it felt like there were more animals working on the Tiburon than on the Ventana, two vehicles with the same vision but different propulsion systems.
+So my suspicion was that it might have something to do with the amount of noise they make.
+So I set up hydrophones on the ocean floor, flew each one at the same speed and distance, and recorded the sounds they made.
+Johnson Sealink -- (whistling) -- you can barely hear it here, but it uses electric thrusters -- very, very quiet.
+Tiburon also uses electric thrusters.
+It's also fairly quiet, though a little noisy. (louder whistling) But most modern deep-sea ROVs use hydraulics, which sound similar to Ventana. (loud beep) I'm sure this must be scaring away a lot of animals.
+So for deep-sea squid hunting, I proposed using an optical lure mounted on a camera platform with no thrusters or motors, just a battery-powered camera. And it uses the only illumination emitted from red light, which is invisible to most deep-sea animals. Primarily adapted to see blue.
+This is visible to our eyes, but it corresponds to the deep-sea infrared.
+So this camera platform, which we called the Medusa, was tossed off the back of the ship and attached to a float with a line of over 600 feet above the water, where it just drifted passively with the current. The light that animals in the deep sea can see is blue light from optical lures. This lure is called an electronic jellyfish or e-jelly because it is designed to mimic the bioluminescence display of the common deep-sea jellyfish, Atlas.
+Now, this pinwheel of light produced by Atlas is known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm and is a form of defense.
+The reason the electronic jellyfish worked as a lure is not because the giant squid eats the jellyfish, it relies on emitting this light only when this jellyfish is bitten by a predator, and the only hope of escape is the predator's attention. because it can be a subtraction of Larger predators attack the attacker, thereby giving them a chance to escape.
+It's a cry for help, a last-ditch attempt to escape, and a common defense in the deep sea.
+This approach worked.
+While we've never had a video glimpse of the giant in our previous expeditions, we've managed to capture six successful videos, the first of which caused a frenzy of excitement.
+Edith Widder (on video): Oh my god. oh my god! Are you kidding me? Other Scientist: Whoa! It's just hanging there.
+EW: It was like they were teasing us and kind of fan dancing - you can see me now, you can't see me now - and we had four appearances of that kind of teasing. Experienced and completely surprised us when it showed up for the 5th time.
+(music) Narrator: (speaking in Japanese) Scientist: Oh. Bang! oh my god! Wow!
+(Applause) EW: Full Monty.
+What really surprised me was how it came up on top of the electronic jelly and attacked the huge object next to it. I think they probably mistook it for a predator on electronic jelly.
+But even more incredible was the footage taken from the Triton submarine.
+It wasn't mentioned in the Discovery documentary, but I think it was the bait squid used by Dr. Kubodera, a 1-meter long bigfin reef squid with a light, and the type of squid jig used by longline fishermen. The light that invited the giants in.
+Now, what you're seeing is an enhanced camera view under red light, and that's all Dr. Kubodera was able to see when the giants got here.
+And he got so excited that he switched on his flashlight to get a better look. Then the giant didn't run away, so he took a risk and turned on the submersible's white lights, bringing the legendary creatures of misty history to Earth. High definition video.
+It's truly breathtaking, and if this animal's feeding tentacles were intact and fully extended, it would have been as tall as a two-story house.
+With something so big inhabiting our oceans, why hasn't it been photographed before?
+We've only explored about 5 percent of the ocean.
+There are great discoveries yet to be discovered, amazing creatures representing millions of years of evolution, and bioactive compounds that could possibly benefit us in ways we can't yet imagine. To do.
+But the money we spend on ocean exploration is only a fraction of the money we spend on space exploration.
+Ocean exploration needs organizations like NASA because we need to explore and protect life support systems on Earth.
+I need it — thanks. (Applause.) Inquiry is the engine that drives innovation.
+Innovation drives economic growth.
+So let's all go explore. However, explore in a way that doesn't scare the animals. Or, as Mike deGruey once said, "If you want to get away from it all and see what you've never seen, take a submarine because there's a great chance you'll see something no one has seen. ."
+He should have stayed with us for this adventure.
+I miss him.
+(applause)
+I live in South Central.
+This is South Central. Liquor stores, fast food, vacant lots.
+So the city planners got together and decided to change the name South Central to represent something else, so we changed it to South Los Angeles. As if this would solve the real problem in this city.
+This is South Los Angeles. (laughs) Liquor stores, fast food, vacant lots.
+Like 26.5 million other Americans, I live in the food desert of South Central Los Angeles, home of drive-thru and drive-by.
+Interestingly, drive-thru fatalities outnumber drive-by fatalities.
+In South Central Los Angeles, people are dying from treatable diseases.
+For example, the obesity rate in my neighborhood is probably five times higher than in Beverly Hills eight or ten miles away.
+It was disgusting to see this happen.
+And I wondered, if you couldn't have access to healthy food, if you saw the current food system's negative impact on your neighborhood every time you walked out your front door, would you? how would you feel?
+I see wheelchairs being bought and sold like used cars.
+We see dialysis centers popping up like Starbucks.
+And I thought, this must stop.
+So I figured the problem was the solution.
+Food is the problem, food is the solution.
+Plus, driving 45 minutes round trip to get unpesticide-free apples was exhausting.
+So what I did was plant an edible forest in front of my house.
+It was on a long strip of land called a parkway.
+It's 150 feet by 10 feet.
+In other words, it is the property of the city.
+But you have to keep it.
+So I'm like, "Okay, I can do whatever I want because it's my responsibility and I have to keep it."
+And decided to keep it this way.
+So me and my group, the LA Green Grounds, got together and started planting food forests, fruit trees—all nine vegetables.
+What we do is a prepaid kind of group, made up of gardeners from all walks of life from all over the city, wholly volunteer and everything we do is free.
+And the garden was so beautiful.
+Then someone complained.
+The city pressed me and issued a summons that the yard must be removed. This summons turned into a warrant.
+And I said, 'Come on, really?
+A warrant to plant food on land you don't have to care too much about? ’ (Laughter) And I thought, bring it "
+Because it didn't come this time.
+That's where the LA Times picked it up. Steve Lopez wrote an article about it, spoke with a city council member and one of the members of Green Grounds, they posted a petition on Change.org, got 900 signatures and we succeeded.
+Victory was in our hands.
+My city council member called me and said how much he supported and liked what we were doing.
+I mean, why not?
+The City of Los Angeles leads the nation in actual city-owned vacant lots.
+They own 26 square miles of vacant land.
+There are 20 Central Parks.
+That's enough space to plant 725 million tomatoes.
+Why on earth would they not tolerate this?
+Growing one plant yields 1,000, 10,000 seeds.
+When $1 worth of mung beans yields $75 worth of produce.
+That's my gospel when I tell people. Grow your own food.
+Growing your own food is like printing your own money.
+(Applause.) Look, I have an estate in South Central.
+I grew up there. I raised my sons there.
+And I refuse to be part of this fabricated reality created for me by other people, and I create my own reality.
+See, I'm an artist.
+Gardening is my doodle. I grow my art.
+I beautify lawns and park paths in the same way that graffiti artists beautify walls.
+I use the garden and soil as a piece of cloth, and use plants and trees as decorations for the cloth.
+You'll be amazed at what you can do with dirt as your canvas.
+I could never have imagined how wonderful sunflowers are and what effect they have on people.
+what happened?
+I have seen my garden become a tool of education and a tool of neighborhood transformation.
+Changing a community requires changing the composition of the soil.
+we are the soil
+You will be surprised how your children will be affected by this.
+Gardening is the most healing and rebellious act you can do, especially in the inner city.
+You can also get strawberries.
+(Laughter) I remember this time. A mother and daughter came. It was about 10:30 at night. They were in my garden and when I came out they were very embarrassed.
+So I said, oh, I didn't feel like they were there, and I said to them, look, you don't have to do this.
+This is on the street for a reason.
+It felt embarrassing to see people so close to them hungry, and it further emphasized why I was doing this, and people were telling me, 'Finn, people Aren't you afraid of stealing your food?"
+And I said, "No, I'm not afraid they'll steal it.
+That's why it's on the street.
+That's the whole idea.
+I want them to accept it, but at the same time I want them to regain their health. "
+Another thing is setting up a garden at a homeless shelter in downtown Los Angeles.
+They helped me unload the truck.
+that was cool. We shared stories about how this affected us and how we used to plant with our mothers and grandmothers. It was really cool to see how this changed them, even if it was just for that moment.
+So Green Grounds went on to plant perhaps 20 gardens.
+We had about 50 people come and participate in our Dig-In, all volunteers.
+If kids grow kale, kids eat kale.
+(laughs) If I grow tomatoes, I will eat them. (Applause.) But if none of that is presented to them, if they are not shown how food affects their mind and body, they blindly eat whatever is presented to them. will be
+I see young people, they want to work, but they get caught up in this problem. I see kids of color, but they're just on this trajectory designed for them that leads nowhere.
+So I see an opportunity in gardening where these children can take over the community and be trained to live sustainably.
+And when we do this, no one knows.
+It might produce the next George Washington Carver.
+But that will never happen without changing the composition of the soil.
+Well this is one of my plans. Here's what I want to do.
+I want to plant vegetable gardens all over the block so that people can share food within the same block.
+I would like to take over a shipping container and turn it into a healthy cafe.
+Don't get me wrong.
+I am not saying that free is bad because free is not sustainable.
+The interesting thing about sustainability is that it has to be sustained.
+(Laughter) (Applause) What I'm talking about is letting people know the joy, the pride, the honor of getting people to work, getting their kids off the streets, growing their own food, and opening a farmers market.
+So what I want to do here is this has to be sexy.
+So I want all of us to be environmental rebels, gangstas, gangsta gardeners.
+The script of what gangsta is must be flipped.
+If you're not a gardener, you're not a gangsta.
+Grab your shovel and get some gangsta, okay?
+And let it be your weapon.
+(Applause.) Basically, if you want to see me, if you want to see me, if you want a meeting to sit in a cushy chair and talk crap, don't call me. You're talking about playing shit.
+If you want to meet me, please come to the garden with a shovel. Then you can plant something.
+peace. thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+There are many people.
+(Laughs) When I was a kid, my mother used to hide my heart under my bed because my mother said, ``If you don't be careful, someone will break it someday.''
+Mind you, under the bed is not a good place to hide.
+I've been shot down many times, so I know I get altitude sickness just by standing up for myself.
+But that's what we were told.
+"come on."
+And it's hard to do that if you don't know who you are.
+From an early age we are expected to define ourselves, and even when we didn't do it, others did it for us.
+Geek. Greasy.
+We were told who we were and asked, "What do you want to be when you grow up?"
+I always thought it was an unfair question.
+It assumes that we cannot become what we already are.
+we were kids
+As a child, I wanted to be a man.
+I wanted a registered retirement savings plan that would allow me to stay candy-drenched long enough to enjoy my old age.
+(laughs) When I was a kid, I wanted to shave my beard.
+Not so much now.
+(Laughter) When I was eight years old, I wanted to be a marine biologist.
+When I was nine years old, I saw the movie Jaws and thought, "No, thank you."
+(Laughter.) And when I was 10, my parents told me they left home because they didn't want me.
+When I was 11, I wanted to be alone.
+When I was 14, I was told to take my career seriously.
+I said, "I want to be a writer."
+And they said, "Choose the realistic one."
+That's why I said "pro wrestler".
+And they said, "Don't be silly."
+They asked me what I wanted to be and told me what I shouldn't be.
+And it wasn't just me.
+We were told that we must somehow become what we were not, at the expense of our present selves, in order to inherit the mask of our future selves.
+I was told to accept the identities given to me by others.
+And I wondered why my dreams were so easily abandoned.
+True, my dream is shy, because it's Canadian.
+(Laughs) My dream is too self-conscious and I'm sorry.
+They stand alone at their high school dance venue, but they are never kissed.
+You see, my dream has a name too.
+stupid. Ridiculous.
+But I kept dreaming.
+I was going to be a wrestler. I understood it all.
+I was going to be a trash person.
+(Laughs) My finishing move was supposed to be a "garbage compactor."
+What I want to say will be "I'm going to take out the trash!"
+(Laughter) (Applause) And this guy, Duke “The Dumpster” Droese, stole everything I had.
+(laughs) I was crushed, like I was crushed by a garbage compactor.
+(Laughter) I thought to myself, "Now what? Where do I go?"
+poetry.
+(Laughter) Like a boomerang, what I loved came back to me.
+The first line of poetry I can remember was in response to a world that required you to hate yourself.
+From age 15 to 18, I hated myself for being the hated bully.
+At 19, I wrote, "Even if I easily lean in the opposite direction, I love myself."
+Standing up for yourself doesn't have to mean accepting violence.
+When I was a kid, I traded homework for friendship and handed out late notices to friends who didn't show up on time, and most of the time, didn't show up at all.
+I gave myself a hall pass to get over it every time I broke my promise.
+And I remember this plan was born out of frustration with a kid who kept calling me "Yogi" and then pointed at my stomach and said, "Too many picnic baskets."
+I discovered that it wasn't that hard to fool someone, and one day before class, I said, "You can copy my homework," and gave him all the wrong answers I had written down the night before. rice field.
+He returned the paper expecting a near-perfect score, but couldn't believe it when he saw me across the room and held up a zero.
+I knew I didn't have to hold up the 28 out of 30 piece of paper, but when he looked at me in puzzlement, I was completely satisfied and said, "Smarter than your average bear, you fucking Bastard,” I thought to myself.
+(Laughter) (Applause) This is me.
+This is how I stand up for myself.
+When I was a kid, I thought pork chops and karate chops were the same thing.
+I thought they were both pork chops.
+My grandmother thought it was cute and was my favorite, so she let me continue.
+It's not that big of a deal.
+One day I fell from a tree and bruised the right side of my body before realizing that fat kids weren't designed to climb trees.
+I didn't want to tell my grandmother. Because I was afraid of playing in a place I shouldn't go and getting into trouble.
+My gym teacher noticed the bruise and sent me to the principal's office.
+From there I was sent to another small room with a very kind woman who asked me all sorts of questions about life in the house.
+I saw no reason to lie.
+Life has been pretty good as far as I'm concerned.
+I told her my grandmother would give me karate chops whenever I was sad.
+(Laughter.) This led to a full-blown investigation where I was kicked out of the house for three days and ended up asking how I got the bruises.
+News of this ridiculous little story quickly spread throughout the school and earned me my first nickname, "Porkchop."
+I still hate pork chops.
+I wasn't the only kid who grew up surrounded by people who rhymed about sticks and stones, as if a broken bone hurt more than the name they were called. .
+So we, no one will ever love us, we'll be alone forever, like the sun was made for us in our toolbox I grew up believing that I would never meet someone who made me feel
+So with the broken heartstrings and depression, we tried to empty ourselves of not feeling anything.
+Don't tell me it's less painful than a broken bone, or that a buried organism can be removed by a surgeon, or that it can't spread. To do.
+The first time she was told she was ugly was when she was eight years old, the first day of junior year.
+We were both moved to the back of the class so we couldn't salivate.
+However, the school building was a battlefield.
+After a series of miserable days, we found ourselves outnumbered.
+We stayed inside the house during recess because it was worse outside.
+Outside, they must either practice running away or learn to remain like statues without giving any clues that they are there.
+In fifth grade, they taped a sign in front of her desk that said, "Beware of Dogs."
+To this day, despite her loving husband, she still doesn't consider herself beautiful because of the birthmark that takes up less than half of her face.
+Children often said, "She looks like a wrong answer that someone tried to erase but didn't get it right."
+And they'll never understand that she's raising two kids whose definition of beauty begins with the word "mama." Because they see her heart before they see her skin. Because she's always been great.
+He was grafted with a broken branch into another family and adopted, not because his parents chose a different fate.
+When he was 3 years old, part 1 was left alone, part 2 was a tragedy, he started therapy in the eighth grade, his personality was made of test drugs and drugs, uphill is like a mountain, downhill is like a cliff and accounted for four-fifths. Suicidal thoughts, a flood of antidepressants, and a young man called a "popper." One is due to drugs, 99 is due to cruelty.
+He tried to commit suicide when he was in the 10th grade, but a kid who could still go home to his mom and dad boldly told him to stop.
+As if depression could be cured with the contents of the first aid kit.
+To this day, he is a stick of TNT lit from both ends, able to detail how it bends in the moment the sky is about to fall. And despite an army of friends who all call him an inspiration, he still can't figure out that he's drug-free from time to time. have something to do with
+We weren't the only children raised this way.
+Children are still called by their first names.
+The classics are "Hey, idiot" and "Hey, spaz."
+Every school seems to have a cornucopia of names that are updated every year.
+And if a child broke into a school and no one around tried to hear them, would they make noise?
+When people say things like "children can be cruel", is it just the background noise from the soundtrack being played on repeat?
+The schools were like big circus tents, from acrobats to lion tamers, jesters to carnies, all in a pecking order that was way ahead of us.
+We were weirdos - a boy with lobster claws and a bearded woman, navigating depression and loneliness, playing solitaire, spinning bottles, kissing and healing our wounds. We were peculiar freaks, but at night we continued walking while the others slept. Tightrope walking.
+It was practice, so certainly some fell.
+But I want to tell them that when we finally decide to break everything we ever thought we were, this is all just a wreck left behind, and we If you can't see anything beautiful in your mirror, get a better mirror and take a closer look. Come a little closer and stare a little more. Because there is something in you that made you keep trying even though everyone told you to stop.
+You built a mold around your heartbreak and signed yourself "They were wrong."
+Because you may not belong to a group or faction.
+Maybe they decided to pick you last, basketball or whatever.
+Maybe you used to bring a bruise or a broken tooth to show off, but you never said it. Because how can you hold your ground if everyone around you tries to bury you under it?
+I have to believe they were wrong.
+they must be wrong.
+Why else are we still here?
+We find ourselves in the underdog, so we grew up learning to support the underdog.
+We arise from roots planted in the belief that we are not what we are called.
+We are not an abandoned car stalled on the highway and left empty. If somehow it does, don't worry.
+I went outside just to walk and get gas.
+We are members graduating from the class of “We Made It,” not faded echoes of voices shouting, “Names never hurt me.”
+Of course they did.
+But our life will only continue to be a balancing act that has less to do with pain and more with beauty.
+(applause)
+I would like to talk about social innovation and social entrepreneurship.
+I happen to have triplets.
+they're small they are 5 years old.
+Sometimes I tell people I have triplets. They say, "Really? How many?"
+(Laughter) Here's a picture of the kids. Sage, Annalisa, and Ryder.
+Well, I also happen to be gay.
+Being gay and a father of triplets is the most socially innovative, social entrepreneurial thing I've ever done.
+(Laughter) (Applause) The real social innovation I want to talk about involves philanthropy.
+How what we've been taught to think about giving, philanthropy, and the nonprofit sector is actually undermining the causes we love and our deepest desires to change the world. i want to talk
+But before I do that, I would like to ask whether we believe the nonprofit sector is playing any significant role in changing the world.
+Many people now say that business will boost developing economies and that social business will do the rest.
+And I believe business moves most of humanity forward.
+But the most disadvantaged or unlucky 10 percent or more are always left behind.
+And while social business needs a marketplace, there are some issues that prevent us from developing the financial scale that the marketplace requires.
+I am on the board of a developmental disability center and they want laughter, compassion and love.
+How do you monetize it?
+That's where the non-profit sector and philanthropy comes in.
+Charity is a market for love.
+This is a market for all people for whom no other market exists.
+So, as Buckminster Fuller put it, the nonprofit sector needs to be a serious part of the discussion if we really want a world where no one is left behind and everyone works well. .
+but it doesn't seem to work.
+Why is our breast cancer charity no closer to finding a cure for breast cancer? And why aren't homeless charities getting any closer to ending homelessness in any big city?
+Why has poverty remained with 12 percent of the US population for 40 years?
+The answer is that these social issues are huge in scale, our organizations are small to it, and we have belief systems that keep it small.
+There are two rulebooks.
+One for the non-profit sector and one for the rest of the economy.
+This is apartheid and it discriminates against the nonprofit sector in five different areas, the first being compensation.
+So in the for-profit sector, the more value you create, the more money you make.
+But we don't like nonprofits spending money to encourage people to do more in community service.
+We instinctively respond to the idea that anyone can make a lot of money by helping others.
+Interestingly, we don't have an instinctive reaction to the idea that people make a lot of money without helping others.
+If you're looking to make $50 million selling violent video games to kids, go for it.
+I'll put you on the cover of Wired magazine.
+But you want to make $500,000 to treat children with malaria, and you are considered a parasite yourself.
+(Applause.) We think of this as an ethical system, but we don't realize that this system has powerful side effects. And we send tens of thousands of people each year directly into the for-profit sector who have the potential to make a big difference in the non-profit sector. I'm not going to make that kind of lifetime financial sacrifice.
+Businessweek conducted a study to look at 10-year MBA compensation packages after graduating from business school.
+And the median earnings for Stanford MBA's (with bonuses) was $400,000 at age 38.
+Meanwhile, in the same year, the median salary for CEOs of US medical charities with $5 million or more was
+Donations totaled $232,000 and hunger charities $84,000.
+Now, there's no way to sacrifice $316,000 each year to rally a bunch of $400,000 talents to become CEOs of hunger charities.
+Some people say, "That's because MBA types are greedy."
+necessarily. they may be smart.
+It would be cheaper for that person to donate $100,000 each year to a hunger charity. He saved $50,000 in taxes, so he still has about $270,000 left before the game, but he donated $100,000 to charity, so he's now called a philanthropist. Perhaps you are on the board of a hunger charity. In fact, you'll probably oversee a poor SOB who has decided to become CEO of a hunger charity. (Laughter.) And they still have a lifetime to enjoy this kind of power and influence and public admiration.
+The second area of ​​discrimination is advertising and marketing.
+So we say to commercial departments, "Spend money on advertising, spend on advertising, until every last dollar isn't worth a single cent."
+However, we do not like our donations to be spent on charity advertising.
+Our attitude was, "Well, if you can donate an ad to air at 4:00 in the morning, I'm fine with that.
+But I don't want to spend my donations on advertising, I want to donate to the poor. "
+As if the money invested in advertising could not bring in dramatically more money to serve the poor.
+In the 1990s, my company organized AIDSRide, a long-distance bike trip and breast cancer 60-mile three-day walk. Over nine years, we've recruited 182,000 ordinary heroes and raised a total of 581 donations. million dollars.
+(Applause.) They raised more money for these purposes earlier than any other event in history, but all of this is due to the fact that people are expected to do the least they can. Based on the idea of ​​being fed up.
+People aspire to reach their full potential for causes they care deeply about.
+But they must be asked.
+We bought full-page ads in The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and primetime radio and television to get this many people to participate.
+Do you know how many people will gather if you put a leaflet in the laundromat?
+Charitable giving has remained at 2% of GDP in the United States since it began to be measured in the 1970s.
+This is an important fact. It tells the story of the failure of the nonprofit sector to wrest market share from the for-profit sector for 40 years.
+And come to think of it, how can one sector take market share from another if they are not actually allowed to enter the market?
+And when we say to consumer brands, "You can advertise all the benefits of your product," to charities, "You can't advertise all the good things you do." Where do you think consumer money will go?
+A third area of ​​discrimination is taking risks to pursue new ideas to generate revenue.
+So Disney makes a new $200 million movie, fails, and nobody calls the Attorney General.
+But when you run a $1 million community fundraiser for the poor and fail to bring the organization 75 percent of the benefits in the first 12 months, your character is questionable.
+That's why nonprofits are so reluctant to make bold, bold, and large-scale new fundraising attempts for fear of their reputations being swamped if they fail.
+Well, you and I know that forbidding failure kills innovation.
+If you stop innovation in fundraising, you can't make more money. If you can't make more money, you can't grow. And if you can't grow, you can't solve big social problems.
+The fourth domain is time.
+So for six years, Amazon didn't return any profits to investors, but people persevered.
+They knew they had a long-term goal of building market dominance in the future.
+But if non-profits dreamed of building a grand scale that would not fund the poor for six years and would have to invest everything in building this scale, we would be crucified. would expect
+The final area is profit itself.
+In other words, the commercial sector can pay people profits to fund new ideas, but the nonprofit sector cannot pay profits, so the commercial sector locks up trillions of dollars of capital. It will be. The nonprofit sector is hungry for growth, risk and idea capital.
+Well, to sum these five things up, you can't use money to keep people out of the commercial sector. You cannot advertise on the scale that commercial departments do to new customers. We can't take the kind of risks that commercial departments take in pursuit of customers. It doesn't take as long to find them as in the commercial sector. And even if they could do that in the first place, there would be no stock market to fund these. And it just puts the non-profit sector at an extreme disadvantage to the for-profit sector. any level.
+If there is any doubt about the effectiveness of this alternate rulebook, this statistic is a solemn one. Between 1970 and 2009, 144 nonprofits actually grew and crossed the $50 million annual revenue barrier.
+At the same time, the commercial number beyond that is 46,136.
+I mean, we're working on a big social problem, but our organization can't create scale.
+All scales go to Coca-Cola and Burger King.
+So why do we think this way?
+Like most fanatical doctrines in America, these ideas are rooted in old Puritan beliefs.
+The Puritans came here for religious reasons, or so it was said, but they also came here because they wanted to make a lot of money.
+Although they were a pious people, they were also highly aggressive capitalists and were accused of having extreme commercial tendencies compared to other settlers.
+But at the same time, Puritans were Calvinists, so they were literally taught to hate themselves.
+They were taught that self-interest is a raging sea, the sure path to eternal destruction.
+This caused serious problems for these people.
+They came here across the Atlantic to make this much money, but to make this much money would send them straight to hell.
+What should they have done about this?
+Well, charity was their answer.
+It has become a sanctuary in this economy where they can do penance against their profitable tendencies at 5 cents on the dollar.
+Of course, if charity is a penance to make money, how can charity make money?
+Financial incentives have been banished from the realm of helping others and allowed to thrive in the realm of making money for themselves, and for 400 years nothing has intervened saying, "That's unproductive and unfair." was.
+Now, this ideology is policed ​​by this one very dangerous question. It's, "What percentage of my donation goes to the cause, not overhead?"
+This question has many problems.
+Focus on just two.
+First, it makes me think that the overhead is negative and not part of the cause.
+But that's definitely the case, especially when it's being used for growing.
+Now, this idea that overhead is somehow the enemy of cause leads to this second, much bigger problem. So, in order to keep overhead low, organizations are forced to ditch the overhead they really need to grow.
+So we all know that the less money we spend on fundraising, the more money we have available for that purpose, and charities should make fundraising and other overheads as low as possible. I've been taught.
+Well, in a gloomy world where the pie can't get any bigger.
+But if the logical world is that investing in fundraising actually attracts more money and the pie gets bigger, then we think it's exactly the other way around, and there's not a cut in the fundraising, You should invest more money. It could double the funds available for the purposes we hold so dear.
+Here are two examples.
+We launched AIDSRides with an initial investment of $50,000 as risk capital.
+In nine years, the cost of the AIDS response has multiplied 1,982 times to $108 million including overheads.
+We made an initial investment of $350,000 as risk capital and started 3 days of breast cancer treatment.
+In just five years, the cost of breast cancer research has multiplied 554 times to $194 million when all costs are included.
+Now, if you're a philanthropist really interested in breast cancer, which one makes more sense? Go out and find the world's most innovative researcher and give her $350,000 to her research, or give her fundraising department $350,000 to multiply it. $194 million for breast cancer research?
+2002 was our most successful year ever.
+Breast cancer treatments alone yielded $71 million in benefits that year alone, including all costs.
+Then suddenly and shockingly, it went out of business.
+why? Well, the short story is that our sponsors pitted us against each other.
+They wanted to keep their distance from us. Because we were crucified in the media for investing 40 percent of our total revenue into recruitment, customer service, and the magic of experience. And there is no accounting term to describe growth and such investments in companies. A future other than the devilish label of "overhead."
+So one day all 350 of our best employees lost their jobs.
+Because they were labeled "overhead".
+The sponsors themselves went and challenged the event.
+Overhead is up.
+Breast cancer research net income fell by 84%, or $60 million, in one year.
+This is what happens when you confuse morality with thrift.
+We've all been taught that a bake sale with 5% overhead is morally superior to a professional fundraiser with 40% overhead, but we're missing the most important piece of information. ?
+If your bake sale is small, who cares if your expenses are only 5%?
+What if the bake sale only made $71 in philanthropic profits because it didn't invest on its scale, and the professional fundraising firm made $71 million in profits because it invested?
+So which pie do we prefer? And which pie do you think a hungry person would prefer?
+Here's how all of this affects the big picture.
+I said that charity donations are 2 percent of US GDP.
+That's about $300 billion a year.
+But only about 20 percent of that, or $60 billion, is spent on health and human services.
+The rest will go to religion, higher education and hospitals, but $60 billion is not enough to tackle these issues.
+But if we could take charitable giving just one step further from 2% of GDP to 3% of GDP by investing in that growth, that would be an additional $150 billion a year, and if that money were disproportionately given, , Health and Human Services charities were the ones we encouraged to invest in their growth, so our contribution to that field is 3x.
+Now it's a matter of scale.
+Now we are talking about the possibility of real change.
+But forcing these organizations to narrow their horizons toward the demoralizing goal of keeping overheads low will never happen.
+Our generation does not want that inscription to read, "We have kept our philanthropic expenses low."
+(Laughter) (Applause) We read that we changed the world, and part of the way we did it was by changing the way we think about these things. But I want it.
+So next time you're considering a charity, don't ask about overhead percentages.
+About the scale of their dreams, dreams of the scale of Apple, Google, Amazon, how to measure progress towards that dream, and what resources are needed to make the dream a reality, regardless of overhead. Ask me a question.
+Who cares what the overhead is if these problems are actually solved?
+If we can have that kind of generosity—a generous mindset—the nonprofit sector can play a big role in changing the world for all the people who need it most. will be able to
+And if it can be the enduring legacy of our generation, we can take responsibility for the ideas that have been passed down to us, rethink them, correct them, change the way humanity thinks about changing things. Forever that you reinvented the whole. Ladies and Gentlemen -- Well, I thought I'd let the kids recap what that would be.
+Analisa Smith-Palotta: It's Sage Smith-Palotta: A True Social Rider Smith-Palotta: Innovation.
+Dan Parrotta: Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+So if any of your relatives or friends are suffering from any mental illness, please raise your hand.
+yes. I thought so. I won't be surprised
+And if you think basic research in Drosophila is relevant to understanding human mental illness, raise your hand.
+yes. I thought so. I am not surprised either.
+I found my job here to be a perfect fit for me.
+As we heard from Dr. Insel this morning, mental illnesses such as autism, depression and schizophrenia take a toll on human suffering.
+We don't know much about its cures or understanding of its basic mechanisms compared to physical diseases.
+please think about it. In 2013, the second decade of the 2000s, I was worried about a cancer diagnosis and went to see a doctor who had bone scans, biopsies and blood tests.
+In 2013, if I was worried about my depression diagnosis, what would I get if I talked to my doctor?
+quiz.
+Now, part of the reason is that we have an oversimplified and increasingly outdated view of the biological basis of mental illness.
+We view them as if the brain were a sort of sack of chemical soup filled with dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, chemical imbalances in the brain, and the general press. support this view and tend to view it as agitation.
+This view suggests that many of the drugs prescribed to treat these conditions, such as Prozac, globally alter brain chemistry, as if the brain were actually a bag of chemical soup. It is conditioned by the fact that it works.
+But that's not the answer, because these drugs don't really do much.
+Many people either do not take them or stop taking them because of unpleasant side effects.
+These drugs have numerous side effects. Because using these drugs to treat complex mental illness is like trying to change engine oil by opening a can and pouring it all over the engine block.
+Some dribble into the right places, but many do more harm than good.
+Now, the new observation you heard from Dr. Insel this morning is that mental illness is actually a disorder of the neural circuits that mediate emotions, moods, and emotions.
+When we think about cognition, we liken the brain to a computer. It's not a problem.
+Now, it turns out that the computer analogy applies equally to emotions.
+We just don't tend to think that way.
+However, due to the overwhelming prevalence of this chemical imbalance hypothesis, little is known about the circuit basis of psychiatric disorders.
+Now, it's not that chemicals aren't important in mental illness.
+But it doesn't soak your brain like soup.
+Rather, they are released at very specific locations and act on specific synapses to alter the flow of information in the brain.
+Therefore, if we really want to understand the biological basis of psychiatric disorders, we need to pinpoint exactly where in the brain these chemicals act.
+Otherwise, we will continue to fuel our entire mental engine and continue to suffer the consequences.
+To begin to overcome our ignorance about the role of brain chemistry in brain circuitry, it is helpful to work with what biologists call "model organisms," such as fruit flies and laboratory mice. In these animals, powerful genetic techniques can be applied to identify molecules. As you heard in Alan Jones' talk this morning, pinpoint specific classes of neurons.
+Moreover, once it is possible, it can actually activate specific neurons or destroy or inhibit the activity of those neurons.
+Therefore, if we inhibit certain types of neurons and find that a certain behavior is blocked, we can conclude that those neurons are required for that behavior.
+On the other hand, if we activate a group of neurons and find that it produces an action, we can conclude that those neurons are sufficient for that action.
+Thus, by performing this kind of test, causal relationships can be drawn between the activity of specific neurons in specific circuits and specific behaviors. This is currently very difficult, if not impossible, for humans to do.
+But is it possible for organisms like fruit flies? It is an excellent model organism because it has a small brain, is capable of complex and sophisticated behaviors, reproduces quickly, and is cheap.
+But can such organisms tell us anything about states such as emotions?
+Do these creatures even have emotional states, or are they just little digital robots?
+Charles Darwin, writing in his 1872 book on the expression of emotions in humans and animals, believed that insects had feelings and expressed them through their actions.
+And my namesake colleague, Seymour Benzer, believed it too.
+Seymour was the one who introduced the use of the fruit fly here at Caltech in the 60's as a model organism to study the relationship between genes and behavior.
+Seymour recruited me to Caltech in the late 1980s.
+While here he was my Jedi and Rabbi and Seymour taught me to love flies and play with science.
+So how do we ask this question?
+Believing that flies have an emotion-like state is another matter, but how do we actually find out if that's true?
+Now, as we will hear later today, humans often infer emotional states from facial expressions.
+However, doing so in Drosophila is a little more difficult.
+(Laughter) It's kind of like landing on Mars and looking out the window of the spacecraft at the little green guys that surround Mars and thinking, "How am I going to find out if they have feelings?" .
+what can we do It's not that easy.
+One way to start is to come up with common features and characteristics of emotion-like states such as arousal, and see if we can identify behaviors in flies that might exhibit some of those characteristics. That's it.
+So the three important ones I can think of are persistence, intensity gradation, and valence.
+Persistence means long lasting.
+We all know that a stimulus that triggers an emotion will linger long after the stimulus is gone.
+The intensity gradation means how it sounds.
+You can increase or decrease the intensity of the emotion.
+When slightly dissatisfied, the corners of the mouth drop and the nose snorts. If you are very dissatisfied, you may sob with tears streaming down your face.
+Valence means good or bad, plus or minus.
+So we decided to see if flies could induce behaviors similar to those seen in wasps commonly found on picnic tables. You know, the hornets that come back so hard you try to drive away the burger. And he seems to keep getting annoyed.
+So we built a device called the Puff-O-Mat. With this device, you can blow off a fruit fly in a plastic tube on your lab bench with a short breath.
+And what we found was that when we puffed these flies several times in a row in a puff-o-mat, they became somewhat hyperactive and actually kept running for some time after the air puffs stopped. was that it took time to calm down.
+So we quantified this behavior using custom motion-tracking software we developed with my collaborator Pietro Perona in the Electrical Engineering Department at Caltech.
+And this quantification has shown us that, when exposed to a series of air puffs, flies appear to enter a sort of hyperactive state that is persistent and long-lasting, even in stages. is.
+The more you inhale or the more intensely you inhale, the longer it lasts.
+So we wanted to understand something about what controls the duration of this state.
+So we decided to use Puff-O-Mat and automated tracking software to screen hundreds of strains of mutant Drosophila to see if we could find any that showed an abnormal response to Airpuff. Did.
+This is one of the great things about fruit flies.
+There is a repository where you can pick up the phone, order hundreds of vials with different mutant flies, and screen them with assays to see which genes are affected by the mutation.
+So we did some screening and found one mutant that took much longer than usual to calm down after blowing on it. Examination of the gene affected by this mutation revealed that it encodes a dopamine receptor.
+Yes, flies have dopamine, just like humans, and it acts on their brains and synapses through the same dopamine receptor molecules that you and I do.
+Dopamine plays many important functions in the brain, including attention, arousal, and reward, and disorders of the dopamine system have been linked to many psychiatric disorders, including substance abuse, Parkinson's disease, and ADHD. .
+Now, in genetics, this is a little counterintuitive.
+We tend to infer the normal functioning of something by what does not happen when we take it away, or by the opposite of what we see when we take it away.
+So if we remove the dopamine receptor and the flies take longer to settle, we speculate that the normal function of this receptor and dopamine is to calm the flies faster after a puff.
+And it's a bit reminiscent of ADHD, which is associated with disorders of the human dopamine system.
+In fact, once you have the proper DEA license, if you give cocaine to increase dopamine levels in normal flies — what the hell — (Laughter) — in fact, cocaine-fed flies do more than normal flies. You will find that you will calm down quickly. This is reminiscent of ADHD, which is often treated with drugs such as Ritalin, which act similarly to cocaine.
+Very slowly, I began to realize that what started as a rather silly attempt to annoy fruit flies might actually have something to do with human mental illness.
+So how far does this analogy apply?
+As many of you know, people with ADHD also have learning disabilities.
+Does that also apply to dopamine receptor mutant flies?
+Surprisingly, the answer is yes.
+As Seymour showed in the 1970s, flies, as we have just heard, have the same capacity for learning as songbirds.
+By combining odor and shock, flies can be trained to avoid the odors shown in blue.
+Next, when the trained flies were given the opportunity to choose between a tube containing the odor paired with the shock and another odor, they avoided the tube containing the blue odor paired with the shock. will be
+Well, if you do this test on flies with mutated dopamine receptors, the flies won't learn. Their learning score is zero.
+They dropped out of Caltech.
+This means that these flies have two abnormalities, or phenotypes, as geneticists call them, found in ADHD: hyperactivity and learning disabilities.
+So what, if any, causal relationship exists between these phenotypes?
+In ADHD, hyperactivity is often thought to be the cause of learning disabilities.
+Children cannot learn because they cannot sit still long enough to concentrate.
+However, it is equally possible that the cause of hyperactivity is a learning disability.
+Children cannot learn, so they look for other things to divert their attention.
+And a final possibility is that there is no relationship at all between learning disabilities and hyperactivity, and that they are caused by common underlying mechanisms in ADHD.
+We've long wondered about this in humans, but we can actually test this in flies.
+And the way to do this is to dig deep into the fly's mind and start unraveling its circuitry using genetics.
+We genetically restore, or treat, dopamine receptors by taking dopamine receptor mutant flies and putting a good copy of the dopamine receptor gene back into the fly's brain.
+But we test each fly's ability to learn and its hyperactivity by returning it only to certain neurons in each fly and not to others.
+Surprisingly, we found that these two anomalies are perfectly distinguishable.
+If you put a good copy of the dopamine receptor back into this oval-shaped structure called the central complex, the fly is no longer hyperactive, but it still can't learn.
+On the other hand, when the receptor is put back into another structure called the mushroom body, the learning deficit is reversed and the flies learn well but still remain hyperactive.
+What this suggests is that dopamine isn't soaking the fly's brain like soup.
+Rather, dopamine receptors act in two different circuits to control two different functions. So the reason our dopamine receptor flies have two problems is that the same receptor controls two different functions in two different areas of the brain.
+I don't know if the same is true for ADHD in humans, but results of this sort should at least prompt us to consider that possibility.
+These results, therefore, make me and my colleagues more convinced than ever that the brain is not a bag of chemical soup, and that trying to treat complex mental illness simply by changing the taste of the soup is a mistake. I became convinced that
+All we have to do is use our ingenuity and scientific knowledge to design a new generation of treatments that target specific neurons and specific regions of the brain affected by specific mental disorders. That's it.
+If we can do that, we may be able to treat these disorders without causing unpleasant side effects and return the oil to the mind engine where it is needed. thank you very much.
+Now, extinction is another kind of death.
+It's bigger.
+We didn't realize it until 1914, when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, died at the Cincinnati Zoo.
+It lived in North America for 6 million years and was the most abundant bird in the world.
+Suddenly it's not here at all.
+A herd a mile wide and 400 miles long once darkened the sun.
+Aldo Leopold said that this is a biological storm, a feather storm.
+And indeed, it was the keystone species that enriches the entire eastern deciduous forest, from the Mississippi River to the Atlantic Ocean and Canada to the Gulf Coast.
+But in just a few decades, it went from five billion to zero.
+what happened?
+Well, commercial hunting happened.
+These birds were hunted for meat that could be sold by the ton, but when the large flocks came down to the ground, the flocks were so dense that hundreds of hunters and nets were killed. It was easy because fishermen could show up and slaughter in dozens. Thousands.
+It was America's cheapest source of protein.
+By the end of the century, nothing but these beautiful hides remained in museum specimen drawers.
+There is a bright side to this story.
+This made people realize the same thing was about to happen to the American bison, and these birds saved the buffalo.
+However, many other animals were not saved.
+Carolina parakeets were parrots that lit up backyards everywhere.
+They were hunted and killed for their feathers.
+There was a bird called the Heath Hen that was a favorite of the people of the East Coast.
+I was loved they tried to protect it. I died anyway.
+"No survivors, no future, no life recreated in this form again," wrote a local newspaper.
+There was a deep sense of tragedy in these events, which also happened to many beloved birds.
+It has happened to many mammals.
+Another keystone species is the famous European aurochs.
+A movie was recently made about it.
+Aurochs resembled bison.
+This was an animal that maintained essentially mixed forest and grassland environments across Europe and the Asian continent, from Spain to Korea.
+Records of this animal date back to the cave paintings of Lascaux.
+Extinction continues today.
+In Spain there is an ibex called Bucardo.
+Extinct in 2000.
+In Tasmania, southern Australia, there was a marsupial wolf called the Tasmanian tiger, called the possum.
+They were hunted until only a few died in zoos.
+Only a few films were shot.
+sadness, anger, lamentation.
+don't be sad. organize.
+What would you do if you knew you could use the DNA of a museum specimen to revive a species with fossils that are perhaps 200,000 years old? Where do you start?
+We start by examining whether biotechnology really exists.
+I worked with my wife, Ryan Phelan, who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct, and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church, one of the leading genetic engineers. rice field. It turns out that he is also obsessed with passenger pigeons and many animals. Conviction that the methodology he is working on might actually work.
+So he and Ryan brought together passenger pigeon experts, conservation ornithologists and bioethicists to organize and host a conference at Harvard's Wyss Institute. And fortunately, passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.
+All she needed from those specimens in the Smithsonian Institution was a little bit of toe pad tissue. Because there is something called ancient DNA.
+DNA is pretty badly fragmented, but now with good technology you can basically reconstruct the entire genome.
+So the question is, can we use that genome to reconstruct an entire bird?
+George Church thinks it can be done.
+So his book, Regenesis, which I recommend, has a chapter on the science of reviving extinct species and has a machine called the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering Machine.
+It's like an evolution machine.
+Combinations of genes written at the cellular level can be tested in organs on chips, and the winning ones can be incorporated into living organisms. It works well.
+One of George's famous illegible slides, this accuracy demonstrates a level of accuracy down to individual base pairs.
+The passenger pigeon genome has 1.3 billion base pairs.
+In other words, you get the ability to replace one gene with another variation of that gene.
+It is called an allyl.
+Anyway, that's what happens in normal hybridization.
+This is therefore a form of synthetic hybridization between the genome of an extinct species and that of its closest extant relatives.
+Along the way, George pointed out that his technology, the technology of synthetic biology, is currently accelerating four times faster than Moore's Law.
+It has been in place since 2005 and may continue in the future.
+The closest extant relative of the passenger pigeon is the banded pigeon. There are many. There are some around here too.
+Genetically, banded pigeons are already mostly living passenger pigeons.
+There is only a little part of the band overt.
+Swap out these pincers for passenger pigeon pincers and you've got an extinct bird back chirping at you.
+Now, there is work to be done.
+We need to understand exactly which genes are important.
+That is, the banded pigeon has the short-tailed gene, and the passenger pigeon has the long-tailed gene, with red eyes, pink chest, flocks, and so on.
+Adding them all together doesn't give a perfect result.
+But nature isn't perfect either, so it has to be perfect enough.
+So this conference in Boston did three things.
+First, Ryan and I decided to promote passenger pigeons by founding a non-profit called Revive and Restore, which seeks to promote the extinction of endangered species in general and to do so in a responsible manner.
+Another direct result is a young graduate student named Ben Novak, who has been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14 years old, has also learned how to work with ancient DNA, and spends money from family and friends on passenger pigeons. We analyzed the sequence ourselves.
+We hired him full time.
+Now, in this photo I took last year at the Smithsonian Institution, he looks down on the last surviving passenger pigeon, Martha.
+So if he succeeds, she won't be the last.
+A third achievement of the Boston conference was the realization that although there are scientists all over the world working to combat various forms of extinction, they have never met.
+National Geographic was interested in the theory that in the last century discovery was essentially finding things, and in this century discovery is essentially making things. It's from
+The extinction of endangered species also falls into this category.
+So they hosted and funded this conference. And 35 scientists, conservation biologists and molecular biologists, basically came together to see if there was work to do.
+Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.
+Three of them not only recreate ancient species, but also extinct ecosystems in northern Siberia, the Netherlands, and Hawaii.
+Henri, from the Netherlands, has a Dutch surname and although he doesn't pronounce it, he is working on Aurochs research.
+Aurochs are the ancestors of all domestic cattle, so basically their genomes are alive and only ubiquitous.
+So what they're doing is rebuilding the aurochs by selective backcrossing over time, using seven primitive-looking hardy-looking cattle breeds like the apex Maremmana Primitivo.
+Currently, South Korea is rewilding more rapidly than the United States, and it is said that aurochs will be introduced to rewilding areas across Europe to perform their old job, their old ecological role: logging. It's a plan. It is a semi-arid, closed-canopy forest within which there is a high biodiversity pasture.
+Another amazing story is that of Alberto Fernandez-Arias.
+Alberto worked in Bucardo, Spain.
+The last bucardo was a female named Celia, still alive, but they captured her, took a bit of tissue from her ear, cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen and released it back into the wild, but months later , she was found dead under a fallen tree.
+They took DNA from the ear, cloned the egg and planted it in a goat, and the pregnancy came to full term, giving birth to a live Bucardo baby.
+It was the first extinction in history.
+(Applause.) It was short-lived.
+Cross-species clones may have respiratory problems.
+The individual had a lung malformation and died 10 minutes later, but Alberto says the cloning has been going well since then, with more to come, eventually returning the Bucardo population to the mountains of northern Spain. I was sure I would.
+Oliver Ryder is a pioneer of deep cryopreservation.
+At the San Diego Zoo, his frozen zoo has collected over 1,000 species of tissue over the past 35 years.
+Now, freezing at a depth of minus 196 degrees Celsius leaves the cells intact and the DNA intact.
+These are basically living cells, so people like Bob Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology have taken some of that tissue from an endangered animal called the Java Banten and put it in cows. When the cow gave birth, what was born was a living cell. Healthy baby Jawang Banteng grew up fast and is still alive.
+The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza is that induced pluripotent stem cells can now be used to take any type of cell and turn it into germ cells such as sperm and eggs.
+So now we come to the story of Mike McGrew, a scientist at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Mike is working miracles on birds.
+So he intends to take, for example, falcon skin cells, fibroblasts, and turn them into induced pluripotent stem cells.
+It is highly pluripotent and can become germplasmic.
+He then discovered how to put germplasm in the embryo of a chicken egg so that the chicken essentially had the gonads of a falcon.
+There are males and females, respectively, from which a falcon is born.
+(Laughs) A real peregrine falcon made from slightly processed chicken.
+Ben Novak was the youngest scientist to attend the conference.
+He showed how all this can be combined.
+Chain of events: He merges the genomes of the banded pigeon and the passenger pigeon, uses George Church's technology to obtain the passenger pigeon's DNA, and uses the technology of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew to obtain its DNA. . It invades the gonads of chickens, yields passenger pigeon eggs, fights, and passenger pigeon populations from chicken gonads.
+It begs the question, are you not going to ask a passenger pigeon parent to teach you how to become a passenger pigeon?
+So what do you do about it?
+As it happens, birds are pretty tightly embedded, most of them already in their DNA, but to compensate, part of Ben's idea is to train young passenger pigeons how to flock and find them. is to use a carrier pigeon to En route to former nesting sites and feeding grounds.
+There were also some really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple, one of the founders of conservation biology, and IUCN's Kate Jones, who creates the Red List.
+They are excited about all this, but at the same time worried that it will compete with the very important efforts to protect endangered species that are still alive and not yet extinct.
+You want to work to protect animals.
+You want to shrink the Asian ivory market and avoid using 25,000 elephants a year.
+But conservation biologists are also finding that bad news frustrates people.
+So the Red List is very important and tracks things like endangered or endangered.
+But they are trying to create what they call the Green List. The green list is going to include species that are alive and well, thank you, it will include endangered species like the bald eagle, but they are much better now, thanks to everyone Work, and reserves around the world, are very well managed.
+Basically, they're learning how to build on good news.
+And they think the resurrection of extinct species is the kind of good news that we might be able to build on.
+Here are some relevant examples.
+Captive breeding will be a major part of reviving these species.
+By 1987, the number of California condors had dropped to 22.
+Everyone thought it was over.
+Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo, there are now 405 of them, 226 of which have been released into the wild.
+The technology will also be used on extinct animals.
+Another successful example is the Central African mountain gorilla.
+In 1981 Master Diane was convinced they were going extinct.
+Only 254 remained.
+Today that number is 880. The population is growing by 3% each year.
+The secret is that they have a really great ecotourism program.
+This photo was taken by Ryan with his iPhone last month.
+Wild gorillas are so accustomed to visitors.
+Another interesting project, which requires some help, is the Northern White Rhinoceros.
+There are no more breeding pairs left.
+But this is like having different DNAs of this animal available in a frozen zoo.
+A little cloning and you can get it back.
+So where do we go from here?
+So far these have been private meetings.
+I think it's time to make this topic public.
+what do people think about it?
+Want to bring back an extinct species?
+Want to bring back an extinct species?
+(Applause) Tinkerbell flutters down.
+This is a Tinker Bell moment. Because what are people excited about this?
+what are they worried about?
+I'm going to go forward with the passenger pigeon too.
+So Ben Novak is joining Beth Shapiro's group at the University of California, Santa Cruz as we speak.
+They plan to work on the passenger pigeon and banded pigeon genomes.
+Once that data is matured, it is sent to George Church, who works his magic to extract the passenger pigeon DNA from it.
+With the help of Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew, it can be incorporated into the germplasm and into the chickens that produce passenger pigeon flocks, which can then be reared by the parental pigeons. And after that it's all passenger pigeons. It will probably continue for the next 6 million years.
+When the costs come down, you can do the same for Carolina parakeets, great auks, roosters, short-billed woodpeckers, eskimo vertebrates, Caribbean monk seals, and woolly mammoths. .
+Because there is a fact that in the past 10,000 years humans have made huge holes in nature.
+We now have the ability and perhaps a moral obligation to repair some of the damage.
+Most of this is done through the expansion and protection of wild lands and the expansion and protection of endangered species populations.
+But some species we killed outright might be able to consider returning them to the world of nostalgia.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you.
+I have a question.
+So this is an emotional topic. Some are standing.
+I'm afraid some of you are sitting and asking questions like anguish. Almost, well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, there's something wrong with humans interfering with nature in this way.
+Unexpected results will occur.
+You're opening a Pandora's box of who knows what. Do they have a point?
+Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is that we have done a massive amount of interference by making these animals extinct, but many of them are keystone species, and letting them go will help them. It has changed entire ecosystems that thrive.
+Now, there's the issue of baseline shifts. So when these things come back, they might replace some of the birds people really know and love.
+I think that's part of the way it works.
+It's a long and slow process -- one of the things I love about this process is that it spans multiple generations.
+Bring back the woolly mammoth.
+CA: Well, I find the conversations and possibilities here pretty thrilling.
+Thank you very much for your introduction. SB: Thank you.
+K: Thank you. (applause)
+Chris Anderson asked me if I could summarize the past 25 years of anti-poverty campaigns in 10 minutes for TED.
+That's what the British ask the Irish to say succinctly.
+(Laughter) I said, Chris, it would take a miracle.
+He said, "Bono, isn't that a good use of your messianic complex?"
+So yes.
+After that, I decided to go beyond 25 years.
+Let's go back to BC, 3000 years ago, when, at least in my mind, the journey for justice, the march against inequality and poverty, really began.
+Three thousand years ago, in the early days of civilization on the banks of the Nile, some slaves, in this case Jewish shepherds, sniffing the dung of sheep, asked Pharaoh, who was sitting high on his throne, I think you declared Ness, on par with you. "
+Pharaoh answered, "Oh, no.
+Your misery must be a joke. "
+And they say, "No, no, that is what is written in our holy book."
+Cut into our century, the same country, the same pyramids, different people spreading the same idea of ​​equality in different books.
+This time it's called Facebook.
+Crowds are gathering in Tahrir Square.
+They've taken social networks from virtual to real, rebooting the 21st century.
+It's not to underestimate how nasty and ugly the aftermath of the Arab Spring is, nor to overestimate the role of technology, but these things mean that the long-standing power model pyramid has been turned upside down. It puts the people above and the pharaohs of today below, so to speak, which gives a sense of what is possible at times.
+It also shows that something as powerful as information and its sharing can challenge inequalities. Because facts want to be free just like people, and if they are free, freedom is usually just around the corner, even for the poorest. Poor -- a fact that can challenge the indifference that leads to cynicism and lethargy, a fact that tells us what is working and, more importantly, what is not You can fix it. The challenge posed by Nelson Mandela in 2005 asked us to be a great generation to overcome the most horrific crimes against humanity, extreme poverty, and the facts that create powerful momentum.
+So I thought, let's forget the rock opera, forget the pretentiousness, forget the usual tricks.
+Today we sing only facts. Because I truly embrace my inner nerd.
+So quit being a rockstar.
+Evidence-based activists—the factualists—appear.
+Because what the facts tell us is that the long, slow road to equality for humanity is actually accelerating.
+See what has been achieved.
+Look at the images these datasets print.
+Since 2000, or into the 2000s, an additional 8 million people with AIDS have received life-saving antiretroviral drugs.
+Malaria: Eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reduced mortality by 75 percent.
+Under-five mortality rate, under-five mortality rate is decreasing by 2.65 million per year.
+This is the rate at which 7,256 children's lives are saved every day.
+oh. oh. (Applause) Let's pause for a moment and actually think about that.
+Did you read somewhere in the last week something as important as that number?
+great news. It pisses me off that most people don't seem to know this news.
+7,000 children per day. Here are two of them.
+This is Michael and Benedict. They are alive thanks largely to Dr. Patricia Asamoah. she is wonderful And, whether you know it or not, thanks to the Global Fund for financial support.
+And the Global Fund provides antiretroviral drugs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV.
+This great news did not come alone.
+It was fought for, campaigned for, and innovated for.
+And this great news begets even more great news because that's the course of history.
+The number of people living in heartbreaking extreme poverty has fallen from 43 percent of the world's population in 1990 to 33 percent by 2000 and 21 percent by 2010.
+Please give up on that. (Applause.) It's halved. halved.
+Today the rate is still too high and too many people still die needlessly.
+There is still work to be done.
+But it's heart-stopping. It's amazing.
+If you live on less than $1.25 a day, if you live in such poverty, this is more than just data.
+That's all.
+If you are a parent who wants the best for your children, and I am, this rapid transition is from despair to hope.
+And what do you think? Let's see where the number of people living on $1.25 a day will be by 2030 if this trend continues.
+Not true, right?
+That's what the data tells us. If this trajectory continues, it will reach the zero zone.
+For numbers-crunching humans like us, it's an erogenous zone, and I can safely say I'm sexually aroused by collating data now.
+So the real eradication of extreme poverty, defined as those living on less than $1.25 a day, is of course adjusted for inflation from the 1990 baseline.
+We love good baselines.
+It's amazing.
+Now, some of you may think that all this progress is only for Asia or Latin America or model countries like Brazil, but who doesn't love Brazilian models? Huh? -- But look at sub-Saharan Africa.
+A collection of 10 countries, some call them lions, these countries have achieved 100 percent debt cancellation, 3x aid and 10x increase in FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in the last 10 years. combined to quadruple our domestic resources, which is community money, and if used wisely, will result in good governance, a one-third reduction in child mortality and a two-fold increase in education completion rates. and extreme poverty has been halved. 10 will also be zero.
+So the lion's pride is proof of concept.
+This has all kinds of advantages.
+First of all, you don't have to listen to the excruciating little jumpy words of Jesus like me.
+how about that? (Applause.) And in 2028, 2030? Right there.
+That means the Rolling Stones breakup concert is about three miles away.
+(Laughter) I hope so. I hope
+It makes us look really young.
+So why don't we jump on the subject?
+Well, the opportunities are real, but so are the dangers.
+You cannot achieve this until you truly accept that you can achieve it.
+Look at this graph.
+It's called inertia. That's how we screw it up.
+And the next one is also really beautiful.
+I call it momentum.
+And we can bend the arc of history towards zero just by doing what we know works.
+namely inertia and momentum.
+There are dangers, but of course, the closer you get, the harder it gets.
+We now know the obstacles that stand in our way during difficult times.
+In fact, today in your capital, during a difficult time, some people who care about the national wallet want to cut life-saving programs like the Global Fund.
+But you can do something about it.
+We can tell politicians that these cuts could cost lives.
+As it happens, today in Oslo, oil companies are fighting to keep government payments for oil drilling in developing countries secret.
+We should be able to do something about that too.
+Join leaders like One Campaign and telecom entrepreneur Mo Ibrahim.
+We are pushing for legislation to ensure that at least a portion of the underground wealth ends up in the hands of those who live above ground.
+And now we know that the greatest sickness is not sickness. it is corruption.
+But there is also a vaccine against it.
+It's called Transparency, Open Datasets, and it's what the TED community is really working on.
+Sunlight, you could say transparency.
+And technology is really accelerating this.
+It's getting harder to hide when you're doing bad things.
+Now let's talk about the U report that I'm really looking forward to. It is 150,000 millennials across Uganda, young people exposing government corruption on 2G phones, SMS social networks, wanting to know what the budget is and how the money is being spent.
+This is exciting.
+See, once you have these tools, you can't help but use them.
+Once you know this knowledge, you cannot ignore it.
+You can't erase this data from your brain, but you can erase the banal image of poor people who have no control over their lives.
+It's not true anymore, so it can be erased, it really can be erased. (Applause.) It's transformative.
+2030? By 2030, robots will not just serve us Guinness, they will drink it.
+By the time we get there, all the places that seem loosely governed may actually be.
+So here I am - I think I'm probably going to infect you with this noble database virus that we call factivism.
+It's not going to kill you.
+In fact, it could save countless lives.
+We at One Campaign want you to spread, spread, share and tell.
+By doing so, you too will join us and countless others in what I truly believe is the greatest adventure you have ever experienced, a journey of equality that is always demanding. Become.
+Can we really become the great generation that Mandela asked for?
+Can we answer that clear call with science, reason, fact and, dare we say, emotion?
+Because, obviously, realists have feelings too.
+But I'm thinking of Wael Ghonim.
+Some of you may know him. He set up one of his Facebook groups behind Cairo's Tahrir Square.
+He was put in prison for it, but I have his words etched into my brain.
+"We don't understand politics, we're going to win.
+We're going to win because we don't play their dirty game.
+We don't have a party political agenda, so we're going to win.
+We win because the tears from our eyes are actually from the heart.
+We are going to win because we have a dream and we are willing to stand up for it. "
+Wael is right.
+The power of the people is much stronger than those in power, so if we unite we will win.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you very much. (applause)
+Chris Anderson: I have long been fascinated and amazed by so many aspects of Netflix.
+If you ask me, you are full of surprises.
+One of them happened, I think, about six years ago.
+The company was doing very well at the time, but it was basically a streaming service for other people's movie and TV content.
+You convinced Wall Street that it was right to make some kind of radical shift from just sending people DVDs, so you did it by streaming.
+And you were growing like weeds. With over 6 million subscribers and a healthy growth rate, you chose the moment to make some sort of giant decision. It was a decision that put a bet on the company.
+What was the decision and what was the motive?
+Reed Hastings: Well, cable networks have always started with other people's content and then grew to broadcast their own originals.
+So we've known the general idea for quite some time.
+In fact, in 2005 I was trying to venture into original content. At the time, I was buying movies at Sundance on DVD only. Maggie Gyllenhaal's "Sherry Baby" was published on DVD. We were a mini studio.
+And it didn't work because we were subscale.
+And as you said, in 2011 my partner Ted Sarandos, who runs content at Netflix, was very excited about House of Cards.
+At the time, it was $100 million, a great investment and competing with HBO.
+And that was the very first breakthrough he found.
+CA: But it was a significant percentage of the company's revenue at the time.
+But how can you be sure it's actually worth doing?
+Getting it wrong could have been truly devastating for the company.
+RH: Yeah, I wasn't sure. So that's the whole tension.
+We thought, "Oh my God...!" --I can't say that.
+Yes, I was scared.
+(laughs) CA: So it didn't just create new content.
+If I understand correctly, yours is pretty much the same, and you introduced the idea of ​​this glimpse.
+It wasn't, "I'm going to do these episodes to build excitement." -- All at once.
+And that consumer mode wasn't really tested.
+Why did you take such a risk?
+RH: Well, we grew up shipping DVDs.
+And then there was also the series, the box set, and the DVD.
+And we've all seen the great HBO content you know and love on DVD. Next episode, next episode.
+That's what made us think that for episodic content, especially serialized content, having all the episodes at once is very powerful.
+And that's something linear TV can't do.
+And both have been very positive.
+CA: So it's almost immediately calculated that an hour spent watching, say, "House of Cards" is more beneficial to you than an hour spent watching someone else's licensed content. Did you do it?
+RH: You know, we're a subscription, so we don't need to track at that level.
+So it's important to strengthen your brand so that more people want to participate.
+And "House of Cards" definitely delivered on that. Because then a lot of people talk about it and associate that brand with us. On the other hand, we dealt with "Mad Men" - a great show, AMC's show - but they didn't associate it with Netflix even though we watched it on Netflix.
+CA: And other notable series, "Narcos," "Jessica Jones," "Orange is the New Black," "The Crown," "Black Mirror" -- personal favorite -- So you added "Stranger Things". upon.
+So the level of investment we are planning for new content next year is not 100 million.
+what's this?
+RH: About $8 billion worldwide.
+And that's not enough.
+There are plenty of great shows on other networks as well.
+We still have a long way to go.
+CA: But eight billion is a lot more than any other content commissioner at the moment, right?
+RH: No, Disney is in that realm. Disney would be even bigger if it could buy Fox.
+And really, it's spread all over the world, so it's not as big a deal as you might think.
+(Laughter) CA: But obviously for Barry Dillers and others in the media business, it feels like this company came out of nowhere and really revolutionized the business.
+It's as if Blockbuster one day said, "I'm going to make a Blockbuster video," and six years later it was as big as Disney.
+So that story never happened, but it did.
+RH: That's the nasty thing about the Internet -- it moves fast, doesn't it?
+Everything around us moves really fast.
+CA: So there must be something peculiar about the culture at Netflix to be able to make such bold -- I wouldn't say "reckless" -- bold and well-thought-out decisions.
+RH: Yes, of course.
+We had one advantage of being born on DVD, but we knew it was temporary.
+No one thought we would be mailing discs for 100 years.
+I mean, they're pretty delusional about what happens next, and that's part of their founding ethos, and they really worry about what happens next.
+that's an advantage.
+And in terms of culture, there is a great emphasis on freedom and responsibility.
+I pride myself on making as few decisions as possible during the quarter.
+And we're getting better and better at that.
+Sometimes we end the quarter without making any decisions.
+(Laughter) (Applause) CA: But there are some really amazing things about your people.
+For example, let's take a look at a survey.
+Netflix employees seem to get basically the highest salaries for comparable jobs compared to their peers.
+And you are least likely to want to quit.
+And a Google search for Netflix's culture deck brings up a pretty amazing list of advice for employees.
+Please tell me about some of them.
+RH: Well, my first company was very process-oriented.
+This was in the 1990's.
+And every time someone made a mistake, we tried to put in place a process to make sure that mistake never happened again. In other words, it is exactly semiconductor yield oriented.
+And the problem was that we were trying to dummy proof the system.
+And in the end, dummy was the only one who wanted to work there.
+Then, of course, the market shifted. In that case, it was from C++ to Java.
+But as you know, there is always some change.
+The company could not adapt and was acquired by its biggest competitor.
+So at Netflix, we were very focused on how to do it without process and without creating confusion.
+So we developed all these mechanisms, super talent, collaboration, speaking up and sharing information. Inside the company, people are amazed at how much information there is. All the core strategies and so on.
+We are kind of "anti-Apple". Do you know how they are divided?
+we do the opposite. So everyone has access to all the information.
+So what we're trying to do is build people a sense of responsibility and the ability to get things done.
+Now I know about big decisions that are being made all the time that I never even heard of, and that's great.
+And most of the time they work.
+CA: So I just wake up in the morning and read a book on the Internet.
+RH: Sometimes.
+CA: "Oh, I just entered China!"
+RH: Well, that would be a big deal.
+CA: But when you let employees set their own vacation days...
+There's just -- RH: Yes, it's a big symbolic vacation because most people actually take vacations.
+But yes, that freedom is a lot.
+CA: And we seek courage as a fundamental value.
+RH: Yes, we want people to tell the truth.
+And we say, "It is dishonest to remain silent."
+It's okay to make some decisions without stating your opinion and usually not writing it down.
+That is why we are very focused on making the right decisions through constant discussions.
+And we try not to yell at each other so violently. There is no such thing.
+Indeed, curiosity attracts people.
+CA: It looks like Netflix has another secret weapon, and it's this huge pile of data that we've heard at some point this week.
+You've often taken a truly amazing stance on building smart algorithms at Netflix.
+A long time ago, you published your algorithm to the world and said, "Who can do better than this recommendation we put forward?"
+If so, we will pay you $1 million. "
+You paid someone a million dollars. That's because it was like 10 percent better than yours.
+RH: That's right.
+CA: Was it a good decision? Would you like to do it again?
+RH: Well, it was very exciting at the time. This was around 2007.
+But you know, we're not repeating ourselves.
+Clearly, this is a very specialized tool.
+So consider it a stroke of good timing rather than a general framework.
+So what we've done is invest heavily in algorithms to bring the right content to the right people and make it fun and easy to explore.
+CA: So you did this a few years ago that seems like a very interesting change.
+Which of these movies is your best?"
+And then I tried to match those movies with upcoming movie recommendations.
+And you have changed since then.
+talk about it
+RH: Yes.
+Everyone rates "Schindler's List" five stars, then Adam Sandler for "The Do Over" three stars.
+But really, when you look at what they were looking at, it was almost always Adam Sandler.
+And when we evaluate and become metacognitive about quality, that becomes kind of our aspirational self.
+And it is far more effective to please people by seeing the choices they actually make, the preferences revealed by how much they enjoy simple pleasures.
+CA: Okay. I would like to talk about this for a few minutes. Because I think this is such a big deal, not just for Netflix, but for the internet as a whole.
+The difference between aspirational values ​​and manifested values.
+You did an excellent job paying less attention to what people say, observing what people do, and finding things like, "Oh my god, a horrible recipe for 'Nailed'." I didn't expect a program to make a show to air." RH: I was called 'I'm nailed! right.
+CA: Interesting. I wouldn't have even thought of that.
+But isn't there a risk if this approach that focuses solely on revealed values ​​goes too far?
+RH: Well, we take great pleasure in making people happy. Sometimes I just want to relax and watch a show like "Nailed It!"
+It's fun and stress free.
+Also, you may want to watch a very intensive movie.
+'Mudbound' is an Oscar-nominated and very good movie.
+And as we all know, "Mudbound" has been watched for over 20 million hours, which is dramatically more than we've seen in theaters and other streams.
+So there are sweets too, but lots of broccoli.
+And as you know, when combined properly, you get a healthy diet.
+CA: But -- yes, sure.
+But if you're not careful, the algorithm tends to steer you away from broccoli and towards candy, right?
+I just said that on YouTube, for some reason, the algorithms are actually just getting smarter, tending to steer people towards more extreme or specific content.
+It's easy to imagine Netflix's algorithm going incrementally based on published values ​​-- RH: Well, it gets too mean -- CA: We're all violent You're watching porn or something.
+Or maybe some people do.
+But hey -- (laughter) it's not me!
+I'm a missionary kid, so I don't even think about that.
+But -- (laughter) But I mean, it's possible, right?
+RH: Actually, you're right that you can't rely on algorithms alone.
+It's a combination of judgment and what we deal with, and because we're a select service rather than a platform like Facebook or YouTube, there's an easier set of problems. It's like, "What are these great movies and series that we get?"
+But in it algorithms are tools.
+CA: But how -- John Doerr talked about measuring what matters.
+I think the important thing for business is basically to increase the number of subscribers.
+So that's your only advantage.
+Will subscribers increase simply by spending more time watching Netflix, and will that drive re-subscribes?
+Or is it more important to have a show that might not have taken as long as watching an entire season of "Nailed It!"? Or what?
+But get more involved. They just think, ``That was nutrition, and it was amazing.
+Isn't there a version of your business model that offers less content and more great, perhaps even more uplifting content?
+RH: And people choose that uplifting content.
+i think you are right So when people talk about Netflix, they talk about shows that inspire them, like 13 Reasons Why and The Crown.
+And that's a very disproportionately positive impact, even for the growth in subscriber numbers for these big, memorable shows you talked about.
+But what we want to do is provide variety.
+No matter how much you love something, you don't want to see the same thing every night. I would love to try different things.
+And what we haven't seen is, for example, competing for the bottom of examples like violent pornography.
+Instead, we had great viewing across the entire range. 'Black Mirror' is currently filming season 5.
+And when it was just the BBC, it was a show that struggled.
+And with on-demand delivery, even larger programs can be produced.
+CA: So humans can become dependent on angels as well as demons.
+RH: Well, again, we try not to think of it in terms of addiction and think of it this way. “What do you do with your time, when do you want to relax?”
+You can watch linear TV, play video games, watch YouTube, watch Netflix.
+And the more nice we can be and the more varied our moods, the more often people will choose us.
+CA: But there are people in your organization who regularly look at the real-world impact of the awesome algorithms you create.
+To check reality, just ask, "Is this really the direction we want to go?"
+RH: Well, I think we are learning.
+And you have to be humble and say, "Look, no tool is perfect."
+Part of our algorithm, how we commission content, and our relationship with society.
+So there are many ways it should be considered.
+Therefore, if you stick too much to “increase the number of views” or “increase the number of subscribers”, you will not be able to grow and become the great company you are aiming for.
+So think of this as multiple measures of success.
+CA: So when it comes to the algorithm that raised the question, you were on the board of directors at Facebook, I think it was Mark Zuckerberg, and you also coached for him.
+What should we know about Mark Zuckerberg that people don't know?
+RH: Well, many of you know him or have seen him.
+I mean, he's a great human being.
+Really top notch.
+And social -- whether it's YouTube or Facebook, these platforms are clearly going to grow fast.
+And it's seen in every new technology.
+So yesterday we were talking about printed DNA, and it was kind of like, it could be great, it could be terrible.
+And you know, it's all new technology. When television first became popular in the United States in the 1960s, it was called "The Great Wasteland," and television corrupted everyone's minds.
+Apparently everyone was fine.
+There have been some tweaks, but consider that every new technology has its pros and cons.
+And in social, we're just figuring it out.
+CA: How high a priority is it for Facebook's board of directors to actually address some issues?
+Or is the company actually considered completely unfairly criticized?
+RH: Oh, it's not completely unfair.
+And Mark is leading the restoration of Facebook.
+And he's very passionate about it.
+CA: Reed, I'd love to see your other passion.
+I mean, you're doing incredibly well on Netflix, you're a millionaire, and you spend a lot of time and real money on your education.
+RH: Yes.
+CA: Why is this your passion and what are you doing about it?
+RH: Yes. Right out of college, I was a high school math teacher.
+So when I later started my business and became a philanthropist, I think I was drawn to education and trying to make a difference there.
+And the main thing I noticed is that educators want to work with other great educators to create a lot of unique environments for their children.
+And we need far more diverse systems and more educator-centric organizations than ever before.
+And the trouble is that most schools in the US are now run by the local school board.
+And every need within the community must be met. In fact, what we need is more variety.
+In the United States, there is a form of public school called Charter Public Schools, which is run by non-profit organizations.
+That's what matters most to me. If you can get the school run by a non-profit organization, they will be more mission-oriented and more supportive of educators.
+I am on the board of directors for one of the larger networks, the KIPP Charter School.
+And 30,000 children a year receive a highly stimulating education.
+CA: Paint a picture of what a school should look like.
+RH: It depends on the child.
+Think of it like this: There is no single model because with multiple children there are different needs that need to be met.
+And we want you to be able to choose according to your child and what they need.
+But they should be very educator-centric, curiosity and stimulation and all that stuff.
+And this whole idea of ​​30 kids in fifth grade all learning the same thing at the same time is clearly an industrial throwback.
+But given the current government structure, this will be very difficult to change.
+But what these innovative non-profit schools do is pushing boundaries and letting kids try new things.
+So think of this as a governance reform—a non-profit organization—to enable educational change.
+CA: And sometimes there is criticism that charter schools, intentionally or unintentionally, are sucking resources out of the public school system.
+Should I worry about it?
+RH: Well, they are public schools.
+So, there are different types of public schools.
+And if you look at charters as a whole, they serve low-income children.
+Because when high-income kids get into trouble, parents send them to private schools or move into the neighborhood.
+And low-income households generally don't have that option.
+Similar to KIPP, 80% are low income children and lunch is free or reduced.
+And KIPP's college admissions are great.
+CA: Reed, you signed a gift pledge a few years ago, and you promise to donate more than half of your fortune in your lifetime.
+May I cheekily ask how much you have invested in your education in the last few years?
+RH: Hundreds of millions, I don't know exactly hundreds, but we continue to invest, and -- (applause) thank you guys -- (applause) honestly, I'm a little While trying to work under John Doerr, he entered politics full-time.
+I loved working for John, but I was not interested in politics.
+I love business and I love to compete.
+I love going head to head with Disney and HBO.
+(Laughter) That's what drives me.
+And now I'm doing it to really add value to Netflix so I can write more checks to school.
+And for now, it's the perfect life.
+CA: Reed, you are a great person. You have changed our lives and the lives of many children.
+Thank you for coming to TED.
+(applause)
+I have a friend in Portugal whose grandfather built a bicycle and washing machine for his family.
+He did it because he couldn't afford a car, but also because he knew how to make one.
+Once upon a time, we were able to understand how things worked and how they were made, build or repair them, or at least make informed decisions about what to buy. There was a time when I could
+Many of these do-it-yourself practices died out in the late 20th century.
+But now, with the maker community and the open source model, this kind of knowledge about how things work and what they're made of is coming back into our lives, and we're taking them to the next level. , i.e. I believe it should be pulled up to a component. Things are made of
+For the most part, we still know what traditional materials such as paper and textiles are made of and how they are produced.
+But now we have amazing futuristic composites, including shape-shifting plastics, conductive paints, color-changing pigments, and glowing fabrics.
+Here are some examples.
+Conductive inks therefore make it possible to paint circuits instead of using traditional printed circuit boards and wires.
+For this little example I have in my hand, I used it to create a touch sensor that reacts to my skin by turning on this little light.
+Conductive inks have been used by artists, but recent developments indicate that they will soon be available for use in laser printers and pens.
+This is a sheet of acrylic infused with colorless light diffusing particles.
+What this means is that while normal acrylic diffuses light only around the edges, this acrylic glows over the entire surface when you turn on the ambient light.
+Two known uses of this material are interior design and multi-touch systems.
+And thermochromic pigments change color at a certain temperature.
+So let's put this on a hotplate set to a temperature slightly above ambient and see what happens.
+One of the main uses of this material is therefore in baby bottles, among others, to indicate when the contents are cold enough to drink.
+These are just a few of what are commonly known as smart materials.
+In a few years they will be embedded in many of the objects and technologies we use every day.
+The flying cars promised in sci-fi may not be here yet, but walls that change color based on temperature, keyboards that roll up, windows that turn opaque at the flick of a switch, and more.
+I'm a social scientist by training, so why are we talking about smart materials here today?
+Well, first of all, I am a manufacturer.
+I'm interested in how things work and are made, but also because I believe we need to understand more about the components that make up our world. I don't know enough about these high tech composites. Our future is made from now on.
+Smart materials are difficult to obtain in small quantities.
+There is very little information on how they are used and very little is said about how they are manufactured.
+So for now they exist mainly in the realm of trade secrets and patents, accessible only to universities and companies.
+So a little over three years ago, Kirsty Boyle and I started a project called Open Materials.
+This encourages us and others who wish to join us to share experiments, publish information, and contribute to others where possible, and research papers by other authors like us. A website that aggregates resources such as tutorials and tutorials.
+We hope this will be a large, collectively generated database of do-it-yourself information about smart materials.
+But why should we care how smart materials work and what they are made of?
+First of all, because we cannot shape what we do not understand, and what we do not understand ultimately shapes us.
+The things we use, the clothes we wear, and the homes we live in all have a huge impact on how we behave, our health, and our quality of life.
+Therefore, if we are to live in a world made of smart materials, we need to know and understand them.
+Second, and just as important, innovation has always been fueled by modders.
+From mountain bikes to semiconductors to personal computers to airplanes, more than once amateurs rather than experts have been inventors and improvers.
+The biggest challenge is that materials science requires complex and expensive equipment.
+However, this is not always the case.
+Two scientists at the University of Illinois realized this when they published a paper on an easier way to make conductive inks.
+With no previous chemistry experience, Jordan Bunker read the paper and replicated the experiment in his makerspace using only off-the-shelf materials and tools.
+He used a toaster oven and even built his own vortex mixer based on a tutorial by another scientist/maker.
+Jordan then published the results online, including everything he tried that didn't work, for others to study and reproduce.
+So the main form of Jordan's innovation was to recreate the experiments created in the university's well-equipped labs in his Chicago garage using only cheap materials and home-made tools.
+And now that he has published this work, others can take over where he left off and devise even simpler processes and improvements.
+Another example I would like to mention is Hannah Perner-Wilson's Kit-of-No-Parts.
+The goal of her projects is to highlight the expressiveness of materials while focusing on the creativity and skill of the builders.
+Electronic kits are very powerful in that they teach us how things work, but the constraints inherent in their design affect how we learn.
+Hannah's approach, on the other hand, is to formulate a set of techniques for creating unusual objects that free us from pre-designed constraints by teaching us about the materials themselves.
+Of Hannah's many impressive experiments, this is one of my favorites.
+["Paper Speaker"] All you're looking at here is a piece of paper with copper tape attached to an MP3 player and a magnet.
+(Music: "Happy Together") So Hannah builds on the work of MIT's Marcelo Coelho to create a series of paper speakers using materials ranging from simple copper tape to conductive fabric and ink. Did.
+Like Jordan and many other manufacturers, Hannah publishes her recipes and allows anyone to copy and reproduce them.
+Paper electronics, however, is one of the most promising areas of materials science in that it allows us to create cheaper and more flexible electronics.
+Hannah's artisanal work, and the fact that she shared her discoveries, therefore opens the door to an array of new possibilities that are both aesthetically pleasing and innovative.
+In other words, the interesting thing about being a maker is that you create things out of passion and curiosity, and you don't fear failure.
+We often approach problems from unconventional angles, discovering alternatives and better ways along the way.
+Therefore, the more people experiment with materials, the more researchers willingly share their research, and the more manufacturers share their knowledge, the more potential it has to create technologies that truly benefit us all. increase.
+So I feel the same way Ted Nelson wrote in the early 1970s, "We must understand computers now."
+At the time, computers were big mainframes that only scientists cared about, and no one dreamed of having one at home.
+So it's a little strange for me to stand here and say, "You have to understand smart materials now."
+Keep in mind that getting pre-emptive knowledge about emerging technologies is the best way to ensure that you have a say in shaping the future.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So this book I have in my hand is a directory of everyone who had an email address in 1982. (Laughter) Actually, it's a seemingly huge amount.
+Since we know everyone's name, address, and phone number, each page actually has only about 20 people.
+And in fact, everyone is listed twice because they're sorted once by name and once by email address.
+Clearly a very small community.
+At the time, there were only two other Danny's on the internet.
+I knew them both.
+We all didn't know each other, but we had some kind of trust in each other, and that basic sense of trust permeates the entire network, and the realization that we can depend on each other to get things done. had.
+To give you an idea of ​​the level of trust in this community, let me tell you what it was like to register a domain name in the early days.
+Well, I happened to register a third domain name on the Internet.
+So I could get whatever I wanted except bbn.com and symbols.com.
+That's why I chose think.com, and I thought there must be a lot of really interesting names out there.
+You may want to register a few more just in case.
+And I thought, "Oh, that's not very good."
+(Laughter) The take-only attitude was something that everyone on the network had at the time. In fact, it wasn't just people on the network, it was actually built into the protocol of the network. Internet itself.
+So the basic idea of ​​IP, the internet protocol, and how the routing algorithms used it was basically "to each as per their ability, as per their need".
+So if you have the bandwidth, you will be able to get the message to someone.
+If bandwidth is available, it will deliver your message.
+In order to do that, I had to rely on people, and that was the foundation.
+It was actually interesting that communist principles like this were the basis of the system developed by the Pentagon during the Cold War, but it apparently worked very well and gave us an idea of ​​what happened on the Internet. we were all watching.
+It was incredibly successful.
+In fact, it was such a success that no book like this could ever be made today.
+My rough math puts it at about 25 miles thick.
+But of course you can't. Because we don't know the name of everyone who has an Internet address or an e-mail address, and even if they did, they probably wouldn't want to know their name. I'm confident. Your name, address and phone number will be made public to everyone.
+In fact, there are a lot of bad guys on the internet these days. So we've dealt with that by creating walled communities, secure subnetworks, VPNs, little things that aren't really the Internet, but built out of the same building. It's a block, but basically built from the same building blocks with the same trust.
+That means it's vulnerable to certain kinds of mistakes you can make, and certain kinds of deliberate attacks, but even those mistakes can be bad.
+Across Asia, for example, Pakistan recently made some mistakes in how it censored its domestic networks, which made YouTube unavailable for some time.
+They didn't mean to mess with Asia, but they did because of how the protocol works.
+Another example that may have affected much of this audience is, as you may remember a few years ago, there was a bug in one routing card in Salt Lake City that made everything west of the Mississippi River of planes have been grounded.
+Now, I don't really think our airplane systems depend on the internet, and in some ways, they don't.
+More on that later.
+But in reality, something went wrong on the internet and the router card went down, so people couldn't take off.
+And there are a lot of things like that that start happening.
+Well, in April of last year, something interesting happened.
+Suddenly, much of the traffic across the internet began to be rerouted through China, including much of the traffic between US military installations.
+So for a few hours everything passed through China.
+China Telecom now says it was just an honest mistake, and while it's really possible because of how things work, it's certainly possible that someone would make that kind of dishonest mistake if they wanted to. , which shows how vulnerable the system is to even mistakes.
+Imagine how vulnerable your system is to deliberate attacks.
+So if someone really wants to attack the United States or Western civilization these days, they're not going to do it with tanks.
+it will not succeed.
+Perhaps what they do is very similar to the attacks that have taken place on Iran's nuclear facilities.
+No one claims credit for it.
+It was basically an industrial machinery factory.
+It didn't consider itself to be on the Internet.
+I thought it was disconnected from the internet per se, but someone could smuggle a USB drive or something there, and some software would get in there, and in that case the centrifuge would actually be destroyed. It's gone.
+Today, the same kind of software can wreak havoc on oil refineries, pharmaceutical factories, and semiconductor factories.
+I'm sure you've read a lot in the papers about cyberattacks and concerns about defending against them.
+In practice, however, people are mostly focused on protecting computers on the Internet, and surprisingly little on protecting the Internet as a communication medium itself.
+It's really fragile, so I think it probably needs a little more attention.
+In fact, in the early days of ARPANET, there was actually a bug in one message processor that completely failed.
+The way the internet works is basically routers exchanging information about how to send messages to specific locations, but this processor actually had negative time to get messages to specific locations because the card was broken. I decided that I could send it.
+So, in other words, they were claiming that messages could be delivered before the user sent them.
+Of course, the fastest way to get messages anywhere was to message this person. All messages on the Internet began to be exchanged through this one node, because he would send messages back in time and get them there very early. A course that has it all.
+Everything started to break.
+The interesting thing is that the sysadmin was able to fix it, but basically had to turn off everything on the internet.
+Of course we couldn't do that today.
+So everything is off and it's like the service call you get from your cable company, except for the whole world.
+Well, as a matter of fact, I couldn't do it today for various reasons.
+One of the reasons is that many phones now use the IP protocol, such as Skype over the Internet, so in fact we are becoming more and more dependent on the IP protocol for many uses. It is After taking off from LAX, I never thought I was on the Internet.
+When I put gas in, I don't think I'm using the internet at all.
+But what is happening more and more is that these systems are starting to use the Internet.
+Most of them are not yet Internet based, but they are starting to use the Internet for service functions, management functions, etc. So when you take things like cell phone systems, they are still relatively independent of the internet. In most cases, Internet elements are starting to roll in for some of the control and management functions, and it's very tempting to use these same building blocks. Because they work very well, are cheap, and can be used repeatedly. soon.
+So all our systems are increasingly starting to use and rely on the same technology.
+So even the latest modern rocketships actually use internet protocols to communicate from one end of the rocketship to the other.
+it's crazy. It wasn't designed to do that.
+So we built this system understanding every part of the system, but we are using it in a very different way than we expected to use it and it was designed It's a very different scale than the one before. .
+And really, at the moment, no one understands exactly what it's used for.
+It's turning into one of the big emerging systems, like the financial system. There, every part is designed, but no one understands exactly how it works, all its details, and what kind of emerging behavior is possible. not here.
+So when we hear experts talk about the Internet and say that it can do this, it can do this, or it can do that, we should treat it with the same skepticism that we treat economists' comments about the economy. . Or a weather forecaster talking about the weather or something like that.
+They have an informed opinion, but it's changing so quickly that even experts don't know exactly what's going on.
+So if you see one of these maps on the internet, it's just someone's guess.
+No one knows what the Internet is today because the Internet is different than it was an hour ago.
+it is always changing. Always reconfigured.
+And I think the problem is that we're preparing ourselves for certain disasters, like the disasters we've had with the financial system. The systems we employ are fundamentally built on trust and fundamentally built for small systems. And we've extended it beyond the limits of how it was originally operated.
+Therefore, at this time, we do not know what the consequences of an effective denial of service attack against the Internet will be. I think it's literally true that whatever it is, next year will be worse and next year will be even worse. year etc.
+But what we need is a plan B.
+No plan B for now.
+There is no defined backup system that we have meticulously maintained to be Internet independent. Made from a completely different set of components.
+So what you need doesn't necessarily have to have internet capability, but the police have to be able to call the fire department without internet, and the hospital has to order fuel oil.
+This doesn't have to be a multi-billion dollar government project.
+In fact, it is technically relatively easy to achieve, as existing fiber in the ground and existing wireless infrastructure can be used.
+It's basically a decision to make.
+But people don't decide to do it until they recognize the need. That's the problem we have now.
+Thus, for years, many have quietly argued that we should have this independent system, but when Plan A seemed to work so well, people turned to Plan B is very difficult to concentrate on.
+So I think once people realize how much we're starting to rely on the internet and how vulnerable it is, we can just focus on wanting this other system to exist. I want to use it, I want a system like this.”
+It's not that hard a problem.
+It could definitely have been done by people in this room.
+Of all the questions you'll hear in a conference, this is probably one of the easiest to solve.
+So I would be very happy to have this opportunity to speak with you.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+As a child, I thought my country was the best on earth.
+And I grew up singing the song "Nothing To Envy."
+And I was so proud.
+In school, we spent a lot of time studying Kim Il-sung's history, but we didn't learn much about the outside world, except that America, South Korea, and Japan were our enemies.
+I thought a lot about the outside world, but I thought I would spend the rest of my life in North Korea, but suddenly everything changed.
+I saw my first public execution when I was seven years old.
+However, I thought life in North Korea was normal.
+My family was not poor and I had never experienced hunger myself.
+But one day in 1995, my mother brought home a letter from a colleague's sister.
+It says, "When you read this, our family of five doesn't exist in this world because we haven't eaten anything in the last three weeks.
+We are lying on the floor together, very weak, waiting to die. "
+I was so shocked.
+It was the first time I heard that people in my country were suffering.
+Shortly after that, as I was walking in front of the train station, I saw something terrifying that I cannot erase from my memory.
+A lifeless woman lay on the ground, a thin child in her arms staring helplessly at her mother's face.
+But no one helped them as they were focused on taking care of themselves and their families.
+In the mid-1990s, North Korea suffered a massive famine.
+Ultimately, over a million North Koreans died of starvation, many surviving only by eating grass, insects and bark.
+Power outages were frequent and at night it was pitch black except for the Sea of ​​Lights in China across the river from my house.
+I always wondered why they had lights and we didn't.
+This is a satellite image showing North Korea at night compared to neighboring countries.
+This is the Yalu River, which forms part of the border between North Korea and China.
+As you can see, the river becomes so narrow at certain points that North Koreans can covertly cross it.
+But many die.
+I have seen dead bodies floating in the river.
+I can't go into too much detail about how I left North Korea, but I can say that I was sent to China to live with distant relatives during a dire period of famine.
+But I thought I would only be away from my family for a short time.
+I never imagined it would take 14 years to live together.
+In China, it was hard to live as a girl without a family.
+I had no idea what life would be like as a North Korean refugee.
+However, as North Korean refugees are considered illegal immigrants in China, it soon proved to be not only very difficult, but also very dangerous.
+Therefore, I lived in constant fear that my identity would be revealed and that I would be deported to North Korea to a terrible fate.
+My worst nightmare came true one day when I was caught by the Chinese police and taken to the police station for questioning.
+Someone accused me of being North Korean, so they tested my Chinese ability and asked me a lot of questions.
+I was so scared
+I thought my heart would burst.
+Anything out of the ordinary could lead to imprisonment and deportation.
+I thought my life was over.
+But I managed to control all the emotions inside me and answered the question.
+After they were interrogated, one official told another, "This is a false alarm. She is not North Korean."
+And they let me go. It was a miracle.
+Some North Koreans in China have sought asylum in foreign embassies.
+However, many could be arrested by Chinese police and deported.
+These girls were very lucky.
+They were arrested but eventually released after intense international pressure.
+These North Koreans weren't so lucky.
+Each year, countless North Koreans are captured in China and repatriated to North Korea where they can be tortured, imprisoned and publicly executed.
+I was really lucky to escape, but many other North Koreans weren't so lucky.
+It is a tragedy that North Koreans have to hide their identity and struggle so hard just to survive.
+Whether they learn a new language or get a job, their world can change in an instant.
+That's why I decided to take the risk and go to South Korea after hiding my identity for 10 years.
+And then a new life began.
+Settling in Korea was much more difficult than I expected.
+English was very important in Korea, so I had to start learning a third language.
+We also found that there is a large difference between north and south.
+We are all Koreans, but 67 years of division have made us very different on the inside.
+I too have had an identity crisis.
+Am I Korean or North Korean?
+where do i come from Who am I?
+Suddenly there was no country left that I could proudly call my own.
+Adjusting to life in Korea was not easy, but I made a plan and started studying for university entrance exams.
+Just as I was getting used to my new life, I received a shocking phone call.
+The North Korean authorities stole some of the money I sent to my family, and as punishment my family was forcibly taken to a desolate place in the countryside.
+They had to leave immediately.
+So I started planning how to help them escape.
+North Koreans have to travel incredible distances on the road to freedom.
+Crossing the border between North and South Korea is nearly impossible.
+So, ironically, I got on a plane back to China and headed for the North Korean border.
+My family couldn't speak Chinese, so I had to manage to guide them through over 3,000 miles of China and into Southeast Asia.
+The bus trip took a week and I almost got caught several times.
+One day, our bus stopped and a Chinese police officer boarded.
+He took everyone's ID. And he started asking them questions.
+My family didn't understand Chinese, so I was afraid they would be arrested.
+When a Chinese officer approached my family, I impulsively stood up and said that I was accompanying deaf people.
+He looked at me with suspicion, but luckily he believed me.
+We reached the Laos border.
+But I had to spend almost my entire fortune to bribe the Lao border guards.
+But even after crossing the border, my family was arrested and imprisoned for illegal border crossing.
+After paying fines and bribes, the family was released after a month.
+But soon after, my family was arrested and re-imprisoned in the Lao capital.
+This was one of the lowest points in my life.
+I did everything in my power to free my family and came pretty close, but they were imprisoned in a prison not far from the Korean embassy.
+I went back and forth between the immigration office and the police station, desperately trying to get my family out.
+But I no longer had enough money to pay bribes and fines.
+I lost all hope.
+At that time, I heard a man's voice, "What's wrong?"
+I was very surprised that a total stranger would bother to ask me a question.
+I explained the situation in broken English using a dictionary, and without hesitation the man went to the ATM and paid the rest of the money for my family and two other North Koreans to get out of prison. rice field.
+I thanked him from the bottom of my heart and asked, "Why are you helping me?"
+"I'm not going to help you," he said.
+"I am helping the people of North Korea."
+I realized that this was a symbolic moment in my life.
+The kind stranger represented new hope for me and the people of North Korea at a time of greatest need.
+He also taught me that the kindness of strangers and the support of the international community are exactly the ray of hope we North Koreans need.
+After a long journey, my family and I were finally reunited in South Korea.
+But freedom is only half the story.
+Many North Koreans are separated from their families and start with little or no money when they arrive in a new country.
+Therefore, we can benefit from the international community in terms of education, English language training, vocational training, etc.
+We can also act as a bridge between people inside North Korea and the outside world.
+Because many of us are still in touch with our families back home, sending them information and funds that will help change North Korea from within.
+I am very lucky and have had a lot of help and inspiration in my life. Therefore, with international support, I would like to help give aspiring North Koreans a chance to prosper.
+I am confident that we will see more and more North Koreans succeed around the world, including on the TED stage.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Chris Anderson: Elon, what crazy dream would make you want to challenge the auto industry to build a fully electric car?
+Elon Musk: Well, it goes back to when I was in college.
+I wondered, what are the issues most likely to affect the future of the world, or the future of mankind?
+I think it is very important to achieve sustainable transport and sustainable energy production.
+This kind of overall sustainable energy problem is the biggest problem we have to solve this century, apart from the environmental problem.
+In fact, even if CO2 production is good for the environment, we need to find sustainable means of operation given the depletion of hydrocarbons.
+CA: Most of America's electricity comes from burning fossil fuels.
+How would an electric car that connects to that electricity help?
+EM: Yes. The answer has two elements.
+One is that it would still be economically viable to use the same fuel to generate electricity in a power plant and use it to charge an electric vehicle.
+So, for example, natural gas, the most prevalent hydrocarbon source fuel, can be fired with an efficiency of about 60% in a modern General Electric natural gas turbine.
+Putting the same fuel into a car with an internal combustion engine gives an efficiency of about 20 percent.
+The reason is that stationary power plants can afford to use something much heavier, bulkier, and capable of using waste heat to power steam turbines and generate secondary power.
+So, in practice, even after taking into account all transmission losses, etc., it's at least twice as good to charge an electric vehicle and burn it in a power plant, even with the same raw fuel.
+CA: That scale brings efficiency.
+EM: Yes, yes.
+And another point is that we have to have a sustainable means of generating electricity anyway, namely electricity generation.
+So, given the need to solve sustainable power generation, it makes sense to have an electric car as a mode of transportation.
+CA: So here's a video of Tesla being assembled. If you can play the first video, you can play it. So what's revolutionary about this process for this vehicle?
+EM: Yes. So in order to accelerate the arrival of electric transport, I believe that, in fact, all modes of transport will become fully electric, with the irony being the exception of rockets.
+There is no way around Newton's third law.
+The question is how to accelerate the advent of electric transport.
+To achieve this with cars, we need to come up with really energy efficient cars. That means the car has to be incredibly light. So what you're looking at here is the only all-aluminum body and chassis car made in the North. America.
+In fact, we applied a number of rocket design techniques to make the car lighter despite having a very large battery pack.
+It also has the lowest drag coefficient for a car of this size.
+As a result, it uses very little energy and has a state-of-the-art battery pack that gives it a competitive range, with an actual range of around 250 miles.
+CA: I mean, even though these battery packs are incredibly heavy, I still think they can do the math smartly. Combining a light body with a heavy battery, you can still get incredible efficiency.
+EM: That's right. The rest of the car must be very light to offset the mass of the pack. Also, a low drag coefficient is required to ensure good range on the highway.
+And indeed, Model S customers seem to be competing with each other for the best possible range.
+I think someone recently did 420 miles on a single charge.
+CA: Bruno Boden here has done it and broken the world record. EM: Congratulations.
+CA: That was good news. The bad news was that he had to drive at a constant speed of 29 mph and was stopped by the police. (laughter) EM: I mean, you can definitely drive. 250 mph is a reasonable number when driving at 65 mph under normal conditions.
+CA: Let me show you a second video of a Tesla moving on ice.
+By the way, this is not a New York Times bargain.
+What surprised you the most about your driving experience?
+EM: When creating an electric car, the responsiveness of the car is truly incredible.
+So we wanted people to feel almost fused with the car. That way, you and the car kind of feel one, and when you corner and accelerate, it happens just like the car does. I have an ESP.
+Electric cars can do that thanks to their responsiveness.
+You can't do that with a petrol car.
+I think that's a really big difference, but people only experience it when they test drive it.
+CA: So this is a beautiful but expensive car.
+Do you have a roadmap for this to become a mass-market vehicle?
+EM: Yes. Tesla's goal has always been to have some sort of three-step process, version 1 for low volume, expensive cars, version 2 for mid-priced, moderate volume, and version 3 for low cost, high volume vehicles. Become.
+So we are at step 2 at the moment.
+So we had a $100,000 sports car, a roadster.
+Then there's the Model S, which starts at about $50,000.
+And our 3rd generation car, hopefully coming out in 3-4 years, will be a $30,000 car.
+But when you get a truly new technology, it usually takes about three major versions to make it a compelling mass market product.
+So I think we're moving in that direction and I'm sure we'll get there.
+CA: So for now, if your commute is short, you can drive, come home, and charge at home.
+There is currently no huge national network of fast charging stations.
+Do you really think it really happens, or do you think it only happens on a few major routes?
+EM: There are actually a lot more charging stations than people think, and Tesla has developed something called Supercharger technology that they give away forever with the purchase of a Model S.
+And this is something many people probably don't realize.
+It actually covers California and Nevada, as well as the East Coast from Boston to Washington, DC.
+By the end of this year, you'll be able to drive from Los Angeles to New York simply by using the Supercharger network, which charges five times more than other networks.
+And the important thing is to keep the drive/stop/stop time ratio to about 6-7.
+So if you drive for 3 hours, you want to stop for 20 or 30 minutes. Because people usually stop there.
+So if you start your trip at 9am, by noon you'll want to stop for a snack, go to the bathroom, grab some coffee, and keep going.
+CA: So your suggestion to consumers is that a full charge can take an hour.
+So this is common. Don't expect to be out of here in ten minutes.
+One hour wait, but the good news is you're helping save the planet. By the way, electricity is free. I pay nothing.
+EM: Actually, we expect people to be down for about 20-30 minutes instead of an hour.
+In practice, it's probably better to drive about 160, 170 miles, stop for 30 minutes, and then keep going.
+That's the natural rhythm of travel.
+CA: Okay. So this is just one string of the energy bow.
+You are working on this solar company, SolarCity.
+What's so unusual about it?
+EM: Well, as I said earlier, we need sustainable electricity production and consumption. So I am convinced that the main means of power generation will be solar.
+So it's just an indirect fusion, what is it.
+We have a huge fusion generator called the Sun in our skies, and it is enough to harness a little of that energy for the purposes of human civilization.
+What most people know but don't realize is that the world is already almost entirely solar powered.
+If the sun didn't exist, we would be ice balls frozen at 3 Kelvin. The sun powers the entire precipitation system.
+The entire ecosystem is powered by solar power.
+CA: But one gallon of gasoline is effectively thousands of years of solar power compacted into a small space, so we can put the solar power numbers to good use today and be able to use, say, natural resources in remote areas. It's hard to compete with gas. , crushed natural gas. How are you going to build your business here?
+EM: Well, as a matter of fact, I'm pretty sure solar power will beat anything including natural gas.
+(Applause) CA: How?
+EM: Actually, yes. Otherwise we are in serious trouble.
+CA: But you don't sell solar panels to consumers, do you?
+what are you doing
+EM: No, actually. You can buy a solar power system or you can lease it.
+Most people choose leasing.
+And the great thing about solar power is that there are no feedstocks or operating costs, so once it's installed, it's ready to go.
+It works for decades. It will probably last a century.
+Therefore, the key is to keep initial installation costs low and financing costs low, as interest rates are two factors driving up the cost of solar power.
+And we've made great strides in that direction. That's why I believe it will actually beat natural gas.
+CA: So the current suggestion for consumers is not to pay too much upfront.
+EM: Zero. CA: Zero upfront payment.
+Install panels on the roof.
+After that, you pay, but how long is the typical lease period?
+EM: A typical lease term is 20 years, but as you're implying, the value proposition is very simple.
+No down payment and lower utility bills.
+Quite a bargain.
+CA: So that sounds like a benefit to the consumer.
+No risk. It will be cheaper than what you are currently paying.
+For you, the dream here is: Who will own the power from these panels in the long term?
+What are the benefits for you and your company?
+EM: Well, essentially SolarCity raises a lot of money from companies, banks, etc.
+Google is one of our big partners here.
+And they have an expected return on that capital.
+SolarCity uses the money to buy the panels and install them on your roof, charging homeowners and business owners monthly lease payments that are less than your utility bills.
+CA: But you yourself have long-term commercial benefits from that power.
+It's like building a new type of distributed utility.
+EM: That's right. It amounts to a huge decentralized utility.
+I think this is a good thing. Because until now the utility companies had a monopoly, and people had no choice.
+Only power companies owned distribution lines, so in effect, for the first time, there was competition for this monopoly, but now it's on the roof.
+So I think this is actually very empowering for homeowners and businesses.
+CA: So, do you really envision a future where, in ten or twenty years, or in your lifetime, most of America's electricity will switch to solar power?
+EM: I am very confident that solar power will be at least multiple power, and probably the majority of power, and I predict it will be multiple power within 20 years.
+I made that bet with someone — CA: What's the definition of plural?
+EM: More from solar power than any other source of energy.
+CA: Oh. Who did you bet with?
+EM: With a friend who remains anonymous.
+CA: Only here. (laughs) EM: I think I made that bet a couple of years ago. So in about 18 years, I think we'll be using more solar power than any other power source.
+CA: Okay. Now let's get back to another bet you made on yourself. Kind of a crazy bet, I think.
+I made some money from PayPal sales.
+You have decided to start a space company.
+Why would anyone do that?
+(laughs) EM: I get that question a lot, it's true.
+People will say, "Did you hear the joke about the guy who made a little money in the space industry?"
+Obviously, "he started big" is the punchline.
+So I tell people, I was trying to find the fastest way to turn a big fortune into a small fortune.
+And they looked at me and looked like, "Is he serious?"
+CA: And strangely enough, you were. what happened?
+EM: We were on the verge of it. Things almost went wrong.
+I almost failed, but I managed to get past that point in 2008.
+SpaceX's goal is to strive to advance rocket technology and, in particular, to develop rockets that are rapidly and fully reusable, a problem I consider essential to the creation of a human civilization in space. is to try.
+CA: Will humans become a space-faring civilization?
+In a way, that was your childhood dream, right?
+Have you ever dreamed of Mars and beyond?
+EM: I had built rockets when I was a kid, but I never thought I would be involved in this.
+It was rather in terms of what needs to happen for the future to be exciting and inspiring.
+And looking to the future, I believe there is a fundamental difference between humanity, a space-faring civilization, and humans exploring the stars and operating on multiple planets. I really think I think that's really exciting when compared to a single civilization. There we are forever trapped on Earth until some eventual extinction occurs.
+CA: So you somehow cut the cost of building rockets by 75 percent, depending on how you calculated it.
+How the hell did you do that?
+NASA has been doing this for years. how did you do this?
+EM: Well, we've made great strides in airframe, engine, electronics and launch technology.
+There's a long list of innovations that we've come up with, which are a bit difficult to convey in this talk -- CA: Especially since they can still be copied, right?
+This stuff is not patented. That's really interesting to me.
+EM: No, we don't patent. CA: I didn't patent it because I thought it was more dangerous to have one than not to have one.
+EM: Our main competitors are governments, so the enforceability of patents is questionable. (Laughter) (Applause) CA: That's really, really interesting.
+But the big innovation is still ahead and you are working on it now. Please tell me about this.
+EM: Yes, that's a big innovation— CA: Actually, let's play that video. You can talk through it what's going on here.
+EM: Of course. In other words, all rockets are consumables.
+All rockets currently flying are completely expendable.
+The space shuttle was an attempt at a reusable rocket, but even the main tank of the space shuttle was scrapped each time, and the reusable parts took nine months for a group of 10,000 people to refurbish for flight. rice field.
+So the final cost of each space shuttle flight was $1 billion.
+Obviously it doesn't work very well — CA: What happened there? Did you just see something land?
+EM: That's right. So it's important that the rocket stage is back, back on the launch site, and ready to be launched again within a few hours.
+CA: Wow. reusable rocket. EM: Yes. (Applause.) What many people don't realize is that fuel and propellant costs are very small.
+It looks a lot like a jet plane.
+The propellant cost is therefore about 0.3% of the rocket cost.
+So if we could effectively reuse rockets, it would be possible to improve the cost of spaceflight by, say, about 100 times.
+That's why it's so important.
+Airplanes, trains, cars, bicycles, horses, all the means of transportation we use are reusable, but rockets are not.
+Therefore, in order to become a space civilization, we must solve this problem.
+CA: Earlier, I asked the question of how popular cruise travel would be if you had to burn the ship later. EM: Certain cruises are obviously very problematic.
+CA: Definitely more expensive.
+So I think this is a potentially absolutely disruptive technology that paves the way for your dream of one day taking humans to Mars on a large scale.
+You want to see colonies on Mars.
+EM: Yes, that's right. SpaceX, or a combination of corporations and governments, is headed towards making life multiplanetary and establishing a base on another planet, Mars - which is the only realistic option - and building that base. We need to move forward. We are a true multi-planetary race.
+CA: So how's this "let's make it reusable" progress? It was just a simulation video that we saw.
+how are you?
+EM: We've actually been making a lot of progress lately on what we call the Grasshopper Test Project. There we test the vertical landing part of the flight, the terminal part which is very tricky.
+And we had some good tests too.
+CA: Can you see it? EM: Right.
+This is to give a sense of scale.
+I dressed the cowboy in a Johnny Cash costume and bolted the mannequin to the rocket. (Laughter) CA: Okay, so let's watch that video. Because when you think about it, this is actually amazing.
+I have never seen this before. Rocket explodes and then -- EM: Well, the rocket is about the size of a 12-story building.
+(Rocket launch) Currently hovering at an altitude of about 40 meters, constantly adjusting the angle, pitch and yaw of the main engine and maintaining roll with cryogenic gas thrusters.
+CA: Isn't that great? (Applause) Elon, how did you do this?
+These projects are very different from Paypal, SolarCity, Tesla and SpaceX and are very large and ambitious projects.
+How could one person invent such an innovation?
+what about you
+EM: I don't really know.
+There are no good answers.
+I work hard I mean, there are a lot of them.
+CA: Well, I have a hypothesis. EM: Okay. have understood.
+CA: My theory is that people have the ability to think at the systems level of design, which integrates design, technology and business. So if TED was undecided, having design, technology and business all in one package would be very well integrated. A very important point, but few people are willing to take such ridiculous risks with the confidence of this perfect package.
+You bet your fortune on it and it seems you've done it many times.
+I mean, very few people can do that.
+It's—can I have a little of that secret sauce?
+Can it be incorporated into the education system? Can someone learn from you?
+It's truly amazing what you have achieved.
+EM: Right, thank you. thank you.
+Well, I think we have a good framework to think about.
+It's physics. It's like first principles reasoning.
+In general, I think there is. So what I'm saying is not to reason by analogy, but to boil things down to the underlying truth and reason from there.
+Through most of our lives, we get through life by reasoning by analogy. This essentially means copying what someone else does with minor changes.
+And you have to do it.
+Otherwise, you will not be able to get through the day mentally.
+But when we want to do something new, we have to apply the physics approach.
+Physics is really figuring out how to discover new, counterintuitive things like quantum mechanics.
+It's really counter-intuitive.
+So I think it's important. It's also important to pay close attention to negative feedback and especially solicit feedback from friends.
+This may sound like simple advice, but very few people do it, so it's very helpful.
+CA: Boys and girls, watch and study physics.
+Learn from this man.
+Elon Musk, I wish I could have stayed all day, but thank you so much for coming to TED.
+EM: Thank you. CA: That was amazing. That was really cool.
+Look at that (Applause.) Just bow. It was great.
+Thank you very much.
+Please raise your hands.
+How many people here are over the age of 48?
+Well, it seems there are some.
+congratulations. Because if you look at this slide of life expectancy in the United States, you're over the life expectancy of someone born in 1900.
+But look what happened during that century.
+If you follow that curve, you'll see that it starts all the way down.
+There's the flu dip of 1918.
+And although it's 2010 and life expectancy for a child born today is 79, we're not done yet.
+Well, that's good news.
+However, there is still much work to be done.
+So, for example, how many diseases have the exact molecular basis known?
+The number turned out to be around 4,000, which is pretty amazing. Because most of these molecular discoveries happened only recently.
+It's interesting to look at it in terms of what we've learned, but how many of those 4,000 diseases have treatments available today?
+Only around 250.
+So we have this big challenge and big gap.
+It's not that hard, and if we're just learning basic information about how basic biology can tell us about the causes of disease, we can bridge this yawning gap. You might think that you can. Between what we've learned about basic science and its application, there's probably a bridge that needs to be put together to put together a nice shiny way to get from one side to the other.
+Well, wouldn't it be nice if it were easier?
+Unfortunately not.
+In practice, trying to progress from basic knowledge to its application is similar to this.
+No shiny bridges.
+It's a kind of bet.
+Maybe you have a swimmer and a rowboat and a sailboat and a tug and you set them off and then it rains, there's lightning and, oh my God, there's a shark in the water and the swimmer got in. yeah. Things got rough, and oh, the swimmer drowned, the yacht capsized, and the tug hit, well, a rock. And if you're lucky, someone might come across.
+So what does this look like in practice?
+So what does it mean to create a drug in the first place?
+What is medicine? Drugs are made up of small molecules of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and a few other atoms combined in a certain shape, and that shape determines whether the drug actually reaches its target. is determined. .
+Will it land where it is supposed to land?
+please look at this photo. Many shapes are dancing for you.
+If you're trying to develop new treatments for autism, Alzheimer's disease, or cancer, all you have to do is find the right shape in that mixture that will ultimately benefit and be safe. is.
+And if you look at what's going on in that pipeline, it's probably starting with thousands, tens of thousands of compounds.
+Eliminate various steps that cause many of these to fail.
+Ultimately, we may be able to run clinical trials with 4-5 of these. If all goes well, we will have one approval 14 years after launch.
+And that one success costs more than $1 billion.
+So we need to look at this pipeline like engineers do and ask, "How can we do better?"
+That is the main theme of what I want to say to you this morning.
+How can we speed this up?
+How can I be more successful?
+Now let me give you some examples of how this worked in practice.
+One of the things that happened in the last few months was the successful approval of a drug for cystic fibrosis.
+But it took a long time to get there.
+The molecular cause of cystic fibrosis was discovered in 1989 by my group working with another group in Toronto, who discovered what a mutation in a specific gene on chromosome 7 was.
+What's that picture you see there?
+here it is. That's the same kid.
+That's Danny Bessette. 23 years later. Because it's also the year Danny got married and the first FDA-approved drug that precisely targets cystic fibrosis defects. Based on all this molecular understanding.
+That's good news.
+The bad news is that this drug can't really cure all cases of cystic fibrosis, and it didn't work for Danny. And we are still waiting for the next generation to help him.
+But it has taken 23 years to get to this point. it's too long.
+How can I go faster?
+Well, one way to go faster is with technology. And a very important technology that we rely on in all of this is the human genome, which allows us to interrogate, unzip, and retrieve chromosomes. To be able to parse all the DNA and read the letters in that DNA code, A, C, G, T, which are our instructions and all living things' instructions, and do this used the cost of Over the past decade, that amount has reached hundreds of millions of dollars, falling faster than Moore's Law, and today it costs less than $10,000 to read your genome or mine. We're heading towards a $1,000 genome soon.
+Well, I'm looking forward to that.
+What does that mean in terms of application to disease?
+I would like to talk about another disease.
+This is a very rare disease.
+This is called Hutchinson-Guilford progeria and is the most dramatic form of premature aging.
+The disease affects about 1 in 4 million children. Briefly, mutations in certain genes cause cells to produce toxic proteins that age these people by about seven years. Double the normal rate.
+Here's a video showing how it affects cells.
+When you look at a normal cell under a microscope, it looks like it has a nucleus in the middle of the cell with rounded and smooth borders.
+Progeria cells, on the other hand, have these lumps and bumps in them because of this toxic protein called progerin.
+So after discovering this problem in 2003, what we want to do is figure out how to fix it.
+Again, if you have some knowledge of molecular pathways, you can try one out of a great many potentially useful compounds.
+In an experiment done in cell culture and illustrated here in the cartoon, you took a specific compound, added it to progeria cells, and watched what happened, and in just 72 hours, the cells were all gone. cells. You can determine the purpose in much the same way as a normal cell.
+It was very exciting, but would it actually work in a real human?
+This allowed that very compound to be tested in just four years from the discovery of the gene to the start of clinical trials.
+And all the children seen here have volunteered to participate in the disease, 28 of them. As soon as the photos are shown, we realize that they are actually a remarkable group of young people suffering from this disease. Everyone looks very calm and similar to each other.
+Instead of going into detail about it, I'm going to ask one of them, Sam Burns, who's here this morning from Boston, to come up on stage and talk about his experience as a child with progeria.
+Sam is 15 years old. His parents, doctors Scott Burns and Leslie Gordon, are also here this morning.
+Sam, please be seated.
+(Applause.) So, Sam, why don't you tell these people what it's like to have this disease called progeria?
+Sam Burns: Well, progeria limits me in a way.
+I can't play sports or be physically active, but I was fortunate enough to be interested in things that weren't restricted by progeria.
+But when there's something I really want to do and progeria gets in the way, like marching band or refereeing, we always find a way to make it happen. It just shows that progeria is not in control of my life.
+(Applause) Francis Collins: So, do you have anything to say to the researchers here in the auditorium and others listening to this?
+What would you say to them about the research on progeria, and perhaps other diseases as well?
+SB: Well, progeria research has come this far in less than 15 years. It just shows the ambition researchers have to get this far. And it really means a lot to myself and other children with progeria. With that will, anyone can cure any disease, and hopefully in the near future we will be able to cure progeria, eradicating the 4,000 diseases Francis spoke of.
+FC: Great. So Sam is here today after school, and he's — (applause) — he's a ninth grade straight A+ student at a school in Boston, by the way.
+Thank you and welcome Sam with me.
+SB: Thank you. FC: Well done. Well done buddy.
+(Applause.) So I want to say a little more about that particular story. Then I'd like to make some general remarks about how we can have success stories here and there about 4,000 diseases waiting for answers, as Sam says.
+You may have noticed that the drugs currently in clinical trials for progeria were not designed for progeria.
+It's such a rare disease that it would be hard for companies to justify spending hundreds of millions of dollars developing a cure.
+This is a drug developed for cancer.
+After all, it didn't do much for cancer, but it had exactly the right properties and the right shape to work for progeria, and that's what happened.
+Wouldn't it be great if we could do it more systematically?
+In fact, we encourage all companies to keep drugs in the freezer that are known to be safe for humans but have never actually been successful in terms of the effectiveness of attempted treatments. Is it possible?
+We are now learning about all these new molecular pathways. Some of them can be repositioned for new uses, reused, or used whatever words you want, basically teaching old drugs new tricks. .
+It can be an amazing and rewarding activity.
+There is a lot of discussion going on between the NIH and companies about doing this right now, and it looks very promising.
+And you can expect quite a lot from this.
+There are many success stories about how this has led to great progress.
+The first drugs for HIV/AIDS were not developed for HIV/AIDS.
+Developed for cancer. It was AZT.
+Although it was not very effective against cancer, it was the first successful antiretroviral drug. As you can see from the table, there is more.
+So how do we actually make it a more generalizable effort?
+To do so, we need to come up with partnerships between academia, government, the private sector and patient groups.
+NIH has launched a new National Center for the Advancement of Translational Sciences.
+We just started last December and that's one of our goals.
+Let me tell you one more thing we can do.
+Wouldn't it be great if we could test drugs to see if they are effective and safe without putting patients at risk? Because if it's your first time, you're not sure.
+For example, how do we know if a drug is safe before giving it to humans? We test them on animals.
+And it's not very reliable, costly and time consuming.
+Suppose we can do this with human cells instead.
+If you've been following the scientific literature, you probably know that skin cells can be taken and encouraged to become liver, heart, kidney, and brain cells.
+So what if we used these cells as a test to see if a drug worked and was safe?
+Here you can see a picture of the lungs on the chip.
+It's made by the Wyeth Institute in Boston, and if you can play a little video, what they've done here is take cells from an individual, convert them into the types of cells that exist in the lungs, and measure them. is to What if we add various drug compounds to this and see if they are toxic or safe?
+You can see this chip breathing.
+It has an air passage. There are blood passages.
+There is a cell in between so you can see what happens when you add compounds.
+Are those cells happy?
+This same kind of chip technology can be used in kidneys, heart, muscle, anywhere you want to see if a drug is a problem, even your liver.
+And ultimately, this can even move to the point where drug development and testing capabilities become yours on a chip, as this can be personalized. What we are talking about here is process individualization. Development of pharmaceuticals and testing for their safety.
+So let's wrap up.
+We are now in a remarkable moment.
+For me, in nearly 20 years at NIH, I have never been more excited about the possibilities before us.
+We have poured all these discoveries from laboratories around the world.
+What does it take to take advantage of this? First and foremost, you need resources.
+This is high-risk and sometimes expensive research.
+The payoff is enormous, both in terms of health and economic growth. we need to support it.
+Second, we need a new kind of partnership between academia and government, the private sector and patient groups, as I have described here, in terms of the way forward after reusing new compounds.
+And third, and perhaps most importantly, we need people.
+We need the brightest people from all walks of life, all ages and all groups to come and join us in this effort. Because now is the time.
+This is the 21st century biology you've been waiting for, and we have a chance to take it and turn it into something that actually kills disease. That's my goal.
+I hope that is your goal.
+I think that will be the goal of the poets, the Muppets, the surfers, the bankers, and all the other people who come on this stage and think about what we're trying to do here and why it matters.
+It's important for now. As soon as possible is important.
+If you don't believe me, ask Sam.
+Everyone Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+In 1991, I had perhaps the most profound and transformative experience of my life.
+I was a 3rd year undergraduate student of 7 years.
+I did a few victory laps there.
+And I was on a college choir tour up to Northern California and we stopped all day after a full day bus ride to relax next to this beautiful idyllic lake in the mountains. was
+And crickets, birds and frogs were making noise. And as we sat there, Steven Spielberg-like clouds were rolling toward us over the mountains coming in from the north. And when the cloud reached about half the valley, God help me, all the animals in that place stopped making noise at the same time.
+(whoosh) This electrical silence seems to sense what is about to happen.
+And the clouds came over us, Dawn! This massive thunder and rain rain.
+It was really great. When I got home, I found a poem by Mexican poet Octavio Paz and thought I'd put it to music. It's a chorus called "Cloud Burst". That's what we play for you. in a split second.
+Well, let's go back exactly three years ago.
+(music) And we published a virtual choir project with 185 singers from 12 countries on YouTube.
+Watch a little video of me directing these people alone in a dorm room or living room at home.
+Two years ago, on this very stage, we premiered Virtual Choir 2 with 2,052 singers from 58 countries, this time performing a song I wrote called "Sleep."
+And just last spring I released another piece I wrote, Virtual Choir 3 "Water Night". About 4,000 singers from 73 countries participated this time.
+(music) And when I spoke with Chris about the future of virtual choirs and where we could take this, he challenged me to push the technology as far as possible.
+Can all this be done in real time?
+Can you sing along in real time?
+And with the help of Skype, that's what we're going to try today.
+Now, let's show "Cloudburst".
+In the first half, a live singer will perform on the stage here.
+I have singers from California State University Long Beach, California State Fullerton and Riverside Community College, some of the best amateur choirs in the country. And — (applause) — and later in the song, a virtual choir joins 30 singers from 30 countries.
+Now, we've pushed the technology as far as possible and still have less than a second of latency, musically speaking it's the equivalent of a lifetime.
+Process in milliseconds.
+So what I did was adjust "Cloudburst" to allow for the wait time and sing along to the wait time instead of the performers trying to be exactly together.
+So, with deep humility and asking for your approval, I introduce you to Cloudburst.
+(Applause) (Piano) [Rain…] [Shadow water eye] [Well water eye] [Dream water eye] [Blue sun, green whirlwind] [Poking light bird beak] [Pomegranate] Stars] [but tell me, no burnt earth, no water?] [only blood, dust,] [only bare footsteps on thorns?] [the rain wakes me up...] [We must sleep with our eyes open] [We must dream with our hands] [We must dream of rivers that seek to flow] [ Dreaming of the world We must dream of the sun] [We must dream aloud] [We must sing until the song is over Take root,] [trunk , branches, birds, stars. ] [must find the lost words] [and remember what the blood says] [what the tides, the earth, and the body say] [and have to get back to the point [Departure...] (Music) (Applause) ["Cloudburst" Octavio Paz] [Translated by Lysander Kemp, Adapted by Eric Whitaker] Eric Whitaker: Beth. Annabelle, where are you? Jacob.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+Everything is covered with an invisible ecosystem made up of tiny life forms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi.
+Our desks, computers, pencils, and buildings are all inhabited by microbes.
+As we design these things, we may also think about designing these invisible worlds and how they interact with our personal ecosystems. I can't.
+Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes, and these microbes define us.
+Microbes in your gut can affect your weight and mood.
+Microbes on the skin help boost the immune system.
+Whether the microbes in our mouths can freshen our breath or not, what matters is that our personal ecosystem interacts with that of everything we touch. is.
+For example, touching a pencil causes microbial exchange.
+Being able to design the invisible ecosystems around us opens the door to impacting our health in unprecedented ways.
+I often get asked, "Is it really possible to design a microbial ecosystem?"
+I believe the answer is yes.
+We think we are doing it now, but we are doing it unconsciously.
+I share data from one aspect of my research focused on architecture that shows how we influence the unseen world through both conscious and unconscious design.
+This is the Lilith Business Complex at the University of Oregon. I worked with a team of architects and biologists to sample over 300 rooms in this building.
+We wanted to get something like the fossil record of the building, so we sampled the dust.
+They took bacterial cells out of the dust, cracked them, and compared their genetic sequences.
+This meant that people in my group were vacuuming frequently during this project.
+This is a picture of Tim. I remember him saying this when I took this picture. “Jessica, the last research group I worked for was doing fieldwork in the Costa Rica rainforest, and things changed dramatically for me.”
+So I'll start by showing you what I've found in the office and looking at the data through the visualization tools we're working on in partnership with Autodesk.
+To view this data, first look around the outside of the circle.
+A wide range of bacterial groups are displayed. This pink leaf shape reveals the relative abundance of each group.
+So at 12 o'clock you will find that your office has a lot of alphaproteobacteria, and at 1 o'clock you will find relatively few bacilli.
+Let's take a look at what's going on in the different types of spaces in this building.
+If you look inside a toilet, they all have really similar ecosystems, and if you look inside a classroom, they all have similar ecosystems.
+However, if we look at these space types as a whole, we see that they are fundamentally different.
+I like to think of my bathroom like a rainforest.
+I said to Tim, "If you can see microbes, it's like being in Costa Rica. It's a little bit."
+I also like to think of my office as a temperate grassland.
+This perspective is a very powerful one for designers. Because it allows us to take in the principles of ecology. A really important principle of ecology is dispersal, the way organisms move around.
+We know that microbes are spread around by people and the air.
+So the first thing we wanted to do in this building was examine the air system.
+Mechanical engineers design air conditioning units with the right air flow and temperature to keep people comfortable.
+They do this using principles of physics and chemistry, but they may also use biology.
+If you look at the microbes in one of the building's air treatment units, you'll see that they're all very similar to each other.
+Comparing this to microbes in another air conditioning unit shows a fundamental difference.
+The rooms in this building are like islands in an archipelago. So a mechanical engineer is like an environmental engineer, with the ability to structure the biome within this building the way you want it.
+Another aspect of microbial migration pathways is human, and designers often cluster rooms to encourage interaction and idea sharing among people, much like a lab or office. .
+Given that microbes travel with humans, one might expect nearby rooms to have very similar biomes.
+And that's exactly what we found.
+Looking at classrooms next to each other, there are very similar ecosystems, but if you go to an office within walking distance, the ecosystem is radically different.
+And the power of dispersal on these biogeographic patterns makes it possible to tackle very difficult problems like nosocomial infections.
+I believe this must be partly a building ecological problem.
+Now let me tell you one more thing about this building.
+Collaborate with Charlie Brown.
+He is an architect and Charlie is deeply concerned about global climate change.
+He has dedicated his life to sustainable design.
+When he met me and realized that he could study in a quantitative way how his design choices affect the ecology and biology of this building, he was really excited. Because it added a new dimension to what I did.
+He went from thinking only about energy to thinking about human health as well.
+He helped design some of the building's air handling systems and ventilation methods.
+So the first thing I'm going to show you is the air sampled outside the building.
+What you're seeing is an indication of outdoor airborne bacterial communities and how they change over time.
+Next, I will describe what happened when I manipulated the classroom experimentally.
+I blocked off the air at night to prevent ventilation.
+Perhaps many buildings where you work are operated this way, and businesses employ this method to save on utility bills.
+What we discovered was that these rooms remained relatively stagnant until Saturday when the vents were reopened.
+Upon entering these rooms, there was a very bad smell. According to our data, it seems to have something to do with people leaving a soup of airborne bacteria the day before.
+Compare this to a room designed using sustainable passive design strategies, where air enters from the outside through louvers.
+In these rooms, the air follows the outside air relatively well, and Charlie is very excited to see this.
+He felt he made a good choice in this design process because it was energy efficient and allowed him to wash away the building's resident microbial environment.
+The example I just gave is about architecture, but it has to do with the design of anything.
+Imagine designing with the kind of microbes you need for an airplane or phone.
+There's a new microbe, I discovered it.
+It's called BLIS, and it's proven to ward off pathogens and help you breathe better.
+Wouldn't it be great if we all had BLIS on our phones?
+A conscious approach to design, I call it bioinformed design, I think it is possible.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+this is where i live I live in the southern part of Nairobi National Park, Kenya.
+Behind him is the father's cow. Behind the cow is Nairobi National Park.
+The southern part of Nairobi National Park is not fenced off, so wildlife such as zebras are free to come out of the park.
+So predators like lions chase them and this is how they behave.
+They kill our livestock.
+This was one of the cows that was killed at night, and I found it dead when I woke up in the morning. I feel very sad. Because this cow was the only one in our house.
+My community, the Maasai, believe they came from Heaven with all the animals and all the land to herd them. That's why we value them so much.
+That's why I grew up hating lions.
+The Morans are warriors who protect our community and our livestock and are outraged by this issue.
+So they kill the lion.
+One of six lions killed in Nairobi.
+I think this is why there are so few lions in Nairobi National Park.
+In my area a boy aged 6 to 9 tends his father's cows and it's the same thing that happened to me.
+So I had to find a way to solve this problem.
+And the first idea that came to my mind was to use fire. I thought lions were afraid of fire.
+But I realized that it doesn't really help. Because it only helped the lion to see inside the barn.
+So I didn't give up. continued.
+And the second idea that came to my mind was to use a scarecrow.
+I was trying to make the lions think I was standing near the barn.
+But lions are very smart. (Laughter) On the first day they come, they see the Scarecrow, they go back, but on the second day they come and say, "This is not moving here, it's always here." increase. (laughter) So he jumped in and killed the animals.
+So one night I was walking around the barn with a torch, but the lion didn't come that day.
+And I discovered that lions are scared of moving lights.
+So I had an idea.
+Ever since I was little, I worked in my room all day and even took apart my mom's new radio. My mother almost killed me that day, but I learned a lot about electronics. (Laughs) So I got an old car battery and an indicator box. This is a small device on a motorcycle that helps the driver when turning. flashes.
+And I got a switch that can turn the light on/off.
+It's a small flashlight for a broken flashlight.
+So I set everything up.
+As you can see, the solar panel charges the battery, which powers the small indicator box. I call it Transformers.
+And the indicator box flashes the light.
+As you can see, the bulb is pointing outwards. Because that's where the lions come from.
+And that's what it looks like when the lion comes at night.
+The lights flash and the lions make me think I'm walking around the barn and sleeping in my bed.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
+So we installed it in our home two years ago and have not had a single problem with the lions since.
+And my neighbor's house also heard this idea.
+One of them was this grandmother.
+She asked me if I could turn on the lights because many of her animals had been killed by lions.
+And I said yes.
+So I turned on the light. Lionlight can be seen in the background.
+Since then, I have set up 7 houses around the community and they are working very well.
+And my idea is now being used across Kenya to scare other predators such as hyenas and leopards, and is also used to scare elephants out of people's farms.
+Thanks to this invention, I was lucky enough to get a scholarship to one of the best schools in Kenya, Brookhouse International School, and I am really excited about this.
+My new school is now participating in fundraising and awareness activities.
+I bring my friends back to my community to install lights in their unlit homes and teach them how to install them.
+So, a year ago, I was a boy tending my father's cows on the savanna grasslands. I often saw planes flying over me and told myself that one day I would be there too.
+And today I am here.
+I had the opportunity to fly in for the first time for TED.
+So my big dream is to become an airplane engineer and a pilot when I grow up.
+I used to hate lions, but now my invention saved my father's cow and lions, so I can be with them without any conflict.
+Ashoren. In my own words, it means "thank you very much."
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: You have no idea how exciting it is to hear stories like yours.
+So you won this scholarship. Richard Turelle: Yes.
+CA: You are also working on other electrical inventions.
+What's next on your list?
+RT: My next invention would be to build an electric fence. CA: Electric fence?
+RT: But I know that electric fences have already been invented, but I would like to build one myself.
+(laughs) CA: You've already tried it once, haven't you --RT: I've tried it before, but I was shocked, so I gave up. (laughter) CA: In the trenches. Richard Turelle, you are a different person.
+We support you every step of the way, my friend.
+thank you very much. RT: Thank you. (applause)
+I've actually been waiting on the phone for TED to call me for years.
+And indeed, in 2000, I was ready to talk about eBay, but no phone calls.
+In 2003, I was preparing to give a talk on the Skoll Foundation and social entrepreneurship. No phone.
+In 2004 I started Participant Productions and the first year was going really well, but no calls.
+And finally, I got a call last year and had to go after J.J. Abrams.
+(Laughter) TED, you have a cruel sense of humor.
+(Laughter) When I first moved from Silicon Valley to Hollywood, I had some apprehensions.
+However, I realized that being in Hollywood has some advantages.
+(Laughter) And actually owning your own media company has some advantages.
+And it turns out that Hollywood and Silicon Valley have more in common than I ever imagined.
+Hollywood has sex symbols, and Valley has sex symbols.
+(Laughter) Hollywood has rivals, Valley has rivals.
+Hollywood gathers around the power table and the Valley gathers around the power table.
+So it turns out we have more in common than I could have dreamed.
+But I am here today to tell a story.
+And part of it is also a personal story. When Chris invited me to give a talk, he said that people thought you were a bit of an enigma and wanted to know what made you a little bit.
+And what really drives me is the vision of the future that I think we all share.
+It is a world of peace, prosperity and sustainability.
+And over the last few days, as I've listened to many presentations such as Ed Wilson's and James Nachtway's photography, I've all wondered how far we have to go to get to this new version of humanity that I call I think I understand you have to go. ” Humanity 2.0. "
+And it is also what resides within each of us to end what I consider to be the two great calamities happening in the world today.
+One is the opportunity gap, the gap President Clinton called last night unequal, unfair and unsustainable. From there comes poverty, illiteracy, disease and all these evils that we see around us.
+But perhaps another larger gap is what we call the hope gap.
+And at some point someone had the very bad idea that ordinary individuals cannot change the world.
+And I think it's just horrible.
+And today we all really start Chapter 1. Because within each of us is the power to equalize these gaps of opportunity and bridge the gaps of hope.
+And if the men and women at TED can't change the world, I don't know who can.
+And for me, a lot of this started when I was young and my family was camping in upstate New York.
+During the summer I had nothing to do but be beaten by my sister or read.
+So I used to read authors like James Michener, James Clavell, Ayn Rand.
+And their story seemed like a place where the world is very small and interconnected.
+It occurred to me that if I could write stories about our small, interconnected world, I might be able to bring people's attention to issues that affect us all and make a difference.
+I didn't think it was necessarily the best way to make a living, so I decided to take the path of becoming financially independent so I could write these stories as soon as possible.
+When I was 14, I felt a bit of an awakening.
+One day my father came home and told me that he had cancer. It was in pretty bad shape.
+And he said less that he might die than that he was not doing what he wanted to do with his life.
+And knock on the tree, he's still alive today after so many years.
+But what really struck me about young men is that they never know how much time they really have.
+So I left in a hurry. I studied engineering.
+I started several businesses that I thought would be my ticket to financial freedom.
+One of those businesses was a computer rental business called Micros on the Move. A very popular name because people kept stealing computers.
+(Laughter) So I thought I needed to learn a little more about business, so I went to Stanford Business School and studied.
+And while I was there, I made friends with a fellow named Pierre Omidyard who is here today. And Pierre, I apologize for this. This is an old photo.
+And shortly after I graduated, Pierre brought me this idea of ​​allowing people to buy and sell things to each other online.
+And I used the wisdom of my Stanford degree and said, "Pierre, what a stupid idea."
+(Laughter) And, of course, I was right.
+(Laughter) But shortly after that, Pierre, in '96 Pierre and I quit our full-time jobs to start eBay as a company. And the rest of that story, you know.
+The company went public two years later and is now one of the most recognizable companies in the world.
+It is used by hundreds of millions of people in hundreds of countries.
+But for me personally, it was a big change.
+I went from living in a house with five guys in Palo Alto and living on their leftovers to suddenly having all sorts of resources.
+And I wanted to think about how we could benefit from these resources and share them with the world.
+And around that time, I met a wonderful man named John Gardner.
+He was the architect of the Great Society Program under Lyndon Johnson in the 1960s.
+And I asked him what he thought was the best thing I could do, or anyone could do, to make a difference in the long-term problems facing humanity.
+And John said, "Let's bet on good people doing good things.
+Bet on good people doing good things. "
+And it really touched me.
+I set up a foundation to bet on these good people doing good things.
+These leading, innovative nonprofits are applying their business skills in highly leveraged ways to solve social problems.
+Today people are called social entrepreneurs.
+On the surface, there are people like Muhammad Yunus, who founded Grameen Bank, lifted over 100 million people out of poverty worldwide, and won the Nobel Peace Prize.
+But many people don't know.
+People like Ann Cotten started a group called CAMFED in Africa because they felt girls' education was falling behind.
+She started it about 10 years ago and now educates over 250,000 African girls.
+And others like Dr. Victoria Hale, who founded the world's first non-profit pharmaceutical company whose first drug would fight visceral leishmaniasis, also known as black fever.
+And by 2010, she hopes to eradicate this disease, which is a real scourge of developing countries.
+So this is one way to bet on good people doing good things.
+And many of these come together in a philosophy of change that I think is really powerful.
+It's what we call 'invest, connect and celebrate'.
+and invest. When you see good people doing good things, invest in them. Invest in your organization or business. Invest in these people.
+Bringing them together, through conferences like TED, or through the World Forum on Social Entrepreneurship that my foundation organizes in Oxford each year, makes so many powerful connections.
+Celebrate them and tell their stories. Because not only are there good people doing good work, but their stories help fill this hope gap.
+And it's the final part of this mission, the celebration, that really reminds me of when I was a kid and wanted to tell stories to get people involved in issues that affect us all. I gave it to you.
+and the light bulb went out. It was, firstly, that I didn't have to actually write it myself, and I could find a writer.
+And the next light bulb was not just writing, but telling people in a big way what about movies and TV.
+And I thought about the movies that inspired me, movies like 'Gandhi' and 'Schindler's List'.
+And I wondered who would be making this kind of film today.
+And there really weren't any specific companies that focused on the public good.
+So in 2003, I started walking around Los Angeles talking about the idea of ​​a social media forwarding company. And I received a lot of encouragement.
+One of the words of encouragement I've heard over and over is "The streets of Hollywood are littered with the corpses of people who, like you, want to come to this town and make movies." It was something
+And, of course, there was another adage.
+“The surest way to become a millionaire is to first become a millionaire and enter the movie industry.”
+(Laughter) Still, I founded Participant Productions in January 2004 with the vision of becoming a global media company focused on the public interest.
+And our mission is to create entertainment that makes a difference and inspires society.
+And we don't just want people to watch our film and say they enjoyed it and forget about it.
+We want them to actually get involved.
+In 2005, the company released its first films, 'Murder Ball', 'North Country', 'Syriana' and 'Good Night and Good Luck'.
+And to my surprise, they were noticed.
+These films ended up being nominated for 11 Oscar Awards.
+And this year has been a pretty good year for this guy.
+Perhaps more importantly, tens of thousands of people participated in the advocacy and activism programs we created to tour the film.
+And its online component was a community sect called Participate.net.
+But with the help of social sector partners like ACLU, PBS, Sierra Club and NRDC, we've found that once people see the film, they can actually do something to make a difference.
+One of these films in particular, "North Country," was actually a box office disaster.
+But it was a Charlize Theron-starring movie about women's rights, women's empowerment, domestic violence, and more.
+And we released the film at the same time that Congress was discussing updating the Violence Against Women Act.
+And through screenings and discussions at The Hill, and working with partners in the social sector, such as the National Women's Organization, the film was widely acknowledged for its influence on the successful renewal of the law.
+Because the film began with the true story of a woman who was harassed, sued her employer, and led to a landmark case that led to equal opportunity legislation and violence against women. act etc.
+And a movie about this person doing these things led to this big relaunch.
+And also back to betting on good people doing good things.
+Speaking of which, our fellow TED star Al -- I first saw Al giving a slide show presentation on global warming in May 2005.
+At that point, I thought I knew something about global warming.
+I thought it would be a problem that would take 30 to 50 years.
+And after watching his slideshow, it became clear that it was more urgent.
+Shortly after, I met backstage with Al, and with Lawrence Bender, Laurie David, and Davis Guggenheim, who was making a documentary on The Participant at the time.
+And with Al's blessing, we decided to make this movie on the spot. Because we felt we could get our message out there much faster than taking Al around the world and speaking to audiences of 100 or 200 people at once.
+There is a saying in Hollywood that no one knows anything.
+And I really thought this was going to be a direct PBS charity.
+So when the film really caught the attention of the public and today is mandatory viewing in schools in England and Scotland and most of Scandinavia, it came as a huge shock to all of us.
+Sent 50,000 DVDs to US high school teachers.
+And it has changed the debate about global warming.
+This year has been a very good year for him.
+We now call Al the George Clooney of global warming.
+(Laughter) And for the participants, this is just the beginning.
+Everything we do is focused on the world's major problems.
+There are currently 10 films in production, with dozens more in development.
+Here's a quick rundown of some of our upcoming plans.
+One is Charlie Wilson's War, starring Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts.
+And this is the true story of Congressman Charlie Wilson, how he financed the Taliban to fight Russia in Afghanistan.
+We are also working on a movie called "The Kite Runner", which is also based on the book "Kite Runner" about Afghanistan.
+And we believe that once people see these films, they will have a better understanding of that part of the world and the Middle East in general.
+We premiered a movie called "The Chicago 10" at Sundance this year.
+The film is based on the story of 1968 Democratic convention protester Abbie Hoffman and her crew, and the few who also made a difference in the world.
+And then there's the documentary we're making about Jimmy Carter and his long-standing Middle East peace efforts.
+And in particular, we've been following his recent tour of the book, and as many of you know, this wasn't very controversial -- (laughter) -- this is people to come to the movies is very bad.
+Finally, I would like to say that everyone has the opportunity to make a difference in their own way.
+And everyone in this room has done so through their business lives, philanthropic endeavors, or other interests.
+And one of the things I've learned is that there's never just one right way to make change happen.
+We can do it as technology people, finance people, non-profit people, entertainment people, but each of us is all of those things and more.
+And I believe that if we do these things, we can close the opportunity gap and the hope gap.
+If you do this, you can imagine what your headlines will look like in 10 years: "Zero new AIDS cases in Africa" ​​"US imports last barrel of oil" -- (applause) -- "Israel" and the Palestinians celebrate 10 years of peaceful coexistence. "
+(Applause.) And I like this one, "Snow is back on Kilimanjaro."
+(Laughter.) And finally, a well-traveled slide show (now defunct) museum piece is on eBay. Please contact Mr. Al Gore.
+And we believe that together we can achieve all of this.
+And I would like to thank all of you who are here today.
+I was really honored. thank you.
+(Applause.) Oh, thank you.
+I am here to show you how fun it is to see the invisible.
+You are about to experience an exciting new technology available that will make us rethink how we waterproof our lives.
+Here's a cinder block half-coated with a nanotechnology spray that can be applied to almost any material.
+It's called Ultra-Ever Dry, and when applied to any material, it transforms it into a super-hydrophobic shield.
+It turns out that this is an uncoated concrete block, which is porous and absorbs water.
+not anymore.
+Porous and non-porous.
+So what is superhydrophobicity?
+Superhydrophobicity is a method of measuring water droplets on a surface.
+The rounder it is, the more hydrophobic it is, and if it's really round, it's superhydrophobic.
+In a freshly waxed car, the water molecules are down to about 90 degrees.
+If windshield coating is applied, it will be about 110 degrees.
+But what we're looking at here is 160-175 degrees, and anything above 150 is superhydrophobic.
+As part of the demonstration, I have a pair of gloves. One glove has a nanotechnology coating. Let's try and see which one is which. give you a hint.
+Did you think it was dry?
+With the advent of nanotechnology and nanoscience, it has become possible to observe atoms and molecules and actually control them to great advantage.
+And we're talking really small things here.
+The unit of measurement in nanotechnology is the nanometer, and a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. To put this on a scale, let's say you have a 1 nanometer thick nanoparticle and you have 50,000 nanoparticles side by side. In time you will be as wide as a human hair.
+Very small, but very convenient.
+And it's not just water that this works for.
+Many are water-based materials such as concrete, water-based paints, and mud, including refined oils.
+You can see the difference.
+Let's move on to the next demonstration. A glass plate is coated on the outside, surrounded by a nanotechnology coating, and greenish water is poured inside the center. And as you would normally think, it spreads on the glass, except when it hits the coating it stops and I can't even convince it to leave.
+I am so afraid of water.
+(Applause.) So what's going on? what's happening?
+In fact, the surface of the spray coating is filled with nanoparticles, creating a very rough and rugged surface.
+You might think it's going to be smooth, but it's not.
+And there are billions of interstitial spaces that reach and trap air molecules along with the nanoparticles, covering the surface with air.
+It has an air umbrella all over it, and that layer of air hits the water, hits the mud, hits the concrete, and quickly slides off.
+If you put this in this water you will see a silvery reflective coating all around. Its silver reflective coating is a layer of air that protects water from touching the paddle, and the water is dry.
+So what is an application?
+I mean, a lot of people are crossing their minds right now.
+Everyone who sees this goes, "Oh, I can use this and this and this."
+Applications in the general sense can be anything as long as it prevents wetting.
+We have certainly seen it today.
+There is no ice without water, so any anti-icing agent will do.
+May have anti-corrosion effect.
+No water, no corrosion.
+May have antibacterial effect.
+Bacteria cannot survive without water.
+And it may also require self-cleaning.
+So imagine how something like this could revolutionize your field of work.
+I'll end with one last demonstration, but before I do, I want to say thank you and give you a little thought.
+(Applause.) It will happen. wait for it. wait for it.
+Chris Anderson: Didn't you hear that we cut the design out of TED? (Laughter) [2 minutes later...] He ran into all sorts of problems with managing the medical research department.
+It's happening!
+(applause)
+I'm talking about the strategic brain.
+We use an unusual combination of game theory and neuroscience tools to understand how people socially interact when value is at stake.
+So game theory was originally a branch of applied mathematics, used primarily in economics and political science, and to a lesser extent in biology. It provides a mathematical taxonomy of social life, predicting what people are likely to do and what they believe others will do if everyone's actions affect everyone else.
+Competition, cooperation, bargaining, games like hide-and-seek, poker, and more.
+Let's start with a simple game.
+Everyone chooses a number between 0 and 100 and calculates the average of those numbers. The person closest to two-thirds of the average wins a fixed prize.
+So you want to be a little below average, but not too far below, and you want others to be a little below average as well.
+Consider what to choose.
+As you can imagine, this is a toy model of what a stock market bull market sells. right?
+You don't want to sell too early because you miss out on profits, but you also don't want others to sell too late and cause a crash.
+We want to be a little ahead of our competitors, but not too far ahead.
+Well, I'll give you two theories about how people think about this. After that, let's look at some data.
+Some of these sound familiar because you probably think so too. I'll use my brain theory to see.
+A lot of people say, "I really don't know what people will choose, so I think the average would be 50."
+They are not strategic at all.
+"And then pick 2/3 of 50, which is 33." That's where it starts.
+Others who are a bit more sophisticated and use more working memory say, "I think people would choose 33 because they would choose an answer to 50. So I chose 22, which is two-thirds of 33." I will.” . "
+They're doing one-step, two-step thinking.
+That's better. Of course, in principle you could do 3 or 4 or even more, but that starts to get really difficult.
+As in languages ​​and other fields, it has proven difficult for humans to parse very complex sentences with some sort of recursive structure.
+By the way, this is called cognitive hierarchy theory.
+This is something I and a few other people have been working on about how many people stop at different steps, and how the thought steps are influenced by many interesting variables and a wide variety of people. It shows some sort of hierarchy, along with some assumptions of You'll know right away.
+A very different theory, much more popular, and the older one by John Nash, chiefly of "A Beautiful Mind" fame, is what is called equilibrium analysis.
+So if you've taken any level of game theory course, you've learned a little bit about it.
+Equilibrium is a mathematical state in which everyone understands exactly what everyone else does.
+This is a very useful concept, but behaviorally, it may not describe exactly what people do when they are playing this kind of economic game for the first time and in outside world conditions.
+In this case, the equilibrium makes a very bold prediction. So everyone wants to be below everyone else, so they end up playing at zero.
+Let's wait and see. This experiment has been done over and over again.
+Some of the earliest were created by me and Rosemarie Nagel et al in the 90's.
+This is a beautiful data set of 9,000 people who submitted to the three contested newspapers and magazines.
+The contest said that if you submitted your numbers, whoever got a number closer to two-thirds of the average would win a big prize.
+As you can see, there is a lot of data here and the spikes are very visible.
+At age 33, it's skyrocketing. These are the people doing one step.
+You can see another spike at 22.
+By the way, notice that most people choose numbers around that.
+They don't always choose exactly 33 and 22.
+Things are a little noisy around.
+But you can see the spike and it's there.
+There is another group that seems to have a solid understanding of equilibrium analysis because they are choosing between zero and one.
+But they lose, right?
+Because choosing a number that low is actually a bad choice if others haven't done an equilibrium analysis as well.
+So they are smart, but they are poor.
+(Laughter.) Where in the brain are these things happening?
+A study by Coricelli and Nagel provides some really sharp and interesting answers.
+So they had people play this game while being scanned with an fMRI. And there were two conditions. In some exams, you'll be told you're playing with another person you're currently playing with, and will match your actions on the fly. If you win, exit and pay.
+Other trials say you are playing the computer.
+They're just randomly picking.
+So what you see here is minus the areas of the brain that have more activity when playing a human compared to when playing a computer.
+And you see activity in some of the areas that we've seen today, the medial prefrontal cortex, the dorsomedial, but here we have the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex, so it's like we're playing, we're seeing a lot of activity. It is an area that is involved in different types of conflict resolution. "Simon Says", and so are the left and right temporoparietal junctions.
+And these are all areas that are fairly reliably known to be part of the so-called "theory of mind" circuit, or "mentalization circuit."
+That is, circuits used to imagine what other people do.
+These were therefore some of the first studies to confirm this connection with game theory.
+What happens with these 1-step and 2-step types?
+So we categorize people according to what they choose to do, and look at the difference between playing a human and playing a computer, which areas of the brain are activated differently.
+At the top you will see the One Step Player.
+There is little difference.
+The reason is that they treat others like computers, and so does their brain.
+In the lowest player, all activity of the dorsomedial PFC is seen.
+So you can see that these two-step players are doing something different.
+Now, if we step back and say, "What can we do with this information?"
+By looking at brain activity, we might be able to say, "This person will make a good poker player," or, "This person is socially naive." It may be possible. Any idea where this circuit resides.
+have understood. Get ready.
+It saves brain activity by not having to use hair-detecting cells.
+You should use these cells to think carefully about this game.
+This is a bargaining game.
+Two players being scanned using EEG electrodes bargain for $1 to $6.
+If you can do it in 10 seconds, you can actually make that money.
+If 10 seconds have passed and no trades have been completed, you get nothing.
+It's kind of a mistake together.
+The interesting thing is that the one player on the left is told how much they have on each trial.
+They play many trials with different amounts each time.
+In this case, they know they have $4.
+The uninformed player doesn't know, but the informed player knows what he knows.
+So the question for the ignorant player is, "Is this guy really fair, or is he making a very low offer to make me think he can only split a dollar or two?" about it.
+In that case, they may refuse it and no agreement may be reached.
+So there is some tension here between trying to get the most money and trying to entice other players into giving them more money.
+And their way of negotiating is to point on the number line from $0 to $6, negotiating how much the uninformed player gets and the informed player gets the rest. .
+I mean, it's like labor-management bargaining, employees don't know how much profit the private company is making, right, they want more money and want to be patient, but the company may want to give the impression that it is profitable. "I will dedicate everything I can to you."
+Some actions first. Then a large group of subjects are paired up and played facing each other.
+There is also some other data that is played between computers.
+As you can imagine, this is an interesting difference.
+But many face-to-face pairs agree to split the money evenly each time.
+bored. It's just neurologically uninteresting.
+that's good for them. they are making a lot of money.
+But what we are interested in is, can we say anything about when disagreements will or will not occur?
+So this is another subject group that often disagrees.
+That means they can argue, disagree, and end up losing money.
+They may be eligible to appear on the TV show "Real Housewives."
+As you can see on the left, about half of the time we disagree when the amount to split is $1, $2, or $3, but when the amount is $4, 5, or 6, we agree quite often. I will.
+It turns out that this is what is predicted by the very complex type of game theory you have to come and learn in graduate school at Caltech.
+It's a bit too complicated to explain right now, but according to theory, shapes like this should happen.
+Your intuition might say so too.
+Next, we show the results of electroencephalography.
+Very difficult. The right-brain scheme is for people without information, and the left-brain scheme is for people with information.
+Remember, we scanned both brains at the same time. So, much like you're scanning two people talking when you want to study a conversation, you can simultaneously look for time-synchronized activity in similar or different areas. Common activities in the language domain are expected when actually listening and communicating.
+Thus, arrows connect regions that are simultaneously active, and the direction of the arrow flows temporally from the region that is first active and the tip of the arrow goes into the regions that become active later.
+So in this case, if you look carefully, most arrows flow from right to left.
+That is, uninformed brain activity appears to occur first, followed by informed brain activity.
+By the way, these were the trials where their deals were made.
+This is from the first 2 seconds.
+We haven't finished analyzing this data yet, so we're still investigating, but hopefully we can say something about whether deals close in the first few seconds, and that can be very helpful for thought. About avoiding lawsuits, ugly divorces, etc.
+These are all cases where a lot of value is lost due to delays and strikes.
+Here are some cases where disagreements arise.
+You can see that it looks different from the previous one.
+There are many other arrows.
+This means that the brain is more closely synchronized in terms of simultaneous activity and the arrows flow clearly from left to right.
+In other words, the brain that got the information seems to decide that "probably there will be no deal here."
+And after that, brain activity begins, which is not informed of anything.
+Next, I will introduce my relatives.
+They are hairy, smelly, fast and strong.
+You may remember last year's Thanksgiving.
+That might be the case if I had a chimpanzee with me.
+Charles Darwin and I and you were cut off from the chimpanzee family tree about five million years ago.
+They are still our closest genetic relatives.
+We share 98.8 percent of our genes.
+It shares more genes with zebras than with zebras and horses.
+And we are also their closest cousins.
+They are more genetically related to us than gorillas.
+Differences in human and chimpanzee behavior may therefore tell us a lot about brain evolution.
+This is an amazing memory test provided by the Primate Research Institute in Nagoya, where a lot of research has been done.
+This goes back quite a long time. They are interested in working memory.
+The chimpanzee will look at the 200 ms exposures, look carefully, and see the 200 ms exposures numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. This is fast, equivalent to 8 frames in a movie.
+They then disappear and are replaced by squares, and you must push the squares corresponding to the numbers from low to high to get the apple reward.
+Let's see how we can do that.
+This is a young chimpanzee. Just like humans, young people are better than old people.
+They are so experienced that they have done this thousands of times.
+As you can imagine, there is clearly a large training effect.
+(Laughter.) You can see that they are very rude and kind of go the extra mile.
+Not only can they do it very well, they do it in a kind of lazy way.
+right? Who do you think can beat chimpanzees?
+error. (Laughter) Let's do it. try out. I'll probably try.
+Well then, the next part of this research that I will briefly describe is based on the ideas of Tetsuro Matsuzawa.
+He had the bold idea of ​​calling it the cognitive trade-off hypothesis.
+We know chimpanzees are faster and stronger.
+They are also very attached to their status.
+His idea was that perhaps they were conserving brain activity and practicing during development a sort of strategic thinking in competition that was really, really important to them to negotiate status and win. I was wondering if there might be.
+So let's check it out by having a chimpanzee play the game by touching two touch screens.
+Chimpanzees actually interact with each other through computers.
+They are going to press left or right.
+One chimpanzee is called a matcher.
+Press left, left or right, right to win, like an explorer finding someone in a game of hide-and-seek.
+Mismatched people want mismatched.
+They want to push the screen on the other side of the chimpanzee.
+And the reward is an apple cube reward.
+Here's how game theorists see these data:
+This is a graph showing the percentage of times the matcher made a correct choice on the x-axis and the percentage of times the mismatcher made a correct prediction on the y-axis.
+So the point here is the actions by the paired players. One tries to match, the other tries to mismatch.
+The central NE square -- actually NE, CH, and QRE -- are three different theories of Nash equilibrium, and the others show what the theory predicts. In other words, they should be a 50/50 match when played left. For example, if I'm a mismatch, I can take advantage of it and play it right.
+As you can see, each chimpanzee is a triangle, floating in a circle around its projection.
+Then move the payoffs.
+Actually, I'm going to make the matcher left, left reward a bit higher.
+Now they have 3 apple cubes.
+In game theory, it should actually change the behavior of the mismatcher. 'Cause what happens is the mismatcher, oh this guy's gonna go for a big reward so I'm gonna go right 'cause I make sure he does I don't know .
+And as you can see, their behavior rises in the direction of this change in Nash equilibrium.
+Finally, we changed the payoffs again.
+Now there are 4 apple cubes and their behavior moves towards the Nash equilibrium again.
+It's scattered all over the place, but if you average chimpanzees, they're really, really close, within 0.01.
+In fact, they are closer than any species we have observed.
+what about humans? Think you're smarter than a chimpanzee?
+Here are two groups of humans, green and blue.
+They are closer to 50/50. They don't react so strictly to rewards. Also, studying learning in games shows less sensitivity to previous rewards.
+Chimpanzees play better than humans when it comes to sticking to game theory.
+And these are two different human groups, Japan and Africa. Very well reproduced.
+No one is near where the chimpanzees are.
+So here are some of the things we learned today.
+People seem to use theory of mind to do a limited amount of strategic thinking.
+Preliminary evidence from negotiation suggests that early warning signs in the brain may be used to predict whether a costly and egregious disagreement is about to occur, and game theory suggests that chimpanzees are better than humans. We know it's a better competitor than us.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Once upon a time there was a place called Leicesterland.
+Today, Leicesterland looks a lot like America.
+It turns out that, like the United States, it has a population of about 311 million, of which 144,000 are called Leicester.
+If Matt is in the audience, I just borrowed it, I'll be returning it soon, this character from your series.
+That means 144,000 people are called Lesters and about 0.05% are Lesters.
+Well, the Leicesters of Leicesterland have this extraordinary power.
+Two elections are held in Leicesterland each election cycle.
+One is called a general election.
+The other is called the Leicester election.
+And while it is the people who can vote in the general election, it is the Leicester family who can vote in the Leicester election.
+And here's the trick.
+To run for the main election, you must perform very well in the Leicester elections.
+You don't necessarily have to win, but you have to perform very well.
+Now, what can be said about Leicesterland's democracy?
+The first is that, as the Supreme Court said in Citizen United, it is the people who ultimately have the power over elected officials. Because, after all, there will be a general election, but only after the House of Leicester wins over the candidates. A person who wants to run for the general election.
+And second, apparently, this reliance on the Leicester family could be described as subtle, understated, camouflaged to keep the Lester family happy.
+Now, we have democracy, no doubt, but it depends on the Leicester family and the people.
+Depending on who Lester is, there are conflicting dependencies, I would say conflicting dependencies.
+have understood. That's Leicesterland.
+Now that we've covered Leicesterland, there are three things I want you to see.
+First, America is Leicesterland.
+America is Leicesterland.
+Similarly in the United States, there are two elections, the first called the General Election and the second called the Golden Election.
+In general elections, in some states, citizens over the age of 18 can vote with an ID.
+In a money election, it's the funders who can vote, the funders who can vote, and just like Leicesterland, the trick is that to run for the general election, you have to do very well in the money election. It means you have to get it.
+You don't necessarily have to win. I have Jerry Brown.
+But you have to do it very well.
+And here is the key. USAland has almost as few relevant funders as Leicester in Leicesterland.
+Now you say, is it true?
+Really .05 percent?
+Well, here are the numbers for 2010. 0.26% of Americans donated $200 or more to a federal candidate, and 0.05% donated the highest amount to a federal candidate. 0.01% (1 percent out of 1 percent) donated over $10,000 to federal candidates, and my favorite stat this election cycle is .000042 percent. If you've been looking at the numbers, you know this is 132 Americans who donated 60 percent of the Super PAC's money spent this election cycle. I just saw the ending.
+So I'm just a lawyer, and looking at numbers in this range, it's fair to say that the relevant funders in the US are 0.05%.
+In this sense, the funder is our Leicester.
+Now, what can we say about this democracy at home in America?
+Well, as the Supreme Court said in Citizens United, it is of course the people who have the ultimate influence over elected officials. We hold a general election, but only after our funders have their hands on the candidates they want to run for that general election.
+And second, obviously, this reliance on funders creates a subtle, understated, camouflaged bend to keep funders happy.
+Candidates and members of parliament spend 30 to 70 percent of their time raising money to return to parliament or put their party back in power. And what we need to ask is what does that mean for them? , they spend time on the other end of the phone, calling people they've never met, but a fraction of the 1 percent?
+When you do this, as everyone does, you develop a sixth sense that keeps you constantly aware of how your actions affect your ability to raise money.
+Because they constantly adjust their views in the light of what they know will help raise funds, not from issues 1 to 10, but from issues 11 to 1,000, in the words of the "X-Files." Become a shapeshifter. .
+Leslie Byrne, a Democrat from Virginia, said when she went to Congress, a colleague told her to "always stay green."
+And, to be clear, she continued, "He was not an environmental activist." (Laughter) So there is democracy here too. There are democracies that are funder-dependent and people-dependent, competing dependencies, and possibly conflicting dependencies depending on the funder.
+Now, the United States is number one in points, Leicester Land.
+This is the second point.
+America is worse than Leicesterland, worse than Leicesterland. Because imagine in Leicesterland. If we at Leicester received a letter from the government saying 'You are the ones who will run for the General Election', we would probably think so. A kind of aristocrat of the Leicester family.
+There are Lesters everywhere in society.
+There are rich Leicesters, there are poor Leicesters, there are black Leicesters, there are white Lesters, there are not so many female Leicesters, but let's put that to the side for a moment.
+Lester comes from everywhere. You can think, 'What can we do to make Leicesterland better?
+At least there is a possibility that the Lester family will act for Lesterland.
+But while there are certainly some kind Lesters in our country, in this country, on American soil, many of whom are in this room today, the majority of Lesters are doing things for Lester. 0.05% does not constitute it in the public interest.
+It's for their personal gain. In this sense, the United States is worse than Leicesterland.
+And finally, point number three: Whatever you say about Leicesterland, against the background of its history and traditions, in our country, America, Leicesterland is rot, rot.
+Now, corruption is not brown paper bag cash secreted among legislators.
+I don't mean Rod Blagojevich's sense of corruption.
+It does not imply criminal activity.
+The corruption I am talking about is perfectly legal.
+This is corruption by the standards of the legislators of this republic.
+The planners gave us what they called a republic, but republic means representative democracy, and representative democracy, as Madison said in Federalist 52, is a branch that depends on the government. meant a government with people alone.
+This is the government model.
+They have this exclusive dependency on the people and the government, but the problem here is that Congress has developed another dependency and is no longer dependent solely on the people, but on the funders. It's getting stronger.
+This is also dependent, but it is a contradiction, unlike relying solely on the public unless the funders are citizens.
+This is corruption.
+Well, there's good news and bad news about this corruption.
+The little good news is that this is bipartisan equal opportunity corruption.
+It blocks the Left on any issue we, the Left, really care about.
+It also blocks rights because it makes a rights-based argument increasingly impossible.
+The Right wants small government.
+When Al Gore was vice president, his team had the idea of ​​deregulating a good chunk of the telecommunications industry.
+The policy chief took the idea to the Capitol and reported it to me.
+If we deregulate them, how can we raise money from them? "
+This is a system designed to preserve the status quo, including the status quo of large and aggressive governments.
+It works against both the left and the right, and you might say that's good news.
+But here's the bad news.
+This is pathological and democratic corruption. Because in a system where legislators rely on a tiny fraction of us for election, it means that the fewest, smallest, smallest number of us can hinder reform. .
+I know it must have been a rock or something.
+I can only find cheese. sorry. that's right.
+block reform.
+Because we have an economy, an economy of influence, an economy centered on lobbyists fed by polarization.
+It feeds on dysfunction.
+The worse it is for us, the better it is for this fundraiser.
+Henry David Thoreau: "For those who attack the root of evil, there are a thousand who attack the branches of evil."
+This is the root.
+Well, you all know this.
+If you didn't know this, you wouldn't be here, but you ignore it.
+you ignore it This is an impossible problem.
+We focus on possible problems such as eradicating polio from the world, capturing images of every street in the world, building the first truly universal translator, or building a fusion factory in your garage.
+These are manageable issues, so we ignore — (laughter) (applause) — so we ignore this corruption as well.
+But we can no longer ignore this corruption.
+(Applause.) We need a functioning government.
+And it works not for left and right, but for left and right, left and right people. Because wise reform is impossible until this corruption is ended.
+That's why I want you to get a firm grip on the issues that matter most to you.
+Climate change is my take, but it could be financial reform, simpler taxation or inequality.
+Grab that issue, sit in front of you, look me straight in the eye, and tell me there's no Christmas this year.
+There will never be Christmas.
+The problem will not be resolved until this issue is resolved first.
+I mean, I'm not the most important issue. it's not.
+Your problem is the most important, but mine is the first problem, the one that must be solved before the problems you care about.
+There is no enlightened reform, and we cannot accept a world or a future without enlightened reform.
+have understood. So what do we do?
+After all, the analysis here is easy and simple.
+If the problem is that members are spending an inordinate amount of time fundraising from the tiniest part of America, the solution is to reduce the amount of time members spend on fundraising and raise funds from a wider range of Americans. By raising money, distributing it, and expanding the influence of funders, we revive the idea that we depend only on people.
+And we don't need to change the First Amendment to do this.
+A single law is needed to do this. There are countless laws that establish what we think of microfunded elections, provisions for citizen-funded campaigns, and these proposals. The Fair Election Practices Act, the American Anti-Corruption Act "Act" is an idea I call in my book the Grant Franklin Project to give people vouchers to fund their campaigns, called grassroots democracy law. It's an idea from John Sarbanes.
+Each of these will solve this corruption by extending the influence of their funders to all of us.
+The analysis here is straightforward.
+Politics is hard, in fact, impossibly hard because the reform will shrink K Street and, as Tennessee Democrat Jim Cooper puts it, the Capitol will be on K. It's become a farm league for streets, a farm league for K streets. .
+There is an increasingly common business model in the minds of lawmakers, staff and bureaucrats, one focused on their post-government lives, their lives as lobbyists.
+Between 1998 and 2004, 50% of senators defected to become lobbyists, and 42% of members of the House of Representatives became lobbyists.
+The numbers have only gone up, with United Republic calculating the average salary increase for employees surveyed last April at 1,452 percent.
+So it's natural to ask, how can this be changed?
+Now I have this suspicion.
+I understand the irony. I feel this impossibility.
+But i won't buy it.
+This is a solvable problem.
+When you think about the problems our parents tried to solve in the 20th century, problems like racism and sexism, or the problems of homophobia we fought in this century, they are hard problems.
+You don't wake up one day and stop being racist.
+It takes generations to rip that intuition and DNA from people's souls.
+But this is just a question of incentives, just incentives.
+Changing incentives changed behavior, and states that adopted microfunding systems changed practices overnight.
+When Connecticut adopted the program, in its first year, 78 percent of elected representatives gave up large donations and received only small donations.
+It can be solved by being a Democrat or by being a Republican.
+It can be solved by being a citizen, being a citizen, being a TEDizen.
+Because if you want to start reforms, see, I can start reforms for half the cost of fixing energy policy, and I can give you back the Republic.
+have understood. But even if you're not with me yet, even if you believe this is impossible, I've talked to you about this issue many times in the five years since I spoke at TED. You taught me, even if you thought it was impossible. ,That does not matter.
+they are irrelevant.
+I gave a talk at Dartmouth once, and after my talk a woman stood up and said to me, "Professor, you have convinced me that this is hopeless. It is hopeless.
+There is nothing we can do. "
+I panicked when she said that.
+I thought, "How do I deal with that feeling of hopelessness?"
+What is that hopelessness? "
+And what struck me was the sight of my 6-year-old son.
+And I imagined a doctor coming to me and saying, "Your son has a terminal brain tumor and there's nothing you can do."
+There is nothing you can do. "
+So what do I do?
+Can I just sit there? accept? Ok, is there anything I can do?
+I'm going to make Google Glass.
+of course not. I'm going to do all I can, and because this is what love means, odds are irrelevant, do whatever you can, odds are shit.
+And I found an obvious connection. Because even us liberals love this country.
+(Laughter) So when pundits and politicians say change is impossible, people who love this country retort, "That's totally irrelevant."
+We need to prove these experts wrong, because if we lose this republic, we will lose something dear, something that everyone in this room loves and cherishes. I will do my best to act.
+So here's the question. do you have that love?
+do you have that love?
+Because if so, what the hell are you and what the hell are we doing?
+In September 1787, as Ben Franklin was being carried out of the Constitutional Convention, a woman stopped him in the street and said, "Mr. Franklin, what have you done?"
+Franklin said, "A republic, ma'am, if you can keep it."
+republic. representative democracy.
+A government that depends only on the people.
+We lost that republic.
+We all have to act to get it back.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you. thank you. (applause)
+I am a 26 year old Asian British female working in the media and living in a South West London postal code.
+I used to live at two addresses in Sussex and two in North East London.
+As a child, my family lived in a house in Kent and took vacations to India every year.
+They mostly shopped online at Ocado, donated to charities, and read the Financial Times.
+Currently, I live in a recently renovated apartment with a private landlord and have housemates.
+I am interested in movies and startups and have taken 5 vacations in the last 12 months, mostly to visit friends abroad.
+I am trying to purchase a ticket within 14 days.
+My annual income is between £30,000 and £40,000.
+I don't own a TV or watch scheduled shows, but I do enjoy on-demand services like Netflix and Now TV.
+Last week I passed Upper Street in North London at 7pm on Mondays and Wednesdays.
+I cook a little, but I eat out more often or take out.
+My favorite foods are Thai and Mexican.
+I have no furniture and no children.
+On weekday nights, I often spend dinner with my university friends.
+I always shop for groceries at Sainsbury's because it's on my way home.
+I am not interested in cars and do not own one.
+I don't like any household chores. I have a cleaner who lets me into the house while I'm at work.
+On Friday you'll find me in the pub after work.
+At home, we browse restaurant reviews far more than we manage our finances or look up property prices online.
+I like the idea of ​​wanting to live abroad someday.
+I prefer working in a team to working alone.
+I am ambitious and it is important to me that many people think I am doing well.
+I am rarely swayed by other people's opinions.
+This hodgepodge of traits, attitudes, thoughts and desires comes very close to defining who I am.
+This is also a precise and accurate account of what a group of personal data tracking companies that I had never heard of knew about me.
+My journey to reveal what data companies know began in 2014. It was then that I became intrigued by the murky world of data brokers, a multi-billion pound industry of companies collecting, packaging and selling detailed profiles of individuals based on online and offline sources. action.
+I decided to write about it for Wired Magazine.
+The facts I learned shocked me and heightened my anxiety about profit-driven systems designed to record our actions every time we interacted with the connected world.
+I already knew my daily records were being collected by services like Google Maps, Search, Facebook, and contactless credit card transactions.
+But when you combine that with public information like land registers, city taxes, and voter records, along with my shopping habits and real-time health and location information, a lot starts to emerge from these innocuous datasets. increase. An optimistic, political, ambitious, or risk-taker.
+Even if you are sitting while listening to me, your smartphone will reveal your exact position and even your posture.
+Your life is converted into such a data package and sold.
+After all, you are the commodity.
+Ostensibly, we are all protected by data protection laws.
+In the UK, the law requires all personal data sets to be stripped of identifiers such as names and national insurance numbers.
+Personal data is considered all that can be traced back directly to you.
+No additional information required.
+That doesn't mean you can't sell it.
+It simply means that your permission is required.
+Simple examples of personal data include full credit card numbers, bank statements, and criminal records.
+But it turns out that online anonymity is a complete superstition.
+Information such as zip code, date of birth, and gender are pseudonyms rather than personal information and can be freely traded without permission.
+In other words, they cannot be tracked without requiring additional information.
+Then you might wonder why it matters that so many businesses you've never heard of know your age and zip code.
+Well, it's pretty important.
+About a decade ago, Harvard privacy professor Latanya Sweeney proved that about 87% of Americans can be uniquely identified by just three facts: zip code, date of birth, and gender.
+In the UK, far fewer citizens are served by the much longer postcodes, so it's much more likely.
+When former Cambridge, Massachusetts Governor William Weld decided to support the commercial release of 135,000 health records of state employees and their families (including his own), Professor Sweeney did it in a rather cheeky way. I have proved this.
+These records did not contain names or social security numbers, but contained hundreds of fields of sensitive medical information such as prescription drugs, hospitalizations, and procedures performed on employees.
+Professor Sweeney purchased voter records for Cambridge, Massachusetts, containing the name, zip code, date of birth and gender of every voter in the area for $20 and cross-referenced them with health records.
+Within minutes, she identified Governor Wells' own health records.
+Only six people in Cambridge shared his date of birth.
+Three of them were men.
+And he was the only one living in his zip code.
+Professor Sweeney mailed the health records to the governor.
+(Laughter) Every day we hear new examples of how companies are digging deeper into our personal lives than ever before.
+In the November US presidential election, a little-known British company known as Cambridge Analytica was tasked with using data analytics to help a specific candidate, Donald Trump, win the election.
+The company uses cookies online to track people on the web, recording every website you visit, every search term you enter, and every video you watch.
+We also created a Facebook quiz to dig into people's personalities, which was answered by over 6 million people.
+In total, they managed to collect data on 220 million Americans with the right to vote, with an average of about 5,000 records for each person.
+They then used this data to understand people's inner feelings and put targeted ads to them on Facebook.
+Researchers call them propaganda machines.
+Big companies aren't the only ones eating into your life. So are free apps and small startups.
+I've noticed that every time I record fitness data on my phone with the Endomondo app, details like location and gender are shared with third-party advertisers.
+The symptom checker app WebMD shared with third parties even more sensitive information such as symptoms, treatments, and medications that users viewed within the app.
+Fitbit shared data with Yahoo.
+Pregnancy tracking apps sold information about users' ovulation and reproductive cycles to individuals and advertisers like InMobi.
+As long as my phone is on, my location will be tracked by a host of unrelated services, from Uber to Twitter, Photos, Snapchat, TripAdvisor, and more, as well as obvious apps like Google Maps. increase.
+You are not safe even in your own home.
+In 2015, it was discovered that Samsung used a voice recognition system to record people in homes where it sold TVs.
+I've now adapted this so that it only records when speech recognition is activated.
+But the creepy element remains.
+Even services like Google and Facebook, trusted and used by billions of people around the world, have been accused of crossing the line.
+A few weeks ago, my husband and I were driving home from work and discussing where to have dinner.
+I suggested a restaurant I knew was somewhere on the way home and opened Google Maps and drew a map.
+It turns out that on the map it was already marked with a small bubble.
+The feeling of being watched is not unique to me.
+There have been some anecdotal reports of people seeing ads based on things or conversations they were doing in real life, suggesting that Facebook and Google are eavesdropping on people via their personal devices. concerns have arisen.
+To piece together what all these companies know about me, I spoke to a data profiler called Eyeota.
+Eyeota uses cookies to assign me to thousands of different categories, such as my job, number of children, and potential Star Wars memorabilia purchases.
+(Laughter) They don't know my name, but they know me better than my neighbors.
+Eyeota also purchases information from third parties such as the credit rating agency Experian. Experian has amassed a large database of 15 different demographic types and 66 lifestyles, all based on people's zip codes.
+Eyeota has purchased this information, so he knows that I am more likely to take a taxi home in the middle of the night than a night bus, and very unlikely to find me at a hardware store.
+(Laughter.) You can then sell this information to the highest bidder.
+In some cases, large data sets are of public interest, such as for use by health researchers and city planners.
+However, most of this information collected is maintained and traded commercially by advertisers.
+In fact, eMarketer predicts that the online advertising industry, which is based almost entirely on data targeting and tracking, will hit an all-time high of $77 billion this year.
+If you think you don't care if you take your mask off, you might want to think again.
+Personalized browser ads may be harmless, but connecting different aspects of your life to predict future behavior can lead to unintended consequences.
+For example, decisions such as whether a child can attend a particular college or how much to pay for home or car insurance were provided to an unintended third party, such as your own lifestyle and habits. It may be data-driven. family illness.
+In 2014, Ross Anderson, a professor of privacy and security at the University of Cambridge, said the NHS had shared a hospital database containing hospital admission details for all UK citizens with research institutions, the Institute of Actuaries and Faculty. I discovered. The probability that people will develop a chronic disease at a given age.
+Not surprisingly, this has led to higher health insurance premiums.
+As the amount of data collected increases exponentially, it becomes much easier to identify individuals.
+For example, Fitbit can measure your heart rate and walking patterns and use these to estimate things like your height, weight, and even gender.
+These are very difficult details to imitate or change.
+Data is no longer about you.
+it's you
+Businesses are also beginning to predict future behavior based on social media activity, health and fitness, home energy usage, and more. For example, are you a reliable driver, a good employee, or a high credit risk?
+The more companies know about you – where you live, how many children you have, what illnesses you have, what you buy – the less your anonymity becomes.
+In addition, you lose your right to free choice because companies make decisions on your behalf without your knowledge.
+On my journey of discovery, my first reaction was shock.
+I immediately wrote to my local council asking them to keep my voting records private.
+I made a fake email address and started registering by falsifying my age and gender.
+I turned off targeted advertising, asked to send me all the information Facebook held about me (including the one I deleted), and studied it intently for hours.
+But after a few weeks, I realized that this was a pointless exercise.
+I couldn't be a digital hermit.
+For me, quitting social media, search apps, navigation apps, and my iPhone just wasn't realistic. They were all part of modern life that I cherished and needed.
+Rather, I realized that knowledge itself gives power.
+Knowing all about how my data is shared and collected has made me more responsible for where I put my data.
+For example, I stopped signing up for services that seemed free, such as a VIP card for a local beauty salon or a discount coupon for a supermarket.
+Whenever you download an app, check the settings to see what permissions the app has.
+Turn off anything you think you don't need, like access to your location.
+There is hope, after all.
+As more people begin to realize the extent of our data footprint, we will begin to demand storage and control of this data.
+Some critics suggest paying for data to give you more control.
+This means that it is too costly for businesses, governments and non-profits to recklessly mine and retain data and sell it indiscriminately, but as the data economy matures and power shifts from businesses to individuals. I will lose until I return to than my anonymity.
+I have waived my right to self-determination and free choice.
+All I have left is my name.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+This is the Natural History Museum in Rotterdam, where I work as a curator.
+It's my job to make sure the collection is properly kept and grows, which basically means collecting dead animals.
+In 1995 a new wing was built next to the museum.
+It was glass-enclosed, and thanks to this building, my work progressed.
+This building was truly a killer.
+You may know that birds don't understand the concept of glass. They can't see it, so they jump into the window and are killed.
+The only thing I had to do was go out and pick them up and pack them up for collection.
+(Laughter) And at that time, I developed an ear that could identify birds just by the sound of them hitting glass.
+Then, on June 5th, 1995, I heard the loud banging on the glass that changed my life and ended the duck's life.
+And when I looked out the window, it looked like this.
+This is a dead duck. I flew towards the window.
+It is dead on its stomach.
+But be careful, because next to dead ducks are live ducks.
+Both are male.
+And then this happened.
+A live duck mounted a dead duck and started mating.
+Well, I'm a biologist. I am an ornithologist.
+I said, "Something is wrong here."
+One dead, one alive. It must be necrophilia.
+I'm watching Both are male.
+homosexual necrophilia.
+So I -- (laughter) I grabbed my camera, took notes, sat in my chair, and started observing this behavior.
+After 75 minutes — (Laughter) — I've seen enough, I'm hungry and I want to go home.
+So I went out and collected the ducks and checked to see if the victim was really male before putting them in the freezer.
+And here is a rare photo of a duck penis. That is, it was certainly of the male sex.
+There are 10,000 species of birds, but only 300 have penises, so this photo is a rare one.
+[First case of homosexual necrophilia in the mallard Anas platyrhynchos (species: Anatidae)] I thought I had seen something special, but by the time I decided to publish it 6 It took years.
+(Laughter) I mean, it's good as a topic at a birthday party or at a coffee machine, but sharing this with your peers is another story.
+There was no framework.
+So six years later, friends and colleagues encouraged me to publish, and I published The First Case of Homosexual Necrosexuality in Mallards.
+And here is the situation.
+A is my office, B is where the duck hit the glass, and C is where I was watching it.
+And here comes the duck again.
+You know, in the sciences, when you write some kind of special paper, only 6 or 7 people read it.
+(laughs) But then something good happened.
+Someone called Mark Abrahams called me and said, "You won the Ig Nobel Prize for your duck paper."
+And the Ig Nobel Prize — (laughter) (applause) — the Ig Nobel Prize recognizes research that first makes people laugh and then makes them think, with the ultimate goal of getting more people interested in science. increase.
+It was good, so I accepted the award.
+(Laughter) I went -- let me remind you that Mark Abrahams did not call me from Stockholm.
+He called me from Cambridge, Massachusetts.
+So I traveled to Boston and Cambridge to attend the wonderful Ig Nobel Prize ceremony at Harvard University. This award ceremony was such a wonderful experience.
+A real Nobel Prize winner will hand over the prize to you.
+That's number one.
+There are 9 other winners with prizes.
+Here is one of my fellow winners. That's Charles Paxton, who won the 2000 Biology Prize for his paper, "Ostrich Courtship Behavior toward Humans in British Agricultural Conditions."
+(Laughter) And I think there's another Ig Nobel winner or two in this room.
+Dan, where are you? Dan Ariely?
+I applaud Dan.
+(Applause.) Dan wins a medical award for proving that an expensive placebo works better than a less expensive placebo.
+(Laughter) This is my minute of fame, my acceptance speech, and this is the duck.
+First time on the west coast of the US.
+I will turn.
+(laughs) Is that so?
+You can pass it around.
+Please note that although it is a museum specimen, there is no possibility of contracting bird flu.
+My life changed after receiving this award.
+First, people started sending me all sorts of stuff about ducks, and I got a really nice collection.
+(Laughter) More importantly, people started sending me observations of surprising animal behavior. If there is an animal on this planet that is cheating, trust me I know it.
+(Laughter) This is a moose.
+A moose about to mate with a bison statue.
+This is Montana in 2008.
+This is a frog trying to mate with a goldfish.
+This is Holland in 2011.
+These are Australian cane toads.
+This is roadkill.
+Note that this is necrophilia.
+The position is worth noting.
+Missionary position is very rare in the animal kingdom.
+These are Rotterdam pigeons.
+2004, Hong Kong Swallows.
+This is a turkey on the grounds of the Ethan Allen Juvenile Correctional Facility in Wisconsin.
+It took a full day, but the prisoners had a good time.
+So what does this mean?
+So the question I ask myself is, why does this happen in nature?
+Now, looking at all these cases, I have concluded that it is important that this only happens if the death is done in an immediate and dramatic way and in a position suitable for mating. is.
+At least that's what I thought until I got this slide.
+And here we see a dead duck.
+Been there for 3 days, lying on my back.
+This completes my necrophilia theory.
+Another example of the impact of glass buildings on bird life.
+This is Mad Max, a Blackbird who lives in Rotterdam.
+The only thing this bird did was fly to this window day after day from 2004 to 2008.
+Here he goes, and here's a short video.
+(music) (clack) (clack) (clack) (clack) So what this bird is doing is fighting its own image.
+He sees an intruder in his realm, and it is endless, because it always comes and is there.
+And when I first studied this bird for several years, I thought that the bird's brain should be damaged.
+it's not. Here are some slides and video frames. And at the last moment when he hits the glass, he puts his foot forward and hits the glass.
+I would like to conclude by inviting you all to Dead Duck Day.
+It is June 5th every year.
+Five minutes before 6pm we meet at the Natural History Museum in Rotterdam to discuss new ways to keep ducks out of the museum and birds from crashing into windows.
+As you may or may not know, this is one of the leading causes of bird death worldwide.
+In the United States alone, one billion birds die in collisions with glass buildings.
+After that, head to a Chinese restaurant for a 6-course duck dinner.
+We look forward to seeing you in Rotterdam, Holland next year on Dead Duck Day.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Oh, I'm sorry.
+can you give me back my duck
+(Laughter) (Applause) Thank you.
+Today we're introducing an electric car that's lighter than a bicycle, can be taken anywhere, can be charged from a regular outlet in 15 minutes, and can travel about 1,000 kilometers on a single charge. electric dollar.
+But when people say the word electric car, they think of vehicles. They think about cars, bikes, bicycles, and the vehicles you use every day.
+But looking at it from another perspective can yield more interesting and novel concepts.
+So we made something.
+I have some pieces in my pocket here.
+So this is the motor.
+This motor has enough power to climb the hills of San Francisco at about 20 miles per hour, about 30 kilometers per hour, and this battery, this battery here, has a range of about 6 miles, or 10 kilometers. It alone covers about half of domestic car trips.
+But the best thing about these components is that I bought them at a toy store.
+These are from remote control planes.
+These performance improvements are so great that just thinking about your vehicle a little differently can make a big difference.
+So today I'm going to show you an example of how this can be used.
+Notice how fun this is, but also how the portability that comes with it will completely change the way you interact with a city like San Francisco.
+(Music) [6 mile range] [Top speed near 20 mph] [Uphill] [Regenerative braking] (Applause) (Cheers) So let me show you what this can do.
+It's really mobile. I have a hand-held remote, so it's very easy to control acceleration, braking, reverse if necessary, and braking.
+It's incredible how light this is.
+In other words, this is something you can pick up and carry anywhere.
+So I leave you with one of the most compelling facts about this technology and this type of vehicle.
+It uses 20 times less energy than a car per mile or kilometer driven. This means not only fast charging and very cheap to manufacture, but also a reduced energy footprint in mobility.
+So instead of considering the large amount of energy each person in this room needs to move around the city, we can now consider much smaller, more sustainable modes of transportation.
+Next time you think about cars, we hope you'll think of something new, like we do.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Pennsylvania and my favorite hobby is photography.
+When I travel around the world, I love taking pictures like this so I can remember all the beautiful and interesting things I've seen.
+But what I can't do is record and share what it feels like to touch these objects.
+This is kind of surprising, because the sense of touch is really important.
+It is involved in every physical interaction you do every day, every manipulative task, everything you do in the world.
+So the sense of touch is really interesting.
+It has two main components.
+The first is tactile, that is, what you feel on your skin.
+And the second is kinesthetic.
+This has to do with the position and movement of the body and the forces encountered.
+And you combine both of these kinds of senses to understand your physical interaction with the world, and you're very good at making sense of it when you touch a surface. Is it a stone, is it a cat, is it a rabbit, what is it?
+So as an engineer, I'm really fascinated by people's manual dexterity and have a lot of respect for it.
+And I'm intrigued and curious as to whether technology can be made better by making better use of human tactile capabilities.
+Could we harness our hands to improve our interface to computers and machines?
+And I think we can actually do that. That's the core of an area called haptics, and this is the area I'm working on.
+It's all about interactive touch technology.
+How it works is that when you move your body in the world, I, as an engineer, create a system that can measure that movement and give you that meaningful, consistent feeling over time. It would be nice if it could be presented to It can make you feel like you're touching something when there's nothing there, just like you would in the real world.
+Here are three examples. All of this comes from research in my lab at the University of Pennsylvania.
+The first concerns the same problem I presented. How can you capture how an object feels and recreate that experience?
+So the way to solve this problem is to create a handheld tool with various sensors inside.
+It has a force sensor so you know how hard you are pushing. It has motion tracking so you know exactly where you've been. There are vibration sensors and accelerometers inside that detect the back and forth sway of the tool so you know it's canvas, not silk or something.
+Then, retrieve the recorded data from these interactions.
+Here is 10 seconds of data.
+You can see that the vibration increases and decreases depending on the movement.
+Then, by creating a mathematical model of these relationships and programming it into a tablet computer, when you pick up the stylus and touch the screen, the voice coil actuators in the white brackets reproduce vibrations that make you feel as if you are can give the illusion of being human. You touch the real surface just like you would touch a real canvas and drag it back and forth.
+We can create very convincing illusions.
+You can do this for all kinds of surfaces and it's a lot of fun.
+We call it haptography, or tactile photography.
+I see potential benefits in all sorts of areas, such as online shopping and interactive museum exhibits where precious artifacts shouldn't be touched but always want to be touched.
+The second example I want to talk about came out of a collaboration with Dr. Marguerite Maggio of the Pennsylvania School of Dentistry.
+Part of her job is teaching dental students how to tell where a patient's mouth has cavities.
+Of course, we will look at the x-rays, but a large part of this clinical judgment is based on how the tooth feels when touched with a dental probe.
+This has happened to all of you.
+What they are feeling is that if the tooth is really hard it is healthy, but if it is a little soft and sticky it is a signal that the enamel is starting to decay.
+New dental students haven't touched many teeth yet, so it's hard to make these kinds of judgments.
+And I want you to learn this before you start practicing with real human patients.
+So what we do is add an accelerometer to the dental explorer to record what Dr. Maggio felt as he touched the various extractions.
+And you can play it as a video with touch track. It includes not only the soundtrack, but also the touch track that can be felt by repeatedly holding the tool.
+Practice feeling and judging the same things that the dentist felt during the recording.
+So here is a sample.
+There's a bit of a suspicious tooth here, right?
+It has all the brown stains on it.
+You may be thinking, "I really should put a filling in this tooth."
+However, if you look at the tactile sensation, all the surfaces of this tooth are hard and healthy, so this patient does not need a filling.
+These are just the kinds of decisions doctors make every day. I think this technology we invented has a lot of potential in different areas of medical training. Because it's so simple and it does an excellent job of recreating what people are feeling. tool.
+I think it also helps make the game more interactive, fun, and feels more realistic.
+The last example I want to talk about is again about human movement.
+So, if you have learned sports, how do you improve in things like surfing?
+you practice
+You keep practicing, right?
+You may make small adjustments, get advice from your coach, or learn how to improve your movement.
+I think computers can make that process more efficient and more enjoyable.
+So, here, for example, if there are six different arm movements that I want you to learn, you can come to my lab at the University of Pennsylvania and try our system.
+It uses Kinect to measure the user's movements and display graphics on the screen. In addition, a motorized haptic arm band provides touch cues and haptic feedback on the arm to guide the user's movements.
+So it tries to track this movement, and if it deviates, say your arm is a little too high, it turns on a motor in the skin to let you know. As if a coach is guiding you gently, helping you learn these movements faster and correct them more accurately, you need to move down.
+I developed this system for use in stroke rehabilitation, but I think it has many other uses, such as dance training and training for all kinds of sports.
+I hope you now understand a little bit about the field of haptics. I expect to hear more about this area in the years to come.
+I gave three examples.
+I would like to take a moment to thank the wonderful students and my collaborators who work with me in my lab at the University of Pennsylvania.
+they're a great group.
+We also appreciate your kind consideration.
+(applause)
+Today I would like to talk a little bit about labor and work.
+When we think about how people work, a naive intuition we have is that people are like rats in a maze. All people care about is money, and the moment we give them money, we can make them work unilaterally. You can direct them to work differently.
+This is why we give bankers bonuses and payouts in all sorts of ways.
+And we have an incredibly simplistic view of why people work and what the labor market is like.
+At the same time, if you think about it, there are all kinds of strange behavior in the world around us.
+Think of things like mountaineering and mountain climbing.
+If you read a book about people who climb mountains or difficult mountains, do you think the book is filled with moments of joy and happiness?
+No, they are full of misery.
+In fact, it concerns cold and difficult conditions, such as frostbite, difficulty walking, and difficulty breathing.
+And if people were just trying to be happy, the moment they reached the top they would say, 'This was a terrible mistake.
+I will never do it again. "
+(laughs) "Instead, let's sit on the beach somewhere and have a mojito."
+But instead, people fall and rise again when they recover.
+And if we consider mountaineering as an example, it suggests many things.
+It suggests that we are concerned with reaching the end, the peak.
+It suggests that we are interested in battles and challenges.
+It suggests that there are all sorts of other things that motivate us to work and act in all sorts of ways.
+And for me personally, a visit from a student got me thinking about this.
+This is someone who was a student of mine a few years ago and came back to campus one day.
+And he told me the following story. He said he had been working on a PowerPoint presentation for over two weeks.
+He works for a large bank and was preparing for a merger/acquisition.
+And he worked hard on this presentation, the graphs, the charts, the information.
+Every day he stayed late into the night.
+Then, the day before the deadline, I sent the PowerPoint presentation to my boss, who replied, "The presentation was good, but the merger has been cancelled."
+And the man was very depressed.
+Now when he is working he was actually very happy.
+He enjoyed his work every night, staying late to perfect this PowerPoint presentation.
+But he got pretty depressed knowing no one would see it.
+So I started thinking about how to experiment with the fruits of our labor.
+First, we did a small experiment by giving people Lego and asking them to build with Lego.
+Then I gave some people Lego and said, "Would you like to build this Bionicle for $3?"
+I'll pay you $3. "
+And people said 'yes' and built with these legos.
+And when they were done, we took it, put it under the table, and said, "Would you like to make another one for $2.70?"
+When they said yes, I gave them another one and when they were done I asked them, "Would you like to make another one?" It was on sale for $2.40, $2.10, etc. At some point people said, "Stop it, it's not worth it to me."
+This is called meaningful state.
+People built BIONICLE one after another.
+After I finished eating it, I put it under the table.
+And at the end of the experiment, we took all these bionicles, disassembled them, put them back in the box, and told the next participant to use them.
+There was another condition.
+This other symptom was inspired by my student David.
+And this other state we have called the Sijifi state.
+You may remember the story of Sisyphus, who, under punishment from the gods, pushed the same rock up a hill. And when I was almost at the end, a rock rolled and I had to start over.
+And you can think that this is the essence of working in vain.
+I can imagine that even if he pushed a rock on another hill, he would feel at least some progress.
+Also, if you watch a prison movie, sometimes the guards use a way to torture prisoners by having them dig a hole and then demand that they fill it up and dig it again when they're done.
+There's something particularly demoralizing about this cyclical version of doing something over and over again.
+The second condition in this experiment did just that.
+We asked people, "Do you want to make Bionicles for $3 each?"
+And if they said yes, they made it.
+So we asked, "Do you want another one for $2.70?"
+And when they said yes, we gave them a new one and while they were building it, we took apart what they just finished.
+When it was done, we said, "Why don't we make another one for 30 cents less this time?"
+And when they said yes, we gave them what they made and we broke.
+So this was a never-ending cycle of them building and us destroying before their very eyes.
+Now, what happens when we compare these two conditions?
+The first thing that happened was people built even more Bionicles. There were 11 in the meaningful state versus 7 in the Sisyphus state.
+By the way, I should point out that this is not a big deal.
+People weren't curing cancer or building bridges.
+People were building Bionicles for a few cents.
+Not only that, but everyone knew that Bionicle would soon be destroyed.
+So there was no real opportunity to make a big deal out of it.
+But there were differences, even in small ways.
+Well, there was another version of this experiment.
+In this other version of the experiment, we didn't put people in this situation, just like I'm describing, just describe the situation and let them predict what the outcome would be. rice field.
+what happened?
+People predicted the right direction, but not the right size.
+Those who had just been briefed on the experiment said they would probably build another Bionicle if the circumstances made sense.
+I mean, people understand that meaning matters, but they just don't understand the scale of that importance, the extent of its importance.
+There was one more piece of data that we examined.
+Come to think of it, some people like Lego, some people don't.
+And you would guess that Lego-loving people would make more Lego, even for less money, because, after all, they could get more heartfelt pleasure from Lego.
+And people who don't love Lego that much won't make much Lego because they get less fun out of it.
+And that's what we actually found in a meaningful state.
+There was a very good correlation between the love of Lego and the amount of Lego people made.
+What happened in the Sijifi state?
+In that state, the correlation was zero. There was no relationship between the love of Lego and how much people built. This suggests that by this manipulation of smashing things in front of people, we've basically destroyed any joy they might enjoy. You may be able to get out of this activity.
+We basically eliminated it.
+Immediately after completing this experiment, I went to talk to a large software company in Seattle.
+I can't say who they were, but they were a big company in Seattle.
+This is a group within a software company in another building that has been asked to innovate and create the company's next big product.
+And the week before I showed up, the CEO of this major software company visited that group, 200 engineers, and canceled the project.
+And I was standing in front of 200 of the most depressed people I've ever spoken to.
+And I explained to them some of these Lego experiments, and they said they felt like they had just gone through that experiment.
+So I asked them. “How many people are working later than they used to be now?”
+And everyone raised their hands.
+"How many of you are going home earlier than before?" I said.
+Everyone raised their hands.
+i asked them. “How many people are adding things to their expense reports that aren’t very kosher right now?”
+And they didn't raise their hand, but they took me out to dinner and showed me what I could do with the expense report.
+So I asked them. “What could the CEO do to make you feel less depressed?”
+And they came up with all kinds of ideas.
+They said the CEO could have asked the company to share its progress over the past two years and what it decided to do.
+He could have asked them to think about which aspects of their technology fit into the rest of the organization.
+He could have asked them to build some next-gen prototypes and see how it worked.
+But the problem is that they all require a certain amount of effort and motivation.
+And I think the CEO basically didn't understand the importance of meaning.
+If the CEO, like the participants, thinks the essence of meaning doesn't matter, he won't care.
+And he said, "The moment I instructed you this way, and now that I am instructing you this way, all will be well."
+But once you understand how important meaning is, you realize that it really does matter to put some time, energy and effort into getting people more interested in what you are doing. prize.
+My next experiment was a little different.
+We took a piece of paper with random letters on it and asked people to find pairs of identical letters next to each other.
+that was the task.
+People did the first sheet and then we asked if they wanted to do another sheet for a little less money and the next sheet for a little less money.
+And there were 3 conditions.
+In the first condition, people write their names on a sheet, find all the letter pairs, and give them to the experimenter. The experimenter looks at it, scans it from top to bottom, says "hmm" and puts it down. mountains next to them.
+For the second condition, people didn't write their names there.
+The experimenter saw it and took the paper, but did not look at it or scan it, but simply placed it on top of the pile of pages.
+So you take out a piece and just set it aside.
+In the third condition, the experimenter took the paper and put it directly into the shredder.
+(Laughter) What happened in those three states?
+This plot shows at what salary people quit.
+So a lower number means people worked harder.
+Under acceptable conditions, people worked up to 15 cents.
+At 15 cents a page, they basically stopped these efforts.
+It was 30 cents per sheet, doubled in the shredded state.
+This is basically the previous result.
+You undermine people's efforts and accomplishments, leaving them unsatisfied with what they are doing.
+But by the way, it should be pointed out that in the shredded state people can cheat.
+They realized people were just shredding it, so maybe they didn't do a very good job.
+You might get good results on the first sheet, but when you find out that no one is actually testing it, you end up doing even more.
+So really, in shredded conditions, people could have submitted more work and made more money with less effort.
+But what about ignored conditions?
+Is the Ignored state closer to the Approved state, or the Shredder, or somewhere in between?
+Turns out it was almost like a shredder.
+I have good news and bad news here.
+The bad news is that ignoring people's performance is almost as bad as shredding their efforts in front of you.
+If you ignore it, you'll end up in a mess.
+The good news is that just seeing what someone has done, scanning it and saying "hmm" seems to be enough to dramatically improve people's motivation.
+Luckily, getting motivated doesn't seem to be all that difficult.
+The bad news is that it seems incredibly easy to ditch motivation, and you can overdo it if you're not careful.
+So this is all in terms of negative motives—eliminating negative motives.
+The next thing I want to talk about is positive motivation.
+There is a store called IKEA in America.
+And IKEA is a decent furniture store that takes time to assemble.
+(Laughter) I don't know about you, but each time I put them together, it takes a lot more time, a lot more effort, a lot more confusion, and puts things in the wrong way -- I can't tell you. Hmm I enjoy those pieces.
+I can't say I enjoy the process.
+However, when it was completed, it seems that I liked IKEA furniture more than other furniture.
+(Laughter) There's also an old story about cake mix.
+When they started making cake mixes in the 40s, they put this powder in a box and asked the housewives to pour it in, stir in a little water, mix, and put it in the oven. And -- you see -- you ate cake.
+However, it turned out that they were very unpopular.
+People didn't want them and thought all sorts of reasons why.
+Maybe it didn't taste so good?
+No, it tasted great.
+What they understood was that the effort required was not enough.
+It was so easy that no one could serve a cake to a guest and say, "This is my cake."
+No, it was someone else's cake, as if you bought it in a store.
+It didn't really feel like it was mine.
+So what did they do?
+They took the eggs and milk out of the powder.
+(Laughter) Now I have to break the eggs and add them, and I have to measure the milk and mix it.
+This time it was your cake. Everything was fine now.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Now, I think it's a bit like the IKEA effect, but getting people to work harder actually made them love what they were doing on a higher level. .
+So how can we consider this question empirically?
+We had people make origami.
+I explained how to fold origami and handed over the paper.
+And they were all newbies and made something really very ugly - nothing like a frog or a crane.
+But we said to them, "Look, this origami really belongs to us.
+You worked for us, but let me tell you, we sell it to you.
+how much do you want to pay "
+and measured how much they were willing to pay for it.
+And we had two types of people. Those who built it and those who didn't build it but just watched as outside observers.
+And what we discovered was that the builders thought these were beautiful origami (laughter) and were willing to pay five times more than people who simply appreciated them from the outside.
+Now, if you were an architect, would you say, "Oh, I love this origami, but I know no one else likes it"?
+Or, "I love this origami, but I'm sure others will too."
+Which of these two is correct?
+It turns out that the creators not only loved origami more, after all, they also thought that everyone could see the world from their own perspective.
+They figured everyone else would like it more as well.
+In the next version I tried IKEA effects.
+We tried to make it even harder.
+So I gave some people the same task.
+For some people, hiding the description made things harder.
+At the top of the sheet was a small diagram showing how to fold origami.
+For some, it just eliminated it.
+So now it was harder.
+Well, from an objective point of view, origami today was much uglier and more difficult.
+Well, looking at simple origami, I found the same thing. Creators liked origami more, but reviewers liked it less.
+Seeing the difficult instructions made the effect even greater.
+why?
+(Laughter) They put a lot of effort into this.
+And who is the evaluator?
+Because it was actually even uglier than the first version.
+(Laughter) Of course, this says something about how we value things.
+Now think of the children.
+Imagine I asked you, "How much would you sell your child for?"
+Your memories, associations, etc.
+Most people would say they need a lot of money.
+(laughs) On a nice day.
+(Laughter) But imagine this was a little different.
+Imagine if you didn't have children.
+One day you went to the park and saw some children.
+They were like your kids, you played with them for a few hours, and when you were about to leave, your parents said, "Hey, by the way, just before you left, if you were interested, they It's for sale."
+(Laughter) How much would you pay now?
+Most people don't go that far.
+Because our children are so valuable. It's not just because of who they are, but because of us, because they are so connected to us, and because of the time and the connection.
+By the way, if you think IKEA's instructions are useless, what about the instructions that come with it for children?
+(Laughter) By the way, these are my kids, which of course are great.
+Another thing to say here is that, like our architects, when they look at their creations, we know that other people don't see things the way we do. I don't notice.
+Let me say one last thing.
+If you think about Adam Smith and Karl Marx, Adam Smith had a very important notion of efficiency.
+He gave the example of a pin factory.
+There are 12 different steps on the pin, he said, and if one person does all 12 steps, the output will be very low.
+But having one person do step 1 and another person do steps 2 and 3 can increase production significantly.
+And indeed, this is a great example, the reason for the industrial revolution and efficiency.
+Karl Marx, on the other hand, said that the alienation of labor is very important in how people think of relevance to what they are doing.
+After doing all 12 steps, the pin comes to mind.
+But if you do one step each time, it might not matter so much.
+I think Adam Smith was more right than Karl Marx in the Industrial Revolution.
+But the reality is that we have switched and are now in the knowledge economy.
+Ask yourself what will happen in the knowledge economy.
+Is efficiency still more important than meaning?
+I think the answer is no.
+As we move to situations where people have to decide for themselves how much effort, attention, care, and how much connection they feel, people are thinking about work while commuting, in the shower, and so on. are you there? Suddenly Marx had more to say to us.
+So when we think of labor, we usually think of motivation and reward as the same thing, but in reality we add all sorts of things to labor: meaning, creation, challenge, ownership, identity, pride. you will need.
+The good news is that if you add all these elements and think about how you create meaning, pride and motivation for yourself and how you do it for your workplace and your employees, I think you can . It makes people both more productive and happier.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+This is me building a prototype for 6 hours straight.
+This is slave labor to my own project.
+This is what the DIY and Maker movement really looks like.
+An analogy to this is today's world of construction and manufacturing with brute force assembly techniques.
+And this is exactly why I started researching how to program physical materials to build themselves.
+But there is another world.
+An unprecedented revolution is taking place today at the micro- and nanoscale.
+And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials to change their shape, change their properties, and even compute outside of silicon-based matter.
+There is even software called cadnano that allows you to design 3D shapes such as nanorobots and drug delivery systems and use DNA to self-assemble their functional structures.
+But when we look at the human scale, there are major problems that nanoscale technologies cannot address.
+When we look at construction and manufacturing, there are significant inefficiencies, energy consumption, and excess labor techniques.
+Let's take one infrastructure example.
+take the plumbing.
+Water pipes have constant volume water pipes with a fixed flow rate, excluding expensive pumps and valves.
+We bury them in the ground.
+If something changes, if the environment changes, if the ground moves, or the demand changes, we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them.
+So I would like to propose that these two worlds can be combined: the world of nanoscale programmable adaptive materials and the built environment.
+I'm not talking about automatic machines.
+We're not just talking about smart machines replacing humans.
+But what I mean is programmable material that builds automatically.
+This is called self-assembly, the process by which disordered parts build ordered structures through local interactions only.
+So what would it take if we wanted to do this on a human scale?
+A few simple ingredients are required.
+The first element is material and geometry, which must be closely tied to the energy source.
+And we can also use passive energies: heat, vibration, air pressure, gravity, magnetism.
+And you need smartly designed interactions.
+These interactions then allow for error correction, allowing geometry to transition from one state to another.
+Let's take a look at the many projects we've built, including 1D, 2D, 3D, and even 4D systems.
+So, in one-dimensional systems, this is a project called self-folding proteins.
+The idea is to get the three-dimensional structure of a protein, in this case crumbin protein. Get skeleton. As such, there is no cross-linking or environmental interaction. And break it down like this: A set of components.
+Then fill in the elastic.
+Throw this in the air and catch it, and you'll see the full three-dimensional structure of the protein, all its complexity.
+This gives us a concrete model of the three-dimensional protein and how it folds and all the complexity of its geometry.
+So we can study this as a physical and intuitive model.
+And we are also transforming it into a two-dimensional system, a flat sheet that can self-fold into a three-dimensional structure.
+In three dimensions, we did a project last year at TEDGlobal with Autodesk and Arthur Olson, where we looked at autonomous parts. This means that the individual parts are not pre-connected and can be joined together independently.
+And we made 500 of these glass beakers.
+They had different internal molecular structures and different colors that could be mixed.
+And I gave it out to all the TEDsters.
+And they provided an intuitive model for understanding how molecular self-assembly works at the human scale.
+This is the poliovirus.
+If you shake it hard, it will fall apart.
+Then shake it randomly and the error correction will start and automatically build the structure.
+And this shows that through random energy, non-random shapes can be constructed.
+We have also demonstrated that this can be done on a much larger scale.
+At last year's TED Long Beach, I built an installation that builds an installation.
+The idea was, can you assemble furniture-sized objects yourself?
+So we build a big spinning chamber, people get up and spin the chamber fast or slow, add energy to the system, how self-assembly works, and how this works in macroscale construction or manufacturing. I intuitively understood how it could be used as a technology. for products.
+Remember, I said 4D.
+So today we are announcing for the first time a new project called 4D Printing, a collaboration with Stratasys.
+The idea behind 4D printing is to take multi-material 3D printing, allow multiple materials to be deposited, and add a new feature: transforms that can transform parts from one shape to another right from the bed. Thing. Shape directly by yourself.
+It's like a robot without wires or motors.
+So if you print this part out completely, you can convert it to something else.
+We also collaborated on a piece of software that Autodesk is developing called Project Cyborg.
+This allows us to simulate this self-assembly behavior and optimize which parts fold when.
+But most importantly, this same software can be used to design nanoscale and human-scale self-assembled systems.
+These are the parts that are printed with multi-material properties.
+Here is the first demonstration.
+When submerged in water, it folds completely spontaneously into the letters M I T.
+I am prejudiced.
+This is another part of a single strand submerged in a larger tank, which automatically folds itself into a cube, a three-dimensional structure.
+Therefore, there is no interaction between humans.
+And I think this is the first time that the program and transformation have been built directly into the material itself.
+It also has the potential to become a manufacturing technology that can produce more adaptable infrastructure in the future.
+So you're probably thinking 'That's great', but how do you use these things for built environments?
+So I started a lab at MIT called the Self-Organizing Lab.
+And we are focused on developing programmable materials for the built environment.
+And we believe there are some major areas of application in the fairly near future.
+One of them is in an extreme environment.
+These are scenarios where construction is difficult, current construction techniques don't work, it's too big, dangerous, expensive, or has too many parts.
+Space is a good example.
+We are designing new scenarios for space with fully reconfigurable self-assembled structures that can be transferred from one sophisticated system to another.
+Let's get back to infrastructure.
+In the infrastructure area, we are working with a company called Geosyntec in Boston.
+And we are developing a new paradigm in plumbing.
+Imagine if a water pipe could expand and contract to change its capacity and flow rate, or if it could undulate like peristalsis to move the water itself.
+So this is not an expensive pump or valve.
+This is a fully programmable and adaptable pipe in itself.
+So today I would like to remind you of the harsh realities of gatherings in our world.
+These are complex things built with complex parts put together in complex ways.
+So, regardless of your industry, we invite you to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world. How things connect from the nanoscale to the human scale is how we move from this world to a better world. More like this.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+In two weeks, it will be nine years since I first set foot on that hallowed Jeopardy set.
+9 years is a long time.
+And given the average demographic of “Jeopardy,” I think what that means is that most of the people who saw me on that show are already dead.
+(Laughter) But not all, some are still alive.
+Occasionally, it is still recognized in shopping malls and the like.
+And when I do, it's like a little bit of knowledge.
+I think the ship has sailed, but it's too late.
+For better or worse, it would make me known as the man who knows many strange things.
+And I can't complain about this.
+I've been pretty deep in the trivia closet for years, and I always feel like it was kind of my destiny.
+At the very least, you'll quickly find out as a teenager that knowing Captain Kirk's middle name isn't popular with girls.
+(Laughter.) As a result, for many years, I became a deeply withdrawn, know-it-all type of person.
+But if you look further back, it's all there.
+I was the kind of kid who constantly annoyed my mom and dad with all the wonderful facts they had just read about, such as Comet Haley, the giant squid, and the size of the world's largest pumpkin pie.
+I now have a 10 year old who is exactly the same.
+And I know how annoying it is, so karma works.
+(Laughs) And I love game shows, and I was fascinated by them.
+I remember crying on the first day of kindergarten in 1979. As much as I wanted to go to school, I was afraid I would miss Hollywood Square and Family Feud.
+I almost missed the game show.
+Then, in the mid-'80s, when Jeopardy reruns, I remember running home from school every day to watch the show.
+It was my favorite show even before I paid for the house.
+And we lived abroad, in South Korea where my father worked, and there was only one English TV channel.
+There was military TV, and people who didn't speak Korean watched it.
+So me and all my friends would go home and watch Jeopardy every day.
+I was always a kid into that kind of trivia.
+I remember being able to play Trivial Pursuit against my parents in the 80's and keeping it myself when it was all the rage.
+Knowing a little Boomer trivia that your dad or mom doesn't gives you a weird sense of mastery.
+You know Beatles facts that your dad didn't know.
+And you think, oh, knowledge really is power, that the right facts are deployed in the very right places.
+I didn't have a guidance counselor who thought this was a legitimate career path, or that I could major in trivia or become a professional former game show contestant.
+So I sold out too young.
+I never tried to figure out what to do with it.
+I heard it was good, so I studied computers and became a computer programmer. When I first appeared on Jeopardy in 2004, I wasn't a particularly good programmer, nor a particularly happy programmer.
+But that's what I was doing.
+And it was doubly ironic -- my computer background -- a few years later, I think it was around 2009, I got another call from "Jeopardy" and said, rice field. A supercomputer to beat you in "Jeopardy". OK? "
+I heard it for the first time.
+And of course I said yes for several reasons.
+For one, it's a great time to play "Jeopardy."
+It's fun is not it. Wearing pants is the most fun.
+(Laughter) And I do it for free.
+Luckily I don't think they know it, but I would go back and play because of Arby's coupon.
+I love "Jeopardy" and still do.
+And second, because I'm a nerd, and this seemed like the future.
+People playing computers at game shows is something I always imagined would happen in the future, and now I get to be on that stage.
+I didn't mean to say no.
+The third reason I said yes is because I was pretty confident that I would win.
+I was taking some artificial intelligence classes.
+We knew there was no computer that could do what it takes to win Jeopardy.
+People understand how difficult it is to write a program that reads the clue "danger" in a natural language like English, understands all the double meanings, puns, red herrings, and unravels the meaning of the clue. not.
+It's very difficult for a computer to do something that a small 3- or 4-year-old human could do.
+And I thought, this must be child's play.
+Yes, I'm coming to destroy computers and protect our species.
+(Laughter) But as the years went by and IBM started throwing more money, people and processor speed into this problem, I started getting occasional updates from IBM and it started to get a little worrying.
+I remember a magazine article with a chart about this new question answering software.
+It was a scatterplot of Jeopardy performance, with tens of thousands of points representing the Jeopardy champions at the top and plotting their performance numerically. I was going to say the question was answered, but the answer was a question, I think. Responded cues -- versus the accuracy of their responses.
+Therefore, there is a certain performance level that a computer must reach.
+And it was very low at first.
+There was no software that could fight in such a ring.
+But you can see the line start to rise.
+And it's very close to the so-called winner's cloud.
+And I noticed that in the top right of the scatter plot there are some dark dots, black dots with different colors.
+And I wondered what this was.
+"The black dot in the top right represents 74-time Jeopardy Champion Ken Jennings."
+And then I saw this line coming to me.
+Then I realized that this is it.
+This is what the future will look like when it comes to you.
+(Laughter) It's not a Terminator sight. It's the little line that gets closer and closer to what you can do, the one thing that makes you special, the thing you're best at.
+And when the game was finished about a year later, it was very different from the "Jeopardy" games I was used to.
+We weren't playing the usual "Jeopardy" set in LA.
+Watson does not travel.
+Watson is really big.
+Thousands of processors, terabytes of memory, trillions of bytes of memory.
+We had to walk through his climate-controlled server room.
+The only "Jeopardy" contestant I've ever walked into to this day.
+Watson therefore does not travel.
+you have to get to it. you have to make a pilgrimage.
+So me and another human player gathered in this secret IBM lab in the middle of the snowy forests of Westchester County to play on the computer.
+And it soon became clear that the computer had a huge advantage on home courts.
+There was a big Watson logo in the center of the stage.
+It's like going up against the Chicago Bulls and having something in the middle of their court.
+And the crowd, full of IBM VPs and programmers, rooting for their little darling, pouring millions into this business in the hope that humans will fail, holding up "Go Watson" placards. I held it up and applauded like a pageant mom every time my little one was born. Darling got one right.
+I think the guys had "W-A-T-S-O-N" written on their bellies in grease paint.
+Imagine a computer programmer with the letters "W-A-T-S-O-N" written on his belly, and it's a sickening sight.
+But they were right. That's exactly what it was.
+If you still have this on your DVR, I don't want to spoil it, but Watson won easily.
+And I remember standing behind the rostrum when I heard that little insect-like thumb click.
+It had a robotic thumb that clicked a buzzer.
+And then I heard a little ticking, ticking, ticking.
+And I remember thinking, this is it.
+It felt outdated.
+I felt like an 80's Detroit factory worker seeing a robot ready for work on an assembly line.
+Quiz show contestants felt like the first jobs to become obsolete under this new regime of thinking computers.
+And it wasn't the last.
+Watching the news, I occasionally see machines that allow pharmacists to automatically fill prescriptions without the need for an actual human pharmacist, and I see this all the time.
+And with software that can summarize case law, legal briefs and judgments, many law firms are getting rid of paralegals.
+No more human assistants needed.
+I read a program the other day where you put in the box scores of a baseball or football game and it spat out a news story as if a human were watching and commenting on the game.
+And obviously these new technologies can't do as clever and creative work as the humans they replace, but they're faster and, importantly, much cheaper.
+Therefore, I wonder what the economic effect of this will be.
+Economists say that as a result of these new technologies, all of these tedious tasks will be taken over by Watson, and we will all be entering a new golden age of leisure where we can spend our time doing what we truly love. I've read that said and his digital brothers.
+I've heard other people say quite the opposite. This is a new layer of the middle class that is being deprived of what they can do by new technology, and this is actually something ominous and something we need to worry about. .
+I am not an economist myself.
+All I know is how people who were forced out of their jobs felt.
+And it was terribly depressing. It was terrible.
+It's the only thing I've ever been good at. IBM could have done the same by pouring tens of millions of dollars into it, just by having the smartest people and thousands of processors working side by side.
+Do it a little sooner, a little better on national TV and say, "I'm sorry Ken. I don't need you anymore."
+And it got me thinking, what does this mean if we can start outsourcing more than just degrading non-essential brain functions?
+I think many of you remember knowing your friend's phone number long ago when we had to know it.
+And suddenly there was a machine that did it, and now I don't even have to remember it.
+According to articles I've read, there is indeed evidence that the hippocampus, the part of the brain that deals with spatial relationships, physically shrinks and atrophies in people who use tools such as GPS. I have read that. This is because we have lost our sense of direction.
+We just follow the little chatter on our dashboard.
+As a result, the part of the brain that is supposed to do such things becomes smaller and stupider.
+And it made me think, what would happen if computers were better at understanding and remembering things than we are?
+Could our whole brain start to shrink and atrophy like this?
+Will we as a culture de-emphasize the value of knowledge?
+For me, who has always believed in the importance of what we know, this was a terrifying thought.
+The more I thought about it, the more I realized that no, it was still important.
+What we know still matters.
+I've come to believe that people who have these things in their minds have two advantages over those who say, "Oh yeah, you can google that. Hold on." rice field.
+There are volume advantages and time advantages.
+First, the volume advantage has to do with the complexity of today's world.
+There is a lot of information in the world.
+Being a Renaissance man or woman, that was only possible in the Renaissance.
+It is now practically impossible to have a rational education in all areas of human activity.
+Too many.
+It is said that the extent of human information is now doubling approximately every 18 months, doubling the total amount of human information.
+In other words, between now and the end of 2014, we will generate as many gigabytes of information as all of humanity has collected in the last few thousand years.
+It is now doubling every 18 months.
+This is scary because many of the big decisions we make require us to be familiar with many different kinds of facts.
+decisions about which school to go to. What should I major in?
+Who should I vote for?
+Take this job or take that job?
+These are decisions that require good judgment about different kinds of facts.
+Once you have these facts in your mind, you will be able to make informed decisions.
+Conversely, if you need to examine them all, you may run into problems.
+According to the National Geographic survey I just saw, 80% of people voting in US presidential elections on foreign policy and other issues can't find Iraq or Afghanistan on the map.
+If you can't take that first step, are you really going to look up the thousands of other facts you need to know to master your knowledge of US foreign policy?
+Probably not.
+At some point, you'll be like, "You know? There's too much I don't know. I can't do it."
+And they don't make very informed decisions.
+Another issue is the time advantage you get when you have all this at your fingertips.
+I always remember the story of a little girl named Tilly Smith.
+She is a 10-year-old girl from Surrey, England who was vacationing in Phuket, Thailand with her parents a few years ago.
+One morning she ran to them on the beach and said, "Dad, Mom, I have to get off the beach."
+And they said, "What do you mean? We just got here."
+And she said, "Last month in Miss Kearney's geography class, he told us that if the tide suddenly receded and you saw waves swirling offshore, it was a sign of a tsunami. Said we need to get rid of the tsunami. Beach."
+What if your 10 year old daughter starts flirting with you about this?
+Her parents thought about it and eventually, to her credit, decided to believe her.
+They told the lifeguards, they went back to the hotel, and the lifeguards kicked over 100 people off the beach. Fortunately, it was the day after Christmas 2004, the day of the Boxing Day tsunami that killed thousands in the Southeast. Around Asia and the Indian Ocean.
+But it wasn't that beach, nor was it Mai Khao Beach. Because this little girl remembered a fact she heard from her geography teacher a month ago.
+I love the story when facts help in this way. Because it shows the power of one fact, one memorized fact in the right place at the right time. It's usually easier to see in a game show than in real life. life.
+But in this case, it actually happened.
+And it happens all the time in real life too.
+It's not necessarily a tsunami, it's often due to social conditions.
+Meetings, job interviews, first dates, and other relationships are lubricated by the realization that two people share common knowledge.
+When you say where you're from, I say, "Oh, yeah."
+Or about your alma mater or your job, the little I know about it is enough to solve the problem.
+People love the shared connection that comes when someone knows you.
+It's like they took the time to get to know you even before we met.
+It's often an advantage of time.
+And saying "well, wait a minute" has no effect.
+You are from Fargo, North Dakota. Let's see what happens.
+oh yeah. Roger Maris was from Fargo. "
+It doesn't work. It's just annoying.
+(Laughter) Samuel Parr, the great eighteenth-century English theologian and thinker and friend of Dr. Johnson, once said, “It is always better to know something than not to know it.”
+And if I've lived my life according to some creed, it probably is.
+I have always believed that what we know—knowledge—is the absolute good, and what we learn and carry into our minds is what shapes us as individuals and as a species. I have believed there is.
+I don't know if I want to live in a world where knowledge is obsolete.
+I don't want to live in a world where cultural literacy has been replaced by these tiny bubbles of specialization, where no one knows the common connections that once bound our civilizations.
+I don't want to be the last trivia intellectual to sit on some mountain and recite the name of a state capital or an episode of The Simpsons or the lyrics to an Abba song.
+This is the vast cultural heritage we all share, and our civilization feels functioning when we know it without outsourcing it to our devices, search engines, and smartphones.
+In movies, things don't always end well when a computer like Watson starts thinking.
+Those movies never portrayed a beautiful utopia.
+It's always the Terminator or The Matrix, or the astronaut sucked out of the airlock in '2001'.
+Things always go badly.
+And I feel that we are now at a stage where we must choose what kind of future we want to live in.
+This is a leadership issue. Because it becomes a question of who will lead the future.
+On the one hand, we can choose between a new golden age, where information is more universally available than ever before in human history, and where everyone can have answers to their questions instantly.
+On the other hand, we could live in a dark dystopia where machines rule and decide that what we know no longer matters and that knowledge is worthless. The cloud, and why bother learning new things?
+Those are the two options we have. I know which future I want to live in.
+And we can all make that choice.
+We make that choice for curious, curious, learning-loving people who simply say, "When the bell rings and class is over, I don't have to learn anymore." Don't say no. Thankfully I got my diploma. Lifelong study is over.
+No more learning new things. "
+No, we should try to learn something new every day.
+We must have this unbridled curiosity about the world around us.
+The people in "Jeopardy" come from there.
+These know-it-alls aren't Rainman scholars sitting at home memorizing phone books.
+I met them a lot.
+Most often they are ordinary people who are universally interested in the world around them, curious about everything, thirsting for knowledge on any subject.
+We can live in either of these two worlds.
+We either live in a world where what we know continues to make us special, or we entrust it all to an evil supercomputer from the future like Watson. You can live in the world.
+Ladies and gentlemen, the choice is yours.
+thank you very much.
+Let's raise our hands. How many people have robots at home?
+Not so much.
+have understood. And really, how many of those hands have robots in their homes, not counting the Roomba?
+So it's a couple.
+are you OK.
+That's the problem we're trying to solve with Romotive. Me and 20 other Romotive geeks are obsessed with solving this problem.
+Therefore, we really want to create a robot that can be used by anyone, whether they are 8 years old or 80 years old.
+And after all, this is a very difficult problem. Because we need to build small, portable robots that are not only very affordable, but that people actually want to take home and keep by their kids.
+This robot is neither spooky nor spooky.
+He should be friendly and cute.
+So let's meet Romo.
+Romo is a robot that uses the device you already know and love: the iPhone as its brain.
+And by harnessing the power of the iPhone's processor, you can build a Wi-Fi-enabled robot with computer vision capabilities for $150. That's about one percent of the historical cost of this kind of robot.
+Lomo wakes up in creature mode.
+So he's actually using the device's video camera to track my face.
+If I bend over, he will follow me.
+He's vigilant and will keep an eye on me.
+If I come this way, he will turn around and follow me.
+If you come here -- (laughs) he's smart.
+And if I get too close to him, he gets scared like any other creature.
+So in many ways Romo is like a pet with a mind of its own.
+Thank you little man.
+(Sneezes) Rest in peace.
+And if you want to explore the world -- oh, Romo is tired -- you can actually connect to Romo from any other iOS device if you want to explore the world with Romo.
+So here is the iPad.
+And Romo actually streams videos to this device.
+So I can see everything Lomo sees and see the world through the eyes of a robot.
+It's a free app from the App Store, so if you have it on your phone, you can literally now share control of your robot and play games together.
+So I'll show you real soon, Romo, actually he's streaming the video so you can see me and the whole TED audience.
+If you come here before Romo.
+And if I want to control him, I can just drive.
+So I can drive him around and take pictures of you.
+I've always wanted to photograph the 1,500 TED audience.
+Then take a picture.
+You can actually adjust the angle of the camera on your device the same way you scroll content on your iPad.
+All of you through Romo's eyes.
+And finally, Romo is an extension of me so I can express myself through his emotions.
+So I can go in and say let's get Romo excited.
+But the most important thing about Romo is that we wanted to make it completely intuitive, literally.
+No need to teach someone how to drive your Romo.
+Who would actually want to drive a robot?
+have understood. wonderful.
+please.
+Thank you Scott.
+Even better, you don't have to be in the same geographic location as the robot to control it.
+So he actually streams two-way audio and video between two smart devices.
+So it's like Skype on wheels because you can log in via your browser.
+We talked about telepresence earlier, and this is a really great example.
+For example, let's say an 8-year-old girl with an iPhone gets a robot from her mother.
+The girl can pick up her iPhone, put it on a robot, and send an email to her grandma who lives on the other side of the country.
+Grandma can log into the robot and play hide-and-seek with her granddaughter for 15 minutes every night. Otherwise, you may only see your granddaughter once or twice a year.
+Thank you Scott.
+(Applause) Those are two really cool things Romo can do today.
+But I would like to finish by talking about what we are working on in the future.
+This was actually built by one of our engineers, Dom, over the weekend.
+It's built on a Google open framework called Blockly.
+This allows us to drag and drop these blocks of semantic code to create arbitrary behaviors for this robot.
+You don't need to know how to code to create Romo behavior.
+And you can actually simulate that behavior in your browser. That's what Romo does on the left.
+And if you like something, you can download it to your robot, run it, and actually run the program.
+And if you have something to be proud of, you can share it with everyone who owns a robot around the world.
+So all these Wi-Fi enabled robots really learn from each other.
+The reason we're so focused on building robots that anyone can train is because we believe the most compelling use case for personal robotics is the personal one.
+They change from person to person.
+Therefore, we believe that if you have a robot in your home, it should be an expression of your own imagination.
+So I hope I can tell you what the future of personal robots looks like.
+I don't know, to be honest.
+But what we do know is that it's not 10 years, 10 billion dollars, or even large humanoid robots far away.
+The future of personal robotics is happening today, and it depends on small, agile robots like Romo and the creativity of people like you.
+So we can't wait to give you robots and we can't wait to see what you build.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Three years ago, I received a call with an offer to organize the New Hampshire National Guard based on a film I had previously made.
+My guess is that I literally woke up in the middle of the night, but we all have those moments. Go to bed now -- this phone got me excited.
+I was thinking, having just finished making another movie about WWII veterans, I realized that I was able to get to know their story, and this one tells the unfolding story of a warrior in a lifetime. I realized that it was a one-time opportunity.
+So I went to bed quite excited that night.
+I don't know the details, but I'm looking forward to it.
+It wasn't four in the morning, but it was close to midnight.
+I woke up straight away. I am as awake as possible.
+And then I came up with the following idea. What if you could virtually embed it virtually and have a transparent relationship with your soldiers?
+How to tell a story from the inside to the outside instead of the outside to the inside?
+So I called back Major Heilshorn, the public relations officer for the New Hampshire National Guard.
+He knew me, so I thought, "Greg?"
+He was like, "Yeah, Deborah?"
+I told him my idea. And as you know, he, like General Blair, was one of the bravest men in the world, and he finally gave me permission to try this experiment.
+Within ten days I arrived at Fort Dix.
+He taught me the choice of units.
+One unit I chose was Charlie Company, the third of the 172nd Regiment, and they are mountain infantry. There are two reasons.
+One, they are infantry.
+Second, they were going to be based at LSA Anaconda, so we knew they had internet access.
+The caveat to accessing it was that the soldiers had to volunteer.
+This was a big deal, but when Major H said it to me, I didn't quite understand what it meant.
+So what that means is that when you go to Fort Dix, you have to step out in front of 180 men and tell your vision.
+You can imagine the barrage of questions I received.
+The opening question was, "What on earth do you know about the National Guard?"
+I started with the Massachusetts Bay Colony Pequot Indian War of 1607.
+I got a response in about 9 minutes and that was it.
+So I'd like to show you a clip from that movie.
+This is our trailer. Obviously you are busy so many may not have had a chance to see it.
+So, after showing the trailer, I would like to break down one scene in detail.
+What if I could roll?
+(Video) Stephen Pink: Sergeant Stephen Pink.
+Michael Moriarty: Specialist Michael Moriarty.
+Zach Bazzi: Do you really want to go? Probably not.
+Soldier: We shouldn't talk to the media.
+SP: I'm not media, damn it!
+MM: The day has come. life changes.
+Voice: It's real, dude! Narrator: Are you ready?
+Soldier: Bring it on! Narrator: Are you ready? VOICE 2: Iraq, here we come!
+ZB: Every soldier ultimately wants to be in combat.
+it's a natural instinct.
+SP: If you get scared, you won't be able to work.
+MM: There will always be an attack when you go outside.
+can't believe it.
+ZB: Hey Nestor, your butt crack is right in front of me.
+Soldier: IV! Are we on fire? IV!
+man down! man down!
+MM: Please continue, brother. do you want to play?
+Wife of Michael Moriarty: It's really hard for him without a father.
+MM: This little kid is in the middle of a conflict zone.
+Stephen Pink's Girlfriend: At first he was like, "Write something dirty!"
+George W. Bush: The newest democracy in the world.
+MM: They are shooting at me.
+SP: I wouldn't say we're here to create a democracy by throwing 150,000 troops into it.
+Soldier: Burger King now has a drive-thru window.
+SP: We are here to make money.
+MM: I support George Bush. We are not there for oil.
+John Barril: It's the worst thing that's happened to me in my life.
+SP: Baril, don't look, bud.
+Michael Moriarty's Wife: He's not the same person anymore.
+MM: I'm not going back.
+Kevin Shanlow: The Iraqi people are there for us to help - and we killed just one.
+Soldier: Sergeant Smith is down! Sergeant Smith is down?
+There you are! Right there! Fire, fire!
+JB: We will be a better country in 20 years because we were there.
+I hope.
+(Applause) Deborah Scranton: Thank you.
+One of the things I want to talk to you about is having conversations about things that are hard to talk about.
+I want to talk about my experience here at TED.
+I don't know how many people can imagine it, but there is actually a TEDster who recently returned from Iraq.
+Pole? Now stand up.
+Paul Anthony.
+He served in the Marine Corps -- (applause) -- so I'd like to tell you a little quick story.
+We were one of the lucky ones to attend a class with a Sony camera and Vista software.
+right? and we started talking.
+People will see my tags, they will see "war tapes", and they will start talking about war.
+We started talking to other people in the class and it went on and on.
+So we were there for an hour talking.
+And I made it clear that I would like everyone to think about it and cooperate if possible. I think many of us are very afraid to talk about war and politics.
+And in fact, probably because we disagree.
+Maybe it makes you uncomfortable.
+How do you get people to open up so that you can really have a conversation?
+And you know, Paul was talking and then turned to Constance and said, "If she wasn't here, I wouldn't have had this conversation because I know she has my back."
+And I want to say, I was nervous.
+Because I'm used to Q&A.
+Now that I am behind the camera, what James said yesterday really resonated with me.
+I can answer questions about movies, but 18 minutes is a really long time for me.
+So I just wanted to say, Paul, I'm glad you're here because I know you're pushing me.
+This movie wasn't about the internet, but it couldn't have been made without it.
+Their tapes took an average of two weeks to reach me from Iraq.
+In the meantime, I sent e-mails and IMs to the soldiers.
+At first, I didn't save it all because I didn't think it would be something I wanted to record.
+However, 3,211 emails, IMs, and text messages were saved.
+The reason I quantify it is because we really embarked on this as a mutual journey to really understand the problem.
+So I wanted to show you the clip and explain a bit how it was put together.
+If only I could roll the clip.
+(Video) SP: Today is sports. [UNINTELLIGIBLE] RADIO: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] Christian soldiers.
+SP: We want to give these rebels a fair chance.
+So what we do is roll the window down and get on.
+Because clearly we have an advantage. i'm just kidding.
+We don't drive with the windows closed.
+it's not true. Very dangerous.
+Wow.
+Soldier: There it is.
+SP: Okay, let's go to that site.
+Please note, we are now leaving Taj.
+We believe the explosion was just outside the Taji gates, and we're heading there now.
+Soldier: It's a car bomb!
+Soldier: You bastard!
+Soldiers: Put on your vest!
+Hey, stop -- yes, yes.
+One to four elements reach the gate.
+SP: Sheriff, 16 or 14 elements, come to Taj's Gate now.
+Soldier: I'll explain in order.
+(Voice) SP: Lower your posture. Please turn right.
+Take your bag, take your bag!
+(shouting) SP: Massive casualties.
+Probably 20 people were killed and at least 20 or 30 Iraqis were injured.
+SP: It looked like someone threw a 1/4 into the guy, but there was no blood coming out of the splinter wound.
+Everything was cauterized, it was as if the body had been hollowed out.
+This is the northern landscape.
+They only carried out burnt corpses or halves from here.
+I don't think there was anything left from the abdomen down.
+this is blood
+And when you walk, you hear crackling skin.
+That's it, that's all that's left.
+I remember bandaging some of the wounded and giving them three IV drips.
+Soldiers sitting in the corners of the sandbag wall shivering and screaming.
+Medics who were too scared to act.
+I was later told that Iraqi casualties would not be treated in Taji.
+They can work the post for a penny, but they can't die there.
+They must die outside.
+If one of those incompetent medics told me to stop treatment, I would have slit his throat on the spot.
+At 21:00, our team is just recollecting today's events in their heads, whether they like it or not.
+News anchor: More violence in Iraq.
+Eight Iraqis were killed and dozens more injured in two suicide car bombings near coalition bases north of Baghdad.
+SP: Now it's news.
+I feel exploited and proud at the same time.
+I have completely lost faith in the media. An unfortunate joke I'd rather laugh off than participate in the media.
+I really have to thank God for saving my luck.
+After doing that, I'm going to jerk off.
+'Cause these pages smell like Lynn and I probably won't have time to masturbate tomorrow.
+Another mission at 06:00.
+DS: So -- (applause) -- thank you.
+As I said earlier, trying to tell the story from the inside rather than the outside is part of what Chris so eloquently said in the introduction, but this is fusion.
+It's a new attempt to make a documentary.
+When I met them, 10 of them agreed to be photographed, for a total of 21.
+Five soldiers were filming the whole time.
+There are three characters in the movie.
+I first learned of Taji when he received an email from Steve Pink with a photo of a car burnt body attached.
+And the tone of the email was, obviously, today was a very bad day.
+And I saw Mike Moriarty on base in my IM window.
+So I reached out to Mike and said, "Mike, would you like to go and interview with Pink?"
+Because what is very often missing is what the military calls "hot wash".
+It's an interview right after something happened right away.
+Over time, the edges will soften and smooth out.
+And for me, that's what I really wanted.
+So, to get up close and personal and share the experience with you, they've put cameras in the turrets, turrets, and dashboards of their Humvees, two of the most popular cavalrymen.
+Most Humvees ended up with two cameras.
+So you can experience it in real time?
+The interview you're looking at was done by Mike within 24 hours of the episode happening.
+It was five months after he returned home that Steve Pink was reading his diary.
+I knew about the diary, but it was very, very private.
+And especially in documentary filmmaking, you earn someone's trust through relationships.
+So it wasn't until five months after he got home that he read the diary.
+Now, the news footage I put in there to show, I think the mainstream media are trying to do the best they can with the format they have.
+But I'm sure you've heard it many times, and American soldiers said, "Why don't they talk about the good things we're doing?"
+OK, this is a perfect example.
+Pink's squad and another squad spent the day outside the power lines.
+They didn't have to go outside the wire.
+There were no injured Americans there.
+They spent all day outside the power lines trying to save the lives of Iraqis, the Iraqis who work on the power lines.
+So when you hear soldiers complaining, that's what they're talking about.
+And I think it's such a great gift for them to share this as a way of bridging.
+And when it comes to that polarity, there's been so many different Q&As and people are really divided.
+But it seems like people don't really want to hear, don't want to hear, don't want to interact.
+I'm just as enthusiastic as the next person, but I really think -- you know, various speakers have talked about their concerns about the world, but my concern is that if we're like this It means we have to have a conversation.
+And we have to be able to go to terrifying places you might think you know.
+But to know, you have to leave a little bit of openness.
+There is such a discontinuity.
+And for me, it's trying to bridge that gap.
+I would like to share one story.
+I am often asked what was a special moment for me working on this film.
+At screenings, inevitably, you obviously have a job to talk about, but usually there are people gathering around you who want to ask more questions.
+And usually the first question is "oh what camera did you use?"
+But most of the time there are always a few people left to the end.
+And over time I learned that they were always soldiers.
+And they wait until almost everyone is gone.
+And for me, one of the deepest stories that has become my story since someone shared it with me is, for those of you who haven't seen the movie yet, this is a spoiler. No, but it's very common. An example of a civilian accident where people get in front of a Humvee and die.
+In this movie, there is a scene in which an Iraqi woman is murdered.
+A soldier came up to me and stood really, really close, a foot away from me.
+he is a big man
+And he looked at me and I smiled and I could see tears starting to fill his eyes.
+And he wasn't going to blink.
+And he said, "The gunner was throwing candy."
+And I knew what he was talking about.
+The gunner was throwing candy.
+They used to throw candy at the children.
+Children often got too close.
+He said, "I killed a child.
+And I'm a father I have a child
+I haven't told my wife.
+I'm afraid she thinks I'm a monster. "
+Of course I hugged him and said, "It's okay."
+And he said, 'I'm going to take her to see your movie.
+And then I'll tell her. "
+So when I talk about disconnection, it's probably not just for people who don't know soldiers, but there are people who do. You know, these days, unlike World War II, there was a front and a domestic front, and everyone seemed to be caught up in it.
+Even if I stay here for days, I don't feel that there is a war going on.
+And I often hear people who probably know that I made this movie say, "Oh, you know, I'm against war, but I support soldiers."
+And I started asking them, "That's cool. What are you doing?"
+Are you volunteering in VA?
+Are you going to see someone?
+Would you spend your time knowing what your neighbor did?
+You don't necessarily have to ask, but do you want to know if the other person wants to talk?
+Do you donate money to charity? "
+Of course, just like Dean Kamen is working on that wonder, there are charities that can sponsor computers for wounded soldiers.
+What I want to say to us is let these terms be operational when we say we support someone.
+are you their friend
+do you really care?
+I would just like to say that it is my hope and ask you all to reach out.
+And give them a real hug.
+thank you.
+So I will tell you about the success of my campus, the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, UMBC, in educating all types of students across the arts, humanities, sciences, and engineering.
+Our story is particularly important because we learn so much from student groups who are not usually at the top of their academic careers, such as students of color and those who are underrepresented in their chosen field. That is.
+And what makes this story particularly unique is helping African American, Latino, and low-income students become the best in the world in science and engineering. We have learned how.
+So let me start with my childhood story.
+We are all products of our childhood experiences.
+I can't believe it's been 50 years since I was a 9th grade kid in Birmingham, Alabama. I was a kid who loved getting A's, loved math, loved reading, and said, To the teacher - when the teacher said to the class, ``We have 10 questions,'' this fat kid said, ``Give me 10 more.''
+And the whole class will say, "Shut up, Freeman."
+And there was a designated kicker every day.
+So I used to ask this question all the time. “How can we get more kids to really love learning?”
+And to my surprise, I was in church one week, and I really didn't want to be there, and I was soothing myself in the back of the room doing math problems when I heard this man say, "If we can get the children involved" at this peaceful demonstration here in Birmingham, we hope that children know the difference between right and wrong, and that they really want the best possible education. We can show America that we are. "
+And I looked up and said, "Who is that person?"
+And they said his name was Dr. Martin Luther King.
+And I said to my parents, 'I have to go.
+I want to go. I want to be a part of this too. "
+And they said, "Absolutely not."
+(Laughter) And I did it roughly.
+At the time, frankly, you couldn't really talk back to your parents.
+And somehow I said, "You are hypocrites.
+you make me go to this you make me listen
+The man wants me to go, but you say no. "
+And they thought about it all night.
+And the next morning they came to my room.
+they weren't sleeping
+They were literally crying and praying, thinking, "If I let a 12-year-old join this march, will I probably have to go to jail?"
+And they decided to do it.
+And when they came to report to me, I was overjoyed at first.
+And suddenly I started thinking about dogs and fire hoses and I got really scared. I was really scared.
+And one of the things I always like to tell people is that sometimes when people do something brave, it doesn't really mean they're that brave.
+It simply means that they believe it is important to do it.
+I wanted a better education.
+I didn't want to carry a hand-me-down book.
+I wanted to know that my school not only had great teachers, but that it also had the resources I needed.
+As a result of that experience, halfway through the week I was in prison, Dr. King came and said with our parents, "What you children do today is the unborn child. It will affect us." "
+I recently realized that two-thirds of Americans today weren't born in 1963.
+So for them, when we hear about the Children's Crusade in Birmingham, seeing it on television is in many ways like we are watching the 1863 film Lincoln. It's history.
+And the real question is, what lessons have we learned?
+Surprisingly, the most important thing for me was that my children were empowered to take responsibility for their education.
+I can teach you to have a passion to learn and love the idea of ​​asking questions.
+It is therefore particularly significant that the university I currently lead, the University of Maryland in Baltimore County, UMBC, was founded in 1963, the very year I went to prison with Dr. King.
+And what made that institutional establishment especially important is, you know, Maryland is the South, and frankly, Maryland was founded at a time when students of all races were admitted. It was my first university.
+And black and white students and other students started to participate.
+And it has been experimented with for 50 years.
+Here's the experiment. Is it possible for our country to have universities, institutions where people from all backgrounds can come together, work together, learn to be leaders, and learn to support each other in the experience?
+Now, what's particularly important about that experience for me is that I found that I can do a lot in the arts, the humanities, and the social sciences.
+So we started working on it over the years in the 60's.
+It has also produced a large number of talented individuals, ranging from legal scholars to humanities.
+We have produced great artists. Beckett is our muse.
+Many students are interested in theater.
+Great job.
+The problems we faced were the same problems America continues to face. It was that science and technology students and black students weren't successful.
+But when I looked at the data, I found, frankly, that many ordinary students didn't pass.
+As a result, we decided to do something to help the lowest groups first, African-American students, and then Hispanic students.
+And philanthropists Robert and Jane Meyerhoff said, "We want to help too."
+Robert Meyerhoff said, "Why isn't everything you see about black boys on TV positive, if not about basketball?"
+I want to make a difference and do something positive. "
+We blended these ideas to create this Meyerhoff Scholars Program.
+The important thing about this program is that we learned a lot.
+And here is the question. Why is our country now leading the way in producing African-Americans earning PhDs in Science and Engineering and PhDs in Medicine?
+That's a big deal. Please help me with that. That's a big deal.
+That's a big deal. It really is.
+(Applause.) You see, most people don't realize that it's not just a minority who aren't doing well in science and engineering.
+Frankly, you are talking about Americans.
+In case you didn't know, 20 percent of blacks and Hispanics who started with science and technology majors actually graduated from science and technology, whereas among whites who started with majors in these fields, fewer than 20 percent actually graduated from science and technology. Only 32 percent graduate successfully in their field. Only 42% are Asian Americans.
+So the real question is, what is the problem?
+Of course, some of it is from kindergarten to high school.
+K-12 needs to be beefed up.
+But another part has to do with the science and engineering culture on campus.
+Knowingly or unknowingly, many students with high SAT scores and a large number of A.P. increase.
+And the number one reason, frankly, was that they didn't do well in their first-year science courses.
+In fact, around the United States, first-year engineering students are commonly referred to as "weed courses" or "barrier courses."
+How many people in this audience do you know who started in medical or engineering school and changed majors within a year or two?
+It's an American challenge. I'm half in my room.
+know. know. know.
+And what's interesting is that so many students are smart enough to do it.
+We need to find a way to make it happen.
+So what are the four things we did to help underrepresented students who are currently helping regular students?
+The first is high expectations.
+To achieve that, we need to understand students' academic readiness: grades, class rigor, exam-taking skills, attitudes, belly fire, passion for work, etc.
+Therefore, it is very important to do something to help students prepare for the position.
+But equally important is the understanding that it is hard work that makes a difference.
+I don't care how smart you are or how smart you think you are.
+Smart simply means ready to learn.
+You are excited to learn and want to ask good questions.
+Nobel laureate I.I. Ravi said that when he was growing up in New York, all his friends' parents would ask, "What did you learn in school?" at the end of the day.
+In contrast, Jewish mothers say, "Izzy, did you ask a good question today?", he said.
+And very high expectations are related to curiosity, which makes young people curious.
+And as a result of these high expectations, we want to work with them not only to survive in science and engineering, but to think about what they can do to become the best and excel. I started finding students.
+Interestingly, one example. We told a young man who got a C in his first course and wanted to go to medical school. “I need to have a strong foundation in order to get into medical school, so I need to get them to take the course again.” To move on to the next level. "
+Every foundation makes a difference to the next level.
+He restarted the course.
+The young man graduated from UMBC and became the first black man to receive a medical doctorate. From the University of Pennsylvania.
+He currently works at Harvard University.
+nice story. Please help him do that too.
+(Applause) Second, test scores aren't the only issue.
+Test scores are important, but they're not the most important.
+A young woman did well, but her test scores weren't great.
+But she had a very important factor.
+From kindergarten to high school, she never missed a day of school.
+A fire was burning in his belly.
+The young lady went on and she is now doing her M.D./Ph.D. from Hopkins.
+She holds a tenure in psychiatry and holds a Ph.D. in neuroscience.
+She and her advisors have a patent for the secondary use of Viagra for diabetics.
+Big hands on her. Big hands on her.
+(Applause.) There are very high expectations, very important.
+The second is the idea of ​​building a community among students.
+We all know that science and engineering tend to think very hard.
+Students are not taught to work in groups.
+And that's what we're working on with that group. It is so that they understand each other, build trust, support each other, learn how to ask good questions, but also learn how to explain concepts clearly.
+As you know, getting an A for yourself is one thing, helping others succeed is another.
+And that feeling of responsibility brings about a big change in the world.
+Therefore, building community among students is very important.
+The third is the idea that researchers are necessary to produce researchers.
+Regardless of whether we are talking about artists producing artists, or people entering the social sciences, no matter what the field is, especially in science and engineering, such as the arts, it is important to get students into the social sciences. We need a scientist to pull in. the work.
+Therefore, our students regularly work in our laboratories.
+And one of the great examples you'll understand. During the Baltimore blizzard a few years ago, a man on our campus with a Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant was literally back in the lab a few days later, and all the students did it. I was refusing. leave the lab.
+They had their own packed food.
+They worked in a lab, but they didn't see it as a schoolwork, but as their life.
+They knew they were working on AIDS research.
+They turned their attention to the design of this amazing protein.
+And what's interesting is that each of them was focused on their work.
+And he said, "It doesn't get any better than this."
+And finally, when you have a community, high expectations, and researchers producing researchers, you need people who are willing to engage with students as faculty, even in the classroom.
+I will never forget a teacher who called his staff and said,
+he didn't take notes we need to talk to him "
+What was important was that the faculty was observing all the students to see who was really involved and who wasn't, and said, 'Let's see how we can work with them. .
+Let our staff help you. "
+It was a connection.
+That young man today is actually a faculty M.D./Ph.D. in Neuroengineering from Duke University.
+Give him a big hand for that.
+(Applause.) And importantly, we've developed this model that ultimately helps us not only evaluate, but evaluate what works.
+And what we learned was that we needed to think about redesigning the course.
+So we redesigned chemistry and redesigned physics.
+But now we are looking at redesigning the humanities and social sciences.
+Because many students are bored in class.
+Do you know?
+Many students from kindergarten to high school and college don't want to just sit there and listen to someone.
+they need to be involved.
+And we did -- our website at the Chemistry Discovery Center addresses issues of collaboration, technology use, and biotech companies on our campus, and teaches students theories. It makes you struggle with the theory instead of teaching it.
+And it's working so well that more and more courses are being redesigned throughout Maryland's college system.
+This is called academic innovation.
+And what does that mean?
+This means that there are programs for women not only in science and engineering, but also in the arts, humanities, social sciences, teacher education and especially IT.
+In case you didn't know, the number of women majoring in computer science has decreased by 79% since 2000.
+And what I'm trying to say is that what makes the difference is building community among students by telling young women, young minority students, and students in general, "You can do this too." That is.
+And most importantly, faculty engage them in their work and give them the opportunity to build community by evaluating what works and what doesn't.
+Most importantly, if students are self-conscious, their dreams and values ​​can make a big difference in the world.
+When I was 12 years old in Birmingham jail, I kept wondering, 'What is my future going to look like?
+Little did I know that this little black boy from Birmingham would one day become president of a university with students from 150 countries. Students are not there just to survive, they love learning and enjoy being the best. , they will change the world one day.
+Aristotle said, "Excellence is never an accident.
+It is the result of high will, sincere effort, and wise execution.
+This is the smartest option out of many. "
+And he said something that gave me goosebumps.
+“It is choice, not chance, that determines destiny,” he said.
+Choices, not chance, determine your destiny, dreams and values.
+Everyone Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I would like to share with you personal friends and stories that I have never spoken publicly before to illustrate the idea, need, and hope of reinventing the world's healthcare system. increase.
+Twenty-four years ago, as a sophomore in college, I had multiple blackouts. Alcohol was not included.
+And I went to the student infirmary, and they did some experiments and came right back and said, 'I have a problem with my kidneys.'
+And I find myself in a clash of medical giants who have spent the last six months of testing and ordeal with six doctors across two hospitals to find out who's right about what's wrong with me. I was involved in hardships and thrown in.
+And a while later, sitting in the waiting room to get an ultrasound, all six doctors actually showed up in the room at the same time, so I thought, 'Oh, this is bad news.
+Their diagnosis was: "You have two rare kidney diseases that will eventually actually destroy your kidneys. There are cancer-like cells in your immune system that require immediate treatment, but you will never recover." I won't." I'm not eligible for a kidney transplant, but my life expectancy is likely to be as low as 2-3 years. "
+Now, the gravity of this terminal diagnosis immediately drew me in, as if I had begun preparing to die according to the schedule given to me as a patient, until I met a patient named Verna in the waiting room. Became a dear friend, one day he caught me and took me to the medical library and did a lot of research on these diagnoses and diseases and said, 'Eric, people who get this disease are usually in their 70's and 80's. .
+they don't know anything about you get up
+Take control of your health and move on with your life. "
+And I did.
+Now, the people making these declarations to me weren't bad people.
+In fact, these professionals have worked miracles, but they are working on a flawed and expensive system that was set up the wrong way.
+All of our care needs depend on hospitals and clinics.
+It relies on experts observing only a part of us.
+Something either works or dies because it relies on guesswork in diagnosis and mixed drugs.
+And it relies on passive patients who just accept it and ask no questions.
+Now, the problem with this model is that it is globally unsustainable.
+Globally out of reach.
+We need to invent what I call a personal health system.
+So what does this personal healthcare system look like and what new technologies and roles will it involve?
+Well, I'll actually start by sharing about my new friend, Libby. Libby is someone I've become very attached to over the past six months.
+This is Libby. In fact, this is an ultrasound image of Libby.
+This is the kidney transplant I should never have had.
+Now, here's an image I took a few weeks ago for today, but you'll notice some dark spots on the edges of this image. This was a big concern for me.
+So let's do a live test to see how Libby works.
+This is not a wardrobe malfunction. You have to remove your belt here.
+For those of you in the front row, don't worry.
+(Laughter) I use a device from a company called Mobisante.
+A portable ultrasound machine.
+You can connect to your smartphone. You can connect to your tablet.
+Mobisante is in Redmond, Washington, and they kindly trained me to actually do this myself.
+They are not authorized to do this. Patients are not approved to do this.
+Since this is a concept demo, I would like to clarify that point.
+Okay, I have to gel up.
+People in the front row are very nervous now. (Laughter) And actually, I'd like to introduce you to another friend of mine, Dr. Batiuk.
+He is admitted to Legacy Good Samaritan Hospital in Portland, Oregon.
+So let me confirm. Hi Dr. Batiuk. can you hear me?
+And can you actually see Libby?
+Thomas Batuyk: Hello Eric.
+you look busy how are you?
+Eric Dishman: All right. Just take off your clothes in front of hundreds of people. That's excellent.
+So just wanted to see, is this the image you need to get?
+And I understand you want to check if those spots are still there.
+TB: Okay. Now let's take a quick look around here. Please tell me about the condition of the land.
+ED: Okay. TB: Okay. Mine is a little inward and a little towards the middle.
+yes. OK. What if we increase it little by little?
+Now freeze that image. that's good for me.
+ED: Okay. Well, last week when I did this, you instructed me to measure the right spot.
+Should I try again?
+TB: Yes, let's do that.
+ED: Okay. It's a bit difficult to put one hand on your stomach and measure with one hand, but I feel like I've done it, so I'll save the image and send it to you.
+So tell me a little bit about what this black dot means.
+I was not very happy.
+Tuberculosis: After a kidney transplant, many people have a small amount of fluid around the kidney.
+Most of the time it doesn't cause any kind of mischief, but it's worth watching. I'm glad I had the chance to observe it today. See if it's growing or causing problems. .
+Based on the other images we have, I'm really happy with how it looks today.
+ED: Okay. Well, I think I'll check it again when I'm in.
+I have a 6 month biopsy in a few weeks and I don't think I can do it myself so I am going to have a clinic do it.
+TB: It was a good choice. ED: Okay, thank you Dr. Batiuk.
+have understood. So what we're looking at here is an example of disruptive technologies such as mobile, social, and analytics technologies.
+These are the foundations for achieving personal health.
+There are three pillars of personal health that I want to talk to you about. Care Everywhere, Care Networking, and Customized Care.
+You only got a glimpse of the first two in our conversation with Dr. Batiuk.
+Now, let's start care from anywhere.
+Humans invented the concept of hospitals and clinics in the 1780s. It's time to update our thinking.
+We need to free clinicians and patients from the notion of going to a special brick-and-mortar store for every treatment. Because these places are often the wrong tools for the job, and the most expensive.
+And these can be dangerous places to send the most critically ill patients, especially in the age of superbugs and nosocomial infections.
+And many countries will be brickless from the start because they cannot afford to build the mega-medical facilities that the rest of the world has built.
+Now, I have personally learned that hospitals can be very dangerous places when you are young.
+That was me in third grade.
+I broke my elbow so badly that I had to have surgery while I was afraid I would actually lose my arm.
+As I recover from surgery in the hospital, I end up with bedsores.
+The pressure ulcer became infected, and I was given antibiotics, but I developed an allergy to the antibiotic, and pressure ulcers developed all over my body, and the entire pressure ulcer became infected.
+The longer you stay in the hospital, the worse your health and the higher your costs. This happens to millions of people around the world every year.
+In the future of personal health I'm talking about, we are told that care must take place at home as the default model, not in hospitals or clinics.
+Even if you get sick enough to use that tool for work, you still need to earn your way into the place.
+The smartphones that we already carry around today obviously have diagnostic devices such as ultrasounds attached, and a variety of other devices that have built-in sensing, so vital signs You will be able to monitor and monitor behavior. like never before.
+Many of us will now have implanted devices that actually look at what is happening in blood chemistry and proteins in real time.
+Software is getting smarter now, right?
+Consider an online coach or agent who can help you with safe self-care.
+The same maneuvers that we did with ultrasound would likely involve real-time image processing, and the device would say, 'up, down, left, right, oh Eric, that's where we send that image to the doctor. It's the perfect place for . "
+Now, if you have all those networked devices that help you care wherever you are, it makes sense that you also need a team that can operate them all, which leads me to my second pillar. increase. Talk about care networking.
+We must transcend this paradigm from isolated specialists taking care of parts to multidisciplinary teams taking care of people.
+Today's disorganized care is expensive at best and deadly at worst.
+In fact, 80% of medical errors are caused by communication and coordination issues between medical team members.
+I myself had a heart attack many years ago when I was in graduate school. At that time, when he was undergoing kidney treatment, they suddenly said, "Oh, I think you have a heart problem."
+And there are palpitations.
+They put me through five weeks of tests -- very expensive, very frightening -- until a nurse noticed a piece of paper with a list of medications that I carried with me to every appointment. said, "
+Three different specialists prescribed me three different versions of the same drug.
+I had no heart problems. I had an overdose problem.
+There was a problem coordinating care.
+And this happens to millions of people every year.
+I want to use the technology we're all working on to make medicine a coordinated team sport.
+Now this is the scariest thing for me.
+Out of all the care I have received in hospitals and clinics around the world, the first time I experienced true team-based care was when I went to pick this up at Legacy Good Sum over the last 6 months. was.
+And here is a picture of the Legacy graduating team.
+There are some people here. You know Dr. Batiuk.
+we just talked to him. Here is Jenny, one of the nurses, Alison, who helped manage the transplant list, and a dozen others not pictured, a pharmacist, a psychologist, a nutritionist, and even a financial counselor, Lisa, and I. They helped us deal with any issues. Trouble with insurance.
+I cried the day I graduated.
+I should have been happy because I felt so much better and was able to get regular doctor visits, but I cried because I was really connected to this team.
+And here is the most important part.
+The other people in this photo are me and my wife Ashley.
+Legacy has taught us how to care for me at home so that hospitals and clinics can be less burdened.
+That's the only way the model works.
+My team is actually in China working on one of the self-care models in a project called Age Friendly Cities.
+We will help build social networks that help track and train the care of older people who care for themselves and the care provided by their families and volunteer community health workers, as well as an online exchange network. I'm trying to build a For example, you can donate three hours a day to your mother's care if someone helps her move meals. We do it all online.
+The most important thing I want to say about this is that the sacred and slightly too romantic doctor-patient one-on-one is a relic of the past.
+The future of healthcare is smart teams. You should be on that team yourself.
+Well, the last thing I want to talk about is customized care. Because care is everywhere, and networks of care go a long way toward improving the health care system. Still too many guesses.
+Randomized clinical trials were actually invented in 1948 with the goal of inventing a drug to cure tuberculosis. These are the important things. Don't get me wrong.
+These census studies that we have done have yielded a ton of miracle drugs that have saved millions of lives. But the problem is that medical institutions treat us as average people, not special individuals. The same is true for the population under study. That's what leads to speculation.
+Emerging technologies, high-performance computing, analytics, and big data everyone talks about will enable us to build predictive models for individual patients.
+And the magic here is experimenting with my avatar in software rather than my body in pain.
+Now, I'd like to quickly share two examples of this kind of customization of care from my own journey.
+The first one was very simple. A few years ago, I finally realized that all medical teams were optimizing my treatment for longevity.
+How long you can keep your patients alive is like a medal of honor.
+I was optimizing my life with a focus on quality of life. Quality of life for me means spending time in the snow.
+So I forced my chart to write, "Patient's goal: long-term low-dose drug, ski-friendly side effects."
+I think that's why I was able to live so long.
+I think snow therapy was just as important as the medical supplies I had.
+Here is a second example of customization. By the way, if you don't know your own goals, you can't customize your care. In other words, until you know your medical goals, medical care cannot know them.
+But as a second example, I happen to be an early guinea pig and was very fortunate to have my entire genome sequenced.
+This took about two weeks of processing on Intel's top-of-the-line servers, and another six months of human and computing effort to make sense of all the data.
+And at the end of it all, they said, 'Yes, the diagnosis of the medical giants crash years ago was all wrong, and we have a better way forward. ”
+The future that Intel is working on today is finding ways to reduce computing for personalized medicine from months and weeks to hours, not just on mainframes in primary research hospitals around the world, but on this It's about making the seed tools available. However, in the mainstream, every patient, every clinic has access to whole-genome sequencing.
+And I tell you, this kind of customization of care, from your goals to your genetics, will be the most transformative transformation we will witness in medicine in our lifetimes. .
+So while these three pillars of personal health, care everywhere, networking of care, and customization of care currently run apart, we are stepping up to take on new roles as caregivers and patients. Otherwise, this vision will be completely destroyed.
+Here's what my friend Verna said: Wake up and take care of your health.
+Because, at the end of the day, these technologies are simply about helping people take care of others and themselves in powerful new ways.
+In that spirit, I would like to introduce my last friend very soon.
+Tracy Gumley gave me the impossible kidney I never should have had.
+(Applause.) So, Tracy, can you briefly tell us what your donor experience was like?
+Tracy Gumley: For me, it was really easy.
+I was hospitalized for only one night.
+The surgery was done laparoscopically, leaving only 5 very small scars on my abdomen. I took four weeks off work and did all the same things I did before without changing anything.
+ED: Well, you probably won't get a chance to say this in front of such a large audience again.
+That's why "thank you" may sound like a cliché, but I am truly grateful for saving my life.
+(Applause) This TED stage and all TED stages often celebrate innovation and new technology. I did it here today. And I've seen great things coming out of the TED speakers. I mean, oh my god, it's artificial. Kidneys and even printable kidneys are coming.
+But until and even if these amazing technologies are available to all of us, it's up to us to care for and even help each other.
+I urge you to go out and achieve personal wellness for yourself and for all. thanks so much.
+(applause)
+I would like to go back for a moment to the 19th century, specifically June 24, 1833.
+The British Association for the Advancement of Science is holding its third meeting at the University of Cambridge.
+On the first night of the conference, a conflict is about to begin that will change science forever.
+An elderly white-haired man stood up.
+Members of the Society are shocked to discover that it is the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who had not left the house for years until that day.
+They are even more shocked by his words.
+“We should stop calling ourselves natural philosophers.”
+Coleridge felt that a true philosopher like himself would sit in an armchair and ponder the universe.
+They weren't tinkering with fossil pits or doing nasty experiments with electric stakes like members of the British Society.
+The crowd got angry and started complaining loudly.
+A young Cambridge scholar named William Whewell stood and quieted the audience.
+He politely agreed that there were no proper names for members of the Society.
+"If the word 'philosopher' is taken to be a broad and lofty term, then an analogy with 'artist' may form the word 'scientist'." This was the first time it was issued on the field. , only 179 years ago.
+The first time I learned about this conflict was in graduate school, and it kind of hit me.
+So there's no way the word scientist didn't exist until 1833.
+What were scientists called before?
+What changed so much that a new name was needed at that very moment?
+Before this conference, those who studied the natural world were talented amateurs.
+For example, rural clergymen and landowners like Charles Darwin collecting beetles and fossils, and the Marquess of Lansdowne being hired to help out by aristocrats like Joseph Priestley, his literary companion when he discovered oxygen. Think about what you did.
+Then they became scientists, experts with specific scientific methods, goals, organizations and funding.
+Much of this revolution can be traced back to four men who met at Cambridge University in 1812: Charles Babbage, John Herschel, Richard Jones and William Whewell.
+They were talented, ambitious people who did great things.
+Charles Babbage, as most TED stars know him, invented the first mechanical calculator and the first prototype of the modern computer.
+John Herschel mapped the stars of the Southern Hemisphere and co-invented photography in his spare time.
+We believe we can be so productive without Facebook and Twitter taking up our time.
+Richard Jones later became an important economist who influenced Karl Marx.
+And Whewell not only coined the terms scientist, anode, cathode, and ion, he spearheaded international big science with his global study of tides.
+During the Cambridge winters of 1812 and 1813, the four met for what was called a philosophical breakfast.
+They discussed science and the need for a new scientific revolution.
+They felt that science had stagnated since the scientific revolution of the 17th century.
+The time has come for the new revolution they vowed to start. What's amazing about them is that they didn't just have big dreams in their undergraduate days, they actually did them and exceeded them.
+And today I'm going to talk about four major changes to science that these people made.
+About 200 years ago, Francis Bacon and later Isaac Newton proposed the inductive scientific method.
+Now, it is a method that begins with observation and experimentation and moves on to generalizations about nature, called natural law, that can always be modified or rejected if new evidence arises.
+But in 1809 David Ricardo confused things by arguing that economics should use a different deductive method.
+The problem was that an influential group at Oxford University began to argue that this deductive method worked so well in economics that it should also be applied to the natural sciences.
+Members of the Philosophical Breakfast Club objected.
+They wrote books and articles promoting induction in all sciences, widely read by natural philosophers, undergraduates, and the general public.
+Reading Herschel's book was such a turning point for Charles Darwin that he later said, "Few things in my life have made such a deep impression on me.
+I came to want to add my power to the accumulation of knowledge of nature. "
+It also shaped Darwin's scientific method, as well as those used by his colleagues.
+[Science for the Common Good] In the past, it was believed that scientific knowledge should be used for the benefit of the King or Queen, or for personal gain.
+For example, a ship's captain needed to know tidal information in order to dock safely in port.
+The dock master collected this knowledge and sold it to the captain.
+The Philosophical Breakfast Club has teamed up to change that.
+Whewell's global tide research has resulted in public tide charts and tide maps where the knowledge of the Harbor Master is provided free of charge to all captains.
+Herschel cooperated by making tide observations off South Africa, but after complaining to Whewell, the trouble caused her to be pushed over the dock during a violent storm surge.
+The four men really helped each other in every way.
+They also believed that Babbage's engine would have a great practical impact on society, and so they lobbied the British government relentlessly for funding to build Babbage's engine.
+In the days before pocket calculators, most professionals - bankers, insurance agents, captains, engineers - could find the numbers they needed in a search book full of charts like this one. .
+These tables are calculated many times by part-time workers called computers in a fixed procedure, but this calculation was really hard.
+In other words, this nautical almanac contained the difference of months for each month of the year.
+Each month required 1,365 calculations, so there were many errors in these tables.
+Babbage's difference engine was the first mechanical calculator devised to compute these tables accurately.
+Two models of his engine have been built over the past twenty years by a team at the London Science Museum to his own plans.
+This one is now in the Computer History Museum in California and is calculated precisely. it actually works.
+Babbage's analytical engine then became the first mechanical computer in the modern sense.
+It had independent memory and a central processor.
+It was iterative, conditional, parallel, and programmable using punch cards. This is an idea that Babbage took from the Jacquard loom.
+Sadly, Babbage's engine was never made in his time. That's because most people thought that non-human computers would be of no use to the public.
+[New scientific institutions] The Royal Society of London, founded in Bacon's time, was the greatest scientific society, not only in England, but in the world.
+By the 19th century, it had become a kind of gentlemen's club, mainly for antiquarians, literary figures and aristocrats.
+Members of the Philosophical Breakfast Club contributed to the founding of many new scientific societies, including the British Society.
+These new conferences required that members be active researchers who would publish their findings.
+They revived the tradition of post-scientific Q&A, which was abolished by the Royal Society as ungentlemanly.
+And for the first time, it gave women the opportunity to step into the door of science.
+Members were encouraged to bring their wives, daughters and sisters to the Society's meetings, and women were expected to attend only public lectures and social events such as this one, but no scientific sessions. also began to participate.
+The British Society would later become the first major national scientific organization in the world to admit women to full membership.
+[External Funding for Science] Until the 19th century, natural philosophers were expected to pay for their own equipment and supplies.
+Occasionally, awards were given, such as the 18th-century award given to John Harrison for solving the so-called longitude problem, but the awards were given after the fact.
+On the advice of the Philosophical Breakfast Club, the British Society began using the surplus funds raised at the meeting to subsidize research in astronomy, tides, fish fossils, shipbuilding and many other fields.
+These grants not only allowed less wealthy men to conduct research, but they also encouraged them to think outside the box rather than simply trying to solve one pre-set question. .
+Eventually, the Royal Society and other national scientific societies followed suit, and fortunately it has become a major part of the scientific community today.
+So the philosophical breakfast club contributed to the invention of modern scientists.
+That's the heroic part of their story.
+There is also a flip side.
+They did not foresee at least one outcome of their revolution.
+They would be deeply disappointed by the disconnect between today's science and the rest of culture.
+It's shocking to learn that only 28 percent of American adults have even a very basic level of science literacy. This was tested by asking simple questions like "Did humans and dinosaurs live on Earth at the same time?"
+"What percentage of the earth is covered with water?"
+As scientists became members of expert groups, they were gradually separated from others.
+This is the unintended consequence of the revolution that started with our four friends.
+Charles Darwin said, "Sometimes I think that popular and popular papers are almost as important to the progress of science as original research."
+In fact, On the Origin of Species was written for the general public and was widely read when first published.
+Darwin knew what we seem to forget: that science is not just for scientists.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Let's talk dirty.
+A few years ago, oddly enough, I needed a restroom, so I found a public restroom and went into a concession stand to get ready to do what I've been doing most of my life. This means using the toilet and flushing it. Forget about toilets, toilets.
+And somehow that day instead I asked myself the question and it was, where is this going?
+And with that question, I ended up diving myself into the world of hygiene -- there's more -- (laughs) -- hygiene, toilets, poop, and I'm still not out of there.
+Because it's a very infuriating and fascinating place.
+Coming back to that toilet, it wasn't particularly fancy, nor was it as nice as this toilet from the World Toilet Organization.
+That is another WTO. (Laughter.) But there was a locked door, privacy, water, and soap so I could wash my hands. I did it because I am a woman and we are.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) But that day, when I asked that question, I learned something, it's that I don't use such toilets, even though it's actually a privilege. I grew up thinking that was my right.
+2.5 billion people worldwide do not have adequate toilets.
+They don't have buckets or boxes.
+40% of the world does not have adequate toilets.
+And they have to do what this little boy is doing on the side of the highway at Mumbai airport, defecation in the open, or pooping in the open.
+And he does it every day, and maybe every day that guy in the picture walks by because he sees the little boy and he can't see him.
+But he should. Because the problem with poop all over the place is that it carries passengers.
+50 plagues prefer to travel on human shit.
+Eggs, cysts, bacteria, viruses, etc., can all be transferred in one gram of human faeces.
+how? Well, that boy probably didn't wash his hands.
+he is barefoot He will run home and fecal particles on his fingers and feet will contaminate his drinking water, food and environment with the diseases he may be carrying.
+In the underwater, plumbed world that most of us in this room are fortunate to live in, I would say, diarrhea, the most common symptom associated with these ailments, is now a bit of a joke. It is
+It's a run, a Hershey squirt, and a squat.
+Where I'm from, we call it Delhiberry, as an imperial legacy.
+But if you search for stock photos of diarrhea at a major photo image agency, this is what comes up.
+(laughs) I'm still not sure about bikinis.
+And here is another picture of diarrhea.
+Marie Sayley is 9 months old.
+You can't see her because she's buried under the green grass in a small Liberian village, and she died within three days of diarrhea -- Hershey's squirting, running, joking. is.
+And that's her father.
+But she was not alone that day. Because 4,000 other children die from diarrhea, and they do it every day.
+Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children worldwide, and you've probably been told to watch out for things like HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. There is also measles, but diarrhea kills more children than all three combined.
+It is a very powerful weapon of mass destruction.
+And the cost to the world is immeasurable. $260 billion is lost each year due to poor sanitation.
+These are Haiti's cholera beds.
+You've probably heard of cholera, but never of diarrhea.
+It receives far less attention and funding than other diseases.
+But we know how to fix this.
+We do know that the installation of sewers, wastewater treatment systems and flush toilets by the brilliant Victorian engineers in the mid-19th century dramatically reduced disease.
+Child mortality has fallen to its lowest level in history.
+Readers of the British Journal of Medicine voted the flush toilet the greatest medical advance of the past 200 years, ahead of the pill, anesthesia and surgery.
+It's a great waste disposal device.
+But I think it's a very good one - it doesn't smell, you can have it in your house, you can lock it behind your door - and we keep it out of the conversation too. I think that there.
+There is no neutral word for it.
+Poop is not particularly suitable.
+Shit hurts people. Feces are too medical.
+Otherwise you can't explain it, so when you look at the numbers, what's going on.
+We know how to solve diarrhea and hygiene problems, but when you look at a country's budget, whether developing or developed, you would think something is wrong with the math. This is because the absurdity of Pakistan spending 47 times as much as the country on military spending is expected. Despite 150,000 children dying from diarrhea each year in Pakistan, water and sanitation problems have been solved.
+But if you look at the already small water and sanitation budget, 75-90 percent of it goes to supplying drinking water. This is great. We all need water.
+No one refuses clean water.
+But the use of simple toilets, or flush toilets, can reduce illness twice as much as simply adding clean water.
+please think about it. That little boy running home may have a clean, clean water supply, but his hands are dirty and he intends to soil that water supply.
+And I think the real waste of human waste is that we waste it as a resource and a wonderful catalyst for development. Because toilets and waste by themselves can only do so little for us.
+In other words, girls can go back to school if there is a toilet.
+25 percent of Indian girls drop out of school due to lack of proper sanitation.
+They are used to sitting through lessons for years and years.
+We've all done it, but it's a daily thing, and when you hit puberty and start menstruating, you're overdoing it.
+And I understand that. who can blame them?
+So if you meet an educator and say, "Just one simple thing can improve educational attendance by 25 percent," you'll have a lot of educational friends.
+That's not all you can do.
+You can make dinner out of poop.
+It contains nutrients.
+we get nutrients Nutrients are also excreted together.
+We don't keep them all.
+Rwanda currently derives 75 percent of its prison cooking fuel from prisoners' gut contents.
+These are prisoners in Butare Prison.
+They are genocidal inmates, most of them stirring the contents of their own toilets. This is because if you put poop in a closed environment, a tank similar to the stomach, then gas will be generated, just like the stomach, and you can use it to cook.
+And while you might think it's just good karma to see them stirring shit, it's also good financial sense because they're saving $1 million a year.
+They reduced deforestation and found an inexhaustible, limitless and free supply of fuel at the point of production.
+It's not just the poor world that poop saves lives.
+Here's a woman about to administer a brown substance in a syringe. That's what you think it is, except it's not perfect because it's actually donated.
+A new career path has emerged called the stool donor.
+It's like a new sperm donor.
+Because she suffers from a superbug called C. diff, which is often resistant to antibiotics.
+She has suffered for years.
+She was administered healthy human faeces and has a 94 percent cure rate with this procedure.
+It's amazing how few people still do that.
+Maybe it's a disease factor.
+It is okay. Because there is a team of research scientists in Canada who are currently making stool samples called RePOOPulate, fake stool samples.
+So you're probably thinking by now, okay, the solution is simple, give everyone a toilet.
+This is where it gets really interesting. Because it's not that simple. Because we are not simple.
+So, really interesting and exciting work in hygiene requires understanding human psychology. This is the fascinating part.
+We don't just give someone hardware, we also have to understand software.
+They say that in many developing countries, governments provide free toilets, and when they return years later, they find many new goat sheds, temples, and empty rooms that their owners gleefully pass by. , go to the open-air defecation station.
+The idea is to manipulate human emotions.
+It's been done for decades. Soap companies did it in the early 20th century.
+They tried to sell soap as good for health. nobody bought it.
+They tried to sell it as sexy. Everyone bought it.
+A campaign is currently underway in India to persuade young brides not to marry into families without toilets.
+Its name is "No Lu No I Do".
+(Laughter) And for those who think this poster is just propaganda, this is Priyanka, 23.
+I met her in India last October and she grew up in a conservative environment.
+She grew up in a rural village in a poor part of India, got engaged at 14 and moved into her in-laws house at around 21.
+And when she got there and found that there was no toilet, she was appalled.
+She grew up with toilets.
+No big deal, but it was the toilet.
+And the first night she came there she was told so at 4 in the morning - her mother-in-law woke her up and told her to go outside and do it in the dark outside. said to
+And she was scared. She was afraid of drunk people hanging around.
+She was afraid of snakes. She feared rape.
+Three days later she did the unthinkable.
+She has gone.
+Anyone who knows anything about rural India will know that it is an act of courage beyond words.
+But that's not all.
+She got her own toilet and now travels to other villages in India to convince other women to do the same.
+This is what I call social contagion, and it's very powerful and very exciting.
+Another version of this, another nearby Indian village where Priyanka lives is this village called Rakala, but about a year ago there were no toilets at all.
+Children were dying of diarrhea and cholera.
+Some visitors used a variety of behavior-altering tricks, such as serving food and poop plates and watching flies fly from one to the next.
+Somehow, people who thought they didn't like what they were doing suddenly thought, "Oops."
+Not only that, but they also ingested their neighbors' manure.
+That was the catalyst that really changed their behavior.
+So this woman, this boy's mother, installed this toilet in a matter of hours.
+She's been using the back banana patch all her life, and in a matter of hours she installed a toilet.
+It cost nothing. That would save the boy's life.
+So when I get discouraged about hygiene, which is great, even though it's a pretty exciting time right now because the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is reinventing the toilet, Matt Damon is on a toilet strike. Great for humans, very bad for the large intestine.
+But there are also concerns.
+This is the most off-track Millennium Development Goal.
+It has been off orbit for about 50 years.
+At this rate, providing people with sanitation will not meet our goals.
+So when I get sad about hygiene, I think of Japan. Seventy years ago, Japan was a country where people wiped their toilets with sticks using hole toilets.
+A built-in bidet nozzle provides hands-free cleaning comfort. There are also many other features such as heated seats and an automatic lid lifter known as a 'marriage saver'.
+(Laughter) But most importantly, what they did in Japan, which I found very inspiring, was that they brought out the toilet from behind a locked door.
+They made it conversational.
+People go out and upgrade their toilets.
+they talk about it. they sanitized it.
+I hope you can do that. It's not difficult.
+All we really have to do is take this issue as an urgent and shameful one.
+And don't think it's only a poor world where things go wrong.
+Our sewers are collapsing.
+Things don't go well here either.
+The solution to all this is pretty simple.
+I'm going to make your life easier this afternoon, so just do one thing. It's about going out, protesting, talking about the unspeakable, talking nonsense.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So let's start with some good news. Does the good news have anything to do with what we know based on biomedical research that has actually changed the outcome of many very serious diseases?
+Let's start with the most common cancers in childhood: leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and ALL.
+When I was a student, the mortality rate was about 95 percent.
+Now, 25, 30 years later, we're talking about an 85% reduction in mortality.
+6,000 children are cured each year who would otherwise have died from the disease.
+If you want really big numbers, look at these numbers on heart disease.
+Heart disease was once the number one killer, especially for men in their 40s.
+Heart disease mortality is now down by 63%, and an astounding 1.1 million deaths are averted each year.
+Incredibly, AIDS was just named a chronic disease last month. So, as I said earlier, a 20-year-old infected with HIV can be sentenced to weeks, months or even years to live. He died ten years ago, but is thought to live for decades, and will likely die of other causes in his sixties or seventies.
+These are amazing and noticeable shifts in perspective for some of the biggest killers.
+And stroke in particular, which you probably don't know, is one of the biggest killers in this country, along with heart disease, a disease we now know can lead to emergencies. About 30% of them will be discharged without complications if discharged within 3 hours of onset.
+All the notable articles and good news come down to understanding something about the disease that made early detection and intervention possible.
+Early detection, early intervention, these are the stories of success.
+Unfortunately, it's not all good news.
+Let me tell you another story involving suicide.
+Of course, this is not a disease per se.
+It is a state or condition leading to death.
+You may not realize how prevalent it is.
+There are 38,000 suicides in the United States each year.
+In other words, it is about 1 in 15 minutes.
+The third leading cause of death among people aged 15 to 25.
+It's kind of an anomaly, considering that in this country it's twice as common as homicides, and actually more than road fatalities as a cause of death.
+Now, when we talk about suicide, there is also a medical contribution here. That's because 90 percent of suicides are related to mental illnesses such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anorexia, and borderline personality. The list of causative disorders is long and, as mentioned earlier, it often begins early in life.
+But it's not just the mortality from these diseases.
+It's also morbid.
+If you look at disability as measured by what the World Health Organization calls "disability-adjusted life years," it's a metric that no one but economists can think of. Except that this is just one way of trying to put into words what is lost, and as you can see, a net 30% of all disabilities from all medical causes are psychiatric disorders, neuropsychiatric syndromes. It is considered to be caused by
+You probably think that doesn't make sense.
+So cancer seems to be much more serious.
+Heart disease seems more serious.
+But in reality, you'll find them further down this list. That's because we're talking about disability here.
+What causes disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression?
+Why are they #1 here?
+Well, there are probably three reasons.
+One is that they are very prevalent.
+About 1 in 5 people will develop one of these disorders during their lifetime.
+Of course, the second thing is that there are some people who really get in the way, about 4-5 percent, maybe 1 in 20.
+But what really drives these numbers, the high morbidity, and to some extent the high mortality, is the fact that they start very early in life.
+50% have it by the age of 14 and 75% by the age of 24, but that situation is talking about most of the major diseases we think of, cancer, heart disease, diabetes and hypertension. It is very different from what you would see if It is believed to be a source of morbidity and mortality.
+Indeed, these are chronic diseases of youth.
+Well, let's start with some good news.
+This is clearly not one of them.
+This is probably the hardest part, and it's also kind of a confession for me in a way.
+My job is to make sure progress is made on all these obstacles.
+I work for the federal government.
+Actually, I work for you. you pay my salary
+And perhaps at this point, if they knew what I was doing or what I had failed to do, I would probably think that I should be fired, and I certainly understand that. rice field.
+But what I want to suggest, and why I'm here, is to tell you that I think we're about to come to a whole different world when we think about these diseases.
+What I have been talking to you about is mental disorders, mental illnesses.
+In fact, the term is becoming a less popular term these days, and for whatever reason people feel it is politically better to use the term behavioral disorders and talk about these as behavioral disorders.
+fair enough. They are behavioral disorders as well as mental disorders.
+But what I would like to suggest to you is that both of these terms, used for over a century, are actually a hindrance to progress. What is conceptually necessary for progress here is to rethink these disorders as disorders of the brain. .
+Now, some of you will say, "Oh my God, here we are again.
+We're going to hear about biochemical imbalances, or we're going to hear about drugs, or we're going to hear about turning our subjective experiences into molecules, or some kind of very simple concept. It will be A flat, one-dimensional understanding of what depression and schizophrenia are.
+When we talk about the brain, it is never one-dimensional, simplistic, or reductionist.
+Of course that depends on what scale and scope you want to think about, but this is an organ of surreal complexity, and whether you're thinking about 100 billion neurons or not, studying it I'm just starting to understand how. It's in the cortex, or the 100 trillion synapses that make up all connections.
+How do we make use of this highly complex machine that processes an extraordinary kind of information, and how do we use our own minds to shape this highly complex brain that supports our own minds? I'm just beginning to try to understand what I understand.
+In fact, this is some kind of cruel evolutionary trick, that we simply don't have a brain that seems wired enough to make sense of itself.
+In fact, in a way, when we are in the comfort zone of studying behavior and cognition, what we can observe is, in a way, simplistic and reductionist rather than trying to tackle this very complex and mysterious organ that we have. I can feel it. I am trying to understand.
+Now, in the cases of brain disorders, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder that I have been talking about, we have already seen how they are abnormally processed and what the brain does in these diseases. We have already identified some of the connectivity and circuit differences in people with these disorders.
+We call this the Human Connectome. The connectome can be thought of as a wiring diagram for the brain.
+More on this in a few minutes.
+The point here is that when you start observing people with these disorders—one in five of us who suffer in some way—you will see variations in how the brain works. That said, there are some predictable patterns that are risk factors for developing any of these diseases.
+This is a little different from how we think about brain diseases like Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, where part of the cortex is destroyed.
+Here we are talking about traffic jams, possibly detours, or sometimes problems with how things are connected and how the brain functions.
+If you want, you can compare this to a myocardial infarction or heart attack, where tissue in the heart dies, and an arrhythmia, where the organ simply fails due to communication problems. among them.
+either one will kill you A large lesion is found in only one of them.
+When thinking about this, perhaps we should really dig a little deeper into one particular disorder. It would be schizophrenia. Because I think this is a good example to help understand why it's important to think of this as a brain disorder.
+These are scans from a study of children with very early onset schizophrenia by Judy Rapoport and her colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health. You can see that there are already red, orange and yellow areas at the top. When they follow gray matter for 5 years and compare it with age-matched controls, they find a significant reduction in gray matter, especially in areas such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal gyrus.
+And this is the point. Attempting to model this, one can think of normal development as loss of cortical mass, loss of cortical gray matter. What happens with schizophrenia is it overshoots that mark and at some point it overshoots. , it is at that threshold that we say that this person has the disease because, above the threshold, there are behavioral symptoms of hallucinations and delusions.
+That's what we can observe.
+However, a closer look reveals that it actually crosses a different threshold.
+They crossed the brain threshold much earlier, perhaps not at age 22 or 20, but even at age 15 or 16, their developmental trajectories differed significantly at the brain level rather than the brain level. begins to understand. action.
+Why is this important? First of all, behavior is the least likely thing to change in a brain injury.
+The same is true for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
+More than a decade before the first signs of behavioral change appear, changes occur in the brain.
+With the tools we have now, we will be able to detect these brain changes much earlier, long before symptoms appear.
+But most importantly, get back to where you started.
+The good news in medicine is early detection, early intervention.
+If we waited until a heart attack happened, heart disease would kill 1.1 million people in this country every year.
+That is exactly what we are doing when we determine today that everyone who has one of these brain disorders, a brain circuit disorder, has a behavioral disorder.
+Wait until the behavior becomes clear.
+It's not early detection. It's not early intervention.
+To be clear, we are not ready to do this yet.
+we don't have all the facts. In fact, I don't even know what the tools will be, nor what exactly to look for in every case so that I can get to my destination before I find out that it behaves differently.
+But this tells us how we need to think about it and where we need to go.
+Are you planning to get there soon?
+I think this is going to happen in the next few years, and I'd like to end with a quote about someone who's been thinking a lot about conceptual shifts and technological shifts trying to predict how this might happen. .
+"We always overestimate the changes that will occur in the next two years and underestimate the changes that will occur in the next ten years." - Bill Gates.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+A year ago, I rented a car in Jerusalem and went looking for a man I had never met but who changed my life.
+I didn't have a phone number to tell them I was coming.
+I didn't have the exact address, but I knew the name Abed. I knew he lived in Kfar Qala, a town of 15,000 people. And I knew he broke my neck 21 years ago, just outside this holy city. .
+So, on an overcast January morning, I headed north in a silver Chevrolet in search of peace with my men.
+The road collapsed and we left Jerusalem.
+Then I rounded a corner and his blue truck loaded with 4 tons of floor tiles slammed into the left rear corner of the minibus where I was sitting.
+I was 19 then.
+I grew 5 inches taller in 8 months and did about 20,000 push-ups. The night before my accident, I was overjoyed with my new body and played basketball with friends until the early hours of May.
+I held the ball with my big right hand and when it reached the rim, I felt invincible.
+I got on the bus to pick up the pizza I won on the court.
+I didn't see Abed coming.
+From my seat, I was looking up at the stone town on the hill in the midday sun when I heard a loud explosion behind me, like a bomb.
+My head clicked back onto the red seat.
+The eardrum was ruptured. My shoes flew off.
+I was on the plane too, with a broken head shaking my head and a quadriplegic when I landed.
+Over the next few months, I learned to breathe on my own and was able to sit, stand, and walk, but my body was split vertically.
+I am hemiplegic and used a wheelchair in my hometown of New York for four years until college.
+After college, I returned to Jerusalem and stayed there for a year.
+So I got up from my chair, leaned back on my cane, and turned around to see everything from the bus passengers to the photos of the accident. When I looked at this photo, I didn't see any bloody bodies. motionless body.
+I looked at the healthy part of my left deltoid and mourned the loss of it, and all the things I had never been able to do, but was no longer able to do.
+Then I read the testimony of Abed, who was driving in the right lane of the highway to Jerusalem the morning after the accident.
+His words made me angry.
+This was the first time I felt anger towards this man, but it came from a magical thought.
+On this xeroxed paper the crash hadn't happened yet.
+Abed was still able to steer left so I could see him whistling outside the window and I was fine.
+"Take care, Aved, take care. Take it easy."
+But Abed didn't let up, my neck snapped again on that xeroxed paper, and I was left unangered again.
+I was determined to find Abed, and when I did, he casually replied, "Hello," in Hebrew, as if he had been waiting for my call.
+And perhaps he did.
+I didn't mention Abed's previous history -- the last was 27 offenses by age 25, the last being not putting the truck in low gear that May day -- and I didn't even mention my previous history -- when I went on to talk about quadriplegia and catheters, anxiety and loss, and how much Abed was hurt in the accident, I knew from the police report that he escaped serious injury. I didn't say
+I said I want to see you.
+Abed told me to call him back in a few weeks and when I called, the recording said his number was disconnected, so I left Abed and the accident alone.
+Many years have passed.
+As I traveled across six continents, I walked with a cane, an ankle brace, and a backpack.
+From throwing overhand at the softball game he started every week in Central Park to being a journalist and writer from his New York home, he typed hundreds of thousands of words with a single finger.
+A friend pointed out that all my big stories are a reflection of my own story. Each story centers around a life that has been changed in an instant, if not by accident, but by an inheritance, a swing of a bat, or a click. Shutter, arrested.
+Each of us had a before and a after.
+After all, I was working through my destiny.
+Yet when I returned to Israel last year to write about the accident, Abed was far from my mind. And it wasn't until the book I was writing, Half-Life, was almost finished that I still wanted to meet Abed. And I finally found out why. I heard this man say two words, "I'm sorry."
+People apologize for too little.
+So I had the police confirm that Aybed still lived somewhere in the same town, and was driving there with a pot of yellow roses in the backseat, when suddenly the flowers were out of nowhere. It seemed like an offering.
+But what would you give the man who broke your neck?
+(Laughter) I parked in the town of Abu Ghosh and bought Turkish bricks, pistachios glued together with rosewater. Better.
+Back on Highway 1, I imagined what awaited me.
+Aved will hold me. Aved would spit on me.
+Abed will say, "I'm sorry."
+Then I wondered, as I had many times before, how my life would have been different if this man had not hurt me, had my genes been given a different experience. I started to think
+Who was I?
+Was I what I was before the accident that divided my life like the spine of the book that opened the road?
+Was it me what was done to me?
+Are we all the result of what we have done to ourselves, what has been done for us, the unfaithfulness of our parents or spouses, the money we inherited, etc.?
+Or rather, were we our bodies, their innate talents and imperfections?
+We seemed to be nothing but genes and experience, but how do we separate one from the other?
+As Yeats asked the same universal question, "How can you know a dancer from his swaying body, radiant gaze, and dance to the music?"
+After driving for an hour, I saw my eyes light up when I looked in the rearview mirror.
+The light that my eyes had held all along was blue.
+The aptitudes and impulses that made me slide into a Chicago lake in a boat when I was a toddler, or that made me plunge as a teenager into desolate Cape Cod Bay after a hurricane.
+But I also remembered that if Abed hadn't hurt me, I probably would be a doctor, a husband and a father by now.
+I wouldn't care so much about time and death, oh, I wouldn't be disabled, I wouldn't suffer the thousand slings and arrows of fate.
+Frequent 5 finger hairs, chipped teeth in my teeth come from chewing on all too many things that a lone hand can't open.
+Dancers and dances were hopelessly intertwined.
+It was nearly 11:00 when we turned right towards Afra, and we soon arrived at Kfar Qala after passing a large quarry.
+My nerves were about to burst.
+But the radio was playing Chopin and seven beautiful mazurkas, so I parked my car near the petrol station and listened to calm myself down.
+I've heard that in Arab towns, just say the name of a local and they will recognize you.
+And when I met Mohammed outside the post office at noon, I told Abed and myself and deliberately told the people of this town that I was here in peace.
+He listened to me.
+You know, when I was talking to people, I often wondered where I ended and where the obstacles began. Because many people have told me things they haven't told others.
+Many cried.
+And then one day a woman I met on the street did the same thing, and when I asked her why later, she said her tears had something to do with me being happy and strong, but vulnerable. .
+I listened to her. I believe they were true.
+I was me, but I am still me even though I am limping, and I think that is what makes me who I am.
+Anyway, Mohammed told me things he probably wouldn't have told other strangers.
+He took me to a cream-plastered house and then drove off.
+And as I sat thinking about what to say, a woman in a black shawl and black robe approached me.
+When I got out of the car and introduced myself as "Shalom", my husband, Abed, said he would be home from work in four hours.
+Her Hebrew wasn't very good and she later confessed that she thought I was there to install the internet.
+(Laughter) I left by car and got back at 4:30. We thanked the minarets along the way for finding our way back.
+And as I approached the front door, I saw me in jeans and flannel and a cane and Aved, an average-looking guy of average build.
+He wore black and white clothes. I wore slippers over my socks, pilled sweatpants, a mottled sweater, and a striped ski cap pulled up to my forehead.
+he was waiting for me I got a call from Mohammed.
+And in no time, we shook hands, smiled, and handed him a gift. Then he said I was at his house and sat next to him on the fabric sofa.
+Abed then quickly resumed the harrowing story he had begun over the phone 16 years earlier.
+He had just had eye surgery, he said.
+He also has side and leg problems and oh, he lost a tooth in the crash.
+Would I have liked to see him remove them?
+Then Aved got up, turned on the TV so I wouldn't be alone when I left the room, and came back with the Polaroid from the accident and an old driver's license.
+"I was handsome," he said.
+We looked down at his laminated mug.
+Abed was a fine man rather than handsome, with thick black hair, a full face, and a broad neck.
+It was this young man who, on May 16, 1990, broke two people's necks, bruised one's brain, and killed one, including myself.
+Twenty-one years later, he was now thinner than his wife and had sagging skin on his face, but seeing Abed stare at his younger self, I saw a picture of myself younger after the accident. I remembered the time and recognized his longing.
+"The accident changed both of our lives," I said.
+Abed then showed a picture of the wrecked truck and said the accident was caused by a bus driver in the left lane who refused to let him overtake.
+I didn't want to look back on the clash with Abed.
+I was hoping for something simpler. Swap two words with a Turkish dessert and off you go.
+So I didn't point out that in Abed's own testimony the morning after the accident, he didn't even mention the bus driver.
+No I was quiet. I was silent because I wasn't looking for the truth.
+I have come to repent.
+So I threw the truth under the bus in search of remorse.
+"I understand that the accident wasn't your fault, but are you sad that other people have suffered?"
+Abed spoke three words quickly.
+"Yes, I suffered."
+Then Abed told me why he suffered.
+He said that God ordered him to fall because he lived an unholy life before the fall, but now he is religious and God is pleased.
+Then God intervened. A few hours ago the TV was reporting a car accident in the north that killed three people.
+We looked up at the wreckage.
+"Strange," I said.
+"Strange," he agreed.
+I wondered if there was a couple on National Highway 804, a perpetrator and a victim tied up in an accident.
+Some, like Abed, will forget the date.
+Like me, some of you may remember.
+After the report, Abed spoke.
+"It's a shame that the police in this country aren't tough enough against unscrupulous drivers," he said.
+I was perplexed.
+Abed said something amazing.
+Did that show how much he was exonerated from the crash?
+Was it incriminating evidence and an argument that he should have been quarantined longer?
+He served six months and had lost his truck license for ten years.
+I forgot my discretion.
+“Well, Aved,” I said. "Before the accident, I thought you had some problems with your driving."
+"Well," he said, "I once scored 60 out of 40."
+As a result, 27 violations, including ignoring a red light, speeding, running the wrong way around a fence, and finally braking on a slope, were reduced to one.
+And I realized that no matter how harsh reality is, humans can fit it into a comforting story.
+A goat becomes the main character. Perpetrators become victims.
+That's when I understood that Abed never apologized.
+Abed and I sat down with coffee.
+We spent 90 minutes together and I knew him.
+He was neither particularly bad nor particularly good.
+He was a limited man who found in himself to be kind to me.
+"You should live to be 120," he said, nodding to Jewish customs.
+But it was hard for me to empathize with someone who had completely washed their hands of their own tragic deeds, or whose lives had not been scrutinized enough to make one wonder if two people had died in an accident.
+I had a lot to say to Abed.
+I wanted to tell him that if he acknowledged my disability, it would be okay, and it was wrong for people to marvel at someone like me who hobbled and smiled.
+People know that they've been through worse things, that heart trouble hits with more force than a runaway truck, that heart trouble is bigger and more harmful than 100 broken necks. I don't know
+I told him that what makes most of us who we are is not our minds or bodies or what happens to us, but how we react to what happens to us. I wanted to
+Psychiatrist Viktor Frankl wrote, "This is man's last freedom: to choose his attitude in a given situation."
+I told him that not only the paralyzed and the paralyzed have to evolve and reconcile with reality, but the old, the insecure, the divorced, the bald, the bankrupt, And I wanted to say that all people must evolve.
+I wanted to tell him that you don't have to say that bad is good, that crashes are good and that broken necks are good because they come from God.
+The bad things are the worst, but I can say that there is still much glory in this natural world.
+I wanted to tell him that, after all, our mission is clear: we must overcome our misfortunes.
+We have to do good and enjoy good things, study, work, adventure, friendship, oh friendship, and community and love.
+But most of all, I wanted to convey to him what Herman Melville wrote, "To truly enjoy the warmth of your body, a part of your body must be cold, because in this world For there is no property different from that which exists merely in contrast.”
+Yes, it's contrast.
+If you take care of what you don't have, then you can truly take care of what you do have, and if the gods are kind, you may truly enjoy what you do have. .
+It is the only special gift you can receive if you are in some form of existential suffering.
+You know death, so maybe you wake up every morning to feel the pulse of life ready for you.
+One part of your heart may be cold and another part really enjoys being warm or even cold.
+One morning, many years after the accident, when I stepped onto the stone, I felt a momentary chill on the sole of my left foot, finally awakening my nerves and a refreshing gust of snow.
+But I didn't say these things to Abed.
+I only told him that I had killed one man, not two.
+I told him the man's name.
+And I said goodbye.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+One thing I want to establish from the beginning is that not all neurosurgeons wear cowboy boots.
+I just wanted you to know that.
+So I am indeed a neurosurgeon, following a long tradition of neurosurgery. And what I'm going to talk to you about today is dialing in circuits in your brain that can go anywhere in your brain and rotate areas of your brain. Raise and lower the brain to help the patient.
+As I mentioned earlier, neurosurgery is born out of a long tradition.
+It has been around for about 7000 years.
+Mesoamerica once had neurosurgeons, and brain surgeons who treated patients.
+And they knew that the brain was involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
+They didn't know exactly what they were doing.
+By the way, not much has changed. (Laughter) But they thought that if you had a neurological or mental illness, it must be because you were possessed by a demon.
+So if you are possessed by an evil spirit and are causing neurological or psychiatric problems, the way to treat this is, of course, to drill a hole in your skull to let the evil spirit escape.
+That was the mindset back then, these people made these holes.
+Sometimes patients were a little reluctant to go through this. Because I saw it was partially pierced, and then I think there was a piercing, but then they walked off very quickly and it was only a partial hole. I know they survived these procedures.
+But this was often the case.
+1% of all skulls have several locations with these holes, indicating that neurological and mental disorders are very common and were very common about 7,000 years ago.
+Well, over time, we've come to realize that different parts of the brain do different things.
+In other words, there are areas of the brain that are specialized in controlling movement, vision, memory, appetite, and more.
+And when things work well, so does the nervous system, and everything works.
+But sometimes things don't go so well and these circuits have problems and there are rogue neurons that are erroneously firing and causing problems, or sometimes their activity is so low that they don't behave as they should. sometimes they don't. .
+Now, how this manifests itself depends on where these neurons are located in the brain.
+Thus, the presence of these neurons in the motor circuit causes dysfunction in the motor system, leading to Parkinson's disease-like symptoms.
+If there is a malfunction in the circuit that regulates mood, it causes depression, etc., and if there is a malfunction in the circuit that controls memory and cognitive functions, it causes Alzheimer's disease.
+So what we could do was pinpoint where these disturbances were in the brain, and we could intervene in brain circuits to raise or lower those disturbances.
+So it's a lot like dialing a radio to pick the right station.
+Whether it's jazz or opera, in our case movement or mood, once you've selected the right station, put the dial there and use the second button to adjust the volume or turn it up or turn it up. can do. Lower it.
+What I'm going to talk about is taking advantage of brain circuits to implant electrodes and rotate areas of the brain up and down to see if we can help patients.
+This is achieved using this type of device, which is called deep brain stimulation.
+So what we're doing is putting these electrodes all over the brain.
+Again, a dime-sized hole is made in the skull and the electrodes are inserted. The electrodes are placed under the skin all the way to the pacemaker in the chest, and a remote control very similar to a TV remote control is used. , can regulate the amount of electricity delivered to these areas of the brain.
+You can raise or lower it, turn it on or off.
+Currently, about 100,000 patients worldwide receive deep brain stimulation. Here are some examples of using deep brain stimulation to treat movement disorders, mood disorders, and cognitive disorders.
+This is what happens in your brain.
+You can see the electrodes go through the skull into the brain and stay there. It can be placed anywhere in the brain.
+I tell my friends that no neuron is safe from a neurosurgeon. Because we can now reach almost anywhere in the brain quite safely.
+The first example I'm going to show you is a patient with Parkinson's disease. This woman has Parkinson's disease and has electrodes implanted in her brain. I'll show you what she looks like when the electrodes rotate. I turn it off and she has Parkinson's symptoms so I turn it on.
+It looks like this:
+The electrodes are now off and you can see her shivering.
+(Video) Man: Okay. Woman: I can't. Man: Could you touch my finger?
+(Video) Man: It got a little better. Woman: I prefer that.
+Now let's turn it on.
+is on. I just turned it on.
+And this works instantly like that.
+And the difference between shaking like this and not -- (Applause) The difference between shaking like this and not having it has to do with the malfunction of 25,000 neurons in her subthalamic nucleus. increase.
+So we know how to spot these troublemakers and say, "Enough, folks."
+I want you to stop doing that. "
+And we do it electrically.
+So we try to use electricity to control how they fire, and use electricity to stop them from cheating.
+In other words, in this case, it suppresses the activity of abnormal neurons.
+We started using this technique on other problems as well. I will tell you about an interesting problem we encountered, a case of dystonia.
+Dystonia is therefore a disorder that affects children.
+This is a genetic disorder that involves twisting movements. Children gradually writhe and eventually become unable to breathe, develop sores and urinary tract infections, and die.
+So back in 1997, I was asked to meet this perfectly normal boy. He has hereditary dystonia.
+The family has 8 children.
+Five of them have dystonia.
+So here he is.
+This boy was 9 years old and was perfectly normal until 6 years old, when he started twisting first right leg, then left leg, then right arm, then left arm, then trunk, and finally body. When he arrived, within a year or two of the onset of the disease, he could no longer walk or stand.
+He is lame and in fact as the situation worsens they become progressively more twisted and handicapped and the natural progression is that many children will not survive.
+So he is one of five children.
+The only way he could move was by lying on his stomach like this.
+He did not respond to any medication.
+We didn't know what to do with this boy.
+I didn't know what kind of surgery to do or where in the brain to go, but based on my results with Parkinson's disease, I thought it might be interesting to try suppressing the same areas of the brain that were suppressed in Parkinson's disease. I thought. So let's see what happens?
+That's why he was here. We had the surgery in hopes that he would get better. we didn't know.
+So he is now back in Israel, where he lives, and here he is, three months after the operation.
+(Applause.) Based on this result, this is an operation that is now being performed around the world, and hundreds of children have been saved with this type of operation.
+This boy is now in college and has a very normal life.
+This was one of the most satisfying cases I have ever done in my career to restore movement and gait in this type of child.
+(Applause) I thought that this technology could be applied not only to circuits that control people's movements, but also to circuits that control other things.
+And so we decided to tackle depression. The reason we tackle depression is because it is so prevalent. As you know, depression has many treatments, including medications, psychotherapy, and even electroconvulsive therapy, and it affects millions of people. There are still 10 to 20 percent of depressed people who don't respond, and they're the ones we want to help.
+And let's see if this technique can be used to help people with depression.
+So the first thing we did was compare what's different about the brains of depressed people and normal people. What we did was a PET scan to look at blood flow in the brain. And what we've noticed is that depressed people have brain regions that are dysfunctional compared to normal people, and those are the regions in blue.
+You really feel the blues here. The blue areas are those involved in motivation, drive and decision-making. In fact, if they are severely depressed like these patients, they are disabled. You lack motivation and drive.
+Another region we discovered was a hyperactive region, Region 25, shown in red. Area 25 is the sadness center of the brain.
+For example, if I made one of you sad, remembering the last time you saw a parent or friend before you died would light up this area of ​​the brain.
+It is the sadness center of the brain.
+Therefore, depressed patients have hyperactivity.
+The areas of the brain that feel sadness turn bright red.
+The thermostat is set to 100 degrees, shutting off other areas of the brain involved in drive and motivation.
+So we wondered if we could place electrodes in this area of ​​grief to lower the thermostat, reduce activity, and what the consequences would be.
+So we decided to implant electrodes in depressed patients.
+This is a job I did with Emory's colleague Helen Mayburg.
+Then I placed the electrodes in region 25. The upper scan seen preoperatively showed area 25, the sadness area red hot, the frontal lobe closed blue, and then after 3 months of continuous stimulation, 24 hours per day, or 6 or 6 hours per day. Months of continuous stimulation completely reverses this.
+We have been able to lower area 25 to more normal levels and bring the frontal lobes of the brain back online, and we have actually seen very noticeable results in severely depressed patients.
+It is currently undergoing clinical trials and is undergoing Phase III clinical trials, but if found to be safe and effective, it could be a new treatment for treating patients with severe depression. there is.
+We have shown that deep brain stimulation can be used to treat the motor system in cases of Parkinson's disease and dystonia.
+We have shown that it can be used to treat mood circuits in cases of depression.
+Can we use deep brain stimulation to make us smarter?
+(laughs) Anyone interested in that?
+(Applause) Of course you can, right?
+So what we decided to do was turbocharge the memory circuits in the brain.
+They place electrodes in circuits that regulate memory and cognition and see if they can boost their activity.
+A normal person wouldn't do this.
+We plan to do this for people with cognitive impairment and have chosen to treat Alzheimer's patients with cognitive and memory impairment.
+As you know, this is the main symptom of early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
+So, with the idea of ​​seeing if this memory circuit can be turned on and if we can turn it on, we're looking at this in an area of ​​the brain called the vault, which is the highway to and from this memory circuit. I placed the electrodes in the circuit. Then help these Alzheimer's patients.
+Alzheimer's disease has been found to have major defects in glucose utilization in the brain.
+The brain is a little tricky when it comes to using glucose.
+Weighing only 2 percent of your body weight, you use 10 times more glucose than you need based on your body weight.
+Twenty percent of the total glucose in the body is used in the brain, and from normal conditions to mild cognitive impairment that is a precursor to Alzheimer's disease, the areas of the brain that: Stop using glucose.
+they shut down. they turn off.
+And in fact, what we are seeing is that the red areas around the outer ribbons of the brain gradually turn blue until they stop working completely.
+This is analogous to blackouts in some areas of the brain, or localized blackouts.
+Parts of Alzheimer's brains have gone out of light, but the question is, will that light go out forever, or can it be turned back on?
+Could we make these areas of the brain available again for glucose?
+Here's what we did. Electrodes were implanted in the cerebral vaults of Alzheimer's patients and turned on to see what happened to the use of glucose in the brain.
+And in fact, as you can see before surgery, the upper blue areas are areas that use less glucose than normal, mainly the parietal and temporal lobes.
+These areas of the brain are shut down.
+Light is extinguished in these areas of the brain.
+Then insert the DBS electrodes and wait 1 month or 1 year. Red areas represent regions of increased glucose utilization.
+And in fact, it can reactivate areas of the brain that were not using glucose.
+So the message here is that even if the lights go out in Alzheimer's, there is someone in the house that can turn these areas of the brain back on, and in doing so restore their function. It means that you expect to function is returned.
+Therefore, it is currently in clinical trials.
+We plan to operate on 50 early Alzheimer's patients to see if this is safe and effective and if it can improve neurological function.
+(Applause.) So the message I want to share with you today is that there are actually some brain circuits that are dysfunctional in a variety of disease states, including Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and many others. That's it.
+We are now learning to understand the brain circuits and regions responsible for the clinical signs and symptoms of these diseases.
+Now we can reach those circuits.
+Electrodes can be introduced within these circuits.
+The activity of these circuits can be phased out.
+We can reject them if they are overactive, if they are causing problems, if they are having problems with the whole brain, or if they are underperforming. , can increase their participation. In doing so, we believe we may be able to help the overall functioning of the brain.
+Of course, what this means is that we might be able to change the symptoms of the disease, but there's also some evidence that we haven't talked about it yet that it might help repair damaged areas of the brain. I have. This is for the future, to see if we can actually not only alter brain activity, but also gain some of the brain's restorative functions.
+Therefore, I imagine that the scope of application of this technology will be greatly expanded.
+Electrodes will be placed for many diseases of the brain.
+One of the most interesting things about this is that it actually involves interdisciplinary work.
+It involves the work of engineers, imaging scientists, basic scientists, neurologists, psychiatrists and neurosurgeons, and there is certainly excitement at the intersection of these multiple disciplines.
+And the more time passes, the more demons you will be able to drive out of your brain, and, of course, the more patients you will be able to help.
+thank you very much.
+We often hear that texting is a disaster.
+The idea is that texting means the decline of all kinds of serious literacy, or at least writing, among young people in the United States, and around the world today.
+The fact of the matter is, it's not just true, and it's easy to think it's true, but to put it another way, actually sending a text message isn't just an energetic thing, it's a miracle. But miraculously, what we are experiencing now is a new kind of complexity. We need to pull the camera back a little and see what language really is. In that case, one thing we do know is that they didn't write any text messages.
+What does that mean?
+Basically, if you think about language, it's probably been around for 150,000 years, at least 80,000 years, and that's where speech came from. people talked.
+That's probably what we're genetically destined for.
+That's how we use language the most.
+Writing came much later, and as we saw in the last story, there is some debate as to when exactly it happened, but the traditional estimate is that humans have existed for 24 hours. then the character appears for the first time. around 11:07 p.m.
+That's how much writing is an afterthought.
+So first there is speech, and then comes writing as a kind of technique.
+Don't get me wrong. Writing has certain advantages.
+When you write, it's a conscious process that allows you to look back in time, so you can do things with language that are far less likely to just be spoken.
+For example, imagine a passage from Edward Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. "The whole battle lasted more than twelve hours, and the staged retreat of the Persian army turned into a disorderly flight, a shameful example of which was set by the principal leaders and Surena herself."
+It's beautiful, but honestly, no one talks like that.
+At least you shouldn't if you're interested in reproduction. That's -- (laughter) it's not a word that humans speak casually.
+Casual speech is completely different.
+In fact, linguists have shown that when we speak casually in an unsupervised manner, we tend to speak in word packets, perhaps 7-10 words.
+You will notice this if you have the opportunity to record yourself or a group of conversations.
+Speech is like that.
+Speech is much looser. It's much more telegraphic.
+Much less reflective and much different than writing.
+So naturally we see language written so often that we tend to think it is language, when in fact language is speech. It's two.
+Of course, as history progresses, it's only natural that there are some differences between speech and writing.
+For example, in the distant past, when giving a speech, it was common to basically speak as if you were writing.
+By that I mean the kind of speech in an old movie where someone clears their throat and says, "Oh, yeah, guys," and then speaks in a particular way that has nothing to do with casual speech. .
+It's formal. Long sentences like this gibbon are used.
+It's basically talking as you write, so, for example, we think a lot about Lincoln these days because of the movies.
+The Gettysburg Address was not the main meal of the event.
+In the two hours before that, Edward Everett talked about subjects that, frankly, could not concern us today, nor did they concern us very much then.
+The point was to hear him speak as he wrote.
+The common people stood for two hours listening to it.
+It was perfectly natural.
+That's what people were doing back then, talking like writing.
+Well, if you can speak like you write, logically you might also want to write like you speak sometimes.
+The problem is that it was more difficult then, in a material and mechanical sense, for the simple reason that the materials were not suitable for it.
+It is almost impossible to do it in any other hand than shorthand, in which case communication is limited.
+With a manual typewriter it was very difficult. Someone who, even when there were electric typewriters and then computer keyboards, could actually type easily enough to keep up with the pace of speaking, more or less immediately getting your message.
+Having something in your pocket that can receive that message sets the stage for you to be able to write like you speak.
+That's where text messages come in.
+Therefore, text messages have a very loose structure.
+Nobody cares about capitalization and punctuation when texting, but do you take them into account when you talk?
+No, so why would you do that while texting?
+Texting is talking with your fingers, despite the fact that what we call "writing" involves barbaric mechanics. That's the text message.
+Now you can write as you speak.
+This is very interesting, but it's still easy to think that it represents some kind of decline.
+We assume that something is wrong with this whole ambiguity of structure, our indifference to rules, and our familiarity with how we learn at the blackboard.
+It's a very natural feeling.
+But really what's happening is a new kind of complexity.
+That's what we see in this finger speech.
+And to understand that, what we want to know is how new structures emerge in this new kind of language.
+For example, we have the convention "LOL" in text messages.
+Now, LOL is commonly thought to mean "laugh out loud."
+And of course, in theory yes, people used it to show that they actually laugh out loud when they look at old documents.
+But if you're texting now, or someone who knows what's behind texting, you'll realize that LOL no longer means laughing out loud.
+It has evolved into something more delicate.
+This was actually written by a non-male about 20 years old a while ago.
+"By the way, I love the font you're using."
+Julie: "Lol, thanks, Gmail is slow right now." Now that I think about it, it's not crazy.
+no one is laughing (Laughter) Still, since it exists, there must have been some problem.
+Susan then said, "Laughs, I know."
+So Julie said, "I just sent you an email."
+Susan: "Laughs, I understand."
+Very funny people if that's what LOL means.
+This Julie said, "So what happened?"
+Susan: "Laughs, I have to write a 10-page paper."
+she's not funny Think about it.
+LOL is used in a very specific way.
+It is an indicator of empathy. This is the sign for the accommodation.
+We linguists call such things pragmatic particles.
+Spoken words used by real people have them.
+If you can speak Japanese, think about the little word "ne" that we use at the end of many sentences.
+When you hear how black youth speak today, think about the use of the word yo.
+An entire paper could be written on this, and probably is still being written.
+Practical particle, that's what LOL is slowly becoming.
+That's how language is used between real humans.
+Another example is "forward slash".
+Now you can use slashes in the same way as before, like "I'm hosting a party slash networking session."
+It's similar to our situation.
+Among today's youth, slashes are used in text messages in a completely different way.
+Used for changing scenes.
+For example, this person in Sally says, "I need to find someone to hang out with," and Jake says, "Haha." I could write a paper on "haha", but I don't have time for that. "Hahaha, so you're going alone? Why?"
+Sally: "This summer's program at New York University."
+Jake: "Haha. Slash, I'm watching this video of a Suns player trying to shoot with one eye."
+The slash is interesting.
+After that, I don't even know what Jake was talking about, but I noticed he changed the subject.
+It seems a bit mundane, but think about how you're having a real-life conversation and if you want to change the subject, is there an elegant way to do it?
+It's not just about pushing in.
+You may pat your thighs, stare wistfully into the distance, and say things like, "Hmm, it makes me think—" when it really wasn't, but the real you is—(laughs)—you really are. What I'm trying to do is change the subject.
+Since you can't do that while texting, a method has been developed to do it within this medium.
+Every spoken language has what linguists call new information markers, or two or three.
+Texting was developed from this slash.
+So even though we have a ton of new structures in development, it's easy to think that something is still wrong.
+Some kind of structure is missing.
+Not as sophisticated as the Wall Street Journal said.
+Actually, look at this guy from 1956. In an age when text messaging doesn't exist, "I Love Lucy" is still on the air.
+"Many people don't know the alphabet or multiplication table, and many people can't write grammatically." 1917, school teacher in Connecticut.
+1917. This was an era when everyone assumed everything was perfect when it came to writing, because the people on Downton Abbey spoke their language so clearly and so on.
+So, "Every college in the country is screaming, 'My freshman can't spell, he can't even punctuate,'" and so on. You can go even further back than this.
+President of Harvard University. It's 1871.
+I have no electricity. A person has three names.
+"Spelling errors, inaccuracies, poor grammar."
+And he is talking about those who are well prepared for university studies.
+You can go even further back.
+In 1841, the long-lost Superintendent of Schools is angry that for many years he "regrets the almost complete neglect of the original work."
+Or you can go all the way back to AD 63 -- (Laughter) -- there's a poor man who doesn't like people speaking Latin.
+Coincidentally, he was writing about what became French.
+So there's always — (laughter) (applause) — there's always people worrying about these things, and the Earth somehow seems to keep spinning.
+So what I think about texting these days is that it's a whole new way of writing that young people are developing and they're using alongside their normal writing skills. You will be able to do two things.
+There is growing evidence that being bilingual is cognitively beneficial.
+That also applies to being a birectal method.
+It is certainly true that your writing is double rectal.
+Texting is therefore a testament to the balancing act of today's youth. Not consciously, of course, but expanding the language repertoire.
+It's very simple.
+If someone in 1973 looked at a dorm bulletin board in 1993, the slang would be a little different than it was in the "Love Story" era, but they would understand what the bulletin board was about.
+Take Person in 1993, for example. Not so long ago, this is "The Amazing Adventures of Bill and Ted."
+For example, they read a very typical sentence written by a 20-year-old today.
+Often they won't understand what that half means. Because a whole new language is developing among young people doing things as mundane as they seem to us when they're juggling small devices.
+Finally, if I could go to the future, if I could go to 2033, the first thing I would ask is if David Simon made a sequel to The Wire. I want to know
+And I really want to hear that, I would really like to know what was going on in "Downton Abbey."
+That would be the second thing.
+And third, show me a bunch of sentences written by a 16 year old girl. Because I want to know where this language developed from our time. Then, ideally, send those sentences back to you and come to me now to examine this language miracle happening before our eyes.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+That's how we traveled in 1900.
+It's an open buggy. No heating.
+No air conditioning.
+The horse is pulling at 1 percent of the speed of sound, and the rutted dirt road turns into a quagmire when it rains.
+It's a Boeing 707.
+Just 60 years later, supersonic planes will travel at 80 percent of the speed of sound, and today they can't travel any faster because of the failure of commercial supersonic travel.
+So I started to wonder and ponder. Maybe the best days of American economic growth are past?
+And that leads to the suggestion that perhaps economic growth is almost over.
+Some of the reasons for this are less controversial.
+There are four headwinds hitting the US economy.
+Demographics, education, debt and inequality.
+They are powerful enough to cut growth in half.
+Therefore, much innovation is needed to offset this decline.
+And this is my subject. Headwinds cut growth in half if innovation remains as strong as it has been in the last 150 years.
+Without the power of innovation to invent the great and the great, the rate of growth will be even lower than half of history.
+Here we have eight centuries of economic growth.
+The vertical axis is exactly percent annual growth, zero percent per year, 1 percent per year, and 2 percent per year.
+The white lines are England and America.
+When the line switches to red in 1900, India takes over as the leading power.
+We can see that during the first four centuries there was little growth, only 0.2 percent.
+After that, the growth just keeps getting better and better.
+Its speed peaks in the 1930s, 40s and 50s and then begins to slow down. There is a caveat here.
+The downward notch at the end of the red line is not actual data.
+That's what I predicted six years ago that growth would slow to 1.3%.
+But do you know what the actual facts are?
+Do you know how US per capita income has grown over the past six years?
+negative.
+This led to illusions.
+What if we fit a curve to this historical record?
+You can set the endpoint of the curve anywhere you like, but I chose to end at 0.2, similar to the first four centuries of British growth.
+Now, the history that we've had is that we've been growing at 2.0% per year for the entire period from 1891 to 2007, but remember that after 2007 it was a little bit negative. please give me.
+But if growth slows, instead of doubling the standard of living with each generation, future Americans cannot be expected to be twice as much as their parents, or even a quarter [wealthier] than their parents. .
+Now let's look at the level of income per capita.
+The vertical axis is thousands of dollars at today's prices.
+You can see on the left that in 1891 it was about $5,000.
+Gross product per capita is currently about $44,000.
+So what if we could achieve a historic 2% growth over the next 70 years?
+Now, it's a math problem.
+Two percent growth quadruples the standard of living in 70 years.
+That means going from 44,000 to 180,000.
+Well, we don't mean to. The reason is the headwind.
+The first headwind is demographics.
+It is a truism that if time per person increases, the standard of living will rise faster than productivity and faster than output per hour.
+And we took that gift back in the 70s and 80s when women entered the workforce.
+But now it's reversed.
+Currently, working hours per person are declining, firstly due to the retirement of baby boomers and secondly due to a large drop in the labor force of adult males in the lower half of the educational distribution. .
+The next headwind is education.
+Despite the "race to the top", the entire educational system has problems.
+Universities are experiencing higher education cost inflation that far outstrips healthcare cost inflation.
+It has a $1 trillion student debt in higher education and a college graduation rate of 15 percentage points, 15 percentage points below Canada.
+We have a lot of debt.
+Our economy grew from 2000 to 2007 on the back of massive consumer overborrowing.
+Consumers paying off their debts is one of the main reasons why the economic recovery is so slow today.
+And of course we all know that the federal government debt as a percentage of GDP is growing very quickly and the only way to stop this is either an accelerated increase in taxes or a right called transfer payments. is a combination of a slowdown in the increase in
+And this brings the education goal of 1.5 down to 1.3.
+and inequality arises.
+In the 15 years before the financial crisis, the bottom 99 percent of the income distribution grew 0.5 percentage points slower than the average we have been talking about.
+All the rest were assigned to the top 1 percent.
+So it goes down to 0.8.
+And that 0.8 is a big challenge.
+Will it grow at 0.8?
+If so, it would require that our inventions be as important as the inventions that have happened in the last 150 years.
+Let's take a look at some of those inventions.
+In 1875, if you wanted to read at night, you needed oil or gas lamps.
+They polluted, produced odors, were difficult to control, dimly lit, and a fire hazard.
+By 1929, electric lights were everywhere.
+There was the invention of the vertical city, the elevator.
+Central Manhattan became possible.
+And in addition, at the same time, hand tools were replaced by huge power tools and manual power tools enabled by electricity.
+Electricity was also very useful for women's emancipation.
+Women in the late 19th century spent two days a week doing laundry.
+They did it with a scrub board.
+Then they had to hang their clothes outside to dry.
+Then they had to take them.
+This task took 2 out of 7 days a week.
+And there was an electric washing machine.
+And by 1950 they were everywhere.
+But women still had to shop every day, which they didn't. Because electricity brought us electric refrigerators.
+In the late 19th century, the only source of heat in most homes was the large fireplace in the kitchen, used for cooking and heating.
+The bedroom was cold. They were unheated.
+But by 1929, and certainly by 1950, central heating was everywhere.
+What about the internal combustion engine, invented in 1879?
+In pre-automobile America, transportation relied exclusively on city horses, which dropped a gallon of urine and 25 to 50 pounds of manure into the streets without limit every day.
+This equates to 5-10 tons per square mile daily in cities.
+These horses also completely devoured a quarter of America's farmland.
+This is the percentage of land in America needed to feed horses.
+Of course, when the automobile was invented and by 1929 it was almost universal, that agricultural land was made available for human consumption and export.
+There is an interesting ratio here. Just 30 years after zero in 1900, the car-to-household ratio in the US reached 90% in just 30 years.
+Before the turn of the century, women had a different problem.
+All the water needed for cooking, cleaning and bathing had to be carried from the outdoors in buckets and tubs.
+It is a historical fact that in 1885 the average North Carolina housewife carried 35 tons of water and walked 148 miles a year.
+By 1929, however, cities across the country had installed underground water pipes.
+They installed underground sewers, and as a result, waterborne diseases like cholera, one of the plagues of the late 19th century, began to disappear.
+And the surprising fact for technooptimists is that the rate of improvement in life expectancy in the first half of the 20th century was three times faster than in the second half of the 19th century.
+So it's a truism that things can never be more than 100%.
+And I'll give you some examples.
+We went from 1% to 90% of the speed of sound.
+Electrification, central heating, car ownership, they all went from zero to 100%.
+Urban environments make people more productive than farms.
+The urban share was 25%, but increased to 75% in the early post-war period.
+What about the electronic revolution?
+Here is an early computer.
+very. Mainframe computers were invented in 1942.
+By 1960 telephone bills were issued and bank statements were computer generated.
+The earliest mobile phones and the earliest personal computers were invented in the 1970s.
+The 1980s saw Bill Gates, DOS, ATM machines replacing bank tellers, and barcode scanning to reduce labor in the retail sector.
+The 90s saw the dot-com revolution, which briefly boosted productivity growth.
+But I'll try it now.
+You must choose either option A or option B.
+(Laughter) Option A is that you can save anything that was invented 10 years ago.
+So you get Google, Amazon, Wikipedia, running water and indoor toilets.
+Or you've got everything you invented by yesterday, including Facebook and the iPhone, but you have to give up and go outside and bring in water.
+Hurricane Sandy left many people the 20th century without electricity, water, heating, gasoline for their cars, and iPhone charging for perhaps a few days, possibly a week or more.
+The problem we face is that we have to match all these great inventions in the future, but my prediction of not being able to match them has meant that the initial 2 percent growth drops to an imaginary curve of 0.2. I drew you first.
+Now, back to the horse and carriage story.
+I want to award Oscars to 20th century inventors, from Alexander Graham Bell to Thomas Edison to the Wright Brothers. I would like to call them all here, but they will call me again. you.
+Your challenge is whether you can match what we have achieved.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+About simplicity. What a great way to start.
+First of all, I've been noticing this trend of books like this "For Dummies" being published.
+Do you know these books, this and that "For Dummys"?
+My daughters point out that I look a lot like me, so it's a bit of a problem.
+(Laughter) But I was looking for other similar books on Amazon.com.
+There is also a thing called "Complete Stupid Guide".
+In a way, being stupid has a kind of business model.
+We like technology to make us feel sick for some strange reason.
+But I like it so much that I wrote a book called "The Laws of Simplicity."
+Last week I was in Milan for the launch in Italy.
+This is like a book about questions, questions about simplicity.
+There are very few answers. I myself am wondering, what is simplicity?
+is it good? Is it bad? Is complex better? don't know.
+After writing The Law of Simplicity, as you can imagine, I was so sick of simplicity.
+And in my life, I've realized that vacation is the most important skill for achievers of all kinds.
+Because a company can always take your life, but theoretically it can never take your vacation.
+(Laughter) So, last summer, I went to a cape to hide my simplicity. And since I only have black pants, I went to Gap.
+So I went to buy some khaki shorts or something, but unfortunately all their branding was "Keep It Simple."
+(Laughter) I opened the magazine and the Visa branding was 'Business is Simplicity'.
+I develop the photos, and Kodak said, "Keep it simple."
+So I felt like simplicity followed me, which was kind of strange.
+So I turned on the TV, but I don't watch much TV, do you know this person? It looks like Paris Hilton.
+And she has a show called "The Simple Life."
+So I saw this. It's not that simple and a bit confusing.
+(laughs) So I looked for another program.
+So open this TV Guide and see that this "Simple Life" show is very popular on the E! channel.
+They play it over and over and over again.
+(Laughter) Actually, it was traumatic.
+So I wanted to run away again, so I got in the car.
+And Cape Cod has idyllic roads and we can all drive in this room.
+And these signs are very important when driving.
+A very simple sign that says 'Road' and 'Road is approaching'.
+So I found this sign while driving most of the way.
+(Laughter) So I thought complexity suddenly hit me, and I was like, "Oh, simplicity. It's so important."
+But then I thought, "Oh, that's simple. What would it be like at the beach?"
+What if the sky was 41% gray? Isn't that the perfect sky? "
+I mean, that simple empty thing.
+But the actual sky looked like this. It was a beautiful and complex sky.
+You know, pink and blue. We can't help but love complexity.
+we are human I love complex things.
+We love relationships, but they are very complicated. That's why we love this kind of stuff.
+I'm in a place called the Media Lab.
+Maybe some of you have heard of this place.
+It was designed by I.M. Pei, one of the leading modernist architects.
+Modernism means white box, and it's the perfect white box.
+(Laughter.) And some of you are entrepreneurs, whatever.
+Last month I was at Google, in that cafeteria.
+Here in Silicon Valley we have something like stock options.
+In academia, many titles can be earned.
+These were all my titles at TED last year. I had many titles.
+I have the default title of father of many daughters.
+At this year's TED, I'm happy to announce that we have a new title in addition to the existing titles.
+Another "deputy director of research".
+Because of this, I now have five daughters.
+(laughs) That's my baby Reina. (Applause.) Thank you.
+In fact, my life is more complicated because of the baby, and that's okay. I think we will still be married.
+But going back, when I was a kid, I grew up in a tofu factory in Seattle.
+Many people may not like tofu because they have never eaten delicious tofu, but tofu is a good food. A very simple kind of food.
+Making tofu is very difficult.
+As kids, we would wake up at 1am and work until 6pm, six days a week.
+My father was like Andy Grove and obsessed with competition.
+Frequently, 7 days a week. Family business equals child labour.
+We were great models. So I loved going to school.
+School was great, and maybe going to school helped me get to where the Media Lab is, I don't know.
+(laughs) Thank you.
+But the Media Lab is an interesting place and an important one to me. Because when I was in school, I was in the computer science department, and then I discovered design in my life.
+And then there was this person, Muriel Cooper.
+Anyone know Muriel Cooper? Muriel Cooper?
+was she great? Muriel Cooper. she was weird.
+She is truly a TED star who showed us and the world how to make computers beautiful again.
+And she is so important in my life. Because she told me to leave MIT and go to art school.
+It was the best advice I ever got. So I went to art school because of her.
+She passed away in 1994 and I was rehired at MIT to replace her, which was very difficult.
+This wonderful person, Muriel Cooper.
+When I was in Japan, I went to art school in Japan and somehow connected with Paul Rand, so I was in a good situation.
+Some of you may know the great graphic designer Paul Rand. I'm sorry but.
+The great graphic designer Paul Rand designed the IBM logo and the Westinghouse logo.
+He basically said, "I designed everything."
+And Ikko Tanaka was a very important mentor in my life, Japan's Paul Rand. He has designed most of Japan's major icons such as Issey Miyake's brand and Muji.
+If you have mentors, and yesterday Kareem Abdul-Jabbar talked about mentors, the people in your life, the problem with mentors is that they all die.
+It's sad, but it's also kind of happy because you can remember it in its purest form.
+I think the mentors we all meet are what make us kind of human.
+As we get older, mentors keep us calm when something goes wrong.
+And I am grateful to my mentors, and I am sure you are too.
+Because human things are very hard when you're at MIT.
+The T doesn't stand for "human", it stands for "technology".
+That's why I always wondered about this human thing.
+So I'm always googling this word "human" to see how many hits I get.
+In 2001 there were 26 million hits. For "computers," we had 42 million hits because computers are a bit hostile to humans. Let Al Gore do it here.
+If you look at this comparison, you can see the relationship between computers and humans -- I was tracking this last year -- and it has changed over the past year.
+It used to be like 2:1. Now humans are catching up.
+Good for you, us humans! We are catching up with computers.
+There is also something interesting in the field of simplicity.
+So in a way it's catching up too when comparing complexity and simplicity.
+I mean, I think man and simplicity are somehow intertwined.
+I confess, I am not a simple person.
+I spent my entire early career creating complex things.
+There are many complexities.
+I wrote a computer program to create complex graphics like this.
+I had a Japanese client make something very complicated like this.
+And in a way, I always felt bad about it.
+So I hid in the time dimension.
+I built things in the dimension of time and graphics.
+I made a calendar for this series at Shiseido.
+This is a flower-themed calendar for 1997, and this is a fireworks calendar. The Japanese believe that when they see fireworks, they feel cooler for some reason, so they launch that number into space.
+This is why fireworks are set off in the summer.
+It's a very extreme culture.
+Finally, this is a fall-based calendar, as there are a lot of fallen leaves in the garden.
+So this is a leaf in my garden.
+So I made a lot of these types of things.
+I'm lucky to have been there before people made this stuff. So I created all this eye-staining stuff.
+I feel kind of bad about that.
+Paola Antonelli will speak tomorrow. I love paola.
+She currently has this exhibition at MoMA, and some of these early works are on the walls of MoMA.
+If you're in New York, go and see it.
+However, I had a problem. Because when I make this many flying things, people say, 'Oh, I know what you do.
+You are an eye candy. "
+And when you say that, it feels kind of weird.
+"Eye candy" -- a kind of derogatory term, don't you think?
+So I say, "No, I'm going to make eye meat."
+(Laughter) And the eye flesh could be something different, more fibrous, stronger. But what is it, eye flesh?
+In fact, I've been interested in computer programming all my life.
+A computer program is essentially a tree, and certain problems arise when using a computer program to create art.
+When you create art with a computer program you are always on the tree, but for good art there is a contradiction that you want to be off the tree.
+So this is the kind of complexity I discovered.
+So I started using my old computer to get off the tree.
+I took these to Tokyo in 2001 and created a computer object.
+This is the new way to type on my old Color Classic.
+I can't type much.
+I also discovered that this is an automatic drawing machine, as the IR mouse starts moving on its own in response to the CRT's glow.
+Also, one year, with the G3 Bondi Blue, that caddy came out with a dangerous, "wow" kind of feeling.
+But I thought, "This is really interesting. What would happen if we made something like a car crash test?"
+I'm doing a crash test there.
+(Laughter) And measure some kind of impact. Something like this is what I made to understand what these are.
+(Laughter) Right after this, 9/11 happened and I was very depressed.
+I'm interested in contemporary art, and it's been boring and very sad, so I wanted to think about something happy.
+So I focused my field on food, things like clementine skins.
+In Japan, it's great to be able to peel a clementine in one piece. Has anyone ever done that before? Clementine from One Piece?
+Oh, if you haven't done it yet, you're missing out.
+It's so cool and I actually discovered that I can use this to make different shapes of sculptures.
+If I dried it quickly, I could make things like elephants and oxen, but my wife didn't like it because it would get moldy, so I had to stop.
+So I went back to my computer, bought five large French fries, and scanned them all. And I was looking for some kind of food theme, so I created a software that automatically lays out images of French fries.
+When I was a kid, I used to listen to the song "Oh, beautiful, open skies, waves of amber grains", so I created this image of amber waves.
+It's like the Midwestern cornfield for French fries.
+Plus, when I was a kid, I was the fattest in my class, and I loved Cheetos. Oh, I love Cheetos, they're delicious.
+So I wanted to play with Cheetos in some way.
+I didn't know where to go with this. I invented cheat paint.
+Cheeto Paint is a very easy way to paint using Cheetos.
+(Laughter) Cheetos turned out to be great expressive material.
+And with these Cheetos, I started thinking, "What can I make with these Cheetos?"
+So I started shrinking potato chip shards and pretzels.
+I managed to find a shape and finally made 100 butterflies. do you understand?
+(Laughter) And each butterfly is made up of different parts.
+People ask me how to make an antenna.
+Sometimes you can find hair in the food. that's my hair
+Your hair is fine, it's fine.
+I'm a tenured professor, so basically I don't have to work anymore.
+It's a strange business model. I can come to work every day, staple five sheets of paper together, and just stare at them while drinking a latte.
+End of story.
+(Laughter) But I realized that life can be very boring, so when I was thinking about life, I realized that the relationship between my camera, my digital camera, and my car was very strange.
+The car is so big, the camera is so small, and the camera manual is much bigger than the car manual.
+It makes no sense.
+(Laughter) So, one day, I was at the Cape, and I typed the word "simplicity," and in a weird M. Night Shyamalan way, I discovered the letters M, I, T. is. do you know that word?
+In the words "simplicity" and "complexity" M, I, T appear in perfect order.
+It's kind of creepy.
+So, I thought maybe I should do this for the next 20 years or so.
+And I wrote this book, The Law of Simplicity.
+A very short and simple book. There are ten laws and three keys.
+The Law of Ten and the Three Keys -- I won't explain them. That's why I have the book, and why it's freely available on the web.
+But laws are kind of like sushi, there are all kinds.
+It is said that sushi is difficult in Japan.
+As you know, college is the most challenging, so number 10 is challenging.
+In fact, people hate number 10 just like they hate college.
+Three points for ease of eating Cooked conger eel is easy to eat.
+Follow the law of simplicity and enjoy your sushi later.
+Because I want to simplify them.
+Because that's what this is about. I need to simplify this.
+So, simplifying the law of simplification leads to the so-called cookie-laundry relationship.
+For anyone with children, if you were to offer them a big cookie or a small cookie, which would they take? The big cookie.
+You could say the little cookie has Godiva chocolate in it, but that doesn't work. They want big cookies.
+But if the children were to fold two piles of laundry, would they choose the small pile or the large pile?
+Strangely enough, it's not a big mountain. So I think it's as easy as this.
+We want more because we want to enjoy it.
+I don't really want it because it's about work.
+Simplicity means living life with more joy and less pain.
+I think it's simply a matter of more or less.
+Basically always depends.
+I wrote this book because I wanted to know more about life.
+i love life i love to be alive I like to see things
+I think life is a big deal because we try to simplify life.
+And I just love seeing the world. The world is a wonderful place.
+Attending TED allows us to see many things at once.
+And I can't help but enjoy seeing everything in the world.
+Like everything you see, every time you wake up.
+It's so much fun to be able to experience everything in the world.
+From the weird hotel lobby, to the saran wrap on the windows, to the moment the road in front of my house was paved black and this white moth was sitting there dead in the sunshine.
+All of this made me feel so happy to be here because life is finite.
+I got it from the chairman of Shiseido.
+He is an aging expert. This horizontal axis represents your age, 12, 24, 74, 96 and this is some medical data. In other words, brain power increases up to 60, but decreases beyond 60. It's depressing in a way.
+Also, look at your stamina.
+MIT has a lot of cocky freshmen, so I tell them: "Oh, your body really does get stronger and stronger, but by the time you hit your late twenties and mid-thirties, your cells die."
+OK. Sometimes it makes them work harder.
+And if you have your own vision, that vision is interesting.
+Eyesight improves with age from infancy, but it declines later in life, perhaps in the late teens and early 20s, when searching for a mate.
+(Laughter) Your social responsibility is very interesting.
+I mean, as you get older, you might have kids, or whatever.
+And the kids have graduated and you are no longer responsible. That's also very good.
+But if any of you ask, "What's actually going up? Is anything going up?"
+What's good about this? ” I believe that wisdom is always improving.
+I love 80 and 90 year old men and women.
+They have so many thoughts, they have so much wisdom, that I think — you know, this TED thing, I came here.
+And now, for the fourth time, I think I'm here for this wisdom.
+This whole TED effect somehow improves your wits.
+And I'm so happy to be here, and I'm so grateful to be here, Chris.
+And this is a great experience for me too.
+Growth is not dead.
+(Applause.) Let's start talking about 120 years ago. At that time, American factories began electrifying their operations, igniting the Second Industrial Revolution.
+Amazingly, those factories remained unproductive for 30 years. 30 years.
+That's long enough for generations of managers to retire.
+As you know, the first wave of operators simply replaced the steam engine with an electric motor and did not redesign the factory to take advantage of the flexibility of electricity.
+Inventing new work processes was left to the hands of the next generation, and productivity in those factories has since doubled or even tripled.
+Electricity, like the steam engine before it, is an example of a versatile technology.
+Versatile technologies drive most economic growth because they unlock a cascade of complementary innovations, such as light bulbs and factory redesigns.
+Is there a universal technology in our time?
+of course. it's a computer.
+But technology alone is not enough.
+Technology is not destiny.
+We shape our destinies. Just as previous generations of managers had to redesign their factories, we will have to reinvent our entire organizational and even economic systems.
+We are not doing the work we should be doing.
+As we will soon see, productivity is actually doing well, but productivity is decoupled from work and income for the average worker is stagnant.
+These problems are sometimes misdiagnosed as the death of innovation, but are really the growing pains of what Andrew McAfee and I call the New Machine Age.
+Let's look at some data.
+This is the GDP per capita of the United States.
+There are some bumps along the way, but the big story is that you can actually fit the ruler.
+Because this is a logarithmic scale, what appears to be steady growth is actually accelerating.
+And here comes productivity.
+There is a slight slowdown in the mid-70s, but it fits well with the Second Industrial Revolution, when factories were learning how to electrify their operations.
+After falling behind, productivity picked up again.
+In other words, "History doesn't repeat itself, but sometimes it rhymes."
+Productivity is now at an all-time high, and despite the Great Recession, productivity in the 2000s grew faster than it did in the 1990s, the 1970s and 80s.
+It's growing faster than it did during the Second Industrial Revolution.
+And that's just the United States.
+Global news is even better.
+Over the past decade, global incomes have grown at a faster pace than ever before.
+Rather, all these figures actually underestimate our progress, as the New Machine Age is focused on the creation of knowledge rather than just physical production.
+It's the heart that counts, the mind not the brawn, the idea not the object.
+This poses a problem for standard indicators. Because more and more information is freely available to us on Wikipedia, Google, Skype, and even this TED Talk if it's posted on the web.
+It's nice to have something for free now, right?
+Indeed, of course it is.
+But that's not how economists measure GDP.
+A zero price means zero weight in the GDP statistic.
+The numbers say the music industry is half the size it was a decade ago, but I'm listening to more and better music than ever before.
+I'm sure you are too.
+My research estimates that GDP figures don't include more than $300 billion in free goods and services on the Internet annually.
+Now let's look to the future.
+There are some very smart people who claim that we have reached the end of growth, but to understand the future of growth we need to make predictions about the underlying drivers of growth.
+I am optimistic because the new machine age will be digital, exponential, and combinatorial.
+If the goods are digital, they can be reproduced in perfect quality at near zero cost and delivered almost instantly.
+Welcome to the economics of affluence.
+But the digitization of the world also has more subtle advantages.
+Measurement is the lifeblood of science and progress.
+The era of big data will allow us to measure the world in ways never before possible.
+Second, the age of new machines is advancing exponentially.
+Computers are improving performance faster than ever before.
+Today's kid's PlayStation is more powerful than a 1996 military supercomputer.
+But our brains are wired for a linear world.
+The resulting exponential trend surprises us.
+I taught my students that there are things that computers are not good at, like driving through traffic.
+(Laughter) Well, Andy and I just drove down Highway 101, grinning like crazy, yes, in a driverless car.
+Third, the new machine age is combinatorial.
+In the stagnationist view, ideas run out like easy accomplishments, but the reality is that each innovation creates the building blocks for more innovations.
+Here is an example. In just a few weeks, my undergraduates built an app that eventually reached 1.3 million users.
+He could do it easily. Because he built it on Facebook, Facebook was built on the Web, and it was built on the Internet.
+Individually, digitally, exponentially, and in combination, each will be a game changer.
+Combine these and you'll see an amazing wave of progress, like robots working in factories, running as fast as cheetahs, and jumping over skyscrapers in one shot.
+Robots are also revolutionizing cat transport.
+(Laughter) But perhaps the most important invention is machine learning.
+Consider one project, IBM's Watson.
+Little points here, they're all champions of the quiz show Jeopardy.
+At first, Watson wasn't very good at it, but he improved faster than a human, and shortly after Dave Ferrucci showed this chart to my class at MIT, Watson beat the Jeopardy world champion. .
+Seven-year-old Watson is still like childhood.
+Recently, teachers let this animal surf the Internet unsupervised.
+From the next day, he started answering questions with profanity.
+Fuck. (Laughter) But as you know, Watson is growing fast.
+Recruitment tests are being conducted at the call center and have been adopted.
+He has applied for and won some law, banking and medical jobs.
+Isn't it ironic that some would argue that innovation has stalled at the very moment we are building perhaps the most important invention in human history, intelligent machines?
+Like the first two industrial revolutions, it will take at least a century for the full impact of the New Machine Age to be felt, but its effects are staggering.
+Does that mean we don't have to worry about anything?
+No, technology is not destiny.
+Productivity has never been higher, but fewer people currently have jobs.
+We have created more wealth than ever before in the last decade, but the incomes of the vast majority of Americans have declined.
+This is a huge disconnect between productivity and employment, wealth and work.
+You see, it's no surprise that millions of people are disillusioned with great decoupling, but like many others, they also misunderstand its basic causes.
+Technology is advancing rapidly, but more and more people are being left behind.
+Today, we can codify our daily tasks into machine-readable instruction sets that can be replicated millions of times.
+You know, I recently heard a conversation that epitomizes this new economics.
+The man said, "No, I don't use H&R blocks anymore.
+TurboTax does everything my tax agent used to do, but faster, cheaper, and more accurate. "
+How can skilled workers compete with $39 software?
+she can't.
+With millions of Americans now preparing their taxes faster, cheaper and more accurately, the Intuit founders are doing very well for themselves.
+But 17 percent of tax filers are already unemployed.
+It's a microcosm of what's happening in all industries, not just software and services, but media and music, finance and manufacturing, retail and trade.
+People are competing with machines, and many are losing that race.
+What can we do to create shared prosperity?
+The answer is don't try to slow down the technology.
+You have to learn to race the machine, not the machine.
+That is our grand challenge.
+The era of new machines can be traced back to the days 15 years ago when world chess champion Garry Kasparov took on the supercomputer Deep Blue.
+The machine won that day, and now a chess program running on a mobile phone can beat a human grandmaster.
+The situation has gotten so bad that Dutch grandmaster Jan Donner, when asked what strategy he would use against the computer, replied, "I'll bring the hammer."
+(Laughter) But today, computers are no longer world champions in chess.
+Because Kasparov planned a freestyle tournament where human and computer teams could work together, but the winning team didn't have a grandmaster or a supercomputer.
+What they had was better teamwork, showing that a human-computer team working together could beat any computer or human working alone.
+Racing with machines beats racing with machines.
+Technology is not destiny.
+We shape our destinies.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Liu Bolin: By making myself transparent, I seek to question the countervailing relationship between our civilization and its development.
+Interpreter: By making myself invisible, I seek to explore and question the contradictory and often mutually canceling relationships between our civilization and its development.
+LB: This is my first work, made in November 2005.
+And this is the Beijing International Art Camp where I worked before the government forcibly demolished it. I used this piece to express my dissent.
+I also hope that through this work, more people will pay attention to the living conditions of artists and the creative freedom.
+On the one hand, the series has a spirit of protest, reflection, and uncompromising from the beginning.
+When it comes to make-up, I borrow the Sniper's method to protect myself and spot enemies as he does. (Laughter) After this series of protests, I began to question why my fate had become this way, and it was not only me, but all the Chinese people were as confused as I was. I noticed that
+As you can see, these works are about family planning, law-based elections, and the propaganda of the People's Congress system.
+The work is called "Xia Gang" ("Departure Post").
+"Xia Gang" is a Chinese euphemism for "fired".
+It refers to the people who lost their jobs as China transitioned from a planned economy to a market economy.
+From 1998 to 2000, 21.37 million people lost their jobs in China.
+The six people in the photo are Xiagang workers.
+I made them invisible in the deserted shop where they lived and worked all their lives.
+The wall behind it bears the Cultural Revolution slogan, "The Chinese Communist Party is the core force that advances our cause."
+For half a month, I searched for these 6 people to join my work.
+Only six men can be seen in this photo, but the people hiding here are all laid off. They're just hidden.
+This work is called "Studio".
+This spring, when I had a solo exhibition in Paris, I happened to have the opportunity to photograph my works at France 3 news studio, and I chose the news photos from that day.
+One is about the war in the Middle East and the other is about public demonstrations in France.
+I have found that in every culture there are irreconcilable contradictions.
+This is a joint work between myself and French artist JR.
+Interpreter: This is a joint work between myself and French artist JR.
+(Applause) LB: I tried to disappear into JR's eyes, but the problem is that JR only uses models with big eyes.
+I used my finger to enlarge the eyes.
+Unfortunately, it's still not big enough for JR.
+Interpreter: So I tried to disappear into JR's eyes, but the problem is that JR only uses models with big eyes.
+So I tried this gesture to make my eyes bigger.
+But it doesn't work, my eyes are still small.
+LB: This is about 9/11 memories.
+An aircraft carrier moored along the Hudson River.
+Kenny Scharf graffiti.
+(laughs) This is Venice, Italy.
+It is said that Venice will disappear in the next few decades as global temperatures rise and sea levels rise.
+This is the ancient city of Pompeii.
+Interpreter: This is the ancient city of Pompeii.
+LB: This is the Borghese Gallery in Rome.
+When working on a new piece, I pay more attention to the expression of my ideas.
+For example, why make yourself transparent?
+What will people think if I make myself invisible here?
+This is what we call instant noodles.
+Interpreter: These are called instant noodles. (laughter) LB: Since August 2012, harmful phosphors have been detected in the cups of every brand of instant noodle package sold in Chinese supermarkets.
+These fluorophores can even cause cancer.
+To create this artwork, I bought a bunch of prepackaged instant noodle cups and put them in my studio to make it look like a supermarket.
+And my job is to stand there and try to be still, position the camera, coordinate with my assistant, and draw the colors and shapes that are behind the body onto the front of the body. If the background is simple, it usually needs to stand for 3-4 hours.
+The background of this work is complicated, so preparation is required 3-4 days in advance.
+This is the suit I wore for the supermarket shoot.
+Photoshop is irrelevant.
+Interpreter: This is the suit I wore for the supermarket shoot.
+Photoshop is irrelevant. (laughter) LB: These works are about Chinese cultural memory.
+And this is about food safety in China.
+Unsafe food can harm people's health, and a flood of magazines can confuse people's minds. (Laughter) The next piece shows how I have managed to obscure myself in magazines in different languages, different countries, different eras.
+I think the artist's attitude is the most important element in art.
+If a work moves someone's heart, it must be the result of the creator's thoughts and life's struggles, not just the technique.
+And the repeated conflicts in life produce works in any form.
+(music) That's all I want to say.
+thank you. (applause)
+Bean bags are great.
+But there are some people standing. I have a few here, but standing takes more effort than lounging.
+Using the Live Strong Organization's online database of weight loss resources, I can calculate that by the time I finish this speech, people who are standing are burning 7.5 more calories than people who are beanbags.
+(Laughter) Now, the question is, when it comes to weight loss, specifically weight, this speech is live.
+I am actually in front of you, we are all here together.
+However, the speech has been recorded and will be made into a video that people around the world can access on their computers, mobile devices and televisions.
+I weigh about 190 pounds.
+How heavy will my video be?
+Asking questions like this is what I do every week on my channel Vsauce.
+Over the past two years, I've been asking really fun questions, mind-boggling questions, and approaching them as honestly as I can, all the while admiring scientific concepts and scientists.
+And while I research, write, produce, host, edit, upload, and run social media all by myself, Vsauce has over 2 million subscribers and over 20 million people reach out every month. It's not lonely because my videos are seen. .
+yes.
+(Applause) It's very exciting.
+I've found that asking weird questions is a great way to engage fans as well as people.
+And fans are different from mere viewers and viewers. Because the fans want to come back.
+They've subscribed to you on YouTube and want to see everything you've made and plan to make. Because we are curious human beings and it is the wonderful bait that stimulates our curiosity.
+Great way to catch humans.
+And once you've got them, with the goal of answering questions in mind, you happen to have this captive audience that can teach you a lot.
+So let's watch some of my videos.
+Here are 8 of them.
+But here in the bottom right corner, it says, "What color is the mirror?"
+It's very hard not to click when people see it.
+How can you answer that question? "
+So far, 7.6 million people have watched this 5-minute video about mirror colors.
+In that episode, I get the chance to answer questions and explain what is usually an insipid topic. Optics, diffuse and specular reflection, how light works, how light behaves on the retina, and even the etymology of color terms. like white and black.
+Now, spoiler alert: The mirror is not transparent and silver as often portrayed.
+Technically speaking, mirrors are just tiny, tiny, tiny things...
+green.
+To demonstrate this, place two mirrors facing each other so that they reflect back and forth forever.
+Looking down at its infinite reflections makes it darker because some light is lost or absorbed each time, but green light, the wavelength we perceive as green, is the best reflected of most light. will be more green. mirror.
+So how much does a video weigh?
+When you stream a video to your computer, that information is stored electronically and temporarily.
+And the number of electrons on the device doesn't really increase or decrease.
+But it takes energy to keep them in one place, and thanks to my friend Albert Einstein, we know that energy and mass are related.
+Now, here's the problem. Let's say you're watching a YouTube video in 720p, which is a very nice resolution.
+Assuming typical bit rates, we can see that a one-minute YouTube video requires about 10 million electrons on the device.
+Plugging all those electrons, and the energy required to hold them in the correct place to watch the video, into that formula, we see that a one-minute YouTube video increases the computer's mass by about a factor of 10 to minus 19. I understand. grams.
+When you write it out, it looks like this.
+(whistling) It seems like nothing.
+I'd say it's nothing and it wouldn't be a problem. Because the best scale we've invented to actually detect that change is only accurate from 10 to minus 9 grams.
+So you can't measure it, but you can, like before, calculate it.
+When I was a kid, our school had two shelves of science books.
+It was really great, but I read them all in less than two grades. And it was hard to get more books because they are heavy, they need space to put them, and moving them is more difficult than we can do today.
+With such a small number, I can fit thousands of books in my own small personal e-reader.
+You can stream YouTube videos for hours or days without significantly slowing down your computer.
+And as information becomes such a light, it becomes more democratic, meaning more teachers, presenters, creators and viewers can be involved than ever before.
+There is an explosion of content like this on YouTube right now.
+The 3 Vsauce channels are in the corner.
+But everyone else together, collectively, their opinion dwarfs what I can do alone or with the people I work with, and it's really, really inspiring.
+I've found that eliciting people's curiosity and answering their questions responsibly is a great way to build fans and audiences and gain an audience.
+It’s also a great way to build trust for brands and businesses.
+Calculating video weights is kind of an interesting question, but I'm looking forward to seeing what you ask and what you answer next.
+Thank you for watching.
+(applause)
+Our relationship with the Internet reminds us of a run-of-the-mill horror movie setting.
+As you know, the supremely happy family has moved into the perfect new home, is excited about the perfect future, it's sunny outside and the birds are chirping...
+and it gets dark.
+Then I hear a noise coming from the attic.
+And you also realize that your perfect new home isn't so perfect.
+When I started working at Google in 2006, Facebook was only two years old and Twitter hadn't even started yet.
+And I was in absolute awe of the Internet and all of its promises to make us closer, smarter, and freer.
+But while we do the exciting work of building search engines, video-sharing sites, and social networks, criminals, dictators, and terrorists have figured out ways to use the same platforms against us. was
+And we had no foresight to stop them.
+In recent years, geopolitical forces have come online to wreak havoc.
+And in response, Google helped some of my colleagues and I found a new group called Jigsaw. Its purpose is to make people safer from threats such as violent extremism, censorship and persecution. These threats are very personal to me, the country where I was born. Iran and I left in the aftermath of the violent revolution.
+But even if you had all the resources of every technology company in the world, you would still fail if you overlooked one key factor: the human experience of threat victims and perpetrators. I noticed.
+There are many issues we can talk about today.
+Focus on just two.
+The first is terrorism.
+There, we met with dozens of former members of violent extremist groups to understand the process of radicalization.
+One, a British schoolgirl, was deplaned at London Heathrow Airport as she was heading to Syria to join ISIS.
+And she was 13.
+So I sat down with her and her father and said, "Why?"
+"I saw pictures of what life was like in Syria, so I decided to go and live in Islamic Disney World," she said.
+That's what she saw with ISIS.
+She thought she would meet and marry jihadist Brad Pitt, spend all day shopping at the mall, and live happily ever after.
+ISIS understands what drives people and carefully crafts its message for each audience.
+See what languages ​​they translate their marketing materials into.
+They produce brochures, radio programs and videos in German, Russian, French, Turkish, Kurdish, Hebrew and Mandarin as well as English and Arabic.
+I have also seen a sign language video produced by ISIS.
+Think about it. ISIS took time to ensure that their message reached the deaf.
+In fact, the reason ISIS wins people's hearts is not tech savvy.
+What makes it possible is their insight into the biases, vulnerabilities and desires of the people they are trying to reach.
+That's why it's not enough for online platforms to focus solely on removing job material.
+If we want to challenge ourselves to build meaningful technology to counter radicalization, we must begin with the core human journey.
+So we accepted ISIS's promise of heroism and justice, took up arms to fight for them, and went to Iraq to speak to young people in exile who had witnessed ISIS's brutal rule. rice field.
+And I'm sitting here in this makeshift prison in northern Iraq with a 23-year-old who was actually training as a suicide bomber before his defection.
+And he said, "I arrived in Syria full of hope, but immediately two of my most valuable possessions were confiscated: my passport and my mobile phone."
+The symbol of his physical and digital freedom was taken from him upon arrival.
+And he said to me at that moment of loss:
+He said, "Have you ever seen Tom lock the door and swallow the key so that it flew out of his throat when Jerry tried to escape in Tom and Jerry?" .
+And of course I could really see the images he was portraying and I really sympathized with the feeling he was trying to convey, the feeling of doom when you know there is no way out. .
+And I wondered. What changed in his mind the day he left home?
+So I asked. “If you knew all the suffering, corruption and atrocities you know now, would you still have left home the day you left?”
+And he said yes.
+And I thought, 'Oh my God, he said yes.' was not
+I shouldn't have been upset. "
+"So what if you knew everything you know now six months before you left?"
+"At that point, I think I probably changed my mind."
+Radicalization is not a yes or no choice.
+It is the process by which people question their ideology, religion, living conditions, etc.
+And they're online looking for answers, and that's an opportunity to reach out to them.
+And there are videos online of people who have answers, such as North Korean defectors who tell their stories of how they got into and out of violence. It's like the story of a man you met in an Iraqi prison.
+Some locals uploaded cellphone footage of real life in the ISIS-controlled caliphate.
+There are clerics who share a peaceful interpretation of Islam.
+But do you know?
+These people usually don't have marketing skills like ISIS.
+They risk their lives to raise their voices and stand up to terrorist propaganda, but unfortunately their voices do not reach the people who need them most.
+And we wanted to know if technology could change that.
+So in 2016, we partnered with Moonshot CVE to pilot a new approach to combating radicalization called the “redirect method.”
+It uses the power of online advertising to bridge the gap between those susceptible to ISIS' messages and a trusted voice debunking them.
+And it works like this: Suppose someone looking for extremist material searches for "How do I join ISIS?" -- You'll see ads suggesting you watch YouTube videos of priests and exiles - people who have real answers.
+And that targeting isn't based on a profile of who they are, it's based on determining something directly related to their query or question.
+During the eight-week pilot in English and Arabic, we were able to reach out to over 300,000 people who expressed interest and sympathy with the jihadist group.
+These people were now watching videos that could prevent them from making devastating choices.
+And because violent extremism is not confined to one language, religion, or ideology, people who are being courted online by violent ideologues, such as Islamists, white supremacists, and other violent extremists, To protect, redirect techniques are currently being deployed around the world. The goal is to give you the opportunity to hear from someone on the other side of your journey. To give them a chance to choose another path.
+In many cases, bad guys are good at exploiting the internet not because they are tech geniuses, but because they understand what makes people excited.
+I would like to give you a second example. It's online harassment.
+Online harassers also work to find things that resonate with other humans.
+But not to recruit them like ISIS, but to make them suffer.
+Please try to imagine. You are female, married, and have children.
+You post something on social media and the reply tells you details of when and where you will be raped, your son will be watching.
+In fact, your home address will be published online for everyone to see.
+It feels like a pretty real threat.
+do you think i'll go home
+Do you think you will continue to do what you have been doing?
+Will you continue to irritate the attacker?
+Online abuse has been the perverted art of figuring out what makes people angry, what makes people fear, what makes people uneasy, and then pushing those points until silence. .
+Freedom of speech is stifled when online harassment goes unchecked.
+And even the people hosting the conversation will raise their arms and stop talking, shutting down comment sections and forums altogether.
+This means that the online space for meeting in person to exchange ideas is disappearing.
+And where the online space remains, we descend into echo chambers with like-minded people.
+But it allows disinformation to spread. It promotes polarization.
+What if technology enabled mass empathy instead?
+That was the question that motivated Google's anti-fraud team, Wikipedia, and partnerships with newspapers like the New York Times.
+We wanted to see if we could build a machine learning model that could understand the emotional impact of language.
+Can you predict which comments are likely to push others out of online conversations?
+It's no big deal.
+Getting AI to do something like that is no easy feat.
+So, let's take two examples of messages that might have been sent to me last week.
+"Break your leg at TED!"
+...and "Break my leg at TED".
+(Laughter) You are human too. Even though the words are almost the same, the difference is obvious to you.
+But for AI, it takes some training to teach the model to recognize the difference.
+The advantage of building an AI that can tell the difference is that the AI ​​scales with the scale of online adverse phenomena. This was our goal when building a technology called Perspective.
+For example, the New York Times turned to Perspective to create more space for online conversations.
+Before our collaboration, only 10% of articles had comments enabled.
+With the help of machine learning, that figure reaches up to 30%.
+So they tripled it, but we're just getting started.
+But this doesn't just make moderators more efficient.
+I can see you now, and I can see how what I am saying reaches your heart.
+You don't get that chance online.
+Imagine if machine learning could provide real-time feedback on how your words landed as commenters typed, much like facial expressions do in face-to-face conversations. Try it.
+Machine learning is not perfect and still makes many mistakes.
+But if we can build technology that understands the impact of language on emotions, we can build empathy.
+It means that people with different politics, different worldviews, and different values ​​can have a dialogue.
+And we can revitalize the online space that most of us have given up.
+When people use technology to exploit and harm others, they are preying on our fears and vulnerabilities.
+If you thought you could build an internet insulated from the dark side of humanity, you were wrong.
+If we want to build technology that can overcome the challenges we face today, we must be committed to understanding the problems and building solutions that are as human as the problems we are trying to solve. must be
+Let's make it happen.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I'm an MIT professor, but I don't design buildings or computer systems.
+Rather, it builds body parts that enhance the way humans walk and run: bionic legs.
+In 1982, I had an accident while climbing and both legs had to be amputated due to tissue damage from frostbite.
+You can see my feet here. 24 sensors, 6 microprocessors, muscle-tendon-like actuators.
+I have a really hard time below the knee.
+But with this advanced bionic technology, you can skip, dance, and run.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) I'm a bionic human, but I'm not a cyborg yet.
+When you think about moving your leg, nerve signals from the central nervous system pass through nerves and activate muscles in the stump.
+Artificial electrodes sense these signals, and tiny computers in the living limb decode the nerve pulses to create the intended movement patterns.
+Simply put, when I try to move, the command is sent to the synthetic parts of my body.
+But those computers cannot input information into my nervous system.
+When you touch or move the prosthesis, you don't get the usual sensations of touch and movement.
+If I were a cyborg and could feel my feet via a tiny computer feeding information into my nervous system, I believe my relationship with my artificial body would be radically changed.
+Now my feet are numb and my feet are tools that are disconnected from my mind and body.
+they are not part of me
+If I could become a cyborg and feel my feet, I believe it would become a part of me, a part of myself.
+At MIT, we're thinking about NeuroEmbodied Design.
+In this design process, designers engineer human flesh and bones, the organism itself, with composites to enhance the two-way communication between the nervous system and the constructed world.
+NeuroEmbodied Design is a methodology for creating cyborg functions.
+In this design process, designers envision a future in which technology no longer encroaches on inanimate tools separate from our minds and bodies, a future in which technology is carefully integrated into our nature, and what Contemplate a world that is biological and what is not. , what is man, what is nature, what is nature, will forever be ambiguous.
+The future will bring a new body to mankind.
+NeuroEmbodied Design extends our nervous system into the synthetic world, extends the synthetic world within us, and fundamentally changes who we are.
+By designing living organisms to better communicate with the constructed design world, humanity will be able to break barriers in this 21st century, establish a scientific and technological foundation for human enhancement, and extend human capabilities. You will expand cognitively, emotionally and physically beyond your innate physiological level.
+There are many ways to build new bodies at different scales, from biomolecules to tissue and organ scales.
+Today I would like to talk about one area of ​​NeuroEmbodied Design, the manipulation and sculpting of the body's tissues using surgical and regenerative processes.
+The current amputation paradigm has not changed fundamentally since the Civil War and is becoming obsolete given dramatic advances in actuators, control systems and neural interface technology.
+A major drawback is the lack of dynamic muscle interactions for control and proprioception.
+What is proprioception?
+Bending the ankle contracts the muscles in the front of the leg while simultaneously lengthening the muscles in the back of the leg.
+Extending the ankle does the opposite.
+Here the muscles in the back of the leg contract and the muscles in the front of the leg lengthen.
+When these muscles flex or extend, biological sensors within the muscle tendons send information to the brain via nerves.
+This way we can feel where our feet are without looking.
+Current amputation paradigms disrupt these dynamic muscle relationships, thereby eliminating normal proprioception.
+As a result, standard prostheses are unable to feed back information to the nervous system about where the prosthesis is in space.
+Therefore, the patient cannot feel or feel the position and movement of the prosthesis without seeing it.
+My leg was amputated this way during the Civil War.
+I can feel my feet, I can still feel it as a hallucination.
+But when I try to move them, I can't.
+It feels like you're trapped inside a stiff ski boot.
+To solve these problems, MIT invented the agonist-antagonist muscle neural interface (AMI for short).
+AMI is a method of connecting nerves within the remnant membrane to an external bioprosthesis.
+How are AMIs designed and how do they work?
+AMI consists of two surgically connected muscles, an agonist and an antagonist.
+When the agonist contracts due to electrical activation, the antagonist is stretched.
+This dynamic interaction of muscles causes biological sensors within the muscle-tendon to transmit information via nerves to the central nervous system, correlating information about muscle-tendon length, velocity, and force.
+This is the muscle-tendon proprioceptive mechanism, the primary way humans feel and perceive limb position, movement, and force.
+Once the limb is amputated, the surgeon connects these contralateral muscles within the remnant to create an AMI.
+Multiple AMI structures can now be created for control and sensation of multiple artificial joints.
+Artificial electrodes are then placed in each muscle of the AMI, and a small computer inside the living limb decodes those signals and controls the living limb's powerful motors.
+When the bionic limb moves, the AMI's muscles move back and forth, sending signals through nerves to the brain, allowing the wearer to experience a natural sense of the prosthetic hand's position and movement.
+Can these organizational design principles be used with real humans?
+A few years ago, my best friend of 34 years, Jim Ewing, asked me for help.
+Jim had a terrible accident while climbing.
+He failed to catch the rope hitting the ground in the Cayman Islands and fell from a height of 50 feet.
+He suffered many injuries, including a punctured lung and many broken bones.
+After the accident, he dreamed of returning to his sport of choice, mountaineering, but how is that possible?
+The answer was Team Cyborg. Team Cyborg is a team of surgeons, scientists, and engineers assembled at MIT to restore Jim to his former climbing abilities.
+Team member Dr. Matthew Carty used AMI surgery at Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital to amputate Jim's severely injured leg.
+To reconnect the muscles on the other side, a tendon pulley was created and attached to Jim's tibia.
+The AMI procedure re-established the neural links between Jim's ankle-to-leg muscles and the brain.
+When Jim moves his phantom limb, the reconnected muscles move in dynamic pairs, sending proprioceptive signals through nerves to the brain, so Jim can see the position and movement of his ankle to foot even when blindfolded. experience normal sensations in
+This is Jim at the MIT lab after surgery.
+We electrically connected Jim's AMI muscles to the bionic limbs via electrodes. And Jim quickly learned how to move his bionic limb in four different directions from ankle to foot.
+We were thrilled with these results, but when Jim stood up, it was truly amazing what happened.
+All natural biomechanics mediated by the central nervous system manifested as involuntary reflex movements via the artificial limb.
+All the intricacies of foot placement when climbing stairs -- (applause) appeared in front of us.
+Here's Jim walking down a flight of stairs, reaching for the next stair tread with his bionic toes, automatically demonstrating a natural movement without trying to move his limbs.
+Jim's central nervous system receives proprioceptive signals, so he knows exactly how to control his prosthetic limb in a natural way.
+Jim now moves and behaves as if the artificial limb were part of him.
+For example, I accidentally stepped on a roll of insulating tape in the lab one day.
+Well, what if something sticks to your shoes?
+You don't reach out like this. Too awkward.
+Instead, you shake it off, and that's exactly what Jim did after being neurally attached to the limb for just a few hours.
+What was most interesting to me was Jim telling us what he was going through.
+He said, "The robot has become a part of me."
+Jim Ewing: The morning after I first fell in love with a robot, my daughter came downstairs and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg. My answer was that I don't feel like a cyborg.
+I felt like I had my own legs, but rather than being attached to the robot, I felt like the robot was attached to me and the robot became a part of me.
+I was on my feet in no time.
+Hugh Herr: Thank you.
+(Applause.) By bi-directionally connecting Jim's nervous system to his prosthetic limb, neurological embodiment has been achieved.
+I believe that the prosthesis is no longer a separate tool, but an integral part of Jim, an integral part of his body, because Jim can think and move the prosthesis and feel its movement within his nervous system. I hypothesized that it was part
+Because of this neurological embodiment, Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
+He just got his legs back and feels like his body is back.
+Now I am often asked when will I be neurally connected to artificial limbs bi-directionally, when will I become a cyborg?
+To tell the truth, I hesitate to become a cyborg.
+Before my leg was amputated, I was a terrible student.
+I got a D in school, but I often got an F.
+Then suddenly I became a professor at MIT after having my limbs amputated.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Now my concern is that if I were to re-wire my limbs, my brain would remap to a less bright self.
+(Laughter) But you know, that's fine. Because I already have tenure rights at MIT.
+(Laughter) (Applause) I believe the scope of NeuroEmbodied Design extends far beyond limb replacement and will lead humanity into a realm that will fundamentally redefine human potential.
+In this 21st century, designers will extend the nervous system into powerful exoskeletons that humans can control and feel with their minds.
+Muscles within the body can be reconfigured to control powerful motors or to feel and sense movement of the exoskeleton, increasing human strength, jump height, and running speed.
+I believe that in this 21st century, humanity will become superheroes.
+Humans may also extend their bodies into non-anthropomorphic structures such as wings and control or feel the movement of each wing within their nervous system.
+Leonardo da Vinci said: "Once you've tasted flight, you'll be walking the earth forever with your eyes on the sky, because you've been there and always want to be back."
+I believe that at the twilight of this century, human form and dynamics will be unrecognizable to us today.
+Humanity will take off and fly.
+Jim Ewing fell to the ground and was badly injured, but his eyes were on the sky and he always wanted to get back there.
+After the accident, he dreamed not only of walking again, but of returning to his sport of choice: mountaineering.
+At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim a vertical world-specific limb: a brain-controlled leg with full sense of position and movement.
+Using this technology, Jim returns to the site of the accident, the Cayman Islands, and is rebuilt as a cyborg to climb into the skies again.
+(Lashing waves) (Applause) Thank you.
+(Applause) Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing, the first cyborg rock climber.
+(applause)
+What if technology knows us better than we do?
+Computers can now detect subtle microexpressions on human faces and tell the difference between real and artificial smiles.
+It's just the beginning.
+Technology has become incredibly intelligent and already knows a lot about our internal state.
+And like it or not, we already share parts of our inner lives that are out of our control.
+that seems like a problem. Because many of us want to hide what's going on inside from people actually watching.
+We want to be in control of what we share and what we don't share.
+We all like to have a poker face.
+But what I'm trying to say here is that I think it's in the past.
+That may sound scary, but it's not necessarily a bad thing.
+I have spent a lot of time studying the circuits in our brains that create our unique perceptual reality.
+And now I'm combining that with the capabilities of current technology to create new technologies that make us feel better, feel better, and connect more.
+To do that, I believe we must be willing to lose some of our agency.
+In some animals it is truly amazing and allows us to know their inner experiences.
+We take a head-on look at how they react to the world around them and the interplay of mechanisms between them and the state of their biological systems.
+Here, evolutionary pressures such as eating, mating, and being uneaten trigger decisive behavioral responses to information in the world.
+And through this window we can get to know their internal states and biological experiences.
+It's really cool, isn't it?
+Now, bear with me -- I'm a violinist, not a singer.
+But the spider has already given me a critical review.
+(video) (sings low) (sings mid) (sings high) (sings low) (sings mid) (sings high) (laughter) Poppy Crumb: Some spiders have It turns out that it tunes its nest like a violin to resonate with the sound.
+Perhaps the harmonics of my voice combined with the volume at which I was singing recreated the predatory call of an echolocating bat or bird, and the spider behaved accordingly.
+It told me to get rid of the bug predictively.
+i love this.
+Spiders react to the outside world so that we can see and know what's going on in its inner world.
+Biology controls spider reactions. The internal condition is shown on the sleeve.
+But we humans are different.
+We are cognitively aware of what people see, know, understand, and react to our inner states—emotions, anxieties, bluffs, trials and tribulations. They want to think they can control it.
+We have a poker face.
+Or maybe not.
+Try this out with me.
+The eye responds to the work of the brain.
+The reactions you are about to see are caused entirely by mental effort and have nothing to do with changes in lighting.
+We know this from neuroscience.
+I promise you, your eyes are doing the same thing as our lab subjects, whether you want to or not.
+You will hear some voices at first.
+Keep looking into the eyes in front of you, trying to understand them.
+It's going to be hard at first, someone should drop out, and it should get so easy.
+You can see the change in effort in pupil diameter.
+(Video) (Two voices overlaid) (One voice) Intelligent technology relies on personal data.
+(Two voices overlapping) (One voice) Intelligent technology relies on personal data.
+PC: Your students don't lie.
+The eyes represent a poker face.
+When your brain has to work harder, your autonomic nervous system dilates your pupils.
+It shrinks when it's not.
+Removing one of the voices makes the cognitive effort to understand the speaker much easier.
+I could have placed the two voices in different spatial positions, or I could have made one voice louder.
+You may have seen the same.
+We may think we have more authority than the spider when it comes to revealing our inner state, but we probably don't.
+Today's technology is starting to make it very easy to see the signals and instructions that are given to us.
+The combination of sensors and machine learning in us, our surroundings and our environment is more than cameras and microphones that track our external behavior.
+Our bodies radiate our stories from temperature changes in physiology.
+These can be seen as infrared thermal images displayed behind me, with red being hotter and blue being cooler.
+The dynamic features of our heat response are influenced by changes in our stress, how hard our brain is working, whether we are paying attention and participating in conversations, and even how we respond to fire. reveals whether you are experiencing the painting of It was real.
+People are actually seen emitting heat from their cheeks in response to the flame imagery.
+But what if the dimension of data from someone's heat response, beyond just revealing poker bluffs, gave them the brilliance of interpersonal interest?
+Tracking emotional honesty from someone's thermal image could become a new part of how we fall in love and feel attraction.
+Our technology can listen, gain insight, and predict our mental and physical health simply by analyzing the timing dynamics of speech and language picked up by our microphones.
+A research group has shown that changes in language statistics combined with machine learning can predict someone's likelihood of developing psychosis.
+I take it one step further and look at language changes and voice changes that appear under different conditions.
+Dementia and diabetes can change the colors of our vocal spectrum.
+Language changes associated with Alzheimer's disease may appear more than 10 years before clinical diagnosis.
+What and how we say it tells a much richer story than we thought.
+And the devices we already have in our homes, left alone, can give us valuable insights.
+The chemical composition of our breath represents our emotions.
+There is a dynamic mixture of acetone, isoprene, and carbon dioxide that changes as your heart races or your muscles tense, without any apparent change in behavior.
+All right, let's watch this clip together.
+There may be some things going on on the side screens, but try to focus on the front image and the man by the window.
+(creepy music) (female screaming) PC: I'm sorry. I needed to get a reaction.
+(Laughter) I'm tracking the carbon dioxide you're exhaling in the room right now.
+Since CO2 is heavier than air, we installed tubes below the ground throughout the theater.
+However, they are connected to a device on the back that allows continuous differential concentrations of CO2 to be measured in real time with high precision.
+The side clouds are actually real-time visualizations of CO2 concentrations.
+You may still see red specks on your screen as the colored clouds are getting bigger and showing the increase as the red areas get bigger.
+And that's the point many of us jumped to.
+It is our collective anxiety that drives carbon dioxide change.
+Now let's watch this together again.
+(cheerful music) (female laughter) PC: You knew it was coming.
+However, changing the creator's intention makes a big difference.
+Changing the music and sound effects completely changes the emotional impact of the scene.
+And we can see it in our breath.
+Tension, fear, and joy all manifest as reproducible, visually identifiable moments.
+We broadcast the chemical signature of our emotions.
+It's the end of your poker face.
+Our space, technology will know what we are feeling.
+We will know each other better than ever.
+We have the opportunity to touch and connect with our fundamental human experiences and emotions in our emotional and social senses.
+I think it's time for empaths.
+And we enable the capabilities that true technology partners can bring to each other and the way we connect with technology.
+Recognizing the power of being a technology empath provides an opportunity for technology to help bridge the emotional-cognitive divide.
+By doing so, we can change the way stories are told.
+We can achieve a better future by extending our own agency and connecting us on a deeper level through technologies like augmented reality.
+Imagine a high school counselor being able to realize that a seemingly cheerful student is actually in serious trouble. Reaching out there can bring decisive and positive change.
+Alternatively, authorities could know the difference between someone in a mental health crisis and another type of aggression and respond accordingly.
+Or artists who know the direct impact of their work.
+Leo Tolstoy defined his view of art by whether what the creator intended was experienced by the other person.
+Artists today can tell what we are feeling.
+But whether it's art or relationships, today's technology has made it possible for us to see and know what we're experiencing on the other side, and this means that we're closer and more authentic. It means that you can become
+But many of us struggle so much with the idea of ​​sharing data, especially that people know about us that we didn't actively choose to share. is aware of
+Every time we talk to someone, see someone, or choose not to see someone, data is exchanged, distributed, and people use it to learn and change their lives and our lives. Make decisions about life.
+I do not want to create a world where our inner lives are ripped apart and our personal data and privacy are given away to unwanted people and entities.
+But I want to create a world where we can care for each other more effectively and know when someone is feeling something to be careful about.
+And we can get richer experiences from technology.
+Any technology can be used for good or bad.
+Transparency and effective regulation of engagement are absolutely critical to building trust in these.
+But the benefits that "empathy technology" brings to our lives are worth solving the problems that make us uncomfortable.
+Otherwise, you will miss out on too many opportunities and emotions.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Let's be honest, driving is dangerous.
+This is one of the things we don't like to think about, but the fact that religious icons and amulets are appearing on dashboards around the world confirms the fact that we know this to be true. It's a betrayal.
+Auto accidents are the leading cause of death and the number one killer among 16- to 19-year-olds in the United States, and 75% of these accidents have nothing to do with drugs or alcohol.
+So what happens?
+No one can say for sure, but I remember the first accident.
+I was a young driver on the highway when I saw the brake lights of the car in front of me lit up.
+It's like, "Okay, okay, this guy's slowing down, so I'm slowing down."
+I step on the brakes.
+But no, this guy isn't slowing down.
+This guy is stopping, stopping, stopping on the highway.
+Did you just go from 65 to zero?
+I stepped on the brakes.
+I felt the ABS kick in and the car still runs and it won't stop and I know it won't stop and the airbags deployed and the car was destroyed and Luckily no one was hurt.
+But I had no idea that car was parked and I think we can do better than that.
+I think we can change the driving experience by allowing cars to talk to each other.
+I want you to think for a moment about what your driving experience is like now.
+Let's get in the car. close the door. you are in a glass bubble.
+You cannot directly feel the world around you.
+You are in this augmented body.
+You are tasked with navigating partially visible roads at superhuman speed among and among other metal giants.
+have understood? And only your two eyes guide you.
+Well, that's all you have, this eye wasn't really designed for this task, but then people ask you to do things like, you want to change lanes, what will I be asked to do first?
+Keep your eyes off the road. That is correct.
+Stop looking ahead, turn around, check your blind spots, and drive down the road without looking ahead.
+you and everyone else. This is how to drive safely.
+Why do we do this? We have to, so we have to make a choice, do I look here or do I look here?
+What's more important?
+And usually we do a great job of picking and choosing what we pay attention to when we're out and about.
+But sometimes we miss something.
+Sometimes we feel that something is wrong or too late.
+In countless accidents, drivers say they never thought an accident was coming.
+And I believe so. I believe
+We can only watch so much.
+However, technology now exists to help improve that.
+In the future, by exchanging data between cars, it will be possible to see the left and right sides of three cars in front and three cars behind at the same time. Look inside those cars.
+We will be able to see the speed of the car in front of us and see how fast it is going or stopped.
+If that person goes to zero, I know.
+And with calculations, algorithms and predictive models, we can see the future.
+You may think that is impossible.
+How can you predict the future? It's really hard.
+Not really. It's not possible with a car.
+A car is a three-dimensional object with a fixed position and speed.
+they move on the road
+They often travel along pre-published routes.
+It's not that hard to reasonably predict what cars will be in the near future.
+Even if a motorcycle comes while you are in a car, whoosh! -- At 85 mph, cutting lanes -- As I'm sure you've experienced, the guy didn't "just pop up out of nowhere."
+The man has probably been out for the last half hour.
+(laughs) Right? That means someone saw him.
+10 miles, 20 miles, 30 miles ago, someone saw the guy, and as soon as a car spotted the guy and put it on the map, he's on the map - location, speed , by a good estimate, he'll keep going at 85 mph.
+Because he knows your car, and the other car whispered something in his ear like, "By the way, biker, five minutes to go, be careful."
+You can make reasonable predictions about how the car will behave.
+So they are Newtonian objects.
+It's very good for them.
+So how do we get there?
+You can start with something as simple as sharing location data between cars or sharing GPS.
+With GPS and cameras in your car, you can pretty much know where you are and how fast you're going.
+Computer vision can be used to estimate where the cars around you are and where they are going.
+And so do other cars.
+They know exactly where they are, but they have a vague idea of ​​where the other cars are.
+What happens when two cars share that data and communicate with each other?
+I will tell you exactly what happens.
+Both models have been improved.
+everyone wins.
+Professor Bob Wang and his team performed computer simulations of what happens when fuzzy estimates are combined, whether in light traffic or when cars only share GPS data. rice field. We then moved this research from computer simulations to robotic test beds. These robots are equipped with the actual sensors found in cars, such as stereo cameras, GPS, and two-dimensional laser range finders that are common in backup systems.
+A separate short-range communication radio is also attached, and the robots can talk to each other.
+When these robots get close to each other, they can accurately track each other's position and avoid each other.
+We are currently adding more robots to the mix, but have run into some issues.
+One of the problems is that if there is too much chatter, it will be difficult to process all packets, so they need to be prioritized, and that's where predictive models come in handy.
+If the robot cars were all following their predicted trajectories, you wouldn't have to pay as much attention to those packets.
+You prioritize one guy who might be a little off course.
+That man may have a problem.
+And new trajectories can be predicted.
+I mean, you not only know he's going to go off course, you know how.
+And you'll know which drivers need to be warned to stay out of the way.
+And what we wanted to do is, how can we alert everyone?
+How can these cars whisper "get out of the way"?
+It depends on two things. One is car capability and the other is driver capability.
+If a man has a very good car but is on the phone or doing something, he may not be in the best position to respond to an emergency. .
+So we started another study doing driver state modeling.
+And now, with a set of three cameras, it can detect whether the driver is facing forward, looking away, looking down, making a phone call, or having a cup of coffee. became.
+We can predict accidents, predict who and which cars are best positioned to move out of the way, and calculate the safest route for everyone.
+Basically, these technologies still exist today.
+I think the biggest problem we face is whether we are willing to share data ourselves.
+I think the idea that our cars will be watching us, telling other cars about us, and navigating the road in a sea of ​​gossip is a very disconcerting concept.
+But like now, I don't know much about you when I see your car from the outside, but I believe it can be done in a way that protects our privacy.
+I can't quite tell who you are by looking at your license plate.
+We believe our cars can speak for us behind the scenes.
+(Laughter) And I think it's going to be great.
+Just think, do you really want the distracted teen behind you to know you're braking and coming to a dead end?
+We are happy to share our data so that we can do what is best for everyone.
+So let your car do your gossip.
+Roads will be safer.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+[This talk contains graphic images] My parents always wanted me to be a doctor.
+But a doctor who studies how vultures eat their dead is probably not the type of doctor my parents imagined.
+(Laughter) I study vulture hunting behavior and how they influence crime scenes.
+I'm here to talk about how we take vultures for granted in forensics.
+Before that, I would like to talk to you.
+So all 1,000 people go on a trip.
+In May 2014, we were standing in a park in Nashville, Tennessee, as we went to see a horse race.
+As we waited for Porta's restroom, we saw two women wearing their Sunday best: heels, pearls and a lovely fluffy Derby hat.
+We can't wait for them to start talking about their grandma's wonderful pottery.
+But it's not.
+Instead, we hear them say:
+Something must be dead. "
+Looking up and to the left, you can see the vulture circling in circles.
+At this moment, I wondered if the women who attended the Derby were aware of the connection between vultures and death, why not talk more about vultures at crime scenes.
+People know vultures are associated with death.
+But they don't really understand how.
+For example, here is an email I received from a Louisiana detective. "Lauren, there's been a kidnapping.
+What kind of buzzards and vultures are there in Louisiana? "
+Before addressing kidnapping, I'd like to first answer some of the buzzard and vulture questions I get all the time.
+Buzzards do not live in the United States.
+A hawk that lives in Europe.
+The big black bird that circles the skies in the United States is the vulture.
+Two species of vulture that live in Louisiana are the turkey and the black vulture.
+To fully understand the role of vultures in forensics, we discuss this forensic case.
+From that email, one thing becomes clear.
+It is possible that the detective thinks the person is dead.
+And he's using birds to try to find the bodies.
+Like the women in Nashville, the detective thinks a circling vulture will guide him to the body.
+It's not that simple.
+I don't know if you've seen a vulture up close or if you've spent a lot of time with one, but they are very big.
+6 feet wingspan.
+The reason vultures circle in the air is because they are too large to flap their wings to fly, so they soar high.
+They soar in thermals. Thermals are eddies or small tornadoes caused by air pressure differences that form throughout the day when the sun warms the ground.
+So when you see a circling vulture, the bird is usually traveling from point A to B, not circling over something dead.
+In fact, if you want to use a vulture to find a body, look for it in trees or on fence posts.
+Vultures are too large and slow to hunt.
+Therefore they must be cleaned.
+In fact, vultures are the only animals in the world that rely on death as a food source.
+The turkey vultures you see here are pretty cool as they are one of the few birds you can actually smell.
+Focuses on the dead by sensing the chemicals that leave the body as it decomposes.
+The evolutionary role of vultures is to rid the earth of harmful toxins produced after death.
+When death is detected, turkey vultures land and immediately forage for food.
+Vultures usually remove their eyes first, then tear their skin and begin pulling at their tissues, leaving behind their skeleton.
+Therefore, the importance of vultures is on the ground, not in the air.
+Vulture clams are a bit scary.
+See this talk if your first date didn't go your way. Then I think you won't have to worry about potential suitors making another call.
+(Laughter) Although gruesome, vultures play an important role in forensics. Here's why.
+Vultures will eat dead humans the same way they eat roadkill.
+But I've never heard of such a thing. That's because vultures are so good at what they do.
+If vultures depend on death to survive and prey on humans, why should they not be in forensic textbooks and training manuals?
+The answer was the tradition of excluding animal scavengers from decomposition studies by researchers placing a cage over the decomposing object.
+why?
+That's because the researchers feared the animals would run away with their subjects, leaving them with no data to report. As a result, the long skeletonization process ruled out animal results, and this information is now being used during detective work.
+Often times, people who see a skeletal body at a crime scene think, "Wow, this has been here for so long."
+Oh no, no, no, no.
+Vultures accelerate decay.
+And the skeletal remains could have been there for as little as five days, even if vultures had swept them.
+Failure to account for vulture predation can lead forensic scientists to inaccurately estimate how long a person has been dead and search the wrong missing person files.
+The goal, therefore, is to get forensic scientists to focus on vulture evidence, and to force law enforcement to consider vulture cleanups and the likelihood of recent deaths if skeletal remains are found.
+Let's go back to the importance of the kidnapping case.
+I told the detectives that vultures prefer places with water.
+They prefer areas populated by white-tailed deer and usually arrive within five days after death, leaving intact spines and feathers.
+Detectives wrote back, "We found a body buried in a shallow grave.
+I also found the feather you mentioned. "
+However, the plumage was located 40 yards from where the body was found, which seemed to pose a problem.
+The feather was next to a bloody pine cone.
+Vultures are not attracted to blood and generally do not prowl.
+They may roam 40 feet, but they are not going to roam 40 yards.
+For birds that don't know when the next feed is available, it's a waste of energy.
+So my first task here was to determine if there were any vultures on site.
+Indeed, the feathers by the pine cone matched those of the turkey.
+So why do vultures roam 40 meters?
+One of the reasons I like vultures is because they tend to behave in ways that biology and physics can explain.
+I began to mentally repeat the many animal experiments I had done on a corpse farm in Texas.
+A body farm is a place where you can donate your body to science.
+We also experienced vulture traps and GPS tagging.
+And a year-long process of monitoring vultures via remote GPS technology.
+Then I brought out my field notes and thought, "Oh!" for a moment.
+I knew two things that would lure a vulture 40 yards from a body.
+Guts and brains are important.
+When I presented this information to detectives, I learned that the victim was suspected to have been incapacitated by blunt force trauma to the head.
+The blow to the head is believed to have occurred where the pine cone was found, and the victim was drugged 40 yards away and buried in a shallow grave.
+This suggests that brain matter is a lure for vultures, and shows how studying vulture behavior can help piece together pieces of evidence.
+The detective also sent me this photo.
+The victim's arm sticks out of the grave.
+As forensic scientists, we have to think about the big picture.
+Feathers by the pinecone indicated that a vulture was at the scene.
+This crime scene photo also shows the vulture's characteristic foraging behavior.
+If you zoom in, you can see the white plumage that is characteristic of turkeys.
+Also note the cut-like tear in the skin near the wrist.
+A turkey vulture smells rot and comes ashore.
+Break through the pine needles and pull out the hand, tearing the skin with its beak and starting to tear the soft tissue from the bone.
+Just tear and pull, tear and pull, tear and pull.
+This photo shows how efficiently a vulture feeds.
+This is important because it helps corroborate the timelines detectives are putting together about murders.
+Not much evidence.
+You are unlikely to see a vulture at a crime scene.
+Instead, vultures simply leave behind these very subtle cues.
+Don't look for vultures, look for feathers or clean bones.
+Vultures are important because they are very good and quick to act.
+They are like tornadoes.
+You will miss it in a blink of an eye.
+I gave my opinion to the detectives about the vulture evidence.
+And he presented vulture evidence in court.
+The kidnapping case was a death penalty case.
+and the defendant was found guilty.
+This case shows how studying vulture behavior can help revolutionize forensic medicine.
+Those who are murdered deserve the most thorough investigation possible.
+Including vultures in forensic research provides a more thorough picture of what happened, when it happened, and to whom.
+So next time you're at a crime scene with a dead body, look to the ground to find clues left by the vulture.
+And when someone brings up a vulture on a date, you know it's a keeper.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I noticed something interesting about society and culture.
+Anything dangerous requires a license.
+That means learning to drive, owning a gun, and getting married.
+It certainly does -- (Laughter) It applies to anything at risk, except technology.
+For some reason there is no standard syllabus or foundation course.
+It's like giving a computer and kicking it out of the nest.
+We need to learn this, but how do we learn?
+permeation only.
+No one sits down and tells you, "This is going to happen."
+So today, we're sharing 10 things you thought everyone knew, but it turns out you didn't.
+First, if you want to scroll down on the web, don't hold the mouse, use the scroll bar.
+Only do it if you are paid by the hour.
+Press the spacebar instead.
+Spacebar scrolls down one page.
+To scroll up again, hold down the Shift key.
+So you can scroll down one page by pressing the spacebar. Works on any browser, on any kind of computer.
+On the web, you probably know that when you're filling out a form, such as an address, you can press the Tab key to move from box to box.
+But what about the popup menu for entering states?
+Don't open the pop-up menu.
+Enter the first letter of the state over and over again.
+If you want Connecticut, go C, C, C.
+If you want Texas, go to T, T and it will jump right there without opening the popup menu.
+Also, on the web, if the text is too small, press Ctrl+Plus, Plus, Plus.
+The text grows with each tap.
+Works on any computer, any web browser. Or minus, minus, less again.
+If you're on a Mac, you might use Command instead.
+When typing on a Blackberry, Android, or iPhone, there's no need to switch to the punctuation layout, type a period, then a space, then capitalize the next letter.
+Just press the spacebar twice.
+The phone types periods, spaces, and uppercase letters.
+Space, let's go space.
+And when it comes to mobile phones, on all phones, if you want to redial someone you've dialed before, just press the call button and the last phone number will be entered in the box. At that point, you can press Call again to actually dial.
+If you want to call someone, you don't have to go to the recent calls list, just press the call button again.
+What drives me crazy: When I call you and leave you a message on voicemail, I hear you say, "Leave me a message." After that, for 15 seconds, you'll receive strange instructions as if your answering machine was never there. 45 years!
+(laughs) It's not hard.
+(Laughter) So I figured out that there's a keyboard shortcut that lets you jump directly to the beep, like this.
+Phone: Tone please...
+(Beep) David Pogue: Unfortunately, it varies from carrier to carrier as they don't use the same keystrokes. So it's up to you to learn the keystrokes of the person you're calling.
+I didn't say these would be perfect.
+So while most people think of Google as being able to search web pages, it's also a dictionary.
+Type the word "definition" and the word you want to know.
+You don't even have to click anything.
+Definitions appear as you type.
+This is also the full FAA database.
+Enter the airline name and flight name.
+Shows flight location, gate, terminal and time to landing.
+No app required.
+Again, you don't have to click any of the results.
+Just type in the box and get the answer.
+While we're talking about text -- when you want to highlight -- this is just one example -- (Laughter) when you want to highlight a word, don't waste your life dragging your mouse around like a newbie. .
+Double click the word.
+Look at "200" -- double-clicking just selects just that word.
+Also, do not delete the highlighted content.
+It just overwrites.
+You can also double-click and drag to highlight word by word as you drag.
+much more accurate.
+It just overwrites.
+(Laughs) Shutter lag is the time between when you press the shutter button and when the camera actually snaps.
+Very frustrating for a camera under $1,000.
+(camera click) (laughter) This is because the camera takes time to calculate focus and exposure, but if you pre-focus with a half-press, if you keep your finger off, No shutter lag.
+I know every time.
+I used that trick to turn your $50 camera into a $1,000 camera.
+And finally, often when you're giving a talk, the audience is looking at the slides instead of you for some reason.
+(Laughter) When that happens, it works in Keynote and PowerPoint, and it works in any program. All you have to do is press the letter B key (B in blackout) and the slide will go black and everyone will be looking at you. Press B again when you are ready to proceed. If you're really into it, you can press W to "white out". The slide will be whited out and you can press the W key again. remove the white space.
+So you can see I ran super fast.
+If you're missing something, I'd be happy to send you a list of these tips.
+For now, congratulations.
+Get your California Technology License.
+have a great day.
+(applause)
+What you are doing at this moment is killing you.
+This is the technology you use most every day, more than your car, the internet, or the little mobile devices we've been talking about.
+People are now sitting for 9.3 hours a day, exceeding 7.7 hours of sleep.
+Sitting is so incredibly pervasive that we don't even question how much we sit and so do others, so we don't think it's a bad thing to do. Neither do I.
+In that sense, sitting has become smoking in our generation.
+Of course, there are health consequences, terrifying consequences, beyond your hips.
+Things like breast cancer and colon cancer are directly related to our lack of physical activity, actually 10% of both.
+Six percent had heart disease, seven percent had type 2 diabetes, and my father died of it.
+Well, any of these stats should convince each of us to get more out of Duff, but if you're anything like me, they aren't.
+It was the social interaction that got me going.
+Someone invited me to a meeting, but I didn't feel comfortable with a normal boardroom meeting, and said, "I have to walk my dog ​​tomorrow, so can you come at that time?" .
+It seemed a little strange, and in fact, at that first meeting, I remember thinking, "I have to ask the next question." Because I knew I was going to hold my breath during this conversation.
+Still, I've made the idea my own.
+So instead of going to coffee meetings or meetings in fluorescent-lit conference rooms, I encourage people to join walking meetings that run 20-30 miles a week.
+It changed my life.
+But before that, what actually happened is that I used to think that I could protect my health, or I could do my duty, but one would always come at the expense of the other. was
+Well, after hundreds of walking meetings, I've learned a few things.
+First of all, there is a surprising point that actually acting without being bound by preconceived notions leads to thinking outside the box.
+Whether it's nature or exercise itself, it certainly works.
+And the second, perhaps more thoughtful, is how much each of us can disagree when the problem really isn't.
+And if we're trying to solve problems and see the world in a completely different way, whether it's governance, business, the environment, or job creation, both are true. You might be able to think of a way to reframe those problems as they are.
+Because when it happened with this walk-and-talk idea, things became doable and sustainable and doable.
+So, I started this story by talking about Tash, so I'll end with a conclusion, walking and talking.
+Please proceed.
+You'll be amazed at how fresh air can generate fresh thoughts. Doing so will bring a whole new set of ideas into your life.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, I have a big announcement today, and I'm really looking forward to it.
+And this might come as a bit of a surprise to many who know my research and what I've done well.
+I have been really trying to solve some big problems such as counter terrorism, nuclear terrorism, medicine and cancer diagnosis and treatment, but I started to think about all these problems and realize that we are facing I realized that the really biggest problem was everything else. That is, the flow of energy, electricity and electrons.
+And I decided to start to solve this problem.
+And this is probably not what you're expecting.
+You're probably expecting me to come here and talk about fusion, because I've been doing it most of my life.
+But this is actually a story about nuclear fission.
+It's about perfecting the old and bringing the old into the 21st century.
+Let's talk a little bit about how nuclear fission happens.
+A nuclear power plant has a large vessel of water under high pressure, several fuel rods, these fuel rods are wrapped in zirconium and are small pellets of uranium dioxide fuel, which is used in nuclear fission reactions. happens. Controlled and maintained at the proper level, the reaction heats the water, turns it into steam, and the steam turns a turbine, which produces electricity.
+This is the same way we've been producing electricity for 100 years, the idea of ​​steam turbines, and nuclear power was a huge advance in how to heat water, but it still boils water and it turns into steam and spins a turbine. .
+And I thought this might be the best way.
+Is there a split going on, or is there something left to innovate here?
+And I realized that I had come across something that I thought had great potential to change the world.
+And this is it.
+This is a small modular reactor.
+I mean, it's not as big as the reactor in the picture here.
+This is between 50 and 100 megawatts.
+But that's a lot of power.
+This means that with average usage, perhaps 25,000 to 100,000 households could run out of it, for example.
+Now, what's really interesting about these reactors is that they're factory built.
+So these are basically modular nuclear reactors built on an assembly line that are trucked anywhere in the world and produce electricity as they are unloaded.
+This area is the nuclear reactor.
+And this is buried underground, which is very important.
+As someone who has done a lot of counter-terrorism work, I can't commend how nice it is to bury something in the ground because of proliferation and security concerns.
+And since there is molten salt inside this reactor, any thorium fan will be really excited about this one. Because these reactors are very good at breeding and burning uranium-233, which happens to be the thorium fuel cycle.
+But I don't really care about fuel.
+You can use up these. They are really hungry and love their down-blended armament pits. That is, down-blended highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium.
+It's made to a non-nuclear grade, but they love it.
+This is a big problem, so we leave a lot of it untouched.
+As you know, during the Cold War, we built up this huge nuclear arsenal. It was great, but we don't need them anymore. And, essentially, what do we do with all our waste?
+What are we doing with those nuke holes?
+Well, we have them in reserve, and it would be great if we could burn them and eat them, and this reactor loves this.
+It's a molten salt furnace. It has a core and a heat exchanger from hot salt, which is radioactive, to cold salt, which is not.
+The heat is still high, but there is no radioactive material.
+And that's the heat exchanger, the heat exchanger to the gas, that makes this design really interesting.
+So, going back to what I was saying earlier, all the electricity that is generated, with the exception of solar power, is produced by this boiling of steam and spinning turbines, which is really not that efficient. Not really, it happens at nuclear power plants. As such, the efficiency is only around 30-35%.
+It's how much heat energy a nuclear reactor releases for the amount of electricity it produces.
+The reason for the very low efficiency is that these reactors operate at fairly low temperatures.
+It probably works in the range of 200-300 degrees Celsius.
+And these reactors operate at 600-700 degrees Celsius. Thermodynamics tells us that the higher the temperature, the higher the efficiency.
+And this reactor does not use water. It uses a gas, supercritical CO2 or helium, which enters the turbine. This is called the Brayton cycle.
+This is a thermodynamic cycle that produces electricity, which gives an efficiency of almost 50 percent, or 45-50 percent.
+It's a very compact core, so I'm really excited about this.
+Molten salt reactors are very compact in nature, but what's even nicer is that you get more power for the amount of uranium you fission, not to mention the fact that they burn.
+Their burn rate is much higher.
+This means that for a given amount of fuel put into the reactor, more fuel will be used.
+The problem with such conventional nuclear power plants is that they have zirconium coated rods with uranium dioxide fuel pellets in them.
+Uranium dioxide is a ceramic, and ceramics don't like to release what's inside.
+There are what are called xenon pits and some of these fission products prefer neutrons.
+They are going and love the neutrons that help make this reaction happen.
+And they end up eating them. Combined with the fact that the cladding doesn't last very long, this means that one of these reactors can run for, say, about 18 months without refueling.
+Therefore, these reactors will run for 30 years without refueling. I find this very surprising as it means it's a sealed system.
+Not refueling means they can be sealed, no proliferation risk, no nuclear or radioactive material proliferating from the nucleus.
+But let's get back to safety. Because after the Fukushima accident everyone had to reassess the safety of nuclear power. One of the things when I set out to design a power reactor was that it needed to be passive and intrinsically safe. i'm really excited about it. There are essentially two reasons for this reactor.
+The first is that it does not work at high pressure.
+Conventional nuclear reactors, like pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors, are very hot water at very high pressures. This means that in the event of an accident, any damage to this stainless steel will occur. In the case of pressure vessels, the coolant leaves the core.
+Since these reactors operate essentially at atmospheric pressure, there is no possibility of fission products escaping from the reactor in the event of an accident.
+Also, they operate at high temperatures and the fuel is molten so they cannot melt down, but if the reactor is overrun or if off-site power is lost in a case like Fukushima, I have a dump tank.
+Because the fuel is a liquid and combined with the coolant, it really only needs to dump the core into what is called a subcritical setting, basically a tank with a neutron absorber underneath the reactor. increase.
+This is very important as it will stop the reaction.
+You can't do that with this kind of reactor.
+As I said earlier, the fuel is ceramic in zirconium fuel rods, and in the event of an accident at Fukushima and Three Mile Island, one of these reactors, looking back at Three Mile Island, We didn't really see this. For a while — but with the zirconium cladding on these fuel rods, seeing high-pressure water, steam in an oxidizing environment actually produces hydrogen, and that hydrogen has the explosive ability to release fission products.
+This means that the core of this reactor is not under pressure and has no chemical reactivity, so fission products tend not to leave this reactor.
+Therefore, even if an accident occurs, the reactor may be destroyed. I mean, sorry power companies, but we're not going to pollute a lot of land.
+So I really believe that it will take say 20 years to realize fusion and have it become a potential energy source that provides carbon-free electricity.
+Carbon-free electricity.
+And it is an amazing technology because it not only combats climate change, but it is also an innovation.
+It's factory-produced and cheap, so it's a way to bring power to developing countries.
+It can be placed anywhere in the world.
+and possibly something else.
+As a child, I was obsessed with space.
+Well, I was kind of obsessed with nuclear science too, but before that I was obsessed with space and was really excited about being an astronaut and designing rockets. It was always exciting for me.
+But I think we need to come back to this story. Because imagine a rocket with a small nuclear reactor producing 50-100 megawatts.
+That's a rocket designer's dream.
+It's someone designing a habitat on another planet of their dreams.
+Not only can it supply 50-100 megawatts of power to provide the thrust to reach its destination, but it can also pick up power once it reaches its destination.
+You know, rocket designers using solar panels and fuel cells, which means a few watts or kilowatts, is a lot of power.
+So now we're talking about 100 megawatts.
+That's a lot of power.
+It could empower Martian communities.
+It could power a rocket there.
+So I wish I had the opportunity to explore my passion for rockets at the same time I explored my passion for nuclear power.
+And people say, 'Oh, you launched this, and it launched into space with radioactive material, and what about the accident?
+But we are launching plutonium batteries all the time.
+Everyone was really excited about Curiosity. It had a large plutonium battery loaded with plutonium-238. Plutonium-238 actually has a higher specific activity than the low-enriched uranium fuel in these molten salt reactors, meaning the impact is negligible. Because we're going to launch it cold, and when it reaches space, we'll actually run this reactor.
+So I'm really excited.
+I think I designed this nuclear reactor here to be a revolutionary source of energy and power all sorts of decent scientific applications. And I am ready to do this.
+I graduated high school in May. And -- (laughter) (applause) -- I graduated from high school in May and decided to start a company to commercialize these technologies that I developed, these revolutionary detectors. bottom. Scanning cargo containers and these systems to generate medical isotopes, which I would love to do and a team of some of the nicest people I have ever had the chance to work with is slowly building. Ready to make this a reality.
+And when you look at this technology, I think this will be cheaper than natural gas, or even the same price as natural gas, and you won't have to refuel for 30 years, which is an advantage for developing countries.
+Just one last philosophical point, which is strange for a scientist.
+But I think there's something really poetic about using atomic energy to get us to the stars, because the stars are giant nuclear fusion reactors.
+They are giant nuclear cauldrons in the sky.
+The energy that I can speak to you today, converted in my food into chemical energy, originally arose from nuclear reactions and therefore, in my opinion, completed nuclear fission. , there is something poetic about harnessing it as energy. Innovative energy source of the future.
+Thank you everyone.
+(applause)
+Theater is important because democracy is important.
+Theater is an art form essential to democracy, and we know it because they were born in the same city.
+In the late 6th century BC, the idea of ​​Western democracy was born.
+Of course, it was a very partial and flawed democracy, but the idea that power should come from the consent of the governed and that power should flow from the bottom up, not vice versa, is reflected in this ten was born in
+And in the same decade, someone—according to legend, named Thespis—invented the idea of ​​dialogue.
+What does it mean to generate dialogue?
+Now, we know that during the Dionysus Festival, the entire population of Athens gathered by the Acropolis to listen to music, watch dances, and tell stories as part of the Dionysus Festival.
+And the storytelling is a lot like what's happening now. I am standing here, the unifying authority, speaking to you.
+And you sit still and take what I say.
+And you may not agree with it, you may think I'm an intolerable idiot, you may be bored to death, but the dialogue takes place largely in your own head. there is.
+But instead of me talking to you, Thespis thought this, what if I move 90 degrees to the left and talk to another person on stage with me?
+everything changes. Because in that moment I am not the owner of the truth. I'm a man of my own opinion.
+And I'm talking to someone else
+And what do you know?
+Others have opinions too, it's drama, remember, conflict - they don't agree with me.
+There is a contradiction between the two points of view.
+And the theory is that truth only emerges in the clash of different perspectives.
+It doesn't belong to anyone.
+And if you believe in democracy, you have to believe in it.
+If you don't believe it, you are a dictator putting up with democracy.
+But it is a fundamental theme of democracy, that the clash of different perspectives leads to truth.
+What else is going on?
+I'm not asking you to sit down and listen to me.
+Lean back and imagine what this would look like and feel like for me as a character, from my point of view.
+Then switch your mind and imagine how the person you are talking to would feel.
+I am asking you to exercise empathy.
+And the idea that truth emerges from the clash of different ideas, and the emotional muscle of empathy, are necessary tools for democratic citizenship.
+what else would happen?
+The third is actually you, the community itself, the audience.
+I know from personal experience that when I go to the movies, I go into the cinema and am happy when it's empty. Because there is nothing in between with the movie.
+You can spread your legs on the stadium seats, eat popcorn and just have fun.
+But when you walk into a live theater and see the theater half full, your heart sinks.
+you will soon be disappointed. Because whether you knew it or not, you were there to be part of the audience.
+You were here for the collective experience of laughing together, crying together, and holding your breath together to see what happened next.
+You may have entered the theater as an individual consumer, but if the theater does its job, you come out with the feeling that you are part of the whole, part of the community. It means that it has come.
+It's in my art form's DNA.
+2500 years later, Joe Papp decided that culture should belong to all of the United States and that it was his job to try to deliver on that promise.
+He created "Free Shakespeare in the Park".
+And Free Shakespeare in the Park is based on a very simple idea: the best theater we can create, the best art, goes to and belongs to everyone. based on the idea that it should And even now, 2,000 people line up every summer night in Central Park to see the best theater they can offer for free.
+Not a commercial transaction.
+In 1967, thirteen years after he understood that, he understood another. That is, democratic circles cannot be completed by simply giving the public classics.
+We had to actually get people to create their own classics and put them on stage.
+In 1967, Joe opened the Public Theater in downtown Astor Place, and the first show he produced was the world premiere of "Hair."
+It was the first time he had done anything other than Shakespeare.
+Clive Burns of The Times said it was as if Mr. Papp was picking up a broom and sweeping all the trash from the streets of the East Village onto the public stage.
+(Laughter) He didn't mean it as a compliment, but Joe hung it up in the lobby. He was very proud of it.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) And in the years that followed, Public Theatre, "To the Girls of Color Who Contemplated Suicide/When the Rainbow Disappeared," "A Chorus Line," and -- this is one of the most extraordinary What did you do in such a great show? I think of Larry Kramer's ranting cry of anger against the AIDS crisis, "The Normal Heart."
+For when Joe produced the play in 1985, Frank Rich's book review for the New York Times contained more information about AIDS than the New York Times had published in the previous four years. because it was posted.
+In fact, Larry changed the conversation about AIDS by writing the play, which Joe produced.
+I had the privilege of working on Tony Kushner's Angel in America. Doing that play and Normal Heart together, I could see the culture really changing. It wasn't caused by the theater, but it played a role in changing what it meant to be gay in America.
+And I am very proud of it.
+(Applause.) When I took over Joe's old job at The Public in 2005, I realized that one of the problems we had was at the expense of our own success. That said, Shakespeare in the Park was established as a program for access, and it was the hardest ticket to get in New York City right now.
+People stayed out two nights to get tickets.
+What was it doing?
+That's why 98 percent of the population never even considered going there.
+So we re-established mobile forces and took Shakespeare to prisons, homeless shelters, all five boroughs, and even community centers in New Jersey and Westchester County.
+And that program proved what we knew intuitively. People's need for theater is as strong as their need for food and drink.
+It has been an extraordinary success and we have continued to do so.
+And then I realized that there was still a wall I hadn't crossed. It's a wall of participation.
+And the idea, we said, is how can we bring the theater back from commodities and objects to what it really is, the set of relationships between people.
+And under the guidance of the wonderful Leah Debessonne, we started a public works program. Today, huge Shakespeare musical pageants like this are held every summer. There, Tony Award-winning actors and musicians stand alongside nannies, domestic workers and veterans. Incarcerated prisoners, amateurs and professionals perform together on the same stage.
+And it's not just a great social program, it's also the best art we do.
+And the argument is that artistry is not owned by a few.
+Artistry is inherent in humans.
+Some of us spend much of our lives practicing it.
+And sometimes—(applause) miracles like “Hamilton,” where Lin-Manuel marvelously retells the foundational story of this nation through the eyes of its only Founding Father, an orphan immigrant from the West Indies. break out.
+And what Lynn was doing was exactly what Shakespeare was doing.
+He took the voice of the people, the language of the people, sublimated it into poetry, and in so doing ennobled the language and the people who spoke it.
+And what Lynn was telling us, by casting the show entirely with a black and brown cast, is that he believes in us our greatest aspirations for the United States, our Angel of a Better America, was reviving our sense of what this country could be like. Inclusion is at the heart of the American Dream.
+And it set off a wave of patriotism in me and in the audience, and that lust for love turned out to be insatiable.
+But there's another side to it, and that's where I want to end, the final story I want to tell.
+You may have heard that Vice President-elect Pence came to see "Hamilton" in New York.
+And when he walked in, some of my fellow New Yorkers booed him.
+And admirably he said, "That's what freedom is."
+And at the end of the show, Vice President-elect Pence read a very respectful statement from the stage, which was also heard by Vice President-elect Pence, which sparked some outrage, a flurry of tweets, and an internet boycott. "Hamilton" was an outrage from those who felt we had treated him disrespectfully.
+I saw that boycott and said something is wrong here.
+None of the people who signed this boycott petition were going to see "Hamilton" anyway.
+It never came to a city near them.
+Even if it did happen, they couldn't afford the tickets, and even if they could afford the tickets, they didn't have the connections to get them.
+They weren't boycotting us. we boycotted them.
+And if you look at the red and blue electoral map of the United States and say, "Oh, blue represents all the major non-profit cultural institutions," I tell you the truth. prize.
+you will believe me
+We in this culture have done exactly what the economy, education system and technology have done. It turns our backs on much of this country.
+So this idea of ​​inclusion must continue.
+Next fall, we'll be on tour with performances of Lynn Nottage's wonderful Pulitzer Prize-winning play Sweat.
+Years of research in Reading, Pennsylvania, has led her to explore the deindustrialization of Pennsylvania—what happened when steel was gone—the anger unleashed, the tension unleashed, the race unleashed by the loss of jobs. I ended up writing this play about discrimination.
+We've taken the play and toured the rural counties of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin.
+We partner with community organizations there to not only make sure we reach the people we're trying to reach, but also listen to them and say, 'This culture is here for you. We are trying to find ways to say yes. . "
+Because -- (applause) we in the cultural industry, in the theatre, have no right to say we don't know what our work is.
+It's built into the DNA of our art form.
+Our task is "...to hold up the mirror of nature, to despise the form of nature, to show its form with its virtues, its very form and pressure."
+Our work not only shows who we are all individually, but also the commonality, the sense of togetherness, the sense of whole that we ought to be, who we are as a nation.
+That's what the theater should do, and that's what we should do as much as we can.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+All my life I've spent my entire life in the school building, on my way to the school building, or talking about what's going on inside the school building.
+(Laughter) Both my parents were educators, and my maternal grandparents were also educators. And for the past 40 years, I have done the same.
+Needless to say, I have had the opportunity to look at educational reform from different perspectives over the past few years.
+Some of these reforms were good.
+Some of them were not so good.
+And we know why kids drop out.
+We know why children don't learn.
+Either poverty, poor attendance, or bad influence from colleagues...
+But one thing we never or rarely discuss is the value and importance of human connections.
+relationship.
+James Comer says that significant learning cannot occur without significant relationships.
+George Washington Carver says all learning is understanding relationships.
+Everyone in this room is influenced by teachers and adults.
+Over the years I have watched people teach.
+I've seen the best, but I've also seen some of the worst.
+A colleague once said to me: "You don't get paid to love children.
+They pay me to teach them lessons.
+Children should learn it.
+I should have taught it, they should have learned it, and the case was closed. "
+I told her "Kids don't learn from people they don't like."
+(Laughter) (Applause) She said, "That's just nonsense."
+And I said to her, "Well, your year is going to be long and hard, dear."
+Needless to say, it was.
+Some people think that you either have it in you or you don't have it in order to build a relationship.
+I think Stephen Covey was right.
+He said some simple things should be thrown in, such as asking to understand first, as opposed to being understood.
+Simple things, like apologizing.
+Have you thought about it?
+Tell the child who is in shock that you are sorry.
+(Laughter) I once gave a lesson on proportions.
+I'm not very good at math, but I did my best.
+(Laughter) And then I came back and saw the teacher version.
+I was teaching the whole lesson wrong.
+(Laughter.) So the next day I went back to class and said, "You guys, I have to apologize.
+I taught the whole lesson wrong. sorry. "
+They said, 'It's okay, Mr. Pearson.
+You were so excited that we let you go. "
+My academic ability was so low that I cried, and I have even taken classes.
+I thought: “How am I going to get this group from where they are to where they need to be in nine months?”
+And it was hard, it was so hard.
+How can you increase your child's self-esteem and academic achievement at the same time?
+One year I had a great idea.
+I told all my students, "You were chosen for my class because I am the best teacher and you are the best students. They brought us together Because I can teach everyone else how to do it."
+One of the students said, "Really?"
+(Laughter) I said, 'Well, I have to teach the other classes how to do it, so if you walk in the hallway you'll get noticed, so don't make a fuss.
+You just have to strike. "
+(Laughter.) And I taught them a maxim to say: "I am someone.
+I was someone when I came
+I will be a better person when I quit.
+I am strong, and I am strong.
+I am eligible for the education I receive here.
+I have things to do, people to impress, and places to go. "
+And they said, "Yes!"
+(Laughter) Long term, it starts to become a part of you.
+(Applause) I gave you 20 quizzes.
+A student was absent at 18.
+I wrote "+2" on his piece of paper and a big smile.
+(Laughter) He said, "Mr. Pearson, is this an F?"
+of course. "
+(Laughter) He said, 'Then why did you do the smiley face?
+I said, 'Because you're doing well.
+You got two correct answers. You didn't miss them all. "
+(Laughter) I said, "So when we review this, don't you think you can do better?"
+He said, "Yes ma'am, I could do better."
+You see, "-18" sucks your whole life out.
+"+2" said "I'm not bad".
+Over the years, my mother has spent time reviewing during recess, visiting homes in the afternoon, and buying combs and brushes, peanut butter and crackers for the children in need of food and putting them in her desk drawer. Over the years, I have seen them buying hand towels and other items. Children's soap that didn't smell very good.
+Teaching children who smell is difficult.
+(Laughter.) And children can be cruel.
+So she kept those things in her desk, and a few years later, after she retired, I saw some of those same kids come up and say to her, "As you know, Mr. Walker, you made a difference in my life.
+you worked well for me
+You made me feel like I was something, which I fundamentally knew otherwise.
+And I want you to see what happened to me. "
+And when my mother passed away two years ago at the age of 92, many of her former students were present at her funeral, and tears welled up in my eyes. Not because she left, but because she left a legacy of relationships that will never go away.
+Can you bear to have more relationships?
+Will you love all your children? of course not.
+(Laughter) And you know that the toughest kids are never absent.
+(laughter) Never.
+You won't like them all, but the tough ones come for a reason.
+It's a connection. It's a relationship.
+So teachers become great actors and great actresses, and we come to work even when we don't feel like it, and we listen to meaningless policies and teach anyway.
+We teach anyway because that's what we do.
+Teaching and learning should bring joy.
+How powerful would our world be if we had kids who weren't afraid to take risks, weren't afraid to think, and had champions?
+Every child needs a champion, an adult who never gives up on them, understands the power of connection, and insists they be the best they can be.
+Is this job hard? of course.
+But it's not impossible.
+I can do it. we are educators.
+We are born to make a difference.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I'm not sure everyone here is familiar with my photography.
+I would like to talk to you after I show you some pictures.
+I have to talk a little bit about my history, because I'm going to talk about this during my speech here.
+I was born in Brazil in 1944, when Brazil did not yet have a market economy.
+I was born on a farm that was [still] over 50 percent rainforest.
+Great place.
+I lived with incredible birds and incredible animals and swam in small rivers with caimans.
+About 35 families lived on this farm, and all that was produced on this farm was consumed.
+Very few hit the market.
+Only the cows they produced were put on the market once a year. It took us about 45 days to take thousands of cows to the slaughterhouse and about 20 days to get back on the farm. .
+When I was 15, I had to leave this place and go to a little bigger town, a bigger town. I spent the second half of my secondary school there.
+I learned a lot there.
+Brazil was beginning to urbanize and industrialize, and I knew a lot about politics. I went a little radical, became a member of left-wing parties, and became an activist.
+I went to college to become an economist.
+I have a master's degree in economics.
+And the most important things in my life also happened during this time.
+I met my wife, Lelia Wanik Salgado, a wonderful woman who has been my lifelong best friend and collaborator in everything I have ever done.
+Brazil has become very radical.
+We fought very hard against the dictatorship, but there was a moment when we had to either go in secret with our weapons in hand or leave Brazil. We were too young and the organization thought it would be better to move out, so we went to France, where I got my PhD in economics and Leila became an architect.
+After that, I worked at an investment bank.
+We traveled a lot in Africa with the World Bank, funding development and economic projects.
+And then one day photography completely invaded my life.
+I became a photographer, threw everything away, became a photographer, and started taking pictures that were dear to me.
+Many people tell me you're a photojournalist, an anthropologist photographer, an activist photographer.
+But I went above and beyond.
+I put photography in my life.
+I have lived doing long-term projects entirely within photography. And I would like to show you just a few photos. Also, if you look inside the social project, I've published a lot of books about these photos. Here are a few.
+In the 1990s, from 1994 to 2000, I shot a story called Migrations.
+It became a book. It turned into a show.
+But while filming this, I was going through a very difficult moment in my life, mostly in Rwanda.
+I have seen complete atrocities in Rwanda.
+I've seen thousands die every day.
+I have lost faith in our species.
+We couldn't believe we could live any longer and started getting infected with our own staphylococci.
+Infections started popping up everywhere.
+I had no sperm when I had sex with my wife. I'm bleeding.
+I went to see my friend's doctor in Paris and told him I was completely ill.
+He had a long examination and said to me, "Sebastian, you are not sick, your prostate is perfect.
+What happened is that you have seen too many deaths.
+stop it. stop.
+Please don't do it otherwise you will die. "
+And I made the decision to quit.
+I got really pissed off with photography and everything in the world and decided to go back to where I was born.
+It was a big coincidence.
+That was the moment my parents became very old.
+I have 7 sisters. I am one of the only males in my family and together the family decided to deed this land to Layla and me.
+When we received this land, it was dead like me.
+When I was a kid, over 50% was rainforest.
+When we received the land, it was less than half rainforest, as was my entire area.
+To build the development, the development of Brazil, we destroyed a lot of forests.
+Anywhere on this planet like you did here in the US or like you did in India.
+In order to progress, we face the great contradiction of destroying everything around us.
+There were thousands of cows on this farm, but only a few hundred, so we didn't know what to do with these cows.
+And then Layla came up with an incredible idea, a crazy idea.
+She said why not restore the rainforest that used to be here.
+You say you were born in paradise.
+Let's make paradise again.
+Then I went to see a friend who was doing forest engineering to set up a project for us and we started. We started planting trees, but the first year we lost a lot of trees, the second year we dwindled, and slowly, slowly, this dead land began to grow again.
+We started planting hundreds of thousands of trees with only native species, where we built the same ecosystems that were destroyed and began to come back to life in amazing ways.
+We had to turn our land into a national park.
+we have transformed. We gave this land back to nature.
+became a national park.
+We created an institution called the Instituto Terra to build large-scale environmental projects that raise funds everywhere.
+Here in the Los Angeles, San Francisco Bay Area, we're now eligible for US tax exemptions.
+We raised a lot of money in Spain, Italy and Brazil.
+We worked with many companies and governments in Brazil who funded this project.
+Then life began and I returned to the world of photography with a great desire to take pictures again.
+And this time, my wish was that I no longer wanted to photograph the only animal I have photographed all my life: us.
+I wanted to take pictures of other animals, I wanted to take pictures of landscapes, I wanted to take pictures of us, but from the beginning, we lived in equilibrium with nature. was.
+And so I went. It started at the beginning of 2004 and finished at the end of 2011.
+We did an incredible amount of photography and as a result, Lelia designed all my books, designed all my shows. She is the creator of the show.
+And what we want in these pictures is what we have pristine on earth and what we must keep on this earth if we want to live and me It is to generate debate about what we must have in order to have some balance in our lives.
+And he wanted to see us using stone instruments.
+we still exist I visited the National Indian Foundation of Brazil last week and there are about 110 groups of Indians in the Amazon alone that have not yet been contacted.
+In that sense, we have to protect the forest.
+And I hope that with these pictures we can create a system of information, information.
+We tried a new presentation of the Earth. I would like to show you some pictures of this project. please.
+Well, this is — (applause) — thank you. thank you very much.
+This is what we have to fight hard to keep as it is now.
+But there is another part that we must rebuild together to build our society, the modern social family. We are at a point of no return.
+But we are creating incredible contradictions.
+To build all this, we destroy many things.
+Our forest in Brazil, that ancient forest that was the size of California, is today 93 percent destroyed.
+Here on the West Coast, you destroyed the forest.
+Around here, right? The sequoia forest is gone.
+It disappeared very quickly.
+I just got here from Atlanta the other day and two days ago I was flying over a desert that we created and provoked with our own hands.
+There are no more trees in India. There are no more trees in Spain.
+And we have to rebuild these forests.
+That is our life, the essence of this forest.
+we need to breathe Forests are the only factories that can convert CO2 into oxygen.
+The only machines that can capture the carbon we produce will always be trees, even if we reduce carbon, that produce CO2 for everything we do.
+I asked a question Three or four weeks ago I read in the newspapers that millions of fish were dying in Norway.
+Oxygen deficiency in water.
+I asked myself what if all animal species, including us, could not run out of oxygen even for a moment? It would be very complicated for us.
+Trees are essential for water systems.
+I will give a small example that is very easy to understand.
+For all you happy people with a lot of hair on your head, when you shower, it takes 2-3 hours for your hair to dry without a hairdryer.
+Wait a minute, it's already dry. So are trees.
+Trees are the hair of our planet.
+If it rains in a treeless place, in a matter of minutes the water will reach the rivers, carrying soil, destroying water sources, destroying rivers, and being unable to hold moisture.
+If there is a tree, the root system retains water.
+Tree branches and fallen leaves all create damp spots that go to rivers in water for months to maintain water sources and maintain rivers.
+This is of utmost importance given that we need water for all activities in our lives.
+Finally, I would like to show you some pictures that are very important to me in that direction.
+Do you remember when my parents gave me the farm and said it was my paradise, that was the farm?
+The land was completely destroyed, it was eroded and the land was dry.
+But as you can see in this picture, we have started building an educational center, which has become a fairly large environmental center in Brazil.
+But you can see a lot of small specks in this photo.
+At each point in those places we planted a tree.
+There are thousands of trees.
+This time, I will introduce a photo taken at the exact same point two months ago.
+(Applause) I said at the outset that we need to plant about 2.5 million trees of about 200 species in order to rebuild the ecosystem.
+And I'll show you the last photo.
+We are now planting 2 million trees in the ground.
+We use these trees to sequester about 100,000 tons of carbon.
+Friends, it's very easy. You did it, did not you?
+An accident that happened to me made us go back in time and build an ecosystem.
+I think we here have the same concerns. Models created in Brazil can be ported here.
+It can be applied anywhere in the world.
+And we believe we can do it together.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+So let's take a look at four clearly related themes. Big data, tattoos, immortality, and the Greeks.
+right?
+Now, the problem with tattoos is that they really scream without saying a word.
+[Beautiful] [Interesting] So I don't have to say much.
+[Loyalty] [Very intimate] [Big mistake] (laughs) And tattoos tell a lot of stories.
+I'm going to ask you a rude question, but how many of you have tattoos?
+There are some, but not most.
+What if Facebook, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn, cell phones, GPS, Foursquare, Yelp, Travel Advisor, all these things you deal with every day turn out to be electronic tattoos?
+And what if your tattoo gave you as much information about who and what you are as any tattoo ever did?
+What has ultimately happened over the last few decades is that the kind of press you were getting as a head of state or a great celebrity is now tweeting, blogging, following you, watching your news. It is applied to you every day by all those who are credit score and what you did to yourself.
+And electronic tattoos also scream.
+And given the consequences, it's getting really hard to hide from this problem, especially since facial recognition is getting so much better than just electronic tattoos.
+So you can get all the names if you take a picture with your iPhone, but again, sometimes you make mistakes. (Laughter) But, I mean, take a typical bar scene like this, like, take a picture of this guy, look up his name, and download all the recordings before you say a word or talk to anyone. It means that you can It should be completely filled with electronic tattoos.
+And then there are companies like face.com, which now has about 18 billion faces online.
+Let me tell you what happened to this company.
+[Company sold to Facebook June 18, 2012...] Other companies install cameras like this. This has nothing to do with Facebook. They take a picture of you, tie it to social media, and figure it out. You really like wearing black dresses, so the store clerk might come up to you and say, "I have five black dresses that are perfect for you."
+So what if Andy is wrong?
+This is Andy's theory.
+[In the future, everyone will be world famous for 15 minutes. ] What happens if you flip this over?
+What if you could be anonymous for just 15 minutes? (Laughter) Well, electronic tattoos have probably brought all of you, and all of us, very close to immortality. Because these tattoos will live much longer than our bodies.
+If that's true, what we want to do is take 4 lessons from Greeks and 1 lesson from Latin Americans.
+why greek?
+Well, the Greeks have long pondered what happens when gods, humans, and immortality mix.
+Lesson 1: Sisyphus.
+Remember? He has done a terrible thing, and is eternally guilty of rolling up this rock, and it rolls and rolls and rolls down.
+It's a bit like your reputation.
+Once you get an e-tattoo, you're going to be stuck for a long time, so be careful what you post when doing things like this.
+Myth 2: Orpheus, great man, charming to be around, great party, great singer, lost a loved one, enchants the way to the underworld, the only one who can enchant the way to the underworld, the gods of the underworld Captivating, his beauty is obtained on the condition that they never look at her until they go out to release.
+So he goes out, out, out, and out, but he can't resist. He sees her and loses her forever.
+With all this data out there, it might be best not to look too much into your loved one's past.
+Lesson 3: Atalanta.
+best runner. She will challenge anyone.
+If you win, she will marry you.
+I died when I lost.
+How did Hippomenes defeat her?
+Well, he had a lot of nice little golden apples, so she ran ahead and he rolled the little golden apples.
+As she ran ahead, he rolled a small golden apple.
+She kept getting distracted. He eventually won the race.
+Remember what all those little golden apples are for when they come and get to you and you post about them, tweet them, or message them late at night.
+And, of course, there is Narcissus.
+No one will be blamed here, and no one will know Narcissus well.
+(laughter) But when you think of Narcissus, don't fall in love with your own appearance.
+A final lesson from a Latino: This is the great poet Jorge Luis Borges.
+When threatened by the thugs of the Argentine military regime, he came back and said, "Hey man, how can you threaten me other than death?"
+The interesting thing, the original thing, is to threaten someone with immortality.
+And, of course, that's what electronic tattoos threaten us all with today.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I teach chemistry.
+(Explosions) I know, I know.
+So chemistry is everywhere, not just in explosions.
+Have you ever done this over and over again at a restaurant and found yourself leaving?
+Some people nod yes.
+Recently, I showed this to my students and asked them to explain why this was the case.
+The questions and conversations that followed were interesting.
+Check out this video that Maddie sent me that night in her 3rd class.
+(clunk) (laughter) Now, obviously, as Maddie's chemistry teacher, I love that she went home and continued to geek out about these kinds of silly demonstrations we did in class.
+But what fascinated me more was Maddie's curiosity taking her to a new level.
+If you look inside that beaker, you might see a candle.
+Maddie uses temperature to extend this phenomenon to new scenarios.
+Questions and curiosities like Maddie's are the magnets that draw us to teachers, transcending all technology and buzzwords in education.
+But putting these technologies in front of the student question can deprive you of your greatest tool as a teacher: the student question.
+For example, switching a boring lecture from the classroom to the screen of a mobile device may save teaching time, but when that's the focus of a student's experience, it's just humanity wrapped up in fancy clothes. It's the same as chatter that steals.
+But instead, if we have the courage to confuse and bewilder our students and raise real questions, through those questions we teachers can use to fine-tune a well-informed mixed teaching method. you can get the information you can.
+So, 21st century jargon aside, the truth is, after 13 years of teaching, I had to risk my life to get out of 10 years of pseudo-education and help my students realize. there was. Questions are the true seed of learning, not a scripted curriculum that delivers random information.
+In May of 2010, at age 35, with a 2-year-old at home and a second child due, I was diagnosed with a large aneurysm at the base of the thoracic aorta.
+This led to open heart surgery. This is the actual email from my doctor.
+Well, when I got this, I -- pressed Caps Lock -- and was totally freaked out, okay?
+But I found moments surprisingly comforting in the confidence that the surgeon embodied.
+Where did this man's confidence and boldness come from?
+So I asked him, and he told me three things.
+First, he said, curiosity led him to ask tough questions about the procedure, about what worked and what didn't.
+Second, he embraced and feared the thorny process of trial and error, the inevitable trial and error process.
+And thirdly, through intensive deliberation, he gathered the necessary information to design and modify the procedure, after which he saved my life with unfailing skill.
+Well, I absorbed so much from these words of wisdom that before returning to class that fall, I wrote down three rules for myself that I still incorporate into my lesson plans.
+Rule #1: Curiosity comes first.
+Questions can be windows to good instruction, but not the other way around.
+Rule #2: Embrace chaos.
+We are all teachers. We know learning is ugly.
+And just because the scientific method is allotted to page 5 of chapter 1, section 1.2, which we all skip, trial and error is still what we do every day in room 206 of the Sacred Heart Cathedral. It can be an informal part of your activities. .
+And rule number three: practice reflection.
+What we do is important. It's worth our attention, but it's also worth revising.
+Could we be classroom surgeons too?
+As if what we do one day will save lives.
+Our students deserve it.
+And each case is different.
+(Explodes) Okay. sorry.
+The chemistry teacher in me needed to get it out of my system before proceeding.
+So these are my daughters.
+On the right is a small emaloo, or southern family.
+And Riley is on the left.
+Well, Riley is going to be a big girl here in a few weeks.
+She'll be 4 soon, and anyone who knows 4-year-olds knows that they love to ask "why?"
+yes. why.
+I could teach him anything because he was curious about everything.
+We were all that age.
+But the challenge is really directed at Riley's future teachers, teachers she hasn't met yet.
+How do they nurture this curiosity?
+I would argue that Riley is the trope for all children. School dropouts come in many forms. Middle school classrooms with seniors checking out before the year starts and empty desks behind the city.
+But if we, educators, move away from this simple role as disseminators of content and embrace a new paradigm as cultivators of curiosity and inquiry, it will bring a little more meaning to their school lives and bring a little more meaning to their lives. It may inspire your imagination.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I'm a little nervous because my wife, Yvonne, said to me, "Jeff, you're watching a TED talk."
+I said, "Yes, honey, I love TED Talks."
+She said, ``They are really smart and talented--'' I said, ``I know, I know.'' (Laughter.) She said, "They don't want angry black men, for example."
+(Laughter) So I said, "No, I'm fine, honey, I'm fine. I'm fine."
+But I'm mad. (Laughter) And the last time I saw it, I was -- (applause) That's why I'm excited, but I'm angry.
+We will lose millions of children needlessly this year, and we could save them all right now.
+I could see the high quality of the educators who were here.
+Don't say they couldn't reach out and save the children. I know they can.
+It is absolutely possible.
+Why haven't we fixed this?
+We educators have adhered to the business plan that we don't care if millions of young people fail, we keep doing the same things that don't work, and nobody is obsessed with it. -  right? ――So much so that you can say, “Enough is enough.”
+Here's a business plan that makes no sense at all.
+As you know, I grew up in the inner city. When I first went to school 56 years ago, there were kids who were failing in school. And those schools are still in terrible shape today, 56 years later.
+Do you know anything about terrible schools?
+Not like a bottle of wine.
+right? (laughs) You say '87 was a good year, right?
+That's how it's done now -- so year after year, it's still the same approach, right?
+It's one size fits all, so if it works, it's okay, but if it doesn't work, it's a big deal. It's just bad luck.
+Why didn't we innovate?
+Don't tell me you can't do more.
+You go to the place where you've been collecting leftover children for 50 years and say, "So what's the plan?"
+And they say, ``We're going to do the same thing this year as we did last year.''
+What kind of business model is that?
+Banks used to be open from ten to three.
+It was open from 10am to 3pm and closed for lunch.
+Now, who can bank between 10 and 3? The unemployed.
+They don't need banks. They had no money in the bank.
+Who created that business model? Right?
+And it lasted for decades.
+you know why? Because they didn't care.
+It wasn't about the customer.
+It was about a banker. They created something useful for themselves.
+How could you go to the bank while at work? It didn't matter.
+And they don't care if Jeff is upset because he can't go to the bank. Please find another bank.
+they all work the same way. right?
+Well, one day a crazy banker had an idea.
+Maybe banks should stay open when people get home from work.
+they might like it. how is your saturday?
+What about technology adoption?
+See, I'm a fan of technology, but I have to admit to you guys, I'm a little old.
+So I was a little late, I didn't trust technology, and when they first came out with those new devices, the tellers that would give you money when you put your card in, I was like, 'Such a machine I can't spend it." Count that money correctly.
+I never use it, right? "
+So technology has changed. The world has changed.
+Not yet an education. why?
+When we had rotary phones, when we had people crippled by polio, why were we teaching the same way we do now?
+And when you come up with a plan to change things, people see you as radical.
+They will say the worst things about you.
+One day I said, well, look, if science says -- this is science, not me -- if our poorest children stall during the summer -- you will see where they are in June and say okay, they are there.
+If you look at September, it's going down.
+you say, oh! So I heard about it in 1975, when I was in the Ed school at Harvard.
+I said, "Oh, wow, this is important research."
+Because it suggests that we should do something.
+(Laughter) They reproduce the same study every ten years.
+It says exactly the same thing. "Poor children lose their place in the summer."
+The system decides that the school cannot run in the summer.
+I always wonder, who makes the rules?
+For years I attended the Harvard Ed School.
+i thought i knew something
+They said it was an agricultural calendar, and people did - but tell me why it doesn't make sense.
+I didn't understand it. Any farmer knows that they don't plant crops in July and August, so I didn't know that.
+Plant in spring.
+So who came up with this idea? who owns it?
+why did we do that?
+Well, it turns out that in the 1840s, schools were open all year round. They were open all year round as there were a lot of people who had to work all day.
+They had nowhere for their children to go.
+It was the perfect place to put the school.
+Therefore, this is not something that the God of Education has ordained.
+So why not? why not?
+Because our business refuses to use science.
+Chemistry. Bill Gates comes out and says, "Look, this works, doesn't it? We can do it."
+How much of America will change? None.
+none. Yes yes there are two. have understood?
+Yes, there will be a place because some people do the right thing.
+As a profession, we have to stop this. Science is clear.
+Here's what we know:
+I know the problem will start soon.
+right? This idea, from 0 to 3.
+My wife, Yvonne, and I have four children, three of whom are adults and one of whom is 15 years old.
+It's a longer story.
+(Laughter) As our first children, we didn't know the science of brain development.
+We didn't know how important the first three years were.
+We didn't know what was going on in young brains.
+We never knew how important language, stimulus-response, call-response, play in children's development.
+we know that now. what are we doing about it? none.
+Wealthy people know. Educated people know.
+And their children have an advantage.
+We don't know the poor and we are not doing anything to help them.
+But we know this is important.
+You are in kindergarten now.
+We know it's important for children.
+Poor children need that experience.
+no. Not present in many places.
+We know medical services are important.
+We provide medical services and people are always fussing over me. Because I'm interested in accountability and data and all that good stuff. But we provide medical services and have to raise a lot of money.
+When people came to fund us, they used to say, 'Jeff, why are you doing this kind of medical service?
+I made things well. right?
+“A child with cavities will not be able to study,” I say.
+And I had to because I had to raise money.
+But now that I'm older, do you know what I say to them?
+Do you know why I provide health benefits, sports, recreation, and the arts to children?
+Because I love children.
+I actually like children. (Laughter) (Applause) But when you get really pushy, people get really pushy, so I say, "You're doing it for your kids, so I'm doing it too."
+And while you may not have read the MIT study that teaches a child to dance improves their algebraic calculations, teaching that child to dance excites him or her that he wants to teach dance. I will. It will enrich your day. And why shouldn't poor children be given the same opportunities? This is their floor.
+(Applause.) Now, one more thing.
+I'm a tester guy. I believe you need data and information because even if you're working on something and you think it's working, you know it's not working.
+So you are educators. You have a job, I think you get it, great, don't you? And it turns out they didn't get it.
+But here comes the problem of testing.
+The test that we do is going to be in New York next week, but it will be in April.
+Do you know when the results will come back?
+Maybe July, maybe June.
+And the results contain great data.
+They would say that Raheem had a really hard time doing double digit multiplication. It's very nice data, but I'll get it back after school.
+So what do you do?
+you go on vacation (Laughter) You just came back from vacation.
+Now we have all the test data from last year.
+you don't see it
+why would you see that?
+You plan to go and teach this year.
+So how much money did you spend on all this?
+Billions of dollars are spent on data that is too slow to use.
+I need that data in September.
+I need that data in November.
+I need to know what you're struggling with, and if what I did fixed it.
+We need to know that this week.
+You don't have to know that at the end of the year, which is too late.
+Because as I got older, I became something of a clairvoyant.
+Predict school grades.
+You take me to any school
+I'm good at inner city schools that are struggling.
+And last year, 48% of those kids told me they were grade level.
+And I say, "So what's the plan, what did you do last year and this year?"
+“We do the same thing,” you say.
+I'll make a guess. (Laughter) This year, 44 to 52 percent of those kids will move up in grade.
+And I will always be right.
+So we're spending all this money, what do we get?
+Teachers need real information about what's going on with their children now.
+Today is a high-stakes game. There are things you can do about it yourself.
+Now there is another issue that I think we should be concerned about.
+Innovation in business cannot be stifled.
+we have to innovate. And people in our industry are passionate about innovation.
+You get angry when you do something different.
+Whenever I try something new, people always say, "Oh, charter school." Hey, let's try some. let's see.
+This stuff hasn't worked for 55 years.
+Let's try something different. And here is the problem.
+Some don't work.
+People say to me, "Oh, those charter schools, a lot of them don't work."
+Many do not. they should be closed.
+I mean, I really believe they should close.
+But it cannot be confused with the fact that nothing should go wrong with science.
+right? Because that's not how the world works.
+If you think about technology, imagine how we thought about technology.
+Every time something went wrong, we just threw in the towel and said, "Let's forget it." right?
+they convinced me. I am sure some of you are like me. The latest and greatest product, the PalmPilot.
+They said to me, "Jeff, once you have this PalmPilot, you won't need anything else."
+It went on like that for three weeks. It's over.
+I hated it so much that I ended up spending money on this.
+Has anyone stopped inventing? not a person. not the soul.
+People went out there. They kept inventing.
+The fact that there are failures does not prevent science from moving forward.
+In our work as educators, there are several things we can do.
+And we have to do better. When it comes to assessment, we have to start earlier with children and make sure we provide support for young people.
+We must give them all these opportunities.
+So we have to. But this issue of innovation, this idea that we must continue to innovate until we really establish this science, is absolutely critical.
+By the way, I think this will be a challenge for our field as a whole.
+America cannot wait another 50 years to get this right.
+I'm running out of time.
+I don't know about the financial cliff, but I do know that there is an education cliff that we are overcoming at this very moment. And if you let people continue foolishly saying they can't afford to pay for this, so will Bill Gates. It will cost $5 billion.
+What is $5 billion for the US?
+What did we do in Afghanistan this year?
+How many trillion? (Applause.) When a country cares about something, we spend a trillion dollars without blinking an eye.
+If America's security is threatened, we will spend all our money.
+Our country's true security is preparing this next generation to take our place and become world leaders in thought, technology, democracy, and everything else we care about. is.
+Dare I say it, it's just a small detail, but it's what we need to really start solving some of these problems.
+So once you do that, you won't get angry anymore. (Laughter) So guys, help me get there.
+Everyone Thank you very much. thank you.
+(Applause.) John Legend: So what's the high school dropout rate in the Harlem Children's Zone?
+Jeffrey Canada: Well, John, 100% of the kids in my school finished high school last year.
+100% of them went on to college.
+This year's high school graduation rate will be 100%.
+Last I heard, 93 percent of them got into college.
+You'd be better off getting the remaining 7 percent.
+That's exactly how it goes. (Applause) JL: So how are you going to hang out with them after they graduate from high school?
+GC: Well, one of the bad things that this country has is these kids, these same kids, these same vulnerable kids. When you enroll them in school, they drop out in record numbers.
+So we realized we really needed to design a network of support for these kids that in many ways mimics what good parents do.
+They harass you, right? They call you and say, "I want to know your grade. How was your score on the last test?"
+What do you mean by quitting school?
+And you won't come back here. "
+So many of my kids know you can't go back to Harlem because Jeff is looking for you.
+It's like, "I can't really go back." No, I'd rather stay in school.
+But this is no joke, it gets a little more substantive.
+When kids know you can't let them fail, they put a different kind of pressure on them and they won't give up easily.
+So sometimes they don't have it in their hearts and are like, 'I don't want to do this, but I know my mother will be upset.
+Well, it's important for kids and it helps them get over it.
+We try to come up with a set of strategies to guide, help and support our students, but at the same time say, “You can do it. We also have a set of encouragements to tell them that no.
+JL: Well, thank you, Dr. Canada.
+Please give up again for him.
+(applause)
+When I was 27, I quit my very demanding job in management consulting and took an even harder job: teaching.
+I went to teach 7th grade math in a public school in New York City.
+And like all teachers, I made quizzes and tests.
+I gave my homework.
+When I got back to work, I calculated my grades.
+What struck me was that IQ wasn't the only difference between the best and worst students.
+Some of my best performers didn't have stratospheric IQ scores.
+Some of my smartest kids didn't do very well.
+That made me think.
+The stuff you have to learn in 7th grade mathematics is certainly a difficult one. Ratios, decimals, areas of parallelograms, etc.
+However, these concepts are not impossible. I was very confident that all my students could master this material if they worked hard enough and long enough.
+After a few more years of teaching, I came to the conclusion that what education needs is a deeper understanding of students and learning from a motivational and psychological point of view.
+In education, IQ is the best we know how to measure.
+But what if doing well in school and in life depends on more than your ability to learn quickly and easily?
+So I quit the classroom and went to graduate school to become a psychologist.
+I started studying children and adults in all kinds of hyper-challenging environments, and in every study my question was, who is succeeding here and why? .
+The research team and I went to West Point Military Academy.
+We tried to predict which cadets would remain in military training and which would drop out.
+We went to the National Spelling Bee and tried to predict which kids would go the furthest in the competition.
+We surveyed new teachers working in really demanding areas to see which teachers plan to continue teaching here by the end of the school year, and who among them will be most effective at improving student learning outcomes. I asked
+We partnered with a private company to figure out which of these salespeople would stay on.
+And who will end up making the most money?
+In all these very different situations, one trait emerged as a key predictor of success.
+And it wasn't social intelligence.
+It wasn't about good looks, health, or IQ.
+It was grit.
+Grit is passion and perseverance towards very long-term goals.
+Grit is about having stamina.
+Guts means sticking to your future every day, every day, not just for a week, not just for a month, but for years, and working hard to make that future a reality.
+Grit is about living life like a marathon instead of a sprint.
+A few years ago, I started studying grit at a public school in Chicago.
+I had thousands of high school seniors complete guts surveys and waited over a year to see who would graduate.
+Even when I compare all the characteristics I can measure, such as family income, standardized achievement test scores, and how safe the children feel when they are in school, the more difficult children are more likely to graduate. found to be significantly more potent.
+So grit isn't just about West Point and the National Spelling Bee.
+It is also important in schools, especially for children who are at risk of dropping out.
+To me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know, and how little science knows about building it.
+Every day parents and teachers ask me, "How can I get my kids to have guts?"
+How can we teach our children a solid work ethic?
+How do we keep them motivated in the long run?”
+I don't know the honest answer.
+(Laughter) What I do know is that talent doesn't make you difficult.
+Our data clearly shows that there are many talented people who simply don't live up to their promises.
+In fact, our data show that grit is typically irrelevant or even inversely correlated with measures of talent.
+So far, the best idea I've heard about developing guts in kids is something called a "growth mindset."
+This idea, developed by Carol Dweck at Stanford University, is that learning ability is not fixed, but can change with effort.
+Dr. Dweck has shown that when children read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenges, they are much more likely to persevere when they fail. rice field. Because children don't believe failure is a permanent condition.
+A growth mindset is therefore a great idea for building grit.
+But we need more.
+I will end my remarks here. Because that is our destination.
+That's the job in front of us.
+We must take our best ideas, our strongest intuitions and test them.
+We need to measure our successes, be willing to make mistakes and make mistakes, and start over with lessons learned.
+In other words, we need to raise our children with more grit.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So I grew up in East Los Angeles and didn't even know I was poor.
+My father was a member of a high-ranking gang that operated in the streets.
+Everyone knew me, so they thought I was pretty big and protected. My father spent most of his life in and out of prison, but I had an amazing mother who was fiercely independent.
+She worked as a secretary in the dean's office at the local high school so she could see all the kids who had been thrown out of their classes for some reason and were awaiting disciplinary action.
+Hi, her office was full.
+So, you see, kids like us have a lot to deal with outside of school, and sometimes we're just not ready to focus.
+But that doesn't mean it can't be done.
+It will take a little longer.
+I remember finding my father one day having convulsions, foaming at his mouth and OD on the bathroom floor.
+Do you really think doing homework that night was top of my priority list?
+Not so much.
+But I really needed a support network. I needed a group of people to help push me to do more than I thought I could, so that I wouldn't be a victim of my situation. .
+I needed a teacher who would come to class every day and say, "You can go from there."
+And unfortunately, the local middle school wasn't going to provide it.
+Gangs were rampant there, and teacher turnover was very high.
+So my mother said, "Every day you go by bus from where we live to an hour and a half away."
+So for the next two years, I did.
+I took the school bus to the fashionable parts of town.
+I ended up going to a mixed school.
+Some really belonged to gangs, and some were really trying to get into high school.
+Well, trying to avoid trouble was a bit unavoidable.
+had to survive.
+It's just that sometimes you have to do it.
+So there were a lot of teachers who were like, "She'll never pass."
+She has a problem with authority.
+she's not going anywhere "
+Some teachers have completely ignored me as a lost cause.
+However, when I graduated from high school, they were very surprised.
+I got accepted to Pepperdine University and went back to the same school I attended as a special education assistant.
+And I said to them, "I want to be a teacher."
+And they were like, "Huh? Why?"
+why would you want to do that? "
+So I got a teaching job at my junior high school, and I really wanted to help more children like me.
+So every year I share my background with my kids. Because everyone needs to know that everyone has a story, everyone has struggles, and everyone needs help along the way.
+And I will help them along the way.
+So I created an opportunity as a new teacher.
+One day a child came into my class who had been stabbed the night before.
+I thought, "I need to go to a hospital or a school nurse or something."
+He said, "No, miss, I'm not going.
+I have to attend classes because I need to graduate. "
+So he knew I wasn't going to make him a victim of his situation, but we were going to move on and keep moving forward.
+And I wanted to create a safe haven for my children, know exactly what my children were going through, my family, and I wanted it, but I wanted it to be a school with 1,600 children and teachers. So we couldn't do that. It is replaced every year.
+How can we build such relationships?
+So we built a new school.
+And we established the San Fernando Applied Media Institute.
+And we made sure that we continued to engage with the school district for funding and support.
+But it gives us freedom. It gave me the freedom to hire teachers that I have found to be effective. Freedom to control the curriculum to not do lesson 1.2 on page 5, no. And the freedom to control budgets and spend money where it matters, not how the district or state says it must be done.
+We wanted that freedom.
+But now the whole paradigm has changed and it is neither an easy journey nor an end.
+But we had to do it.
+Our community needs a new way of doing things.
+And as the first pilot middle school across the Los Angeles Unified School District, you'd better believe there was opposition.
+And it was out of fear -- fear of what would happen if they were wrong.
+So what if I'm wrong?
+But what if we got it right?
+And we did.
+So even if the teachers object because we have a one-year contract, if you can't or don't want to teach, you can't spend time with your kids at my school. you can't.
+(Applause) So how did the third year come about?
+Well, we make school worth coming every day.
+We make children feel that they are important.
+Our curriculum is rigorous and student-relevant, and students use all the technology they are familiar with.
+Laptops, computers, tablets, whatever.
+Animation, software, filmmaking software, it's all there.
+And it's because we're tying it to what they're doing -- for example, they made public service announcements for the Cancer Society.
+These were played on the local trolley system.
+Teaching the elements of persuasion couldn't be more real.
+Since we became our own school, our state test scores have gone up over 80 points.
+But it will require cooperation from all stakeholders. Teachers and principals are on one-year contracts and often work beyond their contracted hours without pay.
+And you need a school board member to lobby on your behalf and say, "The district is trying to impose this, but you are free not to."
+And we need a positive parenting center that is not just there and present every day, but makes decisions for our children, our children, as part of our governance.
+Because why do students have to go so far away from where they live?
+They deserve to attend a quality school in their neighborhood, a school they're proud to attend, and a school their community can be proud of. And they need teachers who will fight for them every day and empower them to push beyond their limits. their situation.
+Because the time has come when kids like me are no longer the exception and we are the norm.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+In this talk today, I would like to offer another way of thinking about why investing in early childhood education makes sense as a public investment.
+This is a different way of thinking. Because when people talk about early childhood programs, they usually talk about great benefits for former participants, like better K-12 test scores in kindergarten and higher incomes for adults.
+All this is very important, but what I want to talk about is what role kindergartens play in promoting the economy of the state and the economic development of the state.
+And this is actually very important. Because if we want to invest more in early childhood programs, we need to get state governments interested in this.
+The federal government has a lot to do, and state governments will need to strengthen as well.
+Therefore, we must appeal to our state legislators and look to what they can understand that we must promote the economic development of our state economy.
+Now, there is nothing magical about promoting economic development.
+My point is that early childhood education can bring more and better jobs to the state, which in turn can help boost per capita income for state residents.
+Now, I would say that when people think of state and local economic development, it's not common to first think of what they're doing about childcare and early childhood programs.
+i know this I have spent most of my career studying these programs.
+I have spoken to many State Economic Development Board directors and many legislators on these issues.
+When lawmakers and others think about economic development, the first thing that comes to mind is business tax breaks, property tax relief, job-creating tax credits, and the millions of such programs out there.
+For example, states compete very hard to attract new or expanded car factories.
+They have all kinds of business tax incentives.
+Now, if these programs actually induce new siting decisions, then they can make sense. And the way they make sense is by increasing employment rates by creating more and better jobs, increasing per capita income for state residents.
+Therefore, state residents will benefit from paying these business tax breaks to match the cost they are paying.
+My argument is essentially that early childhood programs can do exactly the same thing and create more and better jobs, but in different ways.
+It's a little more indirect method.
+These programs can drive more and better employment as you build and invest in quality preschools. If enough workers are retained, they will develop their skills, resulting in a higher quality local workforce. This is an important driver of creating jobs and increasing per capita income in local communities.
+Now let's look at some numbers on this.
+have understood. Looking at the research evidence on how much early childhood programs affect academic performance, wages and skills in those who attended pre-primary education as adults, given their known impact, their When asked how much skills drive job creation, given how many of the population are expected to remain in the state or local economy in the future and not move out, the results of these three separate studies show that early childhood programs For every $1 invested in the state, per capita income increases by $2.78, a 3-to-1 return.
+If you include crime-fighting perks and perks for former preschool participants who move to other states, you'll get much higher returns, up to 16 to 1, but those three are the ones we'll focus on. for good reason. Because this is salient and important to state legislators and state policymakers, it is the states that must act.
+It therefore has important advantages for national policymakers from an economic development perspective.
+Now, one of the objections you hear a lot, or maybe people say it so politely that you don't hear it, is why should we pay more taxes to invest in other people's children? That's what it means.
+What is it good for me?
+And the opposite problem is that local economies reflect a complete misunderstanding of how everyone is interdependent.
+Specifically, interdependence here means that skills have a high spillover effect. So when other people's children acquire more skills, it actually increases prosperity for everyone, even those whose skills don't change.
+For example, what really drives growth in metropolitan areas is more research than low taxes, low costs, and low wages. It's a local skill. In particular, a proxy for the skills people are using is the percentage of college graduates in the area.
+So if you look at the metropolitan areas, for example the Boston area, the Minneapolis-St. Paul area is not doing well economically because of Paul, Silicon Valley, these areas are low cost.
+I don't know if you've ever tried to buy a house in Silicon Valley.
+It's by no means a low-cost proposition.
+They are growing because they have high skills.
+So investing in other people's children and developing those skills will lead to increased employment across metropolitan areas.
+As another example, if we look at what determines an individual's wages and look at it statistically, we find that an individual's wages are partly dependent on the individual's education. , for example, can be seen to depend on educational background. university degree.
+One very interesting fact, moreover, is that even if the effect of your own education turns out to be statistically constant, the education of everyone else in your metropolitan area also affects your wages. That's what I found out.
+Specifically, we find that keeping educational attainment constant and keeping the proportion of college graduates in metropolitan areas constant has a large positive effect on wages, without changing educational attainment at all.
+In fact, this effect is so strong that when someone gets a college degree, the ripple effect on wages for others in the metropolitan area is actually greater than the direct effect.
+So when someone gets a college degree, their lifetime earnings increase by a significant amount of over $700,000.
+Rising proportions of college graduates in metropolitan areas affect the rest of the metropolitan area as well. When you add that up, the per capita impact is small, but when you add it up for all the people in the city, for the metropolitan area, the actual wage increase for everyone else in the metropolitan area totals $1 million. you know you're getting closer.
+This is in fact greater than the direct benefits of those who choose to be educated.
+So what's going on here?
+What could explain such a large ripple effect of education?
+Now let's think about it this way.
+I may be the most skilled person in the world, but if everyone else in my company lacked the skills, it would be harder for my employer to introduce new technologies and new production techniques. will be
+As a result, employer productivity will suffer.
+They can't afford to pay me a good wage.
+Even if everyone in my company has good skills, if the workers of my company's suppliers do not have good skills, my company will be less competitive in the domestic and international market. I guess.
+Also, uncompetitive companies cannot pay enough wages and are constantly stealing ideas and workers from other companies, especially high-tech companies.
+So it's clear that the productivity of a Silicon Valley firm has a lot to do with the skills of not only that firm's employees, but all other firms in the metropolitan area.
+As a result, if we can invest in other people's children through quality preschool and other early childhood programs, we not only help those children, but we also raise wages for all people in metropolitan areas, It also leads to development. Increased area due to increased employment.
+Another objection that is sometimes used here when investing in early childhood programs is the concern that people will move out.
+So maybe Ohio is thinking of investing more in preschool for the kids in Columbus, Ohio, but they're saying that this little Buckeyes, for some strange reason, moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan. I'm afraid I'll become Wolverines.
+And perhaps Michigan is looking to invest in a kindergarten in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and you might worry that these little Wolverines will move to Ohio and become the Buckeyes.
+And as everyone moves out, both end up underinvested.
+Well, the reality is that when you look at the data, Americans aren't as highly mobile as people sometimes think.
+More than 60 percent of Americans spent most of their careers in the state in which they were born, according to data.
+The percentage does not vary much from state to state.
+Whether the state's economy is in recession or boom, it doesn't change much over time.
+So the reality is that if you invest in your children, they will stay.
+Or, at least, there will remain enough to benefit the state economy.
+In summary, there are numerous studies that show that early childhood programs, when delivered in a quality manner, have a positive effect on higher adult skills.
+There is a great deal of research evidence that these people stick to the state economy, and a growing body of evidence that bringing more skilled workers into the local economy leads to higher wages and more jobs in the local economy. I have. If you do the per-dollar numbers, you'll get back about $3 in benefits to the state economy.
+So, in my opinion, the research evidence is compelling, and so is its logic.
+So what are the barriers to achieving it?
+Well, one obvious barrier is cost.
+So if we look at how much it would cost all state governments to invest in universal preschool at age 4 and full-time preschool at age 4, the total national cost per year would be about 300. billion dollars.
+So $30 billion is a lot of money.
+On the other hand, given that the US population is over 300 million, we are talking about the equivalent of $100 per person.
+have understood? $100 per person, per person, is an amount any state government can afford.
+It's simply a matter of political will.
+And of course, as I mentioned earlier, this cost comes with its fair share of benefits.
+In terms of over $80 billion in excess revenue, he said the state economy has about three times as many as 2.78.
+And if you want to convert that from just a few billion dollars to something meaningful, what we're talking about is about a 10 percent increase in income over a career for the average low-income kid. It means to Implement pre-primary education, do not improve K-12 education or anything else, do nothing about college tuition or access, simply directly improve pre-primary education, middle-class children Our income will increase by 5%.
+As such, this is an investment that pays off in very tangible ways for a wide range of income segments in the state's population and provides large, measurable returns.
+Well, that's one barrier.
+I actually think the more serious barrier is the long-term nature of the benefits of early childhood education programs.
+So what I'm advocating is improving the quality of the local labor force and thereby promoting economic development.
+If you have a kindergarten with four-year-olds, you certainly wouldn't want them to work in sweatshops at five. At least I hope not.
+So we're talking about investments that don't really pay off in 15 or 20 years in terms of their impact on the national economy. Of course, America is notorious for being a short-term oriented society.
+One of the answers you can give to this, and I've done this in lectures from time to time, is that people are saying there are benefits to these programs in reducing the cost of special and correctional education. There are benefits, parents care about preschool, maybe we can. There will be some migration effect from parents wanting good preschool, and I think that's true, but in a way it misses the point.
+After all, this is what we are investing in today for our future.
+So what I'd like to leave you with is the ultimate question I can think of.
+I mean, I'm an economist, but this is ultimately a moral question, not an economic one. As Americans, can we, as a society, still make the political choice to pay more taxes and make sacrifices? How to improve the long-term future of not only our children, but our communities?
+Can we still do it as a country?
+And that is a question that every citizen, every voter, needs to ask themselves.
+Is it that you still invest, still believe in the concept of investing?
+That is the concept of investment.
+You sacrifice the now to look back later.
+So I think the research evidence for the benefits of early childhood programs to local economies is very strong.
+But the moral and political choices still rest with us as citizens and as voters.
+thank you very much. (applause)
+Growing up in Taiwan as the daughter of a calligrapher, one of my most treasured memories is of my mother teaching me the beauty, shape and form of Chinese characters.
+Since then, I have been fascinated by this wonderful language.
+But to an outsider, it seems as impregnable as the Great Wall of China.
+Over the last few years, I have wondered if this barrier could be broken down so that anyone who wants to understand and appreciate the beauty of this sophisticated language can do so.
+I started thinking about how a new way to learn Chinese fast could help.
+From the age of 5, I started learning how to draw every stroke of each letter in the correct order.
+For the next 15 years, I learned a new letter every day.
+We only have 5 minutes, so it would be nice if there was a quicker and easier way.
+Chinese scholars will understand 20,000 characters.
+It only takes 1,000 words to understand basic literacy.
+Get in the top 200 and you'll be able to understand 40 percent of the basic literature. It's enough to read street signs, restaurant menus, and understand the basic ideas of web pages and newspapers.
+I'll start with 8 today and show you how this method works.
+are you ready?
+Open your mouth as wide as possible until it is square.
+I can mouth
+This person is going for a walk.
+people.
+Suppose the fire shape is a person with arms on either side, as if desperately screaming "Help me! It's burning!" -- This symbol originally came from the shape of a flame, which I like to think of. Either one is fine.
+this is a tree
+wood.
+This is a mountain.
+sun.
+Moon.
+The symbol on the door looks like a saloon door from the Old West.
+I call these eight characters radicals.
+These are the building blocks for creating more characters.
+I'm a person.
+If someone walks behind, it is "obey".
+As the old saying goes, two are companions and three are crowds.
+When a person spreads his arms out wide, he is saying, "It was this big."
+People in the mouth, people are trapped.
+He is a prisoner like Jonah in the whale.
+A tree is a tree. Two trees join together to form a forest.
+Three trees come together to form a forest.
+Placing a board under the tree creates a foundation.
+If you put your mouth on the top of a tree, you're an idiot. (Laughs) The talking tree is pretty stupid, so it's easy to remember.
+Remember fire?
+When two fires come together, they get very hot.
+When the three fires come together, they make a sizable flame.
+If you light a fire under two trees, it will burn.
+For us, the sun is the source of prosperity.
+Two suns together and prosperous.
+When all three are aligned, they sparkle.
+When the sun and moon shine, it's brightness.
+After a day and night, it also means tomorrow.
+The sun rises above the horizon. sunrise.
+door. Place a board inside the door, that's the door bolt.
+Stick in the door and ask a question.
+knock Knock. is anyone at home
+This person is sneaking out the door, running away, running away.
+There is a woman on the left.
+Two women are arguing together.
+(Laughs) Three women together, please be careful, it's an affair.
+Now we have about 30 characters.
+Using this method, 32 can be constructed from the first 8 radicals.
+The next group of 8 characters will build an additional 32.
+Therefore, with very little effort, you can learn the same hundreds of characters as an eight-year-old Chinese child.
+After understanding the characters, start building phrases.
+For example, if you combine a mountain and a fire, you get a mountain of fire. It's a volcano.
+We know Japan is the land of the rising sun.
+Since Japan is to the east of China, this is the origin of the sun.
+That is why we will build Japan together with the sun and the starting point.
+Guys behind Japan, what do we get?
+I am Japanese.
+The letters on the left are two piles of mountains.
+In ancient China, this meant exile. Because the emperor of China banished his political opponents over the mountains.
+More recently, exile has turned into exile.
+The mouth that announces the exit is the exit.
+This is a slide to remind me that I should stop speaking and get off the stage. thank you.
+(applause)
+At 7:45 a.m., I open the doors of a building dedicated to architecture, and I am nothing but depressed.
+Every day I march down the corridors to be cleaned by the regular janitor, but I have no courtesy to honor their names.
+When teenage girls wear clothes that hide their insecurities and reveal everything else, lockers are left open like the mouths of teenage boys.
+The masculinity mimicked by men raised without fathers, the camouflage worn by bullies who are dangerously armed but need a hug.
+A teacher's salary was less than it cost to come here.
+The sea of ​​young people who come here to take lessons, do not learn to swim, and become part of it like the Red Sea when the bell rings.
+This is a training ground.
+My high school is in Chicago and is diverse and intentionally segregated.
+The social line is barbed wire.
+Labels such as "regular customer" and "honor student" create a sensation.
+I'm an honors student, but I go home with regular students who are soldiers in the territory that owns them.
+This is a training ground for sorting out regulars and honors, a regular cycle built to recycle the trash in this system.
+Trained to harness capital from a young age, Letter now teaches that capitalism nurtures you, but that you have to step on others to get there.
+This is a training ground where one group is taught to lead and the other group is forced to follow.
+The truth is hard to swallow, so no wonder so many of my people spit the stick out.
+The need for a degree has frozen so many people.
+Homework can be stressful, but when you go home and work every day, you don't want to do it.
+Reading textbooks is stressful, but when you feel like your story has already been written or booked, it's okay to read books.
+Taking the test is stressful, but bubbles in the Scantron don't stop bullets from exploding.
+I hear that the education system is failing, but I believe that the education system is succeeding in its purpose: to train you, to keep you on track, to pursue the American Dream that we have all failed to achieve. I believe there is.
+(applause)
+thank you very much.
+I immigrated to the United States 12 years ago with my wife, Terry, and two children.
+As a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, we moved to Los Angeles -- (Laughter) we were going to move to the US, but anyway -- (Laughter) it's a short flight from Los Angeles to the US.
+(Laughs) I came here 12 years ago, and at that time I was told various things, like, 'Americans don't say sarcasm.
+(Laughter) Have you ever come up with this idea?
+it's not true.
+No evidence was found that Americans do not receive sarcasm.
+This is one of those cultural myths like "British people are reserved".
+(Laughter) I don't know why people think that.
+We have invaded every country we have ever met.
+(Laughter) But it's not true that Americans don't take sarcasm, but I just want you to know that people are talking about you behind your back.
+In Europe, when you leave the living room, thankfully no one is said to be sarcastic in front of you.
+(Laughter.) But when I came across the "no children left behind" law, I knew Americans were being sarcastic.
+(Laughter) Because whoever came up with this title feels ironic.
+(laughs) Right?
+(Applause.) Because we're leaving millions of children behind.
+As we can now see, the name of the bill “Millions of Children Left Behind” is not very appealing.
+What's your plan?
+We propose leaving millions of children behind, but here's how it works.
+And it's working beautifully.
+(Laughter) In some parts of the country, 60 percent of kids drop out of high school.
+In Native American communities it is 80 percent children.
+By some estimates, halving that number could net the U.S. economy nearly $1 trillion over 10 years.
+From an economic point of view, this is a good calculation, isn't it? you should do this.
+In fact, compensating for the damage caused by the dropout crisis is enormous.
+But the dropout crisis is just the tip of the iceberg.
+All the children who go to school but are cut off from school, who don't enjoy school, who don't get any real benefit from school, don't matter.
+The reason isn't that you aren't spending enough money.
+America spends more money on education than most other countries.
+Class sizes are smaller than many countries.
+And hundreds of efforts are made each year to improve education.
+The problem is that everything is going in the wrong direction.
+There are three principles by which human life thrives, but they are at odds with the educational culture most teachers put in and most students put up with.
+The first is that humans are inherently different and diverse.
+May I ask, how many of you have children of your own?
+have understood. Or grandchildren.
+What if I have more than 2 children? right.
+And you have all seen children like that.
+(Laughter) Little people walking around.
+(laughter) I'll bet on you and I'm sure I'll win the bet.
+If you have two or more children, I'm sure they are all different.
+Isn't that right?
+(Applause.) You never get confused, do you?
+It's like, "Which one are you? Let me remind you."
+(Laughter) "Your mom and I need a color-coding system so we don't get confused."
+Education under "No one is left behind" is based on fit, not diversity.
+Schools are encouraged to find out what children can do within a very narrow range of achievements.
+One of the effects of "No Child Left Behind" is a sharper focus on so-called STEM fields.
+I am not here to oppose science and mathematics.
+Conversely, they are necessary but not sufficient.
+A true education must give equal weight to the arts, humanities and physical education.
+So many kids, I'm sorry, thank you -- (Applause) Right now, about 10 percent of the kids in that situation in America have a range of symptoms under the broad name of Attention Deficit Disorder. presumed to have been diagnosed with
+ADHD。
+I can't believe this is such an epidemic.
+After letting your kids sit for hours doing low-level paperwork, don't be surprised if they start to fidget.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Children, for the most part, do not suffer from psychological disorders.
+They suffer from childhood.
+(Laughter) I know this because I was a kid.
+i've been through it all.
+Children thrive best with a broad curriculum that develops talents, not just some.
+By the way, art is important not just because it improves math performance.
+They are important because they speak to parts of a child's being that are otherwise untouchable.
+Second, thank you -- (Applause) The second principle that makes human life flourish is curiosity.
+If you can spark a child's curiosity, they will most likely learn without further assistance.
+Children learn naturally.
+Developing that special ability or suppressing it is the real achievement.
+Curiosity is the engine of achievement.
+Now, the reason I say this is because one of the effects of the current culture here is the deprofessionalization of teachers, so to speak.
+No system in the world, no school in this country is better than its teachers.
+Teachers are the lifeblood of a school's success.
+But teaching is a creative profession.
+If you think about it correctly, education is not a transmission system.
+As you know, you are not here just to pass on the information you have received.
+Good teachers do that, but what good teachers also do is guide, inspire, provoke, and engage.
+After all, education is about learning.
+If there is no learning, there will be no education.
+And people can spend far too much time discussing education without discussing learning.
+The point of education is to make people learn.
+An old friend of mine is actually very old and passed away.
+(Laughter) Unfortunately, it's pretty old.
+(Laughter) But he was a great guy and a great philosopher.
+He often talked about the difference between the verbs task and achievement.
+Some things, like dieting, you can't really achieve even if you're working on something.
+there he is he is on a diet
+(Laughter) That's what teaching is.
+You can say, "There's Deborah, I'm in room 34, I'm teaching."
+But if no one is learning anything, she may be in the business of teaching but not actually doing it.
+The teacher's role is to facilitate learning.
+And part of the problem, I think, is that the dominant culture of education has become focused on testing rather than teaching and learning.
+Well, testing is important.
+But they should not be the dominant culture of education.
+should be able to diagnose it. they should help.
+(Applause.) If you go to a health checkup, you need a unified test.
+I would like to know how my cholesterol levels compare to other people's cholesterol levels on a standard basis.
+I don't want to be told about the scales that the doctor invented in the car.
+(Laughter) "Your cholesterol is what I call Level Orange."
+"TRUE?"
+(Laughter) But they should all support learning.
+It shouldn't prevent that, but of course it often does.
+So instead of curiosity what we have is a culture of compliance.
+Our children and teachers are encouraged to follow routine algorithms rather than spark their imaginations and curiosity.
+And the third principle is that human life is inherently creative.
+That's why we all have different resumes.
+We create our lives and can reconstruct them as we experience them.
+It is the common currency of being human.
+That is why human culture is so interesting, diverse and dynamic.
+I mean, other animals may have imagination and creativity, but we don't have as much evidence of that, do we?
+So you may have a dog.
+And your dog may become depressed too.
+But you don't listen to Radiohead, do you?
+(Laughter) And sit staring out the window with a bottle of Jack Daniels.
+(laughs) "Would you like to come for a walk?"
+"No, it's okay."
+(Laughter) "Go. I'll wait. But please take a picture."
+(Laughter) We all create our lives through a restless process of imagining alternatives and possibilities. One of the roles of education is to awaken and develop these creative abilities.
+Instead, what we have is a culture of standardization.
+Well, it doesn't have to be.
+Finland consistently leads in math, science and reading.
+All we know now is that it's what they're good at. Because that's all that's been tested.
+That's one of the exam questions.
+They don't look for other things that are just as important.
+A characteristic of Finnish work is that they do not adhere to such discipline.
+They have a very broad approach to education, including humanities, physical education, and the arts.
+Second, Finland does not have standardized tests.
+I mean, there's a little bit, but it's not what gets people up in the morning or at their desks.
+Third, I was recently in a meeting with Finns, real Finns, and someone in the American system, and I said to the Finns, 'What about Finland's dropout rate? Do you have?" "
+They all looked a little perplexed and said,
+Why drop out?
+If people are in trouble, we will rush to help them and support them. "
+Now people always say 'You can't compare Finland and America'.
+No, I believe Finland has a population of about 5 million.
+But you can compare this to the states of America.
+Many states in the United States have smaller populations.
+I mean, I've been to several states in America, and I've been the only one there.
+(laughs) Really. TRUE.
+(Laughter) But what all the high performance systems in the world are doing is, unfortunately, the American system as a whole, that is, as a whole, it is not clear at this time.
+One is to individualize teaching and learning.
+They recognize that it is the students who are learning and the system must engage their curiosity, personality and creativity.
+That's how you get them to learn.
+The second is that I consider the teaching position to be very high.
+They recognize that education cannot be improved unless we select the best people to teach and continue to provide them with ongoing support and professional development.
+Investing in professional development is not a cost.
+It's an investment, and all other successful countries like Australia, Canada, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai know it well.
+And the third is delegating the responsibility of getting the job done to the school level.
+You know, there's a big difference between going into command-and-control mode in education and what happens in some systems.
+It's the central or state government that decides and they know best and will tell you what to do.
+The problem is that there is no education in the committee rooms of the Capitol.
+It happens in classrooms and schools, it's teachers and students who do it, and it stops working when you strip them of their discretion.
+We have to give it back to the people.
+(Applause) Great work is being done in this country.
+But despite the dominant culture of education, I have to say that it's not happening and it's not the fault of the educational culture.
+People always seem to be sailing against the wind.
+The reason is that many current policies are based on mechanistic concepts of education.
+Education is like an industrial process that can only be improved by having better data, and in the back of the minds of some policy makers is the idea that if you fine-tune education enough and do it right, education will work. I have an idea. Everyone will be perfectly humming to the future.
+It won't be, and never was.
+The point is that education is not a mechanical system.
+It's a human system.
+It's about people, people who want to learn, or people who don't want to learn.
+Each student who drops out of school has a reason rooted in their background.
+They may find it boring.
+They may find it inconsistent with life outside of school.
+There are trends, but stories are always unique.
+I recently attended a conference in Los Angeles called Alternative Education Programs.
+These are programs designed to get children back into education.
+They have certain common characteristics.
+Very individual.
+We have strong teacher support, close ties to the community, a broad and diverse curriculum, and many programs that involve students both inside and outside the school.
+and they work.
+What's interesting to me is that these are called "alternative education".
+(laughter) Do you know?
+And all the evidence from around the world is that if we all do, there will be no need for alternatives.
+(Applause) (End of applause) So I think we need to adopt a different metaphor.
+We need to realize that this is a human system and there are conditions in which people grow and conditions in which they do not.
+We are organic creatures after all, and school culture is absolutely essential.
+Culture is an organic word.
+Not far from where I live is a place called Death Valley.
+Death Valley is the hottest, driest place in America and nothing grows there.
+Nothing grows because it doesn't rain.
+Hence Death Valley.
+In the winter of 2004, it rained in Death Valley.
+We had 7 inches of rain in a very short period of time.
+Then in the spring of 2005, something happened.
+The entire floor of Death Valley was covered with a carpet of flowers for a while.
+It proved that Death Valley is not dead.
+Dormant.
+Just below the surface, these potential species are waiting for the right conditions to arise, and in organic systems, if the conditions are right, life is inevitable.
+We take communities, schools and districts and change the conditions, giving people a different sense of possibility, different expectations, a wider range of opportunities, valuing and valuing the teacher-learner relationship and providing people with creativity. Given the freedom to be creative and innovative in whatever they do, once-closed schools are brought back to life.
+Great leaders know that.
+I think the real role of leadership in education is at the national level, the state level, and the school level, but it is not, and should not be, command and control.
+The real role of leadership is to control the climate and create the climate it is capable of.
+And if you do, people will rise to it and achieve things that you never expected or expected.
+There is a wonderful quote by Benjamin Franklin.
+“There are three kinds of people in the world: those who are motionless, those who do not understand or want to do nothing about it, those who are dynamic, those who recognize the need for change, and those who see the need for change. There are people who are ready to listen, and there are people who act, people who make things happen. "
+And if more people could be encouraged, it would be a movement.
+And if that movement is strong enough, it's revolution in the best sense of the word.
+And that's what we need.
+thank you very much.
+(Thank you for applause.
+Everyone needs a coach.
+It doesn't matter if you're a basketball player, tennis player, gymnast, or bridge player.
+(Laughter) My bridge coach, Sharon Osberg, says she has more photos of the back of her head than anyone else in the world. (laughs) I'm sorry, Sharon. please.
+We all need people to give us feedback.
+That's how we improve.
+Unfortunately, there are groups that receive little systematic feedback to help them do their jobs better, and they have one of the most important jobs in the world.
+I'm talking about teachers.
+Melinda and I were shocked to find that most teachers received very little useful feedback.
+Until recently, over 98% of teachers received only one word of feedback: "I am satisfied."
+If the bridge coach just told me I was "satisfied," I would have no hope of getting any better.
+How do you know who is the best?
+How do you know that your ways are different?
+School districts are currently reviewing how teachers are evaluated, but little feedback has yet been given that actually helps improve teacher practice.
+Our teachers should be given better grades.
+The system we have today is unfair to them.
+This is unfair to students and jeopardizes America's global leadership.
+So today, I want to talk to you about how we can help every teacher have the tools for improvement they want and deserve.
+Start by asking who is doing well.
+Unfortunately, there is no international ranking table for teacher feedback systems.
+So I looked at countries where students are doing well academically and what they are doing to help teachers improve.
+Consider reading comprehension rankings.
+America is not number one.
+We're not even in the top ten.
+It ranks 15th alongside Iceland and Poland.
+Now, how many of the schools that outperform the United States in reading have formal systems in place to help teachers improve?
+11 out of 14.
+The United States is tied for 15th in reading, but 23rd in science and 31st in math.
+So there's really only one area where we're close to the top, and that's teachers failing to provide the support they need to develop their skills.
+Let's take a look at Shanghai, China, which has the best academic performance.
+Today, they rank #1 across the board in reading, math and science, and one of the keys to Shanghai's phenomenal success is in the way it helps teachers keep improving.
+They ensured that young teachers had the opportunity to see the work of master teachers.
+There are weekly study groups where teachers meet to discuss what works.
+In addition, each teacher is required to observe and give feedback to their peers.
+You may wonder why a system like this is so important.
+This is because there is diversity in the profession of teachers.
+Some teachers are much more competent than others.
+In fact, there are teachers across the country who are helping their students achieve phenomenal results.
+If today's average teachers could be as good as those teachers, our students would blow the rest of the world away.
+Therefore, we need a system that helps all teachers to be as good as the best teachers.
+What would that system look like?
+Well, our foundation has been working with 3,000 teachers in school districts across the country on a project called Effective Teaching Methods.
+We asked observers to watch teacher videos in the classroom and rate different exercises.
+For example, did you ask your students a challenging question?
+Did they find multiple ways to explain their ideas?
+Students were also asked to fill out questionnaires such as "Does the teacher know when the class understood the lesson?"
+"Are you learning how to correct your mistakes?"
+And what we found was very interesting.
+First, teachers who performed these observations well had their students perform much better.
+So we know we are asking the right question.
+And second, teachers who participated in the program told us that these videos and questionnaires from their students were very useful diagnostic tools because they indicated specific areas that could be improved.
+I'd like to show you what this video component of MET looks like in action.
+(music) (video) Sarah Brown Wesling: Good morning, everyone.
+Let's talk about what's happening today.
+First, we have a peer review day.
+peer review day. The goal is to be able to determine if you have a move to prove in your essay by the end of class.
+My name is Sarah Brown Wesling.
+I am a high school English teacher at Johnston High School in Johnston, Iowa.
+Look at someone next to you.
+Tell them what I mean when I'm talking about a move to prove. What I was talking about is that I think there is a difference for teachers between the abstract of how they see their practice and the concrete reality of it.
+Then, I would like you to submit the documents.
+I think that what the video provides us is a certain degree of reality.
+You can't argue with what you see in the video, and there's a lot to be learned from it. Seeing this in action, there are many ways we can grow as a profession.
+I just have a flip camera and a small tripod and invested in this tiny little wide angle lens.
+At the beginning of class, just sit in the back of the classroom. Not a perfect shot.
+We don't always know what's going on.
+But I can hear sounds. I see a lot.
+And you can learn a lot from it.
+In my own opinion, this was a really simple but powerful tool.
+Ok, let's look at the long ones first.
+Once you've finished recording, put it in your computer, scan it, and take a peek.
+If you don't write something down, you don't remember it.
+So note-taking is part of my thought process, discovering what I see as I write.
+I have used this practically for my own personal growth and personal reflection on teaching strategies and methodologies, classroom management, and all the different aspects of the classroom.
+I've actually gone through this process before and it's nice to be able to compare what works and what doesn't.
+The videos reveal much of what is essential to us as teachers, help us learn and understand, and help the wider community understand what this complex task really is. Hope it helps.
+I think it's a way of illustrating and explaining what instructional plans don't tell you, what standards don't tell you, and sometimes even pedagogical books don't.
+Have a nice weekend everyone.
+See you later.
+[Every classroom could look like that] (Applause) Bill Gates: I hope one day every classroom in America will look like that.
+But we still have work to do.
+Diagnosing areas where teachers need improvement is only half the battle.
+It should also provide the tools necessary to act on the diagnosis.
+If you find that you need to improve your fraction teaching, you should be able to watch videos of some of the best people in the world teaching fractions.
+So building this perfect teacher feedback and improvement system is not easy.
+For example, some teachers may immediately resist the idea of ​​having cameras in their classrooms.
+Not surprisingly, our experience at the MET has shown that many teachers become enthusiastic participants when they manage the process, collect the videos in their own classrooms, and select the lessons they want to submit. I understand.
+The construction of this system also requires a large amount of investment.
+Our foundation estimates it could cost up to $5 billion.
+That's a big number, but when you put it into perspective, it's less than 2% of what we spend on teacher salaries each year.
+The impact on teachers will be immeasurable.
+We will finally have a way to give them feedback and a means to act on it.
+But this system will bring even more important benefits for our country.
+By doing so, we ensure that every student has the chance to get a great education, find a fulfilling and rewarding career, and achieve their dreams.
+This doesn't just make us a more successful country.
+It will also make us fairer and just.
+I am excited about the opportunity to provide the support that all teachers want and deserve.
+I hope you are too.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+As an architect, you design the present for an essentially unknown future, while being conscious of the past.
+The green agenda is probably the most important agenda and issue of the day.
+And I would like to share my experience of the last 40 years, explore the nature of sustainability and touch upon some observations.
+How far can we predict, what will happen from there, what are the threats, what are the possibilities, challenges and opportunities?
+Before anyone invented the concept of the green agenda, I said in the past, years ago, that the green agenda is not about fashion, it's about survival.
+But what I never said, and what I really want to make is that green is really cool.
+So all projects inspired by that agenda in one way or another are about a festive lifestyle, a celebration of the places and spaces that determine the quality of life in some way.
+I seldom quote anything in practice, so if possible I would like a piece of paper late last year where someone took the plunge on what was important to that individual as sort of important. I will try to find it. Observer, analyst, writer -- a man named Thomas Friedman wrote for the Herald Tribune around 2006.
+“I think the most important thing that happened in 2006 was the emergence of green living and thinking on Main Street,” he said.
+This year we reached a tipping point where green living, acting, designing, investing and manufacturing became the most patriotic, capitalist, geopolitical and competitive thing they could do, in significant numbers. understood by citizens, entrepreneurs and officials of
+So my motto is green is the new red, white and blue. "
+And I kind of looked back and asked myself, "When was the first such awareness of the earth and its fragility?"
+And I think it was July 20, 1969, when mankind was able to look back at the earth for the first time.
+And in a way, it was Buckminster Fuller who coined the term.
+And I had the opportunity to meet many cosmonauts in Space City and elsewhere in Russia before the fall of the communist regime.
+And interestingly, in retrospect, they were the first true environmental activists.
+They were filled with a kind of pioneering passion for the problems of the Aral Sea.
+And in that period, in a way, a lot was happening.
+Buckminster Fuller was a sort of environmental guru. This, too, was not a word ever made.
+He was a design scientist and a poet, but he foresaw everything that is happening now.
+That's another topic. That's another conversation.
+Let's go back to his writings. it is very extraordinary.
+It was then that the awareness sparked by Bucky's prophecies, his concern as a citizen, as a sort of global citizen, influenced my thinking and what we were doing at the time.
+And it's a number of projects.
+I chose this one because it was in 1973 and was the master plan for one of the Canary Islands.
+And this probably coincided with a time when you had a sourcebook on planet Earth and there was a hippie movement.
+And this chart summarizing the recommendations shows some of its qualities.
+And then there are wind energy, recycling, biomass, solar cells, and all the other common terms in our vocabulary today, 30-odd years later.
+Parallel to that was the design club, which at the time was very exclusive.
+Those who are truly design-conscious are inspired by the work of Dieter Rams and the objects he creates for the company Braun.
+This dates back to the mid 50's to 60's.
+And despite Bucky's prediction that everything will be miniaturized and that technology will create incredible style, access to comfort and access to amenities, everything you see in this image is very It was very difficult to imagine it being packaged so stylishly. .
+And it will be, and moreover, in the palm of your hand.
+And now, I think that digital revolution has reached the point where the virtual world, which has brought so many people here, is finally connecting with the physical world, but it's becoming more humanized, and the digital world is becoming all familiar. The immediacy of everything, the direction of the analog world.
+Perhaps [unclear] summed up in a way by the stylish or alternatives available here, as we generously gifted them at lunchtime. This is a further kind of development, also inspired by an incredible sensual feel.
+It is a very beautiful object.
+So what was very exclusive in the 50's and 60's is now, interestingly, very inclusive.
+And it's very interesting that the iPod is mentioned as iconic and in some ways evocative of performance and delivery. Interestingly, in early 2007, the Financial Times commented that Detroit companies were jealous of the halo effect Toyota had. The Prius as an energy-focused hybrid car that rivals the iPod as an iconic product.
+And I think, as architects, or people involved in the design process, it's kind of tempting to think that the answer to our own problems lies in buildings.
+Buildings are important, but they are only part of a larger picture.
+In other words, as I'm trying to demonstrate, if you can achieve the equivalent of perpetual motion, you can design a carbon-free house, for example.
+That would be the answer.
+Unfortunately that's not the answer.
+That's just the beginning of the problem.
+Buildings cannot be separated from urban infrastructure and transportation mobility.
+For example, in a Bucky-inspired phrase, if we take a step back and look to the earth and take some kind of typical industrialized society as an example, the energy consumed is the building, the transportation, the traffic. Agency, will be split to 34 percent. percent and industry.
+But again, this is only part of the picture.
+Looking at buildings and their associated transport, or people transport (26 percent) together, 70 percent of energy consumption is influenced by how cities and infrastructure work together.
+Sustainability issues cannot therefore be separated from the nature of the city that the building is part of.
+For example, modern cities, or what we call North American cities for short, Detroit, are not a bad example and rely heavily on cars.
+Cities are sprawling in circles, consuming more and more green space, roads, and consuming more and more energy to transport people between city centers. City centers are deprived of transportation. It just lives and becomes commercial, and then it dies again.
+Comparing Detroit to Nordic cities, Munich's heavy reliance on walking and biking isn't a bad example, but in fact a city with twice the population density only uses one. . one tenth of the energy.
+In other words, the energy leap is huge when you take these comparable examples.
+Basically, if you want to generalize, you can prove that increasing density along the bottom dramatically reduces the energy consumed.
+Of course, this cannot be separated from issues such as social diversity, mass transit, convenient walking distance, and the quality of civic space.
+But again, below Copenhagen, you can see Detroit, yellow at the top, consuming exceptionally.
+And although Copenhagen is a dense city, it's not as dense as it really is.
+In 2000, something rather interesting happened.
+For the first time, a developing country has a megacity with a population of more than 5 million people.
+And today, 33 of the 46 regular cities are in the developing world.
+So we need to ask ourselves about the environmental impact of China or India, for example.
+Take China, and Beijing alone, and you'll see the pollution that accompanies its transportation system and energy consumption as cars proliferate at the expense of bicycles.
+In other words, on the road, as is happening today, 1,000 new cars are produced every day, making it statistically the busiest automotive market in the world, with 500 million bicycles serving 1.3 billion people. will provide the service. Reduce.
+And that urbanization is accelerating at an alarming rate.
+So if we consider that the land-to-urban transition in our society took 200 years, the same process is happening 20 years later.
+In other words, it is 10 times faster.
+And what's really interesting is that over about 60 years, life expectancy doubled during a period when urbanization tripled.
+Let's step back from that global picture and look at the impact over a similar period from a technology perspective. Technology is a tool, a tool for designers, citing our own experience as a company. Here we have taken a few projects and explained them. So how do we measure technology change?
+What impact does it have on the design of the building?
+And in particular, how does it lead to the creation of buildings that consume less energy, pollute less and are more socially responsible?
+As for the building, the story begins in the late 60's and early 70's.
+One example I will use is the headquarters of a company called Willis & Faber in a small market town in the North East of England within commuting distance of London.
+The first thing we notice here is that the roof of this building is like a very warm mantle blanket, a kind of insulated garden, which is also a celebration of public space.
+In other words, for this community they have a garden in the sky.
+So the humanistic ideal is very, very strong in all this work, perhaps encapsulated by one of my early sketches here. There you can see greenery, see sunlight, and connect with nature.
+And nature is part of the generator, the driving force behind this building.
+And symbolic is the interior color green and yellow.
+It has facilities such as a pool, flexible working hours, a sociable mind and space, and the ability to connect with nature.
+Well, this was in 1973.
+In 2001 the building won an award.
+And the award was about celebrating a building that has been in use for a long time.
+And the people who created it, the project managers and company presidents back then, are back.
+And they said, 'The architect, Norman, was always designing for the future and it didn't seem to cost more.
+So we humored him and made him happy. "
+Top image, what's not -- If you look closely, what it's really saying is that you can wire into this building.
+This building was wired for change.
+So in 1975 we have the image of a typewriter.
+And when I took a picture, it was a word processor.
+And what they were saying on this occasion was that competitors would have to build new buildings for the new technology.
+We were lucky because our building was kind of futuristic.
+It expected change, even if the change was unknown.
+I made a sketch of the design period leading up to this building and recently pulled it out of the archives.
+And I said, and I wrote, "But we don't have the time, and we don't really have the immediate expertise at the technical level."
+In other words, we didn't have the technology to do anything really interesting with that building.
+And it will create a kind of three-dimensional bubble - a very interesting overcoat that naturally ventilates, breathes and significantly reduces the energy load.
+Nevertheless, the building is a very pioneering building for the environment.
+And if we fast-forward time, what's interesting is that the technology is available now, and it's celebratory.
+The Liberty University library, which opened last year, is one such example.
+And again, the transition from one of thousands of sketches and computer images to reality.
+And the combination of equipment here, a kind of heavy mass concrete of these stacks of books, and the way it is enclosed in this crust, which allows the building to be ventilated and consumes dramatically less energy, You can see where it actually works. force of nature.
+And what's interesting is that it's very popular among users.
+Again, coming back to lifestyle, in some ways the environmental agenda is very much in line with the ethos.
+So it's not a kind of sacrifice, quite the opposite.
+I think it's great, it's a celebration.
+Then you can measure the energy consumption performance of that building compared to a typical library.
+Another side of that technology, in a completely different context, is this apartment complex in the Swiss Alps.
+Although prefabricated from the most traditional materials, the materials are truly state-of-the-art, thanks to their technology, computing power, and ability to prefab high-performance components from wood.
+And we get a glimpse of that technology—the ability to plot dots in the sky and send that information straight to the factory right now.
+So when you cross the border, just across the border, there's a small factory in Germany where you see a man with a computer screen and those points in space communicate.
+On the left is a cutting machine that allows you to manufacture these individual parts in the factory and combine plus or minus very, very few millimeter slots on site.
+And interestingly, the building is clad with the oldest techniques, such as hand-cut roof shingles.
+250,000 of them were hand applied as a final finish.
+And for those of us who can enjoy that space, it is a structure as a building for living and visiting there.
+If I jumped into these new technologies, how and what happened before?
+I mean, what was life like before the mobile phones you take for granted?
+Well, apparently the building still existed.
+So, this is a glimpse inside the 1979 Bank of Hong Kong, which opened in 1985, with the ability to reflect sunlight all the way to the heart of the space.
+Also, if you don't have a computer, you'll have to build the model physically.
+For example, place the model under an artificial sky.
+If it's a wind tunnel, you literally put it in a wind tunnel and pump air into it, and then fly miles of cables and stuff.
+And the turning point was probably, in our terms, when we got our first computer.
+And that was when we were looking to redesign, reinvent the airport.
+This is Terminal 4 at Heathrow Airport. Big, heavy roofs block the sun, lots of machinery, big pipes, and humming machines—a common sight in any terminal.
+And green Stansted, with its natural light, is a friendly place. Know where you are and connect with the outside world.
+And no electric light is needed for most of that cycle. Electric lights produce more heat, creating more cooling load.
+And at that particular point, it was one of the few orphaned computers.
+That's a small image of a Stansted tree.
+Not too far back in 1990, that was our office.
+And if you look closely, you can see people drawing with pencils, pressing big rulers and triangles.
+That was not so long ago, 17 years ago, but we are here now.
+In other words, big change.
+Back in time, there was a woman named Valerie Larkin, and in 1987 she kept all of our information on one disc.
+There are now 84 million discs worth of discs each week, containing archival information about past, present and future projects.
+It reaches an altitude of 21 kilometers.
+If you look down, you can see this view.
+But on the other hand, as you know, great protagonists like Al Gore, interestingly, take note of the relentless rise in temperature against the backdrop of a celebratory building that is very relevant to this place. doing.
+Our Capitol project has a very well-known agenda, and in a sense, as a public space that, through a process of advocacy, seeks to reinterpret the relationship between society, politicians, and public space. I'm sure. And perhaps that hidden agenda is the Energy Manifesto, which is, as we know it, completely fuel-free.
+Therefore, it becomes fully playable.
+And also humanistic sketches, translations into public space, but this is just part of ecology.
+However, we don't really need to model it here.
+Obviously there was a role for the wind tunnel, but we used the computer to explore, plan, see how it would work in terms of the forces of nature, i.e. natural ventilation, and model the chamber underneath. , the ability to observe is now required. in biomass.
+A combination of biomass, aquifer, and vegetable oil burning -- interestingly enough, this process was developed in then-Soviet-dependent East Germany.
+In fact, we've retranslated that technology to make it super clean and virtually pollution free.
+You can also measure again.
+In terms of tonnes of carbon dioxide this building emits per year, when we did this project it was over 7,000 tonnes, but let's see what it does with natural gas and eventually vegetable oil. You can compare. , 450 tons.
+That means 94% less, effectively cleaner.
+We see the same process at work for Commerce Bank. Reliance on natural ventilation, how to model a garden, how to draw a spiral, etc.
+But again, lifestyle and quality are very important and will make it a more enjoyable place to work.
+Again, the reduction can be measured in terms of energy consumption.
+There has been an evolution between the projects and Swiss Re will develop it a bit more again with a project in the city of London.
+And this sequence shows the building of that model.
+But the first thing that it shows, which I think is very interesting, is that here we have a circle, and we can see that there is a public space around it.
+What are other ways to put the same amount of space on the site?
+For example, if you were to build a building to the edge of a sidewalk, you would need the same amount of space.
+And finally, profile this and cut grooves.
+The ditch becomes like a green lung, bringing landscape, light and ventilation, making the building fresher.
+Then we surround it with what is central to its appearance: a mesh of triangular structures. This, too, is a long line that recalls some of Buckminster Fuller's work, how triangulation enhances performance and gives identity to its buildings.
+Now, if we take a closer look at how the building opens and blows into the atria, we use computers to model the forces, high pressure, low pressure, how the building behaves like the wings of an airplane.
+So you also have the ability to keep your building fresh and efficient at all times, regardless of the wind direction.
+And unlike conventional buildings, the top floor of the building has a festive feel.
+A place for humans to see, not machines.
+And the foundation of the building is still public space.
+Compare this to a typical building, and what happens when you try to use such a design strategy from a really large-scale thinking perspective?
+Here are two images from something of a corporate research project.
+It is well known that the Dead Sea is dying.
+Rather like the Aral Sea, the water level is falling.
+And the Dead Sea is clearly much lower than its surrounding seas and oceans.
+So there is a project to save the Dead Sea by building a pipeline, sometimes burying it at the surface, sometimes burying it, rehabilitating it and supplying it from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Dead Sea.
+And if you take a lot of the ideas that have accumulated over 40 years and translate that, what if it wasn't just a pipe, it was a lifeline?
+What if it were, depending on where you are, on par with the Grand Canal in terms of tourism, habitation, desalination and agriculture?
+In other words, water is your lifeline.
+And, returning to the previous image and looking at this realm of instability and animosity, the unifying idea of ​​design as a humanitarian gesture could have the effect of uniting all opposing factions into a united cause. there is. It will be truly green and productive in the broadest sense.
+An infrastructure of this scale is also inseparable from communications.
+And it is undoubtedly the center of society, whether that communication is in the virtual world or the physical world.
+And how can we make it more readable in this growing world, especially in some places I'm talking about, like China, where 400 new airports will be built in the next decade.
+So what will they look like?
+How can we make them friendlier at that scale?
+I call Hong Kong a kind of analog experience in the digital age because there is always a reference point.
+So what if we extend this even further to Chinese society?
+And what's interesting is that in some ways it creates perhaps the ultimate megastructure.
+This is physically the largest project on the planet at the moment.
+250 -- Excuse me, 50,000 people work 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
+It is 17 percent larger than all terminals built at Heathrow and the new Terminal 5, which is yet to be built.
+And the challenge here is to be eco-friendly, compact despite its size, to be a building that is very much about lifestyle, returning to its starting point, the human experience of travel, friendliness.
+And perhaps these ultimately serve as festive spaces.
+We had a conversation, we talked about this, we talked about the city while Hubert talked over lunch.
+Hubert was quite right in saying, "These are the new cathedrals."
+And in a way, one side of this conversation was sparked on New Year's Eve when I was talking about the Olympic agenda in terms of China's green ambitions and aspirations.
+And as I thought of New Year's Eve, some sort of symbolic tipping point moving from 2006 to 2007, perhaps the future won't be the most powerful and innovative. I was voicing the idea that nation.
+Someone like Kennedy can be inspired to say, 'We sent mankind to the moon.'
+As you know, who can say that we have solved problems such as dependence on fossil fuels and ransoms from rogue regimes?
+And it's a collaborative platform.
+It's multi-device and playable.
+And I thought, perhaps at the turn of the year, that inspiration would likely come from the other big countries: China, India, and Asia Pacific tigers.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+When I was in my twenties, I met my first client in psychotherapy.
+I had a Ph.D. Student of Clinical Psychology at Berkeley University.
+She was a 26 year old woman named Alex.
+Well, Alex showed up for the first session in jeans and a big scruffy top, collapsed on the couch in my office, took off his flat shoes, and said he was here to talk about men's issues.
+Now I am very relieved to hear this.
+A classmate of mine attached an arsonist to the first client.
+(Laughter.) And there was someone in their twenties who wanted to talk about boys.
+I thought this would work.
+But I couldn't handle it.
+It was easy to just nod while we made our way thanks to the funny stories Alex brings to the session.
+“30 is the new 20,” Alex used to say, and as far as I can tell, she was right.
+Work came later, marriage came later, children came later, and even death came later.
+In our twenties, like Alex and I, we only had time.
+But before long, my boss pushed me into Alex's love affairs.
+I pushed back.
+I said, "Sure, she's been having a hard time sleeping because her dates aren't going well, but she doesn't seem like she's going to marry the guy."
+Then my boss said, "Not yet, but I might marry the next person.
+Besides, the best time to work on Alex's marriage is before she's married. "
+That's what psychologists call "Aha!" for a moment.
+That was the moment I realized that 30 is not the new 20.
+Sure, people settle down later than they used to, but that doesn't mean Alex's 20s will be a developmental plateau.
+So Alex's 20s became a developmental sweet spot and we were sitting there blowing it off.
+That's when I realized that this kind of benign neglect was a real problem, and that it had a serious impact not only on Alex and her love life, but on the careers, families, and futures of twenty-somethings around the world. rice field.
+There are now 50 million people in their 20s in the United States.
+That's 15 percent of the population, or 100 percent when you consider that no one hits adulthood until they're in their 20s.
+(laughs) If you are in your 20s, please raise your hand.
+I really want to meet people in their 20s here.
+Oh I did! You guys are great.
+If you work with your 20s, you love your 20s, and you're sleep-deprived over your 20s, I'd love to know that — okay. Great, 20s are really important.
+So what I specialize in in my 20s is what psychologists, sociologists, neurologists, and fertility experts already know: arguing that your 20s is the simplest, yet most Because we believe every 50 million people in their 20s deserve to know that they are one of the game changers. For work, for love, for your happiness, maybe for the world.
+this is not my opinion.
+We know that 80% of life's most defining moments happen before the age of 35.
+That means 8 out of 10 decisions and experiences, and "I see!" The moments that make your life that way will happen by your mid-thirties.
+If you're over 40, don't panic.
+I think this audience will be fine.
+We know that the first decade of your career will have a dramatic impact on your future earnings.
+More than half of Americans are married or are living with or in a relationship with their future partner by age 30.
+We know that the brain completes its second and final growth spurt in our twenties and rewires for adulthood. This means that whatever you want to change about yourself, now is the time to change it.
+It turns out that your 20s are when your personality changes more than any other time in your life. We also know that women's fertility peaks at age 28, and things get tougher after age 35.
+So your 20s is a time to learn about your body and your choices.
+Therefore, when thinking about child development, we all know that the first five years are a critical time for language and brain attachment.
+It's a time when your mundane daily life has a huge impact on your future self.
+But what we don't often hear is that there is such a thing as adult development, and that the twenties are a critical period of adult development.
+But this is not what people in their twenties are hearing.
+Newspapers cover the changing schedules of adulthood.
+Researchers call the twenties "extended puberty."
+Journalists give 20-somethings ridiculous nicknames like "twixster" and "kidult."
+(laughs) It's true!
+As a culture, we've dwarfed the decade that really defines adulthood.
+Leonard Bernstein said that to achieve great things you need a plan, but not enough time.
+(laughs) Right?
+So what do you think would happen if someone in their 20s were patted on the head and told, "You have 10 more years to start your life"?
+nothing happens.
+You rob him of his urgency and ambition and nothing happens at all.
+And every day, smart, interesting twenty-somethings like you and your sons and daughters come to my office and say things like: time. "
+Or say, "Everyone says if you start your career by 30, you'll be fine."
+But then it starts to sound like this: “My 20s are almost over, and I have nothing to show myself.
+I had a better resume the day after I graduated from college. "
+And it starts to sound like this: "Dating in your 20s was like a chair investigation.
+We were all running around and having fun, but when we turned 30, the music seemed to go off and everyone started sitting down.
+I sometimes think I married my husband because he was the closest chair to me when I was 30 because I hated being the only one standing. "
+Where are these twenty-somethings here?
+Don't do that.
+(Laughter) Now, it sounds a bit off topic, but don't get me wrong, the stakes are very high.
+Many things come to a head in your 30s, and the pressure to launch a career, pick a city, partner, and have two or three kids in a much shorter period of time.
+Many of these things are mutually exclusive, and as research is beginning to reveal, it's simply harder and more stressful to do it all at once in your 30s.
+The midlife crisis for millennials and beyond isn't about buying a red sports car.
+It's recognizing that you can't get the career you want right now.
+It's realizing that you can't have the child you want now, or give your child a sibling.
+Too many people in their 30s and 40s look at me sitting across the room from them and say of their 20s. "What was I doing? What was I thinking?"
+I want to change what people in their 20s are doing and thinking.
+Here we tell the story of how it happens.
+This is the story of a woman named Emma.
+Emma, ​​25, came to my office because, in her words, she felt an identity crisis.
+She said she wanted to work in the arts or entertainment field but hadn't decided yet and spent the last few years waiting in line.
+Because things were cheap, she lived with a boyfriend who was more impatient than ambitious.
+And as hard as her 20s were, her early life was even harder.
+She cried a lot during our sessions, but afterward, she said, "You can't choose your family, but you can choose your friends."
+One day, Emma came to my house, had her head in her lap, and was sobbing for most of an hour.
+She just bought a new address book and spent the morning filling out a bunch of contact information, but then came up with a blank line following the words, "In case of emergency, please call …" I ended up staring at the blank. . "
+She almost hysterically looked at me and said, "If I get into a car accident, who will help me?"
+Who will take care of me when I get cancer? "
+Now, at that moment, I was forced to say, "I will."
+But what Emma needed wasn't a therapist who really, really cared.
+Emma needed a better life and I thought this was her chance.
+Since working with Alex for the first time, I've learned too much to just sit through Emma's defining decade.
+So over the next few weeks and months, I told Emma three things every 20-something, male or female, deserves to hear.
+First, I told Emma to forget that she was in an identity crisis and get her identity capital.
+To "get identity capital" means to do something that adds value to yourself.
+Do things that are an investment in who you want to be next.
+I didn't know about Emma's career future, and nobody knows about her work future. But I know this much. Identity capital begets identity capital.
+So now is the time to take on the cross-border jobs, internships, and startups you want to try.
+I'm not disrespecting twenties exploration here, but I'm disrespecting exploration that shouldn't count. By the way, it's not exploration.
+It's procrastination.
+I told Emma to explore the work and make it worthwhile.
+Next, I told Emma that urban tribes are overrated.
+Best friends are great for giving you a ride to the airport, but 20-somethings huddled with like-minded buddies wonder who they know, what they know, what they think, what they do. You are limited by what you are talking about and where you work.
+That new capital, every new person you've ever dated, most likely comes from outside your inner circle.
+New things come out of so-called weak ties - friends of friends.
+Yes, half of people in their 20s are unemployed or underemployed.
+But half isn't, and weak ties are the way into that group.
+Half of new jobs aren't posted, so contacting your local boss is the way to get unposted jobs.
+It's not cheating. It's the science of how information spreads.
+Last but not least, Emma believed that while you can't choose your family, you can choose your friends.
+This was true during her growing up years, but as soon as she hits her 20s, Emma chooses a family when working with others to create her own family.
+I told Emma that now is the time to choose a family.
+Now, you might actually be thinking that 30 is a better time to settle down than 20, or even 25. I agree with you.
+But catching people you live with or sleep with when everyone on Facebook starts walking down the aisle isn't progress.
+The best time to work on your marriage is before you get married. In other words, you need to be as intentional with your love life as you are with your job.
+Choosing a family means consciously choosing who you want and what you want to do, rather than working and killing time with the person who happened to choose you.
+So what happened to Emma?
+Well, we looked in the address book and she found an old roommate's cousin who worked at a museum in another state.
+That weak bond allowed her to get a job there.
+The job offer was the reason she broke up with her live-in boyfriend.
+Five years later, she is now the museum's special event planner.
+She is married to a carefully chosen man.
+She loves her new job and loves her new family. They sent me a card that said, "It looks like the emergency contact field isn't large enough."
+It sounded easy in Emma's story, but that's what I love about working with people in their 20s.
+They are very easy to help.
+People in their 20s are like planes leaving LAX and heading somewhere west.
+A slight course change right after takeoff can make the difference between landing in Alaska or Fiji.
+Similarly, whether you're 21, 25, or even 29, one good conversation, one good break, and one good TED Talk will last for years and even generations to come. It can have a huge impact.
+So here are some ideas worth spreading to all the 20-somethings you know.
+It's as simple as I've learned to tell Alex.
+This is what I now have the honor to say to 20-somethings like Emma every day. 30 is not the new 20, so claim your adulthood, grab your identity capital, exploit your weak ties, and choose your family.
+Don't be defined by what you didn't know or didn't do.
+You are deciding your life now.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+"Don't talk to strangers."
+You've heard this phrase uttered by friends, family, schools, and the media for decades.
+it's standard. It's a social norm.
+But this is a special kind of social norm. Because it's social norms that try to tell us who we can and shouldn't be in relationships with.
+"Don't talk to people you don't know", "Don't get close to people you don't know.
+Stay with people you know.
+dating someone like you "
+How attractive is it?
+Isn't that what we do when we're at our best?
+When we are at our best, we reach out to people who are not like us. Because in doing so, we learn from people who are not like us.
+My word for this value of being with "people who are not like us" is "weirdness." My point is that in today's digitally-aggregated world, strangers frankly don't matter.
+The point to be concerned about is the degree of discomfort.
+why is it weird? Because our social relationships are increasingly mediated by data, and data transforms our social relationships into digital ones. This means that our digital relationships are now disproportionately dependent on technology to provide robustness, a sense of discovery, and a sense of wonder. and unpredictability.
+Why not a stranger?
+Because strangers are part of a world with very strict boundaries.
+They belong in a world of people I know and people I don't know, and in the context of my digital relationships, I already do things with people I don't know.
+The question is not whether I know you.
+The question is what can you do?
+What can I learn with you?
+What can we do together to benefit both of us?
+I spend a lot of time thinking about how the social landscape is changing and how new technologies are creating new constraints and new opportunities for people.
+The most important changes we face today have to do with data and how it plays a role in shaping the digital relationships that will be possible for us in the future.
+The future economy depends on it.
+Our future social life depends on it.
+The threats to worry about are no strangers.
+The worrying threat is whether we get our fair share of weirdness.
+Now, 20th-century psychologists and sociologists thought about strangers, but not so dynamically about relationships, but in the context of influencing practice.
+In the 60s and 70s, Stanley Milgram, the inventor of the small-world experiment, later popularized as a 6-step separation, suggested that two arbitrarily chosen individuals could be connected by 5-7 intermediate steps. pointed out to be highly
+What he meant was that there was a stranger there.
+we can reach them. There are paths that allow us to reach them.
+In his seminal 1973 essay, “The Strength of Weak Ties,” Stanford University sociologist Mark Granovetter argued that the weak ties that are part of our network—the strangers—are actually stronger than us. He pointed out that it is effective in spreading information. Strong ties, people closest to us.
+He further denounces our strong ties by stating that people who are very close to us, our strong ties in life, actually have a homogenizing effect on us.
+They create identity.
+My colleagues at Intel and I have spent the last few years exploring how digital platforms are reshaping our everyday lives and what new routines are possible.
+We're turning to the kind of digital platforms that take our possessions, things that were previously very restricted only to us and our friends at home, and make them available to people we don't even know. I've paid particular attention to it. know.
+Whether it's clothes, cars, bicycles, books or music, we can now take what we have and give it to people we've never met. .
+And we concluded a very important insight. It was that as people's relationships to things in their lives changed, so did their relationships to other people.
+Yet one recommendation system after another keeps failing.
+It keeps trying to predict what I need based on past characterizations of who I am and what I've already done.
+Security technology after security technology continues to design data protection in terms of threats and attacks, and I continue to be trapped in a very rigid kind of relationship.
+Categories like “friends” and “family”, “contacts” and “colleagues” tell me nothing about my actual relationships.
+A more effective way of thinking about my relationships may be in terms of intimacy and distance. At any one time, with one person, I am closer and further away from him, but everything changes according to my needs. Please do so now.
+People are neither near nor far.
+A person is always a combination of the two, and the combination is always changing.
+What if technology could step in and unbalance certain relationships?
+What if technology could intervene to find the person you need now?
+Weirdness is the adjustment of proximity and distance that allows me to find the people I need right now, and thus the sources of intimacy, discovery, and inspiration I need right now.
+Strange is not meeting strangers.
+It simply advocates that we need to destroy our familiar territory.
+So jogging through these familiar zones is one way to think about the strange, and this is not just for individuals today, but for organizations and organizations looking to embrace very new opportunities. It is also a problem.
+Whether you are a political party that advocates against yourself a very rigid notion of who belongs and who does not, protects social institutions such as marriage and limits access to those institutions to a few. whether you are a citizen or not. For teenagers trying to strain relationships with their parents in the bedroom, the odd thing is how we think about how we pave the way for new kinds of relationships.
+We have to change the norm.
+To enable a new kind of technology as the foundation for a new kind of business, the norms have to change.
+What interesting questions await us in a world without strangers?
+How can we think differently about our relationships with people?
+How can we think differently about our relationships with dispersed groups of people?
+How can we think differently about our relationship with technology, which is itself effectively a participant in society?
+The range of digital relationships is staggering.
+In the context of this broader digital relationship, the safe pursuit of queerness is very likely to become the new cornerstone of that innovation.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Hi everyone.
+Funny enough, someone just mentioned MacGyver. Because I loved MacGyver. When I was 7, I taped a fork to my drill and was like, 'Hey Mom, we're going to the Olive Garden.
+And -- (drill sounds) (laughter) it worked very well there.
+And you know, it had a big impact on me.
+It may sound silly, but I realized that I could change the way the world works, and in small ways I could change myself.
+And, especially in relation to artifacts, where other people said it works this way, well, I can say it works in a slightly different way.
+So, about 20 years later, I didn't understand the full ramifications of this, I went to Costa Rica and stayed with the Guaimi natives there, and they pulled leaves from the trees and cut them off. I could make a shingle, and they could make a bed out of wood, and they could do it - I observed this woman for three days.
+i was there. She peels off this palm leaf, strips a small thread from it, rolls the thread together to make a slightly thicker thread like a string, and knits the string together to create the very materiality of this bag. was formed. During these three days, before my eyes, the structure of the world and the materiality of reality began to unravel little by little in my mind. Because this bag, this dress, your trampoline at home, your pencil sharpener, everything you have is wood or rock or something you dug out of the ground and did something with it, maybe something more complicated. made from, but still, everything is made that way.
+So I had to start studying, who is making these decisions?
+who makes this stuff? How did you make it?
+What is stopping us from manufacturing?
+That's how reality is created.
+So I started right away. I was at the MIT Media Lab, researching maker movements, makers, and creativity.
+And so I started in nature. Seeing the guaimis doing it in nature seemed to be less of a barrier.
+So I went to "Not Back to School Camp" in Vermont. There are preschoolers who just hang out and want to try everything.
+So I said, 'Let's go into the woods by this river and just build things, let's build something, don't care about geometric shapes, pick up the junk around you. please."
+I'm not taking anything with me.
+And this is very easy to do for adults and teens within minutes.
+This is an oak leaf shape made up of other smaller oak leaves coming together to form a triangle under a flowing stream.
+A leaf tied to a stick with blades of grass.
+The materiality and thickness of mushrooms, and meat are explored by how they can support different objects stuck in them.
+After about 45 minutes, I have a very intricate project, sorting the leaves by hue, fading the colors to create a wreath of circles.
+And he who made it said, "This is fire. I call it fire."
+And someone asked him, "How do you keep that stick in that tree?"
+And he says, "I don't know, but I'll show you."
+And I was like, 'Wow, that's really cool.
+He doesn't know, but he will tell you. "
+So his hands know, his intuition knows, but what we know, especially when it comes to human-created, human-constructed worlds, can get in the way of what can happen. I have.
+We think we already know how something works, so we can't imagine how it works.
+We know how it works, so we can't assume everything that could happen.
+So kids don't have too much trouble with this, and I looked at my son and gave him this book.
+I'm a good hippie dad, so I said, "Okay, you're going to learn to love the moon."
+I'll give you a few blocks, but they're non-linear cactus blocks, so they're perfectly legal. "
+But he really doesn't know what to do with these.
+I didn't show him.
+So he was like, "Okay, let's play around with this."
+This is no different than being a stick for teens in the woods.
+I just try to shape them and press them.
+And eventually, he got a mechanism that can shoot objects and scatter them around, so he asked for our help.
+And at this point, I'm asking people, especially adults who know too much, what tools to help them perceive the world as malleable, and themselves as agents of change in their daily lives. I'm starting to wonder if we can provide It is alive.
+Because cutting-edge scientists really only drive how the world works, driving what matter can do, and cutting-edge artists, whether they're cooks, carpenters, or enough Because any complex job is just pushing the medium. No matter how complicated parenting is, there are bound to be unresolved issues along the way, but if you can't say, "Okay, well, we'll do that," you're never going to get through it. It just needs to be reconfigured.
+Never mind that a pencil is for writing.
+I intend to use it in another way. "
+So let me show you a little demo.
+This is a small piano circuit, smashed up using an ordinary paintbrush. (Beep) So you add some ketchup and -- (note) -- so you can -- (note) -- (laughter) (applause) That's great, isn't it?
+But that's not the big deal.
+The cool thing is what happens when you give people a piano circuit.
+A pencil is not just a pencil.
+See what's in the middle.
+It's a wire running down the middle, and it's not just a wire, take the piano circuit for example, you can stick a thumbtack in the middle of a pencil, you can put a wire on the page, and there current can flow. Run through it.
+You can do something like hacking a pencil by just tacking a little piano circuit to the pencil.
+Electricity flows through your body.
+And you can remove a little piano circuit from the pencil.
+You can create one of these brushes on the fly.
+All you do is connect to the hair. Since the hair is wet, the hair conducts, and so does the human body. Leather is great for painting. That way you can hook it to anything, even your kitchen sink.
+The metal in the sink is conductive.
+Flowing water works like a theremin or a violin.
+(note) You can also hang it on a tree.
+Everything in the world is either conductive or non-conductive and can be used in combination.
+So — (laughter) — I passed this on to these same teenagers. Because those teens are really nice and they try things that I wouldn't do.
+I want to get my face pierced, but I can't open it.
+And this young lady has created what she calls the Hula Looper. As hula hoops moved around her body, there was a circuit taped to her shirt.
+You can see her pointing at it in the photo.
+And each time the hula hoop hit her body, two small copper tapes were connected, making a sound, then another, and the same sound looped over and over.
+I have held workshops like this here and there.
+At a museum in Taiwan, this 12-year-old girl built a mushroom organ using Taiwanese mushrooms, electrical tape and hot glue.
+And professional designers were creating artifacts with this attached.
+And whether big companies like Intel or smaller design firms like Ideo or start-ups like Bump workshop me just to put this idea of ​​breaking electronics and commodities together invited me to
+So we came up with the idea that instead of just using electronics, let's destroy the computer with everyday objects and see what happens.
+So I would like to do a simple demo.
+This is the MaKey MaKey circuit. I will set it up from scratch right in front of you.
+Then just plug it in and it turns on via USB.
+And then just connect the forward arrows.
+Everyone is looking in that direction, so I'll hook you up here.
+And connect a small ground wire to it.
+And now touching this pizza should advance the slide shown earlier.
+Then just connect this wire to the left arrow and you can program it depending on where you connect it. Now that you have left and right arrows, you should be able to move forward. And back, front and back. wonderful.
+So we thought, 'We have to release a video about this.
+Because no one really believed this was important or meaningful except me and another guy.
+So we created a video that proves there's a lot you can do.
+You can just use Play-Doh to make something like a sketch and Google for game controllers.
+It's just plain Play-Doh, nothing special.
+And literally just draw a joystick, find Pac-Man on your computer and connect it. (video game sounds) And you know those little plastic drawers you can buy at Target?
+Well, if you remove them, they hold excellent water, but they can completely cut your toes, so yes, be careful.
+Have you heard of the Happiness Project, where professionals install piano stairs?
+Well, I think that's great, but we should do it ourselves.
+It shouldn't be a group of experts designing how the world works.
+We should all work together to change the way the world works.
+Aluminum foil. Everyone has cats.
+Prepare a bowl of water. This is just Photo Booth on Mac OS.
+Hover your mouse over the "Take a Photo" button to complete the little cat photo booth.
+So it took hundreds of people to buy this.
+You can't put it on the market without hundreds of people buying it.
+So we put it on Kickstarter and hundreds of people bought it on the first day.
+And 30 days later, 11,000 people have backed the project.
+And the best part is that it started pouring in videos of people doing crazy things with it.
+So, it's "Stars and Stripes" after eating lunch while drinking Listerine.
+And actually we sent this guy the material.
+We say, 'We are sponsoring you.
+You are like a professional maker. "
+Well wait for this one. this is good
+(Laughter) (Applause) And the people in the Expedition Hall are playing the houseplants like drums.
+And fathers and daughters complete the circuit in a special way.
+And this brother, look at this diagram.
+Can you see that it says "sister"?
+I love how people fit humans into the picture.
+I always add a human to any technical drawing. If you're drawing technical diagrams, put people in there.
+And this child is very kind. He made this trampoline slide show advancer for his sister. That way, on her birthday, she'll be the star of the show, jumping on the trampoline and making her way through the slides.
+And this man collected his dogs and made a dog piano.
+And this is fun, and what could be more useful than feeling good about being alive?
+But this is also very serious. Because accessibility efforts will start and people will inevitably be unable to use computers.
+Like this father who wrote us, his son has cerebral palsy and is unable to use a normal keyboard.
+So his father couldn't always afford to buy all these custom controllers.
+So he planned to use MaKey MaKey to make a glove that would allow him to navigate the web.
+And the accessibility debate has exploded, and we're really excited about it.
+We weren't planning on doing that at all.
+And all professional musicians started using it. At Coachella, just this weekend Jurassic 5 used this on stage and this DJ used this. He's from Brooklyn, around here, and posted this last month.
+And I love the carrots on the turntable.
+(Music: Massive Attack — "Teardrop") Most people can't play that way. (Laughter) And when this started to get serious, I thought I'd better put a really serious warning label on the box it came in. Because otherwise people will get infected with this and they will be transformed. Those who make creative change, and governments will fall, and I wouldn't have told the people, so I thought I'd better warn them.
+And I included a little surprise like this. When you open the lid of the box, it says "The world is a construction kit".
+When you start messing around like this, it's a small thing, but I think the scenery of everyday life starts to look like something you can express yourself in a little bit, and I think you'll be able to express yourself little by little. Join us in designing the future of how the world works.
+So next time you accidentally drop an M&M while riding an escalator, don't pick it up immediately as it's probably an M&M surfboard, not an escalator.
+You might take something more out of your pocket and throw it. Or you could use chopsticks.
+I used to want to design a utopian society or a perfect world or something like that.
+But as I've gotten older and tinkered with things, I've realized that my idea of ​​a perfect world can't really be designed by one person, or even by a million experts. rice field.
+It's actually seven billion hands, each following their passion, each appearing like a mosaic to create this world in your backyard or kitchen.
+And that's the world I really want to live in.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+What is the end of a good life?
+And I'm talking about the last minute.
+I'm talking about dying
+We all think a lot about how we can live well.
+I want to talk about increasing your chances of dying well.
+I am not a geriatrician.
+I design a reading program for preschoolers.
+What I know about this topic comes from a qualitative study using a sample size of 2.
+Over the last few years, I have helped two friends reach the end of their lives they wanted.
+Jim and Shirley Modini spent their 68 years of marriage living without electricity on their 1,700-acre ranch in the mountains of Sonoma County.
+They had enough livestock to make ends meet so that most of the ranch was a haven for bears, lions and many other animals that lived there.
+This was their dream.
+I met Jim and Shirley in their 80s.
+Both of them are only children and have chosen not to have children.
+As we became friends, I became their trustee and medical advocate, but more importantly, I became the one managing their end-of-life experience.
+And I've learned a few things about how to have a good ending.
+In later life, Jim and Shirley faced cancer, broken bones, infections and neurological problems.
+That's true.
+Ultimately, our bodily functions and independence are reduced to zero.
+What we have found is that with planning and the right people, quality of life can remain high.
+The beginning of the end was triggered by a mortal-conscious event, during which Jim and Shirley chose ACR Nature Reserve to take over the ranch when they were gone.
+This gave them peace of mind to move forward.
+It may be diagnostic. It may be your intuition.
+But one day you will say, "This will get me."
+Jim and Shirley spent this time letting their friends know that their end was near and that it was okay.
+Dying from cancer is not the same as dying from a neurological disease.
+In both cases, the final days bring a quiet sense of relief.
+Jim died earlier. He was conscious until the end, but on the last day he was unable to speak.
+Through his eyes, we can see when he again says, ``I'm ready, Jim. I knew when I needed to listen.
+From this experience, I would like to introduce five practical methods.
+We've put the worksheets online so you can make your own final plans if you want.
+It starts with planning.
+Most people say, "I want to die at home."
+80% of Americans die in hospitals or nursing homes.
+Saying you want to die at home is not a plan.
+Many people say, "If that happens, just shoot."
+This is also not the plan. This is illegal.
+(Laughter) Planning involves answering a straight question about your desired ending.
+Where would you like to be when you can no longer stand on your own?
+What are your wishes regarding medical intervention?
+And who will ensure that your plans are carried out?
+You will need an advocate.
+Having more than one increases the chances of achieving the desired outcome.
+Don't think of a spouse or children as a natural choice.
+We want someone who has the time and rapport to do this job well, and who can work with people under the pressure of ever-changing situations.
+Hospital readiness is very important.
+You will most likely end up in the emergency room and want to resolve this properly.
+Create a one-page summary of medical history, medications, and doctor information.
+Place this in a bright envelope along with your insurance card, power of attorney, and a copy of the Do Not Resuscitate Order.
+Have the advocate keep the set in the car.
+Tape the set to the refrigerator.
+Coming to the ER with this packet greatly simplifies your admission.
+You will need a caregiver.
+To determine whether an aged care community or home care is your best option, you need to assess your personality and financial situation.
+In either case, don't settle.
+We went through many inadequate caregivers until we found the perfect team led by Marsha. Masha won't let you win bingo just because you're about to die, but when she does, she'll go and take a video of the ranch for you. You can't get out of there, and Kaitlyn won't let you skip your morning workout, but she knows when you need to hear that your wife is okay.
+Finally, the last word.
+What do you want to hear at the end, who do you want to hear from?
+In my experience, whatever worries you, you'll want to hear the word okay.
+If you believe it is okay to let go, then you are letting go.
+So this is a topic that usually causes fear and denial.
+What I've learned is that if you spend time planning for the end of your life, you have the best chance of preserving your quality of life.
+This is Jim and Shirley just after deciding who will take care of the ranch.
+Here is Jim celebrating his unexpected birthday just a few weeks before he passed away.
+And this is Shirley, a few days before she passed away, reading about the importance of the wildlife sanctuary at Modini Ranch in the newspapers of the day.
+Jim and Shirley had a good ending. By sharing their stories with you, we hope to increase our chances of becoming like them.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Well, it's nice to be back at TED.
+Why not start with a video?
+(music) (video) Man: Okay Glass, take a video.
+Woman: This is it. We're starting in 2 minutes.
+Man 2: Okay Glass, go out with the Flying Club.
+Man 3: Search Google for “tiger head pictures”. Hmm.
+Man 4: Are you ready? do you prepare (barking) Woman 2: There. Okay, glass, take a picture.
+(kids screaming) Man 5: Go!
+Man 6: How [beep]! That's amazing.
+Child: Wow! Look at that snake!
+Woman 3: Okay Glass, take a video!
+Man 7: After crossing this bridge, go outside first.
+Man 8: Okay, A12, there it is!
+(applause) (children's song) Man 9: Google, say 'delicious' in Thai.
+Google Glass: Yummy Man 9: Hmmm, delicious.
+Woman 4: Google "jellyfish".
+(music) Man 10: Beautiful.
+(Applause) Sergey Brin: Oh, sorry, I just got a message from the Prince of Nigeria.
+He needs help getting $10 million.
+I would like to draw your attention to these. Because that's how we originally funded the company, and it's been working pretty well.
+Seriously, this pose I just saw, looking down at the phone, is one of the reasons behind this project, Project Glass.
+Because we were ultimately questioning whether this was the ultimate future of how we want to connect with other people in our lives, how we want to connect with information.
+Should I just walk with my head down?
+But that's the vision behind Glass, and that's why we created this form factor.
+have understood. I'm not going to explain everything it does or anything else, but I'd like to say a little more about the motivation behind what caused it.
+Besides the potential for social isolation when you are out and looking at your phone, is this what you should be doing with your body?
+You're just standing there rubbing against this featureless glass.
+you are just moving around.
+So when we developed Glass, we seriously thought about creating something that would free our hands.
+Everything people were doing was seen on video.
+They're all wearing Glass and that's how we shot the footage.
+You also need something to free your eyes.
+Therefore, we placed the display high out of line of sight and away from where the user is looking or making eye contact with people.
+Also, we wanted to free our ears. So the sound actually passes through and travels directly to the bones of the skull. It's a little awkward at first, but you get used to it quickly.
+And ironically, if you want to hear better, you really just cover your ears. This is kind of surprising, but that's how it works.
+When I started Google 15 years ago, my vision was that eventually there would be no need for search queries at all.
+Get the information you need, when you need it.
+And now, 15 years later, this is kind of the first form factor that I think can bring that vision to life, for things like talking to people on the go.
+This project has been going on for over two years now.
+We learned an amazing amount.
+Making it comfortable was really important.
+So the first prototype we built was huge.
+It was like having a cell phone strapped to your head.
+It was very heavy and quite uncomfortable.
+I had to keep it a secret from the industrial designer until she actually took the job, after which she almost ran away screaming.
+But we have come a long way.
+And another really unexpected surprise was the camera.
+Our original prototype didn't have a camera at all, but being able to capture moments spent with family and kids was truly magical.
+I would never have bothered to bring out my camera, cell phone, etc. to capture the moment.
+And finally, having tried this device, I realized that I also have a kind of nervous tic.
+Cell phones are certainly a condescending habit, but they are also a kind of nervous habit.
+If I smoke, I will probably smoke instead.
+Just light a cigarette. It will make you look cooler.
+You know, I go like this -- but in this case, I write this up in a hurry and sit there as if I'm doing or working on something very important. show it to
+But it really opened my eyes to how much time of my life I've spent in emails, social posts, etc. just to isolate, if not really - actually is nothing too important or urgent.
+This allows you to get specific messages if you really want them, but without having to check them all the time.
+Well, it was a lot of fun actually exploring more of the world and doing more of the crazy things we saw in the videos.
+Everyone Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I have something for you to see.
+(Video) Reporter: This is a story that deeply disturbs millions of people in China. The video shows a two-year-old girl being hit by a van and left on the street bleeding by passers-by.
+The entire incident was caught on camera.
+The driver paused after hitting the child, and the rear wheel was seen riding over the child for over a second.
+Within two minutes, three overtook two-year-old Wang Yuejun.
+The first one completely roams around a severely injured infant.
+Others stare at her before walking away.
+Peter Singer: Others passed by Ms. Wang Yue, and before the street sweepers could sound the alarm, a second van ran over her leg.
+She was taken to hospital, but it was too late. she died
+How many of you have seen that and just thought to yourself, 'I wouldn't have done that'?
+I would have stopped and helped. "
+Raise your hand if you think so.
+After all, that's most of it.
+and i believe in you That is certainly true.
+But before you overestimate yourself, take a look at this.
+In 2011, UNICEF reported that 6.9 million children under the age of five died from preventable poverty-related diseases.
+UNICEF considers this to be good news, as this figure is steadily declining from 12 million in 1990.
+But even so, 6.9 million means 19,000 children die every day.
+Is it really important that we don't pass them in the street?
+Does it really matter that they are far apart?
+I doubt it makes any morally meaningful difference.
+The fact that they are not in front of us, of course the fact that they are of different nationalities and races, none of it seems morally relevant to me.
+What really matters is whether we can reduce the number of deaths. Can we save the 19,000 children dying every day?
+The answer is yes you can.
+We all spend money on things we don't really need.
+Think about what your habits are like a new car, a vacation, or buying a bottle of water when it's completely safe to drink from the tap.
+If you donate the money you spend on those unnecessary things to this organization, the Foundation Against Malaria, that organization will take the money you donated and create nets like this to protect children like this. can be used to purchase. We know for sure that if we provide nets, they will be used and fewer children will die from malaria. Malaria is just one of many preventable diseases that are responsible for some of the 19,000 children who die every day.
+Fortunately, more and more people are embracing this idea, and as a result the movement of effective altruism is growing.
+It is important because it combines both the heart and the head.
+Of course you felt it in your heart.
+You felt empathy for the child.
+But it's also very important to use your head to make sure your actions are effective and headed in the right direction. Not only that, but I think reason helps us understand that other people are just like us wherever they are. that they can suffer as much as we do, that parents grieve the death of their children as much as we do, and that our lives and well-being matter to us. Equally important to all of these people.
+So I think reason is more than just a neutral tool to get what you want.
+It helps us look at our situation objectively.
+That's why I think many of the most important people in effective altruism are people with backgrounds in philosophy, economics, and mathematics.
+Many people say, "Philosophy is far from the real world. It is said that economics only makes humans more selfish, and we know math is for geeks." This may seem surprising, as many people think that
+But in practice it makes a difference. And indeed, there are certain geeks who have become particularly capable altruists because they got this.
+This is the Bill & Bill website. Melinda Gates Foundation, and if you look at the words on the top right, it says, "All lives are of equal value."
+That is our understanding of the state of the world, our rational understanding, and those who have become the most effective altruists in history, such as Bill Gates and Melinda Gates, and Warren Buffett.
+(Applause.) Neither Andrew Carnegie nor John D. Rockefeller donated as much to charity as these three men, and they use their intelligence to do it very effectively. I have confirmed that
+By one estimate, the Gates Foundation has already saved 5.8 million lives and millions more who suffered from serious illnesses, even if they ultimately survived.
+No doubt the Gates Foundation will give more and save more lives in the years to come.
+Well, if you're a millionaire, you might say it's okay because you can have that kind of influence.
+But what if it's not?
+So let's take a look at four questions that might get in the way of answers when people ask them.
+They worry about how much difference they can make.
+But you don't have to be a millionaire.
+Toby Ord. He is a Philosophical Fellow at the University of Oxford.
+He became a competent altruist because the money he would have earned through his career, an academic career, would have been enough to treat 80,000 blind people in the developing world. sufficient funds and still have sufficient funds to meet fully adequate criteria. life.
+So Toby spreads this information, unites those who want to share a portion of their income, and asks them to pledge to donate 10 percent of their lifetime earnings to fight poverty in the world. , founded an organization called "Giving What We Can".
+Toby himself is better than that.
+He lives on £18,000 a year (less than $30,000) and promises to donate the rest to the charities.
+And yes, Toby is married and has a mortgage.
+This is Charlie Bressler and Diana Schott, a couple in the later years of their lives. When they were young when they met, they were activists against the Vietnam War, fought for social justice, and then moved on to careers, like most people do. , I didn't abandon those values, but I didn't do anything very positive about them.
+And when many reach an age when they begin to consider retirement, they decide to go back, cut back on their expenses, live frugally, and dedicate money and time to help make ends meet. Fight global poverty.
+Now, when you mention time, you might be thinking, "Should I give up my career and spend all my time saving the 19,000 lives that are lost every day?"
+One person who has thought a lot about this question of how to build a career that makes a positive impact on the world is Will Crouch.
+He is a graduate student in philosophy who has set up a website called 80,000 hours, an estimate of the amount of time most people spend in their careers, to advise people on how to build the best and most effective careers. increase.
+But if you have the right abilities and character, you might be surprised to learn that one of the careers he encourages people to consider is going into the banking or financial industry. yeah.
+why? Because if you can make a lot of money, you can give a lot of money, and if you are successful in that career, you can give enough to aid organizations, and as a result, development aid organizations but will be able to employ, say, five aid workers in development. Perhaps any country would do as good as you did.
+So by leading such a carrier, its impact is multiplied by five.
+There is one young man who took this advice.
+His name is Matt Wager.
+He is a Philosophy and Mathematics student at Princeton University, and in fact won the Best Philosophical Paper award when he graduated last year.
+However, he got a job in the financial industry in New York.
+Already earning enough, he donates six-figure sums to effective charities and still leaves himself enough money to live on.
+Matt also helped set up an organization I work with. The organization's name comes from the title of a book I wrote, The Life You Can Save. This organization is trying to change our culture so that more people think: If we are to live an ethical life, it is not enough to follow the "don'ts" and not cheat, steal, hurt or kill, but if there is one thing that is enough, Those who have too little to share the department with people.
+And this organization is made up of people of all ages. For example, undergraduate Holly Morgan has pledged to donate 10 percent of her meager fortune, and Ada Wang, on the right, has worked directly for the poor, but now has more. I'm going to Yale University to get my MBA to give me that.
+But many would think that charity is not really that effective.
+Now let's talk about effectiveness.
+Toby Ord is very concerned about this point, calculating that some charities are hundreds or even thousands of times more effective than others, so effective Finding a charity is very important.
+For example, consider providing a guide dog for a blind person.
+That's a good thing, right?
+Well, that's good, but you have to think about what else you can do with your resources.
+It costs about $40,000 to train a guide dog and train a person to accept a guide dog so that they can effectively help blind people.
+For blind people in developing countries with trachoma, its treatment costs between $20 and $50.
+If you calculate the sum with it, you will get a result like that.
+We can provide one guide dog for one blind American, or we can cure 400 to 2,000 blind people.
+I think it's clear what's good.
+But if you want to find effective philanthropy, this is a good website to visit.
+GiveWell exists to really measure the impact of charities, not just whether they are well run, and has reviewed hundreds of charities and currently recommends 3 Only three, number one among them is the Foundation to Fight Malaria.
+That's why it's so hard. If you're looking for other recommendations, both thelifeyoucansave.com and Giving What We Can have a bit more extensive lists, but you'll find organizations that work well beyond just saving lives from the poor.
+Happily, there are now websites outlining effective animal tissues.
+That is another cause that has concerned me all my life, the immense suffering that humans inflict on literally tens of billions of animals each year.
+So if you want to find effective organizations to alleviate that suffering, visit Effective Animal Activism.
+And some capable altruists consider it very important to ensure the survival of our species.
+So they are looking at ways to reduce the risk of extinction.
+Here's one of the extinction risks we've all become aware of recently when an asteroid passed close to Earth.
+Perhaps the research could help us not only predict the paths of asteroids that could hit us, but actually change their paths.
+So some people think it's a good thing to give.
+There are many possibilities.
+The final question is that some may find it a burden to donate.
+I really don't think so.
+Ever since I was in graduate school, I have enjoyed devoting my life to it.
+It was fulfilling for me.
+Charlie Bressler told me he was not an altruist.
+He thinks the life he saved is his own.
+And Holly Morgan, who battled depression before working on effective altruism, said she's now one of the happiest people she's known.
+I think one of the reasons is that being a competent altruist helps you overcome what I call the Sisyphus problem.
+This is Sisyphus, depicted by Titian, condemned by the gods to push a huge boulder up to the top of a hill.
+As soon as you get there, you exert too much force and the rock escapes and rolls all the way down the hill and has to trudge back down to push it up again, and it repeats itself over and over again forever.
+Does it remind you of the consumer lifestyle where you work hard to get money and then spend that money on consumer goods that you hope you enjoy?
+But when money runs out, you have to work harder to get more, spend more, and maintain the same level of happiness. It's a kind of hedonistic treadmill.
+Never get off and never really satisfied.
+Being an effective altruist gives you that sense of meaning and fulfillment.
+By doing so, you build a solid foundation of self-esteem that allows you to feel that your life is truly worth living.
+Finally, I would like to mention an email I received while writing this talk just over a month ago.
+It's from someone named Chris Croy, but I'd never even heard of it.
+Here is a photo of him recovering from surgery.
+Why did he recover from surgery?
+"Last Tuesday, I anonymously donated my right kidney to a stranger.
+This started the kidney chain, allowing four to receive kidneys. "
+There are about 100 people in the United States each year.
+And other countries that do that are doing even more.
+I'm glad I read it. Chris went on to say that his actions were influenced by my writings.
+Well, I still have two kidneys, so I have to admit it's a little embarrassing.
+But Chris went on to say that he didn't think what he had done was all that surprising, because he calculated that the number of life years he added to humans, or the extra lifespan, was about the same. said. You can do it by donating $5,000 to the Malaria Foundation.
+And I donated over $5,000 to the Anti-Malaria Foundation and various other effective charities, so I feel a little better.
+So, even if you feel sick because you still have two kidneys, there is a way out of the pain.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So when I was in art school my hands started shaking and this was the straightest line I could draw.
+Looking back now, it was actually good for some things, like mixing paint cans and shaking Polaroids, but at the time, this was really doomsday.
+This was a setback in my dream of becoming an artist.
+This shake was actually born out of a single-minded pursuit of pointillism, drawing tiny little dots over the years.
+And eventually, due to the swaying, these dots went from being perfectly round to looking more like tadpoles.
+So, to compensate, if you grip the pen harder, the shake will gradually get worse, so you will hold the pen more firmly.
+And this became a vicious cycle that eventually resulted in so much pain and joint problems that it was difficult to hold anything.
+After spending the rest of my life thinking that I wanted to do art, I dropped out of art school and then left art completely.
+But after a few years, I just couldn't get away from art and decided to go to a neurologist about my tremors, and it turned out I had permanent nerve damage.
+And he actually took one look at my squiggles and said, "So why not embrace the shake?"
+So I did. I got home, grabbed my pencil and started shaking my hands.
+I was creating all these graffiti pictures.
+And even if it wasn't the kind of art that I would ultimately be passionate about, I felt it was great.
+And more importantly, I realized that once I accepted the shake, I could still make art.
+I had to find a different approach to making the art I wanted.
+Even now, I enjoy the fragmentation of pointillism, and I could see these tiny little dots coming together to form this unified whole.
+So I experimented with other ways of fragmenting the image, such as dipping my feet in paint and walking across the canvas, or creating a 2D image with a 3D structure made up of two-by-fours, where the shaking doesn't affect the work. began to By burning with a torch.
+I realized that if I worked on a larger scale and with larger materials, my hands wouldn't really hurt. And after moving away from a single approach to art, I eventually came to have an approach to creativity that completely changed my artistic horizons.
+This was the first time I came across the idea that embracing limitations could actually foster creativity.
+At the time, I was finishing school and was very excited to have a full-time job and finally be able to buy new art supplies.
+I had this terrifying little set of tools and felt I could do so much more with the tools I thought an artist should have.
+Actually, I didn't even have normal scissors.
+I used these metal shears until I stole one from the office I worked at.
+So I left school, got a job, got paid, went to an art supply store, and was obsessed with buying supplies.
+And when I got home, I sat down and took on the challenge of actually creating something completely out of the box.
+But I sat there for hours and nothing came to my mind.
+It's the same thing day after day, and day after day, and you'll quickly hit a creative slump.
+And I was in a dark place for a long time, unable to create.
+And it didn't make sense. Because I was finally able to support my art, but I was blank when it came to creativity.
+But as I hunted around in the dark, I found myself practically paralyzed by all the options I never had.
+And then I remembered my trembling hands.
+Accept the tremors.
+I realized that if I wanted my creativity back, I had to stop trying to think outside the box and get back into it.
+So, I thought, maybe I can be more creative by looking for limits.
+What if you could build with just a dollar worth of materials?
+At this point I was spending a lot of nights at Starbucks, well I guess I still spend a lot of nights at Starbucks now, but I knew I could ask for an extra cup if I wanted a drink. decided to ask. for fifty.
+To my surprise they gave it to me right away and I made this project for just 80 cents using pencils I already had.
+For me, it became clear that in order to be infinite, you must first be limited.
+I took a thinking-in-a-canvas-box approach and wondered what if instead of painting on canvas, I could paint only on my chest.
+So I painted 30 images, one layer at a time, each representing an influence in my life.
+Or what if instead of drawing with a brush, you could only draw with karate chops? (Laughter) So I dipped my hand in paint and attacked the canvas, actually hitting it so hard that I bruised the knuckle of my pinky finger and it wouldn't move straight for a few weeks.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Or what if instead of relying on yourself to create the content of your art, you have to rely on others?
+So for six days I lived in front of a webcam.
+I slept on the floor, ate takeout, called people and asked them to tell me stories of life-changing moments.
+Their stories became art as I wrote them on my spinning canvas.
+(Applause.) Or what if, instead of making art for display, we had to destroy it?
+This seemed like the ultimate limit of being an artist without art.
+This idea of ​​destruction became a year-long project I named 'Goodbye Art'. There, all works of art had to be destroyed after they were created.
+At the beginning of Goodbye Art, I focused on forced destruction, like this Jimi Hendrix image made of over 7,000 matches.
+(Laughter) Then I discovered that I wanted to create art that was naturally destroyed.
+I looked for a temporary material that would spit out food (laughs). I even used sidewalk chalk and frozen wine.
+The final iteration of destruction was trying to create something that never really existed in the first place.
+So I arranged the candles on a table, lit them, and then blew them out, repeating the process over and over with the same set of candles to assemble the video into a large image.
+Therefore the final image was never visible as a physical whole.
+It was destroyed before it existed.
+Over the course of this 'Goodbye Art' series, I have created 23 different pieces with nothing left to physically display.
+What I thought was the ultimate limitation turned out to be the ultimate liberation. Each time I created, the destruction brought me back to a neutral place where I felt refreshed and ready to start the next project.
+It didn't happen overnight.
+There were times when my project didn't go off the ground, or worse, I spent a ton of time on the project and the final image was kind of embarrassing.
+But I stuck with this process and something really amazing came out of it.
+As I destroyed each project, I learned to let go, let go of results, let go of failures, let go of imperfections.
+And in return, I found the process of creating art perpetually, unencumbered by results.
+I'm in a constant state of creation, thinking only about what's next and coming up with more ideas than ever before.
+Looking back on three years of just doing things, instead of leaving art, away from dreams, and trying to find another way to continue that dream, I just quit.
+And what if I didn't embrace that shake?
+Because for me, embracing Sheikh wasn't just about having art or art skills.
+It turned out to be about life, and life skills.
+Because, after all, most of what we do is done in boxes with limited resources.
+Learning to be creative within our limitations is our greatest hope for transforming ourselves and collectively transforming the world.
+Seeing limitations as a source of creativity changed the course of my life.
+I still struggle sometimes when I hit a wall or stumble with my creativity, but I continue to be a part of the process and remind myself of the possibilities, such as creating images with hundreds of real, live insects. I am striving to do so. , using pushpins to tattoo bananas and painting with hamburger oil.
+(Laughter) One of my recent endeavors is trying to translate the creativity habits I've learned into something others can replicate.
+Limitations may be the least likely place to be creative, but they may be one of the best ways to get out of a rut, rethink categories, and challenge generally accepted norms.
+And instead of telling each other to cherish the day, you might remind yourself each day to cherish your limits.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+When we use the words 'architect' or 'designer', what we usually mean is a professional who is paid to help us solve really big problems. We tend to think of them as houses. The system design challenges we face, such as climate change, urbanization, and social inequality.
+That's our kind of assumption.
+And actually, I think it's wrong.
+In 2008, just as I was about to graduate from architecture school for the first time in several years and start working in society, something like this happened.
+The economy has dried up jobs.
+And a few things about this struck me.
+First, don't listen to your career advisor.
+And second, it's actually an interesting paradox for architecture. There has never been a greater need for design thinking as a society, and architecture is literally going out of business.
+I was surprised that we are talking so deeply about design, but there is actually an economics behind architecture that we are not talking about that I think is necessary.
+A good place to start is with your salary.
+So, as a lowest-level architecture graduate, I might expect to earn around £24,000.
+Around $36,000 or $37,000.
+Now, I'm already among the top 1.95 richest people in the world's population, so the question arises, who am I working for?
+The unpleasant fact is that almost everything we call architecture today is, and always has been, the design business for the wealthy about 1 percent of the world's population.
+The reason we forgot about it is that the times in history when architecture contributed most to social transformation were, in fact, the 1 percent instead of the 99 percent for a variety of reasons, whether through philanthropic work. Because it was the era when I was doing architecture. Through the 19th century, early 20s communism, the welfare state, and of course, more recently, this inflated real estate bubble.
+And all of those booms have now flopped in one way or another, returning to a situation where even the smartest designers and architects in the world can actually work for only 1 percent of the population.
+Not only is it bad for democracy, it probably is, but it's actually not a very smart business strategy.
+I think the challenge facing the next generation of architects is how to change the client from 1 percent to 100 percent.
+And I'd like to share with you three slightly counterintuitive ideas on how to do that.
+First, I think we need to question the idea that architecture is about making buildings.
+In fact, buildings are the most expensive possible solution to almost any problem.
+And fundamentally, design should be more concerned with solving problems and creating new conditions.
+So here is the story.
+The office was affiliated with the school and had an old Victorian schoolhouse.
+And they said to the architects, 'Look, our corridors are a total nightmare.
+Too small. Crowded during classes.
+There is bullying. we can't control them.
+So what we would like you to do is re-plan the entire building, and we know that will cost millions of pounds, but we accept that fact. "
+And the team thought about this, and they walked away, and they said, 'Actually please don't do that.
+Do away with school bells instead.
+And instead of having one school bell that rings only once, multiple small school bells ring in different places at different times to spread out the traffic in the hallways. "
+It solves the same problem, but instead of spending millions, you spend hundreds of pounds.
+Well, it looks like you're pulling yourself out of your job, but you're not. In fact, you are making yourself more useful.
+Architects are actually very good at this kind of resourceful strategic thinking.
+And the problem is, like many design professionals, we've been fixated on the idea that we offer a certain kind of consumer product, but I don't think it has to be that anymore.
+A second notion worth questioning is the 20th-century idea that mass architecture is about big things: big buildings and big finances.
+In fact, we are trapped in the mindset of the industrial age. It is that cities can only be made by large organizations or corporations that build for us and procure entire neighborhoods in a single monolithic project, and of course form follows finance. .
+So the end result is a single, monolithic neighborhood based on this kind of one-size-fits-all model.
+And many can't even afford them.
+But what if, in fact, cities were built not only by the few who had much, but also by the many who had little?
+And when that happens, they bring with them a whole different set of values ​​about where they want to live.
+And that raises the very interesting question of how to plan a city. How will development be funded?
+How will you sell your design services?
+What does it mean for a democratic society to give citizens the right to build?
+And in some ways it makes sense that in the 21st century cities may be developed by citizens.
+And thirdly, it must be remembered that from a strictly economic point of view design is in the same category as sex and care for the elderly, mostly done by amateurs.
+That's good.
+Most of the work takes place outside the money economy, in the so-called social or core economy, where people do things for themselves.
+And the problem is that until now the money economy had all the infrastructure and all the tools.
+The challenge we face, therefore, is how to build the tools, infrastructure and institutions for the socio-economy of architecture.
+And it started with open source software.
+And in the last few years there has been a shift to the physical world with open source hardware. Open source hardware is a free, shared blueprint that anyone can download and build their own.
+And that's where 3D printing gets really, really interesting.
+right? Suddenly you have an open source 3D printer and the part can be made on another 3D printer.
+Or use the same idea here. This is for a CNC machine, like a large printer that can cut sheets of plywood.
+What these technologies are doing is radically pushing the limits of time, cost and skill.
+They challenge the idea that if you want something affordable, it has to be one size fits all.
+And they have a very complex manufacturing function distributed.
+We are moving into this future where factories are everywhere, which means more and more that the design team is everyone.
+It's the industrial revolution.
+And given that all the major ideological conflicts we inherited were based on this question of who should control the means of production, these technologies are back with solutions. Actually, probably no one has a solution. all of us.
+And we were interested in what that meant for architecture.
+So about a year and a half ago we started working on a project called WikiHouse. WikiHouse is an open source building system.
+And the idea is that anyone can go online and have access to a free shared library of 3D models that they can download and apply. For now, SketchUp is free and easy to use, so it will be ready soon. Just click a switch to generate a series of cutting files. This effectively allows you to print out parts from your home using a CNC machine and standard sheet materials such as plywood.
+The parts are all numbered and basically the end result is a very large IKEA kit.
+(Laughs) And you can assemble it without using bolts.
+Use wedge and peg connections.
+And even a mallet to make it can be provided with a cutting sheet.
+A team of 2-3 people can work together to build this.
+No traditional construction skills required.
+You don't need a lot of electric tools, etc., and a small house of this size can be built in about a day.
+(Applause.) And what you end up with is just the basic chassis of the house, on top of which you apply systems like windows, cladding, insulation, and services based on what's cheaply available. can.
+Of course, the house will never be finished.
+I'm switching my mind here, so the house is not a finished product.
+With a CNC machine, even after its useful life has passed, it can be used to create new parts or even be used to build the house next door.
+So the buds of a fully open-source, citizen-driven model of urban development could potentially start to appear.
+And we and others are currently building some prototypes around the world, and some really interesting lessons can be learned from this.
+One of them is that I've always been incredibly social.
+People get confused between construction work and entertainment.
+But the principle of openness extends to really mundane physical details.
+Never design a piece you can't lift.
+Alternatively, when designing your piece, make sure it can't be reversed, or that it's symmetrical so it doesn't matter if you reverse it.
+Perhaps the most ingrained principle in our lives is that of open source pioneer Linus Torvalds: "Be lazy as a fox."
+Don't reinvent the wheel every time.
+Take what already works and adapt it to your needs.
+It's good to imitate, unlike almost everything you're taught in architecture school.
+In fact, this approach is not revolutionary, so this is appropriate.
+In fact, that's how we've been building with this kind of community barn for hundreds of years before the industrial revolution.
+Web connectivity may be the only difference between traditional proprietary and open source architectures, but it really is a big difference.
+We've shared the entirety of WikiHouse under a Creative Commons license, but what's just starting to happen is that groups around the world are using it, hacking it, and tinkering with it. This is amazing.
+Christchurch, New Zealand has a cool group looking at post-earthquake housing developments. Thanks to the TED City Awards, we're working with an amazing group in one of Rio's favelas to set up a kind of community factory and microhouse. University.
+These are very small beginnings and in fact many more have been contacted in the last week and they are not even on this map.
+Hopefully the next time I see it, I won't even be able to see the map.
+I know Wikihouse is a very small answer, but this is a small answer to a really big question. That said, the fastest growing cities in the world today are not skyscraper cities.
+They are cities of their own making in some way.
+If we're talking about the city of the 21st century, they're the ones building it.
+Like it or not, welcome to the world's largest design team.
+So if we take issues like climate change, urbanization, and health seriously, the existing development model really won't do it.
+As Robert Neuwirth said, no bank, no corporation, no government, no NGO can do that if they treat their citizens only as consumers.
+But how wonderful it would be if we could collectively develop solutions to not just the structural problems we've been working on, but infrastructure problems like solar-powered air conditioning, off-grid energy, and off-grid sanitation. -- How do you make a low-cost, open-source, high-performance solution that anyone can build so easily, and put it all on the commons, owned by everyone, and accessible by everyone?
+Something like Wikipedia?
+And once something is in the commons, it is always there.
+How much will that change the rules?
+And I think technology is on our side.
+If the great project of 20th century design was the democratization of consumption, it was Henry Ford, Levittown, Coca-Cola, and IKEA, but the great project of 21st century design was the democratization of production. I think so.
+And when it comes to urban architecture, that's really important.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+You have to do the hard work.
+You know, I wanted to tell you when I saw so many people working on the audience profile here, its implications and designs, all its forms, and collaborations, networks, and so on. I wanted to structure the discussion of primary education in a very specific context.
+To do it in 20 minutes, you need to come up with 4 ideas. It's like a four piece puzzle.
+And if I succeed in doing that, maybe you think you can improve and come back and help me with my work.
+The first piece of the puzzle is remoteness and quality of education.
+Here remoteness means two or three different kinds.
+Of course, remote areas in the usual sense means that the further you go from the city center, the more remote areas you reach.
+What will happen to education?
+The second, or another kind of remoteness, is the social and economic isolation within metropolitan areas of the world from other parts of the city, such as slums, shantytowns, or poorer areas. It means that there are areas where us and them.
+What will happen to education in it?
+So keep both of these ideas about remoteness.
+we guessed. It was speculated that schools in remote areas may not have enough teachers.
+If so, the teacher cannot be held back.
+They don't have enough infrastructure.
+And even if there was some infrastructure, it would be difficult to maintain.
+But I wanted to check if this is true. So what I did last year was rent a car and googling and found a route from New Delhi into northern India. As you know, it was a route that did not go through big cities or big city centers. After driving about 300 kilometers and finding a school, they ran a series of standard tests and plotted the test results on a graph.
+This graph was interesting, but should be considered carefully.
+So this is a very small sample. You shouldn't generalize from there.
+But on this particular route I chose, it was clear that the farther away I was from school, the worse my grades would be.
+That seemed a bit gross, so I tried to relate it to things like infrastructure and electricity availability.
+Surprisingly, there was no correlation.
+It did not correlate with classroom size.
+It did not correlate with infrastructure quality.
+It did not correlate with poverty levels. There was no correlation.
+But what happened when I gave each of these schools a questionnaire was only one question for the teachers. It was, "Would you like to move to an urban metropolitan area?" -- 69% said yes. As you can see from there, you say 'yes' a short distance from Delhi, but say 'no' when you go to the affluent suburbs of Delhi. Because, as you know, those areas are relatively safe areas. And from 200 on, even a few kilometers from Delhi, the answer is consistently yes.
+I imagine that teachers who come and go to class every day wishing they had gone to another school probably have a big impact on their grades.
+Thus, teacher motivation and teacher turnover are strongly correlated with what happens in elementary schools, as opposed to whether children are getting enough to eat, whether classrooms are overcrowded, and so on. It looked like there was It looks like that.
+When it comes to education and technology, I'm sure you've been hearing about it all morning—websites, co-working environments, etc.—and these are always being piloted first in the best schools, the best schools. You can find it in the literature. According to me, urban schools produce biased results.
+The literature (scientific literature of which it is a part) consistently accuses ET of being over-hyped and under-performing.
+Teachers always say, "That's good, but it's too expensive for what it does."
+That's because it's being piloted in schools where students already get, say, 80 percent of what they can do.
+Deploying this new super-powerful technology now yields an 83% return.
+So the principal looks at it, 3 percent on $300,000? forget it.
+If the same technology was piloted in a remote school, it scored 30 percent, but if it hit 40 percent, it would be a very different story.
+So the relative change that ET (Educational Technology) brings should be much greater at the bottom of the pyramid than at the top, but we seem to be doing the opposite.
+So I came to the conclusion that ETs should reach out to the less fortunate first, not the other way around.
+And finally, the question arose of how to address teacher perceptions.
+When you go to a teacher and have them show you the technology, the teacher's first reaction is, "You can't replace teachers with machines, it's impossible."
+I don't know why it's not possible, but if I assume it's not possible, even for a moment -- I'm quoting science fiction writer Sir Arthur C. Clarke, whom I met in Colombo, he says I said, This should completely resolve this issue.
+He said teachers should not and should be replaced by machines.
+So that puts the teacher in severe bondage, you have to think.
+Anyway, what I'm suggesting is that where schools don't exist, where schools aren't good enough, where teachers aren't good enough, or where teachers aren't good enough for whatever reason, you want The point is that we need alternative primary education, whatever the alternative. .
+If you live in a part of the world where this is not the case, no alternative education is necessary.
+So far, I haven't come across such an area except for one incident. I won't name the regions, but somewhere in the world people were saying that we have perfect teachers and perfect schools, so this isn't happening.
+There are some areas like that, but anyway, I've never heard of it anywhere else.
+I talk about children and self-organization, and a series of experiments that have led to ideas about what alternative education might look like.
+They are called "hole-in-the-wall experiments".
+I have to get over it really quickly. They are a series of experiments.
+The first experiments were conducted in New Delhi in 1999.
+What we did there was very simple.
+At the time, my office was adjacent to an urban shantytown, so there was a bulkhead between my office and the urban shantytown.
+They cut a hole inside that wall -- that's where the name hole-in-the-wall comes from -- and then put a pretty powerful PC in that hole and slid it into the wall with the monitor sticking out. set in the form. The other end was also a touchpad embedded in the wall, connected to high-speed Internet, connected Internet Explorer to it, connected to Altavista.com (at the time), and left it alone.
+And this is what we saw.
+That was my office at IIT. Here is the hole in the wall.
+About 8 hours later we found this kid.
+On the right is this 8 year old kid. And to his left is a six-year-old girl who is not very tall.
+And what he was doing was teaching her to browse.
+So it raised more questions than answers.
+Is this true? He shouldn't know English, so does language matter?
+Will computers last, or will they break and be stolen? And did someone tell us?
+The last question is what everyone said, which means they must have been sticking their head out of the wall and asking the people in your office, "Can you show me how?" And someone told him
+So I took this experiment out of Delhi and repeated it this time in the city of Shivpuri in central India. I was sure that no one there taught anyone anything.
+(Laughter.) It was a warm day, so the hole in the wall was in that dilapidated old building. This is the first child to come there. Later it turned out that he dropped out of school at the age of thirteen.
+He got there and started messing around with the touchpad.
+He soon realized that when he moved his finger on the touchpad, something moved on the screen. And later he said to me: "I've never seen a TV that could do anything."
+So he got it. It took me over two minutes to realize I was doing something at the TV.
+And while doing so, he hit the touchpad and accidentally clicked it - you'll see him doing that.
+When he did that, Internet Explorer changed the page.
+After 8 minutes, he was looking at the screen from his hand and browsing. It was going back and forth.
+When that happened, he started calling all the kids in the neighborhood, asking them to come see what was going on here.
+And by that evening, all 70 kids had viewed it.
+So eight minutes and an embedded computer seemed to be all we needed.
+So we figured this was what was happening. This means that the children in the group can learn to use computers and the Internet on their own. But under what circumstances?
+At this time, the main questions were about English.
+People said this should be written in Indian language.
+So I said, "What's going on? Shall we translate the Internet into an Indian language?" it is not possible.
+So it should be the other way around.
+But how do children approach English?
+I took the experiment to a village called Madantushi in northeastern India, where for some reason there were no English teachers and the children were not learning English at all.
+And I made a hole in the wall as well.
+There is one big difference in villages as opposed to urban slums. More girls than boys came to the kiosk.
+In urban slums, girls tend to stay away.
+I left my computer there with a bunch of CDs, no internet, and came back 3 months later.
+So when I got back there, there were two kids, ages 8 and 12, playing games on their computers.
+And as soon as they saw me, they said, "I need a faster processor and a better mouse."
+(laughs) I was really surprised.
+How the hell did they know this?
+And they said, "Yes, I picked it up from a CD."
+So I said, "But how did you understand what was going on there?"
+So they said, ``We had to study English because we left this machine that only speaks English.''
+So when I measured them, they used 200 English words with each other -- mispronounced but correct -- words like exit, stop, find, save, etc. It was also used in the language of - everyday conversation.
+So Madantusi seemed to show that language is not a barrier. In fact, you might be able to learn a language on your own if you really wanted to.
+Finally, I was able to raise funds to try this experiment and see if these results happen elsewhere.
+India is a good place to conduct such experiments. Because India has all the ethnic diversity, genetic diversity, racial diversity and socio-economic diversity.
+So we were really able to select a sample that covered a cross-section that covered virtually the whole world.
+So I kept doing this for almost five years. This experiment actually took us across India.
+This is the Himalayas. Up north, it's very cold.
+We also had to confirm or invent an engineering design that could withstand the outdoors. I was using a normal, normal PC, so I needed different climates. India is good for that because it can be very cold or very hot.
+This is the western desert. Near the Pakistan border.
+Here's a little clip from one village, and the first thing these kids did was find a website to teach themselves the English alphabet.
+Then to central India - to a very warm and humid fishing village. Humidity is a major factor in electronics there.
+So I had to solve all the problems I had with no air conditioning and very poor power. So most of the solutions we got were to keep the machine running with small blasts of air in the right places.
+I would like to shorten this. We did this over and over.
+The flow of this series is also beautiful. Here's a little six-year-old telling her oldest sister what to do.
+And with these computers, it very often happens that younger children teach older children.
+what did we find? We found that children aged 6 to 13 are capable of self-learning in a connected environment, regardless of what they can measure.
+So if you have access to a computer, you are self-taught, including your intellect.
+I didn't find a single correlation with anything, but it must be related to the group.
+Since you guys are talking about groups, it might be very interesting for this group.
+Here was the power of what a group of children could do if the adults stopped intervening.
+A brief description of the measurements.
+We used standard statistical techniques, so I won't go into that.
+But I got a clean learning curve, about the same as what I get in school.
+Leave it alone. So that says it all, don't you think?
+what will they be able to do?
+Basic Windows functions, browsing, painting, chatting and emailing, games and learning materials, downloading music, playing videos.
+In a nutshell, it's what we all do.
+And over 300 kids will be computer-savvy and able to do all this in less than six months with one computer.
+So how do they do it?
+That's not the case, as the actual access time is calculated to be a few minutes per day.
+I actually have one kid working on the computer.
+And he usually has three other kids around him advising him on what they should do.
+When tested, all four get the same score no matter what the question is.
+Around these four are usually a group of 16 or so children who usually give bad advice about everything going on with their computers.
+And they all pass tests on that subject as well.
+So they learn as much by watching as they learn by doing.
+It seems counterintuitive for adult learning, but remember that 8-year-olds mostly live in a society where they are told, "Don't do this, don't touch the whiskey bottle." Put it down please.
+So what does an 8 year old do?
+He carefully observes how a bottle of whiskey should be handled.
+And if you test him, he will answer all questions on the topic correctly.
+So it looks like it will be available very quickly.
+So what happened after six years of research?
+It was that primary education was sometimes done in isolation, and sometimes parts of it were done in isolation.
+No need to press down from top to bottom.
+It could possibly be a self-organizing system. This is the second part I wanted to convey, children can self-organize and achieve their educational goals.
+The third part was about values, again very simply, we tested 500 children across India and asked them questions. We asked them about 68 different values ​​and simply asked for their opinion. .
+We received various opinions. Yes, no, or I don't know.
+Simply because they answered 50% yes and 50% no questions, we were able to get a collection of 16 such utterances.
+These were areas where the children were clearly confused, half saying yes and half saying no.
+A typical example is "Sometimes lies are necessary".
+They have no way of determining how this question should be answered. Probably none of us do.
+So that concludes this third question.
+Can technology transform value capture?
+Finally, on self-organizing systems, I won't say too much about it, because you've heard it a lot.
+All natural systems - galaxies, molecules, cells, organisms, societies - are self-organizing, except for the discussion of intelligent designers.
+But for now, as far as science is concerned, it's self-organization.
+But other examples include traffic jams, stock markets, social and disaster recovery, terrorism and rebellion.
+And you know about internet-based self-organizing systems.
+So here are my four sentences.
+Remoteness affects the quality of education.
+Educational technology should first be introduced to remote areas and then to other regions.
+value is retrieved. Doctrine and doctrine, two opposing mechanisms are imposed.
+And learning is probably a self-organizing system.
+Putting all four together gives me a goal, a vision for educational technology.
+Digital, automated, resilient, minimally invasive, connected and self-organizing educational technology and pedagogy.
+As educators, we never asked for technology. We keep borrowing it.
+Although PowerPoint is considered a great educational technology, it was not intended for education, but for creating presentations for board meetings.
+we rented it video conferencing. the computer itself.
+I think it's time for educators to create their own specs. I have such specs. This is the overview.
+And such a set of specifications should yield technologies that deal with remoteness, values, and violence.
+So I thought of giving it a name. Why not call it "outdoctornation"?
+And could this be the goal of educational technology in the future?
+So I would like to leave it as an idea.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(music) (applause) Thank you.
+Hello everyone.
+Pangapsomnida.
+I would like to share a little bit of my life.
+I may look successful and happy in front of you now, but once I was severely depressed and completely hopeless.
+The violin, which meant everything to me, became a heavy burden for me.
+Many people tried to comfort and encourage me, but their words sounded like meaningless noise.
+After years of suffering, when I was about to give up on everything, I began to rediscover the true power of music.
+(Music) It was music that gave me strength in the midst of hardship.
+The comfort music gave me was indescribable. It was a really eye-opening experience for me too. It completely changed my outlook on life and relieved me of the pressure of being a successful violinist.
+Do you feel alone?
+I hope that this work touches your heart and heals you like I did.
+(music) (applause) Thank you.
+Now I use my music to reach people's hearts and I realize there are no boundaries.
+My audience is people who come here to listen, even those who are not familiar with classical music.
+I have performed in famous classical concert halls like Carnegie Hall and the Kennedy Center, as well as in hospitals, churches, prisons, and restricted facilities for lepers.
+Now, in my final piece, I want to show you that classical music can be so much fun, exciting and moving.
+Let me introduce my new project "Baroque in Rock" which just got golden disc.
+It's a great honor for me.
+While I am enjoying my life as a happy musician, I think I am getting far more recognition than I could ever have imagined.
+But now it's your turn.
+When you change your perspective, you change not only you, but the world as a whole.
+Play your life to the fullest and share it with the world.
+I'm really looking forward to witnessing the world changing as TEDsters.
+Play your life and pay attention.
+(music) (applause)
+When I was a little girl, I used to look under the microscope at the insects in the amber that my father kept at home.
+And they were amazingly well-preserved, morphologically just amazing.
+And we imagined that one day they would actually come to life, crawl out of the resin, and hopefully fly away.
+If you had asked me 10 years ago if I could decode the genome of an extinct animal, I would have said "unlikely."
+If you ask me if I can actually bring back an extinct species, I'd say it's a pipe dream.
+But amazingly enough, I stand here today not only is decoding extinct genomes a possibility, indeed a modern reality, but perhaps not by insects, but also by the resurrection of extinct species. We're here to tell you that it's actually within reach. In amber - in fact, this mosquito was actually used as inspiration for "Jurassic Park" - but from a woolly mammoth, the remains of a well-preserved woolly mammoth in permafrost.
+Woolly is a particularly interesting and archetypal image of the Ice Age.
+they were big. It was hairy.
+They have large tusks and, like elephants, we seem to have a very deep connection with them.
+Perhaps it's because elephants share a lot in common with us.
+they bury the dead. They educate their next of kin.
+They have a very close social relationship.
+Or maybe it's because we're actually deep time bound. Because like us, elephants share their origins in Africa about 7 million years ago, and as their habitats and environments changed, we, like elephants, actually migrated to Europe, Asia.
+Thus, the first large mammoth to appear on the scene was Meridionalis, a 4-meter-tall, about 10-tonne-weight, forest-adapted species that migrated from Western Europe across Central Asia and across the Bering Land Bridge. spread over the region. North America.
+And then, as usual, as the climate changed and new habitats were opened up, a steppe-adapted species called Trogonteri arrived in Central Asia, pushing Meridionalis into Western Europe.
+Then the open grassland savannahs of North America became inhabited by the Columbian Mammoth, a large, hairless North American species.
+And the woolly animals we all know and love did not actually arrive until about 500,000 years later, spreading from their natives in East Berlin to all of Central Asia, again trogon terry animals in Central Asia. pushed out to Europe. And travel hundreds of thousands of years across the Bering Land Bridge during the height of the glaciation to come into direct contact with our Colombian relatives living in the South, where they lived for hundreds of thousands of years amid traumatic climate change. survived over
+That means we have some very plastic animals that cope very well with large changes in temperature and environment.
+They lived on the mainland until about 10,000 years ago and, surprisingly, on small islands off Siberia and Alaska until about 3,000 years ago.
+So the Egyptians are building pyramids and Woolly still lives on the island.
+and they disappear.
+Like 99% of all animals that ever lived, they probably went extinct due to a warming climate and the rapid encroachment of northward-migrating dense forests, and as the late great Paul Martin once said, , possibly attributed to Pleistocene overkill. , so the big game hunter who took them down.
+Luckily, we have found millions of bodies scattered in the permafrost of Siberia and Alaska, and we can actually go there and actually retrieve them.
+And its state of preservation is astonishing, as are the insects in [amber].
+That is, there are teeth, bloody bones that look like blood, hair, intact carcasses and heads with brains still in them.
+So, I have to admit that the preservation and survival of DNA depends on many factors, most of which we still don't fully understand, but when an organism dies, how quickly it dies, and its burial. determined by the depth of The constant temperature of the burial environment ultimately determines how long the DNA survives within a geologically meaningful timeframe.
+And perhaps many of you sitting in this room are surprised that it's not the time that matters, not the shelf life, but most importantly, the consistency of temperature during storage.
+Therefore, if we look deep into the bones and teeth that actually survived the fossilization process, we find that DNA that was once intact and tightly wrapped in histone proteins is now found in mammoths after years of fossilization. It means that it is being attacked by the bacteria that lived symbiotically with it. its lifespan.
+Therefore, these bacteria, along with environmental bacteria, free water, and oxygen, actually degrade DNA into smaller and smaller DNA fragments, ultimately only fragments ranging from 10 base pairs to 10 base pairs in the best-case scenario. will be Hundreds of base pairs in length.
+Therefore, most fossils in the fossil record actually have no organic traces at all.
+But some of them actually have DNA fragments that survive for thousands or even millions of years.
+Then, using state-of-the-art cleanroom technology, we devised a method that could actually pull these DNAs away from the rest of the dirt out there. If you take a mammoth bone or tooth and extract its DNA, you get the mammoth's DNA, but you also get all the bacteria that once lived with the mammoth. To make things even more complicated, you also get all the mammoth DNA. Bacteria and fungi also survive in that environment.
+It is not surprising that as much as 50% of the mammoth DNA preserved in permafrost is from mammoths, but some, such as the Columbian mammoth, live in warm temperatures and survive in temperate environments after spawning. If buried, there is 3-10% endogenous.
+But we have come up with a very clever way to actually distinguish, capture and identify mammoth and non-mammoth DNA. Advances in high-throughput sequencing have made it possible to practically take everything out and recalibrate it bioinformatically. Place these small mammoth fragments into the chromosomal skeleton of the Asian or African elephant.
+That way you really get all the little things that distinguish mammoths from Asian elephants. So what do we know about mammoths?
+We know that the mammoth genome is almost completely complete and is actually quite large. It's a mammoth.
+Thus, while the hominid genome is about 3 billion base pairs, the elephant and mammoth genomes are about 2 billion base pairs larger, most of which are composed of small repetitive DNA, so it is practically impossible to reconstruct the entire structure. becomes very difficult. genome.
+With this information, we can answer one of the intriguing relationship questions between mammoths and their extant relatives, the African and Asian elephants. All of these elephants shared an ancestor 7 million years ago, but the mammoth genome shows that they shared a common ancestor. The most recent common ancestor with the Asian elephant is about 6 million years old, making it slightly closer to the Asian elephant.
+With advances in ancient DNA technology, we can actually start sequencing the genomes of the other extinct mammoth forms I mentioned. Just wanted to talk about two of them, the Woolly Mammoth and the Colombian Mammoth. They lived so close to each other during the height of the glaciers that when the glaciers were huge in North America, the woolly moths were pushed into these subglacial ecotones, where they made contact with their relatives who lived in the south, where they lived. We shared shelter, we shared a little time. It turned out to be a little more than a shelter.
+It seems that they were interbreeding.
+And this is not uncommon for long heads. This is because large savannah male elephants are known to compete with smaller forest elephants for females.
+A very large and hairless Colombian beats the wool of a small male.
+Unfortunately, it reminds me a little of my high school days.
+(Laughter) Given the idea of ​​wanting to revive an extinct species, this is no easy task. Because it turns out that African and Asian elephants can actually mate and have offspring. And that's because this happened by chance at a real zoo. 1978, Chester, England.
+So you could actually take the Asian elephant chromosome and actually modify it to all the positions that made it distinguishable from the mammoth genome, put it in an enucleated cell, let it differentiate into a stem cell, and then differentiate. Perhaps you could artificially inseminate an Asian elephant egg with sperm and go through a long and difficult procedure to actually get something like this back.
+Now this is not an exact replica. Because the short pieces of DNA I'm talking about prevent you from building the correct structure. But it will make one that looks and feels very similar to what a woolly mammoth does.
+Now, when I talk to my friends about this, it often comes down to "Where do I put that?"
+where are you going to keep the mammoth?
+No suitable climate or habitat.
+Well, not really.
+Siberia and the northern part of the Yukon Territory were found to have extensive potential habitat for mammoths.
+Remember, this was a highly plastic animal that has lived through incredible climate change.
+So this landscape would easily accommodate it, and the boy in me, the boy in me, would love to see these majestic creatures walk on the northern permafrost once. Again, I have to admit that the adult part of me sometimes wonders if I should.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Ryan Phelan: Please don't go.
+You left us a question.
+I'm sure everyone asks that question. I said, "Shall we do that?"
+You feel reticent there, yet you gave us a vision that it is very possible.
+what is your shyness?
+Hendrik Poinard: I don't think it's reticence.
+But I think we need to think very deeply about the impact and impact of our actions. Therefore, if we can have a solid and deep discussion as we have now, I think we will have very good solutions for the following points. why do you do that
+However, I want to make sure I spend some time thinking about why I'm doing it in the first place.
+RP: Perfect. Perfect answer. Thank you very much, Hendrick.
+HP: Thank you. (applause)
+I'm almost like a crazy evangelical.
+I've always felt a sense of exultation that the age of design had arrived.
+If it's a sunny day, I think, "Oh my God, it was a good design day."
+Or you could go to a show and see some artist's beautiful work, especially beautiful work, and he was obviously looking to design to figure out what he needed to do, so very I say excellent.
+So I truly believe that design is the highest form of creative expression.
+That's why I'm talking to you today about the Design Age. An era of design is an era when design is still pretty furniture, posters, fast cars, and what you see at MoMA today.
+But really, what I really want to explain to the public and to the MoMA audience is that the most interesting chairs are actually made by robots, like this beautiful chair by Dirk Vander Kooy. That's it. Make a chair out of a toothpaste-like slur made from recycled refrigerator parts that resembles a large piece of candy.
+Alternatively, good design is a digital font that we use all the time and become part of our identity.
+We want people to understand that design is more than just a pretty chair, but first and foremost everything around us in our lives.
+And it's interesting that a lot of what we're talking about tonight isn't just about design, it's about interaction design.
+And indeed, interaction design is something I've been trying to add to the Museum of Modern Art collection in New York for the past few years, starting with, say, Martin Wattenberg's work, not too timid, just sharp. The machine itself and chess-playing stuff like the one seen here, or Lisa Strausfeld and her partners, the Sugar interface for giving kids one laptop, Toshio Iwai's Tenori-On instrument, Philip Worthington's Shadow Monsters, John Maeda's Reactive Books, and I Want You To Want Me by Jonathan Harris and Sep Cumber.
+These were some of the first acquisitions to really introduce the idea of ​​interaction design to the public.
+But lately, I've been trying to delve deeper into interaction design with examples that are very emotionally suggestive and that really illustrate interaction design on an almost undeniable level.
+"The Wind Map" by Wattenberg and Fernanda Viégas, I don't know if you've seen it, but it's really cool.
+It looks at the territory of the United States as if it were a field of wheat raised by the wind, giving us a very picturesque picture of what the wind is doing in the United States.
+But also, just recently we started getting video games. There, all hell broke loose in a very interesting way. (Laughter) There are still people who believe that there are high points and low points.
+And that's why it's been so interesting to see our reactions to the MoMA collection of video games.
+We -- no, first of all, New York Magazine has always understood that.
+I love them. So we are in the right quadrant.
+We are in highbrow. It's bold, it's courageous, it's brilliant. That is wonderful.
+I'm afraid, in other scenes the diagonal was better, but it's okay. it's good. it's good. it's good. (Laughter) But here comes the art critic. Oh that was great.
+The first was Jonathan Jones of The Guardian.
+"Sorry, MoMA, video games are not art."
+Did I mention they are art? We were talking about interaction design. excuse me.
+"Pac-Man and Tetris alongside Picasso and Van Gogh" -- two floors away. (Laughter) — “A true understanding of art is game over.”
+I bring the end of the world. Look?
+were we talking about the rapture? It's coming.
+And Jonathan Jones is making it happen.
+The same Guardian then said, "Are video games art: the argument that they shouldn't be.
+Last week, an art critic for The Guardian managed to suggest that gaming is not acceptable as art. But is he right?
+So does it matter? "
+I feel like the problem of design being so often misunderstood as art, or the very diffuse ideas that designers aspire to and want to be called artists, reappears.
+No, designers aspire to be really good designers.
+thank you very much. That's enough.
+So, without any prompting, my knight in shining armor, John Maeda, made this big proclamation about why video games belong at MoMA.
+And it was great. And I thought that was it.
+But then there was another wonderfully bombastic article by Lille Leibovitz in The New Republic magazine, where it said, "MoMA mistook video games for art." again.
+"Museums put Pac-Man side by side with Picasso."
+"That misses the point."
+excuse me. you miss the point.
+And here, look, the question above puts it bluntly: "Are video games art? No, video games are not art, because video games are something else entirely: code."
+Oh, Picasso is not art because it is oil paint. right?
+So it's pretty cool to see this ruffled feather and how intense the reaction was.
+And what do you know?
+The International Cat Video Film Festival didn't have much of a response. (laughs) I think it was really great.
+We were talking about the pony dance, and I really envy the Walker Arts Center for hosting this festival. Because it's very, very good.
+And then there's Flaubert's words that I love. "I have always tried to live in an ivory tower, but a wave of shit can wash against its walls and undermine it."
+I consider myself a fucking tide.
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) You know, we have to go through that.
+Even in the 1930s, my colleagues who were trying to organize exhibitions of abstract art were stopped by customs officials who decided that all these works were not art.
+So it has happened before and will happen again. But all I can say for now is that I am very proud to call Pac-Man part of the MoMA collection.
+For example Tetris, the original version, the Soviet version as well.
+And you know, the amount of work -- yes, Alexei Pajitnov worked for the Soviet government, and that's how he developed Tetris, and Alexei himself rebuilt the entire game. , even provided us with a simulation of a cathode ray tube where it is barely visible. bombed.
+And it's great.
+There is a huge amount of work behind these acquisitions. Because we are still the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and even when we work with pop culture, we work with it as a form of interaction design and as something that should be in museum collections. So MoMA needs to be studied.
+So we assembled a panel of experts to work on this acquisition, especially to select Eric Chach's excellent Another World. Mostly me, Kate Carmody and Paul Galloway.
+We spent a year and a half working on it.
+So many people have helped us. You may know game designer Jammin Warren and Kill Screen Magazine collaborator Kevin Slavin. you name it
+We knew we were ignorant, so we bothered everyone.
+We weren't real gamers, so we had to have a serious talk with them.
+So, of course, we decided to make SimCity 2000 specifically that SimCity, and not any other SimCity. So the criteria we developed along the way were very strong and not just selection criteria.
+They were also the criteria for display and preservation.
+That's why this acquisition is so much more than a play or joke. This is just the way we think about how to preserve and display the artifacts that will become more and more part of our lives in the future.
+As we all know, today we live not in a digital or physical world, but in a minestrone that combines the two in our minds.
+And that's exactly where the interaction is, and that's the point of the interaction.
+And to explain interactions, you have to actually involve people and make them understand that interactions are part of their lives.
+So when I talk about it, I'm not just talking about video games. Video games are, in a sense, the purest form of interaction, unmixed with any functionality or finality.
+We also talk about the MetroCard vending machine, which I consider to be a masterpiece of interaction.
+In short, the interface is beautiful.
+Looks like a brawny MTA guy coming out of a tunnel.
+As you know, you can actually get a metrocard with mitts. And talk about how bad ATM machines usually are.
+Therefore, I ask people to understand that it is up to them to know how to determine when an interaction is good and when it is bad.
+So when we show The Sims, we try to make sure people feel what it means to interact with The Sims, not just the fun, but the responsibility that comes with Tamagotchi.
+As you know, video games can be really deep even if you don't think about it at all.
+I'm sure you all know Katamari.
+Your task is to roll the ball and pick up as many objects as possible in a limited amount of time and hopefully reach the planet.
+I've never reached a planet, but that's all.
+Or, as you know, Vib-Ribbon wasn't distributed here in the US.
+It was a PlayStation game, but mainly for Japan.
+It was one of the first video games that allowed you to choose your own music.
+Insert your own CD into your PlayStation and the game will change with the music. Really great.
+Not to mention Eve Online.
+Eve Online is an artificial world, but one of the diplomats killed in Benghazi was not Ambassador Stevens, but one of his collaborators, and he was a very big shot in Eve Online. So we have real-life diplomats here. A world that probably spends time on Eve Online to test all his ideas about diplomacy and space building, and to the point that after his death the first announcement of the bombing actually took place on Eve Online. Several parts are named after him.
+And I just recently attended the Eve Online Fan Festival in Reykjavik and it was amazing.
+So what we are talking about is an experience that, of course, may seem strange to many, but is very educational.
+Of course, there are games that are even more educational.
+Dwarven Fortress is like the Holy Grail of this kind of massively multiplayer online game, in fact the two Adams brothers were in Reykjavik and received a standing ovation from all the Eve Online fans.
+It was amazing to see. And it's a beautiful game.
+So, it's here that you start to see that the aesthetics so important to museum collections like MoMA are kept alive by these game choices as well.
+And, you know, Valve -- you know, Portal -- is an example of a video game that has some kind of violence, which makes it one of the biggest issues we had to talk about when we acquired Valve. I will be talking about one of the Video games, what to do with violence.
+right? we had to make a decision.
+Interestingly, MoMA depicts a lot of violence in the art part of the collection, but when I came to MoMA 19 years ago, as an Italian, I said: "As you know, we need a Beretta."
+Then I was told, "No, there are no guns in the design collection."
+And I thought, "Why?"
+Interestingly, it turns out that design and design collections believe that what you see is what you get.
+So if you see a gun in a design collection, it's an instrument for murder.
+If it were in an art book, it might be a critique of a murder instrument.
+Very interesting.
+But we're also gaining an important dimension in design, so maybe one day we'll get guns too.
+But here in this particular case, along with Kate and Paul, we have decided not to use gratuitous violence.
+Portals exist because you shoot walls to create new spaces.
+Martial arts are good, so we have Street Fighter II.
+(laughs) But we don't have GTA. Because, maybe this is my own reflection, I could only crash cars and shoot prostitutes and prostitutes.
+So it wasn't very constructive. (Laughter) Just kidding, we've been talking about this for days. you don't know anything
+And to this day, I'm ambivalent, but if there's a game like Flow instead, I have no doubts.
+It's about tranquility, it's about the sublime.
+It's about experiencing what it means to be a sea creature.
+There are also some side-scrolling games. A classic one.
+So it's quite a collection.
+And now we started with the first 14, but there are a few more releases coming up and the reason we haven't gotten them yet is because we can't just get the games.
+Earn a relationship with the company.
+What we want, what we are aiming for, is code.
+Of course it is very difficult to obtain.
+But that's what allows video games to really be preserved for the long term, and that's what museums do.
+They also preserve the craft for posterity.
+Without the code, as you know, video game companies are sometimes not very aggressive, so without the code, we get a relationship with them.
+We will be with them forever.
+They are not going to kick us out.
+And one day you will get the code. (Laughter) But I would like to explain the criteria we have chosen for interaction design. Aesthetics really matter.
+Here is Core War. This is an early game that takes advantage of processor limitations aesthetically.
+So the interference you see here that looks like a beautiful in-game barrier is actually the result of processor limitations, which is nice. Therefore aesthetics are always important.
+And so is space, the spatial aspect of the game.
+You know, I feel that the best video games are the ones that have a really savvy architect behind them. Even if they're not architects or have real architecture training, they still have that feeling.
+But the evolution of space in video games is very important.
+time. Like other forms of interaction design, the way we experience time in video games is truly amazing.
+It can be real-time, or it can be in-game time, like in Animal Crossing, where the seasons move one after the other at their own pace.
+Namely, time, space, aesthetics, and most importantly behavior.
+The real heart of interaction design is behavior.
+Interaction designers design behaviors that affect us for the rest of our lives.
+These are not limited to just interacting with the screen.
+In this case, I introduce Marble Madness. This is a beautiful game where the controller is a large sphere that vibrates with the user. So the sphere moves in this landscape, and the sphere, the controller itself, you feel a sense of movement.
+In some ways, video games are the purest aspect of interaction design, and it turns out to be very helpful in explaining what interaction is.
+We don't want to show video games with gadgets. No arcade nostalgia.
+I'd rather show the code. Here you can see Ben Fry's Disterra map of Pac-Man, the Pac-Man code.
+So the way we got the game was very interesting and very unconventional. Here it's on display alongside other design examples, furniture, and other pieces, but no tools or nostalgia, just a small shelf with a screen and controllers.
+Of course, the controller is part of the experience, so it can't go away.
+Interestingly, though, the choice wasn't so heavily criticized by gamers.
+I was afraid they would kill me, but especially in 1934 when I tried to apply the same strategy that Philip Johnson took with the propeller, who wanted to make people understand the importance of design. When I told them I was there, they understood. In the MoMA gallery, they are placed on white pedestals against a white wall, as if they were Brancusi sculptures.
+He created this strange sense of distance, this impact, and made people realize how formal a design work is, and how functionally important it is.
+I would like to do the same with video games.
+By getting rid of sticky carpets, cigarette butts, and anything else we remember from childhood, we want people to understand that they are an important form of design.
+And in a way, video games, fonts, and everything else help people understand the wider meaning of design.
+One of my dream acquisitions, which has been on hold for several years, is now back at the forefront, 747.
+I would love to have it, but never own it.
+I don't want it to be in MoMA and owned by MoMA.
+I want you to keep flying.
+So this is an acquisition where MoMA has a deal with the airline to keep the Boeing 747 flying.
+So does the '@' symbol, which I got years ago.
+This was the first example of getting something in the public domain.
+And what I tell people is it's like butterflies are flying and we just catch shadows on the wall and show them shadows.
+So, in a way, we are showing manifestation of what really matters, and which is part of our identity, but which no one else can have.
+It's too long to explain the acquisition, but if you want to visit MoMA's blog they have a long post explaining why this is a great example of design.
+I had to burn some chairs along the way. Look?
+I had to abandon some previous design concepts.
+But people are gathering and, paradoxically, I find that the audience is much more responsive and much more understanding of this design expansion than some of my colleagues.
+Design is really everywhere and design is above all. I am delighted that more and more people are turning to design as a profession, as a passion, and because of its diversity and centrality in our lives. Quite simply, as part of their own culture.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I would like to share with you a paradigm-changing perspective on issues of gender violence such as sexual assault, domestic violence, relationship abuse, sexual harassment, and child sexual abuse.
+This set of issues, which I call "gender violence issues" for short, have been seen as issues of women with which some good men cooperate, but I find the framework problematic and unacceptable.
+I don't see these as women's issues that some good men help with.
+In fact, I would argue that these are first and foremost men's issues.
+Clearly -- (applause) Clearly, these are also women's issues, so I appreciate that, but calling gender violence women's issues is part of the problem for a variety of reasons.
+The first is that it gives men an excuse not to pay attention, right?
+A lot of men hear the term 'women's problem' but we tend to ignore it and say 'I'm a man so it's for girls' or 'it's for women'. I think.
+As a result, many men literally cannot get past the first sentence.
+Hearing the words "women's problem" is like activating a chip in our brain that directs our attention in a different direction.
+By the way, this also applies to the word "gender". Because when many people hear the word "gender" they think it means "female".
+There is some confusion about the term gender.
+Now let's talk a little bit about race.
+In the United States, when we hear the word “race,” many people think we mean African American, Latino, Asian American, Native American, South Asian, Pacific Islander, etc.
+When most people hear the word "sexual orientation" they think it means gay, lesbian or bisexual.
+And when we hear the word “gender,” most people think of women.
+In either case, the dominant group is not of interest.
+As if white people do not have some sort of racial identity or belong to any racial category or structure, as if heterosexuals have no sexual orientation, and men as if there is no gender.
+This is one of the ways dominant systems sustain and reproduce themselves. That is, dominant groups are rarely challenged even to think about their dominance. Because it is one of the key features of power and privilege, it lacks the capacity not to be investigated. Introspection has really become largely invisible in discussions of issues that primarily concern us.
+And it's amazing how this works in domestic and sexual violence, and how much of the conversation around men's core topics has largely eliminated men.
+I'll use old technology to explain what I'm talking about here.
+I have an old idea on some basic points.
+I make movies, I work in tech, but I'm still a novice as an educator. I want to share with you this exercise that explains how we think, literally how we think, at a sentence structure level. They use words and conspire to take our attention away from men.
+This is specifically about domestic violence, but other analogues can be incorporated.
+It comes from the work of feminist linguist Julia Penelope.
+It starts with the very basic English sentence, "John beats Mary."
+That's a good English sentence.
+John is the subject, beat is the verb, Mary is the object, good sentences.
+Now let's move on to the second sentence that says the same thing in the passive voice.
+"Mary was beaten by John."
+And now there's a lot going on in one sentence.
+"John beat Mary" became "Mary beaten by John."
+We've shifted the focus from John to Mary in one sentence, but we can see that John is very close to the end of the sentence and, well, on the verge of falling off our map of the mental plains.
+The third sentence, John, is deleted and becomes "Mary was beaten", now it's all about Mary.
+We're not even thinking about John, we're completely focused on Mary.
+For generations past, the word we've used as a synonym for "beaten" is "battered," so it follows that "Mary was battered."
+And the final sentence in this sequence, flowing from the others, is "Mary is an abused woman."
+So Mary's very identity, that she is a beaten woman, is what John did to her in the first place.
+However, we have proven that John left the conversation long ago.
+Those of us who work in the field of domestic and sexual violence know that victim-blaming is pervasive in this field. That is, blaming the person to whom something was done, not the person who did it.
+And we say, why are they dating these guys?
+Why are they attracted to them? Why do they keep going backwards?
+What was she wearing at the party? How silly.
+This is victim-blaming, and there are many reasons for this, but one is that our cognitive structures are set up to blame the victim.
+All this is unconscious.
+Our entire cognitive structure is set up to question women and their choices and what they do, what they think, and what they wear.
+Besides, I don't blame people who ask questions about women.
+that's a legitimate question.
+But let me be clear, asking about Mary does nothing in terms of preventing violence.
+I need to ask another question.
+The question is not about Mary, it's about John.
+That includes things like why John beats Mary.
+Why is domestic violence still a big problem, not just in the United States, but around the world?
+what happened? Why do so many men physically, mentally, verbally and otherwise abuse women, girls, men and boys who claim to love them?
+Why do so many adult men sexually abuse young girls and boys?
+Why is it a common problem in our society today and around the world?
+Why do we hear over and over again about new scandals erupting in major institutions like the Catholic Church, the Penn State University football program, and the Boy Scouts of America?
+And local communities across the country and around the world.
+child sexual abuse.
+What about men? Why do so many men rape women in our society and around the world?
+Why do so many men rape other men?
+What is happening to men?
+And what is the role of the various organizations in our society that are producing abusive men at pandemic speed?
+Because this is not an individual perpetrator's problem.
+It's a naive way to understand what the deeper, more systemic social issues are.
+The culprit isn't some monster that crawls out of the swamp and comes out into town to do menial jobs and then hides in the dark.
+That's a very naive idea, isn't it?
+Perpetrators are much more routine than that, and more routine than that.
+So the question is, what are we doing in this society and the world?
+What role do different institutions play in producing abusive men?
+What role do religious belief systems, sports culture, porn culture, family structure, the economy, and how they intersect, and how race and ethnicity intersect? do you want?
+How does this work?
+And when you start making those connections and asking the big big questions that matter, you start talking about how you can make a difference, in other words, how you can do something different.
+How can we change our practices?
+How can we change the definitions of juvenile socialization and masculinity that lead to these current outcomes?
+These are the kinds of questions we need to ask, the kinds of work we need to do, but there are limits to what women are doing or thinking in relationships and other areas. If you focus without focus, you will not get results. on that part.
+I understand that many women who have tried to speak out on these issues today, yesterday, and over the years are often reprimanded for their efforts.
+They get called filthy names like 'male-bashers' or 'man-haters' or the offensive and offensive 'feminazis', right?
+And do you know what the heck this is all about?
+It's called Kill the Messenger.
+Because it's a declaration to sit down and shut up and keep the current system because it doesn't like us. . That's when people rock the boat.
+We don't like people challenging our power.
+And thank goodness women don't do that sort of thing.
+I am grateful that we live in a world with a lot of female leadership that can counteract that.
+But one of the powerful roles men can play in this job is being able to say things that women can't say, or even better, hear us say things that women can't. It means you can.
+Now I know it's a problem and it's sexism, but it's the truth.
+So what I'm saying to men, and my colleagues and I all the time, is men who have the courage and strength to stand up and start saying things like this, and who are for women, not against them. is needed more. They somehow pretend that this is a battle between the sexes, or some other kind of nonsense.
+we live in this world together.
+By the way, one of the things that really bothers me about some of the rhetoric against feminists and those who have built up female victim and rape crisis movements around the world is, as I said earlier, that somehow they are rebelling. being masculine. .
+What about boys who are deeply negatively affected by what adult men do to their mothers, themselves, and their sisters?
+what about those boys?
+What about young men and boys traumatized by adult male violence?
+you know what?
+The same system that produces men who abuse women produces men who abuse other men.
+If you want to talk about male victims, let's talk about male victims.
+So it's something both women and men have in common.
+We are both victims of male violence.
+So, let alone we have it for direct self-interest, most men I know have something that we deeply care about, whether it's family, friendships, or anything else. The fact is that there are women and girls.
+As such, there are many reasons why men need to speak up.
+Don't you think it's natural to say it out loud?
+Well, because of the nature of the work that I and my colleagues do in sports culture and in the U.S. military, the school pioneered this approach, called the bystander approach to gender violence prevention.
+I just want to give you the highlights of the bystander approach. This is a big thematic change. There are many details, but the crux of it is that instead of seeing men as perpetrators, women as victims, or women as perpetrators, men as victims, or a combination thereof.
+I am using gender binary.
+I know there are more than just men and women, but more than men and women.
+There are women who are perpetrators and men who are victims.
+We have every spectrum.
+But instead of looking at things in a dualistic way, we focus on all of us as so-called bystanders. A bystander is defined as someone who is neither the perpetrator nor the victim in a particular situation. In other words, even those of us who are not directly involved in a friend, teammate, colleague, colleague, family member, or abusive dichotomy may have social, family, work, school, or other relationships with people who may be in such a situation. embedded within peer culture relationships.
+what do we do How do you speak up? How can I challenge my friends?
+How can I support my friends?
+But how can we remain silent in the face of abuse?
+Now, when it comes to men and male culture, the goal is to challenge non-abusing men to men who do.
+And when I say abuse, I don't just mean men who beat women.
+We are not just saying that a man whose friend is abusing his girlfriend needs to stop that man at the moment of the attack.
+It's a naive way to make a difference in society.
+It's a continuum and we're trying to get men to get in each other's way.
+For example, if you're a man and you're in a group of men playing poker, talking, or hanging out, and no women are there, another man might say sexist or demeaning things about women, Instead of harassing or laughing along, pretend you didn't hear and tell the man, "Hey, that's not funny.
+You may be talking about my sister, but could you joke about something else?
+Or can you talk about something else?
+I do not appreciate such talk. "
+If you were white and another white person made a racist comment, you would hope that white people would stop racist behavior by those same white people.
+As with heterosexism, if you are heterosexual and do not yourself engage in harassing or abusive behavior towards people of various sexual Isn't your silence, in a way, a form of consent and complicity, if you don't say something in the face of what you're doing?
+The bystander approach provides people with the tools to interrupt that process and speak up, and to stop abuse not only because it is illegal, but because it is socially wrong and unacceptable. We are trying to create a culture of peers in which behavior is seen as unacceptable. fellow culture.
+And if we can get to a situation where men who engage in sexist behavior lose their status, young men who engage in sexist and harassing behavior towards girls and women, and towards other boys and men. and boys will lose their status. What are the consequences?
+Abuse will be radically reduced.
+Because the typical perpetrator is not someone who is sick and twisted.
+He's otherwise a normal guy, right?
+Now, among the many great words of Martin Luther King, Jr. in his short life, was, "In the end, it is not the words of the enemy that hurt the most, but the silence of the friends." .
+In the end, it's not the enemy's words that hurt the most, but the friend's silence.
+There is so much silence in male culture about the ongoing tragedy of male violence against women and children.
+A terrible silence ensued.
+All I want to say is that we need to break that silence and we need more people to do that.
+Easier said than done, because I'm saying it now. But I would say that it's not easy for men to challenge each other in a male culture, and that's one of the reasons it's part of the paradigm shift. Not only do we understand these issues as male issues, they are also male leadership issues.
+Because ultimately the responsibility of taking a stand on these issues should not fall on the shoulders of high school and college boys and teenage boys.
+Adult men in power need to take responsibility as leaders on these issues. Because when someone speaks up, challenges, or sabotages in their fellow culture, they are truly leaders.
+But on a larger scale, we need more powerful adult men to start prioritizing these issues, and we haven't seen it yet, have we?
+Well, I attended a dinner many years ago, and I have worked extensively in all services in the US military.
+And when I was at this dinner, this woman said to me -- I think she thought she was a little smarter -- she said, "So how long have you been in the Marine Corps? Are you doing Kansei training during this period?"
+And I said, "With all due respect, I don't do sensitivity training with the Marines.
+I run a leadership program in the Marine Corps. "
+I know my response is a little pompous, but I believe that what we need is not sensitivity training, so this is an important distinction.
+We need leadership training. Because, for example, professional coaches and managers of baseball teams and football teams, and I work extensively in those fields, make sexist comments, homophobic remarks, or racist comments. Comments will be discussed on sports blogs and sports talk radio.
+And some will say, "He needs sensitivity training."
+Others said, "Well, stop.
+It was a runaway of political correctness and he made a stupid statement, move on. "
+My point is that he doesn't need sensitivity training.
+He needs leadership training because he's a bad leader to make comments like that in a gender diverse, sexually diverse (applause), and racially and ethnically diverse society. It's because you're failing at leadership.
+If I could convey this point to men and women influential in organizational authority and power at all levels of society, it would change the paradigm of how people think.
+For example, I do a lot of college track and field throughout North America.
+We all know how to prevent domestic and sexual violence, right?
+There is no excuse for colleges not to require domestic and sexual violence prevention training for all student-athletes, coaches and administrators as part of their educational process.
+We know it's easy.
+But do you know what you're missing? leadership.
+But that is not student-athlete leadership.
+It's the leadership of sports directors, college presidents, and people who make decisions about resources and make decisions about priorities within an organization.
+Look at Pennsylvania State University.
+Pennsylvania State University is the mother of every educable moment in the bystander approach.
+There were so many situations in that realm where men in positions of power did not act to protect their children, in this case boys.
+I can't believe it.
+However, when you actually participate, you can see that there is pressure for men.
+There are constraints on men in some co-worker cultures, so we need to encourage men to break through those pressures.
+And one of the ways it does that is that there are so many men who care deeply about these issues.
+I know this, and I work with men, and I've worked with tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of men over the decades.
+It's scary to think about how many years have passed.
+But while there are so many men who care deeply about these issues, caring deeply is not enough.
+We need more men of the courage, bravery, strength and moral integrity to break the complicit silence, challenge each other and stand with women instead of against them. increase.
+By the way, we owe women.
+There is no question about it.
+But we also owe it to our sons.
+We also have a responsibility to young people around the world who grew up in environments that didn't make the choice to be a man in a culture that taught that masculinity was what it was supposed to be.
+they didn't make a choice.
+Moving forward, I hope that men and women can work together to initiate change and transformation so that future generations do not experience the level of tragedy that we face on a daily basis.
+We know we can do it, we know we can do better.
+How many people checked their email today?
+Please raise your hand.
+How many people are checking now?
+(Laughter.) So what about finances? Anyone checked it today?
+Credit card, investment account?
+How is your week going?
+What about household energy consumption?
+Anyone checked it today?
+this week? last week?
+A few energy geeks spread around the room.
+Nice to meet you all.
+But the rest of us, this is a room full of people passionate about the future of our planet, and even we don't pay attention to the energy use that is causing climate change.
+The woman in the picture with me is Harriet.
+We met her on our first family trip.
+Harriet is careful with her energy use, but is clearly not an energy geek.
+This is the story of how Harriet came to attention.
+This is coal, the most common source of power on the planet, and this coal has enough energy to light this bulb for over a year.
+Unfortunately, most of that energy is lost in between here and there through transmission leakage, heat, etc.
+In fact, only 10 percent remains as light.
+So this coal will last a little over a month.
+If you want this bulb to light up for a year, you will need this much coal.
+The bad news here is that for every unit of energy we use, 9 units are wasted.
+So the good news is that for every unit of energy you save, you'll also save the other 9 units.
+So the question is, how do we get people in this room and around the world to pay attention to the energy we are using and start wasting less?
+The answer came from a behavioral science experiment in San Marcos, California, just 90 miles away, during a hot summer ten years ago.
+The graduate students put up signs on every door in their neighborhood telling them to turn off the air conditioners and turn on the fans.
+A quarter of homes received the message, "Did you know you can save $54 a month this summer?"
+Turn off the air conditioner and turn on the fan.
+Another group received environmental messages.
+And a third group received a message about being a good citizen and preventing blackouts.
+Most people thought the message of saving money worked best of all.
+In fact none of these messages worked.
+It didn't affect energy consumption at all.
+It was as if the graduate student hadn't shown up at all.
+But there was a fourth message, which simply said, "We surveyed 77 percent of our neighbors who turned off the air conditioner and turned on the fan.
+Please join us. Please turn off the air conditioner and turn on the fan. "
+And don't you know that, they knew.
+People who received this message found that their energy consumption decreased significantly just by being told what their neighbors were doing.
+So what does this tell us?
+Well, moral persuasion and financial incentives don't do much to move us when something is inconvenient, even if we believe it. But social pressures are powerful.
+And when used correctly, it can be a powerful force for good.
+In fact, it already does.
+This insight inspired my friend Dan Yates and I to start a company called Opower.
+We built software and partnered with utility companies that want to help their customers save energy.
+We provide personalized home energy reports by comparing consumption with neighbors living in similar size homes.
+Just like an effective door hanger, let people compare themselves to their neighbors and give everyone targeted recommendations to help them save money.
+Starting with paper, moving to mobile applications, the web, and now controllable thermostats, we've spent the last five years running the world's largest behavioral science experiments.
+and it's working.
+Average homeowners and renters are saving over $250 million in utility bills, and we're just getting started.
+This year alone, we plan to partner with more than 80 utilities in six countries to save an additional 2 terawatt hours of electricity.
+Now, the energy geeks in this room know 2 terawatt hours, but for the rest of us, 2 terawatt hours is enough to power an entire home in St. Louis and Salt Lake City for over a year. energy.
+Two terawatt hours is roughly half of what the US solar industry produced last year.
+And 2 terawatt hours? In the case of coal, to get 2 terawatt hours of power, you need to burn this wheelbarrow every minute, 24 hours a day for a year.
+And we are not burning anything.
+We are just encouraging people to pay attention and change their behavior.
+But we're just a company, and this just scratches the surface.
+20 percent of household electricity is wasted. By waste, I don't mean people are using inefficient light bulbs. Maybe so.
+That means leaving the lights on in empty rooms and leaving the air conditioning on when no one is home.
+That's $40 billion a year wasted on electricity, and while it doesn't contribute to our well-being, it does have an impact on climate change.
+This equates to 40 billion (with a B) each year in the US alone.
+This corresponds to half of the coal consumption.
+Thankfully, some of the world's best materials scientists are now considering replacing coal with such a sustainable resource, which is both great and essential.
+But the most overlooked resource to guide us towards a sustainable energy future is not listed on this slide.
+It's in this room. It's you and it's me
+And we can take advantage of this resource simply by applying behavioral science, without the need for new material science.
+You can do it today, know it works, and start saving money right away.
+So what are we waiting for?
+Well, in most places public works regulations haven't changed much since Thomas Edison.
+Even if customers waste energy, utilities still get rewarded.
+They should be rewarded for helping customers save money.
+But the story goes beyond home energy use.
+Let's take a look at the Prius.
+Efficient because Toyota invested not only in material science, but also in behavioral science.
+A once-speeder can now drive like a more cautious grandma, thanks to a real-time dashboard showing how much energy a driver is saving.
+So back to Harriet's story.
+We met her on our first family trip.
+She came to see my little daughter and was tickled when she learned that my daughter's name was also Harriet.
+She asked me what I do for a living and I replied that I work with utilities to help people save energy.
+It was then that her eyes lit up.
+She looked at me and said, 'You're exactly the one I need to talk to.
+As you may know, two weeks ago my husband and I received a letter in the mail from a utility company.
+It showed that we were using twice as much energy as our neighbors. "
+(Laughter) "And in the last two weeks, all we can think about, talk about, even discuss is what to do to save energy.
+We have done exactly what the letter says, but we still know there is more to be done.
+Now I am here with a real expert.
+teach. How can I save energy? "
+There are many experts who can answer Harriet's question.
+My goal is to make us all ask it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+So I trained to be a gymnast for two years in Hunan, China in the 1970s.
+When I was in first grade, the government wanted to transfer me to a school for athletes at full cost.
+But my tiger mother said no.
+My parents wanted me to be an engineer like them.
+After surviving the Cultural Revolution, they firmly believed there was only one sure way to happiness: a safe, well-paying job.
+It doesn't matter if you like the job or hate it.
+But my dream was to become a Peking opera singer.
+It's me playing an imaginary piano.
+An opera singer should start training to learn acrobatics from an early age, so I made every effort to attend an opera school.
+I also wrote to the principal of my school and to the host of a radio show.
+But none of the adults liked the idea.
+None of the adults believed I was serious.
+My friends were the only people who supported me, but they were children and helpless as I was.
+So when I was 15, I realized I was too old to train.
+My dream will never come true.
+I worried that second-rate happiness would be the best I could hope for for the rest of my life.
+But it's so unfair.
+So I decided to find another vocation.
+Is there no one around to teach me? are you OK.
+I turned to books.
+I fulfilled my desire for parental advice from this book by a family of writers and musicians. ["Fu Lei's Family Correspondence"] When the Confucian tradition required obedience, I found independent female role models. ["Jane Eyre"] And I learned to be efficient from this book. ["Cheaper by the Dozen"] And after reading these, I wanted to study abroad.
+["The Complete Works of San Mao" (aka Echo Chan)] ["Lessons from History" by Nan Huaijin] I came to the United States in 1995. What was the first book you read here?
+Of course it's banned in China.
+"The Good Earth" is a story about the life of a Chinese farmer.
+It's just bad for propaganda. I took
+The Bible is funny, but strange.
+(Laughter) That's a topic for another day.
+But the fifth commandment inspired me: "You must honor your father and mother."
+"I'm honored," I said. "It's much different and better than obeying."
+So it becomes a tool for getting out of this Confucian guilt trap and resuming your relationship with your parents.
+The encounter with the new culture also started the habit of comparative reading.
+Provides a lot of insight.
+For example, I found this map out of place at first. Because Chinese students grew up with this map.
+I never thought that China didn't have to be the center of the world.
+Maps really reflect someone's point of view.
+Comparative reading is actually nothing new.
+It's standard practice in academia.
+There are also research fields such as comparative religion and comparative literature.
+Comparisons and contrasts give researchers a more complete understanding of a topic.
+So, I thought, if comparative reading is effective in research, why not try comparative reading in our daily lives as well?
+So I started reading books in pairs.
+They can therefore be about people involved in the same event, [Walter Isaacson's "Benjamin Franklin"][David McCullough's "John Adams"]- or about friends with common experiences. There is a nature.
+["Personal History" by Catherine Graham] ["Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life" by Alice Schroeder] We also compare the same stories in different genres -- (laughter) [Bible: King James Version. The Bible] ["The Lamb" by Christopher Moore] -- or similar stories in different cultures, as Joseph Campbell did in his wonderful book. [The Power of Myth by Joseph Campbell] For example, both Christ and Buddha experienced three temptations.
+For Christ, temptation is financial, political, and spiritual.
+For Buddha, desires, fears, social obligations, they are all psychological and interesting.
+If you know a foreign language, reading your favorite books in two languages ​​can be fun.
+["The Way of Zhuangzi" by Thomas Merton] ["The Tao: Way of Waterways" by Alan Watts] Instead of getting lost in translation, I found that there was a lot to learn.
+For example, through translation, I realized that the Chinese word "happiness" literally means "early joy." teeth!
+"Bride" in Chinese literally means "new mother". Uh oh.
+(Laughter) Books have given me a magical gateway to connect with people past and present.
+I know I will never feel alone or helpless again.
+A shattered dream is nothing compared to what so many others have suffered.
+I came to think that dreams are not just about realizing them.
+Its most important purpose is to let us know where dreams come from, where passion comes from, and where happiness comes from.
+Even shattered dreams can do it.
+So, thanks to the books, I am here today, happy and, for the most part, living again with purpose and clarity.
+So may the book always be with you.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+"Even in purely secular terms, homosexuality represents the abuse of sexuality.
+It is a pathetic second-class substitute for reality, a pathetic escape from life.
+It therefore deserves no sympathy, it does not deserve to be treated as a minority martyr, it does not deserve to be considered nothing but a noxious disease. "
+It was published in Time magazine in 1966 when I was three years old.
+And last year, the President of the United States announced his support for same-sex marriage.
+(Applause.) And my question is, how did we get from there to here?
+How did illness become an identity?
+When I was probably six years old, I went to a shoe store with my mother and brother.
+And at the end of buying the shoes, the salesman told us that we could take one balloon each.
+My brother wanted a red balloon and I wanted a pink balloon.
+My mother said that she really wanted a blue balloon.
+(laughs) But I said that I definitely want pink.
+And she reminded me that my favorite color is blue.
+My current favorite color is blue, but the fact that I'm still gay -- (laughs) is proof of both my mother's influence and her limitations.
+(Laughter) (Applause) When I was little, my mother used to say, "The love you have for your children is like no other in the world.
+And you don't know what it's like until you have kids. "
+And when I was little, I thought it was the greatest compliment in the world for her to say that about my siblings and my parenting.
+When I was an adolescent, I thought, 'But I'm gay, so I can't have a family.
+And when she said that, I got nervous.
+And I was furious when she kept saying it after I came out of the closet.
+I said, 'I'm gay. That's not the direction I'm going.'
+Also, I want you to stop saying that. "
+About 20 years ago, I was asked by the editor of The New York Times Magazine to write an article on Deaf culture.
+And I was rather taken aback.
+I thought of hearing loss as a complete disease. Poor people, they are deaf and deaf. What can we do for them?
+And I went out into the deaf world.
+I went to a deaf club.
+I have seen deaf theater and deaf poetry performances.
+I also went to the Miss Def America contest in Nashville, Tennessee, where people complained about that dirty southern sign language.
+(Laughter) And as I dived deeper and deeper into the deaf world, I realized that deaf people are a culture and that people in the deaf world say, "We are not deaf. We are part of the culture." I have come to believe that it is. I said what was possible.
+It wasn't my culture, and I wasn't in any particular hurry to join it, but I felt that it was a culture and that it was as valuable to the people who were members of it as Latino culture or gay culture. I understood that they were or Jewish culture.
+It probably felt as valid as American culture.
+Then my friend's friend had a dwarf daughter.
+And when my daughter was born, she suddenly found herself facing a question that resonated very strongly with me.
+She faced the problem of what to do with this child.
+Should she say, "You're just like everyone else, but a little shorter"?
+Or should she build an identity as some sort of midget, join the Little People of America, and try to be aware of what's going on with the midgets?
+And suddenly I thought, "Most deaf children are born to hearing parents.
+Hearing parents tend to try to cure their children.
+Deaf people somehow discover community in adolescence.
+Most homosexuals are born to heterosexual parents.
+Straight parents often want to function within the world they consider mainstream, and gays have to find their identities later.
+And here was a friend of mine staring at identity issues with her dwarf daughter.
+And I thought, 'Here we go again. We have a family that we perceive as normal, and a child who seems to be abnormal.'
+And the idea arose that there might actually be two kinds of identity.
+There are vertical identities that are passed down from parent to child across generations.
+It's like ethnicity, often nationality, language, and often religion.
+Those are the commonalities between you and your parents and children.
+Some of them can be difficult, but no attempt is made to cure them.
+Some would argue that being a person of color is harder in America, despite the current presidency.
+Nonetheless, no one is trying to ensure that the next generation of children born between African Americans and Asians will be born with cream skin and yellow hair.
+There are other identities that must be learned from peer groups. I call them 'horizontal identities' because peer groups are horizontal experiences.
+These are identities that are alien to their parents and must be discovered when meeting them.
+And those identities, horizontal identities, people have almost always tried to treat.
+And I wanted to see what kind of process people with such identities go through to build good relationships with them.
+And there seemed to be three levels of acceptance.
+There is self-acceptance, family acceptance, and social acceptance.
+And they don't always match.
+And often people with these symptoms are very angry because they feel as if their parents don't love them when in fact they don't.
+Love, ideally, is unconditionally present throughout the parent-child relationship.
+But acceptance takes time.
+It always takes time.
+One of the dwarfs I knew was a man named Clinton Brown.
+When he was born, he was diagnosed with diatrophic dwarfism, a very disabling condition, and his parents told him he could never walk, speak, had no intellectual capacity, and probably I was told that I wouldn't even recognize it.
+It was then suggested that they leave him in the hospital so that he could die peacefully there.
+The mother said she would not do that and took her son home.
+And despite not having much educational or financial merit, she found the best doctor in the country for treating tectonic dwarfism and enrolled Clinton with that doctor.
+During his childhood, he underwent 30 major surgeries.
+And he spent the entire time confined to the hospital while undergoing those procedures, and is now able to walk as a result.
+While he was there they sent a tutor to help him with his schoolwork and he worked hard because there was nothing else to do.
+He finally achieved a level that no one in his family ever thought possible.
+In fact, he was the first in his family to go to college, living on campus and driving a car specially equipped for his unusual build.
+And his mother came home one day and told him he was attending college nearby.
+(Laughter) "And I thought, 'They're six feet tall and he's three feet tall.'
+Two beers to them is four beers to him," she said.
+she said: "And I thought that if someone told me this when he was born, my worry for the future would be him driving drunk with his college friends. .”
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) And I said to her, 'What do you think you did to make him this charming, accomplished, amazing person?'
+And she said, 'What have I done?
+Clinton always had that light in him.
+And his father and I were lucky enough to see it there first. "
+I quote from another magazine from the 60's.
+This is from 1968, “The Atlantic Monthly,” the voice of liberal America, written by a key bioethicist.
+"Whether you 'shut up' in the sense of hiding a child with Down syndrome in a sanatorium, or 'shut up' in the more responsible and lethal sense, why do you feel guilty about putting a child with Down's syndrome away?" No,' he said.
+Sad, yes. That's horrible.
+True guilt only stems from crimes against people, and people with Down syndrome are not people. "
+Our major advances in treating homosexuals have received a lot of attention.
+The fact that our attitudes have changed is in the headlines every day.
+But we forget how we once viewed people with other differences, how we viewed people with disabilities, how inhuman we thought people were.
+And the changes achieved there, though almost equally fundamental, are the ones we pay less attention to.
+One of the families I interviewed, Tom and Karen Robards, who were young and successful New Yorkers, was surprised when their first child was diagnosed with Down syndrome.
+They decided that education wasn't what it should be for him, so he decided to build a small center (two classrooms he started with a few other parents) to educate children with DS. I decided to
+And over the years, the center grew into what is called the Cook Center, where thousands of children with intellectual disabilities are now being educated.
+Life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has tripled since that article was published in The Atlantic Monthly.
+Experiences of people with Down syndrome include actors, writers, and those who can live fully independently in adulthood.
+The Robard family had a lot to do with it.
+And I said, "Do you have any regrets?"
+Do you wish your child didn't have Down's syndrome?
+Do you wish you hadn't asked? "
+And interestingly, his father said, "For our son David, I regret it because it's a difficult way for him to be in this world. And I want to give David an easier life." I'm here.
+But I think losing everyone with Down syndrome would be a devastating loss. "
+And Karen Robards said to me, "I'm with Tom.
+In David's case, I'm sure he'll get well soon and live an easy life.
+But for myself, well, 23 years ago when he was born, I couldn't believe I would reach that point.
+Speaking for myself, it has made me so much better, so much kinder, and more purposeful throughout my life, so for myself, I'm ready for anything in this world. I have no intention of giving up on it. "
+We live at a time of increasing social acceptance of these and many other conditions.
+But we are also living in moments when our ability to resolve those situations reaches hitherto unimaginable heights.
+Currently, most deaf infants born in the United States will receive a cochlear implant that is implanted in the brain and connected to a receiver, which allows them to obtain a duplicate of their hearing and speak verbally. will be
+The compound BMN-111, tested in mice, helps prevent the action of the achondroplasia gene.
+Achondroplasia is the most common form of dwarfism, and mice given the substance and carrying the achondroplasia gene grow to full size.
+Human testing is coming soon.
+Blood tests are improving to detect Down syndrome earlier in pregnancy than ever before, making it easier for people to rule out or abort these pregnancies.
+In other words, both social progress and medical progress are happening.
+And I believe in both.
+I believe that progress in society is wonderfully meaningful and wonderful, but so is progress in medicine.
+But I think it's a tragedy that one cannot recognize the other.
+And when you see the way they intersect in situations like the three I just described, it's a grand opera, akin to the moment when the hero realizes he loves the heroine the very moment she takes her last breath on a divan. Sometimes I think that
+(Laughter) We have to think holistically how we feel about therapy.
+And often the question of parenthood is what to validate and what to cure in children.
+Jim Sinclair, a prominent autism activist, said, "When parents say, 'I wish my child didn't have autism,' what they really mean is, 'I wish my child had I wish I didn't exist, I wish I had another child,'" he said. Instead, a child who is not autistic. Please read it again. These are the words you hear when you lament our existence.
+The words we hear when you pray for healing, your greatest wish for us is that one day we will cease to exist and the strangers you love will move in behind us. . "
+This is a very extreme point of view, but it shows the reality that people are serious about their lives and don't want healing, change or elimination.
+They want to be who they are.
+One of the families I interviewed for this project was that of Dylan Klebold, one of the perpetrators of the Columbine Massacre.
+It took me a long time to persuade them to talk to me, but once they agreed, they were so engrossed in their story that they couldn't stop telling it. I documented the first weekend I spent with them, the first of many weekends. Over 20 hours of conversation.
+And by Sunday night we were all exhausted.
+We sat in the kitchen. Sue Klebold was preparing dinner.
+So I said, "If Dylan were here now, do you know what you would ask him?"
+Then the father said, "I certainly think so.
+I would like to ask him what he thought he was doing. "
+Then Sue looked at the floor and thought for a moment.
+And she turned around and said, ``I'd like to ask him to forgive me as his mother for not having any idea what was going on in his head.''
+Years later, when I had dinner with her, one of the many dinners we had together, she said, "You know, it's the first time that's happened. When I got married, I wished I hadn't gotten married, I wish I hadn't got married.
+If I hadn't gone to Ohio State and met Tom, this kid wouldn't have existed and this horrible thing wouldn't have happened.
+But I love my children so much that I have come to feel that I do not want to imagine life without them.
+I understand the pain they have caused others and I can't take it, but I do know the pain they have caused me," she said.
+"So while I recognize that it would have been better for the world if Dylan had never been born, I decided it wasn't better for me."
+I know that all these families have children with so many problems, problems that most of them should have avoided, and that they all have had the experience of parenting. I wondered why I found such a big meaning.
+And I thought that all of us who have children love our children with their imperfections.
+If a wonderful angel suddenly descended from the ceiling of my living room and took away the children I have and other better ones--more polite, funny, kind, clever--( LOL) I would cling to them if they offered to give me. Get rid of that cruel sight and offer your prayers.
+And ultimately, just like we test flame-retardant pajamas in hell to make sure they don't catch fire when our kids reach for the stove, we're going to see these extreme differences. I feel that the story of the bargaining family reflects a universal experience. In parenting, we sometimes look at our children and think, "Where did they come from?"
+(Laughter) While each of these individual differences are siled, there are so many families with schizophrenia, families of transgender children, and families of gifted children that face similar challenges. I understand. In many ways, the number of families in each category is limited.
+But when you start to think that the experience of negotiating disagreements within the family is what people are grappling with, it turns out to be an almost universal phenomenon.
+Ironically, it turns out that what unites us is our differences and our negotiations about our differences.
+While working on this project, I decided to have a child.
+And many were surprised and said, "But how can you decide to have children when you're studying all the things that can go wrong?"
+And I said, 'I'm not studying everything that could go wrong.
+What I research is how much love can be even when everything seems to be going wrong. "
+I often thought of one mother of a child with a disability I had seen, a mother of a severely handicapped child who had died because of caregiver neglect.
+And when his remains were buried, his mother said, “I pray here for forgiveness for being robbed twice, once for the child I wanted and once for the son I loved.”
+And I thought it was possible for anyone to love any child if they had a valid will to do so.
+So my husband is the biological father of two children with lesbian friends in Minneapolis.
+I had a best friend from college who was going through a divorce and wanted kids.
+So she and I have a daughter, and my mother and daughter live in Texas.
+And my husband and I have a son who has always lived with me, whose biological father I am, and whose surrogate mother for the pregnancy was Laura, Oliver and Lucy's lesbian mother who lives in Minneapolis.
+(Laughter) So -- (applause) In short, there are five parents with four children in three states.
+(Laughter.) And some people think that my family's existence somehow undermines, weakens, or hurts them.
+And some people think families like mine shouldn't be allowed to exist.
+And I do not accept the subtractive model of love, only the additive model.
+And just as we need species diversity to keep the planet viable, we need love diversity and family diversity to strengthen the kindness ecosphere. I believe.
+The day after my son was born, the pediatrician came into the room and said he was worried.
+He wasn't stretching his legs properly.
+She said it could mean he has suffered brain damage.
+As long as he dilates them, he's doing it asymmetrically, she thought, which could mean some kind of tumor is active.
+And his head was so large that she thought it might indicate hydrocephalus.
+And when she told me all these things, I felt the center of my being pour out onto the floor.
+And I thought, ``I've been here for years writing a book about how much people find meaning in their experience of raising a child with a disability. I didn't want to join them because of my illness." "
+And like all parents from time immemorial, I too wanted to protect my child from illness.
+I also wanted to protect myself from illness.
+Still, through my work so far, I've learned that if he had any of the things he was about to start testing, it would eventually become his identity, and if those were his identities. , I knew they were going to be my identity. As the disease progressed, it took a completely different shape.
+We took him to the MRI machine, took him to the CAT scanner, took this 1 day old kid and handed him over for an arterial blood draw.
+We felt helpless.
+After five hours, they said, his brain was completely clear, and by that time he was able to stretch his legs correctly.
+And when I asked the pediatrician what happened, she said she thought maybe she had a seizure in the morning.
+(Laughter) But then I thought -- (Laughter) I thought, how right she was.
+I thought, "The love you have for your children is unlike any other feeling in the world.
+And you won't know what it feels like until you have kids.
+I think my children trapped me the moment I associated being a father with loss.
+But if I hadn't been in the middle of this research project, I'm not sure I would have noticed.
+I've encountered many strange loves in my life, and it's only natural that I fall into that seductive pattern.
+And I saw how greatness can illuminate even the most wretched weaknesses.
+Over the last decade, I have witnessed and learned the terrifying joy of unbearable responsibility and come to understand how it overcomes all else.
+And while I sometimes thought the parents I interviewed were idiots trying to nurture an identity out of misery, throwing themselves into the journey of a lifetime with their unappreciated children, that day I realized that The research laid the groundwork for me and I found myself ready to join their ship.
+thank you.
+(Applause and cheers) Thank you.
+It's a pity that I can't show you my face. Because bad guys will attack you if you show your face.
+My journey started 14 years ago.
+I was a young reporter. I was fresh out of college.
+Then got a scoop.
+This scoop was a very simple story.
+Police officers were being bribed by hawkers who were hawking on the streets.
+As a young reporter, I knew that even though everyone knew this was happening, nothing was keeping it out of the system, so I would do it differently for maximum impact. I thought it should.
+So I decided to go there and act as a seller.
+As part of the sale, I was able to document conclusive evidence.
+The impact was great.
+It was great.
+This is what many call immersion journalism, or undercover journalism.
+I am an undercover journalist.
+My journalism rests on three basic principles: name, disgrace, and imprisonment.
+Journalism is about results.
+It is about impacting your community and society in the most progressive way.
+I've been working on this for over 14 years now and I can say with very good results.
+One of the stories I remember from my infiltration work is "Spirit Child."
+It tells the story of children born with malformations whose parents thought that if they were born with malformations they were not good enough to survive in society, so they gave them concoctions and died as a result. It was something.
+So I made a baby with a prosthetic leg and went to the village and pretended as if this baby had been born with a deformity, and there were men doing murder.
+they were ready.
+They were going to kill me, so I had the police on standby. And they came that fateful morning and killed the child.
+I remember them simmering the concoction in earnest.
+they set fire to it. It was so hot that I was preparing to give it to my children.
+The police I called were standing by while this was happening, and just as the formula was ready and I was about to give the kids some, I called the police and luckily they came. Arrested me.
+They are in court as I speak now.
+Remember an important principle: name it, shame it, imprison it.
+There are court proceedings going on now and I am confident they will eventually find them and put them in their proper place.
+Another important story that comes to mind in connection with this spirit child phenomenon is the "albino spell".
+Many of you may have heard that in Tanzania, children born with albinism are sometimes considered unfit for life in society.
+Their remains are believed to be chopped with machetes and used in concoctions and potions for people to obtain money. Or so many stories people tell about it.
+It's time to go undercover again.
+So I, of course, went undercover as a guy interested in this particular business.
+A prosthesis was made again.
+For the first time, we filmed people doing this with a hidden camera, and they were ready to buy an arm and use it to prepare those potions for people.
+I am pleased that the Tanzanian government has taken action today, but the key issue is that the Tanzanian government was able to act because of the evidence available.
+My journalism emphasizes hard evidence.
+If I say I stole it, I will show you the proof that I stole it.
+Show when and how you stole it, or what you used it for.
+What is the nature of journalism that does not benefit society?
+Journalism like mine is a product of my society.
+I know that sometimes people have their own critiques of undercover journalism.
+(Video) Official: He took the money out of his pocket and put it on the table, so we're not scared.
+He wants to bring cocoa and send it to Ivory Coast.
+So I kept silent with hidden intentions.
+I didn't say a word.
+But my colleague didn't know.
+So when he returned after collecting the money, we were waiting for him to bring the goods.
+Shortly after he left, I told my colleagues that I was the leader of the group and that I would arrest them if they came.
+Second official: I don't even know what [unknown] means.
+I have never set foot there before.
+That's why I'm surprised.
+I see hands counting money in front of me.
+The next moment I see money counted in my hand, but I have no contact with anyone.
+I am not doing business with anyone.
+REPORTER: When Metronews asked investigative reporter Anas Alameyau Anas for his response, he simply smiled and provided an excerpt of this video that he did not use in the documentary recently aired on screen.
+A police officer, who previously denied involvement, is poking at a calculator to calculate how much he will be charged for smuggled cocoa.
+Anas Aremeyaw Anas: This was another anti-corruption story.
+And here he is, denied.
+But with hard evidence, it can influence society.
+Occasionally, you may see headings like these. (music) [Curse Anas to death] [Anas lies] [Alarms ringing in Anas' cash video news] [CEPS Top Employee Agenda Revealed] [Anas moving with invisible forces? ] [Government wobbles over Annas video] ] [Hunting hunters] [Annas 'bribery' men in court] [Fifteen heads rolled on Annas tape] [Finance minister backs Annas] [Annas's 11 questions surrounding the story] [GJA endorses Annas] [Video of Prez. Evans Atta Mills: What Annas is saying is not unknown to many of us, but for those who know, please. They are officials and they are leading customs officers into temptation, but I say Ghana is not going to say good things to you on the matter.
+AAA: That was my president.
+I thought I couldn't come here without giving you something special.
+I have a piece and am excited to share it with you here for the first time.
+I was in jail.
+i have been there for a long time.
+And I can say that what I saw was not good.
+But again, I can influence society and influence governments only if I reveal conclusive evidence.
+Time and again, prison authorities have denied that there were substance abuse or sodomy problems, but there are so many problems that they want to deny that such problems occur.
+How can I get solid evidence?
+So I was in jail. ["Nasawan Prison"] What you're looking at now is a pile of corpses.
+Well, I happened to chase one of my friends, an inmate, through his sickbed to his death, and I can tell you it was never a good thing.
+There was also the problem of being served terrible food, as I remember some of the food I ate was not good for humans.
+Toilet facilities: very bad.
+This meant we had to queue to get to the proper restrooms. When the four of us are on a manhole, that's what I call proper.
+If you tell someone about it, they won't believe you.
+The only way to convince someone is to show solid evidence.
+Of course, drugs were plentiful.
+Cannabis, heroin, and cocaine were easier and even faster to obtain in prison than outside.
+Evil in society is an extreme disease.
+If you have a serious illness, you should undergo extreme therapy.
+Journalism like mine may not apply to other continents or other countries, but I can say that it works well in my part of the African continent. Because when people talk about corruption, they usually ask, "Where's the evidence?"
+Please show me the proof. "
+I said, "Here's the proof."
+And that has helped me get a lot of people into prison.
+As you know, those of us who live on the continent are able to tell the story better because we are faced with the situation and we understand the situation.
+That's why I was particularly excited when I launched the "Africa Investigates" series, which examines many African countries.
+Following the success of our Africa Investigates series, we are moving to World Investigates.
+By the time it's over, our continent will have more bad guys in prison.
+This doesn't stop.
+I intend to continue this kind of journalism. Because we know that when the bad guys destroy, the good guys must build and bind.
+thank you very much.
+(Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you. thank you.
+I have a few questions.
+How did you end up in jail? I think this was just a few weeks ago, right?
+AAA: Right. You know, it's important to get your priorities right in an undercover operation, so I had people take me to court.
+So I went through a very legal procedure. After all, the prison authorities want to see if you really went there, so I got in there.
+CA: So someone took you to court and took you there and you were remanded for part of that and you did it on purpose.
+AAA: Yes, yes.
+CA: You're always putting your life in danger, so just talk to me about your fear and how you're managing it.
+How do you do that?
+AAA: Well, sting operations are always a last resort.
+We follow the rules before going undercover.
+And every time I feel confident that all the steps have been followed, I am just relieved and fear free. I am not alone. I have a backup team to ensure safety and all systems are in place, but I have to make very smart decisions whenever something goes wrong.
+Otherwise, you will end up losing your life.
+Yes, as long as you have a backup system in place, I'm fine, go in. Dangerous, yes, but it's an occupational hazard.
+In short, everyone is at risk.
+And once you say it's yours, when it comes you have to accept it.
+CA: Well, you're a great person, you've done a great job, and you've told us stories we've never heard before.
+And thank you. Respectful. Thank you very much, Anas.
+AAA: Thank you.
+K: Thank you. Take care. (applause)
+Now we're going to the Bahamas to see the amazing group of dolphins I've been working with in the wild for the past 28 years.
+What interests me about dolphins now is their big brains and what they do with their wits in the wild.
+And we know that dolphins use some of their brain power to lead complex lives, but what do we really know about dolphin intelligence?
+Well, we know a few things.
+Their brain-to-body ratio, a physical measure of intelligence, has been found to be second only to humans.
+Cognitively, they can understand artificially created languages.
+And they pass a self-awareness test in the mirror.
+Also, in some parts of the world, tools such as sponges are used to hunt fish.
+But one big question remains. Do they have a language, and if so, what are they talking about?
+So, decades, if not years ago, I started looking around the world for places where I could see dolphins underwater in order to crack the dolphin communication system code.
+In most parts of the world today, the water is so murky that it's very difficult to see underwater animals, but I found dolphins inhabiting the beautiful, clear, shallow sandbars of the Bahamas, just east of Florida. found a community of
+And while they spend their days resting and socializing in safe shallow water, they come out from the shore at night to hunt in the deep waters.
+Now, it's not a bad place to be a researcher either.
+So we go out each summer on a 20m long catamaran for about five months, living, sleeping and working at sea for weeks at a time.
+My main tool is underwater video with a hydrophone, an underwater microphone. This is for associating sounds with actions.
+And most of our work is fairly non-invasive.
+We actually physically observe dolphins in the water, so we try to follow dolphin etiquette underwater.
+Now, the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin is a very good species to work with for several reasons.
+Although they are not spotted by birth, they develop spots with age and go through fairly distinct developmental stages, making it fun to track their behavior.
+By age 15 or so, they are completely mottled in black and white.
+Well, the mother here is Mugsy.
+She's 35 in this shot, but dolphins can actually live into their early 50s.
+And like all dolphins in our community, we photographed Mugsy and also tracked the tiny spots and scars on her dorsal fin and the unique pattern of spots as she developed over time. Did.
+Young dolphins now learn a lot as they grow up and use their teenage years to practice social skills. At about nine years of age, females are sexually mature and fertile, and males are quite mature. A little while later, when I was about 15.
+And since dolphins are so promiscuous that they need to identify who the father is, paternity is done by collecting fecal matter from the water and extracting the DNA.
+So 28 years later, you're following three generations, including your grandmother and grandfather.
+Well, dolphins are natural acousticians.
+They make sounds ten times higher than we do and hear sounds ten times higher.
+But they have other communication signals that they use.
+They have good eyesight and use body posture to communicate.
+They have a taste, not a smell.
+And they have touch.
+And because the acoustic impedances of tissue and water are nearly the same, sound can actually be felt underwater.
+As a result, dolphins can buzz and tickle each other from a distance.
+Now, we know a few things about how sound is used in certain behaviors.
+Well, a signature whistle is a whistle that is unique to each dolphin and is like a name. (Dolphin whistling sound) And this is the most studied sound. Because it's easy to measure in practice, you can find this whistle when, for example, mother and calf are reunited.
+Another well-studied sound is the echolocation click.
+This is the dolphin sonar. (Dolphin echolocation noises) And they use these clicks to hunt and feed.
+But you can also pack those clicks tightly into Buzz and use them socially.
+For example, males stimulate females during courtship pursuits.
+You know, I was buzzing in the water.
+(Laughter) Don't tell anyone. that's a secret.
+And you can actually feel the sound. That was my point.
+(Laughter.) Dolphins are also political animals, so conflicts must be resolved.
+(dolphin croaking) And they use these burst pulse sounds and head-on ramming actions during battle.
+These are less studied sounds because they are difficult to measure.
+This is a typical dolphin fight video.
+(dolphin calls) You will see two groups, facing each other, some open mouths and lots of calls.
+Bubbles are generated.
+And basically, when one of these groups pulls back, everything settles nicely and doesn't really escalate to violence.
+The Bahamas is now also home to bottlenose dolphins that socially interact with spotted dolphins.
+For example, they babysit each other's calves.
+Males have a dominance display that they use when chasing each other's females.
+And in fact, the two species form a temporary alliance when driving sharks away.
+And one of the mechanisms they use to communicate coordination is synchronization.
+They synchronize sound and body posture to appear bigger and produce a more powerful sound.
+(dolphin calls) Now, these are bottlenose dolphins, and you can see that their behavior and calls are beginning to synchronize.
+(dolphin croaking) See, they're in sync not only with their partners, but also with other dyads.
+I wish I could have adjusted to that.
+Now, it's important to remember that dolphins only hear the part that humans can hear. Dolphins emit ultrasonic sounds and we use special equipment underwater to collect these sounds.
+Researchers are now using information theory to actually measure the complexity of Whistle, which has a very high percentage even compared to human language.
+However, the burst pulse sound is a bit of a mystery.
+Now these are the three spectrograms.
+Two are human words and one is dolphin vocalizations.
+So mentally guess which one is the dolphin.
+Well, it turns out that burst pulse sounds are actually a bit like human phonemes.
+One way to crack the code is to interpret these signals and make sense of them, but this is a difficult task, and we don't really have the Rosetta Stone yet.
+But the second way to crack the code is to develop some technology, an interface for two-way communication, and that's what we're trying to do in the Bahamas in real time.
+Scientists are now using keyboard interfaces to bridge the gap with species such as chimpanzees and dolphins.
+Located at the Epcot Center in Orlando, Florida, this underwater keyboard was actually the most sophisticated two-way interface ever designed to allow humans and dolphins to collaborate and exchange information underwater.
+So we wanted to develop such an interface in the Bahamas, in a more natural environment.
+And one of the reasons we thought we could do this was because the dolphins were starting to show us a lot of mutual curiosity.
+They spontaneously imitated our vocalizations and postures and invited us to dolphin games.
+Now, dolphins are social mammals, so they love to play, and one of their favorite pastimes is dragging seaweed (in this case, sargassum) around.
+And they are very skilled. They like to drag and drop from appendage to appendage.
+Well, the adult in this video is Caro.
+She's 25 here, this is her newborn Cobalt, and she's learning how to play this game.
+(dolphin croaking) She seems to be teasing and teasing him.
+He really wants that sargassum.
+Now, when dolphins invite humans to this game, they often sink vertically into the water, with small sargassum on their fins, which they poke lightly and sometimes drop to the bottom, causing me to let us. Go get it, then play a little seaweed-repellent game.
+But if we don't dive and catch it, they will raise it to the surface, wave it in front of us with its tail, and drop it for us like a calf. And we'll pick it up and play the game.
+So we started thinking it would be nice if we could build technology that would allow dolphins to request these things and their favorite toys in real time.
+So the initial vision was to connect a keyboard suspended from a boat to a computer, and have divers and dolphins activate keys on the keypad to happily exchange information or request toys from each other. bottom.
+However, we quickly learned that the dolphins weren't going to just use the keyboard to roam around the boat.
+They have better things to do in the wild.
+They might do it in captivity, but they might in the wild -- so we built a portable keyboard that they can press in the water, four objects they like to play with, A fun activity for dolphins with scarves, ropes, labels on sargassum and even a bow. (Whistle) That's the scarf whistle, which is also associated with a visual symbol.
+And these are artificially made whistles.
+These are outside the normal repertoire of dolphins, but they easily imitate them.
+And I, along with my colleagues Adam Puck and Fabienne Delfaux, used this keyboard to exercise in the field, asking each other for toys and asking for toys while the dolphins watched. I spent 4 years.
+And dolphins may also join the game.
+They can point at visual objects or imitate whistles.
+Well, this time it's a video of the session.
+Divers here have rope toys. I'm on the left keyboard and just hit the Rope key. This is a toy request from a human.
+So I'm diving with a rope. You're trying to get the dolphin's attention. Because dolphins are like little children.
+You have to keep their attention.
+Drop the ropes, see if they come.
+They come over and pick up a rope to drag around as a toy.
+Right now I'm using the left keyboard and this is actually the first time I've tried it.
+I will request this toy, a rope toy, to the dolphin using the sound of the rope.
+Let's see if they can actually understand what that means.
+(whistle) That is a rope whistle.
+A dolphin comes and takes off the rope, hooray. oh.
+(Applause) So this is one time.
+I don't know if they really understand the role of the whistle.
+Now, here's the second toy in the water.
+It's a scarf toy that attempts to lure the dolphin to the keyboard to show visual and acoustic signals.
+Well, we call this dolphin the "scarf thief". Because she's been on the run for years with about a dozen scarves.
+In fact, she supposedly has a boutique somewhere in the Bahamas.
+So I'm reaching out She wears a scarf on her right side.
+And we try not to touch animals too much. I don't want them to get too used to it.
+And I'm trying to put her back on the keyboard.
+And the diver there is going to activate the scarf sound to claim the scarf.
+So I tried to give her a scarf.
+husband. I almost lost it.
+But this is the moment when everything is possible.
+A dolphin is at the keyboard.
+You are very careful.
+And sometimes this went on for hours.
+And the reason I wanted to share this video with you is not because there hasn't been any major progress yet, but to show the level of intent and focus these dolphins have and their interest in the system.
+For this reason, we decided that we needed more sophisticated technology.
+So we worked with Georgia Tech and Thad Sterner's Wearable Computing Group to build an underwater wearable computer called CHAT. [Chat: Hearing and telemetry in cetaceans] Now, instead of pressing a keyboard underwater, the diver wears the complete system, but it's only acoustic, so basically the diver can use the keypad on his forearm to make sound. activate and the sound goes out. With underwater speakers, when a dolphin imitates a whistle or a human blows a whistle, the sound comes in and is localized by two hydrophones.
+With matching words, the computer can identify who requested the toy.
+And the real power of this system lies in its real-time voice recognition, allowing it to respond to dolphins quickly and accurately.
+We're in the prototype stage and looking forward to seeing how this rolls out.
+In other words, both diver A and diver B have wearable computers, dolphins hear whistles as whistles, and divers hear whistles underwater as whistles, but also as words through bone conduction.
+So, diver A blows the scarf whistle or diver B blows the sargassum whistle to request the toy from the person who has it.
+What we expect to happen is that if the dolphin imitates a whistle and diver A has a sargassum and it is the sound that is played and requested, the diver will and the dolphins will gladly swim away. The setting sun that plays sargassum sargassum forever.
+So how far can this kind of communication go?
+CHAT is specially designed to allow dolphins to ask us anything.
+It is designed to be truly bi-directional.
+Now, would they learn to mimic the whistle functionally?
+We hope so and we think so.
+But as we decode their natural sounds, we also plan to put them back into our computerized system.
+For example, you can now have your own dolphin whistle in your computer and request interaction with a specific dolphin.
+Similarly, we can create our own whistle or whistle names and allow dolphins to request dialogue from specific divers.
+Maybe all our mobile technology is actually the same technology that helps us communicate with other species in the future.
+In the case of dolphins, they are probably a species closer to our intelligence in many ways, and while we may not be able to admit it right now, they live in a completely different environment. We need to close the gap with our sensory system.
+So imagine what it would be like to truly understand the mind of another intelligent species on Earth.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Writer George Eliot warned that of all kinds of mistakes, prophecy is the most baseless.
+Her undisputed 20th-century counterpart, Yogi Berra, agreed.
+"It's hard to predict, especially about the future," he said.
+I ignore their warnings and try to make a very specific prediction.
+In the world we are creating at a rapid pace, more and more things will look like science fiction and less and less work.
+Our cars will soon be self-driving, reducing the number of truck drivers needed.
+We plan to connect Siri to Watson and use it to automate many of the tasks that customer service representatives, troubleshooters, and diagnosticians do today. We've already taken R2D2 and painted him orange and put him to work carrying it. This means significantly fewer people walking in and out of the warehouse aisles.
+Now, about 200 years ago, starting with the Luddites destroying the looms in England just about 2 centuries ago, people have been saying that the era of technological unemployment is approaching, exactly as I'm saying. But they were wrong.
+The economies of developed countries have been doing well with almost full employment.
+An important question arises here. If it's really different, why is it different this time?
+The reason it's different is that, in just the last few years, our machines have begun to demonstrate skills they've never experienced before: understanding, speaking, listening, seeing, answering, and writing. Because I keep learning new skills.
+Mobile humanoid robots, for example, are still incredibly primitive, but the Department of Defense Research has just started a race to get robots to do something like this. If track record is any guide, this race will be a success.
+Looking around, I think it's not too far off to let androids do a lot of the work we do today.
+And we are creating a world of more technology and less work.
+It's a world that Erik Brynjolfsson and I call the "New Machine Age."
+Please keep in mind that this is really great news.
+This is the best economic news on the planet these days.
+Not that the competition is fierce, is it?
+This is the best recent economic news, mainly for two reasons.
+First, technological advances have allowed production to increase over time while simultaneously lowering prices, allowing us to continue this astonishing recent performance of ever-explosive increases in quantity and quality. It means that there is
+Now, some people look at this and talk about superficial materialism, but that's an absolutely wrong view.
+This is abundance, exactly what we want to offer our economic system.
+The second reason the new machine age is such great news is that once an android does a job, we don't have to do it anymore, freeing ourselves from the drudgery and drudgery.
+Now, when I talk to my friends in Cambridge and Silicon Valley about this, they say,
+This gives us the opportunity to imagine an entirely different kind of society, one in which creators and discoverers, performers and innovators come together with patrons and funders to discuss issues, entertain, enlighten and provoke each other. will give you "
+It really is a society much like the TED conference.
+And indeed, there is a huge amount of truth here.
+We are witnessing an amazing prosperity taking place.
+In a world where objects can be created as easily as printed documents, amazing new possibilities open up.
+Once craftsmen and hobbyists are now makers and responsible for a ton of innovation.
+And formerly constrained artists are now able to do things that were never possible before.
+So these are very prosperous times, and the more I look around, the more convinced I am that this quote by physicist Freeman Dyson is by no means an exaggeration.
+This is just a simplistic statement of fact.
+We are in the midst of amazing times.
+["Technology is God's gift. After the gift of life, it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts. It is the mother of civilization, art and science." — Freeman Dyson] Now another big question occurs. What could go wrong in this new machine age?
+right? Great, hang up, thrive and go home.
+As we push deeper into the future we create, we face two very thorny challenges.
+The first is about the economy, and it's really nicely wrapped up in a false narrative about the interactions between Henry Ford II and Walter Reuter, then chairman of the Auto Workers' Union.
+As they toured one of the new modern factories, Ford playfully said to Reuters, "Hey Walter, how are you going to get these robots to pay union dues?"
+Reuters replied, "Hey Henry, how are you going to get them to buy you a car?"
+Reuters' problem with this anecdote is the difficulty of providing labor in an economy overwhelmed by machines, and this is evident in the statistics.
+If you look at the return on capital, or corporate profits, over the past few decades, you can see that the return has been on the rise and is now at an all-time high.
+If you look at the return on labor, or total wages paid in the economy, we see that they are at record lows and are rapidly heading in the opposite direction.
+So this is clearly bad news for Reuters.
+Sounds like good news for Ford, but it's not. If you want to sell reasonably expensive goods to a large number of people, you need a large, stable and wealthy middle class.
+We had something like that in America almost all the time after the war.
+But it is clear that the middle class is now under great threat.
+We all know many statistics, but to repeat just one of them, median income in America has actually declined over the last 15 years, while inequality and polarization continue. We are at risk of falling into a vicious cycle. It will go up over time.
+The social challenges associated with this kind of inequality are worth noting.
+There's a set of societal challenges that I'm not really that concerned about, and they're captured in images like this.
+This is not the kind of social issue that concerns me.
+There is no shortage of dystopian visions of what happens when our machines become self-aware, rise up, and decide to coordinate their attacks against us.
+From the day my computer recognizes printers, I will start worrying about them.
+(Laughter) (Applause) So this is not a set of challenges that we really need to worry about.
+To illustrate what social challenges will arise in the new machine age, I would like to tell the story of two typical American workers.
+And to really stereotype them, let's make them both white men.
+And the first are college-educated professionals, creative types, managers, engineers, doctors, lawyers, workers of that kind.
+We will call him "Ted".
+He is at the top of the American middle class.
+His counterpart has no college education and works as a laborer, as a clerk, or in lower-level white-collar or blue-collar jobs in the business world.
+I will call the man "Bill".
+And going back almost 50 years, Bill and Ted had a surprisingly similar life.
+For example, in 1960 they were both very likely to have full-time jobs, working at least 40 hours a week.
+But as the social researcher Charles Murray records, 1960 was just around the time when we started automating our economy, and computers were just beginning to be used in business. began to be gradually introduced into the economy, their fortunes changed. Bill and Ted's opinions differed greatly.
+During this period, Ted continued his full-time job. Bill didn't.
+In many cases, Bill has completely withdrawn from the business world, but Ted rarely does.
+Even as time passed, Ted's married life was very happy.
+Bill didn't.
+And while Ted's kids grew up with their parents, Bill's kids didn't grow up at all over time.
+Are there other ways for Bill to drop out of society?
+He voted less in presidential elections and went to jail more often.
+So we can't have fun talking about this social trend, and it shows no signs of reversing.
+And it's true that when you look at any ethnic or demographic group, they are, in fact, in danger of becoming so serious that they overwhelm even the astonishing advances made in the civil rights movement. increase.
+And what our friends in Silicon Valley and Cambridge miss is that they are Ted.
+They lead amazingly busy and productive lives and reap all the benefits that come from it, but Bill lives a completely different life.
+These are in fact proof of how right Voltaire was when he said about the benefits of work, and the fact that work saves us from not one but three great evils.
+["Work saves man from the three great evils: boredom, vice and need." —Voltaire] So what do we do about these challenges?
+Economic strategy is surprisingly clear and surprisingly simple, especially in the short term.
+Robots won't take all our jobs in the next year or two, so the classic Econ 101 strategy will work. That means encouraging entrepreneurship, doubling down on our infrastructure, and ensuring talent leaves our company. An education system with the right skills.
+But in the long run, if we are moving to a technology-focused, labor-disrespectful economy, and indeed we are, there will be a number of things like minimum income guarantees, for example. More drastic interventions should be considered.
+Now, this idea is associated with the far left and some pretty radical plans for wealth redistribution, so perhaps some people in this room are offended.
+I did a little research on this concept, and seeing that the concept of a net guaranteed minimum income has been championed by froth-mouthed socialists Friedrich Hayek, Richard Nixon, and Milton Friedman, It may calm some people down. .
+And if you're worried that things like guaranteed income will stifle our drive to succeed and make us kind of complacent, then we're really proud of what we're doing in the United States. You may want to know about social mobility, which is one of those things. , lower than the Nordic countries, which currently have such a very generous social safety net.
+So the economic strategy is actually quite simple.
+The social ones are much more difficult.
+I don't know what the strategy is to keep Bill engaged and engaged throughout his life.
+I know education is a big part of that.
+I have witnessed this first hand.
+I was Montessori for the first few years of my education, and that education taught me that the world is an interesting place and my job is to go explore it. That is.
+I quit school in the third grade, so after that I went to public school, but it felt like I was sent to a concentration camp.
+In retrospect, I now know that the job was to prepare me for a life as a clerk and a worker, but at the time the job was about what was going on around me. I felt that I was forced into a kind of obedience.
+We have to do better than this.
+We cannot continue to issue invoices.
+So we see some green sprouts that indicate that the situation is improving.
+We believe that technology is deeply influencing education and engaging people from the youngest to the oldest learners.
+We are seeing some very prominent business voices saying that we need to rethink some of the things we hold dear.
+And we're seeing a very serious and ongoing data-driven effort to understand how to intervene in some of the most troubled communities.
+So green sprouts came out.
+I don't want to pretend for a moment that what we have is enough.
+We are facing very tough challenges.
+To name just a few, there are approximately 5 million Americans who have been unemployed for at least six months.
+I'm not going to solve the problem by going back to Montessori education.
+And my biggest concern is that we are creating a world in which brilliant technology is embedded in a kind of poor society, fueled by an economy that creates inequality instead of opportunity.
+But really, I don't think that's what we're trying to do.
+We are trying to do something better for one very simple reason. It means that the facts are becoming clear.
+The realities and economic shifts of this new machine age are becoming more widely known.
+If you want to speed up that process, you can do things like get a good economist or policy maker to play Jeopardy! against Watson.
+Congress could be sent on a self-driving car road trip.
+And if you do enough of this, there will be a pervasive realization that things will change.
+And we're off to the races. Because I do not believe for a moment that we have forgotten how to solve difficult problems, or become apathetic, or so apathetic that we cannot even try.
+I began by quoting the language of a century apart from the sea.
+I would like to conclude with the words of a similarly distant politician.
+In 1949 Winston Churchill visited my home at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and said, "If we are to bring the broad masses of all lands to the table of abundance, it is It is possible only by constantly improving the means 'technical production. "
+Abraham Lincoln realized there was another factor.
+“I have a lot of faith in the people,” he said.
+Given the truth, they will be able to face any national crisis.
+The important thing is to tell them the plain facts. "
+So, on a note of optimism, an important point I would like to leave you with is that the obvious facts of the Machine Age are unfolding, and we will take advantage of them to overcome the difficulties. It means that we are confident that we can draw a good direction for a prosperous society. the economy we create.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I made a movie that was impossible to make, and I didn't know it was impossible, so that's how I was able to do it.
+"Marth and Avril" is a science fiction movie.
+The stage is Montreal about 50 years later.
+No one in Quebec had ever made a film like that before. Because the movie is expensive, set in the future, has tons of visual effects, and is shot on green screen.
+But this is the kind of movie I've always wanted to make since I was a kid. In fact, since I was reading comic books and dreaming about the future.
+When an American producer sees my film, they assume it had a large budget, like 23 million.
+But I actually had 10 percent of that budget.
+Mars and Avril did it for only 2.3 million.
+So you may be wondering, what is this all about?
+how did you do this?
+Well, there are two. First, it's time.
+When you don't have money, it takes time, but it took me seven years to make Mars and Avril.
+The second aspect is love.
+I received a lot of generosity from everyone involved.
+And there seemed to be nothing in any department and we had to rely on our creativity to turn every problem into an opportunity.
+And that brings me to the point of my talk, how really, constraints, big creative constraints can enhance creativity.
+But let's go back in time for a moment.
+In my early twenties, I wrote some graphic novels, but they weren't your typical graphic novels.
+These are books that tell sci-fi stories through images and text, and most of the actors currently starring in film adaptations have already been involved in these books, making them somewhat experimental, theatrical, and simplistic. I was drawing characters in a way.
+And one of these actors is the great stage director and actor Robert Lepage.
+And i just love this guy.
+I have loved this person since I was a child.
+I have so much respect for his career.
+And I wanted this person to join me in my crazy project, he is kindly a cosmologist and artist who explores the relationships between time, space, love, music and women. He lent his image to the character Eugene Spaak.
+And he was perfect for the part, and in fact Robert is the one who gave me my first chance.
+He was the one who believed in me and encouraged me to adapt my book into a film and write, direct and produce it myself.
+And Robert is actually the first example of how constraints can boost creativity.
+Because this man is the busiest man on the planet.
+I mean, his appointments are booked until 2042, he's very hard to come by and I wanted him to be in the movie and reprise his role in the movie. is.
+But the truth is, if I had waited for him until 2042, my films would no longer be futuristic. So I couldn't do it. right?
+But that's kind of a big deal.
+How do you hire people who are too busy to be in movies?
+Well, I jokingly said in a production meeting—which is true, by the way—“What if we put this guy in a hologram?”
+Because he doesn't exist anywhere and everywhere on earth at the same time, he's an illuminated being in my mind, somewhere between reality and virtual reality, so making this guy a hologram makes perfect sense. It's suitable. "
+Everyone around the table laughed, but the joke was kind of a good solution, so I ended up doing it.
+Here's how. We shot Robert with 6 cameras.
+He was dressed in green and looked like he was in a green aquarium.
+Each camera covered 60 degrees of his head, so in post-production we were able to use almost any angle we wanted and only shot his head.
+Six months later, on set, there was a pantomime man depicting a body-head vehicle.
+And he wore a green hood so in post-production the green hood could be erased and replaced with Robert Lepage's head.
+So he became like a Renaissance man, and this is what he looks like in the movies.
+(music) (video) Robert Lepage: [As usual, Arthur's painting did not consider the technical challenges.
+I welded the breech, but the valve still has a gap.
+I tried to lift the pallet to reduce the pressure inside the soundbox, but it may have struck a chord.
+Sound is still too low. ] Jacques Langillan: [That's normal.
+An instrument always ends up looking like its model. ] (music) Martin Villeneuve: Well, these instruments in this excerpt are the second example of how constraints can enhance creativity. Because these objects were absolutely necessary for my film.
+They are objects of desire.
+They are imaginary instruments.
+And they carry nice stories around.
+In fact, I've known for years what these things look like in my head.
+But my problem was I didn't have the money to pay for them. I couldn't afford them.
+So that's a big problem too.
+How do you get what you can't buy?
+And, as you know, I woke up one morning with a very good idea.
+I said, "What if someone else pays for it?"
+(Laughter) But who would be interested in seven yet-to-be-made musical instruments inspired by the female body?
+And then I thought of Cirque du Soleil in Montreal. Because who could best understand the crazy poems I wanted to put on screen?
+So I got to Guy Laliberté, the CEO of Cirque du Soleil, and I presented him with my crazy idea with these sketches and visual references, and he was very surprised. what should have happened.
+Guy was interested in this idea not because I asked for money, but because I came to him with a good idea that would make everyone happy.
+It was a kind of perfect triangle, and the art buyer was happy to get the instrument at a lower price since it hadn't been made yet.
+He took a leap of faith.
+And the artist Dominic Engel is a great guy and he was happy too because he had a dream project to work on for a year.
+And I was obviously happy to get the musical instruments featured in the film for free. It was kind of what I was trying to do.
+So here they are.
+And my final example of how constraints enhance creativity comes from green. Because this is a strange color, a crazy color, and eventually the green screen will have to be replaced, and sooner or later you will have to figure it out.
+And then, again, having quite a few ideas in my head about what the world would be like, I turned again to my childhood imagination and visited the works of Belgian comic book maestro François Scheiten. rice field.
+This person is also someone I respect very much, and I wanted him to be involved in the film as a production designer.
+But people said to me, Martin, it's not possible, he's too busy and he'll say no.
+Well, I said, instead of imitating his style, I should have called a real person and asked him, and I sent him the book, and he said, I replied that I was interested in working on a film. There may be big fish in a small tank.
+In other words, he had room to dream with me.
+So here I am, with one of my childhood heroes, painting every frame of the film and turning it into the future Montreal.
+And it was a great collaboration to work with this great artist that I look up to.
+But in the end, all these pictures have to come true.
+So, again, my solution was to aim to be the best possible artist.
+In Montreal there is a Quebecer named Carlos Monzon who is a very good VFX artist.
+This man had been the lead composer for movies like 'Avatar,' 'Star Trek,' 'Transformers,' and other obscure projects like this one. And I knew he was perfect for the job, and I had to convince him. , instead of working on the next Spielberg film, he accepted to work on mine.
+why? Because I gave him room to dream.
+So if you don't have money to offer people, you have to spark their imaginations with every great thing you can think of.
+This is what happened with this movie and how this movie was made. We went to Vision Global, an amazing post-production company in Montreal, and had 60 artists working full-time for six months to make this crazy movie.
+So what I'm saying is that if you have a crazy idea in your head and you say you can't make it, that's an even better reason to want to do it. is. Life will begin to dance with you in the most amazing ways when you start dealing with problems as an ally rather than an enemy versus the end result.
+I have experienced it.
+And you might end up working on some crazy project, or you might even go to Mars.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+On July 5, 2014, Ukrainian forces entered the city of Sloviansk in eastern Ukraine.
+They gathered all the local population on Lenin Square.
+They then organized the public crucifixion of the pro-Russian extremist's son.
+he was only three years old.
+Refugee Galina Pisnyak told the story on Russia's First TV channel.
+In fact, this incident never happened.
+I visited Sloviask.
+There is no Lenin Square.
+In fact, Galina's husband was an active pro-Russian extremist in Donbass.
+This is just one of many examples.
+Ukraine has been plagued by Russian propaganda and fake news for the past four years, but Russia is not the only player in this space.
+Fake news is happening all over the world.
+We all know about fake news.
+We see and read it all the time.
+But with fake news, we don't always know what's fake and what's real, but we make decisions based on the facts we get from reports and social media.
+If the facts are wrong, the decisions are wrong.
+A lot of people won't believe anyone, which is even more dangerous.
+They can easily fall prey to populists in elections or even take up arms.
+Fake news isn't just bad for journalism.
+It is a threat to democracy and society.
+Four years ago, unmarked soldiers invaded Crimea, and at the same time the Russian media was going crazy with fake news about Ukraine.
+So a group of journalists, myself included, set up a website to investigate this fake news.
+We named it Stopfake.
+The idea was simple. Cut the news and match it with verifiable evidence such as photos, videos, and other compelling evidence.
+If it turns out to be fake, we will post it on our website.
+StopFake is now an information hub that analyzes propaganda every step of the way.
+We have 11 language versions, millions of views, and have taught over 10,000 people how to tell the difference between true and false.
+And we teach fact-checkers all over the world.
+StopFake has exposed over 1,000 fakes about Ukraine.
+We identified 18 narratives created using this fake news, including Ukraine as a fascist state, a failed state, and a state run by a military government that came to power as a result of a coup.
+We've proven that it's not bad journalism. It is a deliberate act of misinformation.
+Fake news is a powerful weapon in information warfare, but there are things we can do about it.
+We all have smartphones.
+It often happens automatically when we see something interesting.
+Just click and send.
+But how can we not be complicit in fake news?
+First, if it's too dramatic, too emotional, too clickbait, it's very likely not true.
+The truth is boring sometimes.
+(laughs) Manipulation is always sexy.
+They are designed to fascinate you.
+Please research.
+This is my second point, and it's very simple.
+See also other sites.
+Check out alternative news sources.
+Google names, addresses, license plates, experts and authors.
+Don't just believe it, check it out.
+That's the only way to stop this fake news culture.
+This information warfare is not just about fake news.
+Our society relies on trust. Trust in institutions, science, leaders, and media.
+Fake news destroys trust, so it's up to us to find ways to rebuild it.
+So ask yourself. What have you lost faith in?
+Where has your trust been eroded?
+And what are you going to do about it?
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Today I would like to talk about a whole new way of thinking by comparing sexual activity with sex education.
+If you talk to someone about sex in America today, you'll quickly realize that it's not just about sex.
+You're also talking about baseball.
+Because baseball is the dominant cultural trope Americans use when thinking and talking about sex, and there are many languages ​​in English that seem to talk about baseball, but actually talk about sex. because we know there is
+For example, being a pitcher or a catcher is equivalent to having or being sexually acted upon.
+Of course, there is evidence pointing to certain sexual activities that take place in a very specific order and end up scoring or hitting home runs, but this usually means having vaginal intercourse, at least to the point of orgasm. is. Man.
+(Laughter) You can strike out, which means you can't have sex.
+And if you're a benchwarmer, you may be a virgin, or someone who's out of the game for whatever reason, whether it's your age, your ability, or your skill set.
+The bat is the penis, and the diaper hole is the vulva, or vagina.
+Gloves and catcher's mitts are condoms.
+Switch hitters are bisexual people, and we gays and lesbians play on the other team.
+And this is: "If the field has grass, play ball."
+And that usually refers to when a young person, especially a young woman, is old enough to grow pubic hair, she is old enough to have sex.
+This baseball model is very problematic.
+it's sexist. it's heterosexual.
+We are competitive. It's aimed at the target.
+And it cannot lead to healthy sexual development in young people and adults.
+Therefore, we need a new model.
+I'm here today to introduce that new model.
+And it's based on pizza.
+Pizza is now so widely understood that most people associate it with positive experiences.
+So let's do this.
+Let's use the example of baseball vs. pizza as a comparison when talking about the three aspects of sexual activity: what triggers the act, what happens during the act, and the expected outcome of the act.
+So when do you play baseball?
+It's baseball season and we play baseball when a game is scheduled.
+It's not exactly your choice.
+So if it's prom night, wedding night, party, or the parents aren't home, it's just a rip-off.
+Can you imagine saying to your coach, "I'm not feeling very well today, so I'm not going to play this game."
+That doesn't happen.
+And when you get together to play baseball, you'll soon find yourself with two opposing teams, one in charge of offense and one in charge of defense, and someone is trying to move deeper into the field.
+It's usually a sign for boys.
+Someone is trying to protect people migrating into the fields.
+It is often given to girls.
+We are competitive.
+We are not playing with each other.
+we are playing against each other.
+And when you come to play baseball, nobody has to talk about what we're going to do or how this baseball game is good for us.
+Everyone knows the rules.
+Just take your position and play the game.
+But when do you eat pizza?
+Now, when I want to eat pizza, I eat pizza.
+It starts with an inner feeling, inner desire, or need.
+"Hmm. Let's go get some pizza."
+(Laughter) And because it's an inner desire, we actually have a sense of control over it.
+You can decide you're hungry, but you also know it's not the best time to eat.
+And when we get together for pizza with someone, we're not competing with them, we're looking to share a mutually satisfying experience. And what is it when you get together for pizza with someone? What do you do first?
+you talk about it
+you talk about what you want.
+You talk about what you like.
+You may even be able to negotiate.
+"What do you think of pepperoni?" (Laughter) "No, but I'm more of a mushroom person myself."
+"Well, maybe we can go half-and-half."
+And even if you've been eating pizza with someone for a long time, wouldn't you say, "Shall we have our usual pizza?"
+(Laughter) "Or maybe something a little more adventurous?"
+Now, when you're playing baseball, during sex, you're supposed to round the bases one at a time in the correct order.
+You cannot hit the ball and run to the right field.
+It doesn't work.
+Also, you can't go to second base and say, "I like it here. I'm staying here."
+no.
+And, of course, baseball requires specific equipment and a specific skill set.
+Not everyone can play baseball. It's pretty exclusive.
+Okay, but what about pizza?
+When we think of what goes well with pizza, isn't it what makes us happy?
+There are millions of types of pizza.
+There are a million different toppings.
+There are millions of ways to eat pizza.
+And none of them are wrong. they are not.
+In this case, it's good to have a difference. Because it increases your chances of having a satisfying experience.
+And finally, what are the expected results in baseball?
+Well, in baseball you play to win.
+Score as many runs as possible.
+Baseball always has winners, which means baseball always has losers.
+But what about pizza?
+Well, not so with pizza. There is no chance of winning. How can I win a pizza?
+you don't. But look for "Are we happy?"
+And the amount may vary depending on the time, partner, and day.
+And you can decide when you are satisfied.
+If you are still hungry, you may want to eat some more.
+However, eating too much will only make you feel sick.
+(Laughter) So what if we superimposed this pizza model on top of sex education?
+Much of the sex education practiced today is heavily influenced by the baseball model, creating an education that is compelled to create unhealthy sexuality in young people.
+And those young people will become old people.
+But if we could make sex education more like pizza, it would encourage people to think about their desires, make deliberate decisions about what they want, discuss it with their partners, and ultimately seek out what they aren't. You will be able to create an education that inspires. It is up to us to decide if it is satisfactory, despite the external consequences.
+As you may have noticed by comparing baseball to pizza, under baseball everything is an order.
+They are all exclamation points.
+But under the pizza model, they are questionable.
+And who can answer those questions?
+you do. that's right.
+So remember, when you're thinking about sex education, sexual activity, or baseball, you're out.
+Pizza is a way to think about healthy, satisfying sex and good, comprehensive sex education.
+Thank you for the place busy.
+(applause)
+The famous 1950s science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke said, "We overestimate technology in the short term and underestimate it in the long term."
+I think that's part of the fear we see about jobs being lost to artificial intelligence and robots.
+We overestimate technology in the short term.
+But I'm worried about getting the technology I need in the long run.
+Because demographic change leaves us with a lot of work to do, and in the future our society will have to be built on the shoulders of robots.
+That's why I'm afraid we'll run out of robots.
+But there has long been concern about job losses from technology.
+Way back in 1957, there was a Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn movie.
+You know what happened, Spencer Tracy brought in a 1957 mainframe computer to help librarians.
+It was like an in-house librarian answering an executive, "What is the name of Santa's reindeer?"
+and they will look into it.
+And this mainframe computer will help you do that.
+Of course, a 1957 mainframe computer wasn't very good for the job.
+Librarians were worried that they would lose their jobs.
+But what actually happened is not.
+Job openings for librarians have increased over the years since 1957.
+It was only with the advent of the Internet, the web, and search engines that the need for librarians declined.
+And I think people in 1957 completely underestimated the level of technology we carry in our hands and pockets today.
+And all you have to do is ask, "What's Santa's reindeer's name?" I will let you know soon. Anything else you want to ask.
+Librarians' wages, by the way, have risen faster than those of other occupations in the United States over the same period, as librarians have become computer partners.
+Computers became tools, and in the meantime more tools became available and more effective.
+The same thing happened in the office.
+Back in the day, people used spreadsheets.
+Spreadsheets were unfolded paper and calculated by hand.
+But here something interesting happened.
+With the PC revolution around 1980, spreadsheet programs were geared toward office workers rather than replacing them, but office workers were also respected for their ability to become programmers.
+So office workers became spreadsheet programmers.
+It made them more capable.
+You no longer need to do routine calculations, but you can do more.
+Robots are starting to appear in our lives today.
+On the left is iRobot's PackBot.
+Instead of going outside in bomb suits and poking sticks, as they did until about 2002, when soldiers encountered roadside bombs in Iraq and Afghanistan, they now send out robots. .
+So robots take over the dangerous jobs.
+On the right is a TUG from a Pittsburgh company called Aethon.
+They are in hundreds of hospitals across the United States.
+And the dirty sheets will be brought to the laundry.
+They bring the dirty dishes back to the kitchen.
+They bring medicine from the pharmacy.
+It also frees nurses and nursing assistants from the mundane tasks of mechanical transport, allowing them to spend more time with their patients.
+In fact, robots have become kind of ubiquitous in our lives in many ways.
+But I think people have a certain fear when it comes to factory robots. Because factory robots are dangerous to be around.
+To program them, you need to understand 6-dimensional vectors and quaternions.
+And ordinary people cannot interact with them.
+And I think it's the wrong technology.
+It drives workers out of technology.
+And I think we really need to look at the technology that ordinary workers can interact with.
+So today I want to talk to you about the Baxter we've been talking about.
+And Baxter is what I see as the first wave of robots that allow ordinary people to interact in industrial environments.
+That's why Baxter is here.
+This is Chris Herbert from Rethink Robotics.
+There is a conveyor there.
+Unless the lighting is too extreme -- oh, oh! there it is. Pick up an object from the conveyor.
+I'm going to bring it here and put it there.
+Then go back and reach for another object.
+What's interesting is that Baxter has some basic common sense.
+By the way, how are your eyes?
+The eyes are on the screen there.
+The eyes are focused on where the robot is moving.
+So the person interacting with the robot knows where it will reach and is not surprised by its movements.
+Here Chris took the object out of his hand, but Baxter wouldn't put it down. Came back and realized I should get another one.
+Has a bit of basic common sense and goes looking for objects.
+And Baxter can interact safely.
+You wouldn't want to do this with a current industrial robot.
+But Baxter is fine.
+It feels powerful and understands that Chris is there, pushing him through and not hurting him.
+But I think the most interesting thing about Baxter is the user interface.
+So Chris comes to grab the other arm.
+And when he grabs his arm, it goes into gravity compensation mode with zero force and a graphic on the screen.
+On the left side of the screen you'll see some icons about your right arm.
+He puts something in his hand, brings it here, presses a button and releases what he was holding in his hand.
+Then the robot understood that, oh, I must be saying that I want to put things down.
+Put a small icon there.
+When he comes over and squeezes his fingers together, the robot guesses, oh, he wants something I want him to pick up.
+This will give you a green icon.
+He plans to map out areas where the robot will pick up objects.
+Just move the robot around and the robot will know it's an area search.
+I didn't have to select it from the menu.
+And now he's going to train the visual appearance of that object while we continue talking.
+So now I want to talk about what this looks like in the factory.
+We ship these robots daily.
+They go to factories all over the country.
+It's Mildred.
+Mildred is a factory worker in Connecticut.
+She has been working in this line for over 20 years.
+An hour after seeing the industrial robot for the first time, she programmed it to do some work in the factory.
+She decided that she really likes robots.
+And it was performing simple repetitive tasks she had to do beforehand.
+Now she has a robot do it.
+When we first went to talk to people in factories about how they could better interact with robots, one of the questions we asked them was, 'Do you want your kids to work in factories? ” was what it was.
+The universal answer was, "No, I'd rather do a better job than for my children."
+As a result, Mildred is the quintessential figure of today's American factory worker.
+They are old and getting older and older.
+Not many young people work in factories.
+And as their jobs become more and more cumbersome, we need to be part of the solution and give them the tools they can work with so they can continue their work and we can continue to produce in the United States. there is.
+So our vision is that line worker Mildred becomes robot trainer Mildred.
+Just like the office worker in the 1980s developed a strategy of what she could do, she elevates her strategy.
+We're not giving them tools that they have to study for years to use.
+These are tools you can learn to use in minutes.
+There are two great forces that are volitional but unavoidable.
+Climate change and demographics.
+Demographics are really about to change the world.
+This is the percentage of adults who are of working age.
+And it has decreased slightly over the last 40 years.
+But in the next 40 years, even China will change dramatically.
+The proportion of adults reaching working age will drop dramatically.
+And the flip side is that as baby boomers reach retirement age, their retirement ages will rise very quickly.
+That means people with lower Social Security costs will compete for services.
+But more than that, as we age, we become frail and unable to do everything we used to be able to do.
+If you look at the statistics about the age of caregivers, caregivers are getting older and older before your very eyes.
+That's what's happening statistically right now.
+And the more people reach old age beyond retirement age, the less people will care for them.
+And I think we really need robots to help us out.
+And I don't mean robot by companion.
+In other words, robots do things that we normally do ourselves, but as we get older it becomes more difficult.
+Carry the groceries out of the car and up the stairs to the kitchen.
+Or even drive a car to visit people when we get pretty old.
+And I think robotics gives people the opportunity to have dignity as they grow older by controlling robotic solutions.
+So they don't have to ask for help from people who are increasingly in need.
+Therefore, I really think that we will spend more time with robots like Baxter and collaborate more with robots like Baxter in our daily lives. And that we do -- Baxter, that's good.
+And for the next 40 years, we will rely on robots as part of our daily lives.
+Thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Everything is interconnected.
+As a Sinecock Indian, I was raised knowing this.
+We are a small fishermen located on the southeastern tip of Long Island, near the town of Southampton, NY.
+When I was a little girl, my grandfather took me to sit outside in the sun on a hot summer day.
+There was not a single cloud in the sky.
+And after a while I started sweating.
+And he pointed to the sky and said, "Look, can you see that?
+It is part of you that is there.
+It is your water that helps create clouds that become rain that nourishes the plants that nourish the animals. "
+Continuing to explore subjects in nature that have the capacity to explain the interrelationships of all life, I began chasing storms in 2008 after my daughter said, "Mom, you should."
+And three days later, while driving very fast, I found myself stalking a kind of giant cloud called a supercell, capable of causing grapefruit-sized hail and spectacular tornadoes (actually only 2% of the time).
+These clouds can get very large, up to 80 miles wide and up to 65,000 feet into the atmosphere.
+They get so big that they block out all the sunlight and make it very dark and eerie when you stand under them.
+Chasing a storm is a very tactile experience.
+A warm, damp wind blows against your back, and you smell dirt, wheat, grass, and charged particles.
+And then there are the colors of the hail clouds that form, green and turquoise.
+I have learned to respect lightning.
+My hair was originally straight.
+(Laughter) Just kidding.
+(Laughter) What really excites me about these storms is the way they move, the way they swirl, roll, and undulate with mammatus clouds like lava lamps.
+They make nice monsters.
+When I take pictures, I can't help but remember my grandfather's teachings.
+Standing beneath them, not just clouds, I am privileged to witness the same forces, the same processes that contributed to the creation of our galaxy, our solar system, and our sun, but in a smaller version. understand what is being done. And even this earth.
+all my relationships. thank you.
+(applause)
+So what does it mean for a machine to be athletic?
+We demonstrate the concept of mechanical kinematics and research to achieve it with the help of flying machines called quadrocopters (quads for short).
+Quads have been around for a long time.
+It has become popular recently due to its mechanical simplicity.
+By controlling the speed of these four propellers, these machines can spin, pitch, yaw, and accelerate along a common direction.
+It also has a battery, a computer, various sensors and a radio.
+Quads are very agile, but this agility comes at a price.
+They are inherently unstable and require some form of automatic feedback control in order to fly.
+So how did it come about?
+Ceiling cameras and laptops act as an indoor global positioning system.
+It is used to locate objects in space with these reflective markers.
+This data is then sent to another laptop running an estimation and control algorithm, which in turn sends commands to a quad running the estimation and control algorithm.
+A large part of our research is algorithms.
+It's magic that brings these machines to life.
+So how should we design an algorithm to create machine athletes?
+We use what is widely called Model-Based Design.
+First, we capture the physics using a mathematical model of how machines work.
+A branch of mathematics called control theory is then used to analyze these models and synthesize algorithms to control them.
+For example, here's how to make the quad hover.
+First, we captured the dynamics using a set of differential equations.
+We then manipulate these equations with the help of control theory to create an algorithm that stabilizes the quad.
+Let's demonstrate the strength of this approach.
+I want this quad to not only hover, but also balance this pole.
+With a little practice, it's very easy for humans to do this, but humans have the advantage of having both feet on the ground and very versatile hands.
+It's a little more difficult if only one foot is on the ground or if you don't use your hands.
+Notice the reflective marker on the top of this pole. This means that poles can be placed within the space.
+(Applause) (End of applause) You can see that this quad has a few tweaks to keep the poles balanced.
+How did you design the algorithm to do this?
+Added pole math model to quad math model.
+Once we have a model of the coupled quadrupole system, we can use control theory to create an algorithm to control it.
+Here we can see that it is stable. Even if you move it a little, it will return to a nice balanced position.
+You can also extend the model to include where you want the quad to be in space.
+Made of reflective markers, this pointer allows you to point where you want your quad to be in space at a distance from you.
+(Laughter) Key to these acrobatic maneuvers are algorithms designed with the help of mathematical models and control theory.
+Tell the quad to come back here and drop the pole. Next, I will explain the importance of understanding the physics model and how the physical world works.
+Notice how the altitude of the quad dropped when I put a glass of water on it.
+Unlike the balance bar, we did not include a mathematical model of the glass in our system.
+In fact, the system doesn't even know the glass is there.
+As before, we can use pointers to tell the quad where to place it in space.
+(Applause) (End of applause) Now you should ask yourself, why isn't the water falling out of the glass?
+Two facts.
+The first is that gravity acts on all objects in the same way.
+Second, the propellers are all pointing in the same direction on the glass, pointing upwards.
+Combining these two things, the end result is that any lateral forces on the glass are small, dominated primarily by aerodynamic effects, and negligible at this speed.
+That's why you don't need to model glass.
+No matter what the quad does, it naturally doesn't spill.
+(Applause) (End of applause) The lesson to be learned here is that some high-performance tasks are easier than others, and if you understand the physics of the problem, which ones are easier and which ones are harder It means that you know what
+In this case, carrying a glass of water is easy.
+Balancing the pole is difficult.
+We've all heard stories of athletes achieving feats despite injuries.
+Will the machine still function after extreme physical damage?
+Conventional wisdom says that since there are four degrees of freedom to control: roll, pitch, yaw, and acceleration, you need at least four sets of fixed motor propellers to fly.
+Hexacopters and octocopters with 6 and 8 propellers can provide redundancy, but quadrocopters are much more popular. This is because the minimum number of fixed motor propeller pairs is 4.
+Or is it?
+(Laughter) If you analyze the mathematical model of this machine with only two propellers working, you'll find that it has an unconventional way of flying.
+You relinquish control of yaw, but roll, pitch, and acceleration can still be controlled by algorithms that utilize this new configuration.
+A mathematical model will tell you exactly when and why that is possible.
+In this case, this knowledge allows us to design new machine architectures instead of building machines with redundancy, or to design clever algorithms that gracefully handle injuries in the same way that human athletes do. increase.
+Watching a diver somersault into the water or a jumper wriggling through the air as they rapidly approach the ground takes our breath away.
+Will the diver be able to make a successful rip entry?
+Will vaulters stick to their landings?
+I want this quad to perform a triple flip and end in exactly the same position as it started.
+This operation happens very quickly, so positional feedback cannot be used to correct the movement while it is running.
+I simply don't have enough time.
+Instead, what the quad can do is perform the maneuver blindly, observe how the maneuver ends, and use that information to modify its behavior so that the next flip is more appropriate. .
+Like divers and vaulters, it is only through practice that you will master the maneuvers and perform to the highest standards.
+(Laughter) (Applause) Hitting a moving ball is a necessary skill in many sports.
+How do you get machines to do things that seemingly require no effort from athletes?
+(Laughter) (Applause) (End of applause) This quad has a racket stuck to your head and a sweet spot about the size of an apple, not too big.
+The following calculations are performed every 20 milliseconds, or 50 times per second.
+First, figure out where the ball is going.
+Then calculate how the quad hits the ball in order to fly to where it was thrown.
+Third, a trajectory is planned that takes the quad from its current state to the point of impact with the ball.
+Fourth, the strategy only runs for 20 ms.
+20 ms later the whole process repeats until the quad hits the ball.
+(Applause.) Machines can not only perform dynamic operations singly, but collectively.
+These three quads work together to carry Sky Net.
+(Applause) (End of applause) They've done a very dynamic collective maneuver to hit the ball back at me.
+Note that these quads are vertical when fully extended.
+(Applause.) In fact, when fully extended, this is roughly five times what a bungee jumper feels at the end of a launch.
+The algorithm that does this is very similar to what single quads use to hit the ball back.
+It uses a mathematical model to continuously replan the cooperation strategy 50 times per second.
+Everything we've seen so far has been about machines and their capabilities.
+What happens when you combine this mechanical athleticism with human athleticism?
+What I have in front of me is a commercially available gesture sensor, mostly used in games.
+I can recognize in real time what different parts of my body are doing.
+Like the pointer we used before, we can use this as an input to the system.
+We now have a natural way to interact with the raw athleticism of these quads with my gestures.
+(Applause.) Interactions don't have to be virtual.
+For example, consider this quad.
+It tries to stay at a fixed point in space.
+If I try to move it out of the way, it fights me and returns to where I want it.
+However, you can change this behavior.
+A mathematical model can be used to estimate the force applied to the quad.
+Knowing this force, of course, can also change the laws of physics as far as quads are concerned.
+Here the quad is acting as if it were in a viscous fluid.
+We now have a way to interact intimately with machines.
+We'll use this new feature to put this camera-equipped quad in the right spot for filming the rest of this demonstration.
+So you can physically interact with these quads and change the laws of physics.
+Now let's have some fun.
+These quads initially behave as if they were on Pluto, as explained next.
+As time goes on, gravity will increase until we all return to Earth, but I swear we won't get there.
+Okay, let's go.
+(laughter) (laughter) (applause) Wow!
+Now you're probably wondering if these people are having too much fun. You may also be asking yourself why they are building machine athletes.
+Some speculate that the role of play in the animal kingdom is to hone skills and develop abilities.
+Others believe it has a more social role and is used to bind groups together.
+Similarly, we use sports and athletic performance analogies to create new algorithms for machines to push their limits.
+How does machine speed affect our lives?
+Like all our past creations and innovations, they can be used to improve the human condition or they can be misused and abused.
+This is not the technical choice we face. it's social.
+Just like athleticism in sports brings out the best in us, let's make the right choices. It's the choice that brings out the best in the machine's future.
+Let me introduce you to the wizards behind the green curtain.
+They are current members of the Flying Machine Arena research team.
+(Applause) Federico Augriaro, Dario Bresciannini, Markus Hehn, Sergey Lupersin, Mark Muller, Robin Ritz.
+watch out for them. They are destined for great things.
+thank you.
+This is not any speech I have ever given.
+Today I would like to talk about the failure of leadership in world politics and the globalizing economy.
+Also, I'm not going to offer a ready-made solution that feels good.
+But I would like to conclude by urging you to reconsider, take real risks, and join what I see as the global evolution of democracy.
+leadership failure.
+What are the failures of leadership today?
+And why is our democracy not working?
+Well, I think the leadership failure is the fact that we took you out of the process.
+So I want to take a step back and give you some insight from my personal experience so that you can understand why meeting today's challenges is so difficult and why politics is at a dead end. .
+Let's start from the beginning.
+Let's start with democracy.
+Going back to the ancient Greeks, it was a revelation, a discovery. Together, we are masters of our own destinies, and the potential to explore, learn, imagine, and: Design a better life.
+And democracy was the political innovation that protected this freedom. Because we are freed from fear and really let our hearts be the protagonists, whether tyrannical or dogmatic.
+Democracy was a political innovation that allowed tyrants and high priests to limit their natural tendency to maximize power and wealth.
+Well, I was 14 when I first started to understand this.
+Trying to skip my homework, I sneaked into the living room and listened to a heated argument between my parents and their friends.
+As you know, at that time Greece was under the control of a very powerful ruling class that strangled the country, and my father had a promising movement to rethink Greece, to imagine a Greece where freedom reigned and perhaps people, citizens could was leading They actually rule their own country.
+I used to be in many of his campaigns and here you see me next to him.
+Next to me is the youngest.
+You might not recognize me because I was parting my hair differently there.
+(Laughter) It was 1967, the election was approaching, the campaign was going well, and the house had electricity.
+We really felt that great progressive changes were taking place in Greece.
+Then one night an army truck came to our house.
+Soldiers break into the door.
+They found me on the top terrace.
+A sergeant came up to me with a machine gun, held it to my head and said, "Tell me where your father is or I will kill you."
+My father, who was hiding nearby, turned up and was immediately taken to prison.
+Well, we survived, but democracy didn't.
+Seven years of a brutal dictatorship that we spent in exile.
+Now our democracy is at another critical moment.
+let me talk
+Brussels, Sunday night, April 2010.
+I am sitting with my colleagues from the European Union.
+I had just been elected prime minister, but I would like to uncover the truth that the budget deficit was actually 15.6%, not 6%, as the previous administration officially reported just days before the election. I was blessed with the unfortunate privilege of
+But the budget deficit is only a symptom of the deeper problems facing Greece, and I really believe that the lack of transparency and accountability in governance, or otherwise, is a mission to address these problems. was elected with a mission. A client-oriented state that favors those in power - tax evasion instigated and aided by a global system of tax evasion, politics and media caught up in special interests.
+But despite our electoral mandate, the market mistrusted us.
+Borrowing costs were soaring and facing the possibility of default.
+So I went to Brussels on a mission to advocate for a unified European response that would give markets time to calm down and make the necessary reforms.
+But we were running out of time.
+Imagine yourself around the table in Brussels.
+Negotiations are difficult, tensions are high, progress is slow and slow, but at 10:02 the Prime Minister shouts, ``We have to finish in 10 minutes.''
+I said, 'Why? These are important decisions.
+Let's think about it a little more. "
+Another prime minister came in and said, "No, we have to make a deal now, because within 10 minutes the market will be open in Japan and there will be havoc in the world economy."
+We made a quick decision in those 10 minutes.
+This time it was the market, not the military, that had put a gun to our collective head.
+What followed was the hardest decision of my life, painful for me and my countrymen, imposed on cuts and austerity, and often on people who were not responsible for the crisis. It was something.
+These sacrifices saved Greece from bankruptcy and the eurozone from collapse.
+Yes, Greece triggered the euro crisis, and some have accused me of doing so.
+But today, I think most people would agree that Greece was just one symptom of deeper structural problems in the Eurozone, fragility of the wider global economic system, and fragility of democracy. increase.
+Our democracy is trapped in a system too big to fail, or more precisely, too big to control.
+Our democracy is undermined in the global economy by players who can evade laws, evade taxes, and circumvent environmental and labor standards.
+Our democracy is undermined by the fact that we can fear growing inequality and increasing concentrations of power and wealth, lobbying, corruption, market speed, or simply imminent disaster. It constrains our democracy and constrains our capabilities. Imagine your possibilities, your possibilities, and make use of them to find solutions.
+As you know, Greece was just a harbinger of what was to come for all of us.
+I was too optimistic, but I hoped that this crisis would be an opportunity for Greece, for Europe and for the world to make radical democratic changes in our institutions.
+Instead, I had a very humbling experience.
+In Brussels, as we tried desperately over and over again to find common solutions, we realized that none of us had ever dealt with a crisis like it.
+But even worse, we were caught in a collective ignorance.
+We were led by fear.
+And our fear has led to a blind faith in the orthodoxy of austerity.
+Instead of reaching for the common and collective wisdom of society and investing in it to find more creative solutions, we have reverted to political stances.
+And we were surprised when none of the new stopgap measures ended the crisis. And, of course, that made it much easier to find a whip for the failure of Europe as a whole. Of course it was Greece.
+The prodigal, lazy, ouzo-obsessed, zorba-dancing Greeks are the problem. Punish them!
+Well, convenient but unfounded stereotypes sometimes do more harm than austerity itself.
+But be warned, this is not just a Greek story.
+This may be a pattern that leaders again and again follow when dealing with complex cross-border issues, whether it's climate change, immigration or the financial system.
+It is about giving up the collective power to imagine our own potential, falling victim to fears, stereotypes and dogma, and excluding the people from the process rather than building it around them.
+And to do so will only further test the trust of our people, our people, in the democratic process.
+No wonder so many political leaders, myself included, have lost public trust.
+When riot police have to defend parliament, which is becoming more and more common around the world, then something is seriously wrong with our democracy.
+That is why I called for a referendum to let the Greek people decide the terms of the bailout.
+My European colleagues, at least some of them, said, 'You can't do that.
+The market will be in turmoil again. "
+I said, "Before we can restore market confidence, we must restore public trust and confidence."
+Since I left the office, I've had time to think.
+We have weathered storms in Greece and in Europe, but we still face challenges.
+If politics is our power to imagine and harness our potential, then the 60 percent unemployment of young people in Greece and elsewhere is a lack of imagination, if not a lack of compassion. That's for sure.
+So far we have cast economics on this issue, mostly on austerity in practice, but certainly alternatives, alternative strategies, environmental stimulus for green jobs, or market could have designed mutual debt, eurobonds, etc. to help countries in need from the pressure of These would have been a much more viable alternative.
+But I have come to believe that the problem is not an economic problem, but a democratic one.
+Now let's try something else.
+Let's see how we can get people back into the process.
+Let's throw democracy on this issue.
+Again, the ancient Greeks, with all their flaws, believed in the wisdom of crowds in their best moments. in people we trust.
+Democracy does not work without citizens deliberating, debating, and taking public responsibility for public service.
+Average citizens were often chosen for citizen juries to decide the important issues of the day.
+Science, theater, research, philosophy, mind-body games, they were daily exercises.
+In fact, they were education to develop public participation, possibility and potential.
+And those who avoided politics were, well, fools.
+As you know, in ancient Greece, ancient Athens, the term originated from there.
+"Baka" comes from the etymology of "idio".
+A person who is self-centered, isolated, excluded, and does not participate in or consider public affairs.
+And the participation took place in the Agora. The agora had two meanings: a market place and a place where political deliberations took place.
+As you know, markets and politics were empowering people, so they were integrated, accessible, transparent, and cohesive.
+They serve demonstrations and democracies.
+Above the government, above the market, was the direct rule of the people.
+Today we have globalized our markets, but not our democratic institutions.
+So our politicians are confined to local politics, while our people see great potential, yet fall prey to uncontrollable forces.
+So how do you connect the two parts of the Agora?
+How can we democratize globalization?
+And I'm not talking about the necessary reforms of the UN or the G20.
+What I'm talking about is how we ensure a platform of space, demos and values ​​so that you can tap into your full potential.
+Well, this is exactly where I think Europe applies.
+Despite recent setbacks, Europe is the world's most successful cross-border peace experiment.
+So let's see if this doesn't become an experiment in global democracy, a new kind of democracy.
+See if you can design a European Agora not just for your products and services, but for your people. It allows people to collaborate, reflect, learn from each other, interact between art and culture, and generate creative ideas. solution.
+The power of the people of Europe to actually vote directly for the president of Europe, or to a jury of people chosen by lot that could consider important and controversial issues, a European-wide referendum in which the people, as parliamentarians, vote on future treaties. Imagine having the power to vote directly.
+And here are the ideas. Why not give immigrants European citizenship instead of Greek, German or Swedish citizenship, thus making them the first true European citizens?
+And try to really empower the unemployed by giving them voucher scholarships to study anywhere in Europe.
+Our common identity is democracy, where our education is through participation, where participation builds trust and unity rather than exclusion or xenophobia.
+A Europe of the people, by the people, a Europe that is an experiment in deepening and extending democracy across borders.
+Now, some may accuse me of being naive for believing in the power and wisdom of people.
+Having been in politics for decades, I am also a realist.
+Believe me, I was and still am a part of today's political system and I know things have to change.
+We must revive politics as a force to imagine, rethink and redesign a better world.
+But I also know that the forces of this disruptive change are not driven by today's politics.
+The return of democracy will come from you, all of you.
+Everyone who participates in this global exchange, whether in this room or just outside this room, online or local, wherever we all live, faces injustice and inequality. All those who stand up, those who preach racism, not racism Plutocrats in power, powerful lobby groups defending a few powerful people, and all those who stand up against unchecked power.
+It is to their advantage that we are all stupid.
+Don't let that happen.
+thank you.
+(Applause) Bruno Giussani: You seem to describe political leadership as unprepared and caught up in the whims of financial markets, but that scene in Brussels you describe is terrifying to me as a citizen. Thing.
+Try to understand how you felt after the decision.
+It was clearly not a good decision, but how do you feel about it as George instead of as Prime Minister?
+George Papandreou: Well, obviously there were constraints that didn't allow me or others to make the kind of decisions that we wanted. And obviously, I hoped there would be time to reform to address the deficit. Rather than trying to cut the deficit, which is a symptom of trouble.
+And it hurt. It hurt because, first of all, it hurt the younger generation, and not only are many of them demonstrating outdoors, but I think this is one of our problems.
+When we are facing these crises, we are pushing the potential of this society, the enormous potential, away from this process and bringing ourselves closer to the world of politics. And I think we need to change that and really find new ways of participation that leverage society. There is great power in technology, but it's not just technology. The hearts we have, I think we can find better solutions, but we have to be open.
+BG: You seem to suggest that the direction going forward is more European, which is not an easy discussion in most European countries at the moment.
+It would rather be the opposite, borders being further closed, cooperation diminishing, and perhaps even stepping out of some of the different parts of European construction.
+How do you reconcile that?
+GP: Well, I think one of the worst things that happened in this crisis is that we started playing the blame game.
+And the basic idea of ​​Europe is that we can cooperate across borders, cooperate across conflicts.
+And the paradox is that now is the time when we really need to rally our forces, but because of this blame game, it is possible to convince the public that we should work together. that it is of low quality.
+Now, more Europe for me is not just about giving Brussels more power.
+It actually gives European citizens more power, making Europe truly a people's project.
+I think that would be a way to answer some of the fears we have in society.
+BG: George, thanks for coming to TED.
+GP: Thank you. BG: Thank you. (applause)
+I'm writing a sci-fi thriller, so when I say "killer robot," you're probably thinking:
+But really, I'm not here to talk about fiction.
+I'm here to talk about highly realistic killer robots, autonomous combat drones.
+Now, I'm not referring to Predator or Reaper drones. These drones make human-targeted decisions.
+I'm talking about a fully autonomous robotic weapon that makes all the lethal decisions for humans alone.
+There is actually a technical term for this: lethal autonomy.
+Now, lethal autonomous killer robots will take many forms, including flying, driving, and just lying around.
+And indeed, they are fast becoming a reality.
+These are two automated sniper stations currently deployed in the DMZ between North and South Korea.
+Both of these machines can automatically identify human targets and fire at them. The machine on the left is over a kilometer away.
+In both cases, humans are involved to make lethal firing decisions, but that's not a technical requirement. it's a choice.
+And what I want to focus on is that choice. Because moving critical decision-making from humans to software risks not only taking humanity out of war, but completely changing the social landscape far from the battlefield.
+That's because the way humans resolve conflicts shapes our social situations.
+And this has always been the case throughout history.
+For example, these were state-of-the-art weapon systems in 1400 AD.
+Both were now very expensive to build and maintain, but they allowed them to control the populace, and the distribution of political power in feudal societies reflected that.
+Power concentrated at the top.
+And what has changed? Innovation.
+Gunpowder, artillery.
+And soon, armor and castles became obsolete, and it became less important who or how many people you took to the battlefield.
+And as the military grew in size, the nation-state arose as a political and logistical requirement for defense.
+And leaders had to rely on more people, and power began to be shared.
+A representative government began to form.
+Again, the tools we use to resolve conflict shape our social context.
+Autonomous robotic weapons are such a tool, but because so few people need to go to war, they risk re-concentrating power in the hands of so few and reversing five centuries of democracy. The difference is that there is
+Knowing this, I think we can take decisive steps to preserve our democratic institutions and do what humans are best at: adaptation.
+But time is also a factor.
+70 countries are developing their own remotely controlled combat drones. As you can see, remotely controlled combat drones are the forerunners of autonomous robotic weapons.
+That's because there are three powerful factors that push decision-making away from humans and onto the weapons platform itself when deploying remotely piloted drones.
+The first is the large amount of video that drones produce.
+For example, in 2004 the US drone force produced a total of 71 hours of video surveillance for analysis.
+By 2011, that number had reached 300,000 hours, exceeding the human ability to review everything, and even that number is about to increase significantly.
+The Department of Defense's Gorgon Steer and Argus programs plan to install up to 65 independently operating camera eyes on each drone platform, which greatly exceeds human review capabilities.
+This means that visual intelligence software must scan for items of interest.
+And that means drones will soon be telling humans what to look at. not the other way around.
+But there is another powerful incentive to push decision-making from humans to machines, and that is electromagnetic interference, severing the connection between drones and their operators.
+An example of this was seen in 2011 when a US RQ-170 Sentinel drone was slightly disrupted over Iran by a GPS spoofing attack, but any remotely controlled drone has been affected by this type of attack. It's easier, which means drones will be taking on more decision-making.
+They understand the purpose of their mission and will react to new situations without human guidance.
+They ignore external radio signals and rarely transmit their own radio signals.
+This actually leads to the third most powerful incentive to push decision-making away from humans and onto weapons: plausible deniability.
+We are now living in a global economy.
+High-tech manufacturing takes place on most continents.
+Cyber ​​espionage is taking advanced designs into the unknown, and in such an environment, successful drone designs are very likely to be scrapped in contract factories and proliferate in the gray market.
+And in such a situation, it would be very difficult to determine who sent the weapon, even by examining the wreckage of a suicide drone attack.
+This makes the possibility of anonymous warfare very real.
+This could tip the geopolitical balance, making it very difficult for nations to direct their firepower against attackers, and shift the balance in the 21st century from defense to offense.
+It could make military action a viable option not only for small states, but also for criminal gangs, private companies and even those in power.
+It can create a situation where rival warlords undermine the rule of law and civil society.
+Now, if accountability and transparency are two cornerstones of representative government, autonomous robotic weapons could undermine both.
+Now, you might think that citizens of high-tech countries have an advantage in robot warfare, and that citizens of those countries are less vulnerable, especially against developing countries.
+But I think the truth is quite the opposite.
+I think people in high-tech societies are more vulnerable to robotic weapons, and the reason for that is, in a nutshell, "data."
+Data drives our high-tech society.
+Rich real-time data about people's movements and social interactions, including mobile phone geolocation, communications metadata, social media, email, text, financial transaction data, and transportation data.
+In other words, we have been recognized by machines more than any human in history, and this fits perfectly with the aiming needs of autonomous weapons.
+What you're looking at here is a link analysis map for social groups.
+Lines indicate social connections between individuals.
+And these kinds of maps can be automatically generated based on the data trail left by modern humans.
+Although it is now commonly used to market goods and services to targeted demographics, targeting is a dual-use technology as it is used in different contexts.
+Notice that specific individuals are highlighted.
+These are social network hubs.
+These are organizers, opinion-makers, and leaders, and these people can also be automatically identified from their communication patterns.
+Now, if you're a marketer, you might try to target them with product samples and spread your brand through their social groups.
+But if you are an oppressive government looking for political opponents, you can instead eliminate them, eliminate them, disrupt social groups, and leave those left without social cohesion and organization.
+In a world of cheap, proliferating robotic weapons, borders will offer little protection to those who criticize distant governments and transnational criminal gangs.
+A mass movement for change can be spotted early and its leaders removed before the idea reaches critical mass.
+And the ideas that reach critical mass are what political action in popular government is all about.
+Anonymous lethal weapons could make lethal action an easy option for all sorts of competing interests.
+And this would chill the very heart of democracy: free speech and popular political activism.
+And this is why we need an international treaty on robotic weapons, especially a global ban on the development and deployment of killer robots.
+Today, an international treaty on nuclear and biological weapons is already in place and is largely functioning, albeit imperfectly.
+But robotic weapons can be dangerous as well. Robotic weapons will almost certainly be used and can corrode democratic institutions.
+Well, in November 2012, the US Department of Defense issued a directive requiring human presence in all lethal decisions.
+While this temporarily effectively banned autonomous weapons in the U.S. military, the directive needs to be made permanent.
+And it could set the stage for global action.
+We need an international legal framework for robotic weapons.
+And we need it now, before a devastating attack or terrorist incident occurs and the nations of the world rush to deploy these weapons before contemplating the consequences.
+Autonomous robotic weapons would concentrate too much power in the hands of a few, jeopardizing democracy itself.
+Don't get me wrong. I think there are many great uses for unarmed civilian drones, such as environmental surveillance, search and rescue, and logistics.
+If there is an international treaty on robotic weapons, how can we get the benefits of autonomous drones and vehicles while protecting ourselves from illegal robotic weapons?
+I think the secret is transparency.
+Do not expect privacy from robots in public places.
+(Applause.) Each robot and drone needs a cryptographically signed identity. It is baked in at the factory and can be used to track movements in public.
+Cars have license plates and aircraft have tail numbers.
+This is no different.
+And every citizen should be able to download an app that shows the number of drones and self-driving cars moving in public spaces around them, both now and in the past.
+And civic leaders should deploy sensors and civic drones to detect rogue drones and make humans aware of their presence rather than sending in their own killer drones to shoot them down.
+And in certain high-security areas, civilian drones will likely capture them and drag them to bomb disposal facilities.
+Note, however, that this is an immune system rather than a weapon system.
+This will allow us to take advantage of self-driving cars and drones while maintaining an open civil society.
+We must ban the deployment and development of killer robots.
+Resist the temptation to automate warfare.
+Autocratic governments and criminal gangs will no doubt do so, but let's not join them.
+Autonomous robotic weapons would concentrate too much power in too few invisible peoples, which would be corrosive to representative governments.
+Let's make sure that killer robots remain fiction, at least for democracies.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+Let me begin this story with a question for you.
+You know that all over the world people are fighting for their freedom, for their rights.
+Some fight oppressive governments.
+Some struggle with an oppressive society.
+Which fight do you think is harder?
+I will try to answer this question in the next few minutes.
+Let's go back two years.
+It was bedtime for my son, Aboudi.
+He was five years old at the time.
+After completing his bedtime ritual, he looked at me and asked me a question. "Mom, are we bad people?"
+I was shocked.
+"Why are you saying that, Aboudi?"
+Earlier in the day when he came home from school I noticed some bruises on his face.
+He didn't tell me what happened.
+[But now] he was ready to tell it.
+"Two boys beat me at school today.
+They said to me, "I saw your mother on Facebook."
+you and your mom should be in jail. "I have never been afraid to say anything to Aboudi.
+I am always proud of my achievements.
+But my son's questioning eyes were my moment of truth when everything came together.
+I am a Saudi woman who was put in jail for driving in a country where women are not allowed to drive.
+Harassment to the point that my brother was detained twice, quit his job as a geologist, and was forced to leave the country with his wife and two-year-old son, just for giving me the car keys. I received
+My father attended Friday's sermon and was among the many followers of the Imam's condemnation of female drivers and calling them prostitutes, including our friends and my father's family. I had to ask what was going on.
+In addition to systematic defamation campaigns in local media, I have faced hoaxes shared at family gatherings, on the streets, and at schools.
+Everything shocked me.
+It became clear that the children were not disrespectful to my son.
+They are only influenced by the adults around them.
+And it wasn't about me, it wasn't a punishment for driving a few miles behind the wheel.
+It was a punishment for boldly challenging the rules of society.
+But my story goes beyond this moment of truth of mine.
+Let me briefly explain my story.
+It was May 2011. I was complaining to a colleague at work about the harassment I had to struggle to find a way to get home despite having a car and an international driver's license.
+As far as I know, women in Saudi Arabia have always complained about this ban, but it was 20 years ago that a generation ago no one did anything about it.
+He gave me good news and bad news in my presence.
+"But there are no laws against driving."
+I looked it up and he was right.
+There was no real law in Saudi Arabia.
+It was simply customs and traditions enshrined in strict religious fatwas and imposed on women.
+That realization ignited the June 17 idea to encourage women to get behind the wheel and go for a drive.
+A few weeks later, we started getting emails telling us that wolves will rape us if we drive.
+Courageous woman. Her name is Najra Hariri. She is a Saudi woman living in Jeddah city. I drove the car and announced it, but I didn't record a video.
+I needed proof.
+So I drove. I posted a video on YouTube.
+And to my surprise, it got hundreds of thousands of views on the first day.
+Of course what happened next?
+I began to receive death threats and rape threats just to stop this campaign.
+Saudi authorities have remained very silent.
+It really horrified us.
+I participated in the campaign along with other Saudi women and men activists.
+We wanted to know how authorities would respond on June 17, the actual day when women go out and drive.
+So this time I asked my brother to come with me and drive a police car.
+It went quickly. We were arrested, signed a pledge not to drive again, and released.
+Arrested again, he was detained for a day and I was sent to prison.
+I didn't know why I was sent there, because no charges were brought against me during the interrogation.
+But what I was certain of was my innocence.
+I was not breaking the law, so I wore an abaya. Abaya is the black cloak worn before leaving home in Saudi Arabia. My fellow prisoners kept telling me to take it off, but I was convinced of my innocence. I kept saying, "No, I'm going home today."
+Outside the prison, the whole country was in a frenzy, some violently attacking me, others helping me by collecting signatures on a petition to the King to release me.
+He was released after nine days.
+June 17th is coming.
+The streets were crowded with police cars and religious police vehicles, but hundreds of brave Saudi women broke the ban and drove on that day.
+no one was arrested. We broke taboos.
+(Applause.) I think everyone knows by now that you can't drive a car in Saudi Arabia, or that women aren't allowed to drive, but few people probably know why.
+Let me help you answer this question.
+There was an official study submitted to the Shura Council (an advisory council appointed by the King of Saudi Arabia) and it was done by a local professor, a university professor.
+He claims this was based on a UNESCO study.
+And studies show that countries where women drive have higher rates of rape, adultery, illegitimate children, drug abuse and prostitution than countries where women don't drive.
+(Laughter) Well, I was like that too, it was a shock.
+"We are the last country in the world where women don't drive," I thought.
+So when you look at the world map, you're left with only two countries, Saudi Arabia, and another society for the rest of the world.
+When he started a hashtag mocking the research on Twitter, it went viral around the world.
+[BBC News: Women drive 'virginity ends', Saudi cleric warns] (Laughter) And only then did I realize how powerful it is to ridicule the oppressors.
+It robs you of your most powerful weapon: fear.
+The system is based on ultra-conservative traditions and customs that treat women as if they were inferior, and because they need a guardian to protect them, women are forced to accept verbal and written decrees for life. Permission must be obtained from this guardian.
+We are minors until we die.
+And when it is enshrined in a religious fatwa based on a misinterpretation of Sharia law and religious law, things get even worse.
+The worst is when they are codified into law within institutions, where women themselves believe in their own inferiority and even fight those who seek to question these rules.
+So for me, these attacks weren't the only ones I had to face.
+It was about two very different perceptions of who I am and who I am: being a villain at home and a hero abroad.
+Let me tell you, two stories have happened in the last two years.
+One of them was when I was in prison.
+When I was in prison, during these nine days I was in prison, everyone must have seen titles like this in the international media.
+But in my home country the situation was completely different.
+It was rather something like this: "Manar al-Sharif has been charged with disturbing public order and inciting women to drive."
+know.
+“Manal al-Sharif withdraws from election campaign.”
+Oh okay. this is my favourite.
+"Manar al-Sharif broke down in tears and confessed that 'foreign powers agitated me.'
+So it will be a completely different picture.
+Last year I was asked to give a speech at the Oslo Freedom Forum.
+I was surrounded by this love and support from people around me, and they saw me as an inspiration.
+At the same time I went back to my country and they hated the speech so much.
+They called it a betrayal of the Saudi state and the Saudi people, and even started the hashtag #OsloTraitor on Twitter.
+About 10,000 tweets were posted to that hashtag, while the opposite hashtag, #OsloHero, posted a few tweets.
+They also started polls.
+More than 13,000 voters responded to a poll after the speech asking if they thought I was a traitor.
+90% said yes, she is a traitor.
+So these two very different perceptions of my personality.
+To me, I am a proud Saudi woman and I love my country. I do this job because I love my country.
+Because I believe that society is not free if its women are not free.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) Thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+But you learn a lesson from these things that happened to you.
+I learned to be there all the time.
+First of all, after I got out of prison and took a shower of course, I went on the internet and opened a Twitter account and a Facebook page. And I've always been very respectful of the people who gave me their opinions.
+I listened to them and did not intend to defend myself with words alone.
+I use actions. When they told me that I should withdraw from the movement, I filed my first lawsuit against the General Directorate of Traffic Police for not issuing a driver's license.
+I also have tremendous support, like the 3,000 people who signed a petition to get me released.
+We sent a petition to the Shura Council in favor of lifting the ban on Saudi women. And 3,500 people who believed it signed the petition.
+There are people like that, and I just gave some examples, they are amazing people, they believe and strive for women's rights in Saudi Arabia, but they have spoken up because they have voiced their opinion. also faces a lot of hatred.
+Saudi Arabia is now taking small steps towards empowering women.
+The Shura Council, appointed by King Abdullah by decree, had 30 women assigned to it last year, about 20 percent.
+20 percent of the council. (Applause.) Around the same time, that Congress finally accepted it last February after rejecting our petition on women driving four times.
+(Applause.) A spokeswoman for the traffic police said they would crack down on traffic violations only against female drivers after they are sent to prison, sentenced to flogging or sent to trial.
+Grand Mufti, head of religious institutions in Saudi Arabia, said women are discouraged from driving.
+It used to be a haram forbidden by the previous Grand Mufti.
+So it's not just these small steps that matter to me.
+It's about the woman herself.
+A friend once asked me. "So when do you think women driving will happen?"
+I told her, 'Women should stop asking 'when?' And act now to make it happen. "
+So, I think it's not just about institutions, it's also about how we women go about our lives.
+So, really, I have no idea how I became an activist.
+And now I don't know how it happened.
+But all I know and believe is that in the future, when someone asks me about I am proud to be part of the women who celebrated." . "
+So the question I started talking about is, do you find it more difficult to face an oppressive government or an oppressive society?
+I hope my speech gives you a hint of the answer.
+Thanks guys.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+Once upon a time, we lived in an economy of financial growth and prosperity.
+Called the Great Moderation, most economists, policymakers and central bankers erroneously believed that we had turned into a new world of endless growth and prosperity.
+This was confirmed by strong and stable GDP growth, low and controlled inflation, low unemployment and controlled and low financial volatility.
+But the Great Recession and Crash of 2007 and 2008 shattered this illusion.
+Hundreds of billions of dollars in losses in the financial sector have been linked to $5 trillion in losses in global GDP and almost $30 trillion in losses in global stock markets.
+So my understanding of this Great Recession was that this was completely amazing, that it happened so suddenly, that this was like the wrath of God.
+I was not responsible.
+So, to reflect this, we launched the Financial Crisis Observatory.
+We had the goal of diagnosing financial bubbles in real time and proactively identifying their critical moments.
+What is the scientific basis for this financial watchdog?
+We have developed a theory called "Dragon King".
+Dragon Kings represent extreme events that belong to their own class.
+they are special. they are outliers.
+They are produced by specific mechanisms that may make them predictable or even controllable.
+Consider financial price time series, specific stocks, perfect stocks, or global indices.
+It has its ups and downs.
+A very good measure of risk in this financial market is the peak-to-trough value representing the worst case scenario of buying high and selling low.
+You can see a statistic that is the frequency of occurrence of various size peaks and valleys represented in this graph.
+Now, interestingly, 99 percent of the various amplitude peaks to valleys can be described by the universal power law represented by this red line.
+More interestingly, there are outliers, i.e. exceptions beyond this red line, that occur at least 100 times more frequently than would be predicted by extrapolation based on the remaining 99 percent peak-to-valley calibration. is to
+They are due to deeply chasing dependencies: loss followed by loss, followed by loss, followed by loss.
+This kind of dependency is largely missed by standard risk management tools, ignoring dependencies and showing lizards when you need to see Ryuo.
+The Dragon King's underlying mechanism is to slowly mature into a bubble of instability, the culmination of which is often a crash.
+This is analogous to slowly heating water in a test tube until it reaches boiling point, where water instability occurs and undergoes a phase transition to vapor.
+And this process is completely non-linear, unpredictable by standard techniques, but reflects collective emergent behavior that is fundamentally endogenous.
+Therefore, the cause of the crash, the cause of the crisis, lies in the internal instability of the system, and any small perturbation will cause this instability.
+Now, one might have guessed that this has nothing to do with the notion of black swans we hear so often.
+Remember, the black swan is this rare bird you've seen once and suddenly shatters your belief that all swans should be white. The bird thus captures the concept of unpredictability, unknowability, where extreme events are fundamentally unknowable.
+There is nothing farther from the concept of the Dragon King that I propose. It is just the opposite, that most extreme events are actually known and predictable.
+We are therefore empowered, responsible and able to predict about them.
+So let my Ryuo burn this Black Swan concept.
+(Laughter) There are many early warning signals predicted by this theory.
+Let's focus on one of them: hyper-exponential growth with positive feedback.
+what do you mean?
+Imagine an investment that returns 5% in the first year, 10% in the second year, 20% in the third year, and 40% in the next year. Isn't that great?
+This is super exponential growth.
+Standard exponential growth corresponds to a constant growth rate of say 10 percent. The point is that many times during the bubble period there is positive feedback, the previous growth strengthens, moves forward, and the next growth increases. Such hyper-exponential growth is very steep and unsustainable.
+And the key idea is that the mathematical solutions for this class of models exhibit finite-time singularities. This means that there is a critical time for the system to break down or change regimes.
+it could be a crash. It could just be a plateau, or something else.
+And the important idea is that the critical period, the information about the critical period, is contained in the early evolution of this hyperexponential growth.
+We applied this theory at an early stage and succeeded in diagnosing the rupture of the main element of an iron rocket for the first time.
+With acoustic emissions, you'll hear this tiny noise the structure makes, sing when it's stressed, and reveal ongoing damage. There is a collective phenomenon of positive feedback, the more damage is done, the more damage is done. Of course, within probabilities, we can actually predict when a rupture will occur.
+So it is now very successful and used in the [obscure] early stages of flight.
+Perhaps more surprisingly, the same kind of theory applies to biology and medicine, childbirth, the act of childbirth, and epileptic seizures.
+From the 7th month of pregnancy onwards, the mother begins to feel temporary precontractions of the uterus. This is a sign of maturity in an unstable direction, and a baby Ryuo is born.
+Therefore, measuring precursor signals can indeed identify pre- and post-maturity problems in advance.
+Epileptic seizures also come in different sizes, and when the brain goes into a supercritical state, a ryuo with some degree of predictability emerges, helping patients cope with the disease.
+We have applied this theory to the dynamics of many systems, landslides, glacial collapses, and even blockbusters, YouTube videos, and movies that predict success.
+But perhaps the most important application is in finance, and I believe this theory reveals the deep reasons for the financial crises we have experienced.
+It is rooted in a 30-year bubble history that began in 1980 and followed by the bursting of the global bubble in 1987, followed by many others.
+The biggest was the 2000 "new economy" internet bubble, which burst in 2000, property bubbles in many countries, financial derivatives bubbles everywhere, and stock market bubbles everywhere. Happened, commodity bubbles and all kinds of bubbles, debt and credit bubbles, bubbles, bubbles, bubbles.
+A global bubble has occurred.
+It's a global overvaluation measure for all markets and represents what I call the illusion of the perpetual money machine that suddenly broke in 2007.
+The problem is that the same process of perpetual money machine thinking to deal with crises since 2008 is now being seen in the US, Europe and Japan, especially through quantitative easing.
+This has crucial implications for understanding the failure of quantitative easing and austerity policies, unless we attack the core structural causes of this perpetual money machine thinking.
+Well, these are big claims.
+why do you believe me
+Perhaps in the last 15 years we've gotten out of the ivory tower and crashed into bubbles and financial overages.
+These are some of the great bubbles we've been through in recent history.
+Again, each has a lot of interesting stories to tell.
+I'll tell you a story or two involving giant bubbles.
+We all know the miracle of China.
+This represents a massive bubble in which the stock market tripled to 300% in just a few years.
+In September 2007, I was invited to be a keynote speaker at the Macro Hedge Fund Management Conference, where I predicted that by the end of 2007, this bubble would be a game-changer.
+A crash may occur. Certainly not sustainable.
+So how do you think a very smart, very ambitious and well-informed macro hedge fund manager would react to this prediction?
+You know, they've made billions just surfing this bubble until now.
+They told me, 'Didier, yes the market may be overvalued, but you're forgetting something.
+With the Beijing Olympics scheduled for August 2008, it is clear that the Chinese government is doing what it takes to control the economy, avoid waves and control the stock market. "
+Three weeks after my presentation, the market was down 20%, going through a phase of volatility and upheaval, resulting in a total market loss of 70% by the end of the year.
+So how can we collectively do this by misreading or ignoring the science of the fact that as instability develops and systems mature, any disruption becomes inherently uncontrollable? How could you be so wrong?
+The Chinese market crashed, but recovered.
+In 2009, we also confirmed that this new bubble (smaller one) was unsustainable, so we re-announced our predictions in advance that the market would correct itself by August 2009 and that this trajectory would not continue. bottom.
+Our critics read this prediction and say, "No, it's impossible.
+The Chinese government is there.
+they have learned their lesson. they will control.
+They want to reap the benefits of growth. "
+Perhaps these critics have not learned their lesson so far.
+So the crisis really happened. The market has corrected.
+Then the same critics said, "Oh yes, you published your own predictions.
+You made an impact on the market.
+It wasn't a prediction. "
+Maybe I'm very powerful then.
+Well, this is interesting.
+This shows that we are perceptive beings who predict, and that it is essentially impossible to develop economics so far because of the problem of self-fulfilling prophecies.
+So we invented a new way of doing science.
+We created a financial bubble experiment.
+Here are the ideas: We monitor the market.
+Identify excess or bubbles.
+we do our job. We produce reports with forecasts for critical times.
+The report will not be made public. it is kept secret.
+But with modern cryptography, you get the hash, publish the public key, publish the report six months later, and authenticate.
+And all this takes place in international archives, so you can't be blamed for just publishing your successes.
+Let's tease with a very recent analysis.
+Just two weeks ago, on May 17, 2013, we confirmed on our website that the US stock market was heading in an unsustainable direction and announced on our website that there would be a change of government on May 21. .
+The next day, the market began to shift regimes.
+This is not a crash.
+This is just Act 3 or Act 4 of a giant bubble in progress.
+If we extend the discussion to the global scale, we see the same thing.
+Observable everywhere: in the biosphere, in the atmosphere, and in the ocean, it marks hyperexponential trajectories that mark unsustainable pathways and herald phase transitions.
+This right-hand figure shows a very beautiful compilation of research that suggests that it is indeed non-linear, a non-linear transition within the next few decades.
+Therefore, there are air bubbles everywhere.
+As a bubble-chasing dragon-slaying professor, as the media sometimes calls it, this is very exciting in some ways.
+But can the dragon really be defeated?
+Most recently, together with our collaborators, we studied a dynamics system that sees the Dragon King as a large loop, and we were able to apply small perturbations at just the right time to get rid of these dragons when the controls were on. rice field.
+"To rule is to foresee."
+Governance is the art of planning and forecasting.
+But isn't this perhaps one of the biggest gaps in humanity's responsibility to steer our society and planet towards sustainability in the face of increasing challenges and crises?
+However, the dragon king theory gives us hope.
+We found that most systems have room for predictability.
+Developing a crisis pre-diagnosis enables us to be prepared, to take action and accountable so that extreme crises and crises like the Great Recession and the European crisis can surprise us again. you can avoid it.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The idea of ​​ending poverty is a great goal.
+I don't think anyone in this room would object.
+What worries me is when politicians with money or charismatic rock stars use the phrase (laughter) "...it all sounds so simple."
+Well, today I have no money in my bucket, no release policy, and of course no guitar.
+I'll leave that to someone else.
+But I have an idea, and the idea is called "housing for health."
+Housing for Health works for the poor.
+It works where they live and is done to improve their health.
+Over the past 28 years, this rigorous, rigorous and dirty job has been done by literally thousands of people across Australia and, more recently, overseas. Their work proves that focused design can improve even the most hostile living conditions.
+It can improve health and can help reduce, if not eliminate, poverty.
+Let's start with the beginning of the story, Central Australia in 1985.
+An Aboriginal man named Yami Lester ran a medical service.
+From a disease standpoint, 80% of the people walking through our front door had an infectious disease, a third world, developing country infectious disease caused by poor living conditions.
+Yami formed a team in Alice Springs.
+he got a doctor
+He hired an environmental health officer.
+And he handpicked a team of local Aboriginal people to work on this project.
+Yami told us at the first meeting, ``I don't have money''--always a good start--``...I don't have money. said. He calls the phrase "Uwankara palyanku kaninjak", which translates to a meaningful summary of "a plan to stop people from getting sick".
+That was our task.
+As a first step, the doctor was away for about six months.
+And he worked on what would become these nine health goals. what were we aiming for?
+After working for half a year, he came to my office and handed me those nine words on a piece of paper.
+[9 Healthy Habits: Laundry, Clothing, Drainage, Nutrition, Congestion, Animals, Dust, Temperature, Injuries] I wasn't overly impressed. Big ideas need big words, and preferably lots of words.
+This did not fit the bill.
+What I didn't see, and what you didn't see, is that he compiled thousands of pages of local, national, and international health research to give a complete picture of why these are health goals. That's what I was doing.
+The photo that came out a little later had a very simple reason.
+Our superiors and senior Aboriginal people were mostly illiterate, so the story had to paint a picture of what these goals were.
+We worked with the community and didn't tell them what would happen in a language they didn't understand.
+We have goals, and each of these goals places the individual and their health problems at the center and ties them to the parts of the physical environment that actually exist. necessary to maintain their health.
+And, as you can see on screen, the number one priority is washing people, especially children, once a day.
+And I think most people are thinking, "Huh? That sounds easy."
+Now, I have a very personal question for you guys.
+Who could have used the shower to wash themselves before you came this morning?
+I'm being polite, so I don't ask if they've taken a shower.
+(Laughter) Okay, I think it's safe to say that most of us here were able to take a shower this morning.
+I'm going to ask you to do some more work.
+Please choose one of the 25 houses displayed on the screen.
+Choose one of them and make a note of the location of the house to keep in mind.
+do you have a house?
+I'm going to have him live there for a few months, so make sure you decide.
+OK. Let's see if the shower in that house works.
+I hear a voice say, "Ah!" I hear a voice say, "Ah!"
+If it has a green checkmark, your shower is working.
+you and your kids will be fine.
+Even if you get a red cross, I looked around the room carefully and it doesn't make much of a difference for this crew member.
+why? Because you are all too old.
+I know some people will be shocked, but you are.
+Before I get offended and walk away, I think in this case being too old means that almost everyone in the room is 5+.
+We really care about children from 0 to 5 years old.
+why?
+Laundry is the antidote to a type of worm, a common eye, ear, chest and skin infection that permanently damages these organs in the first five years of life.
+They leave a lifelong imprint.
+This means that by the time you reach the age of 5, your eyesight will be deteriorating for the rest of your life.
+It will never sound the same for the rest of your life.
+I can't even breathe.
+By the age of five, one-third of the lung capacity is lost.
+In addition, even skin infections, initially thought to be less of a problem, even mild skin infections of less than 5 significantly increased the chance of developing kidney failure, leading to the need for dialysis at age 40. increase.
+This is a big deal, so the checkmarks and crosses on the screen are actually very important to young children.
+These ticks and crosses represent equal proportions of the 7,800 homes surveyed across Australia.
+On screen, 35 percent of the lesser-known homes were inhabited by 50,000 Aboriginal people, 35 percent of which had showers.
+10% of the same 7,800 homes had a secure electrical system.
+And 58% of those homes had functioning toilets.
+These are from simple standard tests.
+For showers: hot and cold water, 2 taps, working? Is there an elevated shower for splashing water on the head and body and is there a drain to drain the water?
+It's not well designed, beautiful or elegant, it just works.
+Do similar tests for electrical systems and toilets.
+Housing for Health projects are actually aimed at improving housing rather than measuring failure.
+We start every project from day one.
+We have learned not to make promises and not to report.
+We arrive in the morning with tools, tons of equipment and trades, and on day one we train our local team to get to work.
+By the evening of the first day, some homes in that community were better off than they were when the morning started.
+The work will continue for 6 to 12 months until all the homes are improved and the total budget of $7,500 per home is exhausted.
+That's our average budget.
+After six months to a year, test all homes again.
+Spending money is very easy.
+Improving the function of all these parts of the house is very difficult.
+And we test, check, and fix 250 items in every home for the whole house—nine healthy habits.
+And these are the results you get for $7,500.
+These 7,500 homes can operate up to 86 percent of the showers, 77 percent of the electrical system, and 90 percent of the toilets.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause.) The team is doing a great job, and that's what they do.
+I'm sure you have some obvious questions, and I'd love to hear your thoughts on them.
+Why should we do this work?
+Why are the houses in such poor condition?
+70% of the work we do is due to lack of routine maintenance, and it happens in every home.
+Things wear out, state or local governments should have done it, but they simply aren't and the house doesn't work.
+21% of what we repair is due to structural defects, literally being assembled upside down.
+They don't work and need to be fixed.
+If you've lived in Australia for the past 30 years, you've always heard that the ultimate cause is Indigenous people trashing their homes.
+It's one of the most solid pieces of evidence I've ever seen, and it's always trotted out as "that's the problem with Aboriginal housing."
+Nine percent of the money we spend comes from damage, misuse and abuse of all kinds.
+We insist that the people living in the house are not the problem.
+And we go much further than that. In fact, the people who live in the house are a major part of the solution.
+Seventy-five percent of the Australian national team (over 75 to date) are actually local indigenous peoples in the communities in which we work.
+They are responsible for all aspects of their work.
+(Applause.) For example, in 2010, 831 people across Australia and all states in the Torres Strait Islands committed to improving the homes in which they and their families live, which is important.
+Our work has always focused on health.
+Trachoma, a bug of the developing world, causes blindness.
+It's a developing world disease, but the photo in the background is from an Aboriginal community in the late 1990s. There, 95 percent of school-aged children were affected by active trachoma in the eyes.
+Well, what shall we do?
+Well, the first thing to do is get the shower working.
+why? Because it will flash the bug.
+We also have washroom facilities in the school, so children can wash their faces many times a day.
+Wash away bugs.
+Second, ophthalmologists say that dust rubs your eyes, and bugs quickly enter.
+If you call the dust doctor, there is such a person.
+He was loaned to us by a mining company.
+He controls the dust on the mining company's premises.
+And he went outside, and within a day it turned out that most of the dust in the area was within a meter of the ground and was dust blown by the wind. So he suggested building a mound to catch the dust before it enters the residential area. And affected the child's eyes.
+So I used dirt to keep the dust out.
+Hooray. He provided us with a dust monitor.
+Tested and reduced dust.
+Then I had to get rid of the bugs in general.
+So how do we do that?
+Well, we'll call the fly doctor -- and yes, there's a fly doctor.
+Our Aboriginal friend said: "You white people should go out more."
+(Laughter) And the fly doctor quickly determined that there was one fly carrying the bug.
+He will be able to give the students of the schools in this community the beautiful fly traps seen in the slide above.
+They were able to catch the fly and send it to him in Perth.
+I used to mail the dung beetles back when the worms were in my gut.
+Dung beetles ate camel droppings, flies died from lack of food, and trachoma decreased.
+And throughout the year, trachoma incidence declined sharply in the region and remained low.
+It didn't just treat the eyes, it changed the environment.
+And finally, you can get good eyes.
+All these little health boosts and little pieces of the puzzle make a big difference.
+That radical organization, the New South Wales Department of Health, conducted an independent trial over three years to look at the ten years of work we have done on this type of project in New South Wales. bottom.
+They found a 40% reduction in hospital admissions for illnesses attributed to poor environments.
+(Applause.) Another trip to Nepal is to show that the principles we used in Australia can be used elsewhere.
+And what a beautiful place.
+We were asked by a small village of 600 people to go and build a toilet where none existed.
+I was in poor health.
+We came in with no grand plans or grand promises of great programs, just an offer to build two toilets for two families.
+It was during the design of the first toilet that I went to lunch when my family invited me to the main room of their house.
+I was suffocating with smoke.
+People used to cook using green wood as their only source of fuel.
+The smoke from the wood is suffocating and you can't breathe in a closed house.
+It was later found that respiratory failure was the leading cause of illness and death in this particular region.
+Then suddenly two problems arose.
+We were originally there to see the toilets and remove night soil from the ground and that's fine.
+But here suddenly a second problem arose. How do you actually get rid of the smoke?
+So the problem is two-fold and the design has to consider several things.
+Solution: Put human or animal waste in a chamber and extract biogas, methane gas from it.
+Gas allows you to cook 3-4 hours per day. It's clean, smokeless, and your family can cook for free.
+(Applause.) I mean, will this end poverty?
+And the response from the Nepali team currently working will be, "Don't be silly. We have to build 3 million more toilets before we can make that claim."
+And I don't pretend otherwise.
+But as we sit here today, over 100 toilets have been built in this village, and there are several nearby.
+Well over 1,000 people use those toilets.
+Yamilama, he is a young boy.
+With toilets and no human waste on the ground, intestinal infections were greatly reduced.
+Kanji Maya, she is a mother and a proud mother.
+She is probably making lunch for her family now using biogas, a smokeless fuel.
+Her lungs are doing better, but they aren't cooking in the same smoke, so it will get better as time goes on.
+When the biogas chamber releases gas, Surya takes out the waste and applies it to the crops.
+He tripled his crop income and had more food and money for his family.
+And eventually Vishnu, the leader of the team, understood that we had not only built the toilets, but also the team, and that team was now working in two villages, where the following two We are training to maintain the village. Work expands.
+And that's the key for me.
+(Applause) People are not the problem.
+we never found it.
+The problem is poor living conditions, poor housing, and harmful pests.
+None of these are restricted by geography, skin color, or religion.
+All the work we have had to do has one thing in common: poverty.
+Not far from here, in the mid-2000s, Nelson Mandela argued that, like slavery and apartheid, "poverty is not natural.
+It is man-made and can be overcome and eradicated by human action. "
+I would like to conclude by saying that the actions of thousands of ordinary people doing extraordinary work, I think, actually improve their health and, perhaps to a lesser degree, their poverty. has been reduced.
+Thank you for the place busy.
+(applause)
+I would like to introduce you to the worldview that I have seen, the problems and opportunities that we face, and then ask the question, should we be optimistic or pessimistic?
+Then let's keep it a secret why I'm an incurable optimist.
+First of all, let's introduce the Al Gore movie that you may have seen.
+Well, you've seen An Inconvenient Truth. This is a little inconvenient.
+(Video): Man: ...a very dangerous question.
+Because with our current knowledge, we have no idea what will happen.
+Even now, humans may be unwittingly altering the world's climate through the waste products of civilization.
+Our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer because we emit over 6 billion tons of carbon dioxide (which helps the air absorb heat from the sun) each year through our factories and cars.
+is this bad?
+Well, it's been calculated that the polar ice will melt if the Earth's temperature rises by a few degrees.
+And if that happens, much of the Mississippi Valley will be filled with inland sea.
+Tourists on glass-bottomed boats will see Miami's Drowned Tower from 40 feet of tropical water.
+Because in weather we are not only dealing with far more diverse forces than nuclear physicists encounter, but we are dealing with life itself.
+Larry Brilliant: Should we be happy or sad that 50 years of premonition has paid off so little?
+Well, really, it depends on what your goals are.
+And as my goal, I think I will always go back to Gandhi's amulets.
+When Mahatma Gandhi was asked, "How can you know if what you are about to do next is right or wrong?" Visualize the face of the most vulnerable person and ask yourself if the action you are thinking of is beneficial to that person.
+If so, it's the right thing to do, but if not, think again. "
+For those of us in this room, it's not just the poorest and most vulnerable individuals, it's the community, the culture, the world itself.
+And trends for those on the margins of our society, the poorest and most vulnerable, create great grounds for pessimism.
+But there are also great cases of optimism.
+Let's check both. The first is megatrends.
+A 2 or 3 degree climate change is built into the system.
+It will cause sea level rise. It causes salt water to accumulate in wells and land.
+Like population growth, it will disproportionately harm the poorest and most vulnerable.
+We dodged Paul Ehrlich's population bomb and ate like we were 20 billion, even though there aren't 20 billion in the next decade as he predicted. doing.
+And we consume so much that an increase of 6.5 to 9.5 billion over the lifetime of our grandchildren will disproportionately harm the poorest and most vulnerable.
+That is why they migrate to cities.
+That's why, in June of this year, we lost our status as a species with 51 percent of us living in cities, busties, shantytowns and shanty towns.
+Rural areas can no longer produce as much food as they used to.
+The Green Revolution never reached Africa.
+And we found that desertification, sandstorms, the Gobi Desert, and Ogaden are making it as difficult as it was 15 years ago to produce the same amount of calories per hectare.
+As such, humans are turning more and more to animal consumption.
+In Africa last year, Africans ate 600 million wild animals and consumed 2 billion kilograms of bush meat.
+And every kilogram of shrub meat contained hundreds of thousands of new viruses with unknown genome sequences that had never been charted.
+We are unaware of their suitability to cause pandemics, but we are ready for new zoonotic-borne diseases.
+It can be said that technology is growing more and more explosively.
+Most of us have benefited from that growth. But there's also the dark side of bioweapons and technology that pushes us on a collision course that fuels anger, hatred, and alienation.
+And indeed, with the rise of globalization, with some big winners and some even bigger losers, today's world is perhaps more diverse and unfair than it's ever been in history.
+One percent of us owns 40 percent of all goods and services.
+What if the 1 billion people living on less than $1 a day today increase to 3 billion in the next 30 years?
+1% of people will own over 40% of all goods and services in the world. Not because they got richer, but because the rest of the world got poorer and poorer.
+"This situation is unprecedented, unequal, unfair and precarious," Bill Clinton said at the TED Awards last week.
+So there are many reasons to be pessimistic.
+The root of Darfur is resource war.
+Last year, there were 85,000 riots (230 a day) in China that required police or military intervention.
+Most of it was about resources.
+We are facing an unprecedented number and scale of disasters.
+There are also weather-related, human rights-related, and epidemic-related.
+And with emerging diseases, the H5N1 virus and bird flu could be strange precursors to what's to come. It's an unstable world.
+And unlike the volatile world of the past, it will be broadcast on YouTube and can be viewed on digital TVs and mobile phones.
+What does it bring?
+For some, it will lead to anger, religious and sectarian violence, and terrorism.
+For others, withdrawal, nihilism, materialism.
+Where does it go for us as social activists and entrepreneurs?
+Are we disappointed or encouraged by these trends?
+Let's look at one case, the case of Bangladesh.
+First, even if carbon dioxide emissions stopped today, global warming would continue.
+And even with global warming, if you see this blue line, the dotted line shows that we will see sea level rise in the coming decades, even if greenhouse gas emissions stop today.
+The best case we can expect is sea level rise of at least 20 to 30 inches, and possibly 10 times that.
+What will it bring to Bangladesh? Let's see.
+Well, here is Bangladesh.
+Seventy percent of Bangladesh is less than five feet above sea level.
+Climb up to see the Himalayas.
+And we will watch them melt away with global warming. With more water pouring down, the deforested areas here in Terai will not be able to absorb the wastewater. Trees are like straws that absorb the excess water of the season.
+Now we are looking down south through the Kali Gandaki River.
+Many people must have trekked here.
+And we're going to cruise down and look at Bangladesh to see what impact the twin increases in water coming from the north and sea rising from the south.
+Let's take a look at the five major rivers that supply water to Bangladesh.
+And now let's look up from the south and see this in relief.
+Combined with increased currents from the Himalayas, sea levels will increase by at least 20 to 40 inches. and see this.
+As many as 100 million refugees from Bangladesh are expected to emigrate to India and China.
+This is the difficulty that a country faces.
+But if we look globally, wherever there are lowlands or densely populated areas near the ocean, we will see sea level rise that will challenge our way of life.
+Sub-Saharan Africa and even our San Francisco Bay Area.
+We are all working on this together.
+This is not what happens to strangers far away.
+Global warming is happening to all of us at the same time.
+So do emerging infectious diseases with names unheard of 20 years ago, such as Ebola, Lhasa, and monkeypox.
+We live in each other's viral environment because erosion of green belts separates animals from humans.
+Remember 20 years ago no one had heard of West Nile fever?
+And we have seen cases arrive on the East Coast of the United States and march west each year.
+Remember how no one knew about Ebola until they heard hundreds of people died from Ebola in Central Africa?
+Unfortunately, it's just the beginning.
+In the last 30 years, 30 new infectious diseases originating in species-skipping animals have emerged.
+That's more than enough reason to be pessimistic.
+But let's look at the optimistic case here. (Laughter) Enough bad news. Humanity has always faced challenges.
+Take a look at the list of Nobel Prize winners.
+We've been here before, when we were paralyzed by terror and paralyzed by inaction, some - perhaps one of you in this room - jumped into the breakthrough. founded Medicines, a socially responsible physician-like organization to combat the nuclear threat. Doctors Without Borders, Mohamed ElBaradei, who renewed our commitment to disaster relief, and the tremendous hope and optimism he brought to all of us, and to our own Muhammad Yunus.
+We have seen the eradication of smallpox.
+Polio may be eradicated this year.
+Last year, only 2,000 people were infected worldwide.
+Guinea worms may be eradicated next year. Only 35,000 cases remain worldwide.
+Twenty years ago it was 3.5 million.
+And we have seen a new disease that is different than 30 new emerging infectious diseases.
+This disease is called sudden wealth syndrome. (Laughs) It's an amazing phenomenon.
+Across the tech world, we're seeing young people suddenly suffering from a disease called affluent class syndrome.
+But they are leveraging their wealth in ways their ancestors never did.
+They don't wait until they die to create a foundation.
+They actively channel their money, resources, hearts and commitments to make the world a better place.
+Indeed, nothing could be more optimistic.
+There are other reasons to be optimistic. In the 60's, I am also a 60's creature, there was movement.
+We all felt that we were part of it, that a better world was just around the corner, that we were witnessing the birth of a world free of hatred, violence and prejudice.
+Today there is another kind of movement. It's a campaign to save the planet.
+It's just the beginning.
+Five weeks ago, a group of business activists rallied to stop a Texas power company from building nine coal-fired power plants that will contribute to environmental damage.
+Six months ago, a group of business activists joined forces with the Republican governor of California to pass AB 32, the most sweeping bill in environmental history.
+Al Gore made presentations to the House and Senate as an expert witness.
+Can you imagine? (Laughter.) As the evangelical community understands the desperation of global warming, we are witnessing an entente between science and religion that seemed unbelievable five years ago.
+And now 4,000 churches are participating in the environmental movement.
+It can be very optimistic.
+Europe's 20-20-20 plan is amazing progress and should make us all feel hopeful.
+And on April 14th, there was Step Up Day, a social activist movement that mobilized 1,000 individuals across the United States to protest against legislation pushing for legislation to stop global warming. It is scheduled to be
+And yesterday I learned that there will be Live Earth concerts around the world on July 7th.
+And you can feel this optimistic move to save the planet from the air.
+That doesn't mean people understand that global warming hurts the poorest and most vulnerable the most.
+It means that people are taking the first steps to act in their own interests.
+But I urge major funders like CARE, Rockefeller, the Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, Hewlett, Mercy Corp, you guys, Google, and many other organizations to do more than just primary prevention of global warming. I feel the beginning of understanding that there is But it is about secondary prevention of the impacts of global warming on the poorest and most vulnerable people.
+But for me, there is another reason why I am a hopeless optimist.
+And you guys have heard so many inspiring stories here, and last night I heard so much that I wanted to share a little of mine.
+My background is quite different from conventional medical education.
+And I lived in a monastery in the Himalayas and studied under a very wise teacher, but one day they kicked me out of the monastery and that's my destiny, I feel like Yoda I said it's your destiny to go to work. For WHO and to help eradicate smallpox at a time when no smallpox program existed.
+Smallpox was the worst disease in history, so we should be optimistic that it no longer exists.
+In the last century, seven years ago, smallpox killed 500 million people. This is more than all wars in history and more than any other epidemic in world history.
+In 1967, "Summer of Love," two million children died of smallpox.
+It's not ancient history.
+If you read the plague of boils in the Bible, it was smallpox.
+Pharaoh Ramesses V, pictured here, died of smallpox.
+To eradicate smallpox, the largest ever United Nations army had to be assembled.
+We visited every home in India and checked for smallpox. We visited 120 million homes once a month for almost two years.
+After nearly overcoming smallpox, a cruel reversal occurred. This is the realm of the last inch you have to learn as a social entrepreneur.
+When smallpox was nearly eradicated, smallpox returned again. Workers flocked to the business city of Tatanagar, where they could come and get jobs.
+And they contracted smallpox in the only remaining place where there was smallpox and went home to die.
+And they brought smallpox to ten other countries, reigniting the epidemic.
+And then had to start over.
+But in the end it succeeds and is the last case of smallpox. This girl, Rahima Bhanu, from Barisal, Bangladesh, had the last virus of smallpox out of her lungs and into the dirt as she coughed and breathed. And the sun killed the last virus, ending the greatest chain of terror transmission in history.
+Why can't we be optimistic?
+The disease that killed hundreds of thousands of people in India and blinded half the people blind in India is over.
+And most importantly for those of us in this room, a bond was born.
+Physicians and medical workers from 30 different nations, of every race, every religion, every color of skin, working together, fighting together, fighting a common enemy, not fighting each other.
+With that in mind, why can't we be optimistic about the future?
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+When it comes to pre-2008 connectivity, living in Africa means being on the cutting edge, both figuratively and quite literally.
+While many of humanity's intellectual and technological leaps have occurred in Europe and elsewhere, Africa has become somewhat cut off.
+And when the Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution happened, things changed, first with ships.
+And now the digital revolution is happening.
+These revolutions are not evenly distributed across continents and nations.
+I have never been.
+Well, this is a map of submarine fiber optic cables connecting Africa and the world.
+What amazes me is that Africa is moving beyond geography.
+Africa is connected to the rest of the world and to Africa itself.
+Connectivity has improved significantly, but some barriers remain.
+It is against this background that Ushahidi was born.
+One of the problems we faced in 2008 was the lack of information flow.
+When post-election violence broke out in Kenya in 2008, there was a blackout.
+It was a very tragic time. It was a very difficult time.
+So we got together and created a software called Ushahidi.
+Ushahidi means "witness" or "witness" in Swahili.
+I am very fortunate to have worked with two wonderful collaborators.
+This is David and Eric.
+I call them brothers from another mother.
+Obviously I have a German mother.
+And we first helped build and grow Ushahidi.
+The idea for this software was to collect information from SMS, email, and the web, see what was happening where, and create a map so you could visualize that data.
+And after that first prototype, we set out to create free, open source software so that others wouldn't have to start from scratch like we did.
+In the meantime, we also wanted to help grow Ushahidi and give back to the local tech community who supported us in the early days.
+That's why we founded iHub in Nairobi. iHub is a real physical space where we can collaborate and is now part of Kenya's integral technology ecosystem.
+We have done this with the support of various organizations such as the MacArthur Foundation and the Omidyal Network.
+And we were able to grow the footprint of this software, and after a few years it became a very useful piece of software. We were very humbled when it was used in Haiti to allow citizens to indicate where they are and what they need, and to address issues such as: Japan's nuclear crisis and the aftermath of the tsunami.
+Well, the Internet is 20 years old this year and Ushahidi is 5 years old.
+Ushahidi is more than just software we made.
+It is the team and the community that will use this technology in ways we could never have foreseen.
+I never imagined that there are so many maps in the world.
+There are crisis maps, election maps, corruption maps, and even environmental monitoring crowd maps.
+We are humbled that this has its roots in Kenya and that it will be of some help to people around the world who are trying to understand the various problems they face.
+There are other things we are working on to explore this idea of ​​collective intelligence. As a citizen, I can let you know what's going on by sharing information on any device I have. Similarly, you can get a bigger picture of what's going on.
+I returned to Kenya in 2011.
+Eric moved in 2010.
+A completely different reality. I used to live in Chicago, where internet access was plentiful.
+Never encountered a power outage.
+And in Kenya, the reality is quite different, and one of the things that remains despite progress and the digital revolution is power.
+The daily frustration of dealing with this can be very annoying.
+Blackouts are no fun.
+Please try to imagine. When you sit down to start working, suddenly the power goes out and your internet connection goes down. Now we have to figure out where the modem is and how we can put it back together.
+And what do you think? I have to deal with it again.
+Now, this is the reality of Kenya, where we live now, and the rest of Africa.
+Another issue we face is that communication costs are still a challenge.
+A call to the United States, Canada or China costs 5 Kenyan Shillings, or US$0.06.
+How much do you think it would cost to call Rwanda, Ghana and Nigeria?
+30 Kenyan shillings. This is six times the cost of connectivity within Africa.
+Also, when traveling within Africa, different mobile phone providers require different settings.
+This is the reality we are dealing with.
+There is a joke in Ushahidi that says, "If it works in Africa, it will work everywhere."
+[Most often, technology is used to define functionality. We use features to drive technology. ] What if you could overcome the problems of unreliable internet and electricity, and reduce connectivity costs?
+Can't you take advantage of the cloud?
+We built a crowd map, built an ushahidi.
+Couldn't we leverage these technologies to smartly switch between countries as we traveled?
+So we look at modems, an important part of the Internet's infrastructure, and why the modems we use today are built for different situations where the ubiquitous Internet and ubiquitous electricity are used. I asked myself. But we are sitting here in Nairobi and don't have that luxury.
+We wanted to redesign the modem for developing countries, our situation and reality.
+What if you could connect with less friction?
+This is BRCK.
+It acts as a backup for the internet, so in the event of a power outage it will fail over and connect to the nearest GSM network.
+Mobile connectivity is prevalent in Africa.
+It's practically everywhere.
+Most towns have at least a 3G connection.
+Why not take advantage of it? That's why we built this.
+Another reason we built this is that it has 8 hours of battery left in the event of a power outage, so you can keep working, stay productive, and feel less stressed.
+Also, in rural areas, this could be the primary means of connectivity.
+Ushahidi's software sensibilities are still at play when we think about how we can use the cloud to be more intelligent so that we can analyze different networks, and every time we turn on our backup can be selected. It has multi-SIM capability, so you can insert multiple SIMs. If one network is faster, go with it, and if its uptime is not so good, go with the next network.
+The idea here is to be able to connect anywhere.
+Load balancing makes this possible.
+Another interesting point for us, which we love about sensors, is the idea that they could be a gateway to the Internet of Things.
+Imagine a weather station attached to this.
+Built modularly, it can also connect satellite modules, thus enabling Internet connectivity even in very remote areas.
+Innovation can come from adversity. How can we help Kenya's ambitious programmers and makers to bounce back in the face of troubled infrastructure?
+And for us, it starts with solving problems in our backyards in Kenya.
+It's not without its challenges.
+Our team has basically operated as mules transporting parts from the United States to Kenya. We had a very interesting conversation with a customs and border officer.
+"What are you carrying?"
+Also, local funding is not part of the ecosystem for supporting hardware projects.
+So we put it up on Kickstarter. With the help of many people not only here but online, BRCK is now Kickstarted and now the interesting part of getting it to market begins.
+Finally, if this could be solved for the local market, it could impact not only programmers in Nairobi, but also small business owners who need reliable connectivity, and also reduce connectivity costs, hopefully He ends by stating that collaboration will also be possible. within African countries.
+The idea is that the building blocks of the digital economy are connectivity and entrepreneurship.
+BRCK is our role in keeping Africans connected and helping them drive the global digital revolution.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+I was born and raised in North Korea.
+My family always struggled with poverty, but as the only son and the youngest of the two in the family, I was always loved and cared for first.
+However, in 1994 the Great Famine began.
+i was 4 years old.
+My sister and I started looking for firewood at 5 in the morning and came back after midnight.
+I wandered the streets in search of food and remember seeing a small child strapped to his mother's back eating potato chips and trying to steal them from him.
+Hunger is a humiliation. Hunger is despair.
+Politics and freedom are unthinkable for a hungry child.
+On my 9th birthday my parents didn't give me food.
+However, even as a child, I felt the weight of their hearts.
+At that time, more than a million North Koreans starved to death, and in 2003, when I was 13, my father was one of them.
+I saw my father wither and die.
+In the same year, one day my mother disappeared, and after that my sister told me that I was going to China to earn money, but I would soon return with money and food.
+I didn't even hug her when she left because we had never been apart and thought we would be together forever.
+It was the biggest mistake I made in my life.
+But again, I didn't know it was going to be a long goodbye.
+Since then, I haven't seen my mother or my sister.
+Suddenly I was orphaned and homeless.
+My daily life has become so hard, yet so simple.
+My goal was to find a piece of dusty bread in the trash.
+But then there is no way to survive.
+I began to realize that begging was not the solution.
+So I started stealing from illegal market stalls.
+Sometimes they found small jobs in exchange for food.
+I once spent two months in a coal mine 33 meters underground during the winter, working up to 16 hours a day without any protection.
+I was not uncommon.
+Many other orphans survived this way, or worse.
+When I couldn't sleep because of the terrible cold and hunger pains, I hoped my sister would come back the next morning and wake me up with my favorite food.
+That hope kept me alive.
+It doesn't mean high hopes.
+It's that kind of hope that makes you believe there's bread in the next bin, when there's usually no.
+But if you don't believe it, you won't even try and you'll die.
+Hope kept me alive.
+I told myself every day that no matter how hard things were, I still had to live.
+After waiting for my sister's return for three years, I decided to go to China to find it myself.
+I realized that I could not live like this for long.
+I knew this trip would be dangerous, but I would be risking my life either way.
+I might starve to death like my father in North Korea, or at least I could flee to China and try to find a better life.
+I learned that many people were trying to cross the border into China in the middle of the night to avoid being seen.
+North Korean border guards frequently shoot people trying to cross the border without permission.
+Chinese soldiers capture North Koreans and repatriate them, where they face severe punishment.
+I decided to cross during the day, firstly because I was still a child and was afraid of the dark. Second, because I knew I was already taking risks. And because there weren't many people trying to cross during the day, I thought it might be possible. To pass without being seen.
+I arrived in China on February 15th, 2006.
+i was 16 years old.
+With so much food in China, I thought it would be easier.
+I thought more people would help me.
+But it wasn't free, so it was harder than living in North Korea.
+I was always afraid that I would be caught and sent back.
+Miraculously, a few months later, I met someone who ran an underground shelter for North Koreans, and for the first time in years I was allowed to live there and eat a normal diet.
+Later that year, an activist helped me escape China and go to the United States as a refugee.
+I went to America without speaking a word of English, but the social worker told me that I had to go to high school.
+Even in North Korea, I was an F student.
+(laughs) And I finally graduated from elementary school.
+And I remember getting into fights at school many times a day.
+Textbooks and libraries have never been my playground.
+My father tried very hard to motivate me to study, but to no avail.
+At some point my father abandoned me.
+He said, "You are no longer my son."
+I was only 11 or 12 and it hurt me deeply.
+Still, my motivation remained the same as before my death.
+So in America, being told you should go to high school was kind of silly.
+I didn't even go to junior high school.
+Without trying too hard, I decided to go because I was told to.
+But one day, when I got home, my adoptive mother had made chicken wings for dinner.
+And during dinner, I wanted to have another chicken wing, but realized it wasn't enough for everyone, so I didn't.
+As I looked down on my plate, I saw the last chicken wings my adoptive father gave me.
+I was very happy
+I saw him sitting next to me.
+He just looked back at me so warmly and said nothing.
+I suddenly remembered my biological father.
+My adoptive father's little act of love reminded me of my father, who was willing to share food with me even when I was hungry.
+In America, there is plenty of food, but my father died of starvation, and I felt very suffocated.
+My only wish that night was to cook a meal for him, and that night I also thought about what else I could do to honor him.
+And my answer was to honor his sacrifice by promising myself to study hard and get the best education in America.
+I took school seriously, won my first ever academic excellence award, and was on the dean's roster from the first semester of high school.
+(Applause.) Those chicken wings changed my life.
+(Laughter) Hope is personal. Hope is something no one can give you.
+You must choose to believe in hope.
+you have to make it yourself.
+I made it myself in North Korea.
+Hope brought me to America.
+But in America, with the overwhelming freedom, I didn't know what to do.
+At that dinner, my adoptive father gave me direction, motivated me, and gave me purpose in living in America.
+I didn't come here by myself.
+There was hope, but hope alone is not enough.
+Many people have helped me along the way.
+North Koreans are fighting hard to survive.
+They have to force themselves to survive, they have hope to survive, but they cannot survive without help.
+This is my message to you.
+Let's help each other while having hope for ourselves.
+Life can be difficult for anyone, no matter where they live.
+My adoptive father had no intention of changing my life.
+Likewise, you too may change someone's life with just a small act of love.
+A piece of bread can satisfy hunger, and hope gives you bread to live on.
+But I am confident that your act of love and compassion can save yet another Joseph's life and transform thousands of other Josephs who still have hope of survival.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Adrian Hong: Thank you, Joseph, for sharing a very personal and special story with us.
+I know you haven't seen your sister, but you said it's been exactly ten years. We wanted to give you the chance to message her as she might be able to see this.
+Joseph Kim: In Korean?
+AH: I can speak English as well as Korean.
+(laughs) JK: Okay, I'm not going to speak Korean any more, because I don't think I can do it without tears.
+Noona, it's been 10 years since we last met.
+I just wanted to say I miss you, I love you, and please come back and live with me.
+And I—Oh my God.
+I haven't given up hope of meeting you yet.
+Until I meet you, I promise to live happily, study hard, and never cry again.
+(Laughter) Yes, I'm looking forward to meeting you. If you can't find me, I'll look for you too. And I hope to meet you someday.
+Also, can I write a little message to my mom?
+AH: Yes, please.
+JK: I haven't spent a lot of time with you, but I know you still love me and maybe you still pray for me and care for me. You must be thinking.
+I just wanted to say thank you for letting me live in this world.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+Writing a biography is a strange thing.
+It was a journey, a journey, an exploration into the alien realm of other people's lives, taking me to places I never dreamed of going and still can't quite believe I did. Go, especially if you're an agnostic like me. Being Jewish, the life you have been exploring is that of Muhammad.
+For example, five years ago, I woke up each morning in misty Seattle to ask myself a question I knew was impossible. What happened on a desert night half the world away, almost half the history?
+So what happened on the night of 610 AD when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Koran on a mountain outside Mecca?
+This is a core mystical moment in Islam, and as such, of course defies empirical analysis.
+Still, this question didn't let me go.
+I was fully aware that to a worldly person like me, just asking that could be seen as downright disrespectful.
+(Laughter) And I plead guilty as I was charged. Because all exploration, whether physical or intellectual, is inevitably a transgression, an act of crossing boundaries.
+Still, some boundaries are larger than others.
+In other words, humans encountering God, as Muslims believe Muhammad did, is to the rationalist that this is a matter of wishful thinking rather than fact, and that, like all of us, , I also like to consider myself rational.
+That's why when we look at the oldest records we know of that night, we're even more struck by what didn't happen than what happened. Maybe because of this.
+Muhammad did not rise from the mountain as if he were walking on air.
+He didn't run down shouting "Hallelujah!"
+And "Bless the Lord!"
+He did not radiate light and joy.
+There was no chorus of angels, no celestial music, no exhilaration, no ecstasy, no golden aura surrounding him, no sense of his absolute preordained role as God's messenger.
+In other words, he did not dismiss the whole story as a godly allegory, something that could easily be offended.
+Quite the opposite.
+In his own reported words, he was initially convinced that what had happened could not be real.
+At best, he thought, it must have been a hallucination. Perhaps a trick of the eye or the ear, or perhaps his own mind, had a bad influence on him.
+At worst, possessed - he was captured by an evil djinn, a spirit trying to trick him and even squeeze his life.
+In fact, he was so convinced that he could only be a jinn-possessed Majnun that, when he found himself still alive, his first impulse was to finish the job himself and become the most It was to escape from fear by jumping off a high cliff. It was an experience that put an end to all experiences.
+So the man who came down that night trembled not with joy, but with primal fear.
+He was not overwhelmed by certainty, but by doubt.
+And that panicked disorientation, that destruction of everything familiar, that daunting realization of something beyond human comprehension can only be described as terrifying awe.
+Now that we use the word "great" to describe new apps and viral videos, this can be a little tricky to understand.
+We are protected from real fear, except perhaps a major earthquake.
+We close the door and crouch, convinced that we are in control, or at least hope to be controlled.
+We don't always have it and do our best to ignore the fact that not everything can be explained.
+But whether you are a rationalist or a mystic, whether you think the words Muhammad heard that night came from within or from without, it is clear that The thing is, he actually experienced it, and did so with such force that it shattered the senses. A look at himself and his world transforms this humble man into a radical advocate for social and economic justice.
+Fear was the only normal reaction, the only human reaction.
+Despite the fact that the earliest biographies of Islam contained suicidal thoughts, such as conservative Islamic theologians, the account is too human to argue that it should not be mentioned. .
+They claim that he never had a moment of doubt, let alone despair.
+Seeking perfection, they refuse to tolerate human imperfections.
+But what is the imperfection about doubt?
+When I read those early accounts, I realized that it was precisely Muhammad's suspicion that brought him back to life for me, and enabled me to begin to see him fully and to match him with the perfection of reality. I noticed.
+And the more I thought about it, the more I realized why he should have doubts. Because doubt is essential to faith.
+This may seem like an amazing idea at first, but remember, as Graham Greene once said, doubt is the heart of the matter.
+When all doubts are cast aside, all that remains is not faith, but absolute and ruthless belief.
+You are convinced that you have the truth -- necessarily implied by a capital T -- and this belief quickly evolves into dogmatism and justice. This means a demonstrative and overwhelming pride—arrogance—that I am so right. of fundamentalism.
+It must be one of history's multiple ironies that Islamic fundamentalists' preferred insults are the same ones once used by the Christian fundamentalists known as the Crusaders. "Heter", which means "unbelief" in Latin.
+Doubly ironic in this case, because their absolutism is actually the opposite of faith.
+In fact they are heathens.
+Like fundamentalists of all religions, they have no questions, only answers.
+They have found the perfect antidote to thought and the ideal refuge for the exacting demands of true faith.
+They need not toil for it, like Jacob wrestling with an angel through the night, like Jesus wrestling forty days and nights in the wilderness, or like Muhammad not only that night in the mountains, but all his life. The Koran continually urges the Prophet not to despair, and condemns those who most loftily proclaim that they know all there is to know and that only they are right.
+Yet we, the vast and still too silent majority, have yielded the public space to this extremist minority.
+We have allowed the violent Messianic West Bank settlers to claim Judaism, the homophobic hypocrites and misogynist bigots to claim Christianity, and the suicide bombers to claim Islam. rice field.
+And we have allowed ourselves to turn a blind eye to the fact that extremists are none of the above, whether they claim to be Christians, Jews or Muslims.
+They are their own cult, blood brothers imbued with someone else's blood.
+This is not faith.
+It's fanaticism and we should stop confusing the two.
+We must recognize that true faith has no easy answers.
+It's hard and stubborn.
+It involves a continual struggle, a continual questioning of what we think we know, wrestling with problems and ideas.
+It goes hand in hand with suspicion, and we have endless conversations with it, sometimes even consciously rebelling against it.
+And it is this conscious rebellion that allows me, an agnostic, to still have faith.
+For example, I believe peace in the Middle East is possible despite the ever-accumulating evidence to the contrary.
+I don't agree with this.
+I can't say I believe it.
+I can only believe it by believing it and committing myself, surrendering myself to the idea. And I do it precisely because there is a temptation to give up and throw my hands up and withdraw into silence.
+Because despair is self-fulfilling.
+If we say something is impossible, we act to make it impossible.
+And I refuse to live like that.
+In fact, most of us, whether atheists or theists, or in-between or in-between, and moreover, what drives us is doubt, and doubt. is to reject the nihilism of despair even though there is.
+We insist on believing in the future and each other.
+Call this naive if you like.
+I must say it is impossibly idealistic.
+But one thing is certain: call it human.
+Could Muhammad have changed his world so radically without such faith, without rejecting the arrogance of closed convictions?
+I'm afraid not.
+Having associated him as a writer for the past five years, he is outraged at militant fundamentalists who claim to speak and act in his name today in the Middle East and elsewhere. I don't think it's anything else.
+He would be appalled that half the population is oppressed because of their gender.
+He will be torn apart by violent sectarian divisions.
+He will cry out terrorism not only as a crime, but as a despicable farce for all he believed in and struggled for.
+He will say, as the Quran says, 'He who takes life takes the life of all mankind.'
+Whoever saves one life saves the life of all mankind.
+And he intended to commit himself to the difficult and difficult process of achieving peace.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+In the northwest corner of America, just off the Canadian border, is the small town of Libby, Montana. It is surrounded by pines and lakes, amazing wildlife and giant trees that scream at the sky.
+And there is a little town called Libby that I visited, which feels a little lonely, a little isolated.
+And in Libby, Montana, there's a quirky woman named Gayla Benefield.
+She's a woman of Russian descent, and despite being there most of her life, she's always felt a bit of an outsider.
+When I was in school, she told me she was the only girl who chose to do engineering drafting.
+Later in life, she got a job visiting houses and reading utility meters, including gas and electricity meters.
+She did that job during the day, and one thing in particular caught her eye. Many of them appeared to be in oxygen tanks.
+She found it strange.
+A few years later, her father died at the age of 59, five days before her pension was due.
+he was a miner.
+She thought he was just exhausted from work.
+However, a few years later her mother died. It seemed all the more strange because her mother came from a long family line that seemed to live forever.
+In fact, Geira's uncle is still alive and learning the waltz.
+I couldn't understand why Geira's mother died so young.
+It was an anomaly and she remained puzzled about the anomaly.
+And as she did so, other things came to mind.
+For example, she remembered when her mother broke her leg and went to the hospital. She took many x-rays. Two of them were x-rays of the legs. Not surprisingly, six of them were chest x-rays. - Ray, it wasn't.
+She was puzzled and puzzled about every part of her life and her parents' lives, trying to make sense of what she was seeing.
+She thought of her town.
+The town had a vermiculite mine.
+Vermiculite was used as a soil conditioner to make plants grow faster and better.
+Vermiculite was used to insulate lofts, and large amounts of vermiculite were placed under roofs to keep homes warm during the long Montana winters.
+Vermiculite was on the playground.
+It was on the soccer field.
+It was at the skating rink.
+What she didn't know until she started working on the problem was that vermiculite is a highly toxic form of asbestos.
+After solving the puzzle, she began telling everyone she could about what had happened, what had happened to her parents and the people she had seen in the oxygen tank at home that afternoon.
+But she was really surprised.
+She thought everyone would want to do something if they knew, but no one really wanted to know.
+In fact, she kept telling her neighbors, friends, and other people in the area about it, and it got so annoying that some of them eventually got together and made bumper stickers to display it proudly. rice field. Their car had a sign saying, "Yes, I'm from Libby, Montana. No, I don't have asbestosis."
+But Guira didn't stop. She continued her research.
+The advent of the internet definitely helped her.
+She spoke to everyone she could.
+She argued argument after argument, and finally she was lucky when a researcher studying the mining history of the area visited the town and told him her story. Of course, at first, like everyone, he didn't believe her, but when he returned to Seattle and looked it up for himself, he realized she was right.
+So now she had an ally.
+Nevertheless, people still didn't want to know.
+He was saying things like, "Well, if it was really dangerous, someone would have told me."
+"If that's really why people are dying, the doctors would have told us."
+Some men, accustomed to very hard work, said, "I don't want to be a victim.
+I cannot be a victim, and accidents happen in every industry. "
+Still, Guira continued, finally getting federal agents to come to town and successfully test 15,000 of the town's residents. And what they found was that the death rate in this town was 80 times higher than anywhere else. in the United States.
+It was 2002, and even at that moment, no one raised their hand to say, "Gayla, look at the playground where the grandchildren are playing."
+It is covered with vermiculite. "
+This was not ignorance.
+It was deliberate blindness.
+Intentionally blindness is a legal concept whereby the law presumes that a person is intentionally blinded if there is information that he can or should know, but for some reason remains ignorant. means
+you chose not to know
+There are a lot of intentional blindness these days.
+You can see the deliberate blindness in banks where thousands of people sold mortgages to people who couldn't afford them.
+You could see them in the banks when interest rate manipulation was going on and everyone around them knew what was going on, but everyone was zealously ignoring it.
+Intentional blindness can be seen in the Catholic Church, where child abuse has been ignored for decades.
+Intentional blindness may have been seen in the preparations for the Iraq War.
+Intentional blindness exists not only on such a grand scale, but also on a much smaller scale in families, homes and communities, especially in organizations and institutions.
+Companies investigating intentional blindness are sometimes asked questions such as, "Are there issues in the workplace that people are afraid to raise?"
+And when academics conducted such a survey of American companies, they found that 85 percent said yes.
+85% know there is a problem, but say nothing.
+And when we replicated the European survey and asked all the same questions, we found the exact same numbers.
+85 percent. It's so silent.
+Blindness is common.
+And what's really interesting is that when you go to a Swiss company, they say, "This is a Swiss problem."
+When I go to Germany, they say, "Oh, this is the German disease."
+You go to a British company and they say, 'Oh, the British are really bad at this thing.
+And really, this is a human problem.
+We are all intentionally blind under certain circumstances.
+Research shows that some people go blind because of fear. They fear retaliation.
+And some people become blind, thinking that whatever they see is useless.
+Nothing will change.
+Our protests and our opposition to the war in Iraq won't change anything, so why bother protesting?
+You should never see such things.
+And a recurring theme I always encounter is people saying, "Well, the people who actually see it are whistleblowers, and we all know what happens to them."
+So there is a profound myth about whistleblowers, first of all, that all whistleblowers are crazy.
+But what I've found in my travels around the world talking to whistleblowers is that they're actually very loyal and often very conservative people.
+They are very devoted to the facility they work in, and the reason they speak up and claim to meet is because they care so much about the facility and want to maintain its integrity. because
+And another thing people often say about whistleblowers is, 'Well, you see what happens to them, so it doesn't make sense.
+they are crushed.
+No one would want to go through something like that. "
+Nonetheless, a recurring tone when speaking to whistleblowers is pride.
+Reminds me of Joe Darby.
+We all remember the Abu Ghraib photographs that shocked the world and showed what the war was like in Iraq.
+But who remembers Joe Darby, the very obedient and good soldier who found and submitted those photos?
+And he said, "I'm not a judgmental person, but sometimes I cross the line.
+Ignorance is bliss, they say, but I can't stand things like this. "
+I spoke with British doctor Steve Borsin, who spent five years struggling to bring attention to dangerous surgeons who are murdering babies.
+And when I asked him why he did that, he said, "Well, it was actually my daughter who pushed me to do it.
+One night she came to me and said 'Dad, I can't let my kids die. Families and their associates returning from the Iraq War were so shocked by their mental state and the military's refusal to recognize and acknowledge their post-traumatic stress syndrome that they were forced to face legal and psychological consequences. A café was set up in the middle of the military town to provide excellent care. and medical assistance.
+And she said to me, "Margaret, I always said I didn't know what I wanted to be when I grew up.
+But I found myself in this cause and I will never be the same. "
+We enjoy so many freedoms today, hard-won freedoms. The freedom to write and publish without fear of censorship, a freedom I didn't have when I was last in Hungary. Freedom to vote, especially women, had to fight hard for it. The freedom of people of different ethnicities, cultures and sexual orientations to live as they wish.
+But freedom does not exist without its use. What whistleblowers do, and what people like Gayla Benefield do, is take advantage of the freedoms they have.
+And what they're ready to do is, yes, this is going to be an argument, and yes, I'm going to have a lot of arguments with my neighbors, co-workers, and friends, but I'm going to. to recognize that. You will be very good at this confrontation.
+I'm open to dissent because they make my arguments better and stronger.
+You can work with your opponents to do your job better.
+They are people of immense tenacity, incredible perseverance and an absolute determination not to be blind or silent.
+When I went to Libby, Montana, I visited an asbestosis clinic run by Gayla Benefield. There, some of the people in need of help and treatment entered through the back door at first because they didn't want to admit it. she was right
+I sat in the diner and watched as trucks zipped up and down the highway, hauling dirt out of the garden and replacing it with fresh, uncontaminated soil.
+I took my 12 year old daughter. Because I wanted my daughter to meet Gayla.
+And she said, "Why? What's the problem?"
+I said, "She's not a movie star, not a celebrity, not an expert, and she's the first to say she's not a saint.
+What's really important about Gayla is that she's normal.
+She looks like you and she looks like me.
+She had freedom and was ready to take advantage of it. "
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+I will never forget that day in the spring of 2006.
+I was a surgical resident at Johns Hopkins Hospital and I was on the emergency call.
+Around 2am, I got a call from the emergency room asking me to visit a woman with a diabetic ulcer on her leg.
+I still remember the smell of rotting flesh when I pulled the curtains to see her.
+And everyone present agreed that the woman was seriously ill and needed hospitalization.
+It wasn't asked.
+The question asked of me was another. It was, did she need an amputation too?
+Looking back on that night now, I would like to believe that I treated that woman that night with the same empathy and compassion that I showed to the 27-year-old newlyweds who came to the emergency room with me three days earlier. That's about it. Low back pain that turned out to be advanced pancreatic cancer.
+In her case, I knew there was nothing I could do to actually save her life.
+But I was determined to do whatever I could to make her feel more comfortable. I brought her a warm blanket and coffee.
+But more importantly, you see, I didn't pass any judgment on her. Because clearly she didn't do anything to cause this to herself.
+So, just a few days later, when I stood in the same emergency room and decided that the diabetic did indeed need an amputation, why did I despise her so fiercely?
+You know, this woman, unlike the woman the night before, had type 2 diabetes.
+she was fat
+And we all know it's due to overeating and not getting enough exercise, right?
+I mean, how hard can it be?
+As I looked down at her lying on the bed, I thought, if you were just a little bit more considerate, you wouldn't be in a situation where you're about to have your leg amputated by a doctor you've never met. thought.
+Why did I feel justified in judging her?
+I would like to say that I don't know.
+But in fact it is.
+In my youthful arrogance, I thought I understood her all.
+she ate too much She had bad luck.
+She got diabetes. The case has been resolved.
+Ironically, at that time in my life, I was also doing cancer research, specifically immune-based treatments for melanoma. And in that world I was practically taught to question everything, challenge all assumptions, and hold them as high as possible to scientific standards.
+But when it comes to a disease like diabetes that kills Americans eight times more often than melanoma, I never questioned the conventional wisdom.
+I actually thought the series of pathological events had been explained by science.
+Three years later, I realized how wrong I was.
+But this time I was the patient.
+Despite exercising 3-4 hours a day and following a dietary pyramid, I gained a lot of weight and developed what is called metabolic syndrome.
+Some of you may have heard of it.
+I have become insulin resistant.
+Insulin can be thought of as the master hormone that controls how our bodies react to the food we eat, whether we burn it or store it.
+This is technically called fuel splitting.
+Not being able to produce enough insulin is incompatible with life.
+And insulin resistance, as the name suggests, is when cells become increasingly resistant to the effects of insulin trying to do its job.
+Insulin resistance leads to diabetes. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas cannot keep up with resistance and produce enough insulin.
+Now, blood sugar starts to spike, and a series of pathological events spiral out of control, and can lead to heart disease, cancer, and even Alzheimer's and amputation, just like women did a few years ago.
+Out of that fear, I got busy making radical changes to my eating habits, adding and subtracting things that would almost certainly shock most people.
+I did this and, oddly enough, I lost 40 pounds, even though I was exercising less.
+As you can see, I don't think I'm fat anymore.
+More importantly, I am not insulin resistant.
+But most importantly, I was left with three burning questions that never went away. “I should be doing everything right, so how did this happen to me?”
+If the conventional wisdom about nutrition doesn't apply to me, is it possible that it doesn't apply to other people?
+And at the root of these questions is that I have become almost madly obsessed with trying to understand the true relationship between obesity and insulin resistance.
+Most researchers now believe that obesity is the cause of insulin resistance.
+Logically, if you want to treat insulin resistance, people have to lose weight, right?
+treat obesity.
+But what if we reversed it?
+What if obesity is not the cause of insulin resistance?
+In fact, what if it's a symptom of a deeper problem, the tip of the proverbial iceberg?
+We're clearly in the middle of an obesity epidemic, so I know that sounds crazy, but hear me out.
+What if obesity is a coping mechanism for a far more sinister problem going on beneath our cells?
+I'm not saying obesity is benign, but my point is that obesity can be the lesser of two adverse metabolic effects.
+Insulin resistance, as alluded to earlier, can be thought of as a reduction in the ability of cells to distribute fuel to properly burn and store some of the calories they consume.
+Insulin resistance deviates from this balance homeostasis.
+So when insulin tells a cell to burn more energy than it thinks is safe, the cell in effect says, "No, I'd rather store this energy." .
+And since fat cells actually lack most of the complex cellular machinery found in other cells, they're probably the safest place to store fat cells.
+Therefore, for many of us, about 75 million Americans, the appropriate response to insulin resistance is not actually to store it as fat, but rather to gain insulin resistance in response to being overweight. maybe not.
+This is a really subtle difference, but the implications can be profound.
+Consider the following parable. Think of the bruise you get on your shin when you inadvertently slam your foot against the coffee table.
+Sure, bruises hurt like hell, and you almost certainly don't like the discolored look, but we all know the bruise itself isn't the problem.
+The opposite is actually true. This is a healthy response to trauma, in which all immune cells rush to the site of injury to retrieve cellular debris and prevent the spread of infection elsewhere in the body.
+Now imagine we thought bruises were a problem and developed a culture centered around huge medical facilities and bruise treatments, ignoring the fact that people still bang their shins on coffee tables. please look. Masking cream, pain relievers, whatever.
+How much better would we be by addressing the cause rather than the effect—telling people to be careful when they walk across the living room?
+Getting the cause and effect right can make a big difference in the world.
+If I get it wrong, the pharmaceutical industry may still be doing well for its shareholders, but nothing will improve for people with bruised shins.
+cause and effect.
+So what I'm trying to say is that the causal relationship between obesity and insulin resistance may be wrong.
+Perhaps we should ask ourselves if insulin resistance could lead to weight gain and obesity-related illnesses, at least in most people.
+What if obesity is just a metabolic response to a more threatening underlying epidemic that we should be worried about?
+Let's take a look at some thought-provoking facts.
+30 million obese Americans in the United States do not have insulin resistance.
+By the way, they don't seem to be at a higher risk of disease than skinny people.
+Conversely, 6 million lean people in the United States have been found to be insulin resistant, and by the way, they appear to be at even higher risk of the aforementioned metabolic diseases than obese people.
+I don't know why, but it could be because in their case the cells haven't really figured out what to do with that excess energy.
+Therefore, if you are obese but may not be insulin resistant, and if you are thin but insulin resistant, this suggests that obesity may simply be a proxy for what is happening. I'm here.
+So what if we're in the wrong war: obesity instead of insulin resistance?
+Even worse, what if blaming the obese means blaming the victim?
+What if our basic ideas about obesity are wrong?
+Personally, I can no longer afford the luxury of arrogance, let alone the luxury of certainty.
+I have my own thoughts on what's at the heart of this issue, but I'm also broadly open to others.
+Well, everyone asks me all the time, so my hypothesis is this.
+If you ask yourself what your cells are trying to protect themselves from when they become insulin resistant, the answer is probably not too much food.
+You are more likely to have too much glucose, or blood sugar.
+We now know that refined grains and starches raise blood sugar levels in the short term, and there's even reason to believe that sugar can directly cause insulin resistance.
+Therefore, if these physiological processes are at work, I hypothesize that it may be the increased intake of refined grains, sugars and starches that is driving the obesity and diabetes epidemics. But you know, through insulin resistance, not necessarily just through insulin resistance. overeating and lack of exercise.
+A few years ago, when I lost 40 pounds (about 40 pounds), I lost weight simply by limiting these things. This clearly suggests that I have a bias based on personal experience.
+But that doesn't mean my prejudices are wrong, most importantly all of this can be scientifically tested.
+But the first step is to accept the possibility that our current beliefs about obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance may be wrong and need to be validated.
+I'm betting my career on this.
+Today I will dedicate all my time to working on this problem and will go wherever science leads.
+I've decided that what I can't do, and won't do anymore, is pretend I have answers when I don't.
+I was very humbled by all the things I didn't know.
+Over the past year, I have been fortunate to work with the country's finest team of diabetes and obesity researchers on this issue. And best of all, like Abraham Lincoln surrounded by rival teams, we did the same.
+We recruited a team of the brightest scientific rivals who have different hypotheses about what is at the heart of this epidemic.
+Some people think they are eating too many calories.
+Some believe that there is too much fat in the diet.
+Some people think there are too many refined grains and starches.
+But this team of interdisciplinary, highly skeptical, and highly talented researchers agrees on two things.
+First, this question is too important to keep ignoring because you think you know the answer.
+And second, if you're willing to be wrong, if you're willing to challenge conventional wisdom with the best experiments science has to offer, you can solve this problem.
+I know it's tempting to ask for an immediate answer to some behavior or policy, diet prescription, eat this instead of that, but if you want to get it right, you need to do more rigorous science. before writing that prescription.
+Briefly, to address this, our research program focuses on three metathemes, or questions.
+First, how do the different foods we eat affect our metabolism, hormones, and enzymes through what subtle molecular mechanisms?
+Second, based on these insights, can people make the necessary changes to their diet in a safe and actionable way?
+And finally, once we've identified what safe and practical changes people can make to their diet, how can we guide people's behavior in that direction so that it becomes the default, not the exception? can you?
+Just because you know what to do doesn't mean you always do it.
+Believe it or not, sometimes you have to put clues around people so they can be scientifically studied.
+I don't know how this journey will end, but at least this much is clear to me. It means you can't keep blaming overweight and diabetic people like I do.
+Most of them actually want to do the right thing, but they have to understand what it is and it works.
+I dream of a day when patients can lose excess weight and cure insulin resistance. Because, as medical professionals, we can get rid of our excess mental baggage and sufficiently heal our resistance to new ideas to return to our original ideal of openness. It's the spirit, the courage to throw yesterday's ideas away when they don't seem to work, and the understanding that scientific truth is not final and is always evolving.
+Staying true to that path is good for patients and good for science.
+If obesity is just a proxy for metabolic disease, what good is that proxy in punishing obese people?
+Sometimes I think of that night in the ER.
+7 years ago.
+I wish I could talk to that woman again.
+I want to tell her how sorry I am.
+As a doctor, I gave my best clinical care, but as a human being, I let you down.
+No judgment or contempt of mine was needed.
+You needed my empathy and sympathy. And most of all, you needed a doctor who thought you might not be letting the system down.
+Maybe the system I was a part of was letting you down.
+For those of you who are reading this right now, I hope you can forgive me.
+(applause)
+I'm going to talk about humor design. This is interesting, but it also extends to arguments about constraints and how humor is right in certain contexts and wrong in others.
+Well, I'm from New York, so I'm 100% happy here.
+In fact, it's ridiculous. Because when it comes to humor, 75 percent is the best performance you can expect.
+No one is 100% satisfied with her humor other than this woman.
+(Video) Woman: (Laughter) Bob Mankoff: That's my first wife.
+(Laughter) That part of the relationship worked.
+(Laughter) Now, let's take a look at this cartoon.
+One of the things I'm pointing out is that the cartoon comes out in the context of The New Yorker, that lovely Casron line, and in this context it looks like a pretty benign cartoon.
+It makes getting older a little more fun and people might like it.
+But, as I said earlier, you can't please everyone.
+I couldn't satisfy this man.
+"Another joke about an old white man. Hahaha. A witty one.
+That's fine, I'm young and rude sure, but one day you'll be old too, unless you die the way I want. "
+(Laughter) New Yorkers are a pretty sensitive environment, and it's easy for people to take their noses off the joints.
+And one of the things you notice is that it's an abnormal environment.
+Here I am the one person speaking to you.
+You are collective. You hear each other's laughter, you know each other's laughter.
+In The New Yorker, it's delivered to a wide audience, but when you actually see it, no one knows what other people are laughing at. And when you look at it, the subjectivity involved in humor is really interesting.
+Let's take a look at this cartoon.
+"Mind-boggling data on antidepressants."
+(Laughter) Sure, it's depressing.
+Now you would think, look, most people would have laughed at that.
+right? you thought it was funny
+Sounds like a funny cartoon in general, but let's take a look at some online research I've done.
+In general, about 85% of people said they liked it.
+19 people voted for the top 10. Ten people cast one vote.
+But look at individual reactions.
+"I love animals!!!!!" Look how much they love them.
+(Laughter) "I don't want to hurt them. It just doesn't sound very interesting to me."
+This person rated a 2.
+"I don't like to see animals suffer, even in cartoons."
+To people like this, I point out that I use anesthetic ink.
+Others found it amusing.
+This is indeed the nature of the distribution of humor in the absence of humor's contagiousness.
+Humor is a form of entertainment.
+All entertainment involves a bit of dangerous excitement that something might go wrong, but we still like things that are protected.
+That's the zoo. It's dangerous. the tiger is there
+Iron bars protect us. That's a lot of fun, right?
+It's a terrible zoo.
+(Laughter) A very politically correct zoo, but a bad zoo.
+But this is even worse.
+(Laughter.) So when you're dealing with humor in the context of The New Yorker, you have to see where that tiger goes.
+Where is the danger?
+How are you going to manage it?
+My job is to watch 1,000 comics every week.
+But The New Yorker can only publish 16 or 17 comics, and we have 1,000 comics.
+Of course, so many cartoons have to be rejected.
+Now, if we remove articles, we can fit more comics into the magazine.
+(Laughter) But I think it would be a big loss. A bearable loss for me, but still big.
+Cartoonists come through magazines every week.
+The average cartoonist in a magazine creates 10-15 ideas each week.
+But they will most likely be rejected.
+It is the nature of any creative activity.
+Many of them will disappear. some of them remain.
+Matt Diffie is one of them.
+Here is one of his cartoons.
+(Laughter) Drew Dernavich. "Improvised Accounting Night"
+"Here's the part of the show where you have the audience shout random numbers."
+Paul North. "He's fine. I wish he was a little more pro-Israel."
+(Laughter) Now I know a lot about rejection. Because when I dropped out of psychology school, actually dropped out, and naturally decided to become a cartoonist, I submitted 2,000 cartoons to The New Yorker between 1974 and 1977. is. , and 2,000 cartoons were rejected by the New Yorker.
+At one point, this rejection letter was written in 1977 -- [Unfortunately, the enclosed material is no longer available. Thank you for giving me the opportunity to consider it. ] — magically changed to this.
+[oi! You sold one. Not shit! You really sold comics to the New Yorker. ] (Laughter) Of course that didn't happen, but that's the emotional truth.
+And of course, it's not New Yorker humor.
+What is New Yorker Humor?
+Well, after 1977, I broke into The New Yorker and started selling comics.
+In 1980, I finally received my esteemed New Yorker contract, but it doesn't concern you, so I blurted out that part.
+Since 1980. "Dear Mr. Mankoff, on the drawing of any idea, confirm the agreement 'blah blah blah-blah-blah-blah-blah-'. "
+As for idea drawings, the word "cartoon" is not mentioned anywhere in the contract.
+The phrase "draw an idea" is a prerequisite for the New Yorker comics.
+So what is an idea diagram? An idea diagram is something you need to think about.
+It's not cartoons anymore. In order to turn it into a cartoon, the ideas of the cartoonist and the ideas of you are necessary.
+(Laughter) I'll list a few below, but you'll probably get the general idea of ​​my comics.
+"There is no justice in the world. There is justice in the world. There is justice in the world."
+This is what Lemmings believes.
+(Laughter) There's a kind of ambiguity about what this cartoon really is when the New Yorker and I comment.
+What is it, a cartoon? Is it really lemmings?
+No, it's us.
+You know, basically my view on religion is that any real conflict or any conflict between religions is who has the best imaginary friend.
+(Laughter) This is my most famous cartoon.
+“No, I have Thursday off.
+It has been reprinted thousands of times and completely ripped off.
+It's also in a thong, but zipped into "What's it never going to be good for you?"
+These seem like very different forms of humor, but they are actually very similar.
+In each case our expectations are disappointed.
+The story changes each time.
+There is incongruity and contrast.
+"No, I have Thursdays off. How about never doing that? That's never good for you?"
+What you have is the syntax of politeness and the message of being rude.
+That's exactly how humor works. It's a cognitive synergy that mashes up these two irreconcilable things and temporarily exists in your mind.
+He is both polite and rude.
+There is New Yorker politeness and verbal vulgarity here.
+Basically, that's how humor works.
+So you could say I'm a humor analyst.
+Now, E.B. White said that analyzing humor is like dissecting a frog.
+No one cares much and the frog dies.
+Well, I'm going to kill some people, but there won't be a genocide.
+But really, it makes me — take a look at this picture. This is a funny picture, "laughing spectators".
+There are people there, making a fuss, but everyone is laughing, everyone is laughing except one man.
+this man. who is he? he is a critic
+He's a humor critic, and in fact I can't help but be in that position when I'm at The New Yorker, which puts me in danger of becoming this person.
+Here is a small video made by Matt Diffee. This is how they imagine if we really exaggerate.
+(Video) Bob Mankoff: "Oh no.
+Huh.
+Oooh. Hmm. Too funny.
+Normally I would, but I feel sick.
+I enjoy being alone. perhaps.
+No, no. no.
+Overdraw. Draft.
+Just well drawn, but still not interesting enough.
+No no.
+Please, no a thousand times.
+(music) No, no, no, no [4 hours later] Hey, that was good, yeah, what happened?
+Office worker: Do you have ham and rye swiss cheese? BM: No.
+Clerk: Okay. Sourdough pastrami? BM: No.
+Office worker: Smoked turkey and bacon? BM: No.
+Office Worker: Falafel? BM: Let's see.
+Eh, no.
+Employee: Grilled cheese? BM: No.
+Company employee: BLT? BM: No.
+Office worker: Black Forest ham and mozzarella with apple mustard? BM: No.
+Employee: Green bean salad? BM: No.
+(music) No, no.
+Absolutely not. [A few hours after lunch] (Siren) No, get out of here.
+(Laughter) It's like exaggerating what I do.
+Well, we reject so many, many, many comics that there are so many books called "rejection collections."
+"The Rejection Collection" is not New Yorker humor at all.
+And you might notice the pooping butts of ventriloquist dummies drinking on the sidewalks here.
+See, that probably wouldn't be New Yorker humor.
+It was actually put together by one of the cartoonists, Matt Diffie.
+So here are some examples of rejection collection humor.
+"I'm thinking of having children."
+(Laughter.) There's something interesting about it – laughter with guilt, laughter against your better judgment.
+(Laughter) "Damn head. Help me."
+(Laughter) Well, actually, in the context of this book, "Cartoons You've Never Seen In The New Yorker," the humor is perfect.
+I'll explain why.
+Humor has the concept that it is a benign violation.
+In other words, to make something interesting, you have to be okay with it as well as it's wrong.
+If you think it's completely wrong, say, "That's not funny."
+If that's perfectly fine, what kind of joke is that? have understood?
+So this also applies to the benign, "No, I have Thursday off. Why don't you just stop? That's never going to be good for you?"
+That's rude. The world really shouldn't be like that.
+In that context, we feel it's fine.
+So in this context, "I'm an idiot, please help me" is a benign violation.
+In the context of The New Yorker magazine...
+"The T Cell Army: Can the Body's Immune Response Help Treat Cancer?"
+You are reading this clever content, a clever analysis of the immune system.
+If you look at this, does it say "I'm an idiot. Please help me"? God.
+Violation is therefore malicious. it doesn't work.
+It's not funny in and of itself.
+Everything fits within the context and our expectations.
+One way to look at it is this.
+This is called a meta-motivational theory about how we look, a theory about motivation and our moods and how our moods determine our likes and dislikes. Thing.
+When we are playful, we seek excitement.
+We want high arousal. We get excited then.
+If you're feeling purposeful, you're insecure.
+The "rejection collection" is exactly this field.
+You want to be inspired. I want to get excited.
+You want to sin
+It's kind of like an amusement park.
+Voice: Let's go. (shouting) He laughed. He's both in danger and in safety, and he's incredibly excited. no kidding. No joke needed.
+If you excite people enough, inspire them enough, they will laugh very little.
+This is also a manga of "rejection collection".
+"Too tight?"
+It's a cartoon about terrorism.
+New Yorkers occupy a completely different space.
+It's a playful, purposeful space in its own way, and comics are different in that space.
+Here's a cartoon the New Yorker drew right after 9/11. It's a very sensitive area where humor can be used.
+How would the New Yorker attack it?
+A guy with a bomb shouldn't say "too tight?"
+Or there was actually another cartoon that I didn't show because I thought it might offend people.
+Great cartoon by Sam Gross, this happened after the Muhammad controversy, there's Muhammad in heaven, the suicide bomber is in pieces, and he tells the suicide bomber "If you find a penis, get your virginity." I'll put it in,' he says.
+(laughs) It's better not to draw.
+I didn't draw any comics for the first week.
+It was a humor black hole, but it was just that.
+Not always appropriate.
+But the next week, this was the first cartoon.
+"I thought I couldn't laugh anymore, but then I saw your jacket."
+It was basically that if we were alive, we would laugh. we were trying to breathe
+we were meant to exist. There is one more thing.
+"I think the terrorists win without the third martini."
+These cartoons are not about them. they are us.
+That humor reflects on us.
+The easiest way to do it with humor is for friends to make fun of their enemies. This is perfectly legal.
+It's called temperamental humor.
+It's 95 percent humor. That's not our humor.
+Here is another cartoon.
+"I don't mind living in an Islamic fundamentalist country."
+(Laughter) Humor needs a target.
+But interestingly enough, in The New Yorker, the target is us.
+The target is the reader and the people who do it.
+This humor is introspective and makes us think about our assumptions.
+Watch this cartoon of Roz Chast reading an obituary.
+"Two years younger than you, twelve years older, three years younger, the age of the dots, exactly your age."
+It's a very deep cartoon.
+And so The New Yorker, in some way, is trying to make cartoons not only funny but also tell us something about us. There is one more thing.
+"I started vegetarian for health reasons, then it became a moral choice and now it's just to annoy people."
+(laughter) "Excuse me, I think there's something wrong with this, a small point that no one but me can pinpoint."
+So it focuses on our obsessions, narcissisms, our foils and shortcomings, and not really someone else's.
+The New Yorker demands some cognitive work on your part. And what it calls for is what Arthur Koestler, who wrote Acts of Creation about the relationship between humor, art, and science, called bisocialization.
+To understand comics, you have to put ideas together from different frameworks, and you have to do it quickly.
+It's not fun when the various reference frames don't combine within about half a second, but I think they do here.
+different reference frames.
+"You slept with her, didn't you?"
+(laughs) "Lassie! Help me!"
+(Laughter) It's called the French Army knife.
+(Laughter) And this is Einstein in bed. "It's too early for you."
+(Laughter) Well, there are some cryptic comics.
+Similarly, this cartoon will confuse many.
+How many people know the meaning of this cartoon?
+The dog is signaling that he wants to go for a walk.
+This is the catcher's signal to walk the dog.
+That's why we run a feature in our annual comics issue called "I Don't Understand: The New Yorker Cartoon I.Q. Test."
+(Laughter) It's weird that The New Yorker is messing with one more thing. As I have shown, discomfort is like the foundation of humor.
+Anything completely normal or logical is not interesting.
+But how incongruity works is that observational humor is humor within the realm of reality.
+"My boss always tells me what to do." Got it?
+it could happen. It's humor in the realm of reality.
+Here the cowboy says to the cow, "Very impressive. I want to find 5,000 more people like you."
+we understand that. It's absurd. But we combine the two.
+Here, to the extent of nonsense, "Damn Hopkins, didn't you get the note from yesterday?"
+That's a little puzzling, isn't it? I can't get enough of it.
+In general, people who enjoy more nonsense or more abstract art tend to prefer those types of things that are liberal and less conservative.
+But for us, and for me who help design humor, it makes no sense to compare one to the other.
+It's the kind of smorgasbord that makes everything interesting.
+So I'd like to summarize all this in a cartoon caption. I think this really sums up everything about The New Yorker cartoons.
+It makes me stop and think for a moment.
+(Laughter) Now, when you watch The New Yorker cartoons, I want you to stop and think a little more.
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. (applause)
+We would like to test this question that everyone is interested in: Should extinction be eternal?
+I have two projects in focus that I would like to talk to you about.
+One is the thylacine project.
+The other is the Lazarus Project, which focuses on stomach-chewing frogs.
+The obvious question is why did we focus on these two animals?
+Now, the first point is that each represents its own unique family.
+We lost our whole family.
+This means that most of the global genome has disappeared.
+I want it back.
+The second reason is that we killed these things.
+In the case of the sugar glider, unfortunately I shot everything I saw.
+we slaughtered them.
+In the case of a frog growing in its stomach, we may have "sterilized" it and died.
+A terrifying fungus called chytrid has spread all over the world and has nailed frogs all over the world.
+I think that's probably what caused this frog, and that humans are spreading this fungus.
+This introduces a very important ethical point. When it comes to this topic, I'm sure you've heard it many times.
+What I think is important is that if it is clear that we have made these species extinct, we not only have a moral obligation to consider what we can do about it, but we must do it. It's just that I feel I have a moral obligation to try something if I can.
+OK. Let me tell you about the Lazarus Project.
+It's a frog. And Mr. Frog, I think so.
+Yes, but this wasn't just any frog.
+Unlike normal frogs that lay their eggs in the water and leave to wish them well, this frog swallows the fertilized eggs, swallows them into its stomach where the food should be, and turns the eggs around without digesting them. I changed. Stomach enters the uterus.
+Eggs grew into tadpoles in the stomach, tadpoles in the stomach grew into frogs, and in the stomach, until the poor old frog was in danger of falling apart.
+A little coughing, hiccups, little frog droplets.
+Well, biologists were astonished to see this.
+They thought this was unbelievable.
+No animal, let alone a frog, is known to do this by transforming one organ of its body into another.
+And it's not hard to imagine that the medical community was outraged by this as well.
+If you can figure out how the frog manages its stomach system, is there any information it needs to understand or information you can use to help yourself?
+Now, I'm not saying you want your baby to grow in your womb, but I'm suggesting that you might want to manage the secretion of gastric juices in your gut.
+And just when everyone got excited about it, bang!
+has become extinct.
+I called my friend, Professor Mike Tyler of the University of Adelaide.
+He was the last person to have this frog, a colony of these organisms, in his lab.
+And I said, 'Mike, maybe—' This was 30 or 40 years ago.
+"Did you, by any chance, cryopreserve this frog's tissue?"
+So he thought about it, went to the minus 20 degree freezer and poured out everything in the freezer. At the bottom was a jar, inside which were these frog tissues.
+This was very interesting, but I had no reason to expect it to work. Because this tissue did not contain antifreeze, or cryoprotectant, to protect it when it was frozen.
+And normally when water freezes it expands, you know, and the same thing happens inside cells.
+When the tissue is frozen, the water expands and damages or ruptures the cell walls.
+Well, we looked at the tissue under a microscope.
+It actually didn't look bad. Cell walls appeared intact.
+So we thought let's do it.
+We did something called somatic cell nuclear transfer.
+A closely related live frog egg was collected and the nucleus was inactivated.
+I used UV light to do this.
+They took the dead nucleus from the dead tissue of an extinct frog and inserted it into the egg.
+Now, by rights, this is kind of like the cloning project that spawned Dolly, but it's actually a lot different because Dolly is from a live sheep into a live sheep cell.
+It was a miracle, but it was doable.
+What we're trying to do is take a dead nucleus from an extinct species, put it in a completely different species, and hope it works.
+Well, we tried hundreds of these, although there was no real reason to expect that to be the case.
+And just last February, when we last did these tests, I witnessed miracles starting to happen.
+What we discovered was that most of these eggs didn't work, but suddenly one of them started dividing.
+It was very exciting.
+And soon, an early-stage embryo, forming hundreds of cells, was born.
+We did a DNA test on some of these cells and found extinct frog DNA in them.
+So we are very excited. This is not a tadpole. not a frog.
+However, we have a long way to go to produce or revive extinct species.
+And this is news.
+We have not announced this publicly before.
+Now, we want this cell ball to initiate gastrulation and roll to generate other tissues.
+It goes further and produces tadpoles, then frogs.
+Check out this space.
+I think this frog will be jumping for joy when it comes back to the world again.
+(Applause.) Thank you.
+(Applause) I haven't done it yet, but please be ready to applaud.
+The second project I want to talk about is the Thylacine project.
+To most people, robins may look like dogs or even tigers because of their stripes.
+But it has nothing to do with any of them. It is a marsupial.
+Like koalas and kangaroos, pouch-rearing animals have a long and fascinating history dating back 25 million years.
+But it's also a tragic history.
+We first saw them in Australia's ancient rainforests about 25 million years ago, and the National Geographic Society is helping explore these fossil deposits.
+Among those fossils are amazing animals.
+I found a marsupial lion.
+I found a carnivorous kangaroo.
+There is no image of a kangaroo, but it is a carnivorous kangaroo.
+I found the biggest bird in the world, bigger than that one in Madagascar, and it was also carnivorous.
+And the crocodile was not acting at that time either.
+You think alligators are sitting in pools of water doing ugly things.
+These crocodiles were actually on land, climbing trees and pouncing on ground prey.
+Crocs dropped in Australia. they really exist.
+(Laughter) But it wasn't just other strange animals that they were dropping, they were also possums.
+There were five species of ostriches in that ancient forest, ranging from large to medium-sized to the size of a Chihuahua.
+Paris Hilton could have carried these things around in a small handbag until an alligator fell on her.
+It was a fascinating place anyway, but unfortunately Australia couldn't stay that way.
+Climate change has had a long-lasting impact on the world, with forests gradually disappearing, countries beginning to dry out, and the number of ostrich species beginning to decline, with only one species remaining by 5 million years ago.
+By 10,000 years ago, dingoes disappeared from New Guinea, and unfortunately by 4,000 years ago, someone I don't know brought dingoes (which are a very archaic breed of dog) to Australia. .
+And as you can see, dingoes are very similar in body shape to possums.
+That similarity probably means they competed.
+They ate the same kind of food.
+Aboriginal people may even have kept some of these dingoes as pets, thus giving them an advantage in the struggle for survival.
+All we know is that sugar gliders became extinct on mainland Australia shortly after the introduction of the dingo, after which only Tasmania survived.
+And, unfortunately, the next sad part of the possum's story is that the Europeans arrived in 1788, and what they valued, among them sheep.
+They took one look at the Tasmanian osmanthus and thought, 'Wait a minute, this isn't going to work.
+That man is going to eat all our sheep.
+It didn't actually happen.
+Wild dogs did eat some sheep, but sugar gliders had a terrible reputation.
+But soon the government said it was over, let's get rid of them, and paid people to slaughter everyone they saw.
+By the early 1930s, 3,000 to 4,000 possums had been killed.
+It was a disaster and I almost hit a wall.
+Please watch the footage of this movie.
+That's very sad. Because it's a fascinating animal, and it's amazing to think that we had the technology to photograph it before it really fell off the cliff of extinction. I didn't have any animals in danger. Molecules of concern regarding this kind of welfare.
+These are pictures of the last surviving possum, Benjamin, from Hobart's Beaumaris Zoo.
+To make matters worse, the animal that nearly wiped the species off the table was neglected and died. On a cold night in Hobart, keepers would not let this animal into the kennel.
+The animal died from exposure, and when they found Benjamin's body in the morning, they still didn't care much for it, so they threw it in the dumpster.
+Should I leave it as is?
+In 1990 I was at the Australian Museum.
+I was fascinated by the osmanthus.
+And I was studying skulls and trying to understand their relationship to other kinds of animals. Then I found this bottle. Inside the jar was a little girl possum cub, probably six months old.
+The man who found it and killed the mother had the puppy soaked in alcohol.
+As a paleontologist, I knew alcohol was a DNA preservative.
+But this was in 1990. I asked my geneticist friends if it would be possible to go inside this puppy and extract the DNA, and if it was there, at some point in the future I would use this DNA to bring about possums. I asked if I could. return?
+The geneticists laughed. But this was six years before Dolly.
+Cloning was science fiction.
+But suddenly cloning happened.
+And when I became director of the Australian Museum, I decided to give this a try.
+I put together a team.
+When we looked at what was inside the puppy, we did find possum DNA.
+It was truly an eureka moment. we were so excited.
+Unfortunately, a large amount of human DNA was also found.
+All the old curators in the museum saw this wonderful specimen, put their hands in the jar, took it out, thought, ``Wow, look at this,'' and threw it back in the jar and contaminated the specimen.
+And it worried me.
+If your goal here is to take the DNA and use it to try and get the possum back, then you don't want the information pushed into the machine, the steering wheel spinning and the lights flashing. . It was to pop a wrinkled old, horrible curator out the other side of the machine.
+That would have made the curator very happy, but it didn't make us happy.
+So we started looking back at these specimens, looking specifically at the teeth of the skull, a hard part of the skull that humans couldn't put their fingers into, and found much higher quality DNA.
+Discovered the nuclear mitochondrial gene.
+it's there. So I get it.
+OK. What can you do with it?
+In his book Regenesis, George Church mentions many of the rapidly advancing techniques for working with fragmented DNA.
+We hope to be able to put that DNA back into a viable form and incorporate it into the egg of the host species, just as we did with the Lazarus project.
+it must be a different species. what could it be?
+They are distantly related to possums.
+And the Tasmanian devil is about to pop out the osmanthus from the southern tip.
+Critics of the project say hang on.
+Owl, Tasmanian Devil? it will hurt
+No, it's not. These are marsupials.
+They give birth to babies the size of jelly beans.
+Tasmanian devils don't even know they've given birth.
+Soon you'll be thinking of having the world's ugliest Tasmanian devil cub, and you might need some help keeping it up.
+Andrew Pask and his colleagues have demonstrated that this may not be a waste of time.
+And it's kind of a future thing, we're not there yet, but it's the kind of thing that we want to think about.
+They took a piece of this same pickled possum DNA and spliced ​​it into the mouse genome, but whatever this possum DNA produces appears blue-green in the mouse baby. tagged.
+In other words, if the ostrich tissue is produced by the ostrich DNA, it will be able to recognize it.
+When the baby appeared, the inside was full of turquoise tissues.
+This indicates that if its genome can be put back and incorporated into a living cell, it will produce a possum.
+Is this a risk?
+They took a part of one animal and mixed it with the cells of another kind of animal.
+Are you going to get Frankenstein? Some kind of weird hybrid chimera?
+And the answer is no.
+If the only nuclear DNA that goes into this hybrid cell is ostrich DNA, it's the only thing that can pop out the other end of the devil.
+OK, if I can do this, can I undo it?
+This is an important question for everyone.
+Should it be left in the lab or can it be put back where it should be?
+Can it return to Tasmania's throne of the King of Beasts and restore its ecosystem?
+Or has Tasmania changed to the point where it is no longer possible?
+I have been to Tasmania.
+I have been to many areas where possums are common.
+I've also spoken to people like Peter Carter here, he was 90 years old when I spoke, and in 1926 this man, his father, and his brother were possums. caught
+And when I spoke to this man, I looked him in the eye and thought. “Behind the eyes is the brain that has memories of what the sugar glider feels like, smells like, and sounds like.”
+He led them to a rope and walked around.
+He has such a personal experience that I want my left foot burned into my head.
+We all want something like this to happen.
+Anyway, I asked Peter if he could take me to where he caught the possum, just in case.
+My interest was whether the environment had changed.
+he thought hard. It was nearly 80 years before he came to this hut.
+Anyway, he took us down this bush lane, and there was a hut right where he remembered it, and tears welled up in his eyes.
+he saw a hut we went inside.
+There was a wooden plank on the side of the hut where he, his father, and his brother slept at night.
+And he told me as if everything was rushing into the memory.
+"I remember the owls walking around the hut wondering what was inside," he said, noting that they were making noises like "Yip! Yip! Yip!" rice field.
+These are all part of his life and what he remembers.
+And the important question for me was to ask Peter. "Have things changed?"
+and he said no.
+A beech forest to the south surrounded his cabin, just as it did when he was there in 1926.
+The grasslands had been cleared.
+It is a typical possum habitat.
+And the animals in those areas were the same ones that were there when the possums were there.
+So can I put it back? yes.
+Is that all we can do? And this is an interesting question.
+In some cases it may be possible to undo it, but is that the safest way to ensure it never goes extinct again?
+I think it's starting to feel like a mantra of sorts, as more and more species are observed around the world, that wild animals are becoming less and less safe in the wild.
+I'd like to think so, but I know it's not.
+Other parallel strategies must come online.
+And this is what interests me.
+Some sugar gliders that were handed over to zoos, nature reserves and even museums had collar marks on their necks.
+They were kept as pets and we know a lot of bush stories and memories of people who had them as pets and they say they were wonderful and friendly.
+The child came out of the forest, licked the child, and curled up around the fireplace to sleep.
+And I would like to ask you a question. You have to think about this.
+If it wasn't illegal to keep these sugar gliders as pets back then, would they be extinct now?
+And I'm sure it won't.
+In today's world we need to think about this.
+If we bring animals closer to us in order to cherish them, maybe they won't go extinct?
+This is a very important issue for us. Because if we don't, we'll see more animals fall off cliffs.
+As far as I'm concerned, this is why we're trying to do this kind of extinction project.
+We are trying to restore the balance of nature that has been disturbed.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+good morning.
+My name is Eric Lee and I was born here.
+But no, I wasn't born there.
+This is Shanghai, where I was born, in the midst of the Cultural Revolution.
+My grandmother said she heard a gunshot with my first cry.
+When I was a kid, I was told stories that explained everything I needed to know about humans.
+It looks like this.
+All human societies develop linearly, starting with primitive societies, slave societies, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, and finally where do they end up?
+Communism!
+Sooner or later, all human beings will reach the final stage of political and social development, regardless of culture, language or nationality.
+All the peoples of the world will unite in this earthly paradise and live happily ever after.
+But before we get there, we are engaged in a struggle between good and evil, the good of socialism and the evil of capitalism, and the good will win.
+Of course, it was a meta-narrative extracted from Karl Marx's theory.
+And the Chinese bought it.
+We were taught that epic story day after day.
+It became part of us and we believed it.
+The story became a bestseller.
+About a third of the world's population lived under that meta-narrative.
+Then the world changed overnight.
+As for me, disillusioned with the religion I had failed in my youth, I moved to America and became a Berkeley hippie.
+(Laughter) Now, when I was growing up, something else happened.
+As if one big story wasn't enough, another story was told.
+This one was equally spectacular.
+It also argues that all human societies evolve linearly toward a single goal.
+This turned out to be: All societies, whether Christian, Islamic, or Confucian, regardless of culture, have gone from traditional societies in which groups are the basic units to atomized individuals as sovereign units, and all these individuals as sovereign units. We must progress to a modern society that is Rational by definition, they all want one thing: votes.
+They are all rational, so once given the vote, they will produce good government and live happily ever after.
+Paradise on earth, again.
+Sooner or later, electoral democracy will become the only political system for all countries and all peoples, and free markets will enrich everyone.
+But before we get there, we are embroiled in a struggle between good and evil.
+(Laughter.) The good belongs to the democrats, who are tasked with spreading it around the world, sometimes by force, against the evil of the unelected.
+(Video) George H.W. Bush: The New World Order...
+(Video) George W. Bush: ...end tyranny in our world...
+(Video) Barack Obama: ...a single standard for all who hold power.
+Eric X. Lee: Well -- (laughter) (applause) this story also became a bestseller.
+According to Freedom House, the number of democracies has increased from 45 in 1970 to 115 in 2010.
+For the past two decades, Western elites have tirelessly peddled this prospectus around the world. Political parties competing for political power and all voting for it is the only way to save long-suffering developing countries.
+Those who buy the prospectus are destined for success.
+Those who do not are doomed to failure.
+But this time the Chinese did not buy.
+Fool me once...
+(Laughter) The rest is history.
+In just 30 years, China has grown from one of the poorest agricultural countries in the world to the second largest economy.
+650 million people have been lifted out of poverty.
+China accounted for 80% of global poverty reduction during this period.
+In other words, all democracies, old and new combined, were a fraction of what the single one-party state did without the vote.
+See, I grew up with this stuff: food stamps.
+At one point, meat rations were a few hundred grams per person per month.
+Needless to say, I ate all my grandmother's.
+So I asked myself, what is wrong with this picture?
+Here in my hometown, my business is growing by leaps and bounds.
+Entrepreneurs launch companies every day.
+The middle class is expanding at a rate and scale unprecedented in human history.
+But according to the epic tale, nothing like this should happen.
+So I went and did what I could. i studied it.
+Yes, China is a one-party state run by the CCP, which does not hold elections.
+Three assumptions are made by the dominant political theory of our time.
+Such a system is operationally rigid, politically closed, and morally unjust.
+Well, that assumption is wrong.
+The opposite is also true.
+Adaptability, meritocracy, and legitimacy are three characteristics of China's one-party system.
+Now, most political scientists would say that one-party dictatorships are inherently incapable of self-correction.
+It doesn't last long because it doesn't adapt.
+Here are the facts.
+During its 64 years of running the world's largest country, the Party's policies have ranged from radical land collectivization to the Great Leap Forward, to farmland privatization, to the Cultural Revolution, to Deng Xiaoping's market reforms, and his successors. One Jiang Zemin took a giant political step by opening up party members to private businessmen, something unimaginable under Mao's rule.
+The party thus self-corrects in a rather dramatic way.
+Institutionally, new rules are enacted to correct previous malfunctions.
+For example, time limits.
+Once upon a time, political leaders held their positions for life and used them to amass power and perpetuate their own rules.
+Mao Zedong was the father of modern China, but his long reign made a disastrous mistake.
+Therefore, the party set a limit on the retirement age of 68 to 70 years old.
+We often hear that "political reform lags far behind economic reform" and "China desperately needs political reform."
+But this claim is a rhetoric trap hidden behind political bias.
+You see, some people decide a priori what kind of change they want, but only such changes can be called political reforms.
+The truth is, political reform never stops.
+Compared to 30, 20, or even 10 years ago, today every aspect of Chinese society, from the local level to the highest echelons, is oblivious to how the country is governed. .
+Such change is now impossible without political reform of the most radical kind.
+I dare to say here that the Party is the world leader in political reform.
+The second assumption is that in a one-party state, power is concentrated in the hands of a few, leading to misgovernment and corruption.
+Corruption is certainly a big problem, but let's look at it in the larger context first.
+Now, this may be counter-intuitive.
+The party is one of the most meritocratic political institutions in the world today.
+China's highest governing body, the Politburo, has 25 members.
+In the latest, only five of them were from privileged backgrounds, the so-called princes.
+The remaining 20, including the president and prime minister, came from quite normal backgrounds.
+In the larger Central Committees of more than 300 people, the share of those born to power and wealth was even smaller.
+Most of China's senior leaders have worked hard and competed to reach the top.
+If you compare the ruling elites in both developed and developing countries, you can see that the party is near the top in terms of upward aspirations.
+The question is, how is this possible in a system run by one party?
+Well, we have come to a powerful political institution little known to Westerners: the Party Organization Bureau.
+This department works like a giant talent engine that is the envy of even some of the most successful companies.
+It operates a rotating pyramid made up of three elements: civil servants, state-owned enterprises, and social organizations such as universities and community programs.
+These form separate yet integrated career paths for Chinese officials.
+They recruit college graduates for entry-level positions on all three tracks, starting from the bottom called "Kee Yuan" (clerk).
+They were then promoted through four ranks: Fuke (deputy manager), Ke (section manager), Fuchu (deputy manager), and Naka (deputy manager).
+This isn't a "karate kid" trick, is it?
+It's serious business.
+Jobs range from medical management in villages to foreign investment in urban areas to corporate managers.
+Once a year the department reviews their performance.
+They interview their superiors, colleagues and subordinates. They scrutinize their own personal deeds.
+They conduct polls.
+Then promote the winner.
+These executives can traverse all three paths throughout their careers.
+Over time, the good ones move beyond the four base levels to the fuju (deputy director) and ju (deputy director) levels.
+There they occupy high-ranking posts.
+By that point, a typical mission will be managing a district of several million people, or a company with hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue.
+To show how competitive this system is, in 2012 there were 900,000 Fuke and Ke levels, 600,000 Fuchu and Chu levels, and just 40,000 Fuju and Ju levels.
+After the ju level, the bright few move up a few more ranks and finally reach the Central Committee.
+This process will take 20 to 30 years.
+Does sponsorship play a role? yes of course.
+But merit remains the fundamental driving force.
+In essence, the organizational sector operates a modern version of a centuries-old leadership system in China.
+China's new president, Xi Jinping, is the son of a former leader, so it is highly unusual for him to occupy the top position.
+His career took 30 years, too.
+He started out as a village manager and by the time he entered the Politburo, he managed an area with a total population of 150 million and a GDP totaling $1.5 trillion.
+Now, don't get me wrong, okay?
+This is not blaming anyone. it's just a statement of fact.
+George W. Bush, do you remember him?
+This is not an accusation.
+(Laughter.) Barack Obama, before he became governor of Texas, or before he ran for president, the Chinese system couldn't appoint even a small county mayor.
+Winston Churchill once said that democracy is a terrible institution apart from everything else.
+Well, apparently he hadn't heard about the organizational department.
+Now, Westerners always assume that universal multiparty elections are the only source of political legitimacy.
+I once said, "This party was not elected.
+Where is the source of legitimacy? "
+I said, "What about your abilities?"
+We all know the facts.
+When the party came to power in 1949, China was mired in civil war and was torn apart by foreign aggression, with an average life expectancy of 41 years at the time.
+Today, the country is the world's second largest economy, an industrial powerhouse, and its people live in increasing prosperity.
+Pew Research surveyed the attitudes of the Chinese public, and here are the numbers for the past few years:
+Satisfaction with country direction: 85%.
+70% think their lives are better than they were 5 years ago.
+Those who expect a better future: a whopping 82%.
+The Financial Times surveys the attitudes of young people around the world, and these figures are all-new and just released last week.
+93% of China's Generation Y are optimistic about their country's future.
+Now, if this isn't legitimacy, I don't know what the legitimacy is.
+By contrast, most electoral democracies around the world have suffered a dismal track record.
+For this audience, there is no need to spell out just how dysfunctional it is, from Washington to the capitals of Europe.
+With few exceptions, the vast number of developing countries with electoral systems still suffer from poverty and civil war.
+Governments are elected, and within months their approval ratings drop below 50 percent, stay that way, and get worse until the next election.
+Democracy is becoming a perpetual cycle of choice and regret.
+I fear that it is not China's one-party dictatorship that is in danger of losing its legitimacy, but democracy.
+Now, I don't want to give the false impression that China is arrogant and on its way to becoming some kind of superpower.
+This country faces big challenges.
+The social and economic problems associated with such a major change are daunting.
+Pollution is one of them. Food safe. population problem.
+The worst political problem is corruption.
+Corruption is rampant, undermining institutions and their moral legitimacy.
+However, most analysts misdiagnose the disease.
+Corruption, they say, is the result of a one-party dictatorship, and to cure it, the entire system must be abolished.
+However, a closer look reveals that this is not the case.
+Transparency International has ranked China between 70th and 80th out of 170 countries in recent years, and its ranking is on the rise.
+India, the world's largest democracy, fell to 94.
+More than half of the 100 or so countries that rank below China are electoral democracies.
+So if elections are the panacea for corruption, why can't these countries fix it?
+Now I am a venture capitalist. I bet
+It wouldn't be fair to end this story without risking yourself and making some predictions.
+So here they are.
+China will surpass the United States in the next ten years.
+and become the world's largest economy.
+Per capita income will be near the top of all developing countries.
+Corruption will be curbed, but not eradicated, and China will rise 10-20 notches to TI above 60. Ranking.
+Economic reforms will accelerate, political reforms will continue, and the one-party dictatorship will consolidate.
+We live in the twilight of the times.
+Meta-narratives that make universal claims are failing us in the 20th century and failing us in the 21st.
+The metanarrative is the cancer that destroys democracy from within.
+There is one thing I want to clarify here.
+I am not here to denounce democracy.
+On the contrary, I think democracy contributed to the rise of the West and the creation of the modern world.
+Arrogance, a universal claim made by many Western elites about their political system, is at the heart of the current ailment of the West.
+If they spent a little more time imposing their ways on others, and a little more time reforming their domestic politics, they might give democracy a better chance.
+China's political model will never replace electoral democracy. Because unlike electoral democracy, it doesn't pretend to be universal.
+It cannot be exported. But that's exactly the point.
+The importance of the Chinese example is not to offer alternatives, but to demonstrate that alternatives exist.
+Let's put an end to this meta-narrative era.
+Communism and democracy may both be admirable ideals, but their days of dogmatic universalism are over.
+Stop telling people and children the only way we can govern ourselves and the only future all societies must evolve towards.
+wrong. It's irresponsible.
+And worst of all, it's boring.
+Let universality make way for pluralism.
+Perhaps more interesting times are coming.
+Do we dare to welcome it?
+thank you.
+(Applause.) Thank you. thank you. thank you. thank you.
+Bruno Giussani: Eric, I have a few questions for you.
+I think many people here, and in the West in general, agree with what you say about your analysis that democratic institutions are dysfunctional, but at the same time, what are the unelected authorities? For many people, there is a certain unease about the idea that it exists without form. Oversight or consultation determines what the national interest is.
+What is the mechanism in the Chinese model that allows people to say that the national interest you defined is actually wrong?
+EXL: As you know, political scientist Frank Fukuyama called the Chinese regime “responsive authoritarianism.”
+It's not entirely correct, but I think it's something close to it.
+So I know China's largest polling company, right?
+Do you know who their biggest customer is?
+Chinese government.
+Not from the central government, city government, state government to the most local neighborhoods.
+They are always investigating.
+Are you happy with your garbage collection?
+Are you satisfied with the overall direction of the country?
+So China has a different kind of mechanism to respond to people's demands and ideas.
+What I'm saying is that we need to get out of the idea that there's only one political system that can make the political system quick: elections, elections, elections.
+In fact, I don't know if elections around the world produce responsive governments.
+(Applause) BG: A lot of people seem to agree.
+One of the hallmarks of democratic institutions is that they are a forum for civil society to express itself.
+And you gave the numbers about government and official support in China.
+But you've just mentioned other factors, such as big challenges, and of course there's a lot of data going the other way. Tens of thousands of riots, protests and environmental protests.
+In other words, the Chinese model seems to suggest that civil society has no room outside the party to express its views.
+EXL: China has a vibrant civil society, whether it's environment or possessions.
+But it's not. you won't recognize it
+This is because, according to the Western definition, the so-called civil society must be separate from or at odds with the political system, a concept foreign to Chinese culture.
+For thousands of years there have been civil societies, but they are coherent and coherent, part of the political order, and I think this is a big cultural difference.
+BG: Eric, thanks for sharing this at TED. EXL: Thank you.
+There's an old joke that when a cop walking in the middle of the night meets a man under a streetlight looking at the ground and moving left and right, the cop asks him what he's doing.
+The men say they are looking for the key.
+So the police take their time looking through the whole thing, form a little queue and look for a couple of minutes.
+No key.
+Cop: "Are you sure?
+Hey buddy, is it true that you lost your key here? "
+Then the man said, "No, I actually lost it on the other side of the road, but it's brighter here."
+(Laughter) There's a concept called "big data" that's been a hot topic lately.
+And they're talking about all the information we interact with and generate on the internet. This includes everything from Facebook and Twitter to music downloads, movies, streaming, and everything from TED livestreams. .
+And big data folks say their biggest problem is that we have too much information.
+The biggest problem is how to organize all that information.
+Working in the field of global health, I can say that it is not the biggest problem.
+Because, for us, light is better on the internet, but the data that would help us solve the problem we are trying to solve doesn't really exist on the internet.
+So, for example, we do not know how many people are currently affected by disasters or conflict situations.
+As for clinics in developing countries, we basically don't know which clinics have drugs and which don't.
+I don't know what the supply chain for those clinics is like.
+We don't know how many children were born in Bolivia, Botswana or Bhutan, or how many children there are. This is really amazing to me.
+I don't know how many children died last week in those countries.
+We do not know the needs of the elderly and the mentally ill.
+We know basically nothing about all of these different very important issues and very important areas that we want to solve.
+And one of the reasons we know nothing at all is that the information technology systems we use in the global health sector to find data to solve these problems are what we see here. because it is
+This is technology that is about 5,000 years old.
+Some of you may have used it before.
+Now being phased out, we still use it in 99% of our products.
+This is a paper form.
+And what you are looking at is a paper form in the hands of a nurse from the Indonesian Ministry of Health. He must have been walking around the Indonesian countryside on a very hot and humid day. You knock on thousands of doors over weeks and months, knock on doors and say, "Excuse me, I have a few questions for you.
+Do you have children? Has your child been vaccinated? "
+Because the only way to really know how many children in Indonesia have been vaccinated and what percentage has been vaccinated is actually not on the internet, but by going out and knocking on the door. Because it's knocking on tens of thousands of doors, sometimes.
+Sometimes it takes months or even years to do something like this.
+As you know, it probably takes two years to complete the Indonesian census.
+And, of course, the problem with all of this is that there are all paper forms. My point is that there is a paper form for everything. There are paper forms for vaccination surveys.
+We have paper forms to track who come to our clinic.
+There are paper forms for tracking medicine supplies and blood supplies. All these different paper forms for different topics have a single common endpoint, and the common endpoint looks like this:
+What we're looking at here is a truckload of data.
+This is data from a single district, single vaccination coverage study in Zambia that I participated in several years ago.
+The only thing everyone wanted to know was what percentage of Zambian children were vaccinated. This is data collected on paper over several weeks from a single district, such as a county in the United States.
+You can imagine that for the entire country of Zambia, we only need to answer one question...
+It is like this.
+Stacks of data pile up on top of one another, track after track.
+And to make matters worse, it's only the beginning.
+Because, of course, when all the data is collected, someone, unfortunate, has to enter it into a computer.
+When I was a graduate student, I was actually such a disappointing person.
+Let me tell you, I often didn't pay much attention.
+Possibly, I made a lot of mistakes that no one was able to discover, which reduced the quality of the data.
+But eventually, hopefully that data is put into a computer, someone can start analyzing it, and you have an analysis and a report, and hopefully you can get the results of that data collection and give it to your child. can be used to better vaccinate people. .
+Because if there is anything worse in the world's public health arena than children on this planet dying from vaccine-preventable diseases, diseases that cost a dollar for vaccines? ​I don't know.
+And millions of children die each year from these diseases.
+And the truth is, we don't really know how many children die from the disease each year, so the millions figure is a rough estimate.
+What's even more frustrating is that the data entry part that I did as a graduate student can sometimes take six months.
+It can take two years to enter that information into a computer. And in practice, it often doesn't happen.
+Now let's think for a moment.
+There were hundreds of teams.
+They went out on the scene to answer specific questions.
+You probably spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on fuel, copies, per diems, and so on.
+And if for some reason the momentum is lost or the money is gone, no one will actually enter the money into the computer, so it all goes to waste.
+The process just stops.
+always happens.
+This is the foundation of our decision-making in global health. Little data, old data, no data.
+So in 1995 I started thinking about how to improve this process.
+Well, it's 1995--obviously, it was a long time ago.
+It's kind of scary considering how long ago it was.
+The top movie of the year was Die Hard with a Vengeance.
+As you can see, Bruce Willis had a lot more hair back then.
+I worked at the Centers for Disease Control and had more hair back then.
+But for me, the most important thing I saw in 1995 was this.
+It's hard for us to imagine, but back in 1995, this was the ultimate elite mobile device.
+It wasn't an iPhone. It wasn't a Galaxy phone.
+It was a palm pilot.
+And when I first saw the PalmPilot, I thought, "Why can't I put forms on this PalmPilot?"
+And would you go into the field with just one PalmPilot that can hold tens of thousands of paper forms?
+Why not do it?
+Because if you can do that, if you can actually collect the data electronically, digitally from the beginning, you can shortcut the whole process of typing, getting someone to type into a computer.
+You can jump right into the analysis and go straight to using the data to actually save lives. "
+So that's what I started doing.
+While working for the CDC, I began visiting various programs around the world and training them to use PalmPilots instead of paper for data collection.
+And it actually worked.
+It worked exactly as everyone expected.
+what do you know
+In fact, digital data collection is more efficient than paper collection.
+While I'm at it, my business partner Rose, who's here with her husband Matthew, was doing similar work for the American Red Cross.
+The problem is, after a few years of doing that, I realized I was in maybe 6 or 7 programs. And if I keep doing this at this pace, I'll probably go to maybe 20 or 30 programs throughout my career.
+But the problem is, like training 20 or 30 programs to use this technology, 20 or 30 programs is just a drop in the bucket.
+This demand, the need for data to run better programs in the healthcare sector alone, not to mention all other sectors in the developing world, is enormous.
+There are millions of programs, millions of clinics that need to track drugs, millions of vaccine programs.
+Some schools need to track attendance.
+Getting the data you want requires a lot of work.
+And I realized that if I continued on this path, I would basically have no impact by the end of my career.
+So I started scratching my head and wondering what the process I was doing was.
+How were you training people and what were the bottlenecks and obstacles to doing it faster and more efficiently?
+And unfortunately after thinking about this for a while, I identified the main obstacle.
+And the main stumbling block was me, after all, which I found sadly.
+So what does that mean?
+I developed the process that I am at the heart of this technological world.
+If you wanted to use this technology, you had to contact me.
+You should have known of my existence.
+Then you had to find money for me to go to your country and money to pay for my hotel bill, per diem, per diem.
+So it could be $10, 20, or $30,000 if you actually had the time, or if your schedule worked and you weren't on vacation.
+The point is that any system that depends on one person, or two, three, or five people, will not scale.
+And this is a problem that requires this technology to scale, and it needs to scale now.
+So I basically started figuring out how to remove myself from the picture.
+And you know, I was thinking, 'How can I get myself out of the picture?
+for quite some time.
+I've been taught that the way technology is distributed in international development has always been consultant-based.
+All the time men who look like me fly from countries that look like me to other countries where there are people with darker skin.
+And you go there and spend your money on flights, time, per diems, hotels, and so on.
+As far as I know, that's the only way the technology can be distributed, and I didn't see a way around it.
+But a miracle happened -- I'll call it Hotmail for short.
+You may not think of Hotmail as a miracle, but for me it was. Because when I was wrestling with this problem -- at the time I was working mostly in sub-Saharan Africa -- I noticed. Every healthcare worker I worked with in sub-Saharan Africa had a Hotmail account.
+And so I thought. “Wait a minute, I know that Hotmail personnel did not fly to the Kenyan Ministry of Health to train them on how to use Hotmail.
+So they are distributing technology and spreading the power of software, but they are not actually flying around the world.
+I need to think more about this. "
+With that in mind, people, like us, started using more things this way.
+They started using LinkedIn, Flickr, Gmail, Google Maps, all of this.
+Of course, they are all cloud-based and require no training.
+No programmer needed.
+They don't need consultants.
+Because the business models of all these businesses demand that they be simple enough to use themselves with little or no training.
+Just hear about it and visit the website.
+So I thought, what if I build software that does what I've been consulting for?
+Instead of training people how to paste forms on their mobile devices, let's create software that allows people to do it themselves, without training and without my involvement.
+And that's exactly what we did.
+So we created a piece of software called Magpi with online form creation.
+no one needs to talk to me Just ask about it and visit the website.
+You can create a form and once you have created a form you can push it to various popular mobile phones.
+Clearly, today we're past the PalmPilot and moving to mobile phones.
+Also, it doesn't have to be a smartphone. It could even be a basic Symbian cell phone, like the one on the right, which is very common in developing countries.
+The great thing about this is that it's exactly like Hotmail.
+It's cloud-based and requires no training, programming or consultants.
+But it also has some additional benefits.
+When we built this system, we found that, as with PalmPilots, the gist of it was to be able to collect data and quickly upload it to get a data set.
+But what we find, of course, is already on the computer, so we can provide maps, analysis and graphs on the fly.
+A process that took two years can be compressed into five minutes.
+Incredibly efficient.
+Cloud-based, no training, no consultants, no me.
+And I said I probably trained about 1,000 people in the first few years of trying to do this the old-fashioned way.
+What happened after doing this?
+In the three years that followed, 14,000 people found the website and signed up, providing data for disaster response, Canadian pig farmers tracking pig diseases and pig herds, and people seeking medical supplies. I started using it to collect data such as what I am tracking.
+One of my favorite examples, the IRC (International Rescue Commission), has a semi-literate midwife using a $10 mobile phone and using our software to keep track of births and deaths on a weekly basis. I have a program that sends a one-time text message. With this, the IRC offers something that no one in the global health field has ever been able to do. It's a near real-time system that counts babies, knows how many children have been born, and knows how many children there are in Sierra Leone. This is really happening and we know how many children are dying.
+Human rights doctors -- and this is a bit outside the health field -- they basically train people in the Congo to test people for rape. There this is a terrible epidemic and they are using our software to create documents. Evidence such as photographs can be found to bring the perpetrator to justice.
+Camfed, Another UK-Based Charity -- Camfed pays girls' families to send them to school.
+They know this is the most important intervention they can do.
+They tracked spending, attendance, and grades on paper.
+It took about 2-3 years for the teacher to write down the grades and attendance and write the report.
+It's real time now.
+And because it's a very low-cost system, cloud-based, with tens of thousands of girls across the five countries Camfed operates in, the total cost could be $10,000 a year. Become.
+It's less than I used to travel for two weeks just for consulting.
+So, like I said before, when we were doing it the old-fashioned way, we realized that all our work was really just a drop in a bucket -- 10, 20, 30 different programs. I was.
+We've made a lot of progress, but at this point we recognize that even the work that 14,000 people have done with it is still a drop in the bucket.
+But something has changed, so I think it's clear.
+What's changed now is that instead of expanding the program at such a slow pace that we can never reach everyone who needs us, we no longer need people to contact us.
+We've created tools to help programs get kids to school, track how many babies are born and how many die, and help catch and successfully prosecute offenders. You can do all these different things to get a closer look at what's going on. To understand more, to see more...
+And to save lives and improve lives.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+The next 18 minutes will take you on a journey.
+And it's a journey you and I have been on for many years, and it began some 50 years ago when humans first stepped off the planet.
+And in those 50 years, not only have we literally and physically set foot on the moon, but we have sent robotic spacecraft to every planet (all eight), landed on asteroids, rendezvous with comets. bottom. And at this point we have a spaceship heading for Pluto, once known as a planet.
+And all of these robotic missions are part of a larger human journey. To understand something, to feel our place in the universe, to understand our origins, and how the earth, our planet, and all of us who live there live. It's a trip. became.
+And of all the places in the solar system where we might go in search of answers to questions like this, there is Saturn. And we've visited Saturn before -- in the early 1980s -- but the Cassini spacecraft, which had been traveling in interplanetary space for seven years, was in orbit around Saturn. Since gliding, our Saturn survey has become more detailed and detailed. It was established in the summer of 2004, making it the most remote robotic outpost mankind has ever built around the Sun at that time.
+Well, the Saturn system is a rich planetary system.
+It offers mystery, scientific insight, and decidedly unparalleled magnificence, and the investigation of this system spans the vast cosmos.
+In fact, just by studying rings alone, we can learn a lot about the disks of stars and gas called spiral galaxies.
+And here is a beautiful photo of the Andromeda Nebula. The Andromeda Nebula is the largest spiral galaxy closest to the Milky Way.
+And this is a beautiful composite image of a spiral galaxy taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
+So the journey back to Saturn is actually a much larger journey to understand the interconnectedness of everything around us and how humans fit into that big picture. It is part of the human journey and a metaphor for it.
+And I'm sorry I can't tell you everything we learned with Cassini.
+I can't show you all the beautiful pictures I've taken over the last two and a half years. Because we don't have time.
+So I want to highlight two of the most exciting stories that have emerged from this massive expedition we've been conducting around Saturn over the past two and a half years.
+Saturn has a very large and diverse collection of moons.
+They range in size from several kilometers in diameter to the size of the entire United States.
+Most of the beautiful pictures we've taken of Saturn are actually of Saturn and some of its moons together. This is Saturn with Dione. Next, Saturn shows the rings head-on, along with the moon Enceladus, showing how vertically thin the rings are.
+Now, two of Saturn's 47 moons stand out.
+Titan and Enceladus. Titan is Saturn's largest moon and, until Cassini's arrival there, was the largest single unexplored landform remaining in the solar system.
+And it is an object that has long intrigued planetary observers.
+It has a very large and thick atmosphere, and indeed its surface environment was thought to be more similar to that found on Earth, or at least in the past, than other bodies in the Solar System.
+Its atmosphere is mostly molecular nitrogen, just like you breathe in this room, except that its atmosphere is filled with simple organic substances like methane, propane, and ethane. .
+These molecules then break down in the upper reaches of Titan's atmosphere, and the products combine to form haze particles.
+This haze is everywhere. It's completely global and encompasses Titan.
+And that's why our eyes can't see all the way to the surface of the earth in the visible region of the spectrum.
+But these fog particles are speculated to have drifted gently to the surface over billions of years before we got there on Cassini, covering the surface with a thick layer of organic sludge.
+I mean, we didn't know if it was the equivalent of tar or petroleum, or the equivalent of Titan, or what.
+But this is what we suspected. And these molecules, especially methane and ethane, can become liquid at Titan's surface temperature.
+And it turns out that methane is to Titan what water is to Earth.
+It was a condensate in the atmosphere, and the realization of this situation brought to light a whole world of strange possibilities. Methane clouds may exist, but hundreds of kilometers of fog are above them, preventing sunlight from reaching the surface.
+The surface temperature is about 350 degrees Fahrenheit below zero.
+However, despite its cold weather, it is possible for rain to fall on Titan's surface.
+And what rain does to Earth, it does to Titan. The rain creates canyons. It forms rivers and cataracts. You can create canyons. It can accumulate in large basins and craters.
+It can wash sludge from high mountain peaks and hills down to the lowlands. So let's stop and think for a moment.
+Imagine what the surface of Titan looks like.
+It's dark. Noon on Titan is as dark as deep twilight on Earth.
+It may be cold, spooky, foggy, raining, and you may be standing on the shore of Lake Michigan filled with paint thinner. (Laughter) This is the surface view of Titan that we had before arriving on Titan in Cassini. And what we found with Titan, while not the same in detail, is just as compelling in every way. The story.
+And for us, it was like Jules Verne's adventures come true for the Cassini people.
+As I said earlier, there is a heavy and vast atmosphere.
+Here is a photo of Titan backlit by the Sun with the ring as a beautiful backdrop.
+And there is yet another month and I don't even know which month it is. It has a very spacious atmosphere.
+Cassini has instruments that can see through this atmosphere to the surface, and my camera system is one of them.
+And I took this photo.
+And what you're seeing are light areas and dark areas, as far as we've figured it out.
+It was so mysterious. We couldn't figure out what we were looking at on Titan.
+If you look closely at this area, you'll start to see what looks like winding waterways -- we didn't know that. I can see some round ones.
+It was later discovered that this was actually a crater, but Titan's surface has very few craters, which means it is a very young surface.
+And there is also terrain that looks like crustal movement.
+It looks pulled apart.
+When you see something like a line on the planet, it means there was a crack like a fault.
+And it caused a crustal shift.
+But it wasn't until after six months into orbit, in what many consider the highlight of Cassini's exploration of Titan, that we could make sense of the image.
+That was the deployment of the Huygens spacecraft. The European-built Huygens probe that Cassini carried across the solar system for seven years. It deployed into Titan's atmosphere, descended over two and a half hours, and landed on the surface.
+And I want to emphasize how important this event is.
+This is a man-made device that landed in the outer solar system for the first time in human history.
+This is so important that in my mind this was an event that should have been celebrated with a ticker tape parade in every city in the US and Europe, but unfortunately it wasn't.
+(laughter).
+It was important for another reason. This was an international mission, and the event was celebrated in Germany in Europe, with celebratory presentations in English, American, German, French, Italian and Dutch accents.
+It was a moving demonstration of what the term "United Nations" means: a true federation of nations united to do great things for good.
+And in this case, exploring planets and understanding planetary systems that have been unreachable throughout human history is a big undertaking, and this time humanity has been able to touch it.
+It was - I mean, just talking about it gave me goosebumps.
+It was a very emotional event that I personally will never forget and neither should you.
+(applause).
+But anyway, the rover made atmospheric measurements during its descent and also took panoramic photos.
+And words can't describe what it felt like to see the first pictures of Titan's surface from the rover. And this is what we saw.
+And it was shocking. That's because the other pictures taken from orbit were all we wanted.
+It was a clear pattern, a geological pattern.
+This is a dendritic drainage pattern that can only be formed by liquid flow.
+And if you follow these channels, you can see how it all converges.
+And they converge here into this channel and flow into this area.
+you're looking at the coastline
+Was this a fluid coastline? we didn't know.
+But here is a bit of a coastline.
+This photo was taken at 16 km.
+This photo was taken at the 8km point, right? coastline again.
+Well, 16 kilometers, 8 kilometers, which is about the altitude of the plane.
+If you are traveling across the United States by air, you will be flying at these altitudes.
+Here's a view from the Titania Airlines window while flying over Titan's surface. (Laughter) And finally, the rover landed on the surface. Ladies and gentlemen, I present to you the first photographs taken from the lunar surface in the outer solar system.
+And here is the horizon, okay?
+This is probably water ice pebbles, right?
+(applause).
+And apparently it landed in one of these flat, dark areas and never disappeared from sight. So what we landed on was not fluid.
+The place where the probe landed was basically a tidal flat equivalent to Titan.
+This is unconsolidated ground filled with liquid methane.
+And it's likely that this material was washed out of Titan's highlands through the channels we've seen, and over billions of years it drained and filled the lowland basins.
+And it was there that the Huygens spacecraft landed.
+But still, there was no sign of a wide open fluid body in our images, or in the Huychen family images.
+where were they? Things got even more puzzling when we found the dunes.
+OK, here's a video of Titan's equatorial sand dunes. These dunes are 100 meters high, are kilometers apart, and stretch for miles and miles.
+There are hundreds of dunes, up to 1,000 or 1,200 miles.
+This is the Titan of the Sahara Desert.
+It's obviously a very dry place, otherwise dunes wouldn't occur.
+So, again, the absence of liquid masses became puzzling, but finally we saw lakes at the poles.
+The Antarctic region of Titan has a lake scene.
+It's about the size of Lake Ontario.
+And just a week and a half ago, we flew over Titan's North Pole and again discovered a feature the size of the Caspian Sea.
+So the liquid, for whatever reason, apparently seems to be at Titan's poles, at least this season.
+And I think we can all agree that Titan has turned out to be an amazing and mysterious place. It is exotic, alien, yet strangely Earth-like, with Earth-like strata and tremendous geographic diversity, the only rival in the solar system for complexity and richness being the Earth itself. It's a fascinating world.
+And now we're heading to Enceladus. Enceladus is a small moon, about one-tenth the size of Titan. It is displayed next to Great Britain to show its size. This is not intended to be intimidating.
+(laughter).
+And Enceladus is very white, very bright, its surface clearly destroyed by cracks.
+It is a geologically very active celestial body.
+However, the mother vein of the Enceladus discovery was found in Antarctica. And we're looking here at Antarctica, where this fracture system was discovered.
+And due to the different composition, they have different colors.
+coated. These cracks are coated with organic material.
+In addition, temperatures are rising across the region, across the Antarctic region. It's the hottest place on earth.
+It's as strange as discovering that Antarctica on Earth is hotter than the tropics.
+And when we took additional pictures, we found jets of fine ice particles extending hundreds of miles into space from these fissures.
+And when you color-code this image to reveal faint light levels, you can see these jets sending out plumes that actually travel thousands of miles into space above Enceladus in other images.
+My team and I have been looking at images like this and images like this and thinking about other results from Cassini.
+We then conclude that these jets may be erupting from pockets of liquid water beneath Enceladus' surface.
+So there is probably liquid water, organic matter, and excess heat.
+In other words, we may have encountered the holy grail of modern planetary exploration, in other words, a potentially hospitable environment for life.
+And that the discovery of life elsewhere in our solar system, whether on Enceladus or elsewhere, would have enormous cultural and scientific impact, I do not need to say. I don't think so.
+Because if we could prove that creation occurred not once but twice independently in our solar system, it would speculate that it happened an astonishing number of times throughout the universe and its 13.7 billion year history. because it means
+At this time, Earth is the only planet known to be teeming with life.
+It's priceless, it's unique, and so far, the only home we've ever known.
+And if any of you were wary and methodical in the 1960s -- and forgive me if not -- the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1968 You may remember the very famous photo of the octopus.
+This was the first time the Earth was photographed from space, and it had a huge impact on our sense of our place in space and our sense of responsibility to protect it.
+Now, we at Cassini have taken the first-ever photo equivalent to this, never before seen by the human eye.
+A total solar eclipse seen from the other side of Saturn.
+And in this incredibly beautiful picture, you can see the main ring backlit by the Sun, showing a refracted image of the Sun, showing that the ring was actually created by Enceladus' exhaled breath.
+But as if that wasn't enough, in this beautiful image we can find a view of our planet cradled in the arms of Saturn's rings.
+Now, there is something deeply moving about looking at yourself from a distance and capturing the sight of a small blue ocean planet in the skies of another world.
+And that, and the perspective I get from it, may, after all, be the greatest reward from this voyage of discovery that began half a century ago.
+And thank you very much.
+(applause)
+cloud.
+Have you noticed how much people mourn about them?
+They get a bad reputation.
+Come to think of it, English has a built-in negative association with clouds.
+People who are depressed or depressed are under the clouds.
+And when bad news awaits, clouds gather on the horizon.
+I saw an article the other day.
+It was about computer processing issues over the Internet.
+"A cloud above a cloud" was the headline.
+Apparently, these are hopeless metaphors that everyone has by default.
+But I think it's beautiful.
+It's just that their beauty is missed because they are so ubiquitous, I don't know, they are so commonplace that people just don't notice them.
+They don't notice its beauty, but they don't notice the clouds unless they get in the way of the sun.
+Therefore, people consider clouds to be a nuisance.
+They see them as annoying and frustrating obstacles, and they hurried away, thinking fantasies.
+(Laughter.) But if you stop and ask, most people will admit to having a strange love for clouds.
+It's a kind of nostalgic nostalgia that reminds me of my youth.
+Who doesn't remember searching for shapes in clouds as a kid and finding them?
+Remember when you were a master of fantasy?
+We know what the ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes meant 2,500 years ago when he described the cloud as the patron goddess of lazy people.
+Unfortunately, these days, we adults seem to be reluctant to allow ourselves the luxury of letting our imagination run wild.
+I think we should probably do a little more.
+Perhaps we should look at the beautiful sight of the sun breaking through the clouds and think a little further, "Wait a minute, that's two cats dancing salsa!" .
+(Laughter.) (Applause.) Or look at the big, white, puffy snowman across the shopping center, and it looks like a hideous snowman robbing a bank.
+(Laughter) These are sort of the natural versions of the inkblot images that were used to show patients in the 60's. Considering the shapes you see in the clouds, I think you can save money on psychoanalysis. invoice.
+Let's say you're in love have understood?
+And what do you see when you look up?
+right? Or maybe vice versa.
+Everywhere you look there are couples who have just been dumped by their partners and are still kissing.
+(Laughter) Maybe you have existential anxiety.
+You are thinking of your own death.
+And death is on the horizon.
+(Laughter) Or you might see people sunbathing topless.
+(laughter) What does that mean?
+what does that mean? I have no idea.
+But I do know one thing. The bad publicity the cloud gets is totally unfair.
+I think we should stand up for them and that's why I founded the Cloud Appreciation Society a few years ago.
+It currently has tens of thousands of members in about 100 countries around the world.
+All the pictures I'm introducing are sent by members.
+And society exists to remind people that clouds are nothing to lament.
+Far from it. In fact, they are nature's most diverse, evocative, and poetic facets.
+I think you can keep your feet firmly planted on the ground by living in the clouds from time to time.
+I'll use some of my favorite cloud types to explain why.
+Let's start with this. It is a cirrus cloud, named after a Latin word meaning a strand of hair.
+It consists entirely of ice crystals flowing from the upper troposphere, and as these ice crystals fall, they pass through different layers with different winds, speeding up and slowing down, creating clouds like this. Gives the appearance of brush strokes. Stroke format known as Fall Streak.
+And these winds can be very violent.
+200 mph, sometimes 300 mph.
+These clouds are bombarding their way, but when viewed from far below, like most clouds, they appear to move slowly and gracefully.
+So attuned to the clouds means slowing down and calming down.
+It's like a little meditation every day.
+Those are common clouds.
+What about something more unusual, like a UFO-shaped lenticular cloud?
+These clouds occur in mountainous areas.
+When the wind passes, rises and crosses the mountain, the wind draws a wave-like trail downwind of the peak, these clouds are floating on top of an invisible standing wave of air, like a flying saucer It has the shape And some of the early black-and-white UFO photos are actually lenticular clouds. That's true.
+A little unusual is the waterfall hole. have understood?
+This is because the layer is made up of very cold water droplets that begin to freeze in one area and this freezing sets off a chain reaction in which the ice crystals cascade down and spread outwards to the next. give it a look. Jellyfish vines below.
+Even more rare are the Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds.
+Not a very nice name. A brand change is required.
+This looks like a series of crashing waves and is caused by shear winds. Winds are very different above and below the cloud layer, creating air swells in between. The difference in speed is just right, and the crest of the swell swirls like a beautiful crashing wave.
+have understood. These are more rare clouds than cirrus clouds, but not so rare.
+Look up and turn your attention to the sky and sooner or later you will see them. It may not be as dramatic as this, but you will definitely see it.
+And you'll see them around where you live, too.
+Clouds are nature's most equal expression. Because we all have great sky views.
+And these clouds, these rare clouds, remind us that we can find the exotic in our everyday lives.
+Nothing feeds and inspires energy and exploration like surprise and wonder. That's why we're all here at TED, isn't it?
+But you don't have to rush away from the familiar world to be amazed.
+You just have to go out and pay attention to things that are so mundane and mundane that everyone else misses.
+One cloud that people rarely miss is the cumulonimbus cloud.
+It produces thunder, lightning and hail.
+These clouds spread upward into a giant anvil that extends up to 16 miles into the atmosphere.
+They represent the majestic architecture of our atmosphere.
+But seen from below, they are the embodiment of the force and power of the powerful elements that move our atmosphere.
+To be there is to feel connected in the pouring rain and hail, to feel connected to our atmosphere.
+Remember that we are creatures that live in this sea of ​​air.
+We don't live under the sky. we live in it
+And that connection, that instinctive connection with our vibe, feels like an antidote to me.
+It's an antidote to the growing tendency to force us to feel like we can actually experience life by watching it on our computer screen while we're in a Wi-Fi zone.
+But the cloud that best describes why cloudspotting is more valuable than ever today is this cloud, the cumulus cloud.
+right? Formed on a sunny day.
+If you close your eyes and think of clouds, you probably think of one of these clouds.
+The first cloud forms were all cumulus clouds.
+The sharp, crisp contours of this terrain make it the perfect terrain for finding shape.
+And it is a reminder of the aimless nature of crowdspotting, what an aimless activity it is.
+The world doesn't change even if you lie on your back and look up at the sky, right?
+it's pointless. It's a pointless activity, but that's why it's so important.
+The digital world conspires to make us feel perpetually busy, perpetually busy.
+You know, when you're not dealing with the traditional pressures of making a living, putting food on the table, supporting your family, and writing thank-you letters, you can't respond to a ton of unanswered emails or write a Facebook page. You have to fight with updating the . , feed the Twitter feed.
+And crowdspotting justifies doing nothing.
+(Laughter.) And sometimes we need — (applause.) Sometimes we need an excuse to do nothing.
+We ask the patron goddesses of our lazy brethren to slow down and be in the present, instead of thinking about what we should or should have done, but just be here and take it out of the ordinary. You have to remember to let your imagination run free. It's good for you, and it's good for your mood to just live in the moment without worrying about it here.
+That's good for your ideas. It's good for your creativity.
+It's good for your soul.
+So keep looking up, marvel at the fleeting beauty, and remember to always live life with your head in the clouds.
+thank you very much.
+(applause)
+Throughout the history of computers, we have strived to close the gap between us and digital information, the gap between the physical world and the on-screen world where our imaginations can flourish.
+And this gap is getting shorter and shorter, and now it's less than a millimeter (the thickness of the touch screen glass), making the power of computing available to everyone.
+But I wondered what would happen if there were no boundaries at all.
+I started imagining what this would be like.
+First, we created this tool to invade the digital space. A hard press on the screen transfers its physical body to the pixels.
+Designers can embody their ideas directly in 3D, and surgeons can practice on virtual organs below the screen.
+So using this tool breaks this boundary.
+But our hands are still off screen.
+How can we take full advantage of our manual dexterity to get inside and interact with digital information?
+At Microsoft Applied Sciences, I worked with my mentor, Cati Boulanger, to redesign computers and turn the tiny space above the keyboard into a digital workspace.
+By combining a transparent display with a depth camera that senses your fingers and face, you can lift your hands from the keyboard, reach into this 3D space, and grab pixels with your bare hands.
+(Applause) Because windows and files have locations in real space, selecting them is as easy as picking up a book from a shelf.
+Then you can flip through the book, highlighting lines and words with the virtual touch pad below each floating window.
+Architects can directly stretch and rotate the model using both hands.
+So in these examples we are reaching out into the digital world.
+But what if we reversed that role and let digital information reach us instead?
+I'm sure many of you have had the experience of buying something online and then returning it.
+But now you don't have to worry about that.
+What I got here is an online extended fitting room.
+This is the view you get from a head-mounted or see-through display when the system recognizes your body shape.
+Taking this idea a step further, I started thinking, how can we make these pixels in our space physical so that we can touch them instead of just see them?
+What would such a future look like?
+At the MIT Media Lab, my advisor, Hiroshi Ishii, and collaborator, Remi Post, created this one physical pixel.
+In this case, this spherical magnet acts like a 3D pixel in space. This means that both computers and humans can move this object anywhere within this small 3D space.
+What we did was essentially cancel gravity and control movement by combining magnetic levitation with mechanical actuation and sensing techniques.
+And by programming objects digitally, we free them from the constraints of time and space. This means that human actions can be recorded and replayed and immortalized in the physical world.
+The choreography can therefore be physically taught over distance, recreating Michael Jordan's famous shooting as a physical reality over and over again.
+Students can use this as a tool to learn about complex concepts such as planetary motion and physics, and unlike a computer screen or textbook, it is a real, tangible experience that can be touched and felt. Very powerful.
+And even more exciting than physically changing what's currently inside our computers is to start imagining how the programming of the world will change even our everyday physical activities.
+(Laughter) As you can see, digital information not only shows us something, but it starts acting directly on us as part of our physical environment without separating us from the world.
+We started today by talking about boundaries, but when you remove those boundaries, all that's left is your imagination.
+thank you.
+(applause)
+(music) (applause) (music) (end of music) (applause) Robbie Mizone: Thank you.
+Tommy Mizon: Thank you.
+As he said, we are three brothers from New Jersey. As you know, it is the bluegrass capital of the world.
+(Laughter) We discovered bluegrass a few years ago and fell in love with it.
+The next song is an original we wrote called "Time Lapse" and it probably lives up to its name.
+(tuning) (music) (music ends) (applause) TM: Thank you.
+RM: I would like to take a moment to introduce the band.
+His 15-year-old brother Tommy is playing the guitar.
+(Applause) Johnny is ten years old playing the banjo.
+(Applause.) He's also our brother.
+And I'm Robbie, 14, playing fiddle.
+(Applause.) As you can see, we decided to be tough on ourselves and decided to play three songs in three different keys.
+(Tuning) Right. Also, many people want to know where the name "Sleepy Man Banjo Boys" came from, so I'll explain.
+So it started when Johnny was little, and when he first started playing the banjo, he was playing on his back with his eyes closed, and we thought he looked like he was sleeping. Told.
+So you can probably piece the rest together.
+TM: I'm not sure why.
+(music) (applause) (music) (music ends) (applause) TM: Thank you.
+(cheers) RM: Thank you.
+Start with a question. Anyone know about the blue-green algae problem?
+Yes, I think most people do.
+I think we can all agree that this is a serious problem.
+No one wants to drink blue-green algae-contaminated water or swim in a blue-green algae-infested lake.
+right?
+Don't be discouraged, I won't be talking about blue-green algae today.
+Instead, I'll talk about the main root cause of this problem. Let's call this the phosphorus crisis.
+Why did I decide to talk about the phosphorus crisis today?
+The reason is simple, no one is talking about it.
+And I hope that by the end of my presentation, the public will become more aware of this crisis and this issue.
+Now the question is, why am I in this situation with cyanobacteria?
+The answer is in the way we farm.
+Chemical fertilizers are used in our agriculture.
+Why do we use chemical fertilizers in agriculture?
+Basically, to help plants grow and produce better yields.
+The problem is that this will create unprecedented environmental problems.
+Before I go any further, please give me a crash course in plant biology.
+So what do plants need to grow?
+Quite simply, plants need light and CO2, but more importantly, they need nutrients to draw from the soil.
+Some of these nutrients are essential chemical elements such as phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium.
+Therefore, plant roots extract these resources.
+Today we will focus on a big issue related to phosphorus.
+Why especially Lynn?
+Because it is the most problematic chemical element.
+By the end of my presentation, you will know what these issues are and where we are today.
+Phosphorus is a chemical element essential for life. This is a very important point.
+I hope I have correctly understood what the Lin problem is.
+Phosphorus is an important component of several molecules in many of our biomolecules.
+Experts in this field will know that cellular communication is phosphorylated, phosphorylated and dephosphorylated.
+Cell membranes are phosphorus-based and called phospholipids.
+ATP, the energy of all living things, is based on phosphorus.
+And more importantly, phosphorus is an important building block of DNA that everyone is familiar with and is shown in this image.
+DNA is our genetic heritage.
+This is very important and again Lynn plays an important role here.
+Now, where can I find this phosphorus?
+Where do we, as humans, find it?
+As mentioned earlier, plants extract phosphorus from the soil through water.
+Therefore, we humans get it from what we eat: plants, vegetables, fruits, as well as eggs, meat and milk.
+It is true that some people eat better than others.
+Some people are happier than others.
+And now when I look at this picture, which speaks for itself, I see modern agriculture, which I also call intensive agriculture.
+Intensive agriculture is based on the use of chemical fertilizers.